test-economy-beplcpdffe-con03a	Only regulation can mitigate harms  It is where the sites operate, not where they are set up that matters for regulation. It is in gambling sites interest to run a trustworthy, responsible business. Whatever they are looking for online, internet users choose trusted brands that have been around for a while. If a gambling site acts badly, for example by changing its odds unfairly, word will soon get around and no one will want to use it. Regulation will mean that sites will have to verify the age of their users and prevent problem gamblers from accessing their site. When there is regulation consumers will go to the sites that are verified by their government and are providing a legal, safe service [13]. regulation, mitigate, harms, site, operation, jurisdiction, trust, responsibility, internet, users, brand, reputation, gambling, odds, age, verification, problem, gamblers, consumer, legal, safe, service, government, verified regulation, mitigate, harms, site, operation, location, trustworthy, responsible, business, internet, users, trusted, brands, gambling, site, acts, badly, changing, odds, unfair, reputation, age, verification, problem, gamblers, access, prevention, consumer, choice, legal, safe, service, government, verified regulation, mitigate, harms, site, operation, location, trustworthy, responsible, business, internet, users, trusted, brands, reputation, age, verification, problem, gamblers, access, legal, safe, service, government, verified regulation, mitigation, harms, site, operation, location, gambling, trustworthy, responsible, business, internet, users, trusted, brands, age, verification, problem, gamblers, legal, safe, service, government, verified regulation, gambling, harms, site, operation, trustworthy, responsible, business, internet, users, trusted, brands, age, verification, problem, gamblers, legal, safe, service, consumer, government, verified
test-science-sghwbdgmo-pro01a	Genetically modified food is too new and little researched to be allowed for public use.  There are two problems associated with scientifically testing the impact of genetically modifying food. The first is that 'Peer review' (the checking of scientific test results by fellow scientists) is often made impossible by the unwillingness of biotechnology companies to give up their results for review. [1]  Furthermore, government agencies are often unwilling to stop GM foodstuffs reaching the shelf because of the clout that the companies have with their government. So in regards to research, there have not yet been unbiased findings showing that GMO crops are safe.  It is true, that in the US, there have been no adverse consequences from over 500 field releases in the United States. U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) evaluated in 1993 data on genetically modified organisms regarding safety claims. The Union of Concerned Scientists (UCS) believes that the USDA evaluation was too small scale, to actually asses the risks. Also many reports also failed to mention or even measure any environmental risks connected with GM food commercialisation. [2]  Also, there are a number of dangers associated with the food itself, even without scientific evaluations. For example, the addition of nut proteins to soybeans caused those with nut allergies to go into shock upon eating the soybeans. Although this was detected in testing, sooner or later a transferred gene will cause risk to human health because the scientists did not conceive it could be a problem. [3] This will become a greater problem as more modifications are introduced. There are also possible dangers associated with the scientific technique itself by which the DNA is modified, an example is the spread of antibiotic resistance.  [1] Pusztai A., Genetically modified foods: Are they a risk to Human/Animal Health ?, published June 2001,  , accessed 09/02/2011  [2] Shah A., Is GE food safe ?, Global Issues,  , accessed 09/02/2011  [3] European Federation of Biotechnology, Allergies from GM food, published September 2000,  , accessed 09/02/2011 genetically modified food, GMO, research, peer review, biotechnology companies, government agencies, unbiased findings, safety, U.S. Department of Agriculture, USDA, Union of Concerned Scientists, UCS, environmental risks, allergies, antibiotic resistance, human health, scientific technique, DNA modification, field releases, adverse consequences, commercialisation, nut proteins, soybeans Genetically modified food, GMO, public use, research, peer review, biotechnology companies, government agencies, unbiased findings, safety, U.S. Department of Agriculture, USDA, Union of Concerned Scientists, UCS, environmental risks, commercialisation, nut proteins, soybeans, allergies, human health, DNA modification, antibiotic resistance, Pusztai, GE food, Global Issues, European Federation of Biotechnology Genetically modified food, GM food, GMO, biotechnology, peer review, government influence, unbiased research, U.S. Department of Agriculture, USDA, Union of Concerned Scientists, UCS, environmental risks, nut allergies, DNA modification, antibiotic resistance, human health, safety claims, scientific testing, field releases, risk evaluation, commercialization, allergens, genetic engineering, scientific technique, public use, health risks, environmental impact, regulation, transparency, scientific community, food safety, long-term effects, adverse consequences, regulatory agencies, corporate power, ethical considerations, consumer protection, GM crops, genetic modification, biological safety, ecological impact, Genetically modified food, GMO, scientific testing, peer review, biotechnology companies, government agencies, unbiased findings, safety, U.S. Department of Agriculture, USDA, Union of Concerned Scientists, UCS, environmental risks, GM food commercialisation, allergens, nut proteins, soybeans, antibiotic resistance, DNA modification, human health, animal health, GE food, Global Issues, European Federation of Biotechnology Genetically modified food, GMO, public use, research, peer review, biotechnology companies, government agencies, unbiased findings, safety, U.S. Department of Agriculture, USDA, Union of Concerned Scientists, UCS, environmental risks, field releases, scientific evaluations, nut proteins, soybeans, allergies, antibiotic resistance, DNA modification, human health, animal health
test-politics-oeplhbuwhmi-pro02a	Britain will have greater ability to respond quickly  Whatever the EU is we can all agree it is not the fastest and most responsive of institutions. As a result of needing the input of 28 countries EU external policy is slow and faltering. Leaving will enable the UK greater freedom to create its own policies and to reframe them in response to changing circumstances and challenges. The UK will no longer need to take into consideration any other country’s views. Britain, EU, quick response, policy making, 28 countries, slow, faltering, external policy, freedom, independence, policy creation, changing circumstances, challenges, UK, Brexit, other countries' views Britain, quick response, EU, slow institution, 28 countries, EU external policy, freedom, own policies, reframing, changing circumstances, challenges, UK, independence, country views Britain, EU, responsiveness, policy-making, sovereignty, agility, external-policy, independence, decision-making, multi-country consensus, UK, freedom, reframing policies, changing circumstances, challenges, national interest, international relations, Brexit, institutional flexibility Britain, EU, quick response, slow institution, 28 countries, external policy, freedom, own policies, reframe, changing circumstances, challenges, UK, other countries, views, Brexit, sovereignty, decision-making, agility, international relations, policy-making speed Britain, EU, quick response, 28 countries, EU policy, slow decision-making, UK freedom, independent policy-making, changing circumstances, reframing policies, external input, national sovereignty, Brexit benefits, responsive governance, streamlined decision-making, international relations, institutional agility, bureaucratic constraints, UK agility, policy adaptability, global challenges, sovereignty advantages
test-science-wsihwclscaaw-pro01a	Cyber attacks are no different from traditional attacks  The world has developed along with the new digital medium. Lots of crucial business and government services have moved online. While the military modernised in relation to digital developments, a definition of an act of war has not caught up with it yet. It is now being suggested that the digital domain is the new realm of warfare for the 21st century. States have already been using cyber attacks in hostilities and as acts of aggression against each other. For instance, USA and Israel have released a virus Stuxnet that sabotaged parts of Iran's nuclear programme in 2010, followed by retaliatory cyber attacks by Iran on USA [7]. In the 1998 war over Kosovo the USA successfully hacked Serbia's air defence systems, which left Serbia vulnerable to air attacks [8] [9]. Cyber attacks are thus attacks that can be perpetrated by states against other states in an effort to weaken the other state, the same way armed attacks are used. Given these realities large scale cyber attacks should be considered acts of war. Cyber attacks, traditional attacks, digital medium, business services, government services, military modernisation, act of war, digital domain, 21st century warfare, state cyber attacks, Stuxnet, Iran nuclear programme, retaliatory attacks, USA, Israel, Kosovo war, Serbia air defence, large scale cyber attacks, acts of war cyber attacks, digital medium, business services, government services, military modernisation, act of war, digital domain, 21st century warfare, state aggression, Stuxnet, Iran nuclear programme, retaliatory attacks, USA, Israel, Kosovo war, Serbia air defence, large scale cyber attacks, acts of war cyber attacks, traditional attacks, digital medium, business services, government services, military modernisation, digital domain, 21st century warfare, state cyber attacks, Stuxnet, Iran nuclear programme, retaliatory attacks, USA, Israel, Kosovo war, Serbia air defence, cyber warfare, acts of war, large scale cyber attacks cyber attacks, traditional attacks, digital medium, business services, government services, military modernisation, act of war, digital domain, 21st century warfare, state cyber attacks, Stuxnet, Iran, USA, Israel, retaliatory attacks, Kosovo war, Serbia, air defence systems, large scale cyber attacks, acts of war cyber attacks, traditional attacks, digital medium, business services, government services, military modernisation, act of war, digital domain, 21st century warfare, state cyber attacks, Stuxnet, Iran nuclear programme, retaliatory cyber attacks, USA, Israel, Serbia, Kosovo war, air defence systems, large scale cyber attacks, acts of war
test-education-udfakusma-con01a	Universities deserve to profit from their work  Universities are providing a service just like almost any other business. They provide a service in terms of educating students who are enrolled with them and secondly they conduct research on a wide range of subjects. In both of these cases the university deserves to make a profit out of their work.  When acting as an educator universities are in an educational free market, this is the case even when the cost is provided by the state. All universities are aiming to attract as many students as possible and earn as much as possible from fees. If the university is successful it will be able to charge more as it will attract students from further afield.  While Universities may make a profit on research or even teaching this profit is for the benefit of society as a whole as the profits are usually simply reinvested in the University’s education and infrastructure. [1]  [1] Anon. “What does the money get spent on?” The University of Sheffield, 2013. universities, profit, service, business, education, research, free market, state funding, student attraction, fees, reinvestment, society, infrastructure universities, profit, service, business, education, research, free market, state funding, student attraction, fees, success, charges, reinvestment, society, infrastructure, spending, university finances, educational institutions, economic aspects, higher education benefits universities, profit, education, service, business, research, students, fees, free market, reinvestment, society, infrastructure universities, profit, education, service, business, research, educational free market, student enrollment, fees, reinvestment, infrastructure, societal benefit, university finance, higher education economics universities, profit, education, service, business, research, subjects, free market, state, students, fees, success, attraction, reinvestment, society, infrastructure, spending
test-international-appghblsba-pro04a	South Africa will gain influence, stability and a better image on the international stage  Bringing South Africa and Lesotho will benefit SA on the global stage. The move would be one to provide aid to a smaller state and provide stability. The dire conditions for the Basotho people are acknowledged by the UN and the Africa Union. Firstly, SA, by the annexation of Lesotho, will prove good intentions in creating a sustainable Sub-Saharan Africa. This will ultimately create a better image and a greater influence in the region if they choose to respond positively to the People’s Charter Movement in Lesotho [1] , a social structure pleading for annexation. The movement, driven by trade unions, has collected 30,000 signatures in favor of their goal and is rising in popularity. Secondly the annexation will provide a boost for the South African Development Community and South African Customs Union by demonstrating the willingness of South Africa to integrate with poorer neighbours and take on some of the responsibility for them.  [1] Smith, 2010, South Africa, Lesotho, international influence, stability, global image, annexation, Basotho people, UN, Africa Union, People’s Charter Movement, Sub-Saharan Africa, South African Development Community, South African Customs Union, trade unions, social structure, regional responsibility, development, economic integration, political stability, humanitarian aid South Africa, Lesotho, international influence, stability, image, global stage, aid, Basotho people, UN, Africa Union, annexation, sustainable Sub-Saharan Africa, People’s Charter Movement, trade unions, South African Development Community, South African Customs Union, poorer neighbours, responsibility South Africa, Lesotho, annexation, international influence, stability, better image, global stage, aid, Basotho people, UN, Africa Union, Sub-Saharan Africa, sustainable development, People’s Charter Movement, social structure, trade unions, South African Development Community, South African Customs Union, poorer neighbors, regional responsibility South Africa, Lesotho, international influence, stability, better image, global stage, aid, smaller state, Basotho people, UN, Africa Union, annexation, good intentions, sustainable Sub-Saharan Africa, People’s Charter Movement, social structure, trade unions, signatures, South African Development Community, South African Customs Union, poorer neighbours, responsibility South Africa, Lesotho, annexation, international influence, stability, better image, global stage, aid, sustainable Sub-Saharan Africa, UN, Africa Union, People’s Charter Movement, trade unions, South African Development Community, South African Customs Union, responsibility, poorer neighbours, integration
test-health-hgwhwbjfs-pro02a	Schools are the best place to create lasting lifestyle changes.  Schools are playing an increasingly formative role, in the sense that they’re being tasked with not only knowledge transfer, but also the creation of behaviors and placing emphasis on teaching students how to apply their knowledge. [1]  Given this expanded mandate, the schools are not only obliged to therefore offer choices that would go hand in hand with healthier behavior, but also the perfect pressure point for lawmakers to go about introducing healthier lifestyles.  The simple reason is that our kids are increasingly looking not to their parents, but schools and the environments they provide, for advice on how to live their lives. They are also the traditional environments for youth to continuously invent and reinvent themselves and therefore hold immense potential for behavior modification.  [1] Fitzgerald, E., 'Some insights on new role of schools', New York Times, 21 January 2011,  , accessed 9/11/2011 schools, lifestyle changes, formative role, knowledge transfer, behavior creation, healthier behavior, lawmakers, healthier lifestyles, kids, parents, advice, live lives, youth, invent, reinvent, behavior modification schools, lasting lifestyle changes, formative role, knowledge transfer, behavior creation, teaching application, expanded mandate, healthier behavior choices, lawmakers, healthier lifestyles, kids, parents, advice, living, traditional environments, youth, invent, reinvent, behavior modification, New York Times, Fitzgerald, insights, new role of schools Schools, lifestyle changes, formative role, knowledge transfer, behavior creation, healthier behavior, lawmakers, healthier lifestyles, kids, parents, advice, live, reinvent, behavior modification, New York Times, Fitzgerald schools, lifestyle changes, formative role, knowledge transfer, behavior creation, healthier behavior, lawmakers, healthier lifestyles, kids, parents, advice, live, environments, youth, reinvent, behavior modification, Fitzgerald, New York Times schools, lasting lifestyle changes, formative role, knowledge transfer, behavior creation, emphasis teaching, healthier behavior, lawmakers, healthier lifestyles, kids, parents, advice, youth, invent, reinvent, behavior modification, Fitzgerald, New York Times
test-education-tuhwastua-con01a	It is the only single standard that everyone ends up taking  All measures applied during University admissions processes are arbitrary to one extent or another. Grades depend on the whims on individual instructors, curriculum choices, and school quality. Every single one of the flaws the proposition applies to the SATs or other standardized tests may well be true, but the fact is that they are true for everyone who takes them. The SATs are the only part of the application to a university that every single applicant will likely have been taken, and therefore the only one where all applicants can be objectively compared. university, admissions, processes, arbitrary, grades, instructors, curriculum, school, quality, flaws, proposition, SATs, standardized, tests, applicants, objectively, compared university admissions, standardized tests, SAT, grading variability, curriculum differences, school quality, objective comparison, applicant evaluation, educational equity, test fairness standardization, university admissions, SAT, grades, instructor bias, curriculum, school quality, objective comparison, standardized tests, application process, arbitrary measures, test flaws, universal standard standard, university, admissions, measures, arbitrary, grades, instructors, curriculum, school, quality, flaws, proposition, SATs, standardized, tests, applicants, objectively, compared university admissions, standardized tests, SAT, grading variability, instructor bias, curriculum differences, school quality, objective comparison, application process, test flaws, universal standard
test-politics-grcrgshwbr-pro01a	Many symbols are seen as a symbol of oppression on women.  Religious symbols are seen to, in some cases, increase the equality divide between genders. As an example, the Muslim Hijab is considered by some as a very powerful symbol for the oppression of women, particularly in countries such as Saudi Arabia or Afghanistan where it is compulsory. Therefore, when it is worn in Western countries that encourage democracy and equality, the wearing of the Hijab is seen as almost counter-productive to the goals of democratic society. For this reason Belgium has recently banned the wearing of the full Muslim veil, much like France in 2010.1 Often Muslim dress rules for women are seen as more severe than those for men. Inequality between men and women is a form of discrimination and liberal societies should fight all forms of discrimination.  1 ' Belgian ban on full veils comes into force', BBC News Europe, 23rd July 2011, accessed on 23rd July 2011 symbols, oppression, women, religious, equality, divide, Muslim, Hijab, Saudi Arabia, Afghanistan, compulsory, Western, democracy, Belgium, ban, full veil, France, 2010, dress rules, men, inequality, discrimination, liberal, societies symbols, oppression, women, religious, equality, divide, genders, Muslim, Hijab, oppression, Saudi Arabia, Afghanistan, compulsory, Western, countries, democracy, equality, counter-productive, Belgium, banned, full Muslim veil, France, 2010, dress rules, severe, men, inequality, discrimination, liberal societies, fight, forms, discrimination oppression, women, religious symbols, equality divide, genders, Muslim Hijab, Saudi Arabia, Afghanistan, compulsory, Western countries, democracy, full Muslim veil, Belgium, France, 2010, Muslim dress rules, men, inequality, discrimination, liberal societies oppression, women, religious symbols, equality divide, genders, Muslim Hijab, Saudi Arabia, Afghanistan, Western countries, democracy, full Muslim veil, Belgium, France, 2010, Muslim dress rules, men, inequality, discrimination, liberal societies symbols, oppression, women, religious, equality, divide, genders, Muslim, Hijab, Saudi Arabia, Afghanistan, compulsory, Western, democracy, Belgium, banned, full veil, France, 2010, dress rules, severe, men, inequality, discrimination, liberal societies
test-international-aahwstdrtfm-pro01a	PRC is clearly the China that matters  The Chinese civil war is over, and it is clear that it is the People’s Republic that has won. The 1992 consensus (though the term was coined later) between Taiwan and the PRC is that there is “one China, Different Interpretations” about who controls that China. [1] If there is only one China then it is clear which of the two China’s that one is. The PRC is 266 times larger than RoC, has 58 times the population, and its economy is 13.7 times bigger (by purchasing power parity). [2] States should be recognising the PRC as the “one China”.  [1] Kan, Shirley A., ‘China/Taiwan: Evolution of the “One China” Policy – Key Statements from Washington, Beijing, and Taipei’, Congressional Research Service, 26 August 2013,  , p.47  [2] All figures from The World Factbook, China and Taiwan pages  , PRC, China, Chinese Civil War, 1992 Consensus, One China, Different Interpretations, RoC, Taiwan, Beijing, population, economy, purchasing power parity, international recognition, Shirley A. Kan, Congressional Research Service, The World Factbook PRC, China, Chinese civil war, 1992 consensus, one China, Different Interpretations, RoC, population, economy, purchasing power parity, states recognition, Taiwan, Beijing, Washington, Congressional Research Service, Shirley A. Kan, The World Factbook PRC, China, Chinese civil war, 1992 consensus, one China, Different Interpretations, RoC, Taiwan, population, economy, purchasing power parity, international recognition, Beijing, Taipei, Washington, Shirley A. Kan, Congressional Research Service PRC, China, Chinese civil war, 1992 consensus, one China, Different Interpretations, Taiwan, RoC, population, economy, purchasing power parity, international recognition, Beijing, Taipei, Washington, Congressional Research Service, Shirley A. Kan, The World Factbook PRC, China, Chinese civil war, 1992 consensus, one China, Different Interpretations, Taiwan, RoC, population, economy, purchasing power parity, states recognition, Beijing, Taipei, Shirley A. Kan, Congressional Research Service
test-politics-eppghwgpi-con03a	Immunity for politicians is an unjust double standard  Every victim deserves to have the perpetrator of their suffering answer for their misdeeds. It is unjust that certain offenders would avoid retribution, and certain victims would be denied their day in court, simply because of a factor external to the commission of the crime. Even if the crime is not external to the criminal’s political role, the foundation of a free and fair justice system is that all individuals are treated alike, regardless of perceived importance. Hence, a wealthy philanthropist will not be spared from prosecution simply because they are a pillar of the community. Politicians should receive no greater reprieve. immunity, politicians, unjust, double standard, victims, perpetrators, misdeeds, retribution, justice system, free, fair, individuals, treated alike, importance, wealthy, philanthropist, prosecution, community, politicians, reprieve Immunity, politicians, unjust, double standard, victims, perpetrators, misdeeds, retribution, court, crime, external, commission, free, fair, justice system, individuals, treated alike, wealthy, philanthropist, prosecution, pillar, community, politicians, reprieve immunity, politicians, unjust, double standard, victims, perpetrators, retribution, court, crime, political role, free, fair, justice system, prosecution, wealthy, philanthropist, community, politicians, reprieve immunity, politicians, unjust, double standard, victims, perpetrators, misdeeds, retribution, justice system, free, fair, prosecution, external factors, crime, political role, wealthy, philanthropist, community, pillar, politicians, reprieve, equality before law immunity, politicians, unjust, double standard, victims, perpetrators, retribution, justice system, free, fair, prosecution, wealth, philanthropist, community, politicians immunity, legal equality, accountability
test-law-cpilhbishioe-pro04a	An ICC enforcement arm would make the ICC more credible as an organization  To its critics, the ICC is an organization that can be mocked with Stalin’s dismissal of the influence of the Pope: “how many divisions does he have?”  An ICC capable of arresting its own fugitives would become a more credible organization, not only due to the show of competence through the arrests – it would lead to more trials, and more convictions, that would help contribute to the acceptance of the ICC as a serious court that is effective at bringing international criminals to justice. A legal institution needs to be effective to remain credible. [1] This would make countries much more likely to cooperate because the ICC would be doing more to help them by providing some of the necessary resources.  Henry Kissinger apparently said “Who do I call if I want to speak to Europe?” (he is not sure he said it) because there is no single European leader, and if the US wants political or military cooperation it calls the UK or France. In much the same way if countries need help apprehending and convicting someone they are much more likely to call in the ICC if it can actually help them catch the wanted person. [2]  [1] Perritt, Henry H., ‘Policing International Peace and Security: International Police Forces’, Chicago-Kent College of Law, March 1999,  p.293  [2] Sobczyk, Marcin, ‘Kissinger Still Lacks a Number to Call Europe’, The Wall Street Journal, 27 June 2012, ICC, enforcement arm, credibility, international criminals, trials, convictions, cooperation, resources, apprehending, arresting, fugitives, legal institution, effectiveness, peace, security, international police forces, Henry Kissinger, Europe, political cooperation, military cooperation, effectiveness, legal credibility, Stalin, Pope, divisions, mock, serious court, international justice, arresting capability, country support, apprehension, conviction, crime, prosecution, legal enforcement, international law, global cooperation, judicial effectiveness, institutional strength, international relations, diplomatic relations, peacekeeping, security forces, judicial arm, international enforcement, criminal justice system, international governance, legal enforcement mechanisms ICC, enforcement, credibility, arrests, convictions, international criminals, legal institution, effectiveness, cooperation, resources, Henry Kissinger, Europe, political cooperation, military cooperation, apprehending, convicting, wanted person ICC, enforcement, credibility, Stalin, Pope, divisions, arrests, trials, convictions, acceptance, legal institution, effectiveness, countries, cooperation, resources, Henry Kissinger, Europe, political cooperation, military cooperation, UK, France, apprehending, convicting, wanted person, international criminals, justice ICC, enforcement arm, credibility, organization, critics, Stalin, Pope, arrests, trials, convictions, legal institution, effectiveness, countries, cooperation, resources, Henry Kissinger, Europe, political cooperation, military cooperation, UK, France, apprehending, convicting, wanted person ICC, enforcement, credibility, organization, Stalin, Pope, divisions, fugitives, arrests, trials, convictions, legal institution, effectiveness, cooperation, resources, Henry Kissinger, Europe, political, military, apprehending, conviction, international criminals, justice, policing, international peace, security, police forces, Chicago-Kent College of Law, Wall Street Journal
test-politics-nlpdwhbusbuc-pro01a	Cluster Bombs Cause Unacceptable Harm to Civilians  In a modern warfare scenario, the vast majority of combat takes place in civilian areas, such as cities. Whilst cluster bombs are obviously not used for peacekeeping purposes they are used in initial assaults on these areas, particularly against larger formations of enemy troops. This means that due to the indiscriminate nature of cluster bombs, in the same way as with land mines, often both military and civilian targets are encompassed in the blast radius. This is what happened in Zagreb as Martic was targeting Croat forces but the attack due to the use of cluster weapons also killed civilians.  Further, cluster bombs often have a few bomblets which are duds and do not go on initial impact. The issue with bomblets is that they are often brightly coloured and when used in cities or populous areas they can often attract the attention of children who are very unlikely to know to be careful around them. This can result in significant harm to civilian populations well after the attack has been carried out.  Further, due to the sheer volume of duds that cluster bombs put out, attempts to demine cluster bomb bomblets is an incredibly dangerous process that in of itself costs lives.1,2,3 Cluster bombs, civilian harm, modern warfare, urban combat, indiscriminate weapons, land mines, Zagreb attack, Martic, Croat forces, bomblets, duds, brightly coloured, children attraction, post-attack harm, demining, dangerous process, civilian casualties, military use, initial assaults, enemy formations, urban areas, significant harm, post-conflict danger, lethal remnants, peacekeeping exclusion, combat zones, explosive remnants of war, humanitarian impact, unexploded ordnance, clearance difficulty, long-term effects, war zones, civilian safety, military strategy, combat scenarios, humanitarian concerns, weapon regulation, international law Cluster Bombs, Unacceptable Harm, Civilians, Modern Warfare, Urban Areas, Cities, Indiscriminate Nature, Land Mines, Zagreb, Martic, Croat Forces, Civilian Casualties, Bomblets, Duds, Brightly Coloured, Children, Post-Attack Harm, Demining, Dangerous Process, Lives Cost Cluster Bombs, Unacceptable Harm, Civilians, Modern Warfare, Combat, Civilian Areas, Cities, Initial Assaults, Larger Formations, Enemy Troops, Indiscriminate Nature, Land Mines, Martic, Zagreb, Croat Forces, Blast Radius, Bomblets, Duds, Initial Impact, Brightly Coloured, Children, Significant Harm, Demine, Dangerous Process, Costs Lives cluster bombs, civilians, harm, modern warfare, civilian areas, cities, peacekeeping, initial assaults, combat, enemy troops, indiscriminate nature, land mines, blast radius, Zagreb, Martic, Croat forces, duds, bomblets, brightly coloured, children, significant harm, demining, dangerous process, lives Cluster bombs, civilian harm, modern warfare, urban combat, indiscriminate weapons, land mines, Zagreb attack, Martic, Croat forces, bomblets, duds, brightly coloured, children, post-attack harm, demining, dangerous process, civilian casualties, military targets, initial assaults, enemy formations, peacekeeping
test-digital-freedoms-aihbiahr-con02a	Internet access is a commodity not a human right.  If a human right is inherent and inalienable then if something is to be a human right it has to be freely available for all rather than being much more available to those who are rich. The internet however is a commodity. We are charged for access to it and can be cut off for not paying our bills. We are charged more to be able to download more, in effect to have greater access to this human right. There has never been any suggestion that the equally great media advances of TV and telephones are technologies worthy of being considered a human right. As with the internet these increased the ability to express opinions to a wide audience, they helped democratise news and making it much more international. They meant that human rights violations could be much more easily told to the world in much the same way the internet does. Internet access, human rights, commodity, inalienable, freely available, wealth disparity, media technology, television, telephones, democratization, news, international communication, human rights violations, digital divide, cost barriers, information freedom internet access, human right, commodity, inalienable, freely available, charged, download, TV, telephones, media advances, democratise news, international, human rights violations Internet access, commodity, human right, inherent, inalienable, freely available, wealth disparity, charged access, cut off, payment, data caps, media advances, TV, telephones, democratize news, international, human rights violations, global awareness Internet access, human right, commodity, inalienable, freely available, charged, cut off, download, television, telephones, media advances, democratise, news, international, human rights violations, world, expression, opinions, audience, technology, society, digital divide, accessibility, cost, freedom, rights, privilege, communication, information, equality Internet access, human right, commodity, inalienable, freely available, charged, cut off, download, television, telephone, media advances, democratise news, international, human rights violations, world awareness
test-politics-dhbanhrnw-pro01a	All countries have a right to defend themselves with nuclear weapons, even when they lack the capacity in conventional weapons  The nation-state is the fundamental building block of the international system, and is recognized as such in all international treaties and organizations. States are recognized as having the right to defend themselves, and this right must extend to the possession of nuclear deterrence. Often states lack the capacity to defend themselves with conventional weapons. This is particularly true of poor and small states. Even wealthy, small states are susceptible to foreign attack, since their wealth cannot make up for their lack of manpower. With a nuclear deterrent, all states become equal in terms of ability to do harm to one another. [1] If a large state attempts to intimidate, or even invade a smaller neighbour, it will be unable to effectively cow it, since the small state will have the power to grievously wound, or even destroy, the would-be invader with a few well-placed nuclear missiles. [2] For example, the Russian invasion of Georgia in 2008 would likely never have occurred, as Russia would have thought twice when considering the potential loss of several of its cities it would need to exchange for a small piece of Georgian territory. Clearly, nuclear weapons serve in many ways to equalize states irrespective of size, allowing them to more effectively defend themselves. Furthermore, countries will only use nuclear weapons in the vent of existential threat. This is why, for example, North Korea has not used nuclear weapons; for it, like all other states, survival is the order of the day, and using nuclear weapons aggressively would spell its certain destruction. Countries will behave rationally with regard to the use of nuclear weapons, as they have done since their invention and initial proliferation. Weapons in the hands of more people will thus not result in the greater risk of their use.  [1] Jervis, Robert. 2001. “Weapons Without Purpose? Nuclear Strategy in the Post-Cold War Era”. Foreign Affairs.  [2] Mearsheimer, John. 1993. “The Case for a Ukrainian Nuclear Deterrent”. Foreign Affairs. nuclear weapons, self-defense, international system, state sovereignty, nuclear deterrence, conventional weapons, poor states, small states, wealth, manpower, state equality, foreign attack, nuclear missiles, large state intimidation, invasion, Russian invasion of Georgia, existential threat, North Korea, rational behavior, nuclear strategy, post-Cold War, Ukrainian nuclear deterrent nuclear deterrence, self-defense, nation-state, international system, conventional weapons, poor states, small states, wealth, manpower, equality, harm, large states, small states, intimidation, invasion, nuclear missiles, Russian invasion, Georgia, existential threat, rational behavior, nuclear strategy, post-Cold War, Ukrainian nuclear deterrent, proliferation, risk assessment, security, state sovereignty, international treaties, organizations, strategic stability, military capability, defense policy, international relations, security studies, nuclear weapons, state survival, conflict prevention, deterrence theory, strategic studies, nuclear ethics, arms control, geopolitics, state equality, defense mechanism, nuclear weapons, self-defense, state sovereignty, international system, conventional weapons, poor states, small states, nuclear deterrence, state equality, foreign invasion, Russian invasion of Georgia, North Korea, rational behavior, nuclear proliferation, post-Cold War, Ukrainian nuclear deterrent nuclear weapons, self-defense, state sovereignty, international treaties, nuclear deterrence, conventional weapons, poor states, small states, wealthy states, manpower, nuclear missiles, state equality, Russian invasion, Georgia, North Korea, existential threat, rational behavior, nuclear proliferation, post-Cold War, Ukrainian nuclear deterrent nuclear weapons, self-defense, international system, state sovereignty, conventional weapons, poor states, small states, nuclear deterrence, equalization, foreign invasion, Russian invasion of Georgia, existential threat, rational behavior, nuclear proliferation, Jervis, Mearsheimer, Ukrainian nuclear deterrent
test-politics-oglilpdwhsn-pro02a	"The New START treaty will help against Iran’s nuclear program.  New START will help bolster US-Russian cooperation, which is necessary for solving the problem of Iran’s nuclear proliferation. On Nov. 19, 2010, the Anti-Defamation League released a statement, which came from Robert G. Sugarman, ADL National Chair, and Abraham H. Foxman, ADL National Director: ""The severe damage that could be inflicted on that relationship by failing to ratify the treaty would inevitably hamper effective American international leadership to stop the Iranian nuclear weapons program. The Iranian nuclear threat is the most serious national security issue facing the United States, Israel, and other allies in the Middle East. While some Senators may have legitimate reservations about the New START treaty or its protocol, we believe the interest of our greater and common goal of preventing Iran from developing nuclear weapons must take precedence."" [1] New START is crucial in getting Russian support against Iran and other rogue nuclear states.  Although the United States needs a strong and reliable nuclear force, the chief nuclear danger today comes not from Russia but from rogue states such as Iran and North Korea and the potential for nuclear material to fall into the hands of terrorists. Given those pressing dangers, some question why an arms control treaty with Russia matters. It matters because it is in both parties' interest that there be transparency and stability in their strategic nuclear relationship. It also matters because Russia's cooperation will be needed if we are to make progress in rolling back the Iranian and North Korean programs. Russian help will be needed to continue our work to secure ""loose nukes"" in Russia and elsewhere. And Russian assistance is needed to improve the situation in Afghanistan, a breeding ground for international terrorism.  Obviously, the United States does not sign arms control agreements just to make friends. Any treaty must be considered on its merits. But the New START agreement is clearly in the US’ national interest, and the ramifications of not ratifying it could be significantly negative. [2] As US Vice President Joe Biden argued in 2010: ""New Start is also a cornerstone of our efforts to reset relations with Russia, which have improved significantly in the last two years. This has led to real benefits for U.S. and global security. Russian cooperation made it possible to secure strong sanctions against Iran over its nuclear ambitions, and Russia canceled a sale to Iran of an advanced anti-aircraft missile system that would have been dangerously destabilizing. Russia has permitted the flow of materiel through its territory for our troops in Afghanistan. And—as the NATO-Russia Council in Lisbon demonstrated—European security has been advanced by the pursuit of a more cooperative relationship with Russia. We should not jeopardize this progress."" [3] Therefore, because New START will have significant positive consequences in terms of aiding relations with Russia, and thus in dealing with rogue nuclear states like Iran, it should be supported.  [1] Weingarten, Elizabeth. “How did New START become a Jewish issue?”. The Atlantic. 1 Decemebr 2010.   [2] Kissinger, Henry A. ; Shultz, George P. ; Baker III, James A’ ; Eagleburger , Lawrence S. ; and Powell, Colin L. ""The Republican case for ratifying New START"". Washington Post. 2 December 2010.   [3] Biden, Joseph. ""The case for ratifying New START"". Wall Street Journal. 25 November 2010. New START, Iran, nuclear program, US-Russian cooperation, Anti-Defamation League, Robert G. Sugarman, Abraham H. Foxman, ratification, treaty, international leadership, national security, Israel, Middle East, Senate, prevention, nuclear weapons, rogue states, North Korea, terrorists, nuclear force, transparency, stability, strategic nuclear relationship, rolling back programs, securing loose nukes, Afghanistan, international terrorism, arms control, national interest, US Vice President Joe Biden, reset relations, strong sanctions, anti-aircraft missile system, NATO-Russia Council, European security, cooperative relationship, positive consequences, Jewish issue, Republican New START, Iran, nuclear program, US-Russian cooperation, Anti-Defamation League, Robert G. Sugarman, Abraham H. Foxman, treaty ratification, Iranian nuclear threat, national security, Israel, Middle East, Senate reservations, rogue states, North Korea, nuclear terrorism, strategic nuclear relationship, transparency, stability, arms control, US national interest, Joe Biden, reset relations, Russian cooperation, international sanctions, NATO-Russia Council, European security, Jewish issue, Republican support, Washington Post, Wall Street Journal New START, Iran, nuclear program, US-Russian cooperation, Anti-Defamation League, Robert G. Sugarman, Abraham H. Foxman, ratification, Iranian nuclear threat, national security, rogue states, North Korea, terrorism, arms control, transparency, stability, strategic nuclear relationship, loose nukes, Afghanistan, international terrorism, national interest, Joe Biden, reset relations, Russian cooperation, sanctions, NATO-Russia Council, European security New START, Iran, nuclear program, US-Russian cooperation, proliferation, Anti-Defamation League, Robert G. Sugarman, Abraham H. Foxman, ratification, international leadership, national security, Israel, Middle East, Senate reservations, rogue states, North Korea, terrorism, transparency, stability, strategic nuclear relationship, loose nukes, Afghanistan, international terrorism, arms control, Vice President Joe Biden, reset relations, sanctions, NATO-Russia Council, European security, cooperative relationship, Republican support, ratifying treaty, security benefits New START treaty, Iran, nuclear program, US-Russian cooperation, Anti-Defamation League, Robert G. Sugarman, Abraham H. Foxman, ratification, Iranian nuclear threat, national security, Israel, Middle East, Senate reservations, rogue states, North Korea, terrorists, strong nuclear force, transparency, strategic nuclear relationship, rolling back nuclear programs, loose nukes, Afghanistan, international terrorism, US national interest, Joe Biden, reset relations, Russia, NATO-Russia Council, European security, Jewish issue, Republican support, arms control, nuclear security, international leadership, Russian assistance, non-proliferation, global security,"
test-society-cpisydfphwj-con03a	Facebook has a negative impact on learning  For many students, the constant flow of news, status updates, pictures and comments which comes through Facebook every single hour is proving to be a very distracting, which not surprisingly affects their educational progress. It negatively impacts learning. Studies show that students who checked in on social networks while studying had grades that were 20% lower than the grades of those who didn’t.(1)  A 20% difference in grades can be the difference from being awarded a scholarship at a prestigious university at being obliged to enrol in the community college, or very easily between passing and failing. Education is one of the most important things in anybody’s life as it greatly affects future prospects. Of course socialising is important as well but we should try to avoid one negatively affecting the other.  (1) Julie D. Andrews “Is Facebook Good Or Bad For Students? Debate Roils On” April 28, 2011   (2) Larry Rose ”Social Networking’s Good and Bad Impacts on Kids“ American Psychological Association August 6, 2011 Facebook, negative impact, learning, students, distraction, educational progress, grades, social networks, studying, scholarship, university, community college, passing, failing, education, future prospects, socialising, Julie D. Andrews, Larry Rose, American Psychological Association Facebook, negative impact, learning, students, distraction, news, status updates, pictures, comments, educational progress, studies, grades, lower, scholarship, prestigious university, community college, passing, failing, education, future prospects, socialising, Larry Rose, American Psychological Association, Julie D. Andrews, social networking, kids, debate Facebook, negative impact, learning, students, distraction, educational progress, grades, social networks, studying, scholarship, prestigious university, community college, passing, failing, education, future prospects, socializing, Julie D. Andrews, Larry Rose, American Psychological Association Facebook, negative impact, learning, students, distraction, educational progress, grades, lower, scholarship, prestigious university, community college, passing, failing, education, future prospects, socialising, Julie D. Andrews, Larry Rose, American Psychological Association, social networking, kids Facebook, negative impact, learning, students, distraction, educational progress, grades, lower grades, scholarship, university, community college, passing, failing, education, future prospects, socialising, social networks, studying, Julie D. Andrews, Larry Rose, American Psychological Association
test-law-umtlilhotac-con01a	ICC does not have same problems as other legal systems  The ICC as a court does not have many of the things that a domestic criminal trial would have in terms of disadvantages of televising. Like all other international tribunals, there is no jury, only a panel of professional judges. Judges are going to be less intimidated by there being television broadcasts even if broadcasts of trials typically aim to obscure the identity of the jury. Similarly, there is a competent system of witness protection, and other safeguards. ICC, legal systems, domestic criminal trial, disadvantages, televising, jury, professional judges, international tribunals, television broadcasts, witness protection, safeguards ICC, legal systems, domestic criminal trial, disadvantages, televising, international tribunals, jury, professional judges, television broadcasts, witness protection, safeguards ICC, legal systems, domestic criminal trial, disadvantages, televising, international tribunals, no jury, professional judges, intimidated, television broadcasts, jury identity, witness protection, safeguards ICC, legal systems, domestic criminal trial, disadvantages, televising, international tribunals, jury, professional judges, intimidated, television broadcasts, witness protection, safeguards ICC, legal systems, domestic criminal trials, disadvantages, televising, international tribunals, jury, professional judges, intimidated, television broadcasts, witness protection, safeguards
test-free-speech-debate-radhbsshr-con03a	Public Decency  Freedom of Speech is something that is highly valued, particularly in a country such as South Africa, where it was in short supply for a large part of its history, but surely for such speech to be worthwhile, it has to be able to convey a message that actually enriches the public domain. Such messages can be critical of government, but it must be best if they do not cause widespread offence in the process.  The problem with ‘The Spear’ is that is causes widespread offence with the graphic depiction of the male genitalia. As a result, the underlying message that Brett Murray is trying to convey is lost in the offence image of the exposed penis, causing needless controversy in the process. [1]  The utilisation of an exposed penis in ‘The Spear’ breaches all notions of public decency, not only causing offence in the public domain, but also personal offence, by depicting President Zuma in such a lewd manner. As such, it is right to ask for the removal of the artwork from public display to prevent further offence from being caused.  [1] Robins. P, ‘The spear that divided the nation’, Amandla, 2012, Public Decency, Freedom of Speech, South Africa, Government Criticism, Widespread Offence, The Spear, Brett Murray, Graphic Depiction, Male Genitalia, Underlying Message, Needles Controversy, Public Display, Removal, President Zuma, Lewd Depiction, Personal Offence, Robins, Amandla, 2012 Public Decency, Freedom of Speech, South Africa, Graphic Depiction, Male Genitalia, Brett Murray, The Spear, Widespread Offence, Enrich Public Domain, Critical of Government, Personal Offence, Jacob Zuma, Artwork Removal, Public Display, Lewd Manner, Controversy, Amandla, Robins P Public Decency, Freedom of Speech, South Africa, Widespread Offence, Graphic Depiction, Male Genitalia, The Spear, Brett Murray, Underlying Message, Controversy, Utilisation, Penile Exposure, Notions of Decency, Personal Offence, Depiction, President Zuma, Lewd Manner, Removal, Artwork, Public Display, Robins, Amandla, 2012 Public Decency, Freedom of Speech, South Africa, Government Criticism, Widespread Offence, The Spear, Brett Murray, Graphic Depiction, Male Genitalia, Enrichment of Public Domain, Personal Offence, President Zuma, Lewd Depiction, Artwork Removal, Public Display, Robins. P, Amandla, 2012 Public Decency, Freedom of Speech, South Africa, Enriching Public Domain, Critical Speech, Widespread Offence, The Spear, Brett Murray, Graphic Depiction, Male Genitalia, Underlying Message, Needless Controversy, Utilisation, Exposed Penis, Breaching Public Decency, Personal Offence, President Zuma, Lewd Depiction, Removal of Artwork, Preventing Offence, Robins P, Amandla Magazine
test-international-iighbopcc-pro01a	The hard part is the cutting of emissions  The problem with a non-binding agreement, even one where the targets have been submitted by the governments themselves is exactly that it is non-binding. If governments are not bound to cut emissions then there is a good chance that many of them wont. [1] The British government, which has binding targets, has been on course to miss its 2025 targets with reductions of only 23% against targets of 31% due to a decision to reduce subsidies for housing insulation. [2] If countries which have set targets for themselves in the past are missing them what hope do we have for these voluntary targets?  [1] Taylor, Lenore, ‘Paris climate talks: the real test is whether countries will keep their word’, The Guardian, 30 November 2015,   [2] Harvey, Fiona, ‘UK on track to miss carbon targets, climate change advisers warn’, The Guardian, 15 July 2014, emissions, cutting, non-binding, agreement, government, targets, binding, british, reductions, subsidies, housing, insulation, climate, change, advisers, voluntary, Paris, talks, countries, miss, carbon, Fiona, Harvey, Lenore, Taylor, The, Guardian emissions, cutting, non-binding, agreement, government, targets, binding, reductions, subsidies, housing, insulation, climate, Paris, talks, carbon, advisers, voluntary, Lenore, Taylor, Fiona, Harvey, The, Guardian emissions, cutting, non-binding, agreement, targets, governments, binding, British, 2025, reductions, subsidies, housing, insulation, Paris, climate, talks, carbon, advisers, voluntary cutting emissions, non-binding agreement, government targets, climate change, Paris climate talks, UK carbon targets, climate change advisers, emission reductions, housing insulation, binding targets climate change, emissions reduction, non-binding agreement, government targets, Paris climate talks, UK carbon targets, climate policy, international agreements, environmental policy, carbon emissions, government accountability, voluntary targets, climate targets, climate action, greenhouse gases, renewable energy, subsidies, housing insulation, environmental governance, climate commitment
test-science-eassgbatj-con01a	Animals don’t have human rights  Humans have large brains, form social groups, communicate and are generally worthy of moral consideration. We also are aware of ourselves and of the nature of death. Some animals have some of these characteristics but not all so should not have the same rights. In harming animals to benefit humans, we enter in to a good moral trade-off to create a greater good. [11] Animals, human rights, moral consideration, social groups, communication, self-awareness, death awareness, characteristics, ethical trade-off, greater good, harming animals, human benefits animals, human rights, human brains, social groups, communication, moral consideration, self-awareness, death awareness, animal characteristics, moral trade-off, greater good, animal ethics, human-animal comparison, moral philosophy, ethics, animal rights, human superiority, moral justification, harming animals, benefit humans Animals, human rights, large brains, social groups, communication, moral consideration, self-awareness, death, characteristics, rights, harm, humans, moral trade-off, greater good Animals, human rights, large brains, social groups, communication, moral consideration, self-awareness, death awareness, characteristics, rights, harming animals, benefit humans, moral trade-off, greater good animals, human rights, large brains, social groups, communication, moral consideration, self-awareness, nature of death, characteristics, moral trade-off, greater good, harming animals, benefit humans
test-free-speech-debate-nshbcsbawc-pro02a	Other religions have the right to wear prescribed clothing enshrined in British law, it is hypocritical not to offer Christianity the same protection.  Legislation should be consistent; otherwise it is, by definition, discriminatory. [i] If some faiths are allowed to show outward demonstrations of their faith in the workplace, then that should apply across the board.  Christianity is an established part of the state, as shown by the monarch being head of the Church of England. So it is perverse for two national brands to accept attire that demonstrates an employee’s profession of other faiths but to reject one that is universally recognised as a symbol of Christianity.  The very fact that both women were willing to risk, and lose, their jobs over the issue shows that they considered wearing the cross to be an important part of their faith. That should be enough to demonstrate that it is a matter of conscience. It is demonstrably true that allowing other religious symbols to be worn does not create immense difficulties, both the NHS and Heathrow airport allow sikh’s to wear a kirpan (small dagger). [ii] Their right to do so is respected because it is important to the individual concerned. The same is clearly true here.  Either legislation should respect that commitment in all faiths or it should not do so in any.  [i] The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, 4th ed., Houghton Mifflin Company, 2000,   [ii] The Kirpan, A submission to the Department of Communities and Local Government (UK), British Sikh Consultative Forum, April 2009, P12 religious freedom, equal protection, British law, workplace attire, faith symbols, Christianity, cross, discrimination, consistency, conscience, workplace rights, religious symbols, kirpan, Sikh, monarch, Church of England, national brands, employee rights, American Heritage Dictionary, British Sikh Consultatory Forum, Department of Communities and Local Government religious freedom, workplace attire, British law, Christianity, discrimination, faith symbols, cross, kirpan, Sikh, monarch, Church of England, employee rights, conscience, national brands, NHS, Heathrow airport, American Heritage Dictionary, British Sikh Consultative Forum, legislation, equality, profession of faith Religious freedom, equality, workplace attire, Christianity, cross, discrimination, British law, Sikh, kirpan, Church of England, monarch, human rights, conscience, national brands, religious symbols, legislation, consistency, faith, profession, employment, Heathrow airport, NHS, legal protection, outward demonstrations, religious belief, multiculturalism, accommodation, ethical standards, societal norms, definitional discrimination religious rights, prescribed clothing, British law, Christianity, protection, legislation, consistency, discrimination, faith, workplace, outward demonstrations, national brands, attire, profession, faiths, monarchy, Church of England, conscience, NHS, Heathrow airport, sikh, kirpan, commitment, American Heritage Dictionary, British Sikh Consultatory Forum, Department of Communities and Local Government Religious freedom, equality, British law, workplace attire, Christianity, other faiths, discrimination, legislative consistency, Church of England, monarch, national brands, employee rights, conscience, religious symbols, workplace policies, Sikhs, kirpan, NHS, Heathrow, American Heritage Dictionary, British Sikh Consultative Forum
test-culture-tlhrilsfhwr-con01a	Making children military targets  The purpose of the ban on the use of child soldiers is to prevent the normalisation of such tactics in conflict zones. It is not an inflexible implementation of a lofty European ideal. The ban, and the role of the ICC in enforcing it, is designed to reduce the likelihood that civilians will be deliberately targeted in developing world war zones. Why is this necessary?  If the defence set out in the motion is used to reduce the number of war crimes convictions attendant on the use of child soldiers, not only will numbers of child soldiers rise, but children themselves will become military targets. Communities ravaged and depleted by war, under the status quo, may be seen as minimally threatening. Armies are not likely to target them as strategic objectives if it is thought that they will offer no resistance. However, if there is no condemnation and investigation of the use of child soldiers, they will become a much more common feature of the battlefield. The increasing militarisation of children will make those children who do not wish to participate in armed conflict- children pursuing some alternate survival strategy- automatic targets. All children will be treated as potential soldiers. The communities that children live in will become military targets.  The resolution, although seeking to enable children to protect themselves, will simply make them targets of the massacres, organised displacement and surprise attacks that characterise warfare in Africa and central Asia. child soldiers, war crimes, ICC, conflict zones, military targets, civilian protection, child militarisation, war strategy,非洲, central Asia, massacres, displacement, surprise attacks, self-protection, community targeting child soldiers, military targets, conflict zones, ban, ICC, war crimes, militarisation, communities, protection, Africa, central Asia, massacres, displacement, surprise attacks child soldiers, military targets, ban enforcement, ICC, war crimes, conviction reduction, civilian protection, conflict zones, community safety, militarisation, children rights, warfare tactics, Africa, central Asia, strategic objectives, resistance, survival strategies, displacement, surprise attacks, massacres child soldiers, war crimes, ICC, conflict zones, civilian targets, militarisation of children, communities, armed conflict, survival strategy, massacres, organised displacement, surprise attacks, warfare, Africa, central Asia child soldiers, military targets, conflict zones, ban enforcement, ICC role, war crimes, conviction reduction, militarisation of children, community targeting, strategic objectives, protection vs. targeting, Africa, central Asia, organised displacement, surprise attacks
test-economy-thhghwhwift-con03a	It hits the most vulnerable part of society hardest  The practical consequence of an additional tax on what the government considers fatty unhealthy food will disproportionately affect the poorest part of the population, who often turn to such food due to economic constraints.  These were the concerns that stopped the Romanian government from introducing a fat tax in 2010. Experts there argued, that the countries people keep turning to junk food simply because they are poor and cannot afford the more expensive fresh produce. What such a fat tax would do is eliminate a very important source of calories from the society’s economic reach and replace the current diet with an even more nutritionally unbalanced one. Even the WHO described such policies as “regressive from an equity perspective.” [1]  Clearly, the government should be focusing its efforts on making healthy fresh produce more accessible and not on making food in general, regardless if it’s considered healthy or not, less accessible for the most vulnerable in our society.  [1] Stracansky, P., 'Fat Tax' May Hurt Poor, published 8/8/2011,  , accessed 9/12/2011 vulnerable, society, tax, unhealthy, food, poorest, economic, constraints, Romanian, government, fat, 2010, experts, poor, fresh, produce, WHO, regressive, equity, accessible, nutritionally, unbalanced, policy, health, poverty, diet, calories, socioeconomic, impact, inequality, affordability, taxation, public, health, nutrition, fiscal, measures, obesity, socioeconomic, status, food, insecurity, government, intervention, health, equity, social, policy, food, policy, economic, policy, public, policy, health, economics, food, economics, public, health, vulnerable, society, tax, unhealthy, food, poverty, economic, constraints, Romania, fat, tax, 2010, junk, fresh, produce, WHO, equity, healthy, nutritional, balance, accessibility, poor, government, policy, regressive, calories, diet, Stracansky, 2011 vulnerable, society, tax, unhealthy, food, poverty, economic, constraints, Romania, government, fat, tax, junk, fresh, produce, nutrition, WHO, regressive, equity, accessibility, health, policy, social, impact, affordability, calories, diet, inequality, public, health, intervention, socioeconomic, status, fiscal, measures fat tax, vulnerable population, economic constraints, unhealthy food, poverty, fresh produce, Romania, WHO, regressive policy, equity, nutritionally unbalanced, accessibility, health policy vulnerable, society, additional, tax, fatty, unhealthy, food, government, disproportionately, affect, poorest, economic, constraints, Romanian, 2010, experts, poor, afford, expensive, fresh, produce, eliminate, important, calories, economic, reach, diet, nutritionally, unbalanced, WHO, regressive, equity, focus, healthy, accessible, vulnerable, society
test-science-sghwbdgmo-pro02a	Genetically modified food is a danger to eco-systems.  GM foods also present a danger to the environment. The use of these crops is causing fewer strains to be planted. In a traditional ecosystem based on 100 varieties of rice, a disease wiping out one strain is not too much of a problem. However, if just two strains are planted (as now occurs) and one is wiped out the result is catastrophic. In addition, removing certain varieties of crops causes organisms, which feed on these crops, to be wiped out as well, such as the butterfly population decimated by a recent Monsanto field trial. [1] This supports the concerns that GM plants or transgenes can escape into the environment and that the impacts of broad-spectrum herbicides used with the herbicide tolerant GM crops on the countryside ecosystems have consequences. One of the impacts was that the Bacillus Thuringiensis toxin was produced by Bt crops (GMOs) on no-target species (butterflies), which lead to them dying. [2]  Another concern is also that pollen produced from GM crops can be blown into neighboring fields where it fertilizes unmodified crops. This process (cross-pollination) pollutes the natural gene pool. [3] This in turn makes labeling impossible which reduces consumer choice. This can be prevented with the terminator gene. However, use of this is immoral for reasons outlined below. Furthermore, not all companies have access to the terminator technology.  [1] Whitman D., Genetically Modified Foods: Harmful or Helpful, published April 2000,  , accessed 09/02/2011  [2] WWF Switzerland, Genetically modified Organisms (GMOs): A danger to sustainable development of agriculture, published May 2005, www.panda.org/downloads/trash/gmosadangertosustainableagriculture.pdf , p.4 , accessed 09/02/2011  [3] Whitman D., Genetically Modified Foods: Harmful or Helpful, published April 2000,  , accessed 09/02/2011 Genetically modified food, GM foods, environmental danger, ecosystem impact, crop diversity, rice varieties, disease resistance, butterfly population, Monsanto field trial, transgenes, herbicide tolerant crops, Bacillus Thuringiensis toxin, non-target species, cross-pollination, natural gene pool, labeling issues, consumer choice, terminator gene, technology access, sustainable agriculture, WWF Switzerland, Whitman D. Genetically modified food, GM foods, ecosystem danger, environment impact, crop strains, traditional ecosystem, rice varieties, disease resistance, catastrophic loss, biodiversity reduction, butterfly population, Monsanto field trial, transgenes escape, herbicide tolerant crops, countryside ecosystems, Bacillus Thuringiensis toxin, non-target species, cross-pollination, natural gene pool, labeling issues, consumer choice, terminator gene, moral concerns, terminator technology access genetically modified food, GM foods, environment, ecosystem, crop strains, rice varieties, disease resistance, biodiversity, butterfly population, Monsanto, field trial, transgenes, broad-spectrum herbicides, countryside ecosystems, Bacillus Thuringiensis toxin, Bt crops, non-target species, pollen, cross-pollination, gene pool, labeling, consumer choice, terminator gene, sustainable agriculture, WWF Switzerland Genetically modified food, GM foods, environmental danger, ecosystem impact, crop strain reduction, traditional ecosystem, rice varieties, disease resistance, catastrophic failure, biodiversity loss, butterfly population, Monsanto field trial, transgenes, environmental escape, broad-spectrum herbicides, countryside ecosystems, Bacillus Thuringiensis toxin, non-target species, cross-pollination, natural gene pool, labeling, consumer choice, terminator gene, moral concerns, technology access Genetically modified food, ecosystems, GM foods, environment, crop strains, traditional ecosystem, rice varieties, disease resistance, catastrophic loss, butterflies, Monsanto field trial, transgenes, broad-spectrum herbicides, countryside ecosystems, Bacillus Thuringiensis toxin, non-target species, cross-pollination, natural gene pool, labeling, consumer choice, terminator gene, sustainable agriculture, WWF Switzerland, genetic pollution, unmodified crops, pollen, terminator technology, ethical concerns, GM crops, biodiversity, environmental impact, sustainable development, plant genetics, biotechnology, food safety, genetic modification, ecological balance, pest resistance, herbicide tolerance
test-law-ilppppghb-con02a	"The rise of universal human rights makes self-determination increasingly irrelevant.  Across the developed world, modern nation states are bound into a complex network of treaties and international organisations which together go a long way to guaranteeing citizens very similar rights wherever they live. These supra-national rules make it less and less important on what side of an international boundary you happen to live. What matters is not so much self-determination as whether or not an individual citizen is able to enjoy the same rights and privileges as those of the majority culture.  For example, EU citizens enjoy many common rights, common European citizenship, freedom of movement between member states and so on. Minorities who fifty years ago might have taken up arms to ""free"" themselves from an oppressive nation state – such as Catholics in Northern Ireland – don’t need to do this now, because they have new rights against discrimination, guaranteed and enforced by international treaty. universal human rights, self-determination, nation states, international treaties, citizen rights, supra-national rules, boundary irrelevance, individual rights, majority culture, EU citizens, common rights, European citizenship, freedom of movement, minority rights, anti-discrimination, international treaty universal human rights, self-determination, developed world, nation states, international organisations, treaties, citizen rights, international boundaries, individual citizen, rights, privileges, majority culture, EU citizens, common rights, European citizenship, freedom of movement, member states, minorities, Catholics, Northern Ireland, rights against discrimination, international treaty universal human rights, self-determination, developed world, nation states, treaties, international organisations, supra-national rules, individual citizen, same rights, majority culture, EU citizens, common rights, European citizenship, freedom of movement, member states, minorities, fifty years ago, oppressive nation state, new rights, discrimination, international treaty universal human rights, self-determination, developed world, nation states, treaties, international organisations, citizens rights, international boundaries, individual citizen, majority culture, EU citizens, common rights, European citizenship, freedom of movement, member states, minorities, oppressive nation state, rights against discrimination, international treaty universal human rights, self-determination, developed world, nation states, treaties, international organisations, supra-national rules, individual citizen, rights, privileges, majority culture, EU citizens, common rights, European citizenship, freedom of movement, member states, minorities, Catholics, Northern Ireland, discrimination, international treaty"
test-economy-beplcpdffe-con04a	Other forms of online gambling  What is the difference between gambling and playing the stock market? In each case people are putting money at risk in the hope of a particular outcome. Gambling on horse-racing or games involves knowledge and expertise that can improve your chances of success. In the same way, trading in bonds, shares, currency or derivatives is a bet that your understanding of the economy is better than that of other investors. Why should one kind of online risk-taking be legal and the other not? online gambling, stock market, risk, gambling, horse-racing, games, knowledge, expertise, trading, bonds, shares, currency, derivatives, economy, legal, online risk-taking online gambling, stock market, gambling vs investing, risk-taking, horse-racing, games, knowledge, expertise, trading, bonds, shares, currency, derivatives, economy, legal, regulation online gambling, gambling, stock market, risk, money, outcome, horse-racing, games, knowledge, expertise, trading, bonds, shares, currency, derivatives, economy, investors, legal, online risk-taking online gambling, gambling, stock market, risk, money, outcome, horse-racing, games, knowledge, expertise, trading, bonds, shares, currency, derivatives, economy, legal, online risk-taking online gambling, gambling, stock market, horse racing, games, bonds, shares, currency, derivatives, economy, risk, legal, illegal, investments, trading, financial markets, betting, expertise, knowledge, regulation, laws, financial risk, market analysis, economic understanding, investor, gambler, online activities, betting platforms, financial instruments, market trends, risk management, legal status, gambling laws, financial regulations, online trading, speculation, financial advice, investor protection, gambling addiction, market manipulation, fair play, transparency, online security, financial education, economic indicators, stock analysis, investment strategies, risk assessment, market volatility, regulatory
test-science-wsihwclscaaw-pro02a	Cyber attacks can do serious damage to the state  Large scale cyber attacks can result in substantial harms to the state equivalent to those of an armed attack. Many states are dependent on flawless functioning of government and financial services online, and attacking them would cause mass disruption. For example, massive cyber attacks can cause serious disruption to economy by targeting financial, banking and commercial services; they can target government websites and steal confidential information that would compromise country's security, as was the case with USA in 2007 [10]; they could target power grids and shut down infrastructure on a massive scale across the country. All these instances cause disruption and leave the targeted country vulnerable with the government unable to operate successfully. This way, for instance, a large scale cyber attack from Russia on Georgia 2008 caused massive disruption to government, banking services, and communication within and outside of the country [11]. For these reasons USA's Pentagon decided to consider a cyber attack that 'produces the death, damage, destruction or high-level disruption that a traditional military attack would cause' an act of war [12]. Given the damage of possible attacks to the state, large-scale cyber attacks should be considered an act of war. Cyber attacks, state damage, large scale, armed attack, government services, financial services, online dependency, mass disruption, economy disruption, financial targeting, banking targeting, commercial services, government websites, confidential information, country security, power grids, infrastructure shutdown, USA 2007, Russia, Georgia 2008, communication disruption, Pentagon, act of war, military attack, high-level disruption, state vulnerability, government operation, cyber warfare, international relations, digital security, national security, cyber threat, cyber defense, cyber espionage, cyber crime, cyber terrorism cyber attacks, state damage, armed attack, government services, financial services, mass disruption, economy disruption, confidential information, country security, power grids, infrastructure shutdown, USA 2007, Russia Georgia 2008, Pentagon, act of war, large-scale cyber attacks, military attack, death, damage, destruction, high-level disruption cyber attacks, serious damage, state, large scale, substantial harms, armed attack, government services, financial services, mass disruption, economy, financial, banking, commercial, government websites, confidential information, security, power grids, infrastructure, vulnerable, operation, Russia, Georgia 2008, USA, Pentagon, act of war, death, damage, destruction, military attack, war cyber attacks, state damage, armed attack, government services, financial services, mass disruption, economy, financial services, banking services, commercial services, government websites, confidential information, country security, power grids, infrastructure, USA 2007, Russia, Georgia 2008, Pentagon, act of war, military attack, high-level disruption, death, destruction, state vulnerability, large-scale cyber attacks, traditional military attack, USA, war, cyber warfare, international security, digital disruption, cyber threats, national security, critical infrastructure, cyber espionage, cyber crime, cyber conflict, cyber defense, cyber security policy, cyber cyber attacks, state damage, armed attack, government services, financial services, mass disruption, economy disruption, confidential information, power grids, infrastructure shutdown, USA 2007, Russia Georgia 2008, Pentagon, act of war, military attack, large scale cyber attack, state security, online services, government websites, banking services, communication disruption
test-politics-oeplhbuwhmi-pro03a	EU economic preference will no longer bind Britain  As a customs union the EU has a common external tariff set at the EU level meaning that the UK cannot tailor its external trade policy to its own needs. Instead the UK will be free to negotiate its own free trade agreements with any power it wishes. This may be individually or joining larger trade groupings such as the currently being negotiated Trans Atlantic Trade and Investment Partnership deal between the USA, Canada, and the EU. it also means the UK is free to reject such joint agreements, as many campaigning groups would like with the Trans Atlantic Trade and Investment Partnership deal. [1] Countries which are not in regional blocks have not suffered as a result, South Korea has 24 free trade agreements [2] and despite an economy that is just over half the size of the UK’s has trade in goods worth similar amounts;$1,098bln $1,190bln [3] but importantly gets to negotiate each one itself and to its own terms and conditions.  [1] See #noTTIP,   [2] ‘Free Trade Agreements’, Asia Regional Integration Centre, 2015,   [3] Adding exports and imports of merchandise, ‘Korea, Republic of and United Kingdom’, World Trade Organisation, EU, economic preference, Britain, customs union, common external tariff, UK, external trade policy, free trade agreements, Trans Atlantic Trade and Investment Partnership, USA, Canada, regional blocks, South Korea, free trade agreements, economy, trade in goods, merchandise, exports, imports, World Trade Organisation, #noTTIP, Asia Regional Integration Centre EU, economic preference, Britain, customs union, common external tariff, UK, external trade policy, free trade agreements, Trans Atlantic Trade and Investment Partnership, USA, Canada, regional blocks, South Korea, free trade agreements, economy, trade in goods, merchandise, exports, imports, World Trade Organisation, #noTTIP, Asia Regional Integration Centre EU, economic preference, Britain, customs union, common external tariff, UK, external trade policy, free trade agreements, Trans Atlantic Trade and Investment Partnership, USA, Canada, regional blocks, South Korea, economy, trade in goods, negotiating terms, conditions, #noTTIP, Free Trade Agreements, Asia Regional Integration Centre, World Trade Organisation EU, economic preference, Britain, customs union, common external tariff, UK, external trade policy, free trade agreements, Trans Atlantic Trade and Investment Partnership, regional blocks, South Korea, free trade agreements, economy, trade in goods, merchandise, exports, imports, World Trade Organisation, #noTTIP, Asia Regional Integration Centre EU, economic preference, Britain, customs union, common external tariff, UK, external trade policy, free trade agreements, Trans Atlantic Trade and Investment Partnership, USA, Canada, South Korea, regional blocks, trade in goods, merchandise, World Trade Organisation, #noTTIP, Asia Regional Integration Centre, exports, imports
test-culture-thbcsbptwhht-pro04a	Compensation has the potential to reverse damaged caused by Cultural Appropriation.  Compensation is necessary in the case of cultural appropriation as it helps to provide victims with the resources they need or deserve as compensation for exploitative behaviour. Often it can be easily quantified as would be the case with the Navajo Urban Outfitters case. With stronger legislation and rulings on the provision for compensation for cultural appropriation, minority communities would be significantly better off. This would be a major step towards reversing the damage of said appropriation as it would allow the community to develop and gain recognition for traditional designs and ideas.  Compensation can bring back some justice to small, minority communities as they can gain the appropriate recognition they deserve as well as the benefits that come along with it. It was estimated in 2005 that nearly half of the US $1billion market from native American Arts and Crafts come from the sale of counterfeit goods [1]. Compensation would help protect sales from native American businesses as well as their culture.  [1] Padilla, Helen B., ‘Padilla: Combating fake Indian Arts and Crafts: a proposal for action’, Indian Country Today, 14 October 2008, Cultural Appropriation, Compensation, Damage Reversal, Resources, Exploitative Behaviour, Navajo Urban Outfitters, Legislation, Rulings, Minority Communities, Development, Recognition, Traditional Designs, Justice, Small Communities, Native American Arts, Crafts, Counterfeit Goods, Protection, Sales, Culture Cultural Appropriation, Compensation, Damages, Resources, Victims, Exploitation, Navajo, Urban Outfitters, Legislation, Rulings, Minority Communities, Recognition, Traditional Designs, Justice, Native American Arts, Crafts, Counterfeit Goods, Sales Protection, Culture Preservation Compensation, Cultural Appropriation, Damage Reversal, Victims, Resources, Exploitative Behaviour, Navajo, Urban Outfitters, Legislation, Rulings, Minority Communities, Justice, Recognition, Native American Arts, Crafts, Counterfeit Goods, Protection, Sales, Culture Cultural Appropriation, Compensation, Damage Reversal, Resources, Justice, Minority Communities, Legislation, Rulings, Traditional Designs, Recognition, Native American Arts, Counterfeit Goods, Protection, Sales, Development, Exploitative Behaviour, Navajo, Urban Outfitters, Market, Culture, Benefits, Recognition, Proposal for Action, Indian Country Today Cultural Appropriation, Compensation, Damage Reversal, Minority Communities, Resources, Exploitative Behaviour, Navajo, Urban Outfitters, Legislation, Rulings, Traditional Designs, Justice, Recognition, Native American Arts, Counterfeit Goods, Sales Protection, Culture Protection
test-education-udfakusma-con02a	Making everything free to access will damage universities ability to tap private funding  For most universities even if the government is generous with funding it will still need for some projects require private funding. When providing money for research projects the government often requires cost sharing so the university needs to find other sources of funding. [1] Third parties however are unlikely to be willing to help provide funding for research if they know that all the results of that research will be made open to anyone and everyone. These businesses are funding specific research to solve a particular problem with the intention of profiting from the result. Even if universities themselves don’t want to profit from their research they cannot ignore the private funding as it is rapidly growing, up 250% in the U.S. from 1985-2005, while the government support is shrinking. [2]  [1] Anon. (November 2010), “Research & Sponsored Projects”, University of Michigan.   [2] Schindler, Adam, “Follow the Money Corporate funding of university research”, Berkley Science Review, Issue 13. universities, private funding, research projects, government funding, cost sharing, open access, research results, profit, corporate funding, funding sources, funding growth, government support, research costs, third-party funding, research accessibility, academic research, funding requirements, funding dependency, research sponsorship, funding trends free access, universities, private funding, government funding, cost sharing, research projects, third parties, businesses, profit, research results, open access, university research, corporate funding, U.S., funding growth, government support, Berkley Science Review, Research & Sponsored Projects, University of Michigan universities, private funding, research projects, government funding, cost sharing, open access, research results, profit, corporate funding, university research, funding sources, funding growth, government support, access policies, research financing private funding, universities, research projects, government funding, cost sharing, open access, third-party funding, profit, research results, corporate funding, U.S. universities, funding trends, government support universities, private funding, government funding, research, cost sharing, open access, research results, businesses, profit, funding growth, government support, corporate funding, university research
test-education-tuhwastua-con02a	Alternative factors that can be considered in the admissions process  SATs are mathematical and it is therefore possible to objectively evaluate them. This is why they are so popular, they provide a benchmark of comparison across the whole education system in a way that any non-standardized assessment never could. This does not only benefit universities in providing an objective measure to compare admissions candidates but it also gives the government statistics with which to measure the progress of schools.  Any other form of assessment would mean switching to much more subjective factors. Traditionally such factors, such as extracurricular activities, volunteer work, and even access to references are all more easily available to high income students. Opportunities may not even be offered in poorer school districts. Complaining that poorer and minority students do less well on the SAT ignores the fact that the test provides one of their best opportunities to impress admissions officials. alternative factors, admissions process, SATs, objective evaluation, standardized assessment, non-standardized assessment, university admissions, government statistics, school progress, subjective factors, extracurricular activities, volunteer work, references, high income students, poor school districts, minority students, test performance, admissions officials admissions, factors, SATs, mathematical, objective, evaluation, benchmark, comparison, education, system, universities, candidates, government, statistics, progress, schools, assessment, subjective, extracurricular, activities, volunteer, work, references, high, income, students, opportunities, poorer, school, districts, minority, test, impress, admissions, officials admissions, alternative factors, SATs, objective evaluation, benchmark, comparison, education system, universities, admissions candidates, government statistics, school progress, subjective factors, extracurricular activities, volunteer work, references, high income students, poor school districts, minority students, test opportunity, admissions officials admissions, process, alternative, factors, SATs, mathematical, objective, evaluation, benchmark, comparison, education, system, universities, admissions, candidates, government, statistics, progress, schools, assessment, subjective, extracurricular, activities, volunteer, work, references, high, income, students, opportunities, poorer, school, districts, minority, impress, officials admissions process, SATs, mathematical, objective evaluation, benchmark, education system, universities, objective measure, admissions candidates, government statistics, school progress, subjective factors, extracurricular activities, volunteer work, references, high income students, poorer school districts, minority students, best opportunities, admissions officials
test-health-hgwhwbjfs-pro03a	Better nutrition leads to better students.  There is a growing body of evidence linking a healthy lifestyle, comprising of both adequate nutrition and physical exercise, with improved memory, concentration and general academic performance. [1] A study has shown that when primary school students consume three or more junk food meals a week literacy and numeracy scores dropped by up to 16% compared to the average. [2]  This is a clear incentive for governments to push forward for healthier meals in schools for two reasons. The first obvious benefit is to the student, whose better grades award her improved upward mobility – especially important for ethnic groups stuck worst by the obesity epidemic and a lower average socioeconomic status.  The second benefit is to the schools, who benefit on standardized testing scores and reduced absenteeism, as well as reduced staff time and attention devoted to students with low academic performance or behavior problems and other hidden costs of low concentration and performance of students. [3]  [1] CDC, 'Student Health and Academic Achievement', 19 October 2010,  , accessed 9/11/2011  [2] Paton, Graeme, ‘Too much fast food ‘harms children’s test scores’’, The Telegraph, 22 May 2009,  accessed 20 September 2011  [3] Society for the Advancement of Education, 'Overweight students cost schools plenty', December 2004,  , 9/11/2011 nutrition, students, academic performance, healthy lifestyle, physical exercise, memory, concentration, junk food, literacy scores, numeracy scores, government policies, healthy meals, schools, socioeconomic status, obesity, upward mobility, standardized testing, absenteeism, staff time, behavior problems, concentration, performance, hidden costs, overweight students, education costs nutrition, healthy lifestyle, physical exercise, improved memory, concentration, academic performance, junk food, literacy scores, numeracy scores, government policies, healthier meals, schools, student benefits, upward mobility, obesity epidemic, socioeconomic status, school benefits, standardized testing, reduced absenteeism, staff time, behavior problems, concentration, performance, overweight students, education costs better nutrition, improved academic performance, healthy lifestyle, physical exercise, memory, concentration, junk food, literacy scores, numeracy scores, government policy, healthy school meals, student benefits, upward mobility, ethnic groups, obesity epidemic, socioeconomic status, schools benefits, standardized testing, reduced absenteeism, staff time, behavior problems, hidden costs, concentration, performance, CDC, Student Health and Academic Achievement, Paton, fast food, test scores, Society for the Advancement of Education, overweight students, school costs nutrition, students, academic performance, healthy lifestyle, physical exercise, memory, concentration, junk food, literacy, numeracy, government, healthier meals, schools, socioeconomic status, obesity, upward mobility, standardized testing, absenteeism, staff time, behavior problems, concentration, performance, overweight students, costs, education nutrition, students, academic performance, healthy lifestyle, physical exercise, memory, concentration, junk food, literacy scores, numeracy scores, government policy, healthy meals, schools, socioeconomic status, obesity, standardized testing, absenteeism, behavior problems, staff attention, Paton, Society for the Advancement of Education, CDC, Student Health and Academic Achievement
test-international-aahwstdrtfm-pro02a	Economically beneficial  Switching diplomatic recognition to China can be economically beneficial. A country that changes recognition is both likely to be given a reward for the change and then be much capable of engaging in joint economic projects with the PRC. Malawi for example cut its ties with Taiwan at the end of 2007. PRC offered a $6billion financial package for the defection. [1] Malawi has since benefited from large amounts of Chinese investment; Chinese companies have been involved in building vital infrastructure such as schools and roads, and even a new parliament building. [2] And trade between China and Malawi has been booming with growth of 25% in 2010 alone. [3] Even the Chinese believe that recognition occurs as a result of the economic incentive the Chinese envoy to Malawi having been quoted calling Malawi beggars. [4]  [1] Hsu, Jenny W., ‘Malawi, Taiwan end 42-year relations’, Taipei Times, 15 January 2008,   [2] Ngozo, Claire, ‘China puts its mark on Malawi’, theguardian.com, 7 May 2011,   [3] Jomo, Frank, ‘Malawi, China Trade to Grow 25% on Cotton, Daily Times Reports’, Bloomberg, 15 December 2010,   [4] ‘Chinese Envoy's Remarks on Malawi Breed Resentment’, Voice of America, 1 November 2009, Economically beneficial, switching diplomatic recognition, China, rewards, joint economic projects, Malawi, Taiwan, financial package, Chinese investment, infrastructure, schools, roads, parliament building, trade growth, cotton, Chinese envoy, economic incentive economic benefits, diplomatic recognition, China, Malawi, Taiwan, financial package, Chinese investment, infrastructure, schools, roads, parliament building, trade growth, economic incentives, Chinese envoy, international relations, economic diplomacy, bilateral trade, foreign aid, development projects, political economy, investment partnership diplomatic recognition, China, economic benefits, Malawi, Taiwan, financial package, Chinese investment, infrastructure, schools, roads, parliament building, trade growth, Chinese envoy, economic incentives, international relations, foreign policy, development aid, bilateral relations economic benefits, diplomatic recognition, China, Malawi, Taiwan, financial package, Chinese investment, infrastructure, schools, roads, parliament building, trade growth, economic incentives, Chinese envoy Diplomatic recognition, China, Economic benefits, Joint economic projects, Malawi, Taiwan, Financial package, Chinese investment, Infrastructure, Schools, Roads, Parliament building, Trade growth, Economic incentive, Chinese envoy, Resentment
test-health-hdond-pro01a	A Practical Solution  There are many mechanisms by which this policy could be implemented. The one common thread is that those hoping to receive organs would be divided into those registered as donors, and those who are non-donors. Potential recipients who are non-donors would only receive an organ if all requests by donors for such an organ are filled. For example, if there is a scarcity of donated kidneys with the B serotype, organ donors requiring a B kidney would all receive kidneys before any non-donors receive them. The existing metrics for deciding priority among recipients can still be applied within these lists – among both donors and non-donors, individuals could be ranked on who receives an organ first based on who has been on the waiting list longer, or who has more priority based on life expectancy; this policy simply adds the caveat that non-donors only access organs once all donors for their particular organ are satisfied. What defines a “donor” could vary; it could be that they must have been a donor for a certain number of years, or that they must have been a donor prior to needing a transplant, or even a pledge to become a donor henceforth (and indeed, even if they are terminally ill and for other reasons do not recover, some of their organs may still be usable). Finally this policy need not preclude private donations or swaps of organs, and instead can simply be applied to the public system. organ donation, policy implementation, donor registration, non-donor restrictions, organ allocation, priority ranking, waiting list, life expectancy, donor criteria, private organ donation, organ swapping, public health system practical solution, organ donation policy, donor registration, non-donor restrictions, organ allocation, priority system, waiting list, life expectancy, organ scarcity, serotype matching, donor criteria, private organ donations, organ swaps, public health system organ donation, transplant policy, donor priority, non-donor restrictions, organ scarcity, B serotype, waiting list, life expectancy, donor registration, private donations, organ swaps, public system organ donation, policy implementation, donor registration, non-donor restrictions, organ allocation, priority system, waiting list, life expectancy, donor criteria, private organ donation, organ swaps, public health system organ donation, policy implementation, donor registry, non-donors, organ allocation, priority system, waiting list, life expectancy, serotype matching, kidney transplant, private donations, organ swaps, public health system, ethical considerations, medical prioritization
test-international-ghwcitca-pro01a	Arenas of potential conflict must be regulated  Conflict needs to be regulated, and something that can start conflicts even more so. Warfare and conflict is currently regulated by the Geneva Conventions that seek to limit the effects of armed conflict and regulate the conduct of the involved actors. [1] Just as importantly there are rules on what weapons can be used through various treaties that ban weapons such as the Land Mine Ban, [2] and on when a state can legally initiate conflict through the UN Charter.  In just the same way when a new area of potential conflict arises that too must be regulated by treaty. The internet and the threat of cyber-conflict is that new area at the moment. While cyber warfare is not currently a large scale threat it is still a form of conflict that could escalate just like any other - the Pentagon has explicitly stated it could respond militarily to a cyber-attack. [3] As a result it is most sensible to draw up the rules and regulations early, to ensure everyone knows the consequences and prevent damage by making sure that states agree not to engage in offence cyber-attacks against each other.  [1] ‘The Geneva Conventions of 1949 and their Additional Protocols’, ICRC, 29 October 2010,   [2] ‘Convention on the prohibition of the use, stockpiling, production and transfer of anti-personnel mines and on their destruction’, un.org, 18 September 1997,   [3] Brookes, Adam, ‘US Pentagon to treat cyber-attacks as ‘acts of war’’, BBC News, 1 June 2011, Arenas, conflict, regulation, warfare, Geneva Conventions, armed conflict, weapons, treaties, Land Mine Ban, UN Charter, cyber-conflict, internet, cyber warfare, Pentagon, military response, cyber-attacks, acts of war, rules, consequences, prevention, state agreement, international law, cyber security, digital warfare, international treaties, cyber regulations, cyber defense, cyber offense, state actors, international relations, cyber policy, cyber threats, cyber warfare regulation, cyber conflict management, cyber peace, global security, international governance, cyber ethics, network warfare, information warfare, cyber deterrence, legal frameworks, cyber defense strategies conflict regulation, Geneva Conventions, armed conflict, conduct regulation, weapon treaties, Land Mine Ban, UN Charter, cyber-conflict, internet regulation, cyber warfare, Pentagon, cyber-attacks, military response, international law, cyber security, state actors, digital warfare, cyber ethics, international treaties, conflict prevention Arenas, conflict, regulation, Geneva Conventions, warfare, armed conflict, weapons, Land Mine Ban, UN Charter, state, legal, initiation, new area, potential, internet, cyber-conflict, cyber warfare, large scale, threat, Pentagon, military response, cyber-attack, rules, regulations, consequences, damage, states, agreement, offence, early, prevention Arenas, conflict, regulation, warfare, Geneva Conventions, armed conflict, actors, weapons, treaties, Land Mine Ban, UN Charter, state, legal, new area, potential, Internet, cyber-conflict, cyber warfare, threat, large scale, escalate, Pentagon, military, cyber-attack, rules, regulations, consequences, states, offence, engagements, prevention, damage, agreement, early, sensible, explicitly, cyber security, international law, digital warfare, strategic response, policy, governance, cyber threats, military response, technology regulation, global security, cyber policy, cyber defense, international agreements, cyber norms, conflict Arenas, Conflict, Regulation, Geneva Conventions, Armed Conflict, Conduct, Actors, Weapons, Treaties, Land Mine Ban, UN Charter, State, Legal, Initiation, New Area, Potential Conflict, Treaty, Internet, Cyber-Conflict, Cyber Warfare, Large Scale, Escalation, Pentagon, Military Response, Cyber-Attack, Rules, Consequences, Prevention, Damage, States, Agreement, Offence, Cyber-Attacks
test-law-cpilhbishioe-pro03a	An ICC Enforcement arm would bring in a higher proportion of defendants in to trial  Eight out of the thirty people indicted by the ICC (four in the Darfur situation, including Omar al-Bashir, three Lord’s Resistance Army leaders in Uganda and one in the DR Congo investigation) are still alive and avoiding justice. An in-house enforcement arm would be more effective at capturing indictees than many of the forces of the state parties, as it is likely to be more competent than many of the under-resourced or under-trained national forces. An in house force would be solely focused on capturing the wanted war criminals so would both be focusing resources and much less likely to be sidetracked by other priorities (many of which may be influenced by politics) than national forces. One of the suggested solutions to the failure to capture Joseph Kony and leaders of the LRA is to have greater involvement of peacekeepers; an ICC force would provide the same kind of help. [1]  [1] Van Woudenberg, Anneke, ‘How to Catch Joseph Kony’, Human Rights Watch, 9 March 2012, ICC, Enforcement, Arm, Defendants, Trial, Indicted, Darfur, Omar al-Bashir, Lord’s Resistance Army, Uganda, DR Congo, Justice, In-house, Forces, Competent, Under-resourced, Under-trained, National, War Criminals, Resources, Politics, Joseph Kony, LRA, Peacekeepers, Human Rights Watch, Anneke Van Woudenberg ICC, Enforcement, Arm, Defendants, Trial, Indicted, Darfur, Omar al-Bashir, Lord’s Resistance Army, Uganda, DR Congo, Alive, Justice, In-House, Effective, Capturing, Indictees, State Parties, Competent, Resources, Trained, National Forces, Focus, Priorities, Politics, Joseph Kony, LRA, Peacekeepers, Human Rights Watch, Anneke Van Woudenberg ICC, Enforcement, Arm, Defendants, Trial, Indicted, Alive, Justice, In-house, Effective, Capturing, Indictees, Competent, Resources, Trained, National, Forces, Focusing, Priorities, Politics, Failure, Joseph, Kony, LRA, Peacekeepers, Van, Woudenberg, Human, Rights, Watch ICC, Enforcement, Arm, Defendants, Trial, Indicted, Darfur, Omar al-Bashir, Lord’s Resistance Army, Uganda, DR Congo, Alive, Avoiding Justice, In-house, Effective, Capturing Indictees, State Parties, Competent, Under-resourced, Under-trained, National Forces, Focusing Resources, Sidetracked, Politics, Joseph Kony, LRA, Peacekeepers, Human Rights Watch ICC, Enforcement, Arm, Defendants, Trial, Indicted, Darfur, Omar al-Bashir, Lord’s Resistance Army, Uganda, DR Congo, Alive, Avoiding Justice, In-House, Effective, Capturing, Indictees, State Parties, Competent, Under-Resourced, Under-Trained, National Forces, Focusing Resources, Sidetracked, Politics, Joseph Kony, LRA, Peacekeepers, Human Rights Watch, Anneke Van Woudenberg, Catch Joseph Kony
test-politics-grcrgshwbr-pro02a	Religious symbols cause problems in schools.  As well as division in society in general, religious symbols are also a source of division within school environments. The Hijab causes schools many problems. It is potentially divisive in the classroom, marking some children out as different from the others and above the rules that the school enforces for everyone else. This may lead to alienation and bullying. Full headscarves may also be impractical or dangerous in some lessons, for example PE, swimming, or in technology and science lessons where machinery is being operated. In the same way, there have been discussions as to whether to ban the display of Crucifixes in public classrooms. Authorities in Italy have followed through with the ban saying that such a Christian symbol segregates those who are not Christian.1  1 'Decision due in Crucifix ban case', Times of Malta, March 17th 2011 , accessed on 24th July 2011 Religious symbols, schools, division, society, Hijab, problems, classroom, alienation, bullying, PE, swimming, technology, science, Crucifixes, public classrooms, Italy, Christian, segregation, non-Christian, ban religious symbols, schools, division, society, Hijab, problems, alienation, bullying, impractical, dangerous, PE, swimming, technology, science, Crucifixes, public classrooms, Italy, Christian, segregates, ban Religious symbols, schools, division, society, Hijab, problems, classroom, alienation, bullying, PE, swimming, technology, science, Crucifixes, public classrooms, Italy, Christian, segregation, non-Christian, ban, legal case, Times of Malta religious symbols, schools, division, society, hijab, problems, alienation, bullying, practicality, danger, PE, swimming, technology, science, crucifix, public classrooms, Italy, Christian, segregation, non-Christian, ban, legal case, Times of Malta Religious symbols, schools, division, society, Hijab, classroom, alienation, bullying, full headscarves, PE, swimming, technology, science, Crucifixes, public classrooms, Italy, Christian, segregation, ban, Times of Malta, Crucifix ban case, March 17th 2011, July 24th 2011
test-law-thgglcplgphw-con01a	Unrestricted Coca production would increase the availability of cocaine  Cocaine can be readily extracted from the coca leaf. In 1992 the World Health Organization’s Expert Committee on Drug Dependence (ECDD) undertook a ‘prereview’ of coca leaf at its 28th meeting. The 28th ECDD report concluded that, “the coca leaf is appropriately scheduled [as a narcotic] under the Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs, 1961, since cocaine is readily extractable from the leaf.” [1] The active ingredient in coca leaf is the same as in cocaine, just more concentrated. Because the raw material of coca and its more potent relative cocaine are so closely aligned, it is impossible to disassociate the two, and so any attempt to consider cocaine a narcotic and stop its spread must also forbid coca. Globally, cocaine is also most produced where coca is legal, and this is a clear correlation. In Bolivia, coca eradication efforts in the 1980s and 90s helped reduce cocaine production. However, as Evo Morales took power and legalized coca production and consumption, cocaine production has shot up, despite his efforts to fight cocaine production. [2] Thus legalizing coca makes it easier for cocaine producers to operate. Legalizing the cultivation of the coca leaf would therefore simply make cocaine more readily available, thus increasing all the harms that come with widespread cocaine use in society.  [1] Jelsma, Martin. “Lifting the Ban on Coca Chewing”. Transnational Institute, Series on Legislative Reform of Drug Policies Nr. 11. March 2011.  [2] Forero, Juan. “Bolivia's Knot: No to Cocaine, but Yes to Coca”. New York Times. February 12, 2006. Unrestricted, Coca, production, cocaine, availability, extraction, World, Health, Organization, Expert, Committee, Drug, Dependence, narcotic, Single, Convention, Narcotic, Drugs, concentration, raw, material, legalization, Bolivia, coca, eradication, Evo, Morales, cultivation, harms, society, legislative, reform, drug, policies, New, York, Times, cocaine, producers, operation, increase, spread, correlation, attempts, disassociation, narcotic, scheduling, pre-review, meetings, reports, ingredients, potency, global, production, efforts, fighting, legalization, impact, societal, issues Unrestricted, Coca, production, increase, availability, cocaine, readily, extracted, coca, leaf, World, Health, Organization, Expert, Committee, Drug, Dependence, ECDD, prereview, scheduled, Single, Convention, Narcotic, Drugs, 1961, active, ingredient, concentrated, raw, material, closely, aligned, disassociate, globally, produced, legal, Bolivia, coca, eradication, 1980s, 1990s, Evo, Morales, consumption, cocaine, producers, legalize, cultivation, lift, ban, harms, society, J Unrestricted, Coca, production, cocaine, coca leaf, World Health Organization, Expert Committee on Drug Dependence, Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs, narcotic, active ingredient, narcotic scheduling, Bolivia, coca eradication, Evo Morales, cocaine production, societal harms, drug policies, legislative reform, cocaine use, New York Times, coca chewing Unrestricted, Coca, production, increase, availability, cocaine, readily, extracted, coca, leaf, World, Health, Organization, Expert, Committee, Drug, Dependence, ECDD, scheduled, narcotic, Single, Convention, Narcotic, Drugs, active, ingredient, concentrated, aligned, impossible, disassociate, globally, produced, legal, Bolivia, coca, eradication, 1980s, 1990s, Evo, Morales, legalized, consumption, cocaine, producers, operate, harms, widespread, society, Jelsma, Martin, Lifting, Ban, Chewing coca, cocaine, production, availability, World Health Organization, Expert Committee on Drug Dependence, Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs, scheduling, narcotic, active ingredient, concentration, legalization, Bolivia, coca eradication, Evo Morales, cocaine producers, societal harms, drug policies, legislative reform, New York Times, Bolivia's Knot, coca chewing
test-digital-freedoms-aihbiahr-con03a	Internet access is an enabler of rights not a right in itself.  The internet is an enabler and so has little value on its own. [1] No one would consider the internet a human right if there was no content or information on the internet, what good would be a right to stare at a screen? It is not therefore access to the internet that is the human right it is access to information. The internet is obviously useful for this but it is not essential. If someone was denied access to the internet while being locked in a library would he or she really have had any right to information infringed? In such a case the only argument for a right to the internet is that it faster to access the information through the internet than it would be to look it up in the books that are all around. There cannot therefore be considered to be a right to the internet even as part of any right to information because the right to information would simply require that a government provides access to this information not that it has to be via the internet. Moreover as an enabling technology it is quite possible that the internet may at some point be out of date and replaces by some new method of storing information. As something that is transitory it does not make sense to consider there to be any kind of inalienable right to the internet.  [1] Cerf, Vinton G., ‘Internet Access Is Not a Human Right’, The New York Times, 4 January 2012. Internet access, human rights, right to information, enabling technology, technological evolution, content dependency, information access, digital rights, Vinton G. Cerf, New York Times Internet access, human rights, enabler, information, content, screen, right to information, library, government, enabling technology, transitory, inalienable right, Vinton G. Cerf, New York Times Internet access, human rights, enabler of rights, right to information, technological evolution, content availability, information access, digital rights, social rights, Vinton G. Cerf, New York Times, internet as infrastructure, information storage, access methods, government responsibility, information rights, technological redundancy, digital enabler, civil liberties, digital divide, public resources, library access, internet policy, digital age rights, cyber liberties, informational freedom Internet access, human rights, information access, enabling technology, content availability, right to information, government responsibility, information storage, transitory technology, Vinton G. Cerf, New York Times Internet access, human rights, enabler of rights, right to information, access to information, library, government provision, enabling technology, transitory nature, Vinton G. Cerf, New York Times
test-free-speech-debate-radhbsshr-con04a	Masculinity  The problem with leaving the painting, the spear, up is that to many young men President Zuma symbolises what excessive wealth can ‘buy’ you. He is the figure head of the nation, the pinnacle of capitalism and masculinity, of which the penis and sex are instrumental in this image. By leaving the painting up, it encourages hyper-masculinity (which is inherently violent), [1] because it assumes there is an inherent link between power and the penis. This is unhelpful, both for women and men who are trying to live in equity.  [1] Scheff, Thomas J., ‘Hypermasculinity and Violence as a Social System’, Universitas, Vol.2, Issue 2, Fall 2006, Masculinity, Hyper-masculinity, President Zuma, Wealth, Capitalism, Penis, Sex, Power, Violence, Social System, Equity, Women, Men, Symbolism, Painting, Culture, Gender Studies, Social Issues, Political Figures, Art Controversy Masculinity, Hyper-masculinity, Violence, President Zuma, Wealth, Power, Penis, Sex, Capitalism, Social System, Equity, Women, Men, Painting, Symbolism, Thomas J. Scheff, Hypermasculinity and Violence as a Social System, Universitas Masculinity, Hyper-masculinity, Violence, Power, Penis, Sex, Wealth, President Zuma, Capitalism, Equity, Social System, Women, Men, Painting, Symbolisation, Excess, Hypermasculinity, Inherent Link, Social Issues, Gender Studies, Cultural Representation, Political Iconography, South Africa, Leadership, Feminism, Male Identity, Societal Norms, Psychological Impact, Public Art, Controversy, Ethical Considerations, Gender Equality, Sexual Politics, Patriarchy, Critique, Media Representation, Symbolic Capital, Intersectionality, Critical Theory, Gender Roles, Sexual Violence, Masculinity, President Zuma, hyper-masculinity, violence, social system, power, penis, equity, capitalism, painting, symbol, wealth, young men, women, sex, instrumental, unhelpful, Thomas J. Scheff, Universitas, Fall 2006 Masculinity, Hyper-masculinity, President Zuma, Wealth, Capitalism, Power, Penis, Sex, Violence, Equity, Social System, Hypermasculinity, Thomas J. Scheff, Universitas
test-international-iighbopcc-pro02a	Only an international treaty can create penalties for non-compliance  A non-binding agreement will not have any penalties for any countries that do not comply with it, this sets the agreement up for failure. Without a binding agreement a government will find it difficult to bind its successors who may back track in the decades that follow. Some states are backtracking even before the agreement is finalised; the UK has been abandoning its green policies – cutting subsidies for renewables, cancelling carbon capture and storage, reducing funding for domestic energy efficiency, and selling the green investment bank. [1] If governments will take such measures before the agreement is even finished then what hope does it have in the future if there is nothing to persuade sovereign governments to comply with their pledges?  [1] Monbiot, George, ‘On climate change this government is indifferent to life, in love with death’, The Guardian, 2 December 2015, international treaty, non-compliance penalties, non-binding agreement, government successors, climate change, green policies, carbon capture and storage, energy efficiency, green investment bank, sovereign governments, compliance pledges, climate agreement failure, George Monbiot, The Guardian, UK environmental policy international treaty, non-compliance penalties, non-binding agreement, government successors, states backtracking, UK green policies, climate change, government pledges, sovereign governments, environmental policies, renewable energy subsidies, carbon capture and storage, domestic energy efficiency, green investment bank, George Monbiot, The Guardian, climate agreement compliance international treaty, non-compliance penalties, non-binding agreement, government successors, binding agreement, climate policy backtracking, UK green policies, renewable subsidies, carbon capture and storage, domestic energy efficiency, green investment bank, climate change pledges, sovereign government compliance, environmental policy, climate agreement enforcement international treaty, non-compliance penalties, non-binding agreement, government successors, state backtracking, green policies, renewables subsidies, carbon capture, energy efficiency, green investment bank, climate change, sovereign governments, compliance pledges international treaty, non-compliance penalties, non-binding agreement, government succession, state backtracking, UK green policies, climate change, government pledges, sovereign compliance
test-politics-eppghwgpi-con02a	Politicians who commit crimes are likely unfit to serve.  The sort of person who commits an offense has demonstrated irresponsibility and so is unworthy of the public trust. Would any reasonable citizen wanted to be represented by a domestic abuser, or have a fraudster manage the public treasury? While almost all people are capable of atonement and redemption, someone who commits crimes worthy of prosecution while in office ought to be immediately removed for the betterment of the state. politicians, crimes, unfit, serve, irresponsibility, public trust, domestic abuser, fraudster, public treasury, atonement, redemption, prosecution, office, removed, state Politicians, crimes, unfit, serve, irresponsibility, public trust, domestic abuser, fraudster, public treasury, atonement, redemption, prosecution, removed, state politics, politicians, crimes, unfit, public trust, domestic abuse, fraud, prosecution, removal, atonement, redemption, state, ethics, accountability, leadership, criminal behavior, governance, integrity, responsibility Politicians, crimes, unfit, serve, irresponsibility, public trust, domestic abuser, fraudster, public treasury, atonement, redemption, prosecution, immediate removal, state betterment Politicians, crimes, unfit, serve, irresponsibility, public trust, domestic abuser, fraudster, public treasury, atonement, redemption, prosecution, office, removed, state
test-politics-oglilpdwhsn-pro01a	"The New START treaty will make for a safer world.  Reducing US and Russian nuclear weapons stockpiles makes for a safer world, as Dr. David Gushee states: ""The issue on the table is a nuclear arms reduction and verification treaty between the United States and Russia. The treaty, called New START, would reduce Russian and American deployed nuclear weapons to 1,550 and delivery vehicles to 700 each. This would be a 33 percent reduction in the existing arsenals, which is worth achieving and celebrating even as we know that countless cities and millions of precious human beings could be destroyed by the use of even part of the remaining arsenals. Still, these reductions would be a great step on the way to a safer world, as would the re-establishment of bilateral, intrusive verification measures for both sides, also part of the treaty."" [1]  The world is simply a much less secure place without New Start, and not just because New START means there are physically fewer nuclear weapons and thus a lesser chance of nuclear disasters (although this in itself is compelling). Rather, New START also has immense symbolic value, in demonstrating that the two greatest powers have enough in common and are interested enough in their mutual security that they can agree to deduce nuclear weapons together. It shows that these nations regard each other as partners for world peace, not as enemies.  The alternative world, without New START, would be one in which the mutual suspicion and animosity of the Cold War might continue. It is notable that Prime Minister Vladimir Putin said in an interview released in early December 2010 that Russia might be forced to build up its nuclear forces against the West if the United States fails to ratify the New START treaty. [2] The threat of Russia, or even the US, resuming nuclear build-ups is a frightening thought for both nations, for the world and for peace.  On top of its other benefits, New START is key to opening Russian nuclear weapons up for verification, which contributes to trust and peace. As former Secretaries of State Kissinger, Shultz, Eagleburger, Baker and Powell argue “the agreement emphasizes verification, providing a valuable window into Russia's nuclear arsenal. Since the original START expired last December, Russia has not been required to provide notifications about changes in its strategic nuclear arsenal, and the United States has been unable to conduct on-site inspections. Each day, America's understanding of Russia's arsenal has been degraded, and resources have been diverted from national security tasks to try to fill the gaps. Our military planners increasingly lack the best possible insight into Russia's activity with its strategic nuclear arsenal, making it more difficult to carry out their nuclear deterrent mission.” [3] Therefore New START should be supported as it represents a positive step for peace and cooperation in the world.  [1] Gushee, Dr David P. ""Security, Sin and Nuclear Weapons: A Christian Plea for the New START Treaty"". Huffington Post. 4 December 2010.   [2] Abdullaev, Nabi. “Putin Issues Warning on New START”. The Moscow Times. 2 December 2010.   [3] Kissinger, Henry A. ; Shultz, George P. ; Baker III, James A’ ; Eagleburger , Lawrence S. ; and Powell, Colin L. ""The Republican case for ratifying New START"". Washington Post. 2 December 2010. New START, treaty, US, Russia, nuclear weapons, reduction, verification, safer world, security, nuclear arsenal, Cold War, mutual suspicion, arms control, peace, Christian perspective, policy, international relations, military planners, notifications, on-site inspections, strategic nuclear forces, ratification, bipartisan support, diplomacy, global security, non-proliferation, international stability, nuclear deterrence, Former Secretaries of State New START treaty, nuclear weapons reduction, US-Russia arms control, bilateral verification, mutual security, Cold War tensions, nuclear deterrence, strategic arsenal transparency, Republican support, international peace, nuclear disarmament, global security, Dr. David Gushee, Henry Kissinger, George Shultz, James Baker, Lawrence Eagleburger, Colin Powell, Vladimir Putin, nuclear build-up threats, verification measures, trust-building, national security, deployed nuclear weapons, delivery vehicles, nuclear disasters, symbolic value, partnership for peace, military planners, strategic nuclear arsenal, on-site inspections, notifications, Christian perspective, Republican case, ratification, non-prol New START, nuclear weapons, US, Russia, safer world, arms reduction, verification treaty, deployed weapons, delivery vehicles, arsenals, bilateral, intrusive verification, mutual security, Cold War, mutual suspicion, animosity, nuclear build-ups, verification measures, trust, peace, on-site inspections, strategic nuclear arsenal, national security, military planners, nuclear deterrent, Christian plea, Henry Kissinger, George Shultz, James Baker, Lawrence Eagleburger, Colin Powell, Republican support, treaty ratification New START treaty, nuclear arms reduction, verification treaty, US-Russia relations, nuclear weapons stockpiles, mutual security, Cold War, nuclear build-ups, verification measures, strategic nuclear arsenal, military planners, national security, peace, cooperation, ratification, bipartisan support, global security, non-proliferation, disarmament New START, nuclear weapons reduction, US-Russian relations, arms control treaty, bilateral verification, nuclear disarmament, global security, Cold War tensions, strategic nuclear arsenal, Christian perspective, mutual security, peace, ratification, international cooperation, non-proliferation, military planning, national security, verification measures, political support, nuclear deterrence"
test-international-aghbfcpspr-pro05a	Reparations demonstrate a true concern for the developing world.  Even alongside the colonial justifications for providing reparations, there are also many other strong reasons why former colonial powers should grant reparations. Former colonial powers tend to be economically developed, like America, Britain and France. The developed world should recognise the dire poverty and social challenges fed by the developing world today. Giving aid as an act of charity can sometimes be seen as derogatory [1] , and is even rejected by the potential recipients [2] [3] [4] . However, reparations allows a transfer of wealth between these countries in a way which is sensitive to the history between them, and which also demonstrates a desire to improve their relationship. It allows aid to be given to the developing world in a means which is dignified but not spurious.  [1] Accessed from  on 12/09/11  [2] Accessed from  on 12/09/11  [3] Accessed from  on 12/09/11  [4] Accessed from  on 12/09/11 reparations, developing world, colonial justifications, former colonial powers, economically developed, America, Britain, France, dire poverty, social challenges, aid, charity, derogatory, rejected, transfer of wealth, history, improve relationship, dignified, spurious reparations, developing world, colonial powers, economic development, poverty, social challenges, aid, charity, dignity, relationship improvement, wealth transfer, historical sensitivity Reparations, developing world, colonial justifications, former colonial powers, economically developed, America, Britain, France, dire poverty, social challenges, aid, charity, derogatory, rejected, transfer of wealth, sensitive to history, improve relationship, dignified, not spurious reparations, developing world, colonial justifications, economic development, America, Britain, France, poverty, social challenges, aid, charity, derogatory, wealth transfer, historical sensitivity, relationship improvement, dignified aid, spurious assistance reparations, developing world, colonial justifications, former colonial powers, economically developed, America, Britain, France, dire poverty, social challenges, aid, charity, derogatory, rejected, transfer of wealth, history, improve relationship, dignified, not spurious
test-free-speech-debate-nshbcsbawc-pro01a	Declaration of the faith is a key part of Christianity and that should be respected.  The UK is a nation that claims to be tolerant of all faiths and to respect religious beliefs. If that is the case then it must be accepted that the law should respect actions in accordance with those beliefs insofar as they do not harm or infringe on the rights of others. Demonstrating one’s commitment to the cross is part of that faith [i] and should, therefore be shown some respect in a religiously diverse and tolerant society.  There may be more militant forms of religious profession that would be inappropriate in a workplace but wearing a simple piece of jewellery causes no harm or offence to others.  Both women have stated that they felt that wearing the cross was an important part of their faith [ii] and respect for those beliefs should be shown if society’s claims of tolerance and diversity are to have credibility.  As with the demonstration of any right, the fact that its exercise may not be convenient does not supersede its validity. Indeed the only way of demonstrating that a society is, in fact, a tolerant one is, by definition, when it tolerates the exercise of legitimate practices which are inconvenient.  [i] Galatians 6:14 among others  [ii] BBC News Website. “Shirley Chaplin and Nadia Eweida Take Cross Fight to Europe.” 12 March 2012. Declaration of faith, Christianity, religious beliefs, tolerance, respect, UK, law, religious actions, harm, rights, commitment, cross, religious jewellery, workplace, religious profession, inconvenience, legitimate practices, society, credibility, Shirley Chaplin, Nadia Eweida, Europe, BBC News, Galatians 6:14 Declaration of faith, Christianity, religious beliefs, respect, tolerance, UK, law, religious actions, harm, rights, commitment, cross, religiously diverse society, workplace, simple jewellery, no harm, no offence, women, important faith, society, credibility, exercise of rights, inconvenient, tolerant society, Galatians 6:14, BBC News, Shirley Chaplin, Nadia Eweida, Europe, cross fight Declaration, faith, Christianity, respect, UK, tolerance, religious, beliefs, law, actions, harm, rights, commitment, cross, religiously, diverse, society, workplace, jewellery, women, important, practice, validity, inconvenient, legitimate, Shirley, Chaplin, Nadia, Eweida, Europe, BBC, News, Website Declaration of faith, Christianity, respect, UK, tolerance, religious beliefs, law, harm, rights, commitment, cross, religiously diverse society, workplace, jewellery, inconvenience, legitimacy, Shirley Chaplin, Nadia Eweida, BBC News, Galatians 6:14 Declaration, faith, Christianity, respect, UK, tolerance, religious, beliefs, law, actions, harm, rights, commitment, cross, religiously, diverse, society, workplace, jewellery, women, important, BBC, News, Shirley, Chaplin, Nadia, Eweida, Europe, Galatians, 6:14, legitimate, practices, inconvenient
test-science-sghwbdgmo-pro03a	"GMOs would create too much dependency on biotechnology companies  The legislative framework and historical behavior governing and guiding the operation of big business is geared towards maximizing shareholder returns. This propensity has been demonstrated time and again and might suggest that the GM companies are not modifying the food in the interests of better health, but of better profit. This is reinforced by the nature of many of the GM modifications, including terminator seeds (infertile seed requiring a re-purchase of seed stock each season), various forms of pest and herbicide resistance potentially leading to pests (and weeds) resistant to the current crop of chemical defenses. One of the more disturbing manifestations of this is the licensing of genes that are naturally occurring and suing those who dare to grow them, even if they are there because of cross contamination by wind-blown seeds or some other mechanism. [1] One has only to look at the history of corporations under North American and similar corporations’ law to see the effect of this pressure to perform on behalf of the shareholder. The pollution of water supplies, the continued sale of tobacco, dioxins, asbestos, and the list goes on. Most of those anti-social examples are done with the full knowledge of the corporation involved. [2]  The example of potato farmers in the US illustrates big company dependence: ""By ''opening and using this product,'' it is stated, that farmers only have the license to grow these potatoes for a single generation. The problem is that the genes remain the intellectual property of Monsanto, protected under numerous United States patents (Nos. 5,196,525, 5,164,316, 5,322,938 and 5,352,605), under these patents, people are not allowed to save even crop for next year, because with this they would break Federal law of intellectual property. [3]  [1] Barlett D., Monsanto’s Harvest of Fear, published May 2008,  , accessed 08/27/2011  [2] Hurt H., The Toxic Ten, published 02/19/2008,  , accessed 09/05/2011  [3] Pollan M., Playing God in the Garden, published 10/25/1998,  , accessed 09/02/2011 GMOs, dependency, biotechnology, companies, legislative, framework, shareholder, returns, profit, terminator, seeds, pest, herbicide, resistance, patent, licensing, genes, cross, contamination, pollution, tobacco, dioxins, asbestos, potato, farmers, Monsanto, intellectual, property, federal, law GMOs, biotechnology companies, legislative framework, shareholder returns, profit, terminator seeds, pest resistance, herbicide resistance, gene licensing, cross contamination, corporate law, pollution, tobacco, dioxins, asbestos, potato farmers, Monsanto, intellectual property, patents, Federal law GMOs, biotechnology, dependency, shareholder, profit, terminator seeds, pest resistance, herbicide resistance, gene licensing, intellectual property, Monsanto, corporate law, pollution, tobacco, dioxins, asbestos, potato farmers, intellectual property rights, federal law, genetic modification, big business, agritech, environmental impact, ethical concerns, legislative framework, historical behavior, corporate responsibility, shareholder returns, anti-social practices, biotech patents, genetic engineering, food security, biodiversity, farmer rights, GMO patents, patent law, agricultural biotechnology, corporate control, regulatory issues, genetic contamination, sustainable agriculture GMOs, biotechnology companies, shareholder returns, terminator seeds, pest resistance, herbicide resistance, gene licensing, intellectual property, Monsanto, patent protection, farmer dependence, corporate law, profit maximization, health concerns, environmental impact, legislative framework, corporate responsibility, historical behavior, shareholder pressure, anti-social practices, potato farmers, Federal law, genetic modification, cross contamination, wind-blown seeds, North American corporations, pollution, tobacco, dioxins, asbestos, societal harm, legal protection, modified food, better health, better profit, genetic property, single generation, crop saving, patent infringement GMOs, biotechnology, dependency, shareholder, returns, profit, terminator seeds, pest resistance, herbicide resistance, gene licensing, cross contamination, pollution, tobacco, dioxins, asbestos, potato farmers, Monsanto, intellectual property, Federal law"
test-law-ilppppghb-con03a	Self-determination can destabilise nation states, sometimes with very destructive consequences.  If we accept self-determination as such an important principle that it trumps all others, this will encourage people to self-identify along nationalistic, racial or religious lines, at a time in human development when we are moving away from racist and nationalist ideologies. Nationalism is about difference, which flies in the face of the idea of the global citizen. Taken to its extremes, it encourages increased conflict, separatist terrorism. For example, the ethnic conflicts that led to the breakup of Yugoslavia in the 1990s were fuelled by nationalist ideologies and the stressing of the differences between ethnic and religious groups that made up that country. self-determination, nation-states, destructive-consequences, nationalism, racial-identities, religious-identities, global-citizen, conflict, separatist-terrorism, ethnic-conflicts, Yugoslavia, 1990s, nationalist-ideologies, differences, ideologies self-determination, nation-states, destabilisation, nationalism, racial, religious, global-citizenship, conflict, separatism, terrorism, ethnic-conflicts, Yugoslavia, 1990s, ideologies, differences, separatist-movements, international-relations, state-sovereignty, human-rights, ethnic-diversity, political-stability self-determination, nation-states, destabilisation, nationalism, racial-identity, religious-identity, global-citizen, conflict, separatist-terrorism, ethnic-conflicts, Yugoslavia, 1990s, nationalist-ideologies, differences, racism, ideology, principles, consequences, trumps, ideologies, separatism, terrorism, breakup, ethnic-groups, religious-groups self-determination, nation-states, destructive-consequences, nationalism, racial-identities, religious-identities, global-citizen, conflict, separatist-terrorism, ethnic-conflicts, Yugoslavia, 1990s, nationalist-ideologies, ethnic-groups, religious-groups self-determination, nation-states, destabilisation, destructive-consequences, nationalism, racial, religious, global-citizen, conflict, separatist-terrorism, ethnic-conflicts, Yugoslavia, 1990s, nationalist-ideologies, differences, ideologies, separatism, terrorism, racism, ideology, globalisation, unity, diversity, ethnicity, religion, state-integrity, international-relations, human-rights, autonomy, sovereignty, peace, security, governance, political-stability, social-cohesion, multiculturalism, integration, identity-politics, extremism, violence, political-violence, civil-war, ethnic-cleansing, refugees,
test-culture-tlhrilsfhwr-con02a	Punishing objectively harmful conduct  Of the tens of thousands of children exposed to armed conflict throughout the world, most are recruited into armed political groups. Quite contrary to the image of child soldiers constructed by the proposition, these youngsters are not de-facto adults, nor are they seeking to defend communities who will be in some way grateful for their contributions and sacrifices. Child soldiers join groups with defined political and military objectives.  Children may volunteer for military units after encountering propaganda. Many children join up to escape social disintegration within their communities. Several female child soldiers have revealed that they joined because to escape domestic violence or forced marriage. Many children who do not volunteer can be forcibly abducted by military organisations. One former child soldier from Congo reported that “they gave me a uniform and told me that now I was in the army. They said that they would come back and kill my parents if I didn’t do as they said.” [i]  Once inducted into the army, children are vulnerable to abuse and exploitation. They are usually viewed as expendable, employed as minesweepers or spies. The inexperience and gullibility of children is used to convince them that they are immune to bullets, or will be financially rewarded for committing atrocities. Many children are controlled through the use of drugs, to which they inevitably become addicted [ii] .  For every account the proposition can provide of a child who took up arms to defend his family, there are many more children who were coerced or threatened into becoming soldiers. Whatever standard of relativist morality side proposition may choose to employ, actions and abuses of the type described above are object4ively harmful to children.  Moreover, the process of turning a child into a soldier is irreversible and often more brutal and dehumanising than combat itself. Proposition concedes that child soldiers will be in need of care and treatment after demobilising, but they underestimate the difficulty of healing damage this horrific.  The use of child soldiers is an unpardonable crime, which creates suffering of a type universally understood to be unnecessary and destructive. It should not be diluted or justified by relativist arguments.  It would undermine the ICC’s role in promoting universal values if officers and politicians complicit in the abuses described above were allowed to publicly argue cultural relativism as their defence. Moreover, it would give an unacceptable air of legitimacy to warlords and brigands seeking to operate under the pretence of leading legitimate resistance movements  [i] Child Soldiers International,   [ii] “Child Soldiers: Global Report 2008”, Coalition to Stop the Use of Child Soldiers, 2007, p299, armed conflict, child soldiers, recruited, armed political groups, de-facto adults, defend communities, political and military objectives, volunteer, military units, propaganda, social disintegration, domestic violence, forced marriage, forcibly abducted, military organizations, uniform, kill parents, inducted, abuse, exploitation, expendable, minesweepers, spies, inexperience, gullibility, immune to bullets, financial rewards, atrocities, drugs, addicted, coerced, threatened, objectively harmful, irreversible, brutal, dehumanising, unpardonable crime, suffering, relativist arguments, ICC, universal values, cultural relativism, warlords Punishing, objectively, harmful, conduct, children, armed, conflict, recruited, armed, political, groups, adults, defend, communities, defined, political, military, objectives, volunteer, military, units, propaganda, social, disintegration, female, domestic, violence, forced, marriage, forcibly, abducted, military, organizations, uniform, army, parents, inducted, vulnerable, abuse, exploitation, expendable, minesweepers, spies, inexperience, gullibility, convinced, immune, bullets, financially, rewarded, atrocities, drugs, addicted, coerced, threatened, soldiers, relativist, morality, child soldiers, armed conflict, recruited, armed political groups, propaganda, social disintegration, domestic violence, forced marriage, forcibly abducted, uniform, kill parents, vulnerable, abuse, exploitation, expendable, minesweepers, spies, inexperience, gullibility, drugs, addicted, coercing, threatening, objectively harmful, irreversible, brutal, dehumanising, crime, suffering, unnecessary, destructive, relativist arguments, ICC, universal values, warlords, legitimate resistance movements armed conflict, child soldiers, recruited, armed political groups, not de-facto adults, defend communities, defined political objectives, volunteer, propaganda, social disintegration, escape domestic violence, forced marriage, forcibly abducted, vulnerable to abuse, viewed as expendable, minesweepers, spies, inexperience, gullibility, immune to bullets, financial rewards, controlled through drugs, coerced, threatened, objectively harmful, irreversible, dehumanising, unpardonable crime, universal values, ICC, cultural relativism, warlords, legitimate resistance movements child soldiers, armed conflict, recruitment, political groups, propaganda, social disintegration, domestic violence, forced marriage, abduction, military organizations, abuse, exploitation, expendable, minesweepers, spies, inexperience, gullibility, drugs, coercion, threats, objectively harmful, irreversible, dehumanizing, unpardonable crime, ICC, cultural relativism, warlords, legitimacy, resistance movements
test-economy-thhghwhwift-con02a	A tax is not an effective instrument to fight obesity  There are very legitimate concerns whether artificially increasing the cost of fatty food by specifically targeting it with a tax would have a significant effect on the obesity trend.  In fact, research shows that a fat tax would produce only a marginal change in consumption – not the dramatic shift in public awareness the proponents of the fat tax are hoping for. The reason, LSE researchers believe, is simple: “those on the very poorest diets will continue to eat badly.” [1]  Other than the economic reasons for such behavior, it could be argued that is also a thing of habit and culture: fast fatty food is quick, accessible and tasty. [2] Thus while a tax might be useful in reducing things such as the use of cigarettes – which are at heart an unnecessary “luxury” and thus more easily affected by the price – eating food, whether junk or not, is necessary. It also seems that the fast fatty kind of food is fulfilling a specific need, a need for a quick, tasty and filling meal, something people consider worth paying good money for.  The fight against obesity ought to be multifaceted, complex and well thought out – and a fat tax is none of those things. We should approach the issue with more cunning and introduce other programs: such as increasing the availability of healthy food by introducing healthy vending machines; [3] increasing the amount of physics exercise by requiring it in school, improving possibilities for recreation and access to public transportation thus encouraging people to burn more calories [4] and, most importantly, proper education on the topic if we want to create lasting change. [5]  [1] Tiffin, R., Salois, M., A fat tax is a double whammy for the poor – it will do little to prevent obesity in those on lower incomes, and will hurt them financially, published 9/2/2011,  , accessed 9/12/2011  [2] Hitti, M., Top 11 Reasons For Fast Food's Popularity, published 12/3/2008,  , accessed 9/14/2011  [3] Yara, S., Best And Worst Vending Machine Snacks, published 10/6/2005,  , accessed 9/14/2011  [4] CDC, Recommended Community Strategies and Measurements to Prevent Obesity in the United States, published 7/24/2009,  , accessed 9/14/2011  [5] Bunce, L., ‘Fat tax’ solutions ignore wider social factors driving junk food habits, published 8/16/2010,  , accessed 9/12/2011 tax, obesity, fatty food, consumption, public awareness, poverty, diet, habit, culture, fast food, cigarettes, luxury, health, vending machines, physical exercise, schools, recreation, public transportation, education, lasting change, social factors, junk food tax, obesity, fatty food, consumption, public awareness, LSE researchers, poor diets, economic reasons, habit, culture, fast food, multifaceted approach, healthy vending machines, physical exercise, school requirements, public transportation, calorie burning, education, lasting change, financial impact, social factors, junk food habits, unnecessary luxury, marginal change, dramatic shift, proponents, quick meal, accessible food, tasty food, specific need, unnecessary, luxury, multifaceted, complex, well thought out, introduction of programs, availability of healthy food, increasing physical activity, improving recreation, encouraging calorie burning, proper education, creating lasting change tax, obesity, fat tax, economic reasons, behavior, habit, culture, fast food, necessary, multifaceted, complex, programs, healthy vending machines, physical exercise, school, recreation, public transportation, education, lasting change, poor, financial impact, junk food, social factors, recommended strategies, measurements, community, prevention, United States, vending machine snacks, top reasons, popularity Tax, obesity, fatty food, consumption change, public awareness, poverty, diet, fast food, culture, economic behavior, cigarettes, luxury, food necessity, multifaceted approach, healthy vending machines, physical exercise, school requirements, public transportation, calorie burning, education, lasting change, social factors, junk food habits tax, obesity, fatty food, consumption, public awareness, LSE, economic behavior, fast food, culture, cigarettes, luxury, necessary, multifaceted approach, healthy vending machines, physical exercise, school, recreation, public transportation, education, lasting change, poverty, financial impact, social factors, junk food habits
test-economy-beplcpdffe-con05a	Government only objects to online gambling because they dont benefit  Governments are hypocritical about gambling. They say they don’t like it but they often use it for their own purposes. Sometimes they only allow gambling in certain places in order to boost a local economy. Sometimes they profit themselves by running the only legal gambling business, such as a National Lottery [15] or public racecourse betting. This is bad for the public who want to gamble. Online gambling firms can break through government control by offering better odds and attractive new games. government, online gambling, hypocrisy, local economy, national lottery, public racecourse betting, control, better odds, attractive games government, online gambling, benefit, hypocrisy, gambling, local economy, legal gambling, national lottery, public racecourse, control, odds, games Government, online gambling, hypocrisy, economic benefit, local economy, National Lottery, public racecourse betting, public interest, gambling regulation, better odds, attractive games, control, legal gambling, profit, gambling firms government, online gambling, hypocrisy, control, economy, legal gambling, national lottery, public racecourse, betting, public interest, better odds, attractive games government, online gambling, benefit, hypocritical, gambling, local economy, legal gambling, National Lottery, public racecourse betting, public, better odds, new games, control
test-education-udfakusma-con03a	Less incentive to study at university  If everything that University provides is open to all then there is less incentive to study at university. Anyone who is studying in order to learn about a subject rather than achieve a particular qualification will no longer need to attend the university in order to fulfil their aim. The actual benefit of university education is less in learning content per se than engaging with new ideas critically, something that is frequently more difficult in an online environment.  Moreover if only some countries or institutions were to implement such open access then it makes more sense for any students who are intending to study internationally to go elsewhere as they will still be able to use the resources made available by that university. Open access if not implemented universally is therefore damaging to universities attempts to attract lucrative international students who often pay high tuition fees. incentive, study, university, open, access, learning, qualification, critical, thinking, online, environment, international, students, tuition, fees, resources, education, engagement, ideas incentive, university, study, open access, learning, critical thinking, online environment, international students, tuition fees, education value, resource availability, academic engagement, higher education, global competition university, open access, incentive, study, learning, critical thinking, online education, international students, tuition fees, education value, resource availability university, open-access, incentive, study, learning, engagement, critical-thinking, online-education, international-students, tuition-fees, resources, education-value, academic-achievement, global-competition university, incentive, study, open access, education, learning, critical engagement, online environment, international students, tuition fees, resource availability, academic value, qualification, subject knowledge, institutional competition
test-sport-otshwbe2uuyt-con05a	Europe needs to prevent Russian influence in Ukraine  If Europe shuns Ukraine then Yanukovych has an obvious alternative he can turn to; Russia. Putin, the newly re-elected President of Russia, is holding out the option of a customs union with Ukraine which Yanukovych despite initially rejecting [1] is now showing more interest in joining. [2] Only a few years ago Ukraine was being touted for possible NATO membership and Vice President Biden called Ukraine a “European country where democracy rules”. [3] A turn towards Russia therefore represents a failure of the European Union and NATO’s policy towards its eastern neighbours where the aim is to promote democracy and human rights.  [1] Interfax-Ukraine, ‘Putin: Yanukovych statement Ukraine will not join Customs Union conveys political emotions’, Kyiv Post, 16 September 2011 .  [2] Interfax-Ukraine, ‘Official: Ukraine shows keen interest in Customs Union’, Kyiv Post, 15 March 2012 .  [3] ‘Biden: U.S. supports Ukraine’s NATO bid’, USA Today, 21 July 2009 . Europe, Russian influence, Ukraine, Yanukovych, Putin, customs union, NATO, European country, democracy, human rights, eastern neighbours, Interfax-Ukraine, Kyiv Post, Biden, U.S. supports, NATO bid Europe, Russian influence, Ukraine, Yanukovych, Putin, customs union, NATO, democracy, human rights, Eastern neighbours, European Union, Biden, U.S. policy, Interfax-Ukraine, Kyiv Post, USA Today Europe, Russian influence, Ukraine, Yanukovych, Putin, customs union, NATO, democracy, human rights, eastern neighbours, Interfax-Ukraine, Kyiv Post, Biden, U.S. support, European country, political emotions, keen interest, failure, policy Europe, Russian influence, Ukraine, Yanukovych, Putin, customs union, NATO, democracy, human rights, eastern neighbours, Interfax-Ukraine, Kyiv Post, Vice President Biden, USA Today Europe, Russian influence, Ukraine, Yanukovych, Putin, customs union, NATO, democracy, human rights, eastern neighbours, political emotions, Biden, U.S. support, Interfax-Ukraine, Kyiv Post, USA Today
test-health-hdond-pro02a	Prioritizing donors creates an incentive to become a donor  The greatest argument for this policy is also the simplest: it will save thousands, perhaps millions of lives. A policy of prioritizing transplants for donors would massively increase the proportion of donors from the status quo of (at best) just over 30% {Confirmed Organ Donors}. Given the number of people who die under circumstances that render many of their organs useless, the rate of donor registration must be as high as possible. The overwhelming incentive that this policy would create to register may well eliminate the scarcity for certain organs altogether; a bonus benefit of this would mean that for organs where the scarcity was eliminated, this policy would not even need to make good on its threat of denial of organs to non-donors (and even if this happened for every organ and thus reduced the incentive to register as a donor, the number of donors could only fall as far as until there was a scarcity again, thus reviving the incentive to donate until the rate of donation reaches an equilibrium with demand.) donor prioritization, organ donation, transplant policy, life-saving, donor registration, organ scarcity, incentive system, non-donors, organ donor registration, healthcare policy, medical ethics, organ transplant, public health, donor rates, organ availability, donor incentives, health economics, organ allocation, donor scarcity, donor equilibrium organ donation, donor prioritization, transplant policy, donor registration, organ scarcity, incentivizing donation, saving lives, donation incentives, non-donors, organ availability, policy effectiveness, donor equilibrium, organ demand, organ supply, confirmed organ donors, transplant rates, donor registration increase, donation ethics, health policy, medical ethics, organ allocation, public health, donor rates, organ transplant, medical scarcity, donor激励, 器官捐赠, 捐赠者优先, 移植政策, 捐赠者登记, 器官短缺, 激励捐赠, 救命, 捐赠激励 donor prioritization, organ donation, transplant policy, incentivization, life-saving, donor registration, organ scarcity, non-donor denial, donation equilibrium, healthcare ethics, public health policy, organ donor incentives, organ transplant rates, confirmed organ donors, organ donation advocacy, medical resource allocation, donor scarcity solutions, healthcare incentive systems, moral obligations, health equity prioritizing donors, incentive, become donor, save lives, policy, transplant donors, increase donors, donor registration, eliminate scarcity, organs, non-donors, donor scarcity, equilibrium donation, demand Prioritizing donors, incentive, organ donation, save lives, transplant policy, increase donor proportion, high donor registration, eliminate organ scarcity, non-donors, donor registration incentive, donation equilibrium, organ demand
test-philosophy-ippelhbcp-pro01a	Encourages a culture of respect for human rights  Capital punishment is, in general seen as a significant human rights violation by the international community - not only most liberal democracies, but much of international civil society.  Abolition will help lead to the development of a culture of human rights and the rule of law by acting as a benchmark of progress, and a symbol of a commitment to these principles. It is notable that Guinea Bissau is the only abolitionist nation in the bottom ten countries in Africa for the rule of law – according to the Ibrahim Index of African Governance’s safety and rule of law category, compared to six abolitionist countries in the top ten [1] .  [1] Mo Ibrahim Foundation, “Ibrahim Index of African Governance”, Mo Ibrahim Foundation, 2013, Human rights, capital punishment, international community, liberal democracies, international civil society, abolition, culture of human rights, rule of law, Guinea Bissau, Ibrahim Index of African Governance, safety and rule of law, Mo Ibrahim Foundation human rights, capital punishment, international community, liberal democracies, international civil society, abolition, culture of human rights, rule of law, Guinea Bissau, Ibrahim Index of African Governance, safety and rule of law, Mo Ibrahim Foundation human rights, capital punishment, international community, liberal democracies, international civil society, abolition, culture of human rights, rule of law, Guinea Bissau, Ibrahim Index of African Governance, safety and rule of law, Mo Ibrahim Foundation human rights, capital punishment, international community, liberal democracies, civil society, abolition, rule of law, Guinea Bissau, Ibrahim Index of African Governance, safety, law, Mo Ibrahim Foundation, 2013 human rights, capital punishment, international community, liberal democracies, civil society, abolition, culture of human rights, rule of law, Guinea Bissau, Ibrahim Index of African Governance, Mo Ibrahim Foundation, safety, rule of law, Africa, progress, commitment, principles, benchmark
test-politics-grcrgshwbr-pro03a	Religious symbols cause division within Western society.  Religious symbols can be seen as possible tools for fuelling division within society. When some women wear the Hijab it creates pressure on other Muslim women to also cover their heads. Pressure comes both socially from wanting to look like other women in their community and religiously from imams and family leaders pressing for observance. As such, Muslims themselves are divided and religious oppression against women is internalized.1 Approving of Muslim head coverings in society cements the Hijab as an essential tenet of Islam, in the minds of non-Muslims as well as believers. However, many different schools of Islam exist and as on other issues, they often disagree how to interpret the Koran's dress prescriptions. Moderate interpretations accept modest forms of modern dress while severe interpretations require full covering with the Burka or similar veil. Banning the veil furthers the cause of moderate interpretations and prevents the entrenchment of severe interpretations.  1 Rumy Hassan, 'Banning the hijab', Workers Power 283 February 2004, accessed on 24th July 2011 Religious symbols, division, Western society, Hijab, pressure, Muslim women, imams, family leaders, religious oppression, internalization, non-Muslims, Islamic schools, Koran, dress prescriptions, modern dress, severe interpretations, Burka, banning veil, moderate interpretations religious symbols, division, Western society, Hijab, Muslim women, social pressure, religious pressure, imams, family leaders, religious oppression, non-Muslims, Koran, dress prescriptions, moderate interpretations, severe interpretations, banning veil, Workers Power, Rumy Hassan religious symbols, division, Western society, Hijab, Muslim women, social pressure, religious pressure, imams, family leaders, religious oppression, non-Muslims, Koran, dress prescriptions, moderate interpretations, severe interpretations, banning the veil, Workers Power, Rumy Hassan religious symbols, division, Western society, Hijab, Muslim women, social pressure, religious pressure, imams, family leaders, religious oppression, internalization, non-Muslims, Koran, dress prescriptions, moderate interpretations, severe interpretations, banning veil, Workers Power, Rumy Hassan Religious symbols, division, Western society, Hijab, Muslim women, social pressure, religious pressure, imams, family leaders, religious oppression, non-Muslims, Koran, dress prescriptions, moderate interpretations, severe interpretations, Burka, veil, banning, moderate Islam, severe Islam
test-health-hpehwadvoee-pro01a	It is a natural thing to do  We are biologically programmed to want to preserve our species. As such, our offspring will often be more important to ourselves than our own persons. Many doctors hear parents tell them how they wish that they could “take over” their child’s terminal illness rather than have the child suffer. [1] It is therefore natural and right for the older generation to sacrifice itself where possible to save the younger generation. As crass as this might seem, they are statistically more likely to die earlier than their offspring in any event and stand to lose less. They have had the chance to experience more of a life than their child. They are furthermore the cause of the child’s existence, and owe it to the child to protect it at any cost.  [1] Monforte-Royo, C. and M.V. Roqué. “The organ donation process: A humanist perspective based on the experience of nursing care.” Nursing Philosophy 13.4 (2012): 295-301. sacrifice, older generation, younger generation, terminal illness, parents, children, biological programming, species preservation, offspring, life experience, organ donation, humanist perspective, nursing care, moral obligation, self-sacrifice, longevity, statistical likelihood, life value, parental instinct, ethical consideration natural, biologically-programmed, preserve-species, offspring, parents, terminal-illness, sacrifice, older-generation, younger-generation, statistical-likelihood, life-experience, cause-of-existence, protect, humanist-perspective, nursing-care, organ-donation natural, biological-programming, species-preservation, offspring-importance, parental-sacrifice, terminal-illness, generational-sacrifice, statistical-lifespan, life-experience, parental-obligation, organ-donation, humanist-perspective, nursing-care preservation, species, biological programming, offspring, self-sacrifice, parental instincts, terminal illness, generational ethics, statistical mortality, life experience, causation, protection, humanist perspective, organ donation, nursing care Natural, Biological programming, Species preservation, Offspring importance, Parental sacrifice, Terminal illness, Generational sacrifice, Life experience, Existential responsibility, Humanist perspective, Nursing care, Organ donation, Ethical considerations, Parental love, Self-sacrifice, Mortality, Age difference, Survival, Caregiving, Emotional bonds
test-digital-freedoms-aihbiahr-con04a	Internet access cannot be a human right when it is not available to all.  If human rights are inalienable and inherent in humans then no technology can be a human right as not everyone can ever expect access all of the time. Certainly at the moment huge swathes of the world have no internet access and this does not mean that their governments are violating their human rights.  The analogy might be given to freedom of movement. Freedom of movement is a human right however we don’t need the aid of a car to be able to exercise this right the technology itself is unnecessary as we have an inherent ability to move just as we do to communicate. human rights, internet access, inalienable rights, technological access, global internet, government responsibility, freedom of movement, inherent abilities, communication rights, technological inequality Internet access, human rights, inalienable, inherent, technology, availability, global, freedom of movement, communication, inherent ability Internet access, human rights, availability, inalienable, inherent, technology, global coverage, government responsibility, freedom of movement, analogy, inherent ability, communication rights Internet access, human rights, inalienable, inherent, technology, availability, global, government, freedom of movement, communication, inherent ability, digital divide, accessibility, rights discourse, technological dependency, universal rights Internet access, human rights, availability, inalienable, inherent, technology, universal access, government responsibility, freedom of movement, inherent ability, communication rights, digital divide, global access, right to information, technological dependency
test-law-thgglcplgphw-con02a	Legalising coca production would undemine the wider war on the drugs economy  The UN International Narcotics Control Board (INCB) said in 2011 that exceptions for Bolivia would undermine international narcotics control efforts: “[Allowing coca] would undermine the integrity of the global drug control system, undoing the good work of governments over many years.” [1] A US official said in January of 2011: “there is evidence to suggest that a substantial percentage” of the increased coca production in Bolivia over the past several years, registered in U.N. surveys, “has indeed gone into the network and the marketplace for cocaine.” [2] These examples thus show that legalizing coca cultivation would undermine the wider war on drugs, because it shifts the policy away from one of eradicating crops which could be turned into narcotics and instead turns towards making them acceptable on the global market. It encourages countries to take eradication efforts less seriously, and seemingly undermines the commitment of the international community to the war on drugs, once it gives in on this narcotic. This will make not just cocaine but many other drugs more widely available, leading to even more ruined lives through drug abuse.  [1] M&C News. “Bolivia undermines global anti-drug efforts, UN warns”. M&C News. Jul 5, 2011.   [2] Associated Press. “U.S. to fight Bolivia on allowing coca-leaf chewing”. The Portland Press Herald. January 19 2011. Legalising,coca,production,war,on,drugs,UN,International,Narcotics,Control,Board,INCB,Bolivia,exceptions,international,narcotics,control,efforts,US,official,cocaine,network,marketplace,eradicating,crops,narcotics,global,market,drug,abuse,M&C,News,Associated,Press legalising,coca,production,undermine,war,drugs,economy,UN,International,Narcotics,Control,Board,INCB,Bolivia,exceptions,international,narcotics,control,efforts,integrity,global,drug,system,US,official,evidence,increased,marketplace,cocaine,shifts,policy,eradicating,crops,narcotics,acceptable,global,market,encourages,eradication,efforts,commitment,international,community,availability,drugs,ruined,lives,drug,abuse coca, production, legalisation, war on drugs, UN International Narcotics Control Board, INCB, Bolivia, international narcotics control, US official, coca cultivation, global drug control system, eradication, narcotic crops, drug abuse, cocaine, international community, drug market, policy shift, drug availability, ruined lives, drug control efforts, coca leaf chewing, anti-drug efforts, global anti-drug policy, drug policy, narcotics, international commitment, drug enforcement, coca production increase, UN surveys, drug network, cocaine market, international drug control, drug legalization, coca leaf, drug cultivation, drug erad legalising coca, war on drugs, UN International Narcotics Control Board, Bolivia, undermining international control, cocaine production, global drug control system, US official, increased coca production, drug abuse, international community commitment, narcotics, drug market, crop eradication, policy shift, global market, ruined lives, anti-drug efforts Legalising, coca, production, undermine, war, drugs, economy, UN, International, Narcotics, Control, Board, INCB, Bolivia, exceptions, international, narcotics, control, efforts, integrity, global, drug, system, US, official, evidence, increased, cultivation, registered, surveys, network, marketplace, cocaine, policy, eradicating, crops, narcotics, acceptable, global, market, countries, eradication, commitment, community, narcotic, widely, available, ruined, lives, abuse
test-politics-eppghwgpi-con01a	The ability to prosecute politicians is the ultimate protection against the abuse of power.  It is impossible to overstate the power that the threat of prosecution has to stay the hand of anyone, including a politician, from transgressing the laws of the state. In fact, we need more aggressive prosecution of politicians. Not a single person has been prosecuted for approval illegal torture or wiretapping. These are illegal actions actually happening which the populace, with only the blunt instrument of voting for or against a politician on the sum total of their policies, is unable to effectively influence. There is no greater deterrent that could be used against politicians. Prosecute, Politicians, Abuse, Power, Protection, Threat, Prosecution, Deterrent, Illegal, Torture, Wiretapping, Influence, Voting, Policies prosecute politicians, abuse of power, threat of prosecution, aggressive prosecution, illegal torture, wiretapping, illegal actions, voter influence, deterrent against politicians prosecution, politicians, abuse, power, deterrence, illegal, actions, torture, wiretapping, accountability, legal, consequences, voting, influence, deterrent, corruption, impeachment, justice, enforcement prosecute politicians, abuse of power, threat of prosecution, transgressing laws, aggressive prosecution, illegal torture, wiretapping, illegal actions, voting, policies, deterrent, accountability, legal consequences, political misconduct, justice system, public influence, governance, rule of law, oversight prosecute, politicians, abuse, power, protection, threat, transgressing, laws, state, aggressive, prosecution, illegal, torture, wiretapping, actions, populace, influence, deterrent
test-free-speech-debate-nshbcsbawc-pro04a	Freedom of expression, like any right is fairly meaningless if it’s only respected when it’s convenient.  Recognising rights when there is no inconvenience to anybody involved is verging on the irrelevant. This is, perhaps, especially true, with freedom of expression. If I recognise your right to express yourself freely - so long as I never have to see, hear or be aware of you doing – rather misses the point.  Likewise if the individual is free only so long as there aren’t any rules saying they shouldn’t be, goes somewhat against the grain of defending liberties. Indeed the history of the idea that people can exercise all the freedom they like as long as it’s out of sight, out of mind and doesn’t break any rules is not a noble one; among other absurd forms of “freedom”, it was used to justify both segregation and apartheid.  Although the effect and extent of the prejudice is clearly different here, the logic is the same: you are completely free to do whatever I think you should do.  Having a right to freely express oneself means to do so when it is inconvenient, challenging or offensive to others [i] . The rules being broken here were, as has already been mentioned, fairly petty and the sanctions comparatively minor – although the loss of someone’s livelihood should not be understated. The case is important because of the precedent it sets; what if the two women were risking not just their jobs but their liberty?  The UK considers itself to be a tolerant country. Tolerance means accepting those declarations and statements that are inconvenient. If the law is incapable of defending a statement as benign as wearing a small piece of jewellery, it is worrying to think how it would cope with something more forthright.  [i] UN Declaration of Human Rights. Articles 18, 19 and 23. Freedom of expression, Rights, Inconvenience, Liberty, Tolerance, Segregation, Apartheid, Precedent, UN Declaration of Human Rights, Human Rights, Tolerant Country, Wearing Jewellery, Benign Statement, Forthright Statement, Job Loss, Liberty Risk, Articles 18, 19, 23 Freedom of expression, rights, inconvenience, recognition, irrelevant, defending liberties, segregation, apartheid, prejudice, challenging, offensive, tolerance, UN Declaration of Human Rights, Articles 18, 19, 23, UK, law, tolerance, jewellery, precedent, livelihood, liberty freedom of expression, rights, inconvenience, relevance, recognition, visibility, rules, liberties, segregation, apartheid, prejudice, challenging, offensive, petty rules, minor sanctions, livelihood, precedent, tolerance, acceptance, UN Declaration of Human Rights, Articles 18, 19, 23 freedom of expression, rights, inconvenience, recognition, liberties, segregation, apartheid, tolerance, UN Declaration of Human Rights, tolerance, UK, jewellery, employment, liberty, precedent, Article 18, Article 19, Article 23 Freedom of expression, rights, inconvenience, relevance, recognition, liberty, rules, segregation, apartheid, prejudice, challenging, offensive, tolerance, UK, law, human rights, UN Declaration, Articles 18, 19, 23, livelihood, precedent, tolerance, wearing jewellery, forthright statements
test-free-speech-debate-radhbsshr-con01a	Defamation  While South African Law does allow for freedom of speech, and the constitution is one of the most liberal in the world for protecting such freedoms, it must be measured against the need for responsibility in the use of such freedoms to prevent offence.  Whatever one believes about ‘The Spear’ it is clear that Murray attacked President Zuma based upon his personal life rather than any critique of policy. The depiction of the President with his penis exposed is a reminder of the accusations of rape against him, of which he was acquitted in 2007.  To remind those who view the painting of the accusation is to hint at Zuma’s guilt in the case despite it being proved otherwise in a court of law. This is effectively libel and as such defames Zuma’s character. As such, Zuma was right to sue for defamation and it was right for the artwork to be removed as it implied and spread a falsehood in the public domain that is damaging to Zuma. Defamation, South African Law, Freedom of Speech, Constitution, Responsibility, The Spear, Murray, President Zuma, Personal Life, Policy Critique, Accusations, Rape, Acquitted, Libel, Character, Sue, Artwork Removed, Public Domain, Damaging, Falsehood defamation, South African Law, freedom of speech, responsibility, The Spear, Murray, President Zuma, personal life, policy, penis exposed, rape accusation, acquitted, libel, character, sue, artwork removed, public domain, damaging, Zuma Defamation, South African Law, Freedom of Speech, Constitution, Responsibility, The Spear, Murray, President Zuma, Personal Life, Policy Critique, Depiction, Penis Exposed, Rape Accusations, Acquitted, Libel, Character Defamation, Sue, Artwork Removal, Falsehood, Public Domain, Damaging, Zuma Defamation, South African Law, Freedom of Speech, Constitution, Responsibility, The Spear, Murray, President Zuma, Personal Life, Policy Critique, Depiction, Penis Exposed, Rape Accusations, Acquitted, Libel, Character Defamation, Sue, Artwork Removal, Public Domain, Falsehood, Damaging Defamation, South African Law, Freedom of Speech, Responsibility, The Spear, Murray, President Zuma, Personal Life, Policy Critique, Accusations of Rape, Acquitted, Libel, Defames, Character, Sue for Defamation, Artwork Removal, Public Domain, Damaging, Zuma
test-education-usuprmhbu-pro02a	"Affirmative action removes the cyclical disadvantages of discrimination  Affirmative action evens the playing field for those who have suffered past discrimination.  Discrimination in the past not only leaves a feeling of rejection by one’s community, but also a legacy of disadvantage and perpetual poverty. Discrimination is not only psychologically damaging, but tangibly. The denial of opportunities for education and employment in the past has left families in situations where they are stuck in a poverty trap and cannot afford to achieve the basic opportunities that others can as they are stuck in a cycle of poverty [1] .  A good example of this can be seen in the example of Brazil, where poverty is much more wide-spread in African communities who were previously used as slaves [2] .  There is no equality of opportunity in cases of past discrimination. Affirmative action helps level the playing field for selection by assisting those who are held back from a continual historical denial of opportunity and providing them the equality of opportunity everyone deserves.  [1] Aka, Philip. ""Affirmative Action and the Black Experience in America."" American Bar Association. 36.4 (2009): Print.  [2] Telles, Edward. ""Discrimination and Affirmative Action in Brazil."" PBS Wide Angle. N.p., 01 Jun 2009. Web. 23 Aug 2011. <  . affirmative action, cyclical disadvantages, discrimination, playing field, legacy of disadvantage, perpetual poverty, psychological damage, denial of opportunities, education, employment, poverty trap, historical denial, equality of opportunity, Brazil, African communities, slavery, American Bar Association, PBS Wide Angle, Edward Telles, Philip Aka affirmative action, cyclical disadvantages, discrimination, equality of opportunity, playing field, legacy of disadvantage, perpetual poverty, psychological damage, denial of opportunities, education, employment, poverty trap, historical denial, Brazil, African communities, slavery, Wide Angle, PBS, Edward Telles, Philip Aka, American Bar Association affirmative action, cyclical disadvantages, discrimination, equal opportunity, poverty trap, historical denial, education, employment, psychological damage, Brazil, African communities, slavery, equality, selection, tangible effects, rejection, community, legacy, opportunity, families, basic opportunities, poverty, wide-spread, affirmative action policies, level playing field, black experience, America, Edward Telles, PBS Wide Angle Affirmative action, cyclical disadvantages, discrimination, evens playing field, legacy disadvantage, perpetual poverty, psychological damage, tangible effects, education denial, employment denial, poverty trap, historical denial, equality opportunity, Brazil poverty, African communities, slavery impact, ABA, Philip Aka, Edward Telles, PBS Wide Angle affirmative action, cyclical disadvantages, discrimination, playing field, legacy of disadvantage, perpetual poverty, psychological damage, tangible effects, education, employment, poverty trap, equality of opportunity, historical denial, Brazil, African communities, slaves, Aka Philip, American Bar Association, Telles Edward, PBS Wide Angle"
test-environment-assgbatj-con02a	People will die if we don’t do animal testing  Every year, 23 new drugs are introduced in the UK alone.[13] Almost all will be tested on animals. A new drug will be used for a long time. Think of all the people saved by the use of penicillin. If drugs cost more to test, that means drug companies will develop less. This means more people suffering and dying animal testing, drug development, human safety, new drugs, UK, penicillin, drug cost, drug companies, patient outcomes, medical research animal testing, drug development, UK, new drugs, penicillin, drug testing costs, drug company profits, patient outcomes, medical research, animal ethics, human health, pharmaceutical industry, drug efficacy, drug safety, clinical trials, medical advancements, public health, drug availability, treatment options, healthcare costs, research ethics animal testing, drug development, UK, new drugs, penicillin, drug cost, drug companies, human benefit, medical research, animal ethics, public health, pharmaceutical industry, treatment availability, medical innovation, drug safety, clinical trials, regulatory requirements, health economics, moral arguments, scientific necessity animal testing, drug development, UK, new drugs, testing costs, drug efficacy, penicillin, human lives, medical research, animal ethics, pharmaceutical industry, drug availability, public health, medical innovation animal testing, drug development, human health, drug costs, penicillin, UK drug introduction, medical research, animal experimentation, drug safety, pharmaceutical industry, patient outcomes, medical ethics
test-economy-thsptr-con01a	Individuals’ property and income are an index of deserving achievement, and of value contributed in the market place to society  A progressive taxation system essentially assumes that the property rights of the poor are more sacred than those of the wealthy. Somehow the wealthy have a less proportionate ownership right than do the less well-off simply by dint of their greater wealth. [1] This is the height of injustice. An individual’s income is a measure of his overarching societal worth, by reflecting his ability to produce goods and services people find socially desirable and to signify his level of competence and desirability by his employer. The state should not punish people for this greater social worth by taxing them disproportionally to others. When it does so it expects people to work for the sake of others to an extent that is not fair, effectively consigning them to a kind of forced labor, by which parts of the wealth they work to acquire is appropriated by the state to a degree beyond which it is willing to do to others. [2] Such a regime is manifestly unjust.  [1] Seligman, Edwin. “Progressive Taxation in Theory and Practice”. Publications of the American Economic Association 9(1): 7-222. 1894.  [2] Nozick, R. Anarchy, State and Utopia. New York: Basic Books. 1974. property, income, deserving, achievement, value, market, society, progressive, taxation, property-rights, poor, wealthy, injustice, social-worth, competence, employer, state, punish, work, fair, forced-labor, wealth, appropriated, manifestly-unjust, Seligman, Nozick, Anarchy-State-and-Utopia, Progressive-Taxation-in-Theory-and-Practice property, income, deserving, achievement, value, market, society, progressive, taxation, property-rights, poor, wealthy, injustice, social-worth, competence, desirability, employer, state, punishment, fairness, forced-labor, appropriation, regime, injustice, Seligman, Nozick, Anarchy-State-Utopia property, income, deserving, achievement, value, market, society, progressive, taxation, rights, poor, wealthy, injustice, competence, desirability, employer, state, social, worth, punishment, forced, labor, appropriation, Seligman, Nozick, Anarchy, State, Utopia Individuals, property, income, deserving, achievement, value, market, society, progressive, taxation, rights, poor, wealthy, justice, income, measure, societal, worth, competence, desirability, employer, state, punish, social, worth, tax, proportionally, unfair, forced, labor, wealth, appropriated, unjust, Seligman, Progressive, Taxation, Theory, Practice, Nozick, Anarchy, State, Utopia property, income, deserving, achievement, value, market, progressive, taxation, rights, poor, wealthy, injustice, social, worth, competence, employer, state, punish, fair, forced, labor, wealth, appropriated, regime, unjust, Seligman, Nozick, Anarchy, State, Utopia
test-education-udfakusma-con04a	Who will write and edit the work?  You can’t take the end result out of the system and assume all the rest of it will continue as usual. Journal articles don’t write themselves; there will still be costs for editors, typesetters, reviewing etc., as well as the time and cost of the writer. The average cost of publishing an article is about £4000. [1]  There have been two suggested forms of open access ‘Gold’ in which authors pay publishers article publication charges and ‘Green’ under which the author self-archives their papers in open access repositories. The gold option that the UK intends to implement could mean universities having to find an extra £60million a year. [2] In either case the cost is being put on the author.  This is exactly the same when asking academics to put their lectures, lecture notes, bibliographies etc online. They are being asked to put in more hours grappling with technology without being paid for it.  [1] Moghaddam, Golnessa Galyani, “Why Are Scholarly Journals Costly even with Electronic Publishing?”  p.9  [2] Ayris, Paul, “Why panning for gold may be detrimental to open access research”, Guardian Professional, 23 July 2012. open access, gold open access, green open access, article publication charges, costs of publishing, journal articles, editing costs, typesetting costs, peer reviewing, academic writing, scholarly journals, electronic publishing, university funding, academic workload, technology in academia, higher education finance, research dissemination, publication models, open access repositories, self-archiving, academic labor, panning for gold, research funding, UK open access policy, academic publishing industry, cost of knowledge, scholarly communication, higher education policy, academic tenure, research impact, publication ethics, author fees, institutional repositories, digital scholarship, academic freedom, research evaluation, open science, open access, gold open access, green open access, publication costs, academic publishing, journal articles, editing costs, typesetting costs, peer review, university funding, academic labor, self-archiving, electronic publishing, scholarly journals, research dissemination, academic workload, technology adoption, academic compensation, publication charges, author responsibilities, research funding, UK open access policy, cost implications, academic writing, lecture materials, online resources, bibliography sharing, digital scholarship, academic innovation, research infrastructure, scholarly communication, open science, public access to research, academic publishing models, funding challenges, academic recognition, research impact, publication ethics, academic freedom, institutional open access, gold open access, green open access, publishing costs, academic publishing, article publication charges, university funding, scholarly journals, electronic publishing, academic workload, academic technology, open access repositories, peer review, typesetting, academic writing, research funding, UK open access policy, cost of publishing, academic labor, open access impact open access, gold open access, green open access, publishing costs, article publication charges, scholarly journals, electronic publishing, academic workload, university funding, open access repositories, academic writing, editing costs, typesetting, peer review, lecture notes, bibliographies, technological challenges, academic compensation open access, gold OA, green OA, publication costs, academic writing, editing, peer review, university funding, scholarly journals, electronic publishing, research dissemination, author fees, higher education, academic labor, technology integration, academic resources, cost of publishing, UK open access policy, gold option costs, green option, self-archiving, academic workload, unpaid academic work, lecture notes online, bibliographies online, panning for gold, detrimental open access, Guardian Professional, Paul Ayris, Golnessa Galyani Moghaddam
test-politics-oeplhbuwhmi-pro01a	The UK would have a completely independent foreign policy  Britain’s is not completely sovereign within the European Union with the EU having a common foreign and security policy and all economic negotiations taking place under the auspices of the EU trade commissioner, it is what the EU refers to as an ‘exclusive power’, rather than the Foreign Office. [1] Exiting would give these powers back to the UK. Regardless of how these powers are used this will mean the UK has more influence and freedom to manoeuvre as it will have more options with which it can negotiate with other powers.  [1] ‘Policy making: What is trade policy’, European Commission, UK, independent, foreign policy, Britain, sovereignty, European Union, common foreign and security policy, economic negotiations, EU trade commissioner, exclusive power, Foreign Office, exiting, powers, influence, freedom, manoeuvre, negotiation, policy making, trade policy, European Commission UK, independent, foreign policy, sovereignty, European Union, common foreign and security policy, economic negotiations, EU trade commissioner, exclusive power, Exiting, powers, influence, freedom, negotiate, Policy making, trade policy, European Commission UK, independent, foreign, policy, Britain, sovereignty, European, Union, common, security, economic, negotiations, trade, commissioner, exclusive, power, Foreign, Office, exit, powers, influence, freedom, manoeuvre, options, negotiate, other, powers, policy, making, trade, policy, European, Commission UK, independent, foreign policy, Britain, sovereignty, European Union, common foreign and security policy, economic negotiations, EU trade commissioner, exclusive power, Foreign Office, exiting, powers, influence, freedom, manoeuvre, negotiation, options, other powers, trade policy, European Commission UK, independent, foreign policy, sovereignty, European Union, common foreign and security policy, economic negotiations, EU trade commissioner, exclusive power, Foreign Office, exiting, powers, influence, freedom, negotiate, trade policy, European Commission
test-health-dhiacihwph-con01a	Dominance of generic drugs will reduce reinvestment and innovation in donating countries  The production of high quality generic drugs endangers pharmaceutical progress. In order to export high quality generic drugs, some countries have suggested allowing generic drug manufacturers access to patented drugs. In Canada, amendments to Canada’s Access to Medicine Regime (CAMR) would have forced pharmaceutical research companies to give up their patents [1] . This is problematic however as research based companies invest a large proportion of their profits back in to the industry. The requirements proposed for some Western countries for obligatory quantities of generic drugs to be given to Africa have been accused to removing any incentive to invest in research to combat disease [2] .  [1] Taylor,D. ‘Generic-drug “solution” for Africa not needed’  [2] ibid Dominance, Generic Drugs, Reinvestment, Innovation, Donating Countries, High Quality, Pharmaceutical Progress, Patented Drugs, Canada, Access to Medicine Regime, CAMR, Pharmaceutical Research, Patents, Western Countries, Obligatory Quantities, Africa, Research Incentive, Disease Combat Generic drugs, pharmaceutical innovation, donating countries, high quality generics, pharmaceutical progress, patented drugs, Canada, Access to Medicine Regime, CAMR, pharmaceutical research, profit reinvestment, obligatory generic quantities, Africa, research incentives, disease combat, drug manufacturing, patent relinquishment, economic impact, healthcare policy generic drugs, pharmaceutical innovation, reinvestment, donating countries, high quality generics, drug patent access, Canada Access to Medicine Regime, CAMR, pharmaceutical research, profit reinvestment, obligatory generic drug quantities, Africa, research incentive, disease combat generic drugs, reinvestment, innovation, donating countries, high quality, pharmaceutical progress, patented drugs, Canada, Access to Medicine Regime, CAMR, pharmaceutical research companies, patents, obligatory quantities, Africa, research, combat disease generic drugs, pharmaceutical innovation, reinvestment, donating countries, high quality generics, pharmaceutical progress, patented drugs, Canada, Access to Medicine Regime, CAMR, pharmaceutical research, profit reinvestment, obligatory generics, Africa, disease research, investment incentives
test-health-hgwhwbjfs-pro01a	Schools need to practice what they preach  Under the pressure of increasing media coverage and civil society initiatives, schools are being called upon to “take up arms” against childhood obesity, both by introducing more nutritional and physical education classes, as well as transforming the meals they are offering in their cafeterias. [1]  Never before has school been so central to a child’s personal and social education. According to a study conducted by the University of Michigan, American children and teenagers spend in school about 32.5 hours per week homework a week – 7.5 hours more, than 20 years ago [2] . School curricula now cover topics such as personal finance, sex and relationships and citizenship. A precedent for teaching pupils about living well and living responsibly has already been established. Some schools, under national health programs, have given out free milk and fruit to try and make sure that children get enough calcium and vitamins, in case they are not getting enough at home [3] .  While we are seeing various nutritional and health food curricula cropping up [4] , revamping the school lunch is proving to be a more challenging task. “Limited resources and budget cuts hamper schools from offering both healthful, good-tasting alternatives and physical education programs,“ says Sanchez-Vaznaugh, a San Francisco State University researcher. [5]  With expert groups such as the Obesity Society urging policy makers to take into account the complex nature of the obesity epidemic [6] , especially the interplay of biological and social factors that lead to individuals developing the disease, it has become time for governments to urge schools to put their education into practice and give students an environment that allows them to make the healthy choices they learn about in class.  [1] Stolberg, S. G., 'Michelle Obama Leads Campaign Against Obesity', New York Times, 9 February 2010,  , accessed 9/11/2011  [2] University of Michigan, 'U.S. children and teens spend more time on academics', 17 November 2004,  , accessed 09/08/2011  [3] Kent County Council, Nutritional Standards, published September 2007  , accessed 09/08/2011  [4] Veggiecation, 'The Veggiecation Program Announced as First Educational Partner of New York Coalition for Healthy School Food',18 May 2011,  , accessed 9/11/2011  [5] ScienceDaily, 'Eliminating Junk Foods at Schools May Help Prevent Childhood Obesity', 7 March 2010,  , accessed 9/11/2011  [6] Kushner, R. F., et al., 'SOLUTIONS: Eradicating America’s obesity epidemic', Washington Times, 16 August 2009,  , accessed 9/11/2011 Schools, childhood obesity, nutritional education, physical education, cafeteria meals, media coverage, civil society initiatives, personal finance, sex education, citizenship, free milk, free fruit, national health programs, limited resources, budget cuts, policy makers, obesity epidemic, biological factors, social factors, healthy choices, Michelle Obama, obesity campaign, academic time, nutritional standards, Veggiecation, junk foods, SOLUTIONS, obesity eradication Schools, practice, preach, media, civil society, childhood obesity, nutritional education, physical education, cafeteria meals, personal finance, sex education, relationships, citizenship, health programs, free milk, vitamins, calcium, nutritional curricula, school lunch, budget cuts, healthful alternatives, Obesity Society, policy makers, biological factors, social factors, government role, healthy environment, student choices, Michelle Obama, academic time, Kent County Council, Veggiecation, junk food, SOLUTIONS, obesity epidemic, Washington Times, New York Times, University of Michigan, San Francisco State University, ScienceDaily Childhood obesity, nutritional education, physical education, school meals, school curriculum, personal finance, sex education, relationships education, citizenship education, free milk, free fruit, calcium intake, vitamins intake, budget cuts, healthful alternatives, physical education programs, obesity epidemic, biological factors, social factors, policy makers, nutritional standards, healthy school food, obesity prevention, SOLU-TIONS initiative, Eradicating obesity, Michelle Obama, public health, school environment, healthy choices, student health, school health programs, nutritional and health curricula, school lunch reform, limited resources, Kent County Council, Veggiecation Program, New York Coalition Schools, childhood obesity, media coverage, civil society, nutritional education, physical education, cafeteria meals, personal finance, sex education, citizenship, national health programs, free milk, free fruit, nutritional curricula, school lunch, budget cuts, Obesity Society, policy makers, biological factors, social factors, healthy choices Schools, practice, preach, media, civil society, childhood obesity, nutritional education, physical education, school cafeterias, personal finance, sex education, relationships, citizenship, health programs, free milk, vitamins, calcium, nutritional curricula, school lunch, limited resources, budget cuts, healthful alternatives, physical education, Obesity Society, policy makers, obesity epidemic, social factors, biological factors, healthy choices, education, government, environment, students, practice education, school reform, public health, healthy eating, obesity prevention, school meals, nutrition policy, food education, healthy lifestyle, health initiatives, youth health, school health programs
test-health-hpehwadvoee-pro02a	The guilt may be too heavy a burden for the relative who could have saved a life  It is not fair to ask of a parent to live with the guilt of having been able to save their child and not doing so. Believing that they are guilty of their child’s death can cause Post-Traumatic Stress Syndrome, which in turn is a major cause of suicides. [1]  [1] Monforte-Royo, C., et al. “The wish to hasten death: a review of clinical studies.” Psycho-Oncology 20.8 (2011): 795-804. guilt, burden, relative, saved, life, parent, child, death, Post-Traumatic Stress Syndrome, suicides, wish, hasten, death, clinical studies, Psycho-Oncology guilt, burden, relative, save, life, parent, child, death, Post-Traumatic Stress Syndrome, suicides, wish, hasten, death, clinical studies, Psycho-Oncology guilt, burden, relative, saved, life, parent, child, death, post-traumatic stress syndrome, PTSD, suicide, wish, hasten, death, clinical studies, psycho-oncology guilt, heavy burden, relative, save life, parent, child death, post-traumatic stress syndrome, suicide, wish to hasten death, psycho-oncology guilt, heavy burden, relative, save life, parent, child death, post-traumatic stress syndrome, suicide, wish to hasten death, psychological impact, grief, trauma, mental health, parental guilt, euthanasia, end-of-life decisions
test-politics-oglilpdwhsn-pro03a	"The New START treaty maintains US nuclear and missile defence.  The US’ Nuclear armament will be modernized along with New START. “The Obama administration has agreed to provide for modernization of the infrastructure essential to maintaining our nuclear arsenal. Funding these efforts has become part of the negotiations in the ratification process. The administration has put forth a 10-year plan to spend $84 billion on the Energy Department's nuclear weapons complex. Much of the credit for getting the administration to add $14 billion to the originally proposed $70 billion for modernization goes to Sen. Jon Kyl, the Arizona Republican who has been vigilant in this effort. Implementing this modernization program in a timely fashion would be important in ensuring that our nuclear arsenal is maintained appropriately over the next decade and beyond.” [1]  Both US Military and civilian leaders insist that the new START treaty will still allow the US to deploy effective missile defenses, something which Russia was opposed to, and so will not affect US missile defense plans. The main limit on missile defense is that the treaty prevents the conversion of existing launchers for this purpose this would be more expensive than building new missiles specifically for defense purposes. [2]  Furthermore, as Joe Biden argues, New START is important to Russian cooperation on missile defense: ""This [missile defense] system demonstrates America's enduring commitment to Article 5 of the Washington Treaty—that an attack on one is an attack on all. NATO missile defense also provides the opportunity for further improvements in both NATO-Russian and U.S.-Russian relations. NATO and Russia agreed at Lisbon to carry out a joint ballistic missile threat assessment, to resume theater missile-defense exercises, and to explore further cooperation on territorial missile defense—things that were nearly unimaginable two years ago. These agreements underscore the strategic importance the alliance attaches to improving its relationship with Russia. But trust and confidence in our relationship with Russia would be undermined without Senate approval of the New Start Treaty, which reduces strategic nuclear forces to levels not seen since the 1950s, and restores important verification mechanisms that ceased when the first Start Treaty expired last December."" [3]  In many ways, in the 21st Century having an abundance of nuclear weapons, particularly having too many, is more of a liability than an advantage. The United States will be far safer with fewer nuclear weapons in the world and a stronger, more stable relationship with Russia under New START, and this is desirable. Therefore it is clear that New START maintains the important parts of US nuclear capabilities while removing the over-abundance which may become a liability due to security and medical concerns, and so New START should be supported.  [1] Kissinger, Henry A. ; Shultz, George P. ; Baker III, James A’ ; Eagleburger , Lawrence S. ; and Powell, Colin L. ""The Republican case for ratifying New START"". Washington Post. 2 December 2010.   [2] ibid  [3] Biden, Joseph. ""The case for ratifying New START"". Wall Street Journal. 25 November 2010. New START treaty, US nuclear, missile defense, modernization, nuclear arsenal, infrastructure, ratification, 10-year plan, Energy Department, nuclear weapons, funding, Senate, Jon Kyl, implementation, military, civilian leaders, treaty compliance, Russia, missile defense deployment, conversion, launchers, NATO, Article 5, Washington Treaty, strategic nuclear forces, verification mechanisms, nuclear weapons reduction, security, medical concerns, stability, relations, endorsement, ratification process, GOP, international relations, arms control, global security, non-proliferation, defense policy, strategic balance, bipartisan support, national security, defense budget New START treaty, US nuclear arsenal, missile defense, modernization, Obama administration, nuclear weapons complex, Jon Kyl, NATO, Russian cooperation, Senate approval, strategic nuclear forces, verification mechanisms, nuclear liability, US-Russia relations, Article 5, Washington Treaty, ballistic missile threat assessment, theater missile defense, territorial missile defense, security concerns, medical concerns, nuclear reduction, stability, Republican support, international relations, arms control, defense policy, non-proliferation,核查机制, 政治谈判, 军事现代化, 核威慑, 国会批准, 国际安全, 美国 New START, US nuclear, missile defense, modernization, Obama administration, Nuclear arsenal, funding, Jon Kyl, 10-year plan, Energy Department, nuclear weapons complex, US Military, civilian leaders, treaty limits, missile defense conversion, Joe Biden, Article 5, Washington Treaty, NATO, Russian relations, Senate approval, strategic nuclear forces, verification mechanisms, nuclear weapons reduction, security concerns, medical concerns, international relations, arms control, diplomacy, nuclear liability New START, US nuclear, missile defence, modernization, Obama administration, Jon Kyl, infrastructure, nuclear arsenal, Energy Department, 10-year plan, NATO, Article 5, Washington Treaty, Russian cooperation, Senate approval, strategic nuclear forces, verification mechanisms, nuclear weapons, 21st Century, liability, US-Russia relations, security, medical concerns, ratification, treaty provisions, missile defense plans, conversion of launchers, theater missile defense, territorial missile defense, trust, confidence, reduction, stability, Henry Kissinger, George Shultz, James Baker, Lawrence Eagleburger, Colin Powell, Joseph Biden, New START treaty, US nuclear, missile defense, modernization, Nuclear armament, Obama administration, infrastructure, nuclear arsenal, Senate, ratification, Energy Department, nuclear weapons complex, funding, Jon Kyl, Arizona Republican, 10-year plan, $84 billion, $14 billion, $70 billion, nuclear arsenal maintenance, US Military, civilian leaders, effective missile defenses, Russia, conversion, launchers, new missiles, Joe Biden, Article 5, Washington Treaty, NATO, missile defense system, strategic nuclear forces, verification mechanisms, liability, security concerns, medical concerns, relationship with Russia, Senate approval"
test-law-thgglcplgphw-con03a	"Coca chewing is harmful and should be proscribed  The original decision to ban coca chewing was based on evidence that this was indeed harmful to human health. A 1950 report elaborated by the UN Commission of Inquiry on the Coca Leaf with a mandate from ECOSOC states that: ""We believe that the daily, inveterate use of coca leaves by chewing ... is thoroughly noxious and therefore detrimental."" [1] Therefore the risk of health harms should not be dismissed or undermined. Coca is also different to caffeine and other similar products in in its capacity to be diverted to highly potent, dangerous, and damaging use in cocaine. Therefore it has unique health considerations which make its prohibition acceptable.  [1] Jelsma, Martin. “Lifting the Ban on Coca Chewing”. Transnational Institute, Series on Legislative Reform of Drug Policies Nr. 11. March 2011. Coca, chewing, harmful, proscribed, ban, health, UN, Commission, Inquiry, Coca, Leaf, ECOSOC, noxious, detrimental, caffeine, cocaine, diversion, potent, dangerous, unique, health, considerations, prohibition, acceptable, Jelsma, Transnational, Institute, Legislative, Reform, Drug, Policies coca chewing, harmful, proscribed, ban, coca leaf, UN Commission, ECOSOC, noxious, detrimental, health harms, caffeine, cocaine, potent, dangerous, unique health considerations, prohibition, Jelsma, Transnational Institute, legislative reform, drug policies coca chewing, harmful, proscribed, ban, UN Commission of Inquiry, coca leaf, noxious, detrimental, health harms, caffeine, cocaine, potent, dangerous, unique health considerations, prohibition, Jelsma, Transnational Institute, Legislative Reform, Drug Policies Coca, chewing, harmful, proscribed, ban, UN Commission, Inquiry, Coca Leaf, ECOSOC, noxious, detrimental, health harms, caffeine, cocaine, potent, damaging, prohibition, unique, health considerations coca, chewing, harmful, health, proscribed, ban, UN, Commission, Inquiry, Coca, Leaf, ECOSOC, noxious, detrimental, caffeine, cocaine, potent, dangerous, damaging, prohibition, legislative, reform, drug, policies, Jelsma, Transnational, Institute"
test-health-hdond-pro03a	Organ donors are more deserving of organs  Reciprocity is a basic moral principle: afford others the good treatment you yourself would like to receive. In most cases, it is a hypothetical; one must place oneself in the other person’s position even though one will never actually be in their place. However, how donor and non-donors are treated when they themselves are in need is a situation in which reciprocity becomes a practical reality. This principle of reciprocity suggests that people who are willing to donate their organs more deserve to receive organs when they need them. And there is good reason to believe in reciprocity. Those who would flaunt this principle are basically stating that they expect something of other people that they themselves are unwilling to do; this is a position that is either incoherent, or based on the unjustified premise that oneself is more objectively valuable than other people. The concept of desert has a foundational role in our society. For example, innocent people deserve not to be put in prison, even if it would be useful to frame and make an example of an innocent person in order to quell a period of civil unrest. organ donors, reciprocity, moral principle, treatment, hypothetical, position, practical reality, deserve organs, good reason, flaunt principle, incoherent, objectively valuable, concept of desert, foundational role, society, innocent people, deserve, prison, civil unrest organ donors, reciprocity, moral principle, good treatment, self-positioning, practical reality, deserving organs, unjustified premise, concept of desert, societal role, innocent people, civil unrest, framing innocent, moral incoherence organ donors, reciprocity, moral principle, hypothetical, practical reality, deserving, receive organs, incoherent, unjustified premise, concept of desert, foundational role, society, innocent people, prison, civil unrest organ donors, reciprocity, moral principle, treating others, donor treatment, non-donors, practical reality, deserve organs, unjustified premise, concept of desert, foundational role, society, innocent people, civil unrest organ donors, deserving, organs, reciprocity, moral principle, hypothetical, practical reality, donate, receive, unjustified premise, concept of desert, society, innocent, prison, civil unrest
test-free-speech-debate-nshbcsbawc-pro03a	The confession of religious faith is far more important than the rather petty rules that banned the wearing of the cross.  People of faith attest that those beliefs determine the nature of their own identity and their place in the Universe. In the case of Nadia Eweida, at least, the employer’s case was based on the idea that wearing a symbol of that faith might not enhance their uniform. The difference between the significance of the claims could not be greater.  Indeed, British Airways, Eweida’s employer, has since changed their policy to permit staff to wear religious or charitable imagery [i] in large part because of the absurdity of the position.  The case against Chaplin was based on health and safety legislation - but not because the cross and chain posed a risk to others but to herself [ii] ; a risk she was, presumably, prepared to accept.  On one hand there are individuals protecting their sincere beliefs in the most profound of issues and, on the other, managers applying what the Archbishop of Canterbury described as “wooden-headed bureaucratic silliness”. [iii] There is no suggestion that harm to another could have been caused here and, therefore, no reason not to respect the heartfelt beliefs of the individuals involved.  [i] BBC News Website. “Christian Airline Employee Loses Cross ban Appeal”. 12 February 2010.  [ii] Daily Mail. “It's a very bad day for Christianity: Nurse's verdict after tribunal rules she can't wear crucifix at work”  [iii] The Telegraph, ‘Archbishop of Canterbury hits out at cross ban’, 4 April 2010, religious faith, wearing cross, Nadia Eweida, British Airways policy, religious beliefs, identity, workplace uniforms, health and safety, Archbishop of Canterbury, bureaucratic silliness, sincere beliefs, freedom of religion, legal cases, faith expression, Christian symbols, employment rights religious faith, confession, petty rules, wearing cross, Nadia Eweida, British Airways, uniform policy, religious symbols, Chaplin, health and safety, Archbishop of Canterbury, bureaucratic silliness, heartfelt beliefs, Christianity, legal appeal, tribunal ruling, crucifix, workforce diversity, religious expression, employer policy, human rights, freedom of religion, workplace accommodation, faith identity, spiritual significance, symbolism, attire regulations, employee rights, religious liberty, public perception, corporate image, cultural sensitivity, accommodation practices, legal precedents, ethical considerations, personal freedom, organizational policy, cross ban, nurses, Christianity in UK, religious discrimination, religious faith, wearing cross, Nadia Eweida, British Airways, uniform policy, sincere beliefs, health and safety, Archbishop of Canterbury, bureaucratic silliness, Christianity, crucifix, nurse, tribunal ruling religious faith, confession, rules, wearing cross, identity, universe, Nadia Eweida, British Airways, policy change, religious imagery, Chaplin, health and safety, wooden-headed bureaucratic silliness, Archbishop of Canterbury, heartfelt beliefs, Christianity, uniform, tribunal, crucifix, nurse religious faith, confession, rules, wearing cross, identity, universe, Nadia Eweida, British Airways, policy change, staff, religious imagery, Chaplin, health and safety, personal risk, Archbishop of Canterbury, bureaucratic silliness, heartfelt beliefs, Christianity, legal appeal, nurse, crucifix, tribunal
test-free-speech-debate-radhbsshr-con02a	Infantilisation and Prejudice  Those who dismiss the reaction to ‘The Spear’ forget the historical context which may trigger the sorts of responses seen to the artwork. [1]  South Africa’s past problems can be seen to derive from the gross caricaturing of Black people and Black Men in particular as lascivious, overtly sexual and threatening, playing into a narrative of Blacks as ‘inferior beings’ justifying inhumane treatment over a number of centuries.  Portraying the President with his genitals exposed could also be seen to pass negative comment upon his polygamy, which is permitted in his Zulu culture. Such comment upon something which can determine social standing can also be viewed as offensive by many, triggering such reactions. [2]  With this in mind then the right action for both The Goodman Gallery and City Press to take would be to remove such offensive art to avoid any hurt caused and to quell the protest which were borne out of genuine offence, not political grandstanding as opposition seem to imply.  [1] Hlongwane, Sipho, ‘The Spear: Millions of people were insulted’, Daily Maverick, 28 May 2012,   [2] Dana, Simphiwe, ‘The 'Sarah Baartmanisation' of the black body’, Mail & Guardian, 12 June 2012, infantilisation, prejudice, The Spear, historical context, South Africa, Black people, Black Men, caricature, lascivious, sexual, threatening, inferior beings, inhumane treatment, President, genitals exposed, polygamy, Zulu culture, social standing, offensive, Goodman Gallery, City Press, remove art, avoid hurt, quell protest, genuine offence, political grandstanding, Sarah Baartmanisation, black body infantilisation, prejudice, The Spear, historical context, South Africa, gross caricaturing, Black people, Black Men, lascivious, overtly sexual, threatening, inferior beings, inhumane treatment, genitals exposed, polygamy, Zulu culture, social standing, offensive, protests, genuine offence, political grandstanding, Sarah Baartmanisation, black body infantilisation, prejudice, The Spear, historical context, South Africa, Black people, Black Men, caricaturing, lascivious, sexual, threatening, inferior beings, inhumane treatment, President, genitals exposed, polygamy, Zulu culture, social standing, offensive, Goodman Gallery, City Press, remove art, hurt, protest, genuine offence, political grandstanding, Sarah Baartmanisation, black body infantilisation, prejudice, The Spear, historical context, South Africa, Black people, Black Men, caricaturing, lascivious, sexual, threatening, inferior beings, inhumane treatment, President, genitals exposed, polygamy, Zulu culture, social standing, offensive, Goodman Gallery, City Press, remove art, hurt, protest, genuine offence, political grandstanding, Sarah Baartmanisation, black body Infantilisation, Prejudice, The Spear, Historical Context, South Africa, Black People, Black Men, Caricaturing, Inhumane Treatment, Lascivious, Sexual, Threatening, Inferior Beings, President, Genitals Exposed, Polygamy, Zulu Culture, Social Standing, Offensive Art, Goodman Gallery, City Press, Hurt, Protest, Genuine Offence, Political Grandstanding, Sipho Hlongwane, Daily Maverick, Simphiwe Dana, Mail & Guardian, Sarah Baartmanisation, Black Body
test-politics-grcrgshwbr-pro04a	A ban would be simple to enforce.  A ban would be simple to create and enforce. Religious symbols are for the most part meant to be shown therefore it is simple for police or authorities to check that someone is not wearing them. There are many societies that have had bans on a religious symbol in public buildings, for example in France where there is a ban on religious symbols in schools has been in force since 2004. In France the ban is made even easier to enforce by restricting it to 'conspicuous' religious apparel.1 Moreover when the ban is only when entering public buildings it can be enforced by the teacher, or the building's security guards rather than being an issue for the police to deal with.  1 BBC News, 'French scarf ban comes into force', 2 September 2004 , accessed 28/8/11 ban, simple, enforce, create, religious, symbols, police, authorities, check, wearing, societies, public, buildings, France, 2004, schools, conspicuous, apparel, teacher, security, guards ban, enforcement, simplicity, religious symbols, public buildings, France, schools, 2004, conspicuous, police, authorities, security guards, teacher, BBC News, French scarf ban ban, enforcement, creation, religious symbols, visibility, police, authorities, societal examples, France, school ban, 2004, conspicuous, public buildings, teachers, security guards, BBC News, French scarf ban ban, enforce, create, religious, symbols, police, authorities, societies, France, public, buildings, schools, 2004, BBC, News, scarf, conspicuous, apparel, teacher, security, guards ban, enforce, create, religious symbols, police, authorities, check, wearing, societies, France, public buildings, schools, 2004, conspicuous, religious apparel, entering, public buildings, teacher, security guards, BBC News, French scarf ban
test-education-usuprmhbu-pro01a	"There is a moral obligation to provide affirmative action programs  Society has a moral obligation to right its wrongs and compensate those they have treated unjustly.  Discrimination, whether overt or convert, is an unacceptable practice that arbitrarily disadvantages certain people on grounds that they have no control over. Discrimination not only is theoretically a bad thing to do to people, but also has tangible negative impacts. Discrimination against groups such as the African American community in the USA has left them without the education or employment opportunities to even have a chance at achieving the success and happiness they deserve [1] . Discrimination is unacceptable practice for any society to engage in and victims of discrimination deserve compensation for the physical and psychological harms they suffered from being rejected by their very own community [2] .  Past discrimination has left communities without the physical goods and psychological feelings of acceptance and safety all individuals deserve from their country and thus there is a moral obligation of society to take steps to offer the physical and symbolic advantages they have been denied through affirmative action.  [1] Aka, Philip. ""Affirmative Action and the Black Experience in America."" American Bar Association. 36.4 (2009): Print.  [2] Aka, Philip. ""Affirmative Action and the Black Experience in America."" American Bar Association. 36.4 (2009): Print. moral obligation, affirmative action, society, wrongs, compensation, unjustly treated, discrimination, unacceptable practice, disadvantages, control, theoretical, tangible impacts, African American community, USA, education, employment opportunities, success, happiness, physical harms, psychological harms, rejected, community, physical goods, psychological acceptance, safety, moral duty, steps, symbolic advantages, denied, Philip Aka, American Bar Association moral obligation, affirmative action, societal wrongs, compensation, discrimination, unjust treatment, disadvantage, tangible impacts, african american community, education opportunities, employment opportunities, success, happiness, physical harms, psychological harms, community rejection, physical goods, psychological acceptance, symbolic advantages, past discrimination, societal steps, affirmative action programs moral obligation, affirmative action, societal duty, righting wrongs, compensation, unjust treatment, discrimination, unacceptable practice, disadvantages, control, tangible impacts, African American community, education opportunities, employment opportunities, success, happiness, physical harm, psychological harm, rejection, community, physical goods, psychological acceptance, safety, symbolic advantages, past discrimination, steps, offer, denied moral obligation, affirmative action, society, righting wrongs, compensate, unjust treatment, discrimination, unacceptable practice, disadvantages, control, tangible negative impacts, African American community, USA, education opportunities, employment opportunities, success, happiness, physical harms, psychological harms, rejected, community, physical goods, psychological feelings, acceptance, safety, individuals, country, symbolic advantages, past discrimination, steps, physical advantages, symbolic compensation moral obligation, affirmative action, societal duty, righting wrongs, compensation, unjust treatment, discrimination, disadvantaged groups, education opportunities, employment opportunities, success, happiness, african american community, physical harm, psychological harm, community rejection, symbolic advantages, physical goods, psychological acceptance, safety, country responsibility, affirmative action steps, denied advantages, past discrimination, present compensation, moral imperative, social justice, equality, ethical responsibility"
test-environment-assgbatj-con01a	Animals don’t have human rights  Humans have large brains, form social groups, communicate and are generally worthy of moral consideration. We also are aware of ourselves and of the nature of death. Some animals have some of these characteristics but not all so should not have the same rights. In harming animals to benefit humans, we enter in to a good moral trade-off to create a greater good. [11] Animals, human rights, humans, large brains, social groups, communication, moral consideration, self-awareness, death, characteristics, rights, harming animals, moral trade-off, greater good Animals, human rights, human brains, social groups, communication, moral consideration, self-awareness, death awareness, animal characteristics, moral trade-off, greater good, ethics, animal welfare, human superiority, cognitive abilities, speciesism, philosophical ethics, moral status, harm principle, utilitarianism Animals, human rights, human brains, social groups, communication, moral consideration, self-awareness, death, characteristics, moral trade-off, greater good, ethics, animal rights, human-animal comparison, moral philosophy, sentient beings, rights, obligations, moral status, ethical treatment Animals, human rights, moral consideration, brain size, social groups, communication, self-awareness, death awareness, characteristics, moral trade-off, greater good, ethics, harm, benefits, humans, animal rights, philosophy, ethics, morality, cognitive abilities, consciousness, justice, welfare, speciesism Animals, human rights, large brains, social groups, communication, moral consideration, self-awareness, death awareness, characteristics, rights, moral trade-off, greater good, ethics, harm, benefits, humans, animal welfare, philosophy, morality, cognitive abilities, species differences
test-law-cppshbcjsfm-con04a	Rehabilitation Constitutes an Unjustifiable Further Expense  The evidence from all over the world suggests that recidivism rates are difficult to reduce and that some offenders just can’t be rehabilitated. It therefore makes economic sense to cut all rehabilitation programs and concentrate on ensuring that prisoners serve the time they deserve for their crimes and are kept off the streets where they are bound to re-offend. As it can be seen that some deserving of a longer sentence only receive short sentences due to lack of time and space and some who have committed shorter sentences are given long sentences aimed at making a point or sending a message.  Currently, the government will continue to be gambling tax payers’ money on programs that will not give anything back into the society that it took from. Britain spends £45,000 a year on each of its prisoners and yet 50% will go on to re-offend, ‘which translates into a dead investment of £2 billion annually. [1] Rehabilitation programs should be scrapped and taxpayers asked only to pay the bare minimum to keep offenders off the streets. They can’t harm society if they are behind bars.  [1] Bois, N. D., ‘Retribution and Rehabilitation: A Modern Conservative Justice Policy’. Dale & Co. 20 July 2011. rehabilitation, unjustifiable, expense, recidivism, offenders, economic, prison, sentencing, tax, payers, programs, society, investment, Britain, prisoners, re-offend, scrapping, minimum, detention, harm, retribution, policy, conservative, justice rehabilitation, unjustifiable, expense, recidivism, offenders, economic, sense, cut, programs, concentrate, prisoners, serve, time, deserve, crimes, streets, re-offend, sentences, space, message, government, gambling, taxpayers, society, investment, Britain, prisoners, re-offend, billions, scrapped, minimum, behind, bars, harm, retribution, policy, conservative, justice, modern, dale, co, bois, nd, july, 2011 rehabilitation, unjustifiable, expense, recidivism, offenders, economic, cut, programs, prisoners, sentencing, crime, tax, payers, investment, society, Britain, bars, retribution, modern, conservative, justice, policy Rehabilitation, Unjustifiable, Expense, Recidivism, Offenders, Economic, Sense, Cut, Programs, Prisoners, Time, Deserves, Crimes, Streets, Re-offend, Sentences, Taxpayers, Money, Society, Investment, Britain, Spending, Offenders, Behind, Bars, Harm, Retribution, Conservative, Justice, Policy rehabilitation, unjustifiable, expense, recidivism, offenders, economic, cut, programs, concentrate, prisoners, serve, time, crimes, streets, re-offend, sentences, lack, space, message, government, gambling, tax, payers, society, investment, Britain, prisoners, re-offend, annually, budget, taxpayers, bare, minimum, behind, bars, harm, society, retribution, policy, conservative, justice, modern, Bois, N.D., Dale, Co., 20, July, 2011
test-sport-otshwbe2uuyt-con03a	"The boycott would affect Poland and the Ukrainian people as well as Yanukovych  A boycott of Euro 2012 even if it was meant to be limited to Ukraine would negatively impact on the whole tournament. Polish Prime Minister Donald Tust argued ""It is in Poland's undisputed interest to hold the games in Poland and Ukraine without a hitch and to prevent politics from ruining the great effort"", [1] any boycott would unnecessarily move the attention away from the games itself towards politics.  It should also be remembered that Viktor Yanukovych does not represent the whole of Ukraine and only won by a narrow margin with 48.95% of the vote compared to Yulia Timoshenko’s 45.47% in the second round. [2] Arseniy Yatsenyuk leader of the Front for Change has urged leaders not to boycott ""The best scenario would be if the European leaders attended the championship, but did not meet President Yanukovych. It's supposed to be a visit to Ukrainians, not to Yanukovych"". [3] This would show that European countries support the Ukrainian people and their democratic aspirations and even hope they may be eventually will join the European Union while showing displeasure at Yanukovych’s policies and lack of support for democracy.  [1] ‘ Poland slams calls for Ukraine Euro 2012 boycott’, The Warsaw Voice online, 4 May 2012.  [2] Nesterov, Andrei, ‘How the News is Reported in Russia’, School of Russian and Asian, 19 February 2010.  [3] Dorosh, Svitlana, ‘Ukraine fights Euro 2012 boycott’, BBC Ukrainian, 9 May 2012. boycott, Poland, Ukraine, Euro 2012, Viktor Yanukovych, Polish Prime Minister Donald Tusk, Yulia Timoshenko, democratic aspirations, European Union, Arseniy Yatsenyuk, Front for Change, Ukrainian people, politics, tournament impact, sports diplomacy boycott, Poland, Ukraine, Euro 2012, Yanukovych, Polish Prime Minister, Donald Tusk, Viktor Yanukovych, Yulia Timoshenko, Arseniy Yatsenyuk, Front for Change, European leaders, Ukrainian people, democratic aspirations, European Union, politics, sports, tournament impact, democracy, election results, international relations boycott, Poland, Ukraine, Yanukovych, Euro 2012, Polish Prime Minister, Donald Tusk, politics, tournament, Yulia Timoshenko, Arseniy Yatsenyuk, Front for Change, European leaders, democratic aspirations, European Union, dissatisfaction, policies, democracy, support, Ukrainian people boycott, Poland, Ukraine, Euro 2012, Viktor Yanukovych, Polish Prime Minister, Donald Tusk, Yulia Timoshenko, Arseniy Yatsenyuk, Front for Change, European leaders, democratic aspirations, European Union, political impact, tournament, sports, politics, democracy Poland, Ukraine, Yanukovych, Euro 2012, boycott, tournament, Polish Prime Minister, Donald Tusk, politics, Ukrainian people, Yulia Timoshenko, Arseniy Yatsenyuk, Front for Change, European leaders, democratic aspirations, European Union"
test-international-apwhbaucmip-con02a	Africa is the most warlike continent  In 2012 Africa had the most distinct conflicts of any region with 13 ongoing conflicts. [1] While Africa and Asia have throughout most of the last fifty years had roughly similar numbers of conflicts – approximately 10 per year [2] - Africa has had many more non state conflicts and the number has not declined since 2004 when there were 20 non-state conflicts; in 2011 there were 22. [3] All in all there is little hope of managing to end all these conflicts by 2020.  [1] ‘Armed Conflicts 2012’, Uppsala Conflict Data Program, 2013,   [2] ‘Armed Conflict by Region’, UCDP, 2013,   [3] ‘Non-state Conflicts by Region, 1989-2011’, UCDP, 2012, Africa, warlike, continent, conflicts, 2012, 13, ongoing, region, Asia, fifty years, 10, non-state, 2004, 22, 2011, manage, end, 2020, Uppsala Conflict Data Program, UCDP, Armed Conflicts, Non-state Conflicts, Region, statistics, historical, trends, violence, peace, management, resolution Africa, warlike, continent, conflicts, 2012, 13, ongoing, Asia, 50 years, 10, year, non-state, 2004, 2011, 22, 2020, Uppsala Conflict Data Program, UCDP, Armed Conflicts, Non-state Conflicts, Region, 1989-2011 Africa, warlike, continent, 2012, conflicts, region, ongoing, non-state, Asia, fifty years, numbers, decline, 2004, 2011, 2020, Uppsala Conflict Data Program, UCDP, Armed Conflicts, Non-state Conflicts, Region, managing, end, peace, violence,Combat, warfare, disputes, regional stability, global issues Africa, warlike, continent, conflicts, 2012, 13, ongoing, 2004, 2011, non-state, decline, 2020, Uppsala, Conflict, Data, Program, UCDP, region, Asia, manage, end, armed, regional, trends, statistics, violence, political, instability, peace, security, governance Africa, warlike, continent, conflicts, 2012, 13, ongoing, region, Asia, fifty, years, 10, non-state, 2004, 20, 2011, 22, manage, end, 2020, Uppsala, Conflict, Data, Program, UCDP, Armed, Regions, Non-state, 1989-2011
test-health-dhiacihwph-con02a	Cheaper drugs aren’t trusted by consumers  The differences in price between generic and patented drugs can be disconcerting to those wishing to buy pharmaceuticals. As with other product, logic generally follows the rule that the more expensive option is the most effective. There are reports from the USA of generic drugs causing suicidal tendencies [1] . These factors, combined with the lower levels of screening for drugs in Africa, mean that cheaper drugs are generally distrusted [2] .  [1] Childs,D. ‘Generic Drugs: Dangerous Differences?’  [2] Mercurio,B. ‘Resolving the Public Health Crisis in the Developing World: Problems and Barriers of Access to Essential Medicines’ cheaper drugs, consumer distrust, generic drugs, patented drugs, price differences, pharmaceuticals, effectiveness perception, cost versus quality, USA, generic drugs safety, suicidal tendencies, Africa, drug screening, public health crisis, developing world, access to medicines, essential medicines Cheaper drugs, consumer distrust, generic drugs, patented drugs, price difference, pharmaceuticals, expensive option, effectiveness, generic drugs risks, suicidal tendencies, USA, drug screening, Africa, public health crisis, developing world, essential medicines, access barriers Cheaper drugs, consumer trust, generic drugs, patented drugs, price differences, pharmaceuticals, drug effectiveness, generic drug safety, suicidal tendencies, drug screening, Africa, public health crisis, developing world, access to medicines Cheaper drugs, consumer trust, generic drugs, patented drugs, price differences, pharmaceuticals, cost-effectiveness, drug effectiveness, generic drug safety, suicidal tendencies, drug screening, Africa, public health crisis, developing world, access to medicines Cheaper drugs, consumer trust, generic drugs, patented drugs, price differences, pharmaceuticals, expensive option, effectiveness, USA, generic drugs, suicidal tendencies, lower screening, Africa, cheaper drugs, distrust, public health crisis, developing world, access, essential medicines
test-international-iwiaghbss-pro01a	Moving is an imperative  It is clear that if the Seychelles wishes to remain as a sovereign nation it will have to relocate almost all of its population and it makes sense for this to be in one place so keeping the nation together. The way to do this is through purchasing land and sovereignty from another country that has land to spare. There is clearly little other choice and some of the small island states have already accepted this. Kiribati for example has already bought land from Fiji with the intent of using it as a last resort for its people. [1]  [1] Yu, Bobby, ‘The Sinking Nation of Kiribati: The Lonely Stand Against Statelessness And Displacement from Rising Oceans’, The Arizona Journal of Environmental Law & Policy, 11 January 2013, Moving, imperative, Seychelles, sovereign nation, relocate, population, keep nation together, purchase land, sovereignty, another country, land to spare, little choice, small island states, accepted, Kiribati, bought land, Fiji, last resort, people, rising oceans, statelessness, displacement, environmental law, policy Seychelles, relocation, population, sovereignty, land purchase, small island states, Kiribati, Fiji, statelessness, displacement, rising oceans, climate change, environmental migration, national unity, legal territory, international agreement, sustainable relocation, adaptive strategies, environmental refugees Moving, Imperative, Seychelles, Sovereign, Nation, Relocate, Population, Land, Sovereignty, Purchasing, Country, Land-spare, Choice, Small, Island, States, Accepted, Kiribati, Bought, Fiji, Last-resort, People, Yu, Bobby, Sinking, Nation, Kiribati, Lonely, Stand, Statelessness, Displacement, Rising, Oceans, Arizona, Journal, Environmental, Law, Policy Moving, imperative, Seychelles, sovereign nation, relocate, population, purchasing land, sovereignty, small island states, Kiribati, Fiji, statelessness, displacement, rising oceans Moving, imperative, Seychelles, sovereign nation, relocate, population, unity, purchasing land, sovereignty, another country, land surplus, small island states, Kiribati, bought land, Fiji, last resort, statelessness, displacement, rising oceans
test-law-hrpepthwuto-con01a	Allowing torture under any circumstances will allow the prospect of its routine use  The advantage of a complete ban on torture is that it leaves no room for doubt, no possibility for confusion, no need to apply personal judgement. Under the status quo, it is simply illegal to use force or the threat of force to solicit information from a suspect, regardless of the charge.  The moment that becomes something other than a complete ban then it puts an intolerable pressure on security officials to decide when it is justified and when it is not.  The experience of Abu Grahib demonstrates how the use of abusive treatment can become routine, even trivial, all too quickly. If it is acceptable to use torture to prevent mass-murder, then why not murder? If for murder than why not rape? And so on. torture, banning, routine use, complete ban, personal judgement, status quo, legal force, security officials, Abu Grahib, abusive treatment, mass-murder, murder, rape, justification, slippery slope, ethical boundaries, human rights, interrogation methods, legal constraints, moral absolutes torture, routine use, complete ban, personal judgement, status quo, illegal force, security officials, Abu Grahib, abusive treatment, mass-murder, murder, rape torture, routine use, complete ban, personal judgement, security officials, Abu Grahib, abusive treatment, mass-murder, murder, rape, slippery slope, legal precedent, human rights, interrogation methods, ethical boundaries torture, routine use, complete ban, personal judgement, security officials, Abu Ghraib, abusive treatment, mass-murder, murder, rape torture, complete ban, routine use, doubt, personal judgement, illegal, force, threat, security officials, justification, Abu Ghraib, abusive treatment, mass-murder, murder, rape
test-economy-fiahwpamu-pro01a	A livelihoods approach  The livelihoods approach provides a useful model to understand how poor people live [1] ; and remains important to recognising the benefits of microfinance.  The provision of microfinance reduces vulnerability to shocks and changes such as losing a job; enhances people’s access to assets that they use and need (such as finance, friend networks, and land); and this fundamentally acts to change the lives of the poor. Microfinance provides social protection through tapping into social capital. Further, microfinance means aid is not simply provided, but the individual is taught valuable financial skills and given the means to sustain themselves for their lifetime.  [1] See further readings: IFAD, 2013. livelihoods approach, microfinance, poverty reduction, vulnerability reduction, asset access, social protection, social capital, financial skills, sustainability, IFAD 2013 livelihoods approach, poverty, microfinance, vulnerability, shocks, job loss, asset access, finance, social networks, land, life change, social protection, social capital, aid, financial skills, sustainability, IFAD, 2013 livelihoods, approach, poor, people, microfinance, vulnerability, shocks, changes, job, access, assets, finance, networks, land, lives, social, protection, capital, aid, skills, sustain, IFAD, 2013 livelihoods, approach, poor, people, microfinance, benefits, vulnerability, shocks, changes, job, access, assets, finance, social, capital, protection, aid, financial, skills, sustain, IFAD, 2013 livelihoods approach, microfinance, poverty reduction, vulnerability reduction, asset access, social protection, social capital, financial skills, sustainable development, IFAD 2013
test-international-ghwcitca-pro04a	A cyber treaty benefits everyone  A treaty that bans, or sharply curtails cyber-attacks would benefit every state. Even those who may currently benefit from cyber espionage would be better off signing up to the treaty.  First most cyber-attacks are not carried out by the state even in countries like China where the state is using the internet as an offensive tool. In its annual report to congress the Department of Defence stated some cyber-attacks “appear to be attributable directly to the Chinese government and military” but this does not sound like a majority. [1]  Secondly no state wants a risk of conflict as a result of an unregulated new field of potential conflict. Or even to risk relations with other nations; cyber-attacks in large part go on because they are cost free.  And finally all nations are the victims of cyber-attacks. The United States has repeatedly condemned cyber-attacks against it but China also claims that it is the victim of cyber-attacks. China’s Minister of National Defense General Chang Wanquan says “China is one of the primary victims of hacker attacks in the world.” [2] Having a treaty against cyber attacks would not only make business easier for all countries but it would build up trust between nations where it is currently being eroded.  [1] Office of the Secretary of Defense, ‘Annual; Report to Congress Military and Security Developments Involving the People’s Republic of China 2013’, Department of Defense,  p.36  [2] Brook, Tom Vanden, ‘Cyber attack? What cyber attack?’, USA Today, 19 August 2013, cyber treaty, cyber-attacks, state, cyber espionage, Department of Defence, Chinese government, military, unregulated conflict, risk relations, nations, victims, hacker attacks, business, trust, annual report, congress, military developments, People's Republic of China, USA Today, Tom Vanden Brook, cyber attack cyber treaty, cyber-attacks, state benefit, cyber espionage, unregulated conflict, risk relations, victims of cyber-attacks, business ease, trust building, hacker attacks, military security, China, United States, Department of Defense, cyber security, international relations, cyber warfare, cyber peace, digital diplomacy, global cybersecurity treaty cyber treaty, cyber-attacks, state benefits, cyber espionage, unregulated conflict, risk of conflict, cost-free cyber-attacks, cyber victims, China cyber attacks, US cyber condemnation, trust between nations, international cyber treaty, cyber security, hacker attacks, military and security developments, cyber warfare, cyber defense, international relations, cyber policy, cyber diplomacy cyber treaty, cyber-attacks, state actors, cyber espionage, Department of Defence, Chinese government, unregulated conflict, international relations, cyber victims, hacker attacks, national defense, cyber security, international trust, digital warfare, cybersecurity policy, cyber legislation, global cybersecurity, international cooperation, cybercrime prevention, cyber warfare, digital security cyber treaty, cyber-attacks, state benefits, cyber espionage, China, Department of Defence, unregulated conflict, risk of conflict, international relations, cost-free cyber-attacks, cyber-attack victims, United States, China cyber-attacks, Minister of National Defense, hacker attacks, business facilitation, international trust, military security, cyber security, international cooperation, cyber warfare, cyber crime, diplomatic relations, cybersecurity policy, defence strategy, internet security, espionage, cyber defense, state-sponsored attacks, digital security, cyber intelligence, international agreements, cyber law, cyber norms, cyber regulations, cyber policy, cybersecurity measures, national security,
test-health-dhgsshbesbc-pro02a	It’s in the interests of employees  It’s in the interests of the HIV positive employee. Right now, although in many countries it is illegal to fire someone for having HIV [1] prejudiced employers can claim that they didn’t know their employer had HIV when they fired him, so they must have been acting on other grounds. The employee then has to try and prove that they did know, which can be very hard. Furthermore, once informed the employer can reasonably be expected to display a minimum level of understanding and compassion to the employee.  [1] Civil Rights Division, Ouestions and Answers: The Americans with Disabilities Act and Persons with HIV/AIDS’, U.S. Department of Justice, HIV, employment rights, discrimination, ADA, Americans with Disabilities Act, HIV-positive, workplace prejudice, legal protections, employee rights, civil rights, employment law, HIV disclosure, workplace compassion, employer responsibility HIV, employee rights, discrimination, employment law, ADA, Americans with Disabilities Act, prejudiced employers, HIV positive, workplace discrimination, civil rights, legal protections, employee health, compassion in workplace, employment termination, health status disclosure HIV, employment, discrimination, ADA, Americans with Disabilities Act, civil rights, prejudiced employers, legal protections, HIV-positive employees, workplace rights, firing, proof of discrimination, employer responsibility, compassion, understanding, health status, job security, legal defense, disability rights, USA, DOJ, Department of Justice HIV, employment, discrimination, ADA, Americans with Disabilities Act, termination, prejudice, legal rights, employee protection, compassion, workplace rights, HIV positive, civil rights, employment law, disability discrimination employees, HIV, positive, illegal, fire, prejudiced, employers, claim, unknown, grounds, prove, informed, understanding, compassion, civil, rights, division, Americans, disabilities, act, persons, AIDS, justice, U.S., department
test-digital-freedoms-piidfaihbg-pro01a	Not censoring its search results is a victory for human rights  The problem with Google censoring its results, is that in doing so, it is complicit in China’s repression of free speech: it adapts its own search engine to display only the results the Chinese government wants, thereby limiting its citizens’ basic human right to free access to information (a corollary to free speech). By avoiding this complicity, Google is taking a bold, praiseworthy step towards enhancing respect for human rights in China and with it, Google can set an important example for other businesses with dealings in China. [1]  [1] Human Rights Watch, ‘China: Google Challenges Censorship’, January 12, 2010. URL: Google, censorship, China, free speech, human rights, information access, business ethics, complicity, repression, search results, Human Rights Watch, example setting Google, censorship, China, free speech, human rights, information access, corporate responsibility, Human Rights Watch, internet freedom, business ethics, political repression, search engine manipulation, global standards, digital rights Google, censorship, human rights, China, free speech, information access, business ethics, internet freedom, corporate responsibility, Human Rights Watch human rights, free speech, Google, censorship, China, information access, business ethics, corporate responsibility, digital rights, internet freedom, privacy, repression, search engine manipulation, transparency, user rights, global standards, policy compliance, international law,press freedom Google, censorship, human rights, China, free speech, information access, business ethics, complicity, repression, Human Rights Watch, search results, internet freedom, corporate responsibility, digital rights
test-international-aghbfcpspr-pro02a	Reparations would be a step towards closing colonial scars.  It is difficult for former colonies to feel as if they can move on and develop a wholly independent identity when their ties to the past, and to their former colonisers, have not been definitively ended. For example, while it is important to remember those who suffered under slavery, the overwhelming memory of it [1] overpowers the history of those countries and innately links them back to former colonial powers. Furthermore, many of the problems now faced by former colonies can be traced back to the actions of colonial-era masters, for example the birth of ethnic tensions between minorities in Rwanda [2] and Burundi [3] . In order to move on from that damaging legacy, and to conclusively prove that such prejudices are always wrong, it is necessary for former colonial powers to show a tangible move towards closing that colonial chapter of their history. In this way they can begin to move towards a fresh, equal and co-operative relationship with the developing countries which were their former colonies, without the background of history which currently warps such relationships. Italy’s payment of reparations to Libya [4] allowed Libya to ‘mend fences with the West’ [5] and to improve international relationships. This is a step to recognise developing countries as a nation, rather than an economic opportunity. In this way, reparations would be an effective way of demonstrating a global community and spirit.  [1] Accessed from  on 12/09/11  [2] Accessed from  on 12/09/11  [3] Accessed from  on 12/09/11.  [4] Time. ‘Italy Pays Reparations to Libya’. Published 02/09/2008. Accessed from  on 12/09/11.  [5] Accessed from  on 12/09/11 reparations, colonial scars, independent identity, ties to past, former colonisers, memory of slavery, colonial powers, ethnic tensions, Rwanda, Burundi, legacy, prejudices, co-operative relationship, developing countries, Italy, Libya, mend fences, global community, economic opportunity Reparations, colonial, scars, independence, identity, slavery, memory, history, colonial powers, ethnic tensions, Rwanda, Burundi, legacy, prejudices, co-operative relationship, Italy, Libya, economic opportunity, global community, spirit reparations, colonial scars, independent identity, ties to past, former colonisers, slavery, ethnic tensions, Rwanda, Burundi, colonial-era masters, prejudiced, colonial chapter, co-operative relationship, Italy, Libya, mending fences, international relationships, global community, spirit, economic opportunity, developing countries, historical legacies, post-colonial, reparations effectiveness, colonial impact, nation recognition reparations, colonial scars, independent identity, former colonies, colonial powers, slavery, history, ethnic tensions, Rwanda, Burundi, colonial-era masters, legacy, prejudices, co-operative relationship, developing countries, Italy, Libya, mend fences, international relationships, global community, economic opportunity reparations, colonial scars, former colonies, independent identity, ties to past, colonial powers, slavery, history, ethnic tensions, Rwanda, Burundi, colonial-era masters, prejudices, Italy, Libya, mending fences, international relationships, global community, economic opportunity, developmental countries, cooperation, colonial legacy, colonial chapter, recognition, nationhood
test-philosophy-apessghwba-pro03a	Research can be done effectively without experimenting on living creature  As experimenting on animals is immoral we should stop using animals for experiments. But apart from it being morally wrong practically we will never know how much we will be able to advance without animal experimentation if we never stop experimenting on animals. Animal research has been the historical gold standard, and in the case of some chemical screening tests, was for many years, by many western states, required by law before a compound could be released on sale. Science and technology has moved faster than research protocols however, and so there is no longer a need for animals to be experimented on. We now know the chemical properties of most substances, and powerful computers allow us to predict the outcome of chemical interactions. Experimenting on live tissue culture also allows us to gain insight as to how living cells react when exposed to different substances, with no animals required. Even human skin leftover from operations provides an effective medium for experimentation, and being human, provides a more reliable guide to the likely impact on a human subject. The previous necessity of the use of animals is no longer a good excuse for continued use of animals for research. We would still retain all the benefits that previous animal research has brought us but should not engage in any more. Thus modern research has no excuse for using animals. [1]  [1] PETA. 2011. Alternatives: Testing Without Torture. animal experimentation, research ethics, moral implications, scientific advancement, animal rights, alternative testing methods, tissue culture, computer modeling, chemical interactions, human skin testing, research protocols, PETA, animal-free research, historical standards, legal requirements, substance testing, live tissue, human reliability, continued use justification, past benefits, modern research practices animal experimentation, moral concerns, animal rights, alternative testing methods, tissue culture, computer modeling, chemical properties, human skin samples, ethical research, scientific advancement, PETA, non-animal testing, regulatory requirements, historical practices, research protocols, animal welfare, biomedical research, laboratory animals, ethics in science, humane alternatives animal experimentation, moral concerns, research alternatives, chemical screening, legal requirements, scientific advancement, technology, chemical properties, computer prediction, live tissue culture, human skin, ethical research, PETA, testing alternatives, torture-free testing, research ethics, animal rights, scientific protocols, modern science, non-animal research methods animal experimentation, ethics, morality, research alternatives, chemical screening, technology advancement, computer simulation, live tissue culture, human skin samples, PETA, animal rights, scientific progress, legal requirements, research protocols, chemical properties, human subjects, animal research, historical context, modern science, non-animal testing methods animal research, experimentation, ethics, morality, scientific progress, animal rights, alternatives, in vitro testing, computational models, tissue culture, human skin, chemical properties, PETA, animal-free research, historical standards, regulatory requirements, scientific advancements, technology, non-animal methods, animal testing, research protocols, human-relevant data, animal-free science, moral wrong, chemical screening, compound testing, live tissue, human cells, ethical research, animal welfare, scientific validity, humane testing, animal-free alternatives, research benefits, continued use, past justification, modern research practices, torturous testing, non-animal testing methods, research excise
test-politics-ypppgvhwmv-pro03a	It will cause more people to become interested in politics  Compulsory voting increases the number of people who cast their vote 1. People who know they will have to vote will take politics more seriously and start to take a more active role. Compulsory voting will potentially encourage voters to research the candidates' political positions more thoroughly. This may force candidates to be more open and transparent about their positions on many complex and controversial issues. Citizens will be willing to inform themselves even about unpopular policies and burning issues that need to be tackled. Better-informed voters will, therefore, oppose a plan that is unrealistic or would present an unnecessary budget-drain. This means that such a system could produce better political decisions that are not contradicting each other, quite upon the contrary.  1 Peter Tucker, The median Australian voter and the values that influence their vote choice presented by the author at the 3rd European Consortium for Political Research Conference in Budapest, September 10, 2005. Compulsory voting, voter turnout, political engagement, informed voters, candidate transparency, political decision-making, budget management, voter education, political responsibility, electoral participation, democratic processes, political awareness, policy evaluation, unpopular policies, complex issues, median voter, political values, ECPR Conference, Peter Tucker compulsory voting, political interest, voter turnout, political engagement, candidate transparency, informed voters, political decisions, budget management, voter research, political awareness, unpopular policies, burning issues, median voter, political values, ECPR conference, Peter Tucker compulsory voting, political engagement, voter turnout, active citizenship, political transparency, candidate accountability, informed voting, public policy awareness, budget responsibility, political decision-making, median voter, vote choice, political values, ECPR conference, Peter Tucker, Budapest 2005 compulsory voting, political engagement, voter turnout, active citizenship, political transparency, candidate accountability, informed voters, political decisions, budget management, median voter, political values, ECPR conference, Peter Tucker compulsory voting, political interest, voter turnout, political engagement, electoral participation, candidate transparency, informed voters, political decision-making, Peter Tucker, median voter, political values, ECPR Conference, Budapest 2005
test-health-hdond-pro04a	People ought to donate their organs anyway  Organ donation, in all its forms, saves lives. More to the point, it saves lives with almost no loss to the donor. One obviously has no material need for one’s organs after death, and thus it does not meaningfully inhibit bodily integrity to incentivize people to give up their organs at this time. If one is registered as an organ donor, every attempt is still made to save their life {Organ Donation FAQ}. The state is always more justified in demanding beneficial acts of citizens if the cost to the citizen is minimal. This is why the state can demand that people wear seatbelts, but cannot conscript citizens for use as research subjects. Because there is no good reason not to become an organ donor, the state ought to do everything in its power to ensure that people do so. organ donation, saves lives, minimal loss, donor, after death, bodily integrity, incentivize, registered, save life, state demand, beneficial acts, minimal cost, seatbelts, conscription, research subjects, become donor, state power, ensure donation Organ donation, saves lives, no loss to donor, post-death organ donation, incentivize donation, state intervention, minimal cost to citizens, public health benefit, ethical obligation, governmental policies, altruism, medical ethics, human rights, legal framework, organ donor registration, public awareness, seatbelt laws, conscription, research subjects, bodily integrity, life-saving measures, donor consent, organ transplantation, medical resources, society benefit, moral duty, organ shortage, health policy, donor incentives, donation ethics, organ donor FAQ Organ donation, life-saving, minimal loss, donor, death, bodily integrity, incentive, registered, life-saving attempts, state power, beneficial acts, minimal cost, citizen duty, seatbelt law, conscription, research subjects, state justification, organ donor, ensure donation organ donation, saves lives, no loss to donor, post-death, bodily integrity, incentivize donation, registered donor, save life, state justification, minimal cost, beneficial acts, wear seatbelts, conscription, research subjects, become donor, state power, ensure donation organ donation, saves lives, minimal loss, donor, death, bodily integrity, incentivize, state justification, beneficial acts, minimal cost, seatbelts, research subjects, become donor, state power
test-politics-cpegiepgh-pro01a	"Britain will lose economically if she stays out of the Euro over the long term.  Joining the European single currency (the Euro) may appear unfavourable to Britain, but the negative effect of not joining would be more unfavourable. As explained by Anthony Browne in The Euro: Should Britain join?, ""Euroland businesses are now…able to raise money for investment across the entire single currency zone, making it easier and cheaper. British companies, on the other hand, are still largely constrained to drumming up money from within Britain if they want to expand.”1Eurozone businesses find it easy to raise money, for they are spared currency conversion charges. The carmaker Nissan has previously told the British government that eliminating exchange rate risk by siting production in the same currency zone as its sales market will be its preferred option’2.  1Browne, A., ""The Euro: Should Britain Join?"", Page 89  2Morgan, O. ""Nissan tells Blair 'join Euro'"", 27 May 2011, The Guardian Britain, Euro, economic loss, Eurozone, investment, currency conversion, Nissan, exchange rate risk, British companies, single currency, European single currency, Euroland, The Euro: Should Britain join, Anthony Browne, The Guardian, Morgan, Blair Britain, Euro, economic impact, long-term effects, European single currency, joining Euro, negative consequences, investment, currency zone, British companies, Eurozone businesses, currency conversion, Nissan, exchange rate risk, production, sales market, Anthony Browne, The Euro: Should Britain Join, The Guardian, Morgan, Blair Britain, Euro, economic impact, currency, European single currency, negative effects, long-term consequences, investment, money raising, currency zone, British companies, Eurozone businesses, currency conversion charges, exchange rate risk, Nissan, car production, sales market, Anthony Browne, The Euro: Should Britain join, The Guardian, Morgan, Blair Britain, Euro, economic impact, Eurozone, currency conversion, investment, British companies, Euro adoption, European single currency, exchange rate risk, Nissan, Orgreave, The Guardian, Anthony Browne, The Euro: Should Britain Join? Britain, Euro, economic impact, long-term effects, European single currency, negative consequences, Anthony Browne, investment, currency zone, British companies, currency conversion charges, Nissan, exchange rate risk, currency zone production, The Guardian, Morgan, Eurozone businesses"
test-environment-assgbatj-con04a	Animal research is only used when it’s needed  EU member states and the US have laws to stop animals being used for research if there is any alternative. The 3Rs principles are commonly used. Animal testing is being Refined for better results and less suffering, Replaced, and Reduced in terms of the number of animals used. This means that less animals have to suffer, and the research is better. Animal research, EU member states, US laws, 3Rs principles, animal testing, refined results, reduced suffering, research alternatives, fewer animals, improved research animal research, EU member states, US laws, 3Rs principles, animal testing, refined, replaced, reduced, suffering, research quality Animal research, EU member states, US laws, 3Rs principles, refined results, reduced suffering, replacement methods, fewer animals, improved research Animal research, EU member states, US laws, 3Rs principles, animal testing, refined results, reduced suffering, research alternatives, fewer animals, improved research Animal research, EU member states, US laws, alternatives, 3Rs principles, Refined, Replaced, Reduced, animal testing, better results, less suffering, research improvement
test-digital-freedoms-piidfiphwu-con01a	The graduate response policy constitutes an invasion of privacy by the state  Graduated response would require huge amounts of monitoring and logging of all internet traffic using technical systems called ‘deep packet inspection’ (DPI) equipment. This means that a computer program will look in close detail at all of the information someone sends over the internet in order to check whether it violates some protocol, for example a ‘fingerprint’ of copyrighted data that the content creator put in.  This means a copyright holder, or a third party paid by the copyright holder to monitor internet traffic, suddenly has access to everything every consumer sends over the internet. This is a massive violation of privacy. Given the fact that advertising companies are already using DPI illegitimately for targeted advertising, it is obvious that content companies will also feel tempted to ‘do more’ with all that data they suddenly have access to. [1]  [1] Angela Daly, ‘The Legality of Deep Packet Inspection’, 2010. Presented at the First Interdisciplinary Workshop on Communications Policy and Regulation 'Communications and Competition Law and Policy – Challenges of the New Decade', University of Glasgow 17 June 2010. URL for download: graduate response policy, invasion of privacy, state surveillance, deep packet inspection, DPI, internet traffic monitoring, copyright violation, content creator, consumer privacy, targeted advertising, data access, Angela Daly, legality of DPI, communications policy, privacy violation, technology ethics, internet regulation, cybersecurity, digital rights, online monitoring graduate response policy, invasion of privacy, state monitoring, deep packet inspection, DPI equipment, internet traffic monitoring, copyright violation, fingerprinting, content creator, privacy rights, data access, consumer privacy, targeted advertising, data misuse, Angela Daly, legality of DPI, communications policy, workshop, University of Glasgow graduate response policy, invasion of privacy, state monitoring, deep packet inspection, DPI equipment, internet traffic, copyright violation, fingerprint data, content creator, consumer privacy, advertising companies, targeted advertising, data access, content companies, communications policy, Angela Daly, legality of DPI, University of Glasgow, Communications and Competition Law and Policy graduate response policy, invasion of privacy, state monitoring, deep packet inspection, DPI equipment, internet traffic, copyrighted data, privacy violation, advertising companies, targeted advertising, content companies, data access, Angela Daly, legality of DPI, communications policy, competition law graduate response policy, invasion of privacy, state surveillance, deep packet inspection, DPI, internet traffic monitoring, logging, copyright violation, fingerprinting, content creators, third-party monitoring, consumer privacy, data access, advertising companies, targeted advertising, content companies, data misuse, legality of DPI, communications policy, Angela Daly
test-international-glilpdwhsn-pro02a	"The New START treaty will help against Iran’s nuclear program.  New START will help bolster US-Russian cooperation, which is necessary for solving the problem of Iran’s nuclear proliferation. On Nov. 19, 2010, the Anti-Defamation League released a statement, which came from Robert G. Sugarman, ADL National Chair, and Abraham H. Foxman, ADL National Director: ""The severe damage that could be inflicted on that relationship by failing to ratify the treaty would inevitably hamper effective American international leadership to stop the Iranian nuclear weapons program. The Iranian nuclear threat is the most serious national security issue facing the United States, Israel, and other allies in the Middle East. While some Senators may have legitimate reservations about the New START treaty or its protocol, we believe the interest of our greater and common goal of preventing Iran from developing nuclear weapons must take precedence."" [1] New START is crucial in getting Russian support against Iran and other rogue nuclear states.  Although the United States needs a strong and reliable nuclear force, the chief nuclear danger today comes not from Russia but from rogue states such as Iran and North Korea and the potential for nuclear material to fall into the hands of terrorists. Given those pressing dangers, some question why an arms control treaty with Russia matters. It matters because it is in both parties' interest that there be transparency and stability in their strategic nuclear relationship. It also matters because Russia's cooperation will be needed if we are to make progress in rolling back the Iranian and North Korean programs. Russian help will be needed to continue our work to secure ""loose nukes"" in Russia and elsewhere. And Russian assistance is needed to improve the situation in Afghanistan, a breeding ground for international terrorism.  Obviously, the United States does not sign arms control agreements just to make friends. Any treaty must be considered on its merits. But the New START agreement is clearly in the US’ national interest, and the ramifications of not ratifying it could be significantly negative. [2] As US Vice President Joe Biden argued in 2010: ""New Start is also a cornerstone of our efforts to reset relations with Russia, which have improved significantly in the last two years. This has led to real benefits for U.S. and global security. Russian cooperation made it possible to secure strong sanctions against Iran over its nuclear ambitions, and Russia canceled a sale to Iran of an advanced anti-aircraft missile system that would have been dangerously destabilizing. Russia has permitted the flow of materiel through its territory for our troops in Afghanistan. And—as the NATO-Russia Council in Lisbon demonstrated—European security has been advanced by the pursuit of a more cooperative relationship with Russia. We should not jeopardize this progress."" [3] Therefore, because New START will have significant positive consequences in terms of aiding relations with Russia, and thus in dealing with rogue nuclear states like Iran, it should be supported.  [1] Weingarten, Elizabeth. “How did New START become a Jewish issue?”. The Atlantic. 1 Decemebr 2010.   [2] Kissinger, Henry A. ; Shultz, George P. ; Baker III, James A’ ; Eagleburger , Lawrence S. ; and Powell, Colin L. ""The Republican case for ratifying New START"". Washington Post. 2 December 2010.   [3] Biden, Joseph. ""The case for ratifying New START"". Wall Street Journal. 25 November 2010. New START, Iran, nuclear program, US-Russian cooperation, rogue states, nuclear proliferation, Anti-Defamation League, Robert G. Sugarman, Abraham H. Foxman, treaty ratification, international leadership, national security, Israel, Middle East, Senate reservations, nuclear force, non-proliferation, North Korea, nuclear terrorism, transparency, strategic stability, arms control, US national interest, Joe Biden, reset relations, Russian cooperation, international sanctions, NATO-Russia Council, European security, Jewish issue, Republican support, Washington Post, Wall Street Journal New START treaty, Iran nuclear program, US-Russian cooperation, nuclear proliferation, Anti-Defamation League, Robert G. Sugarman, Abraham H. Foxman, American international leadership, Iranian nuclear weapons, national security, Israel, Middle East, Senate reservations, rogue states, North Korea, nuclear material, terrorists, strong nuclear force, transparency, strategic nuclear relationship, rolling back nuclear programs, loose nukes, Afghanistan, international terrorism, arms control agreements, Vice President Joe Biden, reset relations, strong sanctions, anti-aircraft missile system, NATO-Russia Council, European security, Republican case, ratification, positive consequences New START, Iran, nuclear program, US-Russian cooperation, nuclear proliferation, ratification, Anti-Defamation League, Robert G. Sugarman, Abraham H. Foxman, international leadership, national security, Israel, Middle East, Senate, rogue states, North Korea, nuclear material, terrorists, transparency, stability, strategic nuclear relationship, arms control, loose nukes, Afghanistan, international terrorism, Joe Biden, reset relations, global security, NATO-Russia Council, Lisbon, European security, Republican support, Henry Kissinger, George Shultz, James Baker, Lawrence Eagleburger, Colin Powell, Wall Street Journal, Washington Post, The New START, Iran, nuclear program, US-Russian cooperation, Anti-Defamation League, Robert G. Sugarman, Abraham H. Foxman, ratification, treaty, national security, Israel, Middle East, Senate, arms control, rogue states, North Korea, transparency, strategic nuclear relationship, loose nukes, international terrorism, Afghanistan, Joe Biden, reset relations, Russian cooperation, sanctions, anti-aircraft missile, NATO-Russia Council, European security, Republican support, Henry Kissinger, George Shultz, James Baker, Lawrence Eagleburger, Colin Powell, Wall Street Journal, Washington Post, Atlantic New START treaty, Iran, nuclear program, US-Russian cooperation, Anti-Defamation League, Robert G. Sugarman, Abraham H. Foxman, ratification, Iranian nuclear threat, national security, rogue states, North Korea, nuclear material, terrorists, strategic nuclear relationship, transparency, stability, international leadership, nuclear weapons, Senate, arms control, Russian support, non-proliferation, loose nukes, Afghanistan, international terrorism, US national interest, Joe Biden, reset relations, Russia, sanctions, NATO-Russia Council, European security, Republican support, Henry Kissinger, George Shultz, James Baker, Lawrence Eagleburger"
test-international-gpsmhbsosb-pro01a	"South Ossetia has a right to self-determination  The 1993 Vienna Declaration, which reaffirmed the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the UN Charter (and so sets the standard in current international law), unequivocally gives all peoples the right to self-determination: ""All people have the right to self-determination. Owing to this right they freely establish their political status and freely provide their economic, social and cultural development...World Conference on Human Rights considers refusal of the right to self-determination as a violation of human rights and emphasizes the necessity of effective realization of this right"". [1]  By this measure, South Ossetia has the right to self-determination (by democratic processes), and any suppression of that right should be seen as a human rights violation. In 2006, South Ossetia held a referendum that found over 99% of its population of over 100,000 desire independence from Georgia. 95% of the population turned out to vote. The referendum was monitored by a team of 34 international observers. [2] These facts are the core of the case for South Ossetian independence. It demonstrates that South Ossetians are entirely unified and enthusiastic in their desire for independence. The strength and unity of these calls for independence are almost unprecedented and cannot be ignored by the international community. And, certainly, the percentage of a population that desires independence is of relevance to assessing the legitimacy of the call and a country's right to self-determination. By this standard, South Ossetia's right to self-determination is highly legitimate.  [1] United Nations World Conference on Human Rights. “VIENNA DECLARATION AND PROGRAMME OF ACTION”. United Nations. 14-25 June 1993.   [2] BBC News. “S Ossetia votes for independence”. BBC News. 13 November 2006. South Ossetia, self-determination, 1993 Vienna Declaration, Universal Declaration of Human Rights, UN Charter, World Conference on Human Rights, human rights, political status, economic development, social development, cultural development, independence, democracy, human rights violation, referendum, international observers, Georgian conflict, 2006 independence vote, international law, legitimacy, population unity, ethnic self-determination, sovereignty, governance, political representation South Ossetia, self-determination, Vienna Declaration, Universal Declaration of Human Rights, UN Charter, World Conference on Human Rights, human rights, independence, referendum, international law, Georgia, democratic processes, human rights violation, international observers, BBC News, political status, economic development, social development, cultural development South Ossetia, self-determination, Vienna Declaration, Universal Declaration of Human Rights, UN Charter, human rights, World Conference on Human Rights, independence, referendum, international observers, Georgia, political status, economic development, social development, cultural development, human rights violation, international law, democratic processes, population, legitimacy, nation, statehood, autonomy South Ossetia, self-determination, Vienna Declaration, Universal Declaration of Human Rights, UN Charter, World Conference on Human Rights, human rights violation, independence, referendum, international observers, Georgia, political status, economic development, social development, cultural development, population, legitimate, international community South Ossetia, self-determination, Vienna Declaration, Universal Declaration of Human Rights, UN Charter, World Conference on Human Rights, human rights violation, independence referendum, international observers, political status, economic development, social development, cultural development, democratic processes, legitimacy, population unity, international law, Georgia, BBC News, 2006 referendum, 99% support, 95% turnout"
test-economy-fiahwpamu-pro02a	Small is beautiful: community empowerment  Microfinance is empowering the communities that are using it - showing in development, small is beautiful. Communities are empowered to change their conditions. For example taking the case of savings - microfinance allows for savings. Half of the adults that saved in Sub-Saharan Africa, during 2013, used an informal, community-based approach (CARE, 2014). First, having savings reduces household risk. CARE is one of many organisations working in innovations for microfinance. At CARE savings have been mobilised across Africa by working with Village Savings and Loans Associations. Overtime, CARE has targeted over 30,000,000 poor people in Africa, to provide necessary finance. Savings ensures households have financial capital, can invest resources in education, health, and the future. Savings is security in livelihoods.  Second, microfinance is providing key skills. Oxfam’s Savings for Change Initiative provides training on savings, and lending, to women in communities in Senegal and Mali. Evidence from Mali indicates startup capital provided has ensured better food security, women’s empowerment in the financial decision-making of households, and crucially, a sense of community bond among the women (Oxfam, 2013). Gender based violence within households may also be reduced [1] .  [1] See further readings: Kim et al, 2007. community empowerment, microfinance, development, savings, Sub-Saharan Africa, household risk, CARE, Village Savings and Loans Associations, financial capital, education, health, Oxfam, Savings for Change Initiative, women, Mali, Senegal, food security, women’s empowerment, financial decision-making, community bond, gender-based violence, Kim et al 2007 small, beautiful, community, empowerment, microfinance, development, savings, Sub-Saharan, Africa, household, risk, CARE, Village, Savings, Loans, Associations, financial, capital, education, health, security, livelihoods, Oxfam, Savings, Change, Initiative, women, Senegal, Mali, food, security, empowerment, financial, decision-making, gender, violence, households, community, bond, Kim, 2007 Small is beautiful, community empowerment, microfinance, development, savings, Sub-Saharan Africa, household risk, CARE, Village Savings and Loans Associations, financial capital, education, health, Oxfam, Savings for Change Initiative, women empowerment, Mali, Senegal, food security, gender based violence, financial decision-making, community bond, Kim et al 2007 community empowerment, microfinance, development, savings, Sub-Saharan Africa, CARE, Village Savings and Loans Associations, financial capital, education, health, Oxfam, Savings for Change Initiative, women, Mali, Senegal, food security, women’s empowerment, financial decision-making, gender based violence, Kim et al 2007 Small is beautiful, community empowerment, microfinance, development, savings, Sub-Saharan Africa, household risk, CARE, Village Savings and Loans Associations, financial capital, education, health, Oxfam, Savings for Change Initiative, women empowerment, Mali, Senegal, food security, gender based violence, financial decision-making, community bond, Kim et al, 2007
test-international-apwhbaucmip-con01a	War is in human nature  War and conflict between groups is in human nature. As Hobbes famously wrote “the life of man, solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short… Nature should thus dissociate and render men apt to invade and destroy one another”. [1] Although the motives have changed, conflict has been a constant throughout human history. The first militaries were created around 2700 BC but conflict between societies almost certainly occurred before this. [2] Pledging to end all war is high minded, but it is unlikely to actually succeed in overturning human nature.  [1] Hobbes, Thomas, ‘Chapter XIII of the Natural Condition of Mankind as concerning their felicity and misery’, Leviathan,   [2] Gabriel, Richard A., and Metz, Karen S., A Short History of War, 1992, War, human nature, conflict, Hobbes, solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, short, Nature, dissociate, men, invade, destroy, motives, constant, history, militaries, societies, pledge, end, unlikely, succeed, Leviathan, Gabriel, Metz, Short History of War War, human nature, conflict, groups, Hobbes, Leviathan, solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, short, dissociate, invade, destroy, motives, history, militaries, 2700 BC, societies, end all war, unlikely, succeed, overturn, Richard A. Gabriel, Karen S. Metz, A Short History of War, 1992 War, human nature, conflict, groups, Hobbes, solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, short, invasion, destruction, motives, history, militaries, societies, end war, unlikely, succeed, human behavior, Leviathan, Richard A. Gabriel, Karen S. Metz, A Short History of War war, human nature, conflict, groups, Hobbes, solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, short, history, militaries, societies, end war, unlikely, succeed, human behavior, Leviathan, Richard A. Gabriel, Karen S. Metz, A Short History of War war, human nature, conflict, groups, Hobbes, solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, short, nature, dissociate, invade, destroy, motives, history, militaries, societies, end all war, unlikely, succeed, Leviathan, Richard A. Gabriel, Karen S. Metz, A Short History of War
test-health-dhiacihwph-con03a	Most vital drugs are already generic  Many drugs which are used in the treatment of HIV, malaria and cancer are already generic drugs which are produced in their millions [1] . This removes the necessity to provide further high quality generic drugs as there is already an easily accessible source of pharmaceuticals. Effective treatments for Malaria, in conjunction with prevention methods, have resulted in a 33% decrease in African deaths from the disease since 2000 [2] . The drugs responsible for this have been readily available to Africa, demonstrating a lack of any further need to produce pharmaceuticals for the continent.  [1] Taylor,D. ‘Generic-drug “solution” for Africa not needed’  [2] World Health Organisation ’10 facts on malaria’, March 2013 generic drugs, vital drugs, HIV treatment, malaria treatment, cancer treatment, pharmaceutical production, African deaths, malaria prevention, accessible pharmaceuticals, drug availability, World Health Organisation, malaria facts, health statistics, disease reduction, pharmaceutical needs, Africa health generic drugs, HIV, malaria, cancer, pharmaceuticals, Africa, treatment, prevention, mortality reduction, drug availability, healthcare, World Health Organisation, medical research, drug production, health policy vital drugs, generic drugs, HIV, malaria, cancer, pharmaceuticals, African deaths, Malaria treatment, prevention methods, World Health Organisation, Taylor, drug availability, Africa, pharmaceutical production, healthcare improvement, disease reduction generic drugs, HIV treatment, malaria treatment, cancer treatment, drug production, pharmaceuticals, malaria prevention, African deaths, disease reduction, WHO facts, drug availability, healthcare solutions, pharmaceutical needs, treatment accessibility vital drugs, generic drugs, HIV, malaria, cancer, pharmaceuticals, Africa, treatment, prevention, mortality reduction, World Health Organisation, drug availability, healthcare accessibility, pharmaceutical production
test-philosophy-apessghwba-pro01a	Animals have a right not to be harmed  The differences between us and other vertebrates are a matter of degree rather than kind. [1] Not only do they closely resemble us anatomically and physiologically, but so too do they behave in ways which seem to convey meaning. They recoil from pain, appear to express fear of a tormentor, and appear to take pleasure in activities; a point clear to anyone who has observed the behaviour of a pet dog on hearing the word “walk”. Our reasons for believing that our fellow humans are capable of experiencing feelings like ourselves can surely only be that they resemble us both in appearance and behaviour (we cannot read their minds). Thus any animal sharing our anatomical, physiological, and behavioural characteristics is surely likely to have feelings like us. If we accept as true for sake of argument, that all humans have a right not to be harmed, simply by virtue of existing as a being of moral worth, then we must ask what makes animals so different. If animals can feel what we feel, and suffer as we suffer, then to discriminate merely on the arbitrary difference of belonging to a different species, is analogous to discriminating on the basis of any other morally arbitrary characteristic, such as race or sex. If sexual and racial moral discrimination is wrong, then so too is specieism. [2]  [1] Clark, S., The Nature of the Beast: are animals moral?, (Oxford : Oxford University Press, 1982)  [2] Singer, P., “All Animals are Equal”, in La Follette (ed.), Ethics in Practice, (Malden, Mass; Oxford : Blackwell Pub, 2007) animal rights, moral worth, vertebrates, anatomical similarity, physiological similarity, behavioral characteristics, pain, fear, pleasure, pet dog, human resemblance, mental states, moral discrimination, speciesism, ethical consideration, Peter Singer, Stephen Clark, moral equality, animal ethics, sentient beings, moral arbitrary characteristic, race, sex, ethical philosophy, animal suffering, human-nonhuman comparison, moral rights, moral agents, nonhuman animals, ethics in practice, philosophy of animal rights Animals, rights, harm, vertebrates, anatomically, physiologically, behaviour, pain, fear, pleasure, pet, dog, humans, feelings, moral, worth, species, discrimination, race, sex, specieism, ethics, philosophy, Clark, Singer, moral Discrimination, human, animal, equality, sentient, beings, moral worth, arbitrary characteristic, torment, observation, expression, resemblance, argument, existence, capacity, experience, suffering, rights not to be harmed, moral consideration, intrinsic value, speciesism, equal consideration, moral agents, moral patients, sentient beings, non-human animals, ethical treatment animal rights, harm, vertebrates, anatomy, physiology, behavior, pain, fear, pleasure, pet dog, humans, feelings, moral worth, species, discrimination, race, sex, specieism, ethics, Peter Singer, Stephen Clark Animal rights, harm, vertebrates, anatomical similarities, physiological similarities, behavioral similarities, pain, fear, pleasure, pet behavior, human resemblance, moral worth, species discrimination, speciesism, moral arbitrary, race, sex, sexual discrimination, racial discrimination, Peter Singer, Stephen Clark, ethics, moral philosophy, animal equality, moral consideration, vertebrate characteristics, human-animal comparison, ethical treatment, animal welfare, moral status, sentient beings, animal suffering, moral agents, moral patients, moral rights, moral obligation, non-human animals, ethical practice, moral community animal rights, moral worth, vertebrates, anatomical similarity, physiological similarity, behavioral characteristics, pain, fear, pleasure, pet behavior, human resemblance, mental states, moral discrimination, species, specieism, racial discrimination, sexual discrimination, Peter Singer, Stephen Clark, ethics, moral consideration, animal suffering, ethical treatment, non-human animals, moral status, equal consideration, sentient beings
test-sport-otshwbe2uuyt-con04a	Boycotts did not take place for the 2008 Olympics despite the far worst human rights background  It would be hypocritical for European leaders to boycott the Euro 2012 finals because of Ukraine’s recent human rights record. It an absurd overreaction when the focus is on the poor treatment of one woman, Timoshenko. Countries with poor human rights records have hosted major sporting events before without there being boycotts. President Bush was urged by some in the US such as former president Clinton to boycott the Beijing Olympics and only a few countries boycotted on human rights grounds. This was despite China having a considerably worse human rights record than Ukraine and engaged in a violent crackdown in Tibet in the run up to the games. [1] Similarly Russia will be hosting the next Winter Olympics in 2014 should leaders essentially commit to boycotting these games too?  [1] ‘Bush will attend opening of Beijing Olympics’ CNN, 3 July 2008. boycotts, 2008 Olympics, human rights, European leaders, Euro 2012, Ukraine, Timoshenko, major sporting events, President Bush, Beijing Olympics, China, Tibet, Russia, Winter Olympics 2014, boycott commitments boycotts, 2008 Olympics, human rights, European leaders, Euro 2012, Ukraine, Timoshenko, sporting events, President Bush, Beijing Olympics, China, Tibet, Russia, Winter Olympics, 2014, hypocritical, overreaction, poor treatment, major events, international relations, sports diplomacy boycotts, 2008 Olympics, human rights, European leaders, Euro 2012, Ukraine, Timoshenko, major sporting events, President Bush, Beijing Olympics, China, Tibet, Russia, Winter Olympics 2014, Clinton, CNN, human rights record, sports diplomacy, international relations, political protests, athlete support, global events, ethical considerations, government responses, media coverage, public opinion, historical context, political pressure, diplomatic boycotts, sports governance, ethical sportsmanship, international sports organizations, athlete rights, freedom of expression, government accountability, sports and politics, international condemnation, boycott boycotts, 2008 Olympics, human rights, European leaders, Euro 2012, Ukraine, Timoshenko, sporting events, President Bush, Beijing Olympics, China, Tibet, Russia, Winter Olympics 2014 boycotts, 2008 Olympics, human rights, European leaders, Euro 2012, Ukraine, Timoshenko, major sporting events, President Bush, Beijing Olympics, China, Tibet, Russia, Winter Olympics, 2014, boycotts history, sporting events ethics, political responses, international relations, sports diplomacy, human rights violations, athlete participation, government decisions, public opinion, sporting event impacts, political statements, boycott effectiveness
test-education-usuprmhbu-pro03a	Affirmative action reduces social prejudice  Past discrimination lingers on in society through subtle prejudice that must be righted.  Past discrimination against particular groups lingers today through the perception of those groups and how they perceive themselves. By using affirmative action, a demonstration effect is created where individuals are previously discriminated groups prove to society and other members of their racial or gender group that they are capable of gaining power and functioning in the same positions of power, responsibility and success as those of other groups in society.  This challenges society’s perception of these groups as the poor people in society and proves to them that the individuals of this race/gender are equally capable and deserving members of society and can and should function in the same positions of society as them. affirmative action, social prejudice, past discrimination, subtle prejudice, perception, racial groups, gender groups, demonstration effect, power, responsibility, success, society's perception, equally capable, deserving members, positions in society affirmative action, social prejudice, past discrimination, subtle prejudice, perception, racial groups, gender groups, demonstration effect, power, responsibility, success, societal perception, equality, deserving members, society affirmative action, social prejudice, past discrimination, subtle prejudice, righting wrongs, perception, self-perception, demonstration effect, racial groups, gender groups, power, responsibility, success, societal perception, equality, deserving members, poverty, capability, society, positions of power affirmative action, social prejudice, past discrimination, subtle prejudice, perception, racial groups, gender groups, demonstration effect, power, responsibility, success, society perception, equality, deserving members, positions in society affirmative action, social prejudice, past discrimination, subtle prejudice, perception, racial groups, gender groups, demonstration effect, society perception, power, responsibility, success, equality, deserving members, society positions
test-digital-freedoms-piidfaihbg-pro02a	Not censoring helps Google’s business proposition and corporate identity  Google’s corporate motto is ‘don’t be evil’. This is partly an issue of corporate identity, and partly a clever business proposition. In both cases, complying with Chinese censorship rules damages Google as a company.  The key to Google’s dominance in the search market is that users know Google will always deliver the search results most relevant to them. By adhering to censorship laws, users will trust the relevance of Google’s search results less, which hence erodes Google’s business position as users will be more likely to try alternative search engines. [1]  [1] Rebecca Blood, ‘Google's China decision is pragmatic, not idealistic’, January 2010. URL: censorship, Google, business proposition, corporate identity, don't be evil, Chinese censorship, search relevance, user trust, market dominance, pragmatic decision, alternative search engines Google, censorship, business proposition, corporate identity, don't be evil, Chinese censorship, search relevance, user trust, search market, alternative search engines, Rebecca Blood, pragmatism, idealism Google, censorship, business proposition, corporate identity, don't be evil, Chinese censorship, search relevance, user trust, alternative search engines, Rebecca Blood, China decision, pragmatic, idealistic Google, censorship, business proposition, corporate identity, don't be evil, Chinese censorship, search relevance, user trust, alternative search engines, Rebecca Blood, China decision, pragmatic, idealistic censorship, Google, corporate identity, business proposition, don't be evil, Chinese censorship, search relevance, user trust, market dominance, alternative search engines, Rebecca Blood, China decision, pragmatism, idealism
test-health-dhgsshbesbc-pro01a	It’s in the interests of employers  It’s in the interests of employers. A long, incurable and debilitating condition has stricken one of their employees. They will have to make provision for possible sickness cover and replacement workers, potentially for medical and/or retirement costs. HIV can make people tired and can lead to being sick more often as it means the immune system will not be able to fight off infections as well as it normally would. [1] The employee’s productivity might be reduced to the point at which their continued employment is no longer viable. If things are made difficult for employers with HIV positive workers, then they are less likely in the future to employ people who (they suspect) are HIV positive. Employers must be listened to in this debate – in many HIV-stricken countries, they’re the last thing between a semi-functioning society and complete economic and social collapse. Traditional rights ideas such as concerns about privacy of medical records are less important than the benefit to society of being able to cope with the unique problem of HIV more effectively.  [1] Dickens, Carol, ‘Signs of HIV, AIDS symptoms’, AIDS Symptoms, employers, HIV, incurable, debilitating, condition, sickness, cover, replacement, workers, medical, retirement, costs, fatigue, sickness, infections, immune, system, productivity, employment, viability, future, hiring, privacy, medical, records, society, economy, social, collapse, rights, AIDS, symptoms, Carol, Dickens HIV, AIDS, employers, employees, sickness, cover, replacement, workers, medical, retirement, costs, productivity, employment, privacy, medical records, society, economic, social, collapse, rights, privacy, cope, symptoms, infections, immune system, fatigue, incurable, debilitating, condition HIV, AIDS, employee, employer, sickness, cover, replacement, workers, medical, retirement, costs, productivity, viability, employment, privacy, medical records, society, economic, social, collapse, rights, privacy concerns, HIV-stricken countries, coping, unique problem HIV, AIDS, employers, employees, sickness, cover, replacement, workers, medical, retirement, costs, productivity, employment, privacy, medical records, societal impact, economic, social collapse, Africa, rights, privacy concerns, public health, immune system, infections, fatigue, incurable, debilitating HIV, employers, employees, sickness cover, replacement workers, medical costs, retirement costs, immune system, infections, productivity, employment, privacy, medical records, society, economic impact, social impact, AIDS, symptoms, Carol Dickens, HIV-stricken countries
test-international-aghbfcpspr-pro01a	What happened during the colonial era was morally wrong.  The entire basis for colonisation was predicated on an innate ‘understanding’ and judgment of one superior culture and race [1] . This ethnocentric approach idolised western traditions while simultaneously undermining the traditions of the countries which were colonised. For example, during the colonisation of America, colonists imposed a Westernised school system on Native American children. This denied their right to wear traditional clothing [2] or to speak their native language [3] , and the children were often subject to physical and sexual abuse and forced labour [4] . The cause of this was simply ignorance of culture differences on behalf of the colonists, which was idyllically labelled and disguised as ‘The White Man’s Burden’ [5] . Colonial powers undermined the social and property rights [6] of the colonies, using military force to rule if civilians should rebel against colonisation in countries such as India [7] . After Indian fighters rebelled against British colonial force in the Indian Mutiny of 1857-58 [8] , the British struck back with terrible force, and forced the rebels to ‘lick up part of the blood’ from the floors of the houses [9] . The actions which occurred during colonisation are considered completely inappropriate and undesirable behaviour in a modern world, and in terms of indigenous rights to culture and to property, as well as human rights more generally. Reparations would be a meaningful act of apology for the wrongs which were committed during the past.  [1] Accessed from  on 11/09/11  [2] Accessed from  on 11/09/11  [3] Accessed from  on 11/09/11  [4] Accessed from  on 11/09/11  [5] Accessed from  on 11/09/11  [6] Accessed from  on 11/09/11  [7] Accessed from  on 11/09/11.  [8] Accessed from  on 11/09/11  [9] Accessed from  on 11/09/11 colonial-era, moral-wrong, ethnocentrism, western-traditions, native-american-schools, traditional-clothing, native-language, physical-abuse, sexual-abuse, forced-labour, white-man's-burden, social-rights, property-rights, military-force, indian-mutiny, british-colonial-force, indigenous-rights, human-rights, reparations, historical-apologies, cultural-justice colonial era, moral wrong, cultural superiority, ethnocentrism, western traditions, Native American children, traditional clothing, native language, physical abuse, sexual abuse, forced labor, cultural differences, White Man's Burden, social rights, property rights, military force, Indian Mutiny, British colonial force, reparations, indigenous rights, human rights colonial-era, moral-wrong, ethnocentrism, western-traditions, native-culture, american-colonisation, traditional-clothing, native-language, physical-abuse, sexual-abuse, forced-labour, white-man-burden, social-rights, property-rights, military-force, indian-mutiny, british-colonial-force, reparation, indigenous-rights, human-rights colonial-era, moral-wrong, ethnocentrism, western-traditions, native-american-children, traditional-clothing, native-language, physical-abuse, sexual-abuse, forced-labour, cultural-ignorance, white-man’s-burden, social-rights, property-rights, military-force, indian-mutiny, 1857-58, reparation, indigenous-rights, human-rights Colonial era, moral wrongs, ethnocentrism, Western traditions, Native American children, Westernised school system, traditional clothing, native language, physical abuse, sexual abuse, forced labour, cultural ignorance, White Man’s Burden, social rights, property rights, military force, Indian Mutiny, British colonial force, reparations, indigenous rights, human rights, cultural preservation, historical injustice
test-philosophy-apessghwba-pro02a	Animal research necessitates significant harm to the animals involved  Animal research, by its very nature necessitates harm to the animals. Even if they are not made to suffer as part of the experiment, the vast majority of animals used, must be killed at the conclusion of the experiment. With 115 million animals being used in the status quo this is no small issue. Even if we were to vastly reduce animal experimentation, releasing domesticated animals into the wild, would be a death sentence, and it hardly seems realistic to think that many behaviourally abnormal animals, often mice or rats, might be readily moveable into the pet trade. [1] It is prima fasciae obvious, that it is not in the interest of the animals involved to be killed, or harmed to such an extent that such killing might seem merciful. Even if the opposition counterargument, that animals lack the capacity to truly suffer, is believed, research should none the less be banned in order to prevent the death of millions of animals.  [1] European Commission, 1997. Euthanasia of experimental animals. Luxembourg: Office for official publications animal research, significant harm, animal suffering, animal euthanasia, experimental animals, animal experimentation, domesticated animals, wild release, pet trade, animal death, animal capacity, suffering, research ban, European Commission, Euthanasia of experimental animals animal research, harm, animals, experimentation, killing, death, domesticated animals, wild, pet trade, suffering, ethics, euthanasia, laboratory animals, morality, scientific testing, animal welfare, cruelty, morality in science, ethical considerations, laboratory practices, animal rights, vivisection, humane alternatives, moral obligations, sentient beings, legal regulations, European Commission, animal experimentation regulations animal research, harm, animals, experimentation, killing, death, domesticated animals, wild, pet trade, suffering, capacity, euthanasia, ethical concerns, laboratory animals, moral issues, scientific testing, animal welfare, humane treatment, alternative methods, research ethics animal research, harm, experimentation, animal death, domesticated animals, wild release, pet trade, suffering, ethical concerns, euthanasia, laboratory animals, mouse, rat, European Commission, animal welfare, moral issues, scientific testing, animal rights, humane alternatives, research ethics Animal research, harm, animal suffering, animal death, experimentation ethics, laboratory animals, animal testing, animal welfare, ethical concerns, euthanasia, domesticated animals, wild release, pet trade, animal capacity to suffer, research ethics, animal rights, scientific experimentation, moral issues, animal experimentation, European Commission
test-politics-ypppgvhwmv-pro04a	Compulsory voting has been implemented successfully.  Australia is one of the most notable examples of compulsory voting and shows how it can be implemented. In Australia Compulsory voting was introduced at federal elections in 1924 1. Every Australian citizen who is over eighteen has to vote unless they have a ‘valid and sufficient reason for failing to vote’ which is decided by the electoral commission whether a reason is sufficient 2. If the elector who fails to vote does not provide such a reason they pay a penalty and if (s)he does not pay then the matter is dealt with in court 3. There is little reason to believe that this would be more difficult to implement in any other country. 1 Evans, Tim, 'Compulsory voting in Australia', Australian Electoral Commission, (January 2006), (accessed 4/8/11) 2 Harrison, Brianna, and Lynch, Philip. Votes for the Homeless, (March 2003), (accessed 4/8/11) 3 Voter Turnout for Referendums and Elections 1901 , Australian Electoral Commission, 2010 compulsory voting, Australia, federal elections, 1924, Australian Electoral Commission, citizen, over eighteen, valid reason, sufficient reason, penalty, court, implementation, voter turnout, referendums, elections, voter participation, democratic process, electoral reforms, civic duty, political engagement compulsory voting, Australia, federal elections, 1924, Australian Electoral Commission, citizen, eighteen, valid reason, penalty, court, implementation, voter turnout, referendums, electoral commission, Tim Evans, Brianna Harrison, Philip Lynch, Votes for the Homeless, 2010 compulsory voting, Australia, federal elections, 1924, citizen, eighteen, valid reason, electoral commission, penalty, court, implementation, voter turnout, referendums, elections, 1901, Australian Electoral Commission, Tim Evans, Brianna Harrison, Philip Lynch, Votes for the Homeless compulsory voting, Australia, federal elections, 1924, citizen, eighteen, valid reason, electoral commission, penalty, court, implementation, other countries, voter turnout, referendums, elections, 1901, Tim Evans, Australian Electoral Commission, Brianna Harrison, Philip Lynch, Votes for the Homeless Compulsory voting, implementation, Australia, federal elections, 1924, Australian citizenship, voting age, valid reason, electoral commission, penalty, court, voter turnout, Australian Electoral Commission, voter participation, democratic process, electoral law, civic duty, political engagement, electoral reforms, international comparison
test-economy-egecegphw-con01a	The third run-way would cause noise and pollution problems  The high population density of the area around Heathrow means it is not an ideal location for a bigger airport. It makes sense to increase capacity in an area with lower population density instead of trying to do so within a location that is constrained by adjacent urbanized areas. Expanding Heathrow airport would mean increasing the problem of noise for the about 700,000 people living under the flight path. According to the HACAN report the Department for Transport only accepts that noise is a problem if a community is subjected to over 57 decibels of noise over the course of a year according to a 1985 Government study. In which case only the boroughs of Richmond and Hounslow would be affected. However this does not tie in with Londoner’s experiences. BAA says that 258,000 people are currently affected by high noise levels but the local community believes the real number is more like 1 million people affected. [1] Any argument that states that noise levels will not increase is flawed at best and outright fraudulent at worst, clearly a large expansion in the number of flights will increase the amount of noise and possibly the numbers affected.  [1] Johnson, Tim, ‘Approach Noise at Heathrow: Concentrating the Problem’, HACAN, March 2010,  p.12 Heathrow, runway, expansion, noise pollution, population density, urbanized areas, flight path, HACAN, Department for Transport, decibels, Richmond, Hounslow, BAA, community, noise levels, flights, London, fraud, environmental impact, airport capacity third runway, noise pollution, population density, Heathrow airport, airport expansion, flight path, HACAN report, Department for Transport, noise levels, decibels, urbanized areas, Richmond, Hounslow, BAA, local community, number affected, fraudulent, flight increase third runway, noise pollution, high population density, Heathrow airport, increase capacity, lower population density, urbanized areas, 700,000 people, flight path, HACAN report, Department for Transport, 57 decibels, Richmond, Hounslow, BAA, 258,000 people, local community, 1 million people, noise levels, expansion, number of flights, fraudulent, Tim Johnson, Approach Noise, March 2010 third runway, noise pollution, population density, Heathrow airport, environmental impact, flight path, HACAN report, Department for Transport, decibels, Richmond, Hounslow, BAA, noise levels, flight expansion, community impact, fraud, Tim Johnson, Approach Noise at Heathrow, concentrating the problem, local community, affected people Heathrow, runway, noise, pollution, population density, airport capacity, urbanized areas, flight path, HACAN report, Department for Transport, decibels, Richmond, Hounslow, BAA, noise levels, community, expansion, flights, Tim Johnson, Approach Noise at Heathrow, March 2010
test-politics-cpegiepgh-pro02a	"Britain may not like losing the Queen's head on banknotes but London will be at a huge economic disadvantage if Britain stays out.  London will further lose its position as Europe’s financial centre, and the financial influence this brings with it. Britain’s staying out of the Euro has already depleted London’s status as the European financial centre. As explained by Anthony Browne in The Euro: Should Britain join?, “The European Central Bank – the second most powerful in the world – had a natural home in London, but ended up in Frankfurt because of our indecision over the Euro.”1 Germany used this to her advantage, for it “reinvigorated Germany’s bid to ensure that Frankfurt becomes Europe’s financial centre, with a massive office-building programme to rival London’s Docklands.”1Germany seizing London’s sphere of influence will only increase if Britain stays out of the Euro. Moreover, if Britain’s indecision over the Euro continues, “it would lead to a serious rethink by foreign owners of many of the City’s financial institutions about where their core activities should be located.”1 If Britain does not join the Euro, her economic activity both at home and between fellow Member States will be badly affected.  1Browne, A., 2001, ""The Euro: Should Britain Join?"", page 92 Britain, Queen, banknotes, London, economic disadvantage, Europe’s financial centre, financial influence, Euro, European financial centre, European Central Bank, Frankfurt, Germany, indecision, sphere of influence, foreign owners, financial institutions, economic activity, Member States Britain, Queen, banknotes, London, economic disadvantage, European financial centre, Euro, European Central Bank, Frankfurt, Germany, indecision, financial influence, City's financial institutions, economic activity, Member States Britain, Queen, banknotes, London, economic disadvantage, Euro, European financial centre, European Central Bank, Frankfurt, Germany, financial influence, indecision, economic activity, Member States, city, financial institutions, foreign owners, core activities, rethinking,Euro membership, Browne, 2001 Britain, Queen, banknotes, London, economic disadvantage, European financial centre, Euro, status depletion, European Central Bank, Frankfurt, Germany, financial influence, indecision, foreign owners, financial institutions, economic activity, Member States Britain, Queen, banknotes, London, economic disadvantage, European financial centre, Euro, status, European Central Bank, Frankfurt, Germany, financial influence, indecision, economic activity, Member States, foreign owners, financial institutions, core activities, rethink, Anthony Browne, The Euro: Should Britain Join?"
test-digital-freedoms-piidfiphwu-con02a	ISP will not cooperate with a graduated response policy  The graduated response model requires cooperation from all Internet Service Providers. If just one ISP refuses, users will flock towards that ISP to be able to keep on downloading. Therefore there will always be an incentive to be the ISP that refuses so as to gain custom from others who have agreed to cooperate. ISPs will also have an incentive to not cooperate because the cost of monitoring and identifying is large, and significantly more so for smaller ISPs: initial estimates of the cost of graduated response for ISPs were around 500 million pounds over a period of ten years. [1]  [1] Michael Geist, ‘Estimating the cost of a three strikes and you’re out system’, January 26, 2010. URL: ISP, graduated response, policy, cooperation, Internet Service Providers, users, downloading, incentive, custom, monitoring, identifying, cost, smaller ISPs, 500 million pounds, ten years, Michael Geist, three strikes, system, URL ISP, graduated response, policy, cooperation, Internet Service Providers, user behavior, downloading, cost, monitoring, identifying, three strikes, Michael Geist, estimates, 500 million pounds, ten years ISP, graduated response, cooperation, internet service providers, user behavior, downloading, non-cooperation incentive, monitoring cost, small ISPs, three strikes system, cost estimation ISP, graduated response policy, cooperation, Internet Service Providers, user behavior, downloading, customer attraction, monitoring costs, identification costs, smaller ISPs, cost estimates, Michael Geist, three strikes system, legal costs, digital rights, broadband providers, piracy, content protection, network management, regulatory compliance, telecommunications industry, policy implementation, stakeholder incentives, economic impact, technology expenses, user migration, business strategy, competitive advantage, legislative impact, cyber law, internet governance, digital economy, telecom regulations, consumer choice, market dynamics, service differentiation, enforcement challenges, compliance costs, operational expenses, subscriber management, legal obligations, industry standards, technological ISP, graduated response policy, cooperation, Internet Service Providers, users, downloading, incentive, not cooperate, monitoring, identifying, cost, smaller ISPs, 500 million pounds, ten years, Michael Geist, three strikes system
test-environment-assgbatj-con03a	Testing is needed for really new drugs  The real benefit of animal testing is making totally new drugs, which is about a quarter of them. After non-animal and then animal tests, it will be tested on humans. The reason why the risk is low (but not non-existent) for these brave volunteers, is because of the animal tests.  These new chemicals are the ones most likely to produce improvements to people’s lives, because they are new. You couldn’t do research on these new drugs without either animal testing or putting humans at a much higher risk. testing, new drugs, animal testing, human testing, drug development, chemical research, safety, risk, volunteers, pharmaceuticals, medical research, non-animal testing, improvements, human health, drug safety, research methods, ethics, clinical trials, drug innovation, therapeutic advances testing, new drugs, animal testing, human testing, drug development, pharmaceutical research, clinical trials, drug safety, human volunteers, chemical compounds, medical advancements, research ethics, risk assessment Testing, new drugs, animal testing, human volunteers, drug development, risk assessment, pharmaceutical research, chemical compounds, medical advancements, ethical considerations Testing, new drugs, animal testing, human volunteers, drug research, non-animal tests, chemical improvements, human risk, drug development, pharmaceutical testing animal testing, new drugs, human volunteers, drug development, non-animal tests, chemical research, drug improvements, human risk, pharmaceutical testing, preclinical trials
test-international-glilpdwhsn-pro03a	"The New START treaty maintains US nuclear and missile defence.  The US’ Nuclear armament will be modernized along with New START. “The Obama administration has agreed to provide for modernization of the infrastructure essential to maintaining our nuclear arsenal. Funding these efforts has become part of the negotiations in the ratification process. The administration has put forth a 10-year plan to spend $84 billion on the Energy Department's nuclear weapons complex. Much of the credit for getting the administration to add $14 billion to the originally proposed $70 billion for modernization goes to Sen. Jon Kyl, the Arizona Republican who has been vigilant in this effort. Implementing this modernization program in a timely fashion would be important in ensuring that our nuclear arsenal is maintained appropriately over the next decade and beyond.” [1]  Both US Military and civilian leaders insist that the new START treaty will still allow the US to deploy effective missile defenses, something which Russia was opposed to, and so will not affect US missile defense plans. The main limit on missile defense is that the treaty prevents the conversion of existing launchers for this purpose this would be more expensive than building new missiles specifically for defense purposes. [2]  Furthermore, as Joe Biden argues, New START is important to Russian cooperation on missile defense: ""This [missile defense] system demonstrates America's enduring commitment to Article 5 of the Washington Treaty—that an attack on one is an attack on all. NATO missile defense also provides the opportunity for further improvements in both NATO-Russian and U.S.-Russian relations. NATO and Russia agreed at Lisbon to carry out a joint ballistic missile threat assessment, to resume theater missile-defense exercises, and to explore further cooperation on territorial missile defense—things that were nearly unimaginable two years ago. These agreements underscore the strategic importance the alliance attaches to improving its relationship with Russia. But trust and confidence in our relationship with Russia would be undermined without Senate approval of the New Start Treaty, which reduces strategic nuclear forces to levels not seen since the 1950s, and restores important verification mechanisms that ceased when the first Start Treaty expired last December."" [3]  In many ways, in the 21st Century having an abundance of nuclear weapons, particularly having too many, is more of a liability than an advantage. The United States will be far safer with fewer nuclear weapons in the world and a stronger, more stable relationship with Russia under New START, and this is desirable. Therefore it is clear that New START maintains the important parts of US nuclear capabilities while removing the over-abundance which may become a liability due to security and medical concerns, and so New START should be supported.  [1] Kissinger, Henry A. ; Shultz, George P. ; Baker III, James A’ ; Eagleburger , Lawrence S. ; and Powell, Colin L. ""The Republican case for ratifying New START"". Washington Post. 2 December 2010.   [2] ibid  [3] Biden, Joseph. ""The case for ratifying New START"". Wall Street Journal. 25 November 2010. New START treaty, US nuclear, missile defense, nuclear armament modernization, infrastructure, nuclear arsenal, funding, ratification process, 10-year plan, Energy Department, nuclear weapons complex, Sen. Jon Kyl, Arizona Republican, timely implementation, maintaining nuclear arsenal, US Military, civilian leaders, effective missile defenses, Russia opposition, existing launchers, conversion, new missiles, Joe Biden, Russian cooperation, missile defense system, Article 5, Washington Treaty, NATO missile defense, NATO-Russian relations, U.S.-Russian relations, joint ballistic missile threat assessment, theater missile-defense exercises, territorial missile defense, Senate approval, reducing New START treaty, US nuclear, missile defense, nuclear armament modernization, Obama administration, nuclear arsenal infrastructure, Energy Department, nuclear weapons complex, Jon Kyl, Senate ratification, 10-year plan, $84 billion, $14 billion increase, maintaining nuclear arsenal, US Military, civilian leaders, Russian cooperation, missile defense plans, existing launchers conversion, building new missiles, Joe Biden, Article 5, Washington Treaty, NATO missile defense, NATO-Russian relations, U.S.-Russian relations, strategic importance, Senate approval, reducing nuclear forces, verification mechanisms, nuclear weapons reduction, stronger relationship with Russia, security New START treaty, US nuclear, missile defence, Nuclear armament modernization, Obama administration, Jon Kyl, Energy Department, nuclear weapons complex, US Military, civilian leaders, Russian cooperation, NATO, missile defense, Article 5, Washington Treaty, NATO-Russian relations, U.S.-Russian relations, Senate approval, strategic nuclear forces, verification mechanisms, 21st Century nuclear weapons, liability, security concerns, medical concerns, Republican support, Henry Kissinger, George Shultz, James Baker, Lawrence Eagleburger, Colin Powell, Joseph Biden, ratification, nuclear arsenal maintenance, non-proliferation, international security, global New START treaty, US nuclear, missile defense, modernization, nuclear arsenal, infrastructure, ratification, 10-year plan, Energy Department, nuclear weapons complex, funding, negotiations, Senate, Jon Kyl, Arizona Republican, nuclear arsenal maintenance, nuclear arsenal modernization, US Military, civilian leaders, deployment, missile defenses, Russia, launchers, conversion, new missiles, Joe Biden, Article 5, Washington Treaty, NATO, missile defense system, strategic importance, Senate approval, strategic nuclear forces, verification mechanisms, liability, security concerns, medical concerns, stronger relationship, Russia, nuclear weapons reduction, stability, Republican support, New START, US nuclear, missile defense, modernization, nuclear arsenal, infrastructure, funding, Energy Department, weapons complex, Senate, Jon Kyl, Republican, nuclear arsenal maintenance, deployment, missile defense plans, Russia, NATO, Article 5, Washington Treaty, strategic nuclear forces, verification mechanisms, nuclear weapons, liability, US-Russia relations, security, medical concerns, ratification, Henry Kissinger, George Shultz, James Baker, Lawrence Eagleburger, Colin Powell, Joseph Biden, Wall Street Journal, Washington Post"
test-international-miasimyhw-con03a	Who is left behind?  In promoting a free labour market, we need to ask: who is left behind? To understand the developmental nature of migration investigation is needed into who doesn’t migrate - the non-migrant’s lifestyles raise key concerns.  Data from the EAC indicates the EAC labour market remains popular among over 65's and in favour of men; and further, a majority of employment occurs within agriculture [1] . The labour market remains inadequate in providing jobs for women and youths. Women and youths reflect disproportionate numbers of those forced to adapt, and create, new livelihoods following migration. Further, migrants are returning home, retiring, and therefore with limited effect on productivity.  The impact of migration is distributed unequally. In a previous study by Brown (1983) the detrimental effect of male out-migration from rural areas in Botswana was indicated. Family units were altered, changing to being predominantly female-headed households, the lack of human capital resulted in sustaining the agrarian crisis, and women were forced to cope with the burden of care. Little assurance was found as to whether the men would return, or remit resources.  [1] EAC, 2012. free labour market, non-migrants, EAC labour market, employment, women, youths, migration, livelihoods, productivity, male out-migration, rural areas, Botswana, female-headed households, agrarian crisis, care burden, remittance, human capital left behind, free labour market, non-migrants, EAC, labour market, over 65's, men, agriculture, women, youths, livelihoods, migration, productivity, male out-migration, rural areas, Botswana, female-headed households, agrarian crisis, care burden, resources, remittance, human capital Free labour market, non-migrants, EAC labour market, elderly employment, male migration, women employment, youth employment, agriculture sector, migration impact, female-headed households, human capital, agrarian crisis, care burden, remittances, productivity, rural migration, Botswana, Brown 1983, developmental migration, livelihood adaptation free labour market, non-migrants, EAC labour market, over 65's, men, agriculture, women, youths, livelihoods, migration, productivity, male out-migration, Botswana, female-headed households, agrarian crisis, care burden, remittance, human capital free labour market, non-migrants, EAC labour market, over 65's, male dominance, agriculture employment, women employment, youth employment, migration impact, livelihood adaptation, returning migrants, productivity impact, male out-migration, rural areas, female-headed households, agrarian crisis, care burden, resource remittance, Brown 1983, EAC 2012
test-law-cppshbcjsfm-con02a	Rehabilitation Doesn’t Actually Work  While some rehabilitative programmes work with some offenders (those who would probably change by themselves anyway), most do not. Many programs cannot overcome, or even appreciably reduce, the powerful tendency for offenders to continue in criminal behaviour. In Britain, where rehabilitation has long been purported to stop re-offending, 58 per cent of those over-21 find themselves in trouble with the law within two years of release. [1] The rehabilitation programs simply do not work. ‘Rehabilitation’ is therefore a false promise – and the danger with such an illusory and impossible goal is that it is used as a front to justify keeping offenders locked up for longer than they deserve and sometimes even indefinitely (‘if we keep him here longer maybe he might change’). We cannot justify passing any heavier or more onerous a sentence on a person in the name of “rehabilitation” if “rehabilitation” does not work.  [1] Stanford, P., ‘The road to redemption: Does the rehabilitation of prisoners work?’, The Independent, 23 August 2007. Rehabilitation, inefficiency, recidivism, criminal behavior, Britain, re-offending, prisoners, sentencing, ethics, false promise, incarceration, treatment programs, reform, penal policy rehabilitation, effectiveness, recidivism, criminal behavior, post-release, Britain, judicial system, sentencing, public policy, prison reform, offender rehabilitation, long-term incarceration, ethical considerations, legal justification, social impact, crime prevention, rehabilitation programs, societal expectations, prisoner reintegration, correctional treatment, penal philosophy, prisoner rights, human rights, justice system critique, criminology, penal reform, legal ethics, punishment vs rehabilitation, societal safety, crime reduction strategies, institutional practices, offender management, behavioral change, prison conditions, community reentry, legal discourse, judicial practices, punitive measures, correctional facilities, inmate programs, rehabilitation, effectiveness, offenders, recidivism, criminal, behaviour, Britain, re-offending, programs, false, promise, justification, longer, sentences, impractical, goals, prisoner, redemption, Stanford, Independent Rehabilitation, effectiveness, offenders, recidivism, criminal behaviour, Britain, re-offending, prison programs, false promise, justification, sentencing, indefinite detention, Stanford, The Independent Rehabilitation, effectiveness, criminal behavior, re-offending, Britain, prison programs, sentencing, justification, indefinite detention, recidivism, treatment success, offender rehabilitation, prison reform, criminal justice policy
test-science-wsihwclscaaw-pro03a	Currently there is no way to legally respond to cyber attacks by other states  Currently international law on how a state can respond to cyber attacks by another state is lacking: it only covers cyber attacks during armed conflicts or those are tantamount to an armed conflict [15]. An attacked state thus has no legitimate means to respond to cyber attacks. This leaves them no option of self-defence, which is an important element in international law. Moreover, without international law regulating cyber warfare between states, there is no actual illegitimacy for cyber attacks. Despite their far-reaching and grave consequences, cyber attacks by other states do not feature heavily in the news. Few people actually know about cyber attacks between USA and Iran, which would be an unimaginable situation should these states resorted to military attacks. This apparent lack of condemnation and attention in the wider society to cyber attacks further decreases ability of the state to defend themselves or even call out an aggressor publically as there is little to fear from global opinion for such actions cyber attacks, international law, state response, self-defence, cyber warfare, legal framework, armed conflict, public condemnation, global opinion, USA, Iran, military attacks, cyber aggression, legal legitimacy cyber attacks, international law, state response, cyber warfare, self-defence, legal framework, armed conflict, public condemnation, global opinion, USA, Iran, military attacks, cyber security, international regulation, state aggression, digital warfare, cyber crime, legal retaliation, cyber defence, geopolitical tensions cyber attacks, international law, state response, cyber warfare, self-defence, legal framework, armed conflict, public opinion, media coverage, USA, Iran, cyber aggression, global condemnation, cyber security, international regulations, state cybersecurity policies, digital warfare, cyber deterrence, legal legitimacy, cyber conflict cyber attacks, international law, state response, self-defence, cyber warfare, legality, armed conflict, public condemnation, global opinion, USA, Iran, military attacks, cyber security, international regulations, digital warfare, state aggression, cyber policy, legal frameworks, cyber defenses, international community cyber attacks, international law, state response, armed conflict, self-defence, cyber warfare, public opinion, USA, Iran, legal framework, digital warfare, cybersecurity, international norms, state aggression, cyber security policy, global condemnation, cyber ethics, cyber policy, cybercrime, cyber espionage, cyber terrorism
test-economy-beplcpdffe-con01a	Personal freedom  Gambling is a leisure activity enjoyed by many millions of people. Governments should not tell people what they can do with their own money. Those who don’t like gambling should be free to buy adverts warning people against it, but they should not be able to use the law to impose their own beliefs. Online gambling has got rid of the rules that in the past made it hard to gamble for pleasure and allowed many more ordinary people to enjoy a bet from time to time. It provides the freedom to gamble, whenever and wherever and with whatever method the individual prefers. Personal freedom, Gambling, Leisure activity, Government regulation, Individual choice, Moral beliefs, Online gambling, Accessibility, Pleasure, Legal restrictions, Self-control, Advertising, Consumer protection, Digital betting, Casino games, Sports betting, Lottery, Regulatory policies, Player rights, Freedom of choice, Responsible gambling, Betting options, Entertainment, Financial autonomy personal freedom, gambling, leisure activity, government regulation, individual choice, self-regulation, online gambling, accessibility, betting, legal restrictions, consumer rights, advertisement, moral beliefs, personal beliefs, law enforcement, freedom of choice, financial autonomy Personal freedom, Gambling, Leisure activity, Governments, Individual rights, Advertisements, Anti-gambling, Legal restrictions, Online gambling, Accessibility, Pleasure, Bet, Freedom, Preferences Personal freedom, Gambling, Leisure activity, Governments, Individual choice, Anti-gambling ads, Legal restrictions, Online gambling, Accessibility, Pleasure, Consumer rights, Betting freedom personal freedom, gambling, leisure activity, government regulation, individual choice, betting, online gambling, legal restrictions, personal beliefs, gambling广告, freedom to gamble, betting methods, accessibility
test-sport-otshwbe2uuyt-con01a	This is a sports event not a political event  Sport and politics are separate and should be kept separate. This is the position of the organisers “Uefa has no position and will not take any regarding the political situation in Ukraine, and will not interfere with internal government matters.” [1] Euro 2012 is a football tournament that is about entertainment and bringing nations together in a common love of a game in a non-political sphere. Even pro-democracy activists such as Vatali Klitschko are “against the politicization of sports”. [2] Politicization would be exactly what politicians are doing by engaging in cheap political stunts, such as a boycott, to promote their own human rights agendas.  [1] Scott, Matt, ‘Sports minister Hugh Robertson could boycott Ukraine during Euro 2012’, The Telegraph, 2 May 2012.  [2] Keating, Joshua, ‘European leaders consider Euro Cup boycott over Tymoshenko’, Passport Foreignpolicy.com, 1 May 2012. sports event, political event, separation of sport and politics, Uefa, political situation in Ukraine, Euro 2012, football tournament, entertainment, non-political sphere, Vatali Klitschko, politicization of sports, political stunts, human rights agendas, boycott, Hugh Robertson, Yulia Tymoshenko, European leaders, Passport Foreignpolicy.com, The Telegraph sports event, political event, Uefa, Euro 2012, football tournament, entertainment, nations together, non-political sphere, Vatali Klitschko, politicization of sports, boycott, political stunts, human rights agendas, Hugh Robertson, Ukraine, Tymoshenko sports event, political event, separation of sport and politics, UEFA, Euro 2012, football tournament, entertainment, non-political sphere, Vatali Klitschko, politicization of sports, political stunts, boycott, human rights agendas, Hugh Robertson, Yulia Tymoshenko sports event, political event, separation of sport and politics, Uefa, Euro 2012, football tournament, entertainment, non-political sphere, pro-democracy activists, Vatali Klitschko, politicization of sports, political stunts, boycott, human rights agendas, Sports minister Hugh Robertson, Ukraine, Tymoshenko sports event, political event, separation of sport and politics, UEFA, Euro 2012, football tournament, entertainment, non-political sphere, pro-democracy activists, Vatali Klitschko, politicization of sports, political stunts, human rights agendas, boycott, sports minister Hugh Robertson, Ukraine, Tymoshenko
test-economy-fiahwpamu-pro03a	Ending poverty through entrepreneurialism  Introducing finance provides communities with access to startup capital. Access to financial capital is vital in several respects for initiating capitalism. Firstly, access to capital enables entrepreneurialism. The poor have business ideas that would benefit both themselves and their community they just require access to capital to invest in such ideas. The Initiative ‘Lend with Care’ is providing access to capital to empower entrepreneurs [1] .  Secondly, the cumulative effect of small-scale savings and borrowing, enabled through microfinance enables individuals, families and communities, to enter markets - of land and property. Being able to buy property and land can enable personal security, dignity, and increasing returns.  [1] See further readings: Lend with Care, 2013. Ending poverty, entrepreneurialism, finance, startup capital, access to capital, capitalism, Lend with Care, microfinance, savings, borrowing, property, land, personal security, dignity, increasing returns, markets, community development, economic empowerment, financial inclusion, small-scale entrepreneurship, investment, economic growth, poverty reduction, financial services, community empowerment, microloans Ending poverty, entrepreneurialism, finance, startup capital, access to capital, capitalism, Lend with Care, microfinance, small-scale savings, borrowing, property, land, personal security, dignity, increasing returns ending poverty, entrepreneurialism, finance, startup capital, access to capital, initiating capitalism, business ideas, community benefit, Lend with Care, microfinance, savings, borrowing, property, land, personal security, dignity, increasing returns Ending poverty, entrepreneurialism, finance, startup capital, access to financial capital, initiating capitalism, access to capital, business ideas, community benefit, Lend with Care, microfinance, small-scale savings, borrowing, markets, land, property, personal security, dignity, increasing returns ending poverty, entrepreneurialism, finance, startup capital, access to capital, initiating capitalism, enabling entrepreneurialism, business ideas, community benefit, Lend with Care, microfinance, small-scale savings, borrowing, property, land, personal security, dignity, increasing returns
test-free-speech-debate-ldhwprhs-pro02a	"Because religion promotes certainty of belief, divinely inspired hatred is easy to use to justify and promote violent actions and discriminatory practices.  Free speech must come second when there is the potential for that speech to cause harm. The mantra of “With God on our side” has been used, and continues to be used, to justify massacre and barbarity throughout history. Although it is rarely the prelates and preachers who do the killing the certainty they promote gives surety to those who do.  The purpose of the Act [1] used in this particular case was an entirely practical one. It’s main role was to tidy up existing legislation on rioting and public disorder but one section recognised that homophobic and racist language do lead to violence. It is all well and good to talk of freedom of speech but the reality is that homophobic speeches, particularly those of a religious nature, may well lead to violence. For example in New York there were a series of homophobic attacks after anti-gay statements by republican politicians. [2] Preventing hate speech helps prevent that violence from occurring so justifying restrictions on freedom of speech.  [1] Legislation.gov.uk, ‘Public Order Act 1986’, The National Archives, 1986 c.64.  [2] Harris, Paul, ‘US shaken by sudden surge of violence against gay people’, The Observer, 17 October 2010 . religion, certainty, belief, divinely inspired hatred, justify, violent actions, discriminatory practices, free speech, harm, ""With God on our side"", massacre, barbarity, Act, legislation, rioting, public disorder, homophobic, racist language, violence, freedom of speech, anti-gay, republican politicians, homophobic attacks, prevent, hate speech, restrictions religion, certainty, belief, divinely inspired, hatred, justify, violent actions, discriminatory practices, free speech, harm, ""With God on our side"", massacre, barbarity, prelates, preachers, Act, legislation, rioting, public disorder, homophobic language, racist language, violence, freedom of speech, religious nature, homophobic attacks, anti-gay statements, republican politicians, preventing hate speech, restrictions, freedom of speech, Legislation.gov.uk, Public Order Act 1986, The National Archives, Paul Harris, US, surge, violence, gay people, The Observer religion, certainty, belief, divinely inspired, hatred, justify, violent actions, discriminatory practices, free speech, potential harm, ""With God on our side"", massacre, barbarity, prelates, preachers, Act, legislation, rioting, public disorder, homophobic, racist language, violence, freedom of speech, religious nature, New York, homophobic attacks, anti-gay statements, republican politicians, hate speech, preventing, restrictions religion, certainty, belief, divinely, hatred, justify, violent, actions, discriminatory, practices, free, speech, harm, mantra, God, side, massacre, barbarity, history, prelates, preachers, killing, Act, legislation, rioting, public, disorder, homophobic, racist, language, violence, reality, anti-gay, republican, politicians, attacks, prevention, hate, restrictions, freedom, US, observer, sudden, surge, gay, people religion, certainty, belief, divinely inspired, hatred, justify, violent actions, discriminatory practices, free speech, harm, ""With God on our side"", massacre, barbarity, prelates, preachers, Act, legislation, rioting, public disorder, homophobic, racist language, violence, freedom of speech, religious nature, New York, homophobic attacks, anti-gay statements, republican politicians, preventing hate speech, restrictions, freedom of speech, Legislation.gov.uk, Public Order Act 1986, The National Archives, Paul Harris, The Observer"
test-politics-ypppgvhwmv-pro01a	Voting is a civic duty  Other civic duties also exist “which are recognised as necessary in order to live in a better, more cohesive, stable society” 1 like paying taxes, attending school, obeying road rules and, in some countries, military conscription and jury duty. All of these obligatory activities require far more time and effort than voting does, thus compulsory voting can be seen as constituting a much smaller intrusion of freedom than any of these other activities.  The right to vote in a democracy has been fought for throughout modern history . In the last century alone the soldiers of numerous wars and the suffragettes of many countries fought and died for enfranchisement. It is our duty to respect their sacrifice by voting.  1. Liberal Democrat Voice , 2006 voting,civic,duty,paying,taxes,attending,school,obeying,road,rules,military,conscription,jury,duty,compulsory,voting,democracy,sacrifice,soldiers,suffragettes,enfranchisement,liberal,democrat,voice,2006 voting,civic,duty,taxes,education,road,rules,military,conscription,jury,duty,compulsory,voting,democracy,suffragettes,enfranchisement,liberal,democrat,voice voting,civic,duty,taxes,education,road,rules,military,conscription,jury,democracy,enfranchisement,suffragettes,sacrifice,liberal,democrat,voice,2006 voting,civic duty,paying taxes,attending school,obeying road rules,military conscription,jury duty,democracy,enfranchisement,suffragettes,soldiers,wars,liberal democrat voice voting,civic,duty,taxes,school,road,rules,military,conscription,jury,duty,democracy,enfranchisement,suffragettes,sacrifice,liberal,democrat,voice,2006
test-international-ghwcitca-pro02a	States will monitor each other, and an international body could be set up  Once a treaty is set up to limit or eliminate cyber-attacks monitoring is unlikely to be a problem because states will be willing to monitor each other. States in order to defend themselves from cyber-attacks already monitor the cyber-attacks that occur – the United States for example already has several cyber defense forces. [1] If that is not enough then there are numerous private groups that will be monitoring cyber-attacks as most are made against corporate rather than government targets. For example private company Mandiant exposed a unit of the People’s Liberation Army for its cyber-attacks in February 2013. [2] Once a cyber-attack has been traced and evidence gathered if the appropriate domestic authorities won’t deal with the culprit then an independent international institution can decide on the punishment for the government that is not living up to its treaty commitments.  If there is a need for international monitoring rather than simply a dispute settlement mechanism then there are models available through current treaties; a UN organisation similar to the International Atomic Energy Agency or International Criminal Court could be set up that can investigate incidents when asked.  [1] US Department of Defense, ‘The Cyber Domain Security and Operations’   [2] Mandiant, ‘Exposing One of China’s Cyber Espionage Units’, mandiant.com, February 2013, states, monitor, international, body, treaty, limit, eliminate, cyber-attacks, defense, forces, private, groups, companies, Mandiant, People’s, Liberation, Army, traced, evidence, domestic, authorities, independent, institution, punishment, government, commitments, dispute, settlement, mechanism, UN, organisation, International, Atomic, Energy, Agency, Criminal, Court, incidents, asked, US, Department, Defense, Cyber, Domain, Security, Operations, February, 2013 cyber-attacks, monitoring, international body, treaty, states, self-defense, private groups, Mandiant, People's Liberation Army, US cyber defense forces, independent institution, punishment, UN organization, International Atomic Energy Agency, International Criminal Court, dispute settlement, incident investigation cyber-attacks, international monitoring, treaty commitments, cyber defense, private monitoring, international body, dispute settlement, UN organisation, International Atomic Energy Agency, International Criminal Court, cyber espionage, state monitoring, corporate targets, government targets, cyber security, US Department of Defense, Mandiant, People’s Liberation Army, evidence gathering, punishment, cyber domain, security operations cyber-attacks, monitoring, international body, treaty, states, self-monitoring, cyber defense forces, private groups, Mandiant, evidence, domestic authorities, punishment, international institution, UN organisation, International Atomic Energy Agency, International Criminal Court, dispute settlement, investigation cyber-attacks, international monitoring, treaty, state cooperation, cyber defense, private sector, Mandiant, People’s Liberation Army, dispute resolution, UN organization, International Atomic Energy Agency, International Criminal Court
test-law-hrpepthwuto-con03a	If legal principles are abandoned then there is little point in defending the liberties that democratic governments say they are so keen to defend  If we accept that this is a war, then its focus is not so much political control of territory as the preservation of a way of life. It is ridiculous to fight to defend principles of equality and decency using the tool of abandoning them the moment they become inconvenient.  The forces of religious extremism wish to undo 1,400 years of democratic development. We should not assist them in that process by allowing the major powers of the West throw out the most basic principles of the rule of law. Such a move, ultimately, has the potential to be vastly more destructive than the actions of a few fanatics legal principles, democratic liberties, rule of law, religious extremism, democratic development, political control, way of life, equality, decency, major powers, western nations, fanatic actions, war on terror, human rights legal principles, democratic governments, liberties, war, political control, territory, way of life, equality, decency, religious extremism, democratic development, rule of law, major powers, West, destructive, fanatics legal principles, democratic governments, liberties, war, political control, territory, way of life, equality, decency, religious extremism, democratic development, major powers, West, rule of law, destructive, fanatics legal principles, democratic governments, liberties, war, political control, territory, way of life, equality, decency, religious extremism, democratic development, rule of law, major powers, West, destructive, fanatics legal principles, democratic governments, liberties, war, political control, territory, way of life, equality, decency, religious extremism, democratic development, rule of law, major powers, West, destructive, fanatics
test-law-cpilhbishioe-pro02a	An ICC enforcement arm would be quicker  If international criminals are to be caught it needs to be clear that there is an organisation with the responsibility and authority to catch them. This is especially important when the criminal in question is able to slip across borders to avoid the national authorities in one state as Joseph Kony has done as the ICC would be able to cross borders itself and coordinate the response from multiple countries. The importance of an organisation that is able to catch international criminals can be highlighted by the experience of the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia where despite a Memorandum of Understanding relating to the detention of war criminals in Bosnia NATO denied it had the power to make arrests so leading to patrols actively avoiding wanted men to avoid a situation in which they might have to engage in arrests. [1] A lack of clarity over whether an organisation can enforce its warrants for arrest results in arrests not being made. Ultimately the ICTY was successful because this situation was resolved with the creation of multinational police forces backed up with traditional NATO military power if necessary leading to the arrest of 126 individuals. [2]  [1] Zhou, Han-Ru, ‘The Enforcement of Arrest Warrants by International Forces From the ICTY to the ICC’, Journal of International Criminal Justice, Vol.4, 2006, pp.202-18,  pp214-6  [2] Ibid, p.203 ICC, enforcement arm, international criminals, cross borders, Joseph Kony, International Criminal Tribunal, Former Yugoslavia, NATO, Memorandum of Understanding, detention, war criminals, Bosnia, multinational police forces, arrest warrants, enforcement, warrants, international forces, arrest, multinational, police, military power, war crimes, international law, criminal justice, cross-border crime, legal enforcement, international arrest, prosecution, international cooperation, justice systems, legal authorities, international security, crime prevention, judicial enforcement, global law enforcement, international prosecution, legal clarity, jurisdiction, legal powers, extradition, international policing, law enforcement agencies, criminal tribunals, international ICC, enforcement, international criminals, borders, Joseph Kony, ICTY, NATO, arrest warrants, multinational police, war criminals, Bosnia, Memorandum of Understanding, arrests, clarity, responsibility, authority, coordination, prosecution, justice ICC, enforcement, international criminals, cross borders, Joseph Kony, International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia, NATO, Memorandum of Understanding, war criminals, Bosnia, arrests, multinational police forces, NATO military power, arrest warrants, international forces, legal authority, coordination, prosecution, justice, human rights, cross-border law enforcement, operational capability, international law, peacekeeping, accountability ICC, enforcement, international criminals, cross borders, Joseph Kony, International Criminal Tribunal, Former Yugoslavia, NATO, Memorandum of Understanding, arrest warrants, multinational police, war criminals, legal authority, coordination, apprehension, extradition, international law, criminal justice, peacekeeping, security forces ICC, enforcement arm, international criminals, cross borders, Joseph Kony, International Criminal Tribunal, Former Yugoslavia, NATO, Memorandum of Understanding, detention, war criminals, patrols, arrests, multinational police forces, military power, arrest warrants, international forces, legal clarity, organizational responsibility, criminal apprehension, multinational coordination, war crimes, legal enforcement, international law, judicial effectiveness, criminal justice, international cooperation, peacekeeping, legal authority, prosecution, fugitives, legal mandates, state sovereignty, judicial practices, international policing, security forces, legal compliance, arrest powers, judicial mechanisms, international tribunals, legal enforcement mechanisms, human rights
test-law-umtlilhotac-con03a	Broadcasting provides a public record  Unlike many other criminal trials, since Nuremberg a key principle of International Criminal Law is that it aims to set a historical record. The events that it deals with are important as they are heinous crimes that change regions forever. A trial helps to get to the bottom of events that happened preventing there being multiple conflicting versions of events. This record also can help to act as a deterrent to others considering similar measures.  Broadcasting the trial will bolster this record by providing footage of the trial itself (which may reduce myths about it being unfair, for example) and providing a voice to the victims through their evidence, in their own words, being recorded for posterity and future study. Broadcasting, public record, criminal trials, Nuremberg, International Criminal Law, historical record, heinous crimes, regional impact, trial process, event clarification, conflicting versions, deterrent, footage, trial transparency, victim voices, evidence recording, posterity, future study Broadcasting, public record, Nuremberg, International Criminal Law, historical record, heinous crimes, trial, events, conflicting versions, deterrent, footage, victims, evidence, posterity, study, myths, unfair Broadcasting, public record, Nuremberg, International Criminal Law, heinous crimes, trial, historical record, deterrent, footage, victims, evidence, posterity, future study, myths, unfair trials Broadcasting, public record, criminal trials, Nuremberg, International Criminal Law, historical record, heinous crimes, regional impact, trial, events, conflicting versions, deterrent, footage, myths, unfair, victims, evidence, recorded, posterity, future study Broadcasting, public record, Nuremberg, International Criminal Law, historical record, heinous crimes, trial, events, conflicting versions, deterrent, footage, myths, unfair, victims, evidence, recorded, posterity, future study
test-politics-eppghwgpi-con05a	Immunity creates a perverse incentive to hang on to their office as long as possible.  Prosecutorial immunity brings about a massive side-benefit to being in office. It is easy to get used to a life where minor indiscretions go regularly unpunished, as has happened with dignitaries holding diplomatic immunity. [1] Immunity from prosecution may spur a politician to seek reelection into their old age when they are significantly less effective at performing their duties. This is one reason why in the vast majority of democracies elected representatives, while far from poor, are not paid massive salaries; we don’t want people getting into politics for the wrong reasons.  [1] Uhlig, Mark A., ‘Court Won’t Bar Return of Boy in Abuse Case to Zimbabwe’, The New York Times, 1 January 1988,  [Accessed September 9, 2011] Immunity, Prosecutorial, Perverse, Incentive, Office, Retention, Indiscretions, Unpunished, Diplomatic, Politician, Reelection, Old, Age, Effectiveness, Democracy, Representatives, Salaries, Politics, Reasons, Court, Abuse, Case, Zimbabwe, New York Times, Mark Uhlig Immunity, Prosecutorial immunity, Political office, Incentives, Elected representatives, Diplomatic immunity, Prosecution, Reelection, Political effectiveness, Salaries, Democracy, Political motivation, Legal protection, Indiscretions, Accountability, Political ethics, Public service, Career longevity, Elderly politicians, Judicial immunity, Abuse of power, Public trust, Constitutional law, Governance, Legislative ethics, Political science, Public policy, Law enforcement, Corruption, Political reform, Government accountability, Citizen rights, Human rights, Political theory, Ethics in politics, Public administration, Political behavior, Sociology of law, Voter behavior, Political economy, Legal philosophy Immunity, Perverse Incentive, Prosecutorial Immunity, Diplomatic Immunity, Unpunished Indiscretions, Reelection, Old Age, Ineffectiveness, Democratic Elected Representatives, Salaries, Politics Motivation Immunity, Prosecutorial immunity, Diplomatic immunity, Political office, Perverse incentive, Reelection, Old age, Political effectiveness, Salaries, Elected representatives, Democracies, Indiscretions, Prosecution, Politics motivation immunity, perverse incentive, hang on office, prosecutorial immunity, side-benefit, office holding, diplomatic immunity, minor indiscretions, unpunished, politician, reelection, old age, less effective, democracies, elected representatives, salaries, politics, wrong reasons, court, abuse case, Zimbabwe, New York Times, Mark A. Uhlig, January 1, 1988, September 9, 2011
test-politics-nlpdwhbusbuc-pro03a	Rejecting the Ban on Cluster Bombs Hurts the international image of the U.S.  The U.S. is one of the only remaining Western Liberal democracies to allow the U.S. of cluster bombs. The continued refusal of the U.S. to tow the same line as fellow liberal democracies makes it look bad internationally; especially considering that one of the main instigators behind the cluster bomb ban is the U.K. traditionally a great ally of the U.S. politically.  The U.S. is often seen as the greatest representative of Western liberal democracy as it is the most economically powerful. Part of this political clout however, comes from the continued cooperation of other Western Liberal democracies with the U.S. in failing to the sign the cluster bomb treaty despite pressure from other countries, the U.S. fails in this capacity and loses the support of the countries that it relies on to maintain its political status.  Moreover, given that the U.S. currently does not help with demining work, this further worsens relationships with other countries.6 Cluster Bombs, U.S. Image, International Relations, Western Democracies, Cluster Bomb Ban, U.K. Alliance, Political Clout, Economic Power, Western Liberal Democracies, Demining Work, International Support, Political Status, Treaty Refusal, Allied Pressure cluster bombs, U.S., international image, Western Liberal democracies, U.K., political alliance, economic power, political status, demining work, treaty rejection, international cooperation, military policy, diplomatic relations, humanitarian concerns, arms control cluster bombs, U.S. policy, international image, Western democracies, cluster bomb ban, U.K. ally, political clout, economic power, treaty refusal, demining work, international relations, diplomatic support Cluster Bombs, International Image, U.S. Policy, Western Liberal Democracies, Cluster Bomb Ban, U.K. Alliance, Political Clout, Economic Power, International Cooperation, Treaty Signing, Demining Work, International Relations, Political Status, Alliance Support, Humanitarian Efforts Cluster Bombs, U.S. Policy, International Image, Western Liberal Democracies, Ban on Cluster Bombs, U.K. Alliance, Political Clout, Economic Power, International Cooperation, Cluster Bomb Treaty, Demining Work, International Relations, U.S. Allies, Political Status, International Support
test-digital-freedoms-piidfaihbg-pro03a	Not censoring puts global pressure on China to change its free speech policies  Google’s decision to stop censoring was world news, and has put internet freedom on everyone’s agenda – even so much so, that U.S. Secretary of State mentioned internet companies ganging up to censor the Chinese corner of the internet specifically as a threat to freedom worldwide in a recent speech. [1] This helps to inform ordinary citizens of other countries who may not know about the ‘great firewall’ what the Chinese government is doing. By making a high-profile decision like this, and by engaging and informing the governments and publics of free and democratic countries like this, Google increases the public and political pressure on China to change its ways.  [1] Hillary Clinton, ‘Conference on Internet Freedom’, December 8, 2011. URL: China, free speech, Google, internet freedom, censorship, global pressure, U.S. Secretary of State, Hillary Clinton, great firewall, public pressure, political pressure, conference on internet freedom, December 8, 2011 Not censoring, global pressure, China, free speech policies, Google, internet freedom, U.S. Secretary of State, internet companies, censorship, Chinese government, great firewall, high-profile decision, public pressure, political pressure, Hillary Clinton, Conference on Internet Freedom not censoring, global pressure, China, change, free speech policies, Google, world news, internet freedom, U.S. Secretary of State, internet companies, censor, Chinese, threat, freedom, world, high-profile decision, engaging, informing, governments, publics, free, democratic countries, public pressure, political pressure, change ways, Hillary Clinton, Conference on Internet Freedom, December 8, 2011 China, free speech, Google, censorship, internet freedom, great firewall, international pressure, Hillary Clinton, U.S. Secretary of State, global agenda, public awareness, democratic countries, political pressure, world news, internet companies, threat to freedom not censoring, global pressure, China, free speech policies, Google, world news, internet freedom, U.S. Secretary of State, internet companies, censor, Chinese internet, threat to freedom, high-profile decision, ordinary citizens, great firewall, Chinese government, public and political pressure, change, Hillary Clinton, Conference on Internet Freedom, December 8, 2011
test-economy-egecegphw-con02a	Expanding Heathrow would be at the expense of the environment  Expanding Heathrow will directly contribute to climate change and make it impossible for the UK to stay within the EU legal limits. The EU has established limits on the levels of harmful pollution and the UK has signed a commitment to reduce Green House Gases by 80% by 2050 and also to emit no more CO2 in 2050 than it did in 2005. However, building a third runway would be enabling and encouraging greater number of flights which would result in Heathrow becoming the biggest emitter of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the country. [1] Attempts by the government to weaken pollution laws by lobbying Brussels would enable the third runway but at a deeply nefarious price, that of human health, currently fifty deaths a year are linked to Heathrow but with expansion this would go up to 150. [2]  [1] Stewart, John, ‘A briefing on Heathrow from HACAN: June 2012’   [2] Wilcockm David, and Harrism Dominic, ‘Heathrow third runway ‘would triple pollution deaths’’, The Independent, 13 October 2012, Heathrow, expansion, environment, climate change, EU, legal limits, pollution, Green House Gases, CO2, third runway, carbon dioxide, human health, pollution deaths, lobbying, Brussels, HACAN, The Independent Expanding Heathrow, environment, climate change, EU legal limits, pollution, Green House Gases, CO2 reduction, third runway, carbon dioxide emissions, pollution laws, human health, pollution deaths, Heathrow expansion impacts Expanding Heathrow, environment, climate change, EU legal limits, pollution, Green House Gases, 2050 targets, third runway, carbon dioxide, CO2 emissions, flights, government, pollution laws, Brussels, human health, pollution deaths, HACAN, The Independent Expanding Heathrow, Environment, Climate Change, EU Legal Limits, Green House Gases, Third Runway, Carbon Dioxide, Pollution, CO2 Emissions, Government, Pollution Laws, Human Health, Pollution Deaths, Heathrow Expansion, HACAN, Independent Newspaper Heathrow expansion, environment, climate change, EU legal limits, pollution, Green House Gases, CO2 emissions, third runway, carbon dioxide, pollution deaths, human health, lobbying Brussels, legal limits, UK commitment, 2050 targets, flight increase, HACAN, The Independent, David Wilcock, Dominic Harris, John Stewart
test-international-aghbfcpspr-pro04a	Reparations would effectively right the economic imbalance caused by colonialism.  Given that much of the motive for colonisation was economic, many former colonies have suffered damage to their natural resources [1] or human resources, [2] which has left them less able to sustain a healthy economy. Colonists targeted countries with rich natural resources and little ability to defend themselves from invasion and manipulation. By this method, they could supply their own markets with the natural resources which they had already exploited at home [3] , and find cheap (or free) human labour for their markets [4] . Given that powerful countries such as Britain [5] and France [6] gained their own economic prosperity through the exploitation of the economic potential of the colonies, it is entirely appropriate and logical that they should pay reparations as compensation. In this way, the economic disparity between former colonies and colonists would be equalised.  [1] Accessed from  on12/09/11  [2] Accessed from  on 12/09/11  [3] Accessed from  12/09/11  [4] Accessed from  on 12/09/11  [5] Accessed from  on 12/09/11  [6] ‘The Haitian Revolution and its Effects’. Patrick E. Bryan. Accessed from  on 12/09/11. reparations, economic imbalance, colonialism, natural resources, human resources, colonisation, economic motive, invasion, manipulation, market exploitation, cheap labor, economic prosperity, Britain, France, economic disparity, compensation, Haiti, Haitian Revolution, colonial effects reparations, economic imbalance, colonialism, natural resources, human resources, colonisation, exploitation, economic potential, compensation, economic disparity, Britain, France, Haiti, Haitian Revolution, colonial powers, post-colonial, historical injustice, economic development, global inequality, colonial legacy reparations, economic imbalance, colonialism, natural resources, human resources, economic damage, colonisation, economic exploitation, natural resource exploitation, cheap labor, free labor, market supply, Britain, France, economic disparity, economic compensation, colonial exploitation, Haiti, Haitian Revolution reparations, economic imbalance, colonialism, natural resources, human resources, healthy economy, colonists, invasion, manipulation, natural resources exploitation, cheap labor, economic prosperity, exploitation, colonies, Britain, France, economic disparity, compensation, Haitian Revolution, Patrick E. Bryan Reparations, Economic imbalance, Colonialism, Natural resources, Human resources, Economy, Colonisation, Economic motive, Powerful countries, Britain, France, Economic prosperity, Exploitation, Colonies, Economic potential, Compensation, Economic disparity, Haiti, Haitian Revolution
test-philosophy-apessghwba-pro05a	Would send a positive social message, increasing animal welfare rights more generally in society  Most countries have laws restricting the ways in which animals can be treated. These would ordinarily prohibit treating animals in the manner that animal research laboratories claim is necessary for their research. Thus legal exceptions such as the 1986 Animals (Scientific Procedures) Act in the UK exist to protect these organisations, from what would otherwise be a criminal offense. This creates a clear moral tension, as one group within society is able to inflect what to any other group would be illegal suffering and cruelty toward animals. If states are serious about persuading people against cock fighting, dancing bears, and the simple maltreatment of pets and farm animals, then such goals would be enhanced by a more consistent legal position about the treatment of animals by everyone in society. animal welfare, legal exceptions, moral tension, societal norms, animal research, cruelty prevention, consistent legal position, animal treatment, research laboratories, animal rights, public persuasion, ethical standards animal welfare, legal exceptions, moral tension, social message, animal research, cruelty prevention,consistent legal position, animal treatment, society, laws, animal rights, scientific procedures, maltreatment, cock fighting, dancing bears, pets, farm animals, criminal offense, 1986 Animals Act UK positive social message, animal welfare rights, animal treatment laws, research laboratory exceptions, moral tension, animal cruelty, legal consistency, societal persuasion, animal maltreatment, cock fighting, dancing bears, pet abuse, farm animal mistreatment positive social message, animal welfare rights, legal restrictions, animal treatment, research laboratories, moral tension, legal exceptions, Animals (Scientific Procedures) Act, UK, criminal offense, cock fighting, dancing bears, pet maltreatment, farm animal maltreatment, consistent legal position, societal persuasion, animal cruelty positive social message, animal welfare rights, society, legal restrictions, animal treatment, research laboratories, legal exceptions, moral tension, illegal suffering, cruelty, cock fighting, dancing bears, pet maltreatment, farm animals, consistent legal position, animal rights, ethical treatment, public perception, legal inconsistency, societal values
test-politics-cpegiepgh-pro03a	"Amid all the Euroscepticism (sic) and xenophobic scaremongering so typical of the British tabloids, Britain forgets the advantage of cheaper goods would come with her entry into the European single currency.  There will be initial conversion costs and inflation, but this will be short lived. If Britain accepts the Euro, “There will be far more powerful forces – price transparency and economies of scale in a massive single market – that will continuously push the price of British goods down to European levels [resulting in] massive savings.”1. The end of cheaper goods justifies the means of attaining them.  1Browne, A., 2001, ""The Euro: Should Britain Join"", Page 91 Euroscepticism, xenophobic, British, tabloids, cheaper, goods, European, single, currency, conversion, costs, inflation, short-lived, powerful, forces, price, transparency, economies, scale, massive, market, British, goods, European, levels, savings, end, justifies, means, attaining, Euro, Britain, join Euroscepticism, xenophobic, British, tabloids, advantage, cheaper, goods, European, single, currency, conversion, costs, inflation, short-lived, powerful, forces, price, transparency, economies, scale, massive, market, continuously, push, British, goods, European, levels, savings, end, justifies, means, attaining, Euro, join, Browne, 2001, The, Should, Page, 91 Euroscepticism, xenophobic, British, tabloids, advantage, cheaper, goods, European, single, currency, conversion, costs, inflation, short-lived, powerful, forces, price, transparency, economies, scale, massive, market, continuously, push, levels, resulting, savings, attain, Browne, 2001, Euro, Britain, join Euroscepticism, xenophobia, British, tabloids, advantages, cheaper, goods, European, single, currency, conversion, costs, inflation, short-lived, powerful, forces, price, transparency, economies, scale, massive, market, continuously, push, down, levels, resulting, savings, justifies, means, attaining, Euro, Britain, join, Browne, 2001, The, Euro, Should, Page, 91 Euroscepticism, xenophobic, British, tabloids, advantage, cheaper, goods, European, single, currency, entry, conversion, costs, inflation, short-lived, powerful, forces, price, transparency, economies, scale, massive, market, continuously, push, British, goods, European, levels, savings, end, justifies, means, attaining, Euro, Britain, join"
test-digital-freedoms-piidfiphwu-con03a	The graduated response is a violation of the basic right to due process  Detection of copyright infringement isn’t usually done by a detective sitting behind a computer. It relies on software like automated crawlers and fingerprinting, often created by commercial vendors and hired by the copyright holders. This software automatically sends detected infringements to the ISP, without someone actually checking if this allegation is correct. This means many consumers can be unjustly accused of copyright infringement.  Moreover, most graduated response policies proposed require no judicial intervention at all for the sanction to be invoked. This means private organisations get to decide who has committed a crime and deserves the punishment. The ISPs and copyright holders therefore act as accuser, prosecution, judge and executioner. On top of this if a consumer would go to court, he would also face a reversal of the burden of proof: since he is suing against being fined, he has to prove that he is not guilty, a reversal of the presumption of innocence. [1]  [1] Peter K. Yu, ‘The Graduated Response’. 2010. Florida Law Review, Volume 62. Available for download (PDF) at: graduated response, due process, copyright infringement, automated crawlers, fingerprinting, commercial vendors, ISP, judicial intervention, sanction, private organisations, crime, punishment, accuser, prosecution, judge, executioner, burden of proof, presumption of innocence, Peter K. Yu, Florida Law Review graduated response, due process, copyright infringement, automated crawlers, fingerprinting, commercial vendors,ISP, judicial intervention, accuser, prosecution, judge, executioner, reversal of burden of proof, presumption of innocence, Peter K. Yu, Florida Law Review graduated response, due process, copyright infringement, automated crawlers, fingerprinting, commercial vendors, ISP, judicial intervention, private organizations, presumption of innocence, Peter K. Yu, Florida Law Review graduated response, due process, copyright infringement, automated crawlers, fingerprinting, commercial vendors, ISP, judicial intervention, sanctions, private organisations, accuser, prosecution, judge, executioner, burden of proof, presumption of innocence, Peter K. Yu, The Graduated Response, Florida Law Review graduated response, due process, copyright infringement, automated detection, software crawlers, fingerprinting, commercial vendors, ISP notification, judicial intervention, private organizations, crime determination, sanctions, burden of proof, presumption of innocence, Peter K. Yu, Florida Law Review
test-culture-tlhrilsfhwr-con03a	Universal rights and collective compromises  Cultural relativism is the philosophical belief that all cultures and cultural beliefs are of equal value and that right and wrong are relative and dependant on cultural contexts. Accordingly, relativists hold that universal human rights cannot exist, as there are no truly universal human values. If rights are relative, the laws that protect them must also be relative.  If we accept proposition’s contention that culturally relative values can evolve in response to conflicts and crises, then any perverse or destructive behaviour given the force of ritual and regularity by a group’s conduct can be taken to be relative. If the group believes that a practice is right, if it ties into that group’s conception of what is just and good or beneficial to their survival, then there can be no counter argument against it – whether that practice has been continuous for a hundred years or a hundred days.  Systems of law, however, reflect the opinions, practices and values of everyone within a state’s territory, no matter how plural its population may be. Similarly, objections to specific aspects of the universal human rights doctrine are fragmentary, not collective. While a handful of communities in Yemen may object to a ban on the use of child soldiers, many more throughout the world would find this a sensible and morally valuable principle. It is necessary for both the international community and individual nation states to adjust their laws to reconcile the competing demands of plural value systems. Occasionally, a value common among a majority of cultures must overrule the objections of the minority.  It is perverse to give charismatic leaders who convince impoverished communities to send their sons and daughters into combat an opportunity to use cultural relativism to excuse their culpability for what would otherwise be a war crime. Officers, politicians or dissident commanders are much more likely than Yemeni tribesmen or orphaned Sudanese boys to understand the intricacies of such a defence, and much more likely to abuse it. The commanders of child soldiers are the only class of individuals who should fear the ICC. Universal rights, collective compromises, cultural relativism, human rights, relativists, universal human values, laws, cultural contexts, conflicts, crises, culturally relative values, destructive behaviour, cultural practices, justice, survival, systems of law, opinions, plural population, universal human rights doctrine, fragmentary objections, international community, nation states, value systems, majority cultures, minority objections, charismatic leaders, impoverished communities, war crime, ICC, child soldiers, commanders, politicians, dissident commanders, cultural defence, moral values, legal adjustments, pluralism, human value systems, cultural evolution, legal reconciliation, international law, human rights law, ethical Universal rights, collective compromises, cultural relativism, equal value, right and wrong, cultural contexts, universal human rights, universal human values, culturally relative values, conflicts, crises, destructive behaviour, cultural rituals, legal relativism, plural value systems, international community, nation states, pluralism, value systems, majority cultures, minority objections, moral principles, child soldiers, war crimes, charismatic leaders, impoverished communities, legal accountability, International Criminal Court (ICC) universal rights, collective compromises, cultural relativism, equal value, right and wrong, cultural contexts, universal human rights, universal human values, laws, conflicts, crises, destructive behaviour, group’s conduct, justice, survival, state’s territory, plural population, objections, universal human rights doctrine, international community, nation states, competing demands, plural value systems, majority cultures, minority objections, charismatic leaders, impoverished communities, war crime, ICC, child soldiers Universal rights, collective compromises, cultural relativism, philosophical belief, equal value, cultural beliefs, right and wrong, cultural contexts, relativists, universal human rights, universal human values, relative laws, cultural values, conflicts, crises, group's conduct, ritual, regularity, practices, continuous, international community, individual nation states, plural value systems, competing demands, majority cultures, minority objections, impoverished communities, charismatic leaders, cultural relativism, excuse, war crime, commanders, child soldiers, ICC, moral value, plural population, ethical principles, human dignity, global consensus, legal adjustments, cultural diversity, human rights doctrine, legal Universal rights, collective compromises, cultural relativism, equal value, right and wrong, cultural contexts, universal human rights, universal human values, culturally relative values, conflicts, crises, destructive behaviour, group’s conduct, systems of law, opinions, practices, values, international community, individual nation states, plural value systems, majority cultures, minority objections, charismatic leaders, impoverished communities, war crime, ICC, child soldiers, moral value, legal adjustment, cultural practices, human rights doctrine, international law, ethical principles, societal norms, legal reconciliation, cultural diversity, human rights protection, legal relativism, justice, international justice, ethical relativism
test-economy-thhghwhwift-con01a	A fat tax infringes on individual choice  Introducing such a tax would constitute an overstepping of the government’s authority. The role of government in a society should not expand further than providing basic services such as education, legal protection, i.e. only the services necessary for a society to function and for the individual’s rights to be protected.  Such a specific tax is completely uncalled for and very unreasonable in the context of a fair society with a government that knows its place in it.  Protecting the individual should go no further than the protection against the actions of a third person. For instance: we can all agree that governments should put measures in place to protect us from thieves, scammers, etc. But should it also protect us from frivolous spending? Limit us in the number of credit cards we can own? Tell us how we can invest our money?  Of course not. But what this tax does is exactly that – it is punishing the citizens for a specific choice they are making by artificially inflating its cost.  Thus it is clear that levying such a tax against a specific choice an individual should be able to legitimately make is a clear overstepping of the government’s authority. [1]  [1] Wilkinson, W., Tax the fat, not their food, published 7/26/2011,  , accessed 12/9/2011 fat tax, individual choice, government authority, basic services, education, legal protection, fair society, protecting individuals, third person actions, thieves, scammers, frivolous spending, credit cards, investing money, punishing citizens, specific choice, artificial cost inflation, overstepping authority, Wilkinson, Tax the fat, not their food fat tax, individual choice, government authority, basic services, education, legal protection, fair society, protecting individuals, third person, frivolous spending, credit cards, investment, punishing citizens, specific choice, overstepping authority fat tax, individual choice, government authority, basic services, legal protection, society function, individual rights, fair society, government role, protecting individuals, third-party actions, frivolous spending, credit card limits, investment freedom, citizen punishment, artificial cost inflation, legitimate choices, government overstepping, Wilkinson, tax policy, public health, personal freedom, regulatory overreach, economic intervention, social control, consumer behavior, fiscal measures, health economics, obesity prevention, public finance, policy analysis, tax ethics, government intervention, personal responsibility, economic policy, health policy, fiscal policy, individual autonomy, government mandate, public good, private choice fat tax, individual choice, government authority, basic services, education, legal protection, fair society, government role, protecting individuals, third person actions, frivolous spending, credit cards, investing money, punishing citizens, specific choice, overstepping authority, Wilkinson fat tax, individual choice, government authority, basic services, education, legal protection, fair society, protecting individuals, third person actions, thieves, scammers, frivolous spending, credit cards, investment, punishing citizens, specific choice, overstepping authority, Wilkinson, tax policy, personal freedom, fiscal policy, public health, nanny state, obesity, taxation, economic freedom, regulatory overreach
test-health-dhgsshbesbc-pro04a	Tackling HIV requires a responsible and active position by everyone  Businesses ought to take a responsible and active position on HIV. The issue isn’t going to go away. Successful programs designed to help HIV-positive employees remain in the workplace for as long as they want to do so should be developed. Procedures for treating personnel with fairness and dignity must be put in place. The potential fears and prejudices of other employees must be combated. The beginning of that process is ensuring they know about the problem and, crucially, the scale of it. Without knowledge of the numbers involved, employers may put in place inadequate medical and pensions arrangements that will ultimately prove inadequate. HIV, responsibility, business, workplace, employee, programs, fairness, dignity, fears, prejudices, knowledge, scale, medical, pensions, arrangements HIV, responsibility, business, workplace, HIV-positive, employees, programs, fairness, dignity, prejudices, education, knowledge, medical, pensions, arrangements HIV, responsible, active, businesses, programs, HIV-positive, workplace, procedures, fairness, dignity, fears, prejudices, employees, knowledge, scale, problem, medical, pensions, arrangements, inadequate, employers HIV, responsible, active, position, businesses, employees, workplace, programs, fairness, dignity, fears, prejudices, knowledge, scale, problem, medical, pensions, arrangements, inadequate HIV, responsible, active, position, businesses, programs, HIV-positive, employees, workplace, procedures, fairness, dignity, fears, prejudices, knowledge, scale, problem, medical, pensions, inadequate
test-economy-beplcpdffe-con02a	Cant enforce an online gambling ban  Governments can’t actually do anything to enforce a ban on the world wide web. Domestic laws can only stop internet companies using servers and offices in their own country. They cannot stop their citizens going online to gamble using sites based elsewhere. Governments can try to block sites they disapprove of, but new ones will keep springing up and their citizens will find ways around the ban. So practically there is little the government can do to stop people gambling online. Despite it being illegal the American Gambling Association has found that 4% of Americans already engage in online gambling [11]. online gambling, government enforcement, internet regulation, domestic laws, international servers, website blocking, citizen behavior, gambling statistics, American Gambling Association, illegal gambling online gambling, government regulation, internet enforcement, server jurisdiction, website blocking, citizen behavior, legal gambling, American Gambling Association, gambling statistics, online gambling laws, international gambling sites, digital gambling, online betting, government control, internet gambling ban online gambling, government enforcement, internet regulation, server jurisdiction, international gambling sites, website blocking, circumvention methods, legal gambling, American Gambling Association, gambling statistics online gambling, government enforcement, internet regulation, cross-border gambling, legal restrictions, gambling bans, internet censorship, online gambling laws, American Gambling Association, citizen compliance, illegal gambling, online gambling statistics, gambling legislation, digital gambling, international gambling sites online gambling, government regulation, internet censorship, legal enforcement, digital laws, international jurisdictions, server location, citizen compliance, gambling addiction, American Gambling Association, illegal gambling, cyber law, digital economy, user behavior, internet governance
test-law-cppshbcjsfm-con03a	How Would One Know a System of Rehabilitation Is Really Working  The question “does it work” must be joined by the second question: “even if it does work, how can you tell, with each individual offender, when it has worked?” How would we check if this system is really working? Tagging prisoners? Free counselling for the prisoner for the rest of their life? These measures would require huge administration costs and then the question follows would it even be feasible to enforce such a system?  The root of criminality exists before exposure to the prison system; otherwise criminals would have no reason to be there in the first place. What may be more sensible is to analyse the root causes of what makes criminals offend in the first instance and introduce reform to counteract it, for example the economic crisis. [1]  Some have cited the education system as failing to instil a sense of morality in people. Others suggest that a lack of welfare leads individuals to lose faith in society and therefore be unwilling to follow the law. Assuming that the right time to change people’s outlook on society is after they have offended is naïve – criminal urges are better ‘nipped in the bud’.  It could be argued that criminal mentalities are inherent within certain individuals, either due to their inborn psyche or their upbringing. If one accepts this, then basic rehabilitation into society is going to do little to stop re-offending, whereas incarceration will keep them in a position where they cannot offend. Allowing them easy passage back into the world, with minimal supervision, could provide a gateway for them to commit more serious crimes.  [1] Dodd, Vikram, ‘Police face years of public disorder, former Met chief warns’, guardian.co.uk, 6 December 2011. rehabilitation, effectiveness, individual offender, administration costs, feasibility, root causes, criminal behavior, economic crisis, education system, morality, welfare, societal faith, criminal mentality, inborn psyche, upbringing, re-offending, incarceration, supervision, public disorder rehabilitation, effectiveness, individual offender, assessment, tagging prisoners, free counselling, administration costs, feasibility, root causes, criminality, prison system, economic crisis, education system, morality, welfare, societal faith, criminal urges, inherent mentalities, re-offending, incarceration, supervision, public safety rehabilitation, effectiveness, individual offender, assessment, tagging prisoners, free counselling, administration costs, feasibility, root causes, criminality, prison system, economic crisis, education system, morality, welfare, societal faith, criminal mentality, inborn psyche, upbringing, re-offending, incarceration, supervision, public disorder system of rehabilitation, effectiveness, individual offender, feasibility, administration costs, root causes, criminality, prison system, economic crisis, education system, morality, welfare, societal faith, criminal urges, inborn psyche, upbringing, re-offending, incarceration, supervision, public disorder, crime prevention rehabilitation, system, effectiveness, individual, offender, assessment, tagging, counselling, administration, costs, feasibility, root, criminality, prison, causes, reform, economic, crisis, education, morality, welfare, society, criminal, urges, prevention, inherent, psyche, upbringing, re-offending, incarceration, supervision, public, disorder, police
test-sport-otshwbe2uuyt-con02a	A boycott won’t help resolve the issues at question  European leaders need to consider whether their methods are likely to achieve the result they want. What Europe’s leaders want is first of all Yulia Timoshenko released and secondly improvements in Ukrainian human rights. Timoshenko is unlikely to be released as she has been convicted on charges of abuse of office and sentenced to seven years in prison; the best that could be hoped for is an improvement in her treatment. Similarly the result is not likely to be positive for human rights and democracy. There might be an improvement during the games while the eyes of the world are on Ukraine but long term there will be no impact unless Yanukovych is persuaded that improvements are in his benefit. This would require more concrete and long term actions than one off boycotts.  Past boycotts have demonstrated a lack of success in changing the situation on the ground. In the 1980 Olympics held in Moscow during the Cold War the USA boycotted in response to the 1979 invasion by the USSR of Afghanistan. The result was that the Soviet Union stayed in Afghanistan, won most medals in the Olympics and retaliated by boycotting the 1984 games held in Los Angeles. [1]  [1] Gera, Vanessa, ‘Boycott of Ukraine During Euro 2012 Carries Risk’, Associated Press, 11 May 2012. boycott, Yulia Timoshenko, Ukrainian human rights, democracy, Mosc ow Olympics 1980, Cold War, USA, USSR, Afghanistan, Euro 2012, Vanessa Gera, Associated Press boycott, European leaders, Yulia Timoshenko, Ukrainian human rights, abuse of office, human rights, democracy,改善, long-term actions, past boycotts, 1980 Olympics, 1979 Soviet invasion, Afghanistan, medal count, retaliation, 1984 Olympics, Los Angeles, Vanessa Gera, Associated Press, Euro 2012 boycott, European leaders, Yulia Timoshenko, Ukrainian human rights, abuse of office, prison sentence, treatment improvement, human rights, democracy, long-term actions, past boycotts, Cold War, 1980 Olympics, Moscow, USA, Afghanistan, Soviet Union, 1984 Olympics, Los Angeles, retaliation, medal win boycott, Yulia Timoshenko, European leaders, Ukrainian human rights, abuse of office, seven years, prison, improvement, treatment, human rights, democracy, long term actions, 1980 Olympics, Moscow, Cold War, USA, 1979 invasion, USSR, Afghanistan, medals, 1984 games, Los Angeles, retaliation, Gera, Vanessa, Associated Press, Euro 2012 Boycott, Europe, Leaders, Methods, Results, Yulia Timoshenko, Ukrainian, Human Rights, Prison, Abuse of Office, Treatment, Democracy, Games, Global Attention, Long-term Impact, Viktor Yanukovych, Benefits, Concrete Actions, Past Boycotts, 1980 Olympics, Moscow, Cold War, USA, 1979 Invasion, Afghanistan, Medals, Retaliation, 1984 Games, Los Angeles, Vanessa Gera, Associated Press, Euro 2012
test-economy-fiahwpamu-pro04a	Rebuilding agricultural systems  Africa is faced with an agrarian crisis. Microfinance is providing rural communities a chance to gain food security and reduce vulnerability to risks such as climate change, unstable demand, and political tensions. Microfinance supports small scale agriculture – which is more sustainable, effective for growth, and beneficial for communities than larger scale agriculture. In Zimbabwe, small scale farming has the capability to improve production, benefiting households, communities, and the Nation (IRIN, 2013; Morrison, 2012).  Kiva, a microfinance NGO, is providing affordable capital to remote communities. Loans have been provided to small-scale farmers and a rental system has been set-up enabling farmers to borrow tools and resources needed. Rebuilding, Agricultural, Systems, Africa, Agrarian, Crisis, Microfinance, Rural, Communities, Food, Security, Reduce, Vulnerability, Climate, Change, Unstable, Demand, Political, Tensions, Small, Scale, Agriculture, Sustainable, Effective, Growth, Beneficial, Communities, Zimbabwe, Production, Households, Nation, Kiva, NGO, Affordable, Capital, Remote, Loans, Farmers, Rental, System, Tools, Resources Rebuilding, Agricultural, Systems, Africa, Agrarian, Crisis, Microfinance, Rural, Communities, Food, Security, Reduce, Vulnerability, Climate, Change, Unstable, Demand, Political, Tensions, Small, Scale, Agriculture, Sustainable, Effective, Growth, Beneficial, Communities, Larger, Scale, Zimbabwe, Production, Households, Nation, Kiva, NGO, Affordable, Capital, Remote, Loans, Farmers, Rental, System, Borrow, Tools, Resources Rebuilding, agricultural, systems, Africa, agrarian, crisis, microfinance, rural, communities, food, security, reduce, vulnerability, risks, climate, change, unstable, demand, political, tensions, small, scale, agriculture, sustainable, effective, growth, beneficial, communities, larger, scale, Zimbabwe, production, households, nation, IRIN, 2013, Morrison, 2012, Kiva, NGO, affordable, capital, remote, loans, rental, system, farmers, tools, resources rebuilding agricultural systems, Africa, agrarian crisis, microfinance, rural communities, food security, reduce vulnerability, climate change, unstable demand, political tensions, small scale agriculture, sustainable, effective growth, beneficial communities, Zimbabwe, production improvement, households, nation, Kiva, microfinance NGO, affordable capital, remote communities, loans, small-scale farmers, rental system, borrow tools, resources Rebuilding, agricultural, systems, Africa, agrarian, crisis, microfinance, rural, communities, food, security, reduce, vulnerability, risks, climate, change, unstable, demand, political, tensions, small, scale, agriculture, sustainable, effective, growth, beneficial, communities, Zimbabwe, production, households, nation, Kiva, NGO, affordable, capital, remote, loans, farmers, rental, system, borrow, tools, resources
test-politics-ypppgvhwmv-pro02a	Compulsory voting broadens representation of disadvantaged groups  Voter apathy is highest among the poorest and most excluded sectors of society. As the Institute for Public Policy Research highlight, “the higher the income a citizen enjoys, and the higher the educational qualifications attained, the more likely it is that he or she will turn out to vote”. Since they do not vote, the political parties do not create policies for their needs, which leads to a vicious circle of increasing isolation. By making the most disenfranchised vote the major political parties are forced to take notice of them and this would reduce political polarisation 1. An example of this is in the UK where the Labour party abandoned its core supporters to pursue ‘middle England’. Political parties are drawn towards those groups to whom favourable policies will be rewarded in the form of vote. Compulsory voting ensures that all stakeholders in society are proportionally considered in governmental policy.  1 William Galston, 'Mandatory Voting Would Loosen Partisan Gridlock' US News and World Report, July 8th 2010 Compulsory voting, broadens representation, disadvantaged groups, voter apathy, poorest, excluded sectors, income, education, political parties, policies, needs, political isolation, disenfranchised, major parties, notice, reduce, political polarisation, UK, Labour party, core supporters, middle England, stakeholders, societal proportion, governmental policy, William Galston, partisan gridlock compulsory voting, broadens representation, disadvantaged groups, voter apathy, poorest sectors, political parties, policies, disenfranchised, political polarisation, UK, Labour party, middle England, governmental policy, William Galston, partisan gridlock Compulsory voting, representation, disadvantaged groups, voter apathy, poorest, excluded sectors, income, education, political parties, policies, needs, isolation, disenfranchised, proportional consideration, governmental policy, political polarisation, middle England, William Galston, partisan gridlock, US News and World Report, July 8th 2010, Institute for Public Policy Research Compulsory voting, broadens representation, disadvantaged groups, voter apathy, poorest sectors, political isolation, policy creation, political polarisation, middle England, stakeholder consideration, governmental policy, William Galston, Mandatory Voting, Partisan Gridlock, Institute for Public Policy Research compulsory voting, broadens representation, disadvantaged groups, voter apathy, poorest sectors, excluded sectors, income, educational qualifications, political parties, policies, political polarisation, disenfranchised, UK Labour party, middle England, partisan gridlock, William Galston, US News and World Report
test-international-ghwcitca-pro03a	The use of the internet undermines the state by demonopolizing the use of force  Ever since the state rose to ascendancy over powerful internal actors, such as the nobility in a feudal system, the state has had a monopoly on the use of force. The state quickly became the only institution with the resources to maintain military forces and has become the only legitimate wielder of force. The internet however changes this. Cyber-attacks are often by individuals or groups who can carry out a cross border attack without the aid of their home country.  In 2011 CIA director Leon Panetta told Congress “when it comes to national security, I think this represents the battleground for the future. I've often said that I think the potential for the next Pearl Harbor could very well be a cyber-attack.” [1] If cyber-attacks are so important it stands to reason that the groups who are able to engage in such activities should be as limited as possible. While it is not always possible states try to make sure that the weapons of war for the most part remain in the hands of responsible actors. This should apply as much in cyberspace as elsewhere. While terrorist groups do exist – and are occasionally armed by states – for the most part they are seen by every government as being illegitimate.  [1] Serrano, Richard A., ‘U.S. intelligence officials concerned about cyber attack’, Los Angeles Times, 11 February 2011, internet, state, monopoly, force, cyber-attacks, individuals, groups, cross-border, national security, Pearl Harbor, cyberspace, weapons, war, responsible actors, terrorist groups, government, illegitimate, intelligence, officials, concern, Los Angeles Times, 2011 internet, state, monopoly, force, cyber-attacks, individuals, groups, cross-border, national security, Pearl Harbor, weapons, war, cyberspace, terrorist groups, governments, illegitimate, armed, states, U.S. intelligence, officials, concern, cybersecurity, military, resources, legitimacy, digital warfare, cyber threats, defense, policy, technology, governance, international relations, cyber warfare, cyber security, strategic studies, technology policy, information warfare, state sovereignty, non-state actors, cyber defense, homeland security, political science, cyber espionage, cyber crime, network security, cybersecurity strategy, digitalprivacy, online security, internet, undermines, state, demonopolizing, force, feudal, nobility, military, resources, legitimate, cyber-attacks, individuals, groups, cross-border, home-country, CIA, Leon-Panetta, Congress, national-security, Pearl-Harbor, battleground, cyber-attack, weapons, war, responsible-actors, cyberspace, terrorist-groups, armed, states, governments, illegitimate internet, state, monopoly, force, cyber-attacks, Leon Panetta, national security, Pearl Harbor, responsible actors, cyberspace, terrorist groups, weapons of war, digital warfare, cybersecurity, state authority, online threats, information security, cyber threats, government legitimacy, digital monopolization internet, state, monopoly, force, cyber-attacks, security, Leon Panetta, Pearl Harbor, cyber-warfare, terrorism, governance, digital threats, national security, cyberspace, legitimacy, weapons, responsible actors, intelligence, government concerns, asymmetric warfare
test-law-hrpepthwuto-con02a	Introducing the use of violence into the justice system means that liberties that have taken centuries to secure are lost  The principle that all people are presumed innocent and, as a result, should not be abused either physically or mentally by officers of the state is one that took centuries- not to mention a great deal of blood and sweat- to establish. In the words of British Chief Justice Phillips this respect for human rights is, in and of itself, “a vital part in the fight against terror”, as if terrorism is to be defeated states that ascribe to such principles must show that they remain true to them in order to win the ideological battle.  Using torture on suspected terrorist would be to tear apart that basic principle in response to crimes, which, it has been noted, are on nothing like the scale of the industrialised warfare of the twentieth century, would be a massively damaging step. Regardless of the scale of the crime the individual must have protections against false accusation and punishment, this means that a fair trial is necessary in order to determine innocence or guilt. violence, justice system, liberties, centuries, presumed innocent, physical abuse, mental abuse, state officers, human rights, Chief Justice Phillips, fight against terror, terrorism, ideological battle, torture, suspected terrorists, basic principle, crimes, industrialised warfare, false accusation, fair trial, innocence, guilt violence, justice system, liberties, centuries, presumed innocent, physical abuse, mental abuse, officers of state, human rights, fight against terror, Chief Justice Phillips, terrorism, ideological battle, torture, suspected terrorist, basic principle, industrialised warfare, false accusation, fair trial, innocence, guilt violence, justice system, liberties, presumed innocent, human rights, fight against terror, torture, suspected terrorist, fair trial, false accusation, punishment, ideological battle, industrialised warfare, twentieth century, innocence, guilt, protections, scale of crime violence, justice system, liberties, centuries, presumed innocent, physical abuse, mental abuse, state officers, human rights, fight against terror, Chief Justice Phillips, torture, suspected terrorists, basic principle, crimes, industrialised warfare, fair trial, false accusation, punishment, innocence, guilt violence, justice system, liberties, centuries, presumption innocence, physical abuse, mental abuse, state officers, human rights, fight against terror, Chief Justice Phillips, terrorism, ideological battle, torture, suspected terrorists, basic principle, false accusation, fair trial, guilt, industrialised warfare, twentieth century, protections, crime scale, massively damaging step
test-free-speech-debate-ldhwprhs-pro03a	Ill-informed prejudice has no place in society. The veneer of religion has been used to justify hatred, prejudice and division and should be confronted.  Homophobia is the last respectable prejudice [1] and should be tackled with the same passion and force that others have been, and continue to be, confronted. If the speaker had been condemning black people or women they would have been arrested for public disorder if they represented an organisation that was overtly racist, it would be quite likely to be banned.  For some reason Churches that hold views on homosexuality that are comparable in their vitriol to those on race held by neo-Nazi groups are not only tolerated but frequently supported by the state.  Hatred is hatred and there is no reason why homophobia should be given a free pass that would not be given to racism or sexism.  All of the Abrahamic faiths have, at their core, an authority focussed on maintaining ‘the natural order’. From the fourteenth century on – although interestingly less so before that point – homosexuality has been singled out as one of the gravest of sins [2] , with the Catechism identifying it as one of four sins that “calls out to Heaven for vengeance”. That is not merely offensive but dangerous in a modern society.  [1] Maguire, Daniel C., ‘Heterosexism in Contemporary World Religion’, The Religious Consultation.  [2] Boswell, John, The Marriage of Likeness, Harper Collins, Chapter Eight. homophobia, religion, prejudice, society, hatred, division, racism, sexism, public disorder, churches, state support, abrahamic faiths, natural order, sins, vengeance, modern society, heterosexism, contemporary world religion, marriage of likeness, boswell, maguire ill-informed prejudice, society, religion, hatred, prejudice, division, homophobia, respectable prejudice, public disorder, racist, organisation, ban, churches, homosexuality, neo-Nazi, state support, hatred, homophobia, racism, sexism, Abrahamic faiths, natural order, homosexuality, sins, Catechism, vengeance, modern society, heterosexism, world religion, John Boswell, marriage of likeness homophobia, prejudice, society, religion, hatred, division, racism, sexism, public disorder, churches, state support, abrahamic faiths, natural order, sins, catechism, vengeance, heterosexism, contemporary world religion, marriage of likeness, john boswell, daniel c maguire homophobia, prejudice, religion, hatemongering, social tolerance, legal action, public disorder, racism, sexism, abrahamic faiths, natural order, homosexuality, sins, religious consultation, historical views, religious texts, marital practices, societal impact, moral justification, ethical confrontation, modern society, hate speech, religious support, state intervention, discrimination, tolerance levels, moral authority, divine vengeance, human rights, equality, justice, social progress, cultural change, religious freedom, moral responsibility, ethical standards, legal standards, public policy, social issues, religious doctrine, moral teachings, religious institutions, legal consequences, social norms, homophobia, prejudice, society, religion, division, hatred, free pass, racism, sexism, public disorder, churches, tolerance, state support, abrahamic faiths, natural order, sins, offense, danger, modern society, heterosexism, contemporary world religion, marriage of likeness
test-education-ughbuesbf-con05a	State control of acceptance/curriculum criteria has negative effects  When the state has control of the purse strings, it wields a great deal of power over universities. In the case of Ireland, for example, the government has so much influence over higher education that it altered the governing structures of the major universities in 2000 through legislation and has representation on the Boards of each university. This degree of control is negative to the academic independence of universities.1 Universities operate best when they are independent of outside control and agendas. For the sake of free scholarship, free university education should not be instituted.  1 Government of Ireland. 1997. “Universities Act, 1997”. Available: state control, acceptance criteria, curriculum criteria, negative effects, state funding, university governance, academic independence, government influence, higher education, Ireland, Universities Act 1997, free scholarship, free university education State control, acceptance criteria, curriculum criteria, negative effects, government influence, higher education, Ireland, universities act, academic independence, free scholarship, free university education, outside control, government agendas, educational autonomy, legislative control, university governance, funding dependence, institutional autonomy, public universities, state-funded education state control, acceptance criteria, curriculum criteria, negative effects, government influence, higher education, university governance, academic independence, free scholarship, free university education, Ireland, Universities Act 1997, government representation, university boards, legislation, external control, academic freedom, institutional autonomy, public funding, education policy state control, acceptance criteria, curriculum criteria, negative effects, government influence, higher education, Ireland, Universities Act 1997, academic independence, free scholarship, free university education, outside control, university governance, legislative changes, university boards state control, acceptance criteria, curriculum criteria, negative effects, state power, university funding, government influence, higher education, Ireland, Universities Act 1997, academic independence, free scholarship, free university education, outside control, governmental agendas
test-politics-eppghwgpi-con04a	Immunity for politicians hurts the image of their office  Far from the worst PR for an office being that a holder of it is on trial, the worst possible public perception of a political institution is that it is wracked with corruption, with it not even theoretically possible to hold its members to account. Prosecuting politicians makes it clear that their office is not a den of impunity, and in the wake of a scandal, restoring public confidence in politicians to come. The public wants their politicians to be accountable and granting immunity harms accountability by denying an option. immunity, politicians, public image, accountability, corruption, prosecution, public confidence, political office, impunity, scandal, PR, political institution, trial, members to account, restoring trust, denying option immunity, politicians, public image, corruption, accountability, impunity, prosecution, public confidence, political office, scandal, transparency, justice, ethics, political accountability, public perception, legal immunity, political integrity immunity, politicians, public perception, accountability, corruption, impunity, prosecution, public confidence, political office, scandal, worst PR, image, office holder, trial, political institution, members accountability, restoring trust, denying option, harm immunity, politicians, image, office, corruption, accountability, public, perception, prosecution, scandal, confidence, impunity, harm, denial, option, trial, political, institution, worst, PR, restoration, transparency, justice, ethics, responsibility, governance immunity, politicians, public image, corruption, accountability, prosecution, public confidence, political office, impunity, scandal, restoration, legal accountability, public perception, political institution, trial, worst PR, political scandal, political accountability, denial of justice
test-health-dhgsshbesbc-pro03a	It’s in the interests of co-workers  It’s in the interests of other workers. The possibility of transmission, while very unlikely, is real and one they have a right to know about so as to be able to guard against it. While most of the time it will not be problem as transmission requires a transfer of bodily fluids this may occasionally happen in a workplace. [1] This is particularly true of healthworkers (e.g. doctors, nurses, dentists, midwives, paramedics, etc) who should have both a moral and a legal obligation to disclose if they are HIV-positive. Even outside the medical field industrial accidents may expose employees to risk. Employers have a duty to protect their workforce.  [1] Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, ‘HIV Transmission’, Department of Health and Human Services, co-workers, other workers, transmission, HIV-positive, healthworkers, doctors, nurses, dentists, midwives, paramedics, moral obligation, legal obligation, industrial accidents, employers, duty, protect, workforce, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, HIV Transmission, Department of Health and Human Services co-workers, transmission, HIV-positive, healthworkers, doctors, nurses, dentists, midwives, paramedics, industrial accidents, employers, duty, protect, workforce, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, HIV Transmission, Department of Health and Human Services HIV, transmission, co-workers, workplace, healthworkers, doctors, nurses, dentists, midwives, paramedics, moral, legal, obligation, disclose, industrial accidents, employers, duty, protect, workforce, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Department of Health and Human Services HIV, transmission, co-workers, workplace, healthworkers, doctors, nurses, dentists, midwives, paramedics, industrial accidents, employers, duty, protect, workforce, bodily fluids, disclosure, legal obligation, moral obligation, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Department of Health and Human Services coworkers, other workers, transmission, HIV, healthworkers, doctors, nurses, dentists, midwives, paramedics, legal obligation, HIV-positive, industrial accidents, employers, duty, protect, workforce, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, HIV Transmission, Department of Health and Human Services
test-law-cpilhbishioe-pro01a	An ICC enforcement is a necessity if there is to be international criminal justice  The remit of the ICC is unlike the remit of any national court. It deals exclusively in crimes so unacceptable there is an international consensus behind their illegality and the need for prosecutions. The parties that signed up to the Rome Statute’s reason for the creation of the ICC was “that such grave crimes threaten the peace, security and well-being of the world” the perpetrators of such crimes clearly need to be brought to book, and to do that they need to be apprehended. The same agreement said the signatories were “Resolved to guarantee lasting respect for and the enforcement of international justice” if this is the case then there should be agreement on enabling that enforcement by creating an ICC enforcement arm. Again the Rome statute makes clear that the agreement “shall not be taken as authorizing” intervention by another state. This is why the enforcement needs to be done by a separate international force who could not be considered a threat to any state. [1] Quite simply there is little point in international criminal justice if there is no force to bring the criminals to the court.  [1] ‘Preamble’ Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court, 1 July 2002, ICC, enforcement, international criminal justice, Rome Statute, crimes, international consensus, prosecutions, peace, security, well-being, perpetrators, apprehended, signatories, respect, enforcement, international force, state intervention, Preamble, criminals, court ICC, enforcement, international, criminal, justice, remit, national, court, crimes, unacceptable, international, consensus, illegality, prosecutions, perpetrators, apprehended, Rome, Statute, creation, signatories, grave, threaten, peace, security, well-being, world, resolved, guarantee, lasting, respect, authorization, intervention, state, international, force, threat, criminals, court, preamble ICC, enforcement, international criminal justice, Rome Statute, crimes, international consensus, prosecutions, perpetrators, apprehended, peace, security, well-being, world, signatories, resolution, respect, enforcement, international force, state, threat, criminals, court ICC, enforcement, international, criminal, justice, remit, national, court, crimes, unacceptable, consensus, illegality, prosecutions, perpetrators, apprehended, Rome, Statute, creation, threat, peace, security, well-being, world, agreement, respect, authority, intervention, state, threat, international, force, criminals, court ICC, enforcement, international criminal justice, Rome Statute, grave crimes, international consensus, prosecutions, peace, security, well-being, apprehended, international force, state intervention, criminal justice, enforcement arm, signatories, Preamble, legal accountability, global security, human rights, justice implementation
test-environment-assgbatj-con05a	Research animals are well treated  Animals used in research generally don’t suffer. While they may be in pain, they are generally given pain killers, and when they are put down this is done humanely. [16] They are looked after, as healthy animals mean better experimental results. These animals live better lives than they would in the wild.  As long as animals are treated well there shouldn’t be a moral objection to animal research. This is exactly the same as with raising animals that will be used for meat. animal research, well-treated animals, pain management, humane euthanasia, animal welfare, experimental results, ethical considerations, animal rights, meat production, moral objections animal research, well-treated animals, pain management, humane euthanasia, animal welfare, experimental results, animal ethics, moral objections, animal rights, livestock, meat production, animal care, research ethics, animal testing, scientific research, animal suffering, health monitoring, wild animals, domesticated animals, ethical treatment animal research, well-treated animals, pain management, humane euthanasia, animal health, experimental results, wild animals, moral objections, animal welfare, meat production research animals, animal treatment, animal welfare, pain management, humane practices, experimental results, animal ethics, moral considerations, animal research benefits, animal husbandry, meat production, animal rights animal research, well-treated animals, pain management, humane euthanasia, animal welfare, experimental results, ethical considerations, moral objections, animal rights, meat industry comparison
test-digital-freedoms-aihbiahr-con01a	Human rights are dependent upon the state  There is clearly not universal or even widespread acceptance of the idea that internet access should be a human right. Human rights are dependent upon the state, the desires of the community, and that depends upon the state’s socio economic context. [1] The internet cannot therefore be considered a universal human right because not all states are advanced enough to take responsibility for this right.  International law is based upon several sources; state practice, customary law, treaties and judicial decisions. [2] None of these sources yet recognise internet access as a human right, indeed if state practice is taken as deciding if human rights exist then the whole concept of human rights is open to question. [3]  [1] Turkin, G., Theory of International Law, 1974, p.81  [2] Shaw, Malcolm N., International Law 4th ed., Cambridge University press, 1997, Chapter 3.  [3] Watson, J.S., Legal theory, efficacy and validity in the development of human rights norms in international law, University of Illinois law forum, 1979, p.609 human rights, state dependency, internet access, universal right, socio-economic context, international law, state practice, customary law, treaties, judicial decisions, legal theory, human rights norms, validity, efficacy human rights, state dependency, internet access, universal right, socio-economic context, international law, state practice, customary law, treaties, judicial decisions, legal theory, human rights norms, validity, efficacy human rights, state dependence, internet access, universal recognition, socio-economic context, international law, state practice, customary law, treaties, judicial decisions, legal theory, human rights norms, efficacy, validity human rights, state dependence, internet access, universal right, socio-economic context, international law, state practice, customary law, treaties, judicial decisions, legal theory, human rights norms, efficacy, validity Human rights, state dependency, internet access, universal acceptance, socio-economic context, international law, state practice, customary law, treaties, judicial decisions, legal theory, human rights norms, efficacy, validity
test-religion-yercfrggms-con01a	In the absence of positive evidence for the existence of God the rational position is agnosticism, not atheism:  In a situation where there is an absence of either positive evidence for a claim or definite negative evidence for it, the natural response is not rejection of the claim, but rather skepticism and admission of lack of knowledge one way or the other. [1] In the case of religion and God, this position is agnosticism. Humans are fallible organisms, and thus all statements about truth and about the Universe must be qualified by some degree of doubt. Positively rejecting the existence of God, as atheism does, ignores this requisite doubt even though it cannot prove that there is no God. Rather, in the absence of evidence for or against the existence of God, the most the atheist can say honestly is that he does not know. The claims of atheism are positive ones and thus require evidence; an atheist position is thus faith-based in the same way a theist one is.  [1] Hume, David. 1748. An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding. New York: Oxford University Press (2008). agnosticism, atheism, evidence, God, skepticism, doubt, fallibility, human understanding, Hume, rational position, rejection, knowledge, positive claims, Universe, faith-based agnosticism, atheism, positive evidence, God, skepticism, lack of knowledge, human fallibility, doubt, truth, universe, rejection, faith-based, theism, David Hume, Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding agnosticism, atheism, skepticism, doubt, fallibility, human, evidence, God, religion, positivism, rejection, truth, universe, Hume, faith, theism, enquiry, human understanding, rational position, positive evidence, negative evidence agnosticism, atheism, positive evidence, existence of God, skepticism, lack of knowledge, human fallibility, doubt, truth, Universe, rejection, faith-based, theism, David Hume, Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding agnosticism, atheism, positive evidence, God, skepticism, lack of knowledge, human fallibility, doubt, Universe, truth, theism, faith, David Hume, An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding
test-international-aghbfcpspr-pro03a	There is already a precedent for paying reparations to such states.  In the past, dominating global powers have paid reparations and compensation for historical wrongs. For example, Germany pays an annual amount of money to Israel to recognise wrongs committed against Jews during the Holocaust, and to recognise the theft of Jewish property at this time [1] . These reparations have helped Israeli infrastructure enormously, providing ‘railways and telephones, dock installations and irrigation plants, whole areas of industry and agriculture’ [2] and contributing to Israeli economic security. Japan also paid reparations to Korea after World War II as the Koreans were ‘deprived of their nation and their identity’ [4] . Britain has paid compensation to the New Zealand Maoris for the damage done during colonial times and the seizure of their land [5] , and Iraq pays compensation to Kuwait for damage done during the invasion and occupation of 1990-91 [6] . There is little reason why other nations should not be paid for the grievances caused to them by domination countries. There is support for the notion that colonial powers should pay for free universal education in Africa [7] ; this would be an entirely appropriate and desirable measure.  [1] 'Holocaust Restitution: German Reparations', Jewish Virtual Library, accessed 16/1/2014,   [2] 'Holocaust Restitution: German Reparations', Jewish Virtual Library, accessed 16/1/2014,   [4] Accessed from  on 12/09/11  [5] Accessed from  on 12/09/11  [6] Accessed from  on 12/09/11  [7] Accessed from  on 12/09/11 reparations, historical wrongs, Germany, Israel, Holocaust, Jewish property, Israeli infrastructure, economic security, Japan, Korea, World War II, British colonialism, New Zealand Maoris, land seizure, Iraq, Kuwait, invasion, occupation, colonial powers, free universal education, Africa reparations, historical wrongs, Germany, Israel, Holocaust, Japanese reparations, Korea, British compensation, New Zealand Maoris, Iraq, Kuwait, colonial powers, free universal education, Africa reparations, historical wrongs, Germany, Israel, Holocaust, Japanese reparations, Korea, British compensation, New Zealand Maoris, Iraq, Kuwait, colonial powers, free universal education, Africa reparations, historical wrongs, Holocaust, Germany, Israel, Jewish property, Israeli infrastructure, Japanese reparations, Korea, World War II, British compensation, New Zealand Maoris, colonial times, Iraqi compensation, Kuwait, invasion, occupation, colonial powers, free universal education, Africa reparations, historical wrongs, Germany, Israel, Holocaust, Jewish property, Israeli infrastructure, Japan, Korea, World War II, Britain, New Zealand, Maoris, colonial times, Iraq, Kuwait, invasion, occupation, colonial powers, free universal education, Africa
test-politics-nlpdwhbusbuc-pro02a	Cluster Bombs Are Inconsistent With International Law  The international legal system is dependent on being robust and transparent in order for it to be respected by countries and states that accept it. The refusal by the U.S. to ban cluster bombs prevents the international community from doing the same within international law as the U.S. has enough political power that should it choose to ignore the law, the law itself is considered to be irrelevant.  In failing to ban cluster bombs the U.S. maintains an inconsistency within international law. Since dud cluster bombs effectively act as land mines for all intents and purposes, they are well hidden and cause indiscriminate damage, the fact that they aren’t banned is inconsistent with existing bans on land mines already. This inconsistency within international law makes the international legal system seem less credible, owing to contradictions as well as illustrating its weakness to the influence of the U.S. This makes it more difficult for countries to enforce the rules of the international legal system, such as preventing human rights violations because fewer countries will accept international law as being legitimate and will not agree to subject themselves to those rules.5 cluster bombs, international law, U.S., ban, political power, legal system, credibility, transparency, robustness, land mines, indiscriminate damage, human rights violations, enforcement, legitimacy, international community, contradictions, influence Cluster bombs, International Law, Robustness, Transparency, U.S. policy, Political power, International Community, Law relevance, Dud cluster bombs, Land mines, Indiscriminate damage, Legal credibility, Contradictions, U.S. influence, Legal enforcement, Human rights violations, International legitimacy Cluster bombs, International law, Legal system, U.S., Ban, Political power, Land mines, Indiscriminate damage, Human rights violations, Credibility, Legitimacy, Enforcement, International community, Transparency, Robustness, Influence, Contradictions, Rules, Acceptance, Subjects, Violations, Inconsistency, Prevention, Respect, Countries, States, Dud cluster bombs, Hidden, Damage, Existing bans, Weakness, Difficulty, Enforcement rules, International legal system, Fewer countries, Subject themselves, Rule acceptance, Law irrelevance, Power influence, System credibility, International norms, Military weapons, Humanitarian law Cluster Bombs, International Law, U.S. Policy, Legal Consistency, Political Power, Land Mines, Human Rights Violations, International Credibility, Legal Enforcement, Indiscriminate Damage Cluster Bombs, International Law, U.S., Political Power, Legal Credibility, Land Mines, Human Rights Violations, Legal Consistency, International Community, Robust Legal System, Transparency, Indiscriminate Damage, Enforcement, Legitimacy, Rules, Contradictions, Influence
test-economy-egecegphw-con03a	The economic case for expansion does not add up  A study conducted by the NEF revealed that the cost of expansion will outweigh the benefits by at least £5billion. [1] London has six airports and seven runways meaning that London already has the best connections globally. Together, London airports have a greater number of flights to the world’s main business destinations than other European cities, despite serving less ‘leisure’ destinations than Paris’s airports. [2] The solution to making air travel efficient lies in increasing the size of planes and filling them up rather than running half empty flights on small planes, something which is particularly prevalent on short haul flights. Short haul flights could also be re-directed to alternative airports such as Gatwick, City airport, Luton and Stansted so as to free up more space at Heathrow.  The expansion case also assumes ever increasing numbers flying, yet passenger numbers dropped for the first time in the wake of the recession, [3] and eventually technology may reduce demand for business travel. There are also other restrictions aside from runway capacity that prevents more flights, for example the UK has an agreement with China that restricts the UK to 62 flights to China per week. [4]  [1] New Economics Foundation, ‘A new approach to re-evaluating Runway 3’, 19 April 2010,   [2] Stewart, John, ‘No economic case for expansion’, November 2011,   [3] Rutherford, Tom, “Air transport statistics’, House of Commons Library, 4 July 2011, SN/SG/3760, p.4 www.parliament.uk/briefing-papers/SN03760.pdf  [4] HACAN, ‘BAA challenged on claim that it is lack of runway capacity at Heathrow that is limiting flights to China’, airportwatch, 14 November 2012, economic case, expansion, NEF study, cost-benefit, London airports, global connections, business destinations, leisure destinations, air travel efficiency, plane size, passenger numbers, recession impact, technology impact, business travel, runway capacity, flight restrictions, China agreement, Heathrow expansion, alternative airports, short haul flights economic case, expansion, NEF study, cost outweighs benefits, London airports, global connections, flight efficiency, larger planes, short haul flights, alternative airports, passenger numbers, recession impact, business travel technology, runway capacity, UK-China flight restrictions, Heathrow capacity economic case, expansion, NEF study, cost outweighs benefits, London airports, global connections, air travel efficiency, plane size, half-empty flights, short-haul redirection, passenger numbers, recession impact, technology impact, business travel, runway capacity, UK-China flight agreement, Heathrow, Gatwick, City airport, Luton, Stansted economic case, expansion, NEF study, cost benefits, London airports, global connections, business destinations, flight efficiency, plane size, short haul flights, alternative airports, passenger numbers, recession impact, technology impact, business travel, runway capacity, UK-China agreement, flight restrictions, House of Commons, air transport statistics, BAA claims, China flights, HACAN, airportwatch economic case, expansion, NEF, cost, benefits, London airports, runways, global connections, business destinations, leisure destinations, air travel efficiency, plane size, short haul flights, alternative airports, passenger numbers, recession, technology, business travel, runway capacity, UK-China agreement, flight restrictions, Heathrow, Gatwick, City airport, Luton, Stansted, New Economics Foundation, John Stewart, Tom Rutherford, House of Commons Library, HACAN, BAA, airportwatch
test-law-umtlilhotac-con02a	Open justice – crimes with large numbers of victims  The principle of open justice, including the right to a public trial [1] , is enshrined in many legal systems. The best show of commitment to open justice is to allow everyone to watch it, the best method of doing so is for the trial to be televised. This is all the more the case when the victims can't all be in court, either because of the numbers or because of the distance.  Television coverage will help bring the trial closer to the victims. International criminal trials regularly take place outside the location of the offences, either in The Netherlands such as the ICTY, ICC and Charles Taylor trial, or elsewhere, such as the ICTR sitting in Arusha, Tanzania. It would be helpful in terms of providing closure to the victims, who should be witnessing proceedings.  [1] See the 6th Amendment to the US Constitution, Article 6 of the European Convention on Human Rights Open justice, public trial, legal systems, televised trials, victims, distance, international criminal trials, ICTY, ICC, Charles Taylor trial, ICTR, closure, 6th Amendment, US Constitution, Article 6, European Convention on Human Rights open justice, public trial, televised trials, victims, court accessibility, international criminal trials, ICTY, ICC, Charles Taylor trial, ICTR, closure, witness proceedings, 6th Amendment, US Constitution, European Convention on Human Rights, Article 6 open justice, public trial, televising trials, victims' rights, large-scale crimes, international criminal trials, ICTY, ICC, Charles Taylor trial, ICTR, closure for victims, 6th Amendment, European Convention on Human Rights open justice, public trial, televised trials, victims, legal systems, closure, international criminal trials, ICTY, ICC, Charles Taylor trial, ICTR, 6th Amendment, US Constitution, European Convention on Human Rights open justice, public trial, television coverage, victims, international criminal trials, closure, 6th Amendment, European Convention on Human Rights, ICTY, ICC, Charles Taylor trial, ICTR, Arusha, Tanzania, The Netherlands
test-philosophy-apessghwba-pro04a	Some groups of people have less capacity for suffering than most animals  It is possible to conceive of human persons almost totally lacking in a capacity for suffering, or indeed a capacity to develop and possess interests. Take for example a person in a persistent vegetative state, or a person born with the most severe of cognitive impairments.  We can take three possible stances toward such persons within this debate. Firstly we could experiment on animals, but not such persons. This would be a morally inconsistent and specieist stance to adopt, and as such unsatisfactory. We could be morally consistent, and experiment on both animals and such persons. Common morality suggests that it would be abhorrent to conduct potentially painful medical research on the severely disabled, and so this stance seems equally unsatisfactory. Finally we could maintain moral consistency and avoid experimenting on the disabled, by adopting the stance of experimenting on neither group, thus prohibiting experimentation upon animals. [1]  [1] Fox, M. A., “The Moral Community”, in La Follette (ed.), Ethics in Practice, (Malden, Mass; Oxford : Blackwell Pub, 2007) moral community, capacity for suffering, human persons, cognitive impairments, persistent vegetative state, moral consistency, specieism, animal experimentation, medical research, severely disabled, moral stance, ethics, Fox, La Follette, Ethics in Practice, Blackwell Pub, 2007 moral, ethics, suffering, animals, human, capacity, vegetative, cognitive, impairment, experimentation, disability, specieism, consistency, research, medical, interests, persons, stance, abhorrent, prohibition, community, practice, La, Follette, Fox capacity for suffering, human persons, cognitive impairments, persistent vegetative state, moral stances, experimentation, animals, severely disabled, moral consistency, specieism, medical research, ethics, Fox, The Moral Community, La Follette, Ethics in Practice capacity for suffering, human persons, animals, persistent vegetative state, severe cognitive impairments, moral stances, experimentation, moral consistency, specieism, ethical debates, medical research, severely disabled, moral community, ethics in practice, fox, la follette, blackwell pub moral, ethics, suffering, capacity, humans, animals, experimentation, disability, cognitive, impairment, vegetative, state, specieism, morality, consistency, research, medical, disabled, prohibition
test-politics-cpegiepgh-pro04a	"Joining the Euro would reduce the cost of travel in Europe.  Before the arrival of the single currency, holiday makers would spend much money on preparing for the trip, before they had even bought a single souvenir or postcard; “travellers touring this fragmented continent could spend large amounts of their money simply changing it from one currency to another.”1 The loss incurred by currency conversion would be eliminated and accommodation abroad will also be cheaper and easier to book; “Joining the Euro will also make it cheaper to send money around Europe. Sending money to book a holiday cottage in another country with another currency can cost £40. Within Euroland, it would cost less than one Euro - much less than one pound.”2  1Browne, A., 2001, ""The Euro: Should Britain Join"". page 102  2Browne, A., 2001, ""The Euro: Should Britain Join"". page 103 Euro, travel cost reduction, currency conversion, holiday expenses, accommodation booking, money transfer costs, Euroland, Britain joining Euro, European travel, financial savings, currency exchange, travel preparation, international booking, single currency benefits Euro, cost of travel, Europe, single currency, holiday makers, currency conversion, accommodation, cheaper, booking, send money, holiday cottage, Euroland, Britain, join, Browne, 2001 Euro, cost reduction, travel Europe, currency conversion, holiday preparation, expenses, fragmented continent, money transfer, booking, accommodation, holiday cottage, Euroland, Britain, Join, single currency Euro, cost of travel, Europe, single currency, holiday makers, currency conversion, accommodation, booking, send money, Euroland, Britain, join, economic benefits, travel expenses, financial savings Euro, cost of travel, Europe, single currency, holiday makers, currency conversion, accommodation, booking, sending money, Euroland, Britain, Browne, 2001, The Euro: Should Britain Join"
test-international-glilpdwhsn-pro01a	"The New START treaty will make for a safer world.  Reducing US and Russian nuclear weapons stockpiles makes for a safer world, as Dr. David Gushee states: ""The issue on the table is a nuclear arms reduction and verification treaty between the United States and Russia. The treaty, called New START, would reduce Russian and American deployed nuclear weapons to 1,550 and delivery vehicles to 700 each. This would be a 33 percent reduction in the existing arsenals, which is worth achieving and celebrating even as we know that countless cities and millions of precious human beings could be destroyed by the use of even part of the remaining arsenals. Still, these reductions would be a great step on the way to a safer world, as would the re-establishment of bilateral, intrusive verification measures for both sides, also part of the treaty."" [1]  The world is simply a much less secure place without New Start, and not just because New START means there are physically fewer nuclear weapons and thus a lesser chance of nuclear disasters (although this in itself is compelling). Rather, New START also has immense symbolic value, in demonstrating that the two greatest powers have enough in common and are interested enough in their mutual security that they can agree to deduce nuclear weapons together. It shows that these nations regard each other as partners for world peace, not as enemies.  The alternative world, without New START, would be one in which the mutual suspicion and animosity of the Cold War might continue. It is notable that Prime Minister Vladimir Putin said in an interview released in early December 2010 that Russia might be forced to build up its nuclear forces against the West if the United States fails to ratify the New START treaty. [2] The threat of Russia, or even the US, resuming nuclear build-ups is a frightening thought for both nations, for the world and for peace.  On top of its other benefits, New START is key to opening Russian nuclear weapons up for verification, which contributes to trust and peace. As former Secretaries of State Kissinger, Shultz, Eagleburger, Baker and Powell argue “the agreement emphasizes verification, providing a valuable window into Russia's nuclear arsenal. Since the original START expired last December, Russia has not been required to provide notifications about changes in its strategic nuclear arsenal, and the United States has been unable to conduct on-site inspections. Each day, America's understanding of Russia's arsenal has been degraded, and resources have been diverted from national security tasks to try to fill the gaps. Our military planners increasingly lack the best possible insight into Russia's activity with its strategic nuclear arsenal, making it more difficult to carry out their nuclear deterrent mission.” [3] Therefore New START should be supported as it represents a positive step for peace and cooperation in the world.  [1] Gushee, Dr David P. ""Security, Sin and Nuclear Weapons: A Christian Plea for the New START Treaty"". Huffington Post. 4 December 2010.   [2] Abdullaev, Nabi. “Putin Issues Warning on New START”. The Moscow Times. 2 December 2010.   [3] Kissinger, Henry A. ; Shultz, George P. ; Baker III, James A’ ; Eagleburger , Lawrence S. ; and Powell, Colin L. ""The Republican case for ratifying New START"". Washington Post. 2 December 2010. New START treaty, US, Russia, nuclear weapons, stockpiles, safer world, reductions, verification measures, Cold War, mutual security, partners, world peace, nuclear build-ups, verification, trust, peace, military planners, Republican support, ratification, strategic nuclear arsenal, on-site inspections, national security New START, nuclear weapons reduction, US-Russia relations, global security, nuclear verification, arms control treaty, mutual security, peace, nuclear deterrence, strategic stability, verification measures, bilateral cooperation, Cold War, nuclear build-up, Kissinger, Shultz, Baker, Eagleburger, Powell, Putin, strategic nuclear arsenal, on-site inspections, Christian perspective, international peace, disarmament, non-proliferation, nuclear safety, global disarmament, nuclear threats, international relations, treaty ratification, nuclear policy, international security, nuclear arms control, US foreign policy, Russia-US relations, international treaties, global nuclear security, nuclear New START, nuclear weapons, US, Russia, reductions, verification, safer world, peace, mutual security, Cold War, Vladimir Putin, nuclear build-ups, Kissinger, Shultz, verification measures, strategic nuclear arsenal, military planners, nuclear deterrent, Christian plea, Republican case, ratification New START treaty, nuclear arms reduction, US-Russia relations, nuclear weapons stockpiles, bilateral verification, mutual security, Cold War tensions, nuclear deterrent, strategic nuclear arsenal, international peace, disarmament, global security, treaty ratification, verification measures, nuclear build-up, political cooperation, military planners, national security, Christian perspective, Republican support New START, nuclear weapons, US, Russia, safer world, arms reduction, verification treaty, deployed nuclear weapons, delivery vehicles, arsenals, mutual security, verification measures, Cold War, mutual suspicion, nuclear build-ups, trust, peace, military planners, nuclear deterrent, Christian plea, Putin warning, Republican support, Washington Post, Kissinger, Shultz, Baker, Eagleburger, Powell"
test-law-ilppppghb-con01a	"What matters are individual democratic rights, not necessarily collective self-determination.  Simply being a minority in a nation should not be enough to claim the right to self-determination. As long as people have democratic rights, such as the right to protest, to lobby and to vote , they enjoy the same rights and protections as those of the majority community in that country; there should be no obligation on the state to go further in granting them self-determination. For example, during the Franco era in Spain, minority nationalities such as Basques and Catalans were for a long time discriminated against and excluded from real political power, and backed political parties that explicitly represented their community. As their position in society has improved, however, so the hold of identity-based politics has loosened, and the pull of secession has weakened1.  1 Macko, Kalyna: ""The Effect of Franco in the Basque Nation"", Salve Regina University, July 2011. democratic rights, collective self-determination, minority rights, nation, self-determination, protest, lobby, vote, majority community, state obligation, Franco era, Spain, Basques, Catalans, discrimination, political power, identity-based politics, secession, Kalyna Macko, Salve Regina University democratic rights, collective self-determination, minority rights, nation, protest, lobby, vote, majority community, state obligations, self-determination, Franco era, Spain, Basques, Catalans, discrimination, political power, identity-based politics, secession, Kalyna Macko, Salve Regina University democratic rights, collective self-determination, minority rights, nation, protest, lobby, vote, majority community, state obligations, self-determination, Franco era, Spain, Basques, Catalans, discrimination, political power, identity-based politics, secession, Kalyna Macko, Salve Regina University democratic rights, collective self-determination, minority rights, nation, right to protest, lobbying, voting, majority community, state obligations, self-determination, Franco era, Spain, Basques, Catalans, political discrimination, identity-based politics, secession, Macko, Salve Regina University democratic rights, collective self-determination, minority rights, nation, protest, lobby, vote, majority community, state obligations, self-determination, Franco era, Spain, Basques, Catalans, discrimination, political power, identity-based politics, secession, Kalyna Macko, Salve Regina University"
test-economy-epegiahsc-pro01a	Free trade is good for development and growth.  Free trade essentially removes barriers for companies to do business across countries and regions. This leads to competition between countries in those regions, and between companies and industries in those countries. It leads to the sharing of innovation, drives down the cost of production, and allows workers to move freely where their labour and skills are needed. This is good for all those involved in the transaction. It is good for companies, because they have more resources and markets at their disposal, good for consumers, because competition between companies drives down prices and drives the innovation that improves products, and it is good for workers, because they have greater opportunities to find employment for their labour and skills [1] .  [1] DanBen-David, Håkan Nordström, LAlanWinters. “Trade, Income Disparity and Poverty”. World Trade Organization. 1999. free trade, development, growth, barriers, international business, competition, innovation, cost reduction, labor mobility, resource allocation, market expansion, consumer benefits, price reduction, product improvement, employment opportunities, income disparity, poverty reduction, global economics, trade policies, WTO free trade, development, growth, barriers, business, competition, countries, regions, innovation, cost reduction, production, labor mobility, worker skills, transaction benefits, company resources, market access, consumer prices, product improvement, employment opportunities, income disparity, poverty, World Trade Organization, Dan Ben-David, Håkan Nordström, LAlan Winters Free trade, development, growth, barriers, business, international, competition, countries, regions, companies, industries, innovation, production costs, labor mobility, resource access, market expansion, consumer benefits, price reduction, product improvement, employment opportunities, income disparity, poverty reduction, global economy, WTO, Ben-David, Nordström, Winters free trade, development, growth, barriers, business, competition, countries, regions, innovation, production costs, labor mobility, resources, markets, consumers, prices, product improvement, employment, income disparity, poverty, World Trade Organization, DanBen-David, Håkan Nordström, LAlanWinters free trade, development, economic growth, barriers removal, international business, competition, innovation sharing, cost reduction, labor mobility, company resources, market expansion, consumer benefits, price reduction, product improvement, employment opportunities, income disparity, poverty reduction, World Trade Organization, Dan Ben-David, Håkan Nordström, Alan Winters
test-environment-chbwtlgcc-pro03a	Failure to reach global accord  The Kyoto Protocol failed to reduce global GHG emissions and in the midst of an economic crisis, world leaders were unable to even agree to a replacement treaty when it expired. There is no meaningful global emissions reduction treaty ready for ratification and no reason to be optimistic that one is forthcoming. The developing world believes it has a legitimate right to expand economically without emissions caps because the rich world is responsible for the vast majority of emissions over the last 200 years and per capita emissions in developing countries are still far lower than in the developed world. As such, developing countries will only agree to a global accord that pays for their emissions reductions/abatement. However, the developed world is unwilling to transfer wealth in exchange for a right to emit, particularly at a time when so many have large budget deficits 1. Given that the growth of annual emissions is being driven by developing countries, many developed countries (like the US) believe that any treaty that does not include developing countries (particularly China) would be fruitless.  1. The Economist, 'A bad climate for development', 17th September 2009. Kyoto Protocol, global GHG emissions, economic crisis, world leaders, replacement treaty, global emissions reduction, developing world, economic expansion, emissions caps, rich world, per capita emissions, global accord, emissions reductions, abatement, wealth transfer, budget deficits, annual emissions, developed countries, US, China, treaty inclusion Kyoto Protocol, global GHG emissions, economic crisis, world leaders, global emissions reduction treaty, developing world, economic expansion, emissions caps, rich world, emissions responsibility, per capita emissions, global accord, emissions reductions, abatement, wealth transfer, budget deficits, US, China, treaty inclusion, climate development Kyoto Protocol, global GHG emissions, economic crisis, world leaders, treaty expiration, global emissions reduction, developing world, economic expansion, emissions caps, rich world responsibility, per capita emissions, global accord, emissions reductions, abatement costs, wealth transfer, budget deficits, annual emissions growth, developed countries, US stance, China inclusion, climate policy, international cooperation, environmental agreements, economic development, climate change mitigation, global environmental governance Kyoto Protocol, global GHG emissions, economic crisis, world leaders, emissions reduction treaty, ratification, developing world, economic expansion, emissions caps, rich world, per capita emissions, global accord, emissions reductions, abatement, wealth transfer, budget deficits, annual emissions, developed countries, US, China, fruitless treaty Kyoto Protocol, global GHG emissions, economic crisis, world leaders, global emissions reduction treaty, developing world, economic expansion, emissions caps, rich world, per capita emissions, global accord, emissions reductions, abatement, wealth transfer, budget deficits, annual emissions, developed countries, US, China, treaty inclusion
test-international-ehbfe-pro04a	The federal model has proved to be a success previously  The success of federal states elsewhere in providing peace and prosperity for their citizens, alongside democratic safeguards, point to the advantages of pursuing this model in Europe. The USA, Australia and Canada provide standards of living for their citizens which most Europeans would envy, while federal India is the best example of a long-term democratic success in the developing world.  The application of the principles of federalism to the European social and environmental policy s the key to European success. The creation of the single market meant that much national regulation of social and environmental issues ceased to be effective: only a European approach at the same level as the regulation of business would be able to work. Otherwise, companies might simply transfer from one member state with a great deal of regulation in these areas to another member state with less. If what economists call “externalities” were not to go unaddressed altogether, European social and environmental policies became necessary. Therefore only federal unity can bring EU states closer together in order for them to work as successfully as others federal countries. federal model, success, federal states, peace, prosperity, democratic safeguards, Europe, USA, Australia, Canada, standards of living, federal India, democratic success, developing world, European social policy, environmental policy, single market, national regulation, European approach, regulation of business, externalities, EU states, federal unity federal model, success, federal states, peace, prosperity, democratic safeguards, Europe, USA, Australia, Canada, standards of living, federal India, democratic success, developing world, European social policy, environmental policy, single market, national regulation, company transfer, member state, regulation, externalities, federal unity, EU states, work successfully, federal countries federal model, success, federal states, peace, prosperity, democratic safeguards, Europe, USA, Australia, Canada, standards of living, federal India, democratic success, developing world, federalism, European social policy, environmental policy, single market, national regulation, European approach, business regulation, companies transfer, member states, externalities, EU states, federal unity federal model, success, federal states, peace, prosperity, democratic safeguards, Europe, USA, Australia, Canada, standards of living, federal India, democratic success, developing world, application, federalism, European social policy, environmental policy, key, European success, single market, national regulation, social issues, environmental issues, European approach, regulation of business, companies, transfer, member state, externalities, federal unity, EU states, work successfully, federal countries federal, success, peace, prosperity, democratic, safeguards, Europe, USA, Australia, Canada, standards, living, federalism, European, social, environmental, policy, single, market, national, regulation, companies, transfer, member, states, externalities, economists, federal, unity, EU, countries
test-digital-freedoms-phwnaccpdt-con02a	The sort of information being kept and sold is legitimate for firms to utilize in this fashion  Personal information given to companies is dispersed into the public sphere in a limited fashion. Once placed into the hands of a firm it ceases to be any sort of absolutely protected private right (if it ever was), and is instead now within the sphere of the company with which the individual has opted to interact. It is the natural evolution of how people’s information informs the economic sphere. [1] With regard to selling that information on, it is clearly information the individual is willing to disclose in the realm of commerce so it should make little difference what commercial entity is in possession of the data, especially considering that the information is then only utilized to make their experience online more efficient and valuable. It is also important to consider the exact kinds of information conventionally revealed through the personal data mining efforts of firms. They rarely even access the true identity of the user, but rather make use of second-hand information gathered from search histories, cookies, etc. to generate a consumer profile the firm hopes reflects the preference map of the user. The individual's identity is not revealed in these most frequent cases and the information is usable through the impermeable intermediary of security settings, etc. Thus firms get information about users without ever being able to ascertain the actual identity of those individuals, protecting their individual privacy, if such is a concern. [2] For this reason it cannot be said that there is any true violation of privacy. All of these data-gathering efforts of companies reflect the continuation of firms’ age-old effort to better understand their clients in order to best cater to their desires.  [1] Acquisti, A. “The Economics of Personal Data and the Economics of Privacy”. OECD. 2010,   [2] Story, L. “AOL Brings Out the Penguins to Explain Ad Targeting”. New York Times. 3 September 2008, personal information, companies, public sphere, private right, economic sphere, commercial entity, online experience, data mining, user identity, consumer profile, security settings, privacy violation, client understanding, Acquisti, OECD, Story, New York Times, ad targeting information, sold, firms, personal, companies, public, protected, private, rights, commerce, economic, selling, commercial, entity, possession, data, experience, efficient, valuable, revealed, user, second-hand, search, histories, cookies, consumer, profile, preference, map, identity, security, settings, violation, privacy, data-gathering, clients, desires, economics, OECD, ad, targeting, AOL, penguins, New, York, Times information, privacy, companies, data, personal, commerce, public, sphere, economic, identity, consumer, profile, preferences, security, violation, ads, targeting, Acquisti, OECD, Story, New York Times, penguins, explanation, economic-privacy, data-gathering, clients, desires, online, experience, second-hand, search-histories, cookies, firm, user, interaction, utilization, efficiency, value, commercial, entity, possession, disclosure, protection, impermeable, intermediary, revelation, true-identity, concern, effort, catering, age-old, understanding, catering-desires, personal-data information, legitimacy, personal, firms, public, sphere, protection, interaction, economic, selling, commercial, disclosure, commerce, efficiency, value, conventional, data, mining, user, search, histories, cookies, consumer, profile, preferences, identity, security, settings, privacy, violation, understanding, clients, desires, economics, OECD, AOL, ad, targeting, New, York, Times information, privacy, firms, commerce, personal, data, economic, selling, protected, public, sphere, interaction, user, experience, efficient, valuable, identity, search, histories, cookies, consumer, profile, preference, security, settings, violation, understanding, clients, desires, Ad, targeting, AOL, Penguins, Acquisti, OECD, Story, New, York, Times
test-politics-cpecfiepg-con03a	A Greek default would have a negative domino-effect on other Eurozone countries.  A Greek default will leave tremendous shockwaves across the Eurozone. Investors will instantly become wary of default in Portugal, Spain, Italy or Ireland, particularly given the sudden nature of the Greek default. Consequently, huge volumes of capital will flow out of these countries and into other more secure ones like Germany and the Netherlands. [1] This will, in turn, heighten speculation about the danger of default of other Eurozone nations. Speculation of default is particularly dangerous because it drives demand for government bonds down. This leads to the interest payments on government bonds rising which in turn raises the interest rates governments need to pay on their outstanding debt. The new, higher payments governments must make on their debt increases their budget deficit % GDP ratio, thus making it more likely that the country will actually default. We thus see how increased fears about the future of Italy, Portugal, Spain and Ireland that will arise from a Greek default, will cause big problems and will put even more strain on the ECB and primarily Germany in providing financial support.  [1] Kapoor, Sony, “Viewpoints: What if Greece exits euro?”, BBC News, 13 July 2012, Greek default, Eurozone, domino-effect, investors, Portugal, Spain, Italy, Ireland, capital outflow, Germany, Netherlands, speculation, government bonds, interest rates, budget deficit, ECB, financial support Greek default, Eurozone, domino-effect, Portugal, Spain, Italy, Ireland, capital outflow, Germany, Netherlands, speculation, default risk, government bonds, interest rates, budget deficit, GDP, European Central Bank, financial support, Sony Kapoor, BBC News Greek default,Eurozone crisis,Portugal default,Spain default,Italy default,Ireland default,investor confidence,capital flight,Germany,Netherlands,government bonds,interest rates,budget deficit,ECB,financial support,economic strain,BBC News,Sony Kapoor Greek default, Eurozone, negative domino-effect, shockwaves, investors, wary, Portugal, Spain, Italy, Ireland, capital outflow, Germany, Netherlands, speculation, default danger, government bonds, interest payments, interest rates, budget deficit, GDP, ECB, financial support Greek default, Eurozone, domino-effect, shockwaves, Portugal, Spain, Italy, Ireland, capital outflow, Germany, Netherlands, speculation, government bonds, interest rates, budget deficit, GDP, ECB, financial support
test-economy-eptpghdtre-con03a	“After three years, it is clear that President Obama’s budget-busting policies have not created jobs and have only added to our debt,”  The Obama administration has been profligate with taxpayers’ money, has failed to deal with the economic crisis and has increased the debt. His policies on health care show that he is more interested in controlling people’s lives than he is in encouraging enterprise and industry. It’s the same story that is always heard from Democrats; they say that they’re interested in encouraging business but instead all they really want to focus on is getting the government involved in as many areas of life as possible – especially in the running of the market. After three years in office Obama has done nothing to improve the life chances of the American people, growth and employment have stagnated, GDP growth has been under 1% per year while unemployment is up to 9.1% from 7.8%, [i] while regulation and taxation have blossomed.  [i] Kristol, William, ‘Weekly Standard: Obama No FDR ON Unemployment’, npr, 2 September 2011, President Obama, budget-busting policies, job creation, national debt, economic crisis, healthcare policy, government control, enterprise, industry, market intervention, GDP growth, unemployment, regulation, taxation, William Kristol, Weekly Standard, NPR, 2011, FDR, economic policy, political criticism, fiscal responsibility, government spending, economic stagnation, American people, life chances, market regulation, tax policy, unemployment rate, GDP, economic growth, political commentary, economic performance, Obama administration, political economy, fiscal policy, economic reform, healthcare reform, market freedom, government role, economic theory, political ideology, economic analysis President Obama, budget-busting policies, job creation, national debt, economic crisis, healthcare policy, government control, enterprise encouragement, profligacy, taxpayer money, market intervention, GDP growth, unemployment rate, regulation, taxation, American life chances, Kristol, Weekly Standard, NPR, FDR comparison, unemployment statistics Obama, budget, jobs, debt, administration, taxpayers, economic crisis, health care, enterprise, industry, Democrats, business, government involvement, market, life chances, American people, growth, employment, GDP, unemployment, regulation, taxation, Kristol, Weekly Standard, NPR President Obama, budget policies, job creation, national debt, economic crisis, health care, enterprise, industry, Democrats, market regulation, GDP growth, unemployment rate, William Kristol, Weekly Standard, NPR President Obama, budget-busting policies, job creation, national debt, economic crisis, health care reform, government control, enterprise, industry, Democratic policies, business encouragement, market intervention, life chances, American people, GDP growth, unemployment rate, regulation, taxation, political commentary, Weekly Standard, William Kristol, NPR
test-education-xeegshwfeu-pro01a	Equality of opportunity between richer and poorer children  State education in some areas of the UK is continuing to fail, despite increased investment. This will allow those pupils who are currently locked into sub-standard state education access to the private schools enjoyed by their more privileged peers (because you can spend the vouchers anywhere). Even if private school fees can only be subsidised by the voucher scheme, most private schools are charitable organisations that do not run a profit, and so in the vast majority of circumstances the voucher will make private schools accessible to poorer families. equality, opportunity, richer, poorer, children, state, education, UK, investment, pupils, sub-standard, education, access, private, schools, vouchers, subsidised, fees, charitable, organisations, profit, accessible, poorer, families equality, opportunity, richer, poorer, children, state, education, UK, investment, sub-standard, pupils, private, schools, vouchers, subsidised, charitable, organisations, profit, accessible, poorer, families equality, opportunity, richer, poorer, children, state, education, UK, investment, pupils, sub-standard, private, schools, vouchers, subsidized, fees, charitable, organizations, profit, accessibility, poorer, families equality, opportunity, richer, poorer, children, state, education, UK, investment, pupils, sub-standard, private, schools, vouchers, subsidised, charitable, organisations, profit, accessible, families equality, opportunity, richer, poorer, children, state, education, UK, investment, sub-standard, pupils, vouchers, private, schools, subsidised, charitable, organisations, profit, accessible, families
test-religion-msgfhwbamec-con03a	The state should not be allowed to intrude in such personal matters  Matters relating to how individuals conduct themselves in a private and consensual environment are arguably not the concern of the state. This extends to how people get married and within which tradition, religion or denomination. European states are increasingly allowing non-traditional marriages such as gay marriages [1] so not allowing arranged marriages for those who want them would be a perverse step backwards. Given that arranged marriages in themselves do not have any proven harms, and that, as it has already been asserted, the harmful side of arranged marriages, like forced marriages have already been outlawed, the state cannot keep regulating something with such an arbitrary and wide-ranging definition that includes so many consenting adults.  Were EU states to do this, the harm caused would risk infringing on the very rights of the people the proposition claims they are meant to be protecting in the first place.  [1] ‘Countries Where Gay Marriage Is Legal: Netherlands, Argentina & More, The Daily Beast, 9 May 2012, state, intrusion, personal matters, individual conduct, private, consensual, tradition, religion, denomination, European states, non-traditional marriages, gay marriages, arranged marriages, forced marriages, outlawed, regulating, arbitrary, wide-ranging, consenting adults, EU states, rights, protection, infringement state intrusion, personal matters, individual conduct, private environment, non-traditional marriages, gay marriages, arranged marriages, forced marriages, legal rights, EU states, consenting adults, arbitrary regulation, infringement of rights, marriage traditions, religious denomination, societal norms, legal protections, European policies, marriage laws, personal freedoms state, intrude, personal, matters, individual, conduct, private, consensual, environment, marriage, tradition, religion, denomination, European, states, non-traditional, gay, arranged, harmful, forced, outlawed, regulating, arbitrary, wide-ranging, consenting, adults, rights, infringing, EU, proposition, protecting, Countries, Gay, Marriage, Legal, Netherlands, Argentina, Daily, Beast state, personal matters, individual conduct, private, consensual, marriage, tradition, religion, denomination, European states, non-traditional marriages, gay marriages, arranged marriages, forced marriages, outlawed, regulating, consenting adults, arbitrary, wide-ranging, EU states, rights, infringing, protecting state, intrusion, personal matters, individual conduct, private, consensual, marriage, tradition, religion, denomination, European states, non-traditional marriages, gay marriages, arranged marriages, forced marriages, outlawed, regulating, consenting adults, arbitrary, wide-ranging, EU states, rights, infringement, protection
test-environment-ehwsnwu-con03a	Nuclear waste should be reused to create more electricity.  There are new kinds of nuclear reactor such as ‘Integral Fast Reactors’, which can be powered by the waste from normal nuclear reactors (or from uranium the same as any other nuclear reactor). This means that the waste from other reactors or dismantled nuclear weapons could be used to power these new reactors. The Integral Fast Reactor extends the ability to produce energy roughly by a factor of 100. This would therefore be a very long term energy source. [1]  The waste at the end of the process is not nearly as much of a problem, as it is from current reactors. Because the IFR recycles the waste hundreds of times there is very much less waste remaining and what there is has a much shorter half-life, only tens of years rather than thousands. This makes storage for the remainder much more feasible, as there would be much less space required. [2]  [1] Till, Charles, ‘Nuclear Reaction Why DO Americans Fear Nuclear Power’, PBS,   [2] Monbiot, George, ‘We need to talk about Sellafield, and a nuclear solution that ticks all our boxes’, guardian.co.uk, 5 December 2011, Nuclear waste, electricity generation, Integral Fast Reactors, IFR, uranium, nuclear reactors, dismantled nuclear weapons, long-term energy source, waste reduction, half-life, waste storage, Charles Till, George Monbiot, Sellafield Nuclear waste, electricity generation, Integral Fast Reactors, uranium, nuclear reactors, dismantled nuclear weapons, long-term energy source, radioactive waste, recycling, half-life, waste storage, space requirements, Charles Till, George Monbiot, Sellafield Nuclear waste, electricity generation, Integral Fast Reactors, uranium, nuclear reactors, dismantled nuclear weapons, energy production, long-term energy source, waste reduction, half-life, waste storage, Charles Till, George Monbiot, Sellafield, nuclear power, public perception, environmental impact, sustainable energy, advanced nuclear technology, recycled waste Nuclear waste, electricity generation, Integral Fast Reactors, uranium, nuclear reactors, dismantled nuclear weapons, energy production, long-term energy source, waste reduction, half-life, storage feasibility, Charles Till, George Monbiot, Sellafield, nuclear power, public perception, environmental impact, sustainable energy, advanced nuclear technology, radioactive waste management Nuclear waste, Integral Fast Reactors, IFR, uranium, nuclear reactors, dismantled nuclear weapons, energy production, long term energy source, waste reduction, half-life, waste storage, Charles Till, George Monbiot, Sellafield, nuclear power, public perception, PBS, guardian.co.uk
test-economy-bepiehbesa-pro03a	It harms the economies of developing world  The current model of CAP results in major oversupply of food and beverages. In 2008 the stockpiles of cereals rising to 717 810 tons while the surplus of wine was about 2.3 million hectolitres. [1] This excess of supply is then often sold to developing countries for prices so low that the local producers cannot cope with them. The low prices of European food can be attributed to the higher efficiency of producing food because of use of advanced technologies as well as the CAP. Agriculture makes a small fraction of GDP in Europe, but in developing countries of Africa or Asia it is entirely different with large numbers dependent on much smaller plots of land. Hence, the consequences of CAP and high production in the EU can be the rise of unemployment and decline of self-sufficiency of these affected countries.  [1] Castle, Stephen, ‘EU’s butter mountain is back’, The New York Times, 2 February 2009, CAP, developing world, economies, food surplus, cereals, wine, stockpiles, low prices, local producers, European agriculture, advanced technologies, GDP, unemployment, self-sufficiency, EU production, butter mountain, New York Times CAP, developing world, economies, food surplus, beverages, cereals, wine, stockpiles, low prices, European food, advanced technologies, agriculture, GDP, unemployment, self-sufficiency, Africa, Asia, EU, production, Stephen Castle, New York Times CAP, developing world, economies, food surplus, cereals, wine, stockpiles, low prices, European food, advanced technologies, agriculture, GDP, unemployment, self-sufficiency, affected countries, EU production, butter mountain, New York Times CAP, developing world, economies, food surplus, cereals, wine, low prices, European food, advanced technologies, agriculture, GDP, unemployment, self-sufficiency, EU, butter mountain, New York Times CAP, developing world, economies, food oversupply, cereals, wine surplus, low prices, European food, advanced technologies, agriculture, GDP, unemployment, self-sufficiency, EU production, butter mountain, New York Times
test-economy-egppphbcb-con01a	Socialism leads to a more humane equal society  The gap between poor and rich countries has never been as great as it is today, Warren Buffet's wealth was estimated to be a net worth of approximately US$62 billion in 20081, this while one in seven people on earth goes to bed hungry every night and 6.54 million children die of starvation and malnutrition every year2. The absurd inequality between people's wages is because of the capitalist system, since the capitalist's only aim is to generate profit there is no reason to keep anything other than a minimum wage for the workers. In a globalized world, rich countries can outsource industries to poorer countries where workers will not expect so high a wage. The lower the wages a capitalist can pay to the labourers, the more profit he can generate. A capitalist does not care whether his labourers' living standards are good, acceptable or bad (although he does want to maintain a level where the labourers will not die or rebel), as long as they deliver the work for the lowest wage possible3. Therefore a company CEO can gain an absurd amount of money since he will reap all the profit made from all the labourers in his company while the lowest worker in the hierarchy will only earn enough to survive. The ordinary worker does not have a free choice whether he wants to work or not since he is at such an inferior bargaining position that he has to accept the capitalist's offer in order to survive. According to socialism this inequality is atrocious, it can by no means be justifiable that an ordinary labourer who works equally as hard, or harder than a CEO should struggle for his survival while the CEO lives in unimaginable luxury. In socialism, production and wages are directed to human needs, there is consequently no need to maximise profit and thus this gross inequality would be evened.4  1 The World?s Billionaires: #1 Warren Buffett. (2008, March). Forbes.  2 Hunger. (2011). World Food Programme. Retrieved June 7, 2011  3 Engels, Frederick. (2005). The principles of Communism. Marxist Internet Archive. Retrieved June 7, 2011  4 Marx, K. (n.d.). Critique of the Gotha Programme: I. Marxist Internet Archive. Socialism, humane society, equality, wealth gap, poor countries, rich countries, Warren Buffet, net worth, global hunger, malnutrition, child mortality, capitalism, profit generation, minimum wage, globalization, outsourcing, living standards, CEO compensation, worker exploitation, free choice, bargaining power, Marxist theory, human needs, production, wage distribution, income inequality, social justice, economic systems, labor rights, exploitation, class struggle, communist principles Socialism, humane society, equality, wealth gap, rich countries, poor countries, Warren Buffet, net worth, hunger, malnutrition, child mortality, capitalist system, profit, minimum wage, globalization, outsourcing, wage inequality, CEO wealth, worker survival, labor, bargaining power, human needs, production, profit maximization, inequality, Marxism, communism, Critique of the Gotha Programme, The principles of Communism socialism, equality, humane society, wealth gap, rich countries, poor countries, Warren Buffet, net worth, hunger, malnutrition, child mortality, capitalist system, profit, minimum wage, globalization, outsourcing, wage inequality, living standards, worker exploitation, CEO salaries, labor rights, socialist production, human needs, profit maximization, Marxist theory, Critique of the Gotha Programme, The Principles of Communism socialism, capitalism, inequality, wages, profit, workers, CEOs, poverty, hunger, malnutrition, globalization, outsourcing, labor, wealth, distribution, Marxist, Engels, Marx, humane, society, ethics, economic, justice, class, struggle, exploitation, survival, bargain, power, production, human, needs Socialism, humane society, equality, wealth gap, rich countries, poor countries, Warren Buffet, net worth, global hunger, child mortality, malnutrition, capitalist system, profit motive, minimum wage, globalization, outsourcing, labor exploitation, wage inequality, CEO compensation, worker rights, human needs, production, Marx, Engels, Critique of the Gotha Programme, principles of Communism
test-economy-fiahwpamu-pro05a	Microfinance and protection  Access to a small loan provides benefits for the poor’s ability to access high quality health care. A lack of access to banking facilities - loans and credit - may mean the poor are left excluded from health care services as these are usually not free. Microfinance institutions accept the irregularities of the poor’s income, so enabling health care to be affordable to the poor by providing access to finance. As Ofori-Adjei (2007) shows the integration of microfinance institutions within healthcare systems in Ghana is required to resolve the issue of inaccessibility. Ill health should not put a household into a state of poverty - microfinance provides this protection.  Microfinance schemes not only provide loans to access health care but are now integrating non-financial services, such as health education, within their finance schemes. microfinance, health care, poverty, loans, credit, banking facilities, irregular income, affordability, healthcare systems, Ghana, inaccessibility, household poverty, non-financial services, health education microfinance, health care, poverty, loans, credit, banking facilities, health education, non-financial services, inaccessibility, household poverty, financial protection, microfinance institutions, healthcare systems, Ghana, income irregularities, finance schemes microfinance, protection, access, small loans, benefits, poor, high quality health care, lack, banking facilities, credit, exclusion, health care services, free, irregular income, affordability, finance, integration, healthcare systems, Ghana, inaccessibility, household poverty, non-financial services, health education, finance schemes microfinance, health care, poverty, banking, loans, credit, irregular income, health education, financial services, non-financial services, healthcare systems, Ghana, inaccessibility, household protection, Ofori-Adjei 2007 microfinance, health care, poverty, loans, credit, banking facilities, income irregularities, affordability, health education, financial protection, Ghana, integration, healthcare systems, non-financial services, ill health, household poverty
test-international-gmehbisrip1b-con02a	"Returning to the 1967 borders would make war more likely.  The Foreign Minister of Israel, Avigdor Lieberman, said in 2009: “A return to the pre-1967 lines, with a Palestinian state in Judea and Samaria, would bring the conflict into Israel's borders. Establishing a Palestinian state will not bring an end to the conflict.” [1] This is why the American ambassador to the UN at the time of the 1967 war pointed out that “Israel's prior frontiers had proved to be notably insecure”, and American President Lyndon Johnson, shortly after the war, declared that Israel's return to its former lines would be “not a prescription for peace but for renewed hostilities.” Johnson advocated new 'recognized boundaries' that would provide ""security against terror, destruction, and war.” [2] An Israel that withdrew completely to the 1967 borders would offer a very tempting target, since it would be a narrow country with no strategic depth whose main population centres and strategic infrastructure would be within tactical range of forces deployed along the commanding heights of the West Bank. This would hurt Israel's ability to deter future attacks and thus make conflict in the region even more likely. This ability of Israel to deter aggressors is particularly important not only due to the region's history of aggression against Israel, but also due to the unpredictable future events in the highly volatile Middle East. There is no way, for example, to guarantee that Iraq will not evolve into a radical Shi'ite state that is dependent on Iran and hostile to Israel (indeed, King Abdullah of Jordan has warned of a hostile Shi'ite axis that could include Iran, Iraq, and Syria), nor that a Jordan's Palestinian majority might seize power in the state (leaving Israel to defend itself against a Palestinian state that stretches from Iraq to Kalkilya), nor that in the future, militant Islamic elements will not succeed in gaining control of the Egyptian regime. [3]  Given its narrow geographical dimensions, a future attack launched from the pre-1967 borders against Israel's nine-mile-wide waist could easily split the country in two. Especially seeing as Islamic militants throughout the Middle East are unlikely to be reconciled to Israel even by a withdrawal to the 1967 borders, such a withdrawal therefore would actually make peace in the region less likely and encourage war against Israel. [4]  [1] Lazaroff, Tovah. “Lieberman warns against '67 borders”. Jerusalem Post. 27 November 2009.   [2] Levin, Kenneth. “Peace Now: A 30-Year Fraud”. FrontPageMag.com. 5 September 2008.   [3] Amidror, Maj.-Gen. (res.) Yaakov. “Israel's Requirement for Defensible Borders”. Defensible Borders for a Lasting Peace. 2005.   [4] El-Khodary, Taghreed and Bronner, Ethan. “Hamas Fights Over Gaza’s Islamist Identity”. New York Times. 5 September 2009. 1967 borders, war likelihood, Avigdor Lieberman, Palestinian state, Judea and Samaria, conflict continuation, American ambassador, UN, Lyndon Johnson, pre-1967 lines, renewed hostilities, recognized boundaries, security, deterrence, strategic depth, West Bank, population centres, Middle East volatility, Jordan, Palestinian majority, Shi'ite axis, Iran, militant Islamic elements, Egypt, Islamic militants, Gaza, Islamist identity, Hamas, defensible borders, lasting peace, Israel's security, regional stability, narrow geographical dimensions, future attacks, country split, peace process, security guarantees, 1967 borders, Avigdor Lieberman, Palestinian state, Judea and Samaria, pre-1967 lines, American ambassador, UN, Lyndon Johnson, recognized boundaries, security, renewed hostilities, strategic depth, population centres, infrastructure, deterrence, Middle East, unpredictable future, Iraq, Iran, Jordan, King Abdullah, Shi'ite axis, Egypt, militant Islamic elements, geographical dimensions, Israel's waist, Hamas, peace, war, lasting peace, defensible borders 1967 borders, Israeli security, Palestinian state, Avigdor Lieberman, pre-1967 lines, Middle East conflict, UN ambassador, Lyndon Johnson, recognized boundaries, strategic depth, deterrence, regional instability, militant Islam, Jordan, Iraq, Iran, Shi'ite axis, Gaza, Hamas, Islamist identity, defensible borders, enduring peace, territorial disputes, Israeli-Palestinian relations, foreign policy, international relations, Middle East politics, security strategies, geopolitical concerns, historical context, Six-Day War, peace negotiations, territorial integrity, state sovereignty, national defense, geopolitical stability, international diplomacy, 1967 borders, Avigdor Lieberman, Palestinian state, Judea and Samaria, pre-1967 lines, American ambassador, UN, Lyndon Johnson, renewed hostilities, recognized boundaries, security, deter aggressors, strategic depth, tactical range, West Bank, region's history, Middle East, radical Shi'ite state, Jordan, Palestinian majority, militant Islamic elements, Egypt, Islamic militants, narrow geographical dimensions, waist, split the country, peace, war, Gaza, Hamas, Islamist identity 1967 borders, Israel, war, Avigdor Lieberman, Palestinian state, Judea and Samaria, conflict, American ambassador, UN, Lyndon Johnson, security, peace, strategic depth, deterrence, Middle East, Iraq, Iran, Jordan, Egypt, militant Islamic elements, geographical dimensions, Hamas, Gaza, Islamist, defensible borders"
test-politics-cdmaggpdgdf-pro04a	Transparency prevents, or corrects, mistakes  Transparency is fundamental in making sure that mistakes don’t happen, or when they do that they are found and corrected quickly with appropriate accountability. This applies as much, if not more, to the security apparatus than other walks of life. In security mistakes are much more likely to be a matter of life and death than in most other walks of life. They are also likely to be costly; something the military and national security apparatus is particularly known for. [1] An audit of the Pentagon in 2011 found that the US Department of Defense wasted $70 billion over two years. [2] This kind of waste can only be corrected if it is found out about, and for that transparency is necessary.  [1] Schneier, Bruce, ‘Transparency and Accountability Don’t Hurt Security – They’re Crucial to It’, The Atlantic, 8 May 2012  [2] Schweizer, Peter, ‘Crony Capitalism Creeps Into the Defense Budget’, The Daily Beast, 22 May 2012 Transparency, Accountability, Security, Mistakes, Correction, Life and Death, Military, National Security, Waste, Pentagon, Audit, Department of Defense, Bruce Schneier, Peter Schweizer, Crony Capitalism, Defense Budget transparency, accountability, mistakes, correction, security, life and death, military, national security, waste, Pentagon, audit, Department of Defense, crony capitalism, defense budget Transparency, Accountability, Mistakes, Security, Life, Death, Military, National Security, Cost, Pentagon, Audit, Department of Defense, Waste, Correction, Bruce Schneier, Peter Schweizer, The Atlantic, The Daily Beast, Crony Capitalism, Defense Budget transparency, accountability, mistakes, correction, security, life-and-death, military, national-security, Pentagon, waste, audit, defense-budget, crony-capitalism, Bruce-Schneier, Peter-Schweizer transparency, accountability, security, mistakes, correction, life and death, military, national security, waste, Pentagon, audit, defense budget, crony capitalism, Bruce Schneier, Peter Schweizer, The Atlantic, The Daily Beast
test-law-tahglcphsld-con02a	More people will take drugs if they are legal  Considering that drug use has so many negative consequences, it would be disastrous to have it increase. However, the free availability of drugs once they are legal will make it far easier for individuals to buy and use them. In most cases, under 1% of the population of OECD countries regularly use illegal drugs; many more drink alcohol or smoke tobacco. [1] This must at least partly to do with the illegality. Indeed, in an Australian survey, 29% of those who had never used cannabis cited the illegality of the substance as their reason for never using the drug, while 19% of those who had ceased use of cannabis cited its illegality as their reason. [2]  [1] UN Office on Drugs and Crime, World Drug Report 2009,   [2] NSW Bureau of Crime and Statistics, ‘Does Prohibition Deter Cannabis use?’, 23 August 2001,  $file/mr_cjb58.pdf drug legalization, drug use consequences, OECD drug statistics, alcohol consumption, tobacco use, cannabis illegality, Australian drug survey, prohibition impact, drug policy, public health, substance abuse, legal drugs, illegal drugs, drug enforcement, societal impact, addiction rates, drug availability, regulatory frameworks, harm reduction, substance control, drug trends, user behavior, law enforcement, public opinion, drug education, health implications, economic factors, social factors, legal reform, policy evaluation, research studies, statistical analysis, international comparisons, drug markets, consumer behavior, prevention strategies, treatment options, legal status, legislative changes, public safety, moral arguments, ethical drug legalization, drug use consequences, drug accessibility, illegal drug use, OECD countries, drug usage statistics, alcohol consumption, tobacco use, cannabis illegality, drug prohibition, cannabis use reasons, drug policy impacts, substance abuse prevention, illegal substance deterrents, public health concerns, legal drug market, recreational drug trends, societal drug impacts, substance control laws, drug enforcement effectiveness drug legalization, drug use consequences, free availability, illegal drugs, OECD countries, regular drug use, alcohol consumption, tobacco smoking, cannabis illegality, Australian survey, prohibition effectiveness, drug policy, public health, substance abuse, societal impact, law enforcement, drug prevalence, legal status influence, substance use deterrence, policy implications drug legalization, substance abuse, public health, illegal drugs, OECD countries, drug use statistics, alcohol consumption, tobacco use, cannabis use, drug policy, prohibition effects, survey data, illegal substances, drug availability, health consequences, social impact, legal consequences, drug enforcement, recreational drugs, legal drugs, Australian drug statistics, United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, NSW Bureau of Crime and Statistics drug legalization, illegal drug use, negative consequences, increased accessibility, OECD countries, drug statistics, cannabis, alcohol, tobacco, prohibition, deterrence, survey, legaｌity, substance use, population behavior, public health, policy impact
test-digital-freedoms-dfiphbgs-pro01a	Open source software is more adaptable to government needs.  Open source software starts from a completely different viewpoint of how products should be created. Rather than resembling a traditional hierarchical organisation (such as an early twentieth century business, an army or a monastic order) where everyone has their own clearly defined role and are told how to proceed by a top-down central authority, open-source software development is more like an open market where everyone is engaged in the same activity but come at it from different directions. [i]  Out of this cacophonous market, a more fluid product emerges. The basic advantage of open source software is that, as users can read, redistribute, and modify the source code for a piece of software, it evolves. This means that users and programmers can improve, adapt and fix the software at a much faster pace than Microsoft or another closed source developer can match. The highly collegiate culture in which contemporary approaches to coding evolved continues to create programmers who are naturally curious about the functions and features of new software. Open source software harnesses the wide range of ideas and methodologies that different coders use to writer software to refine and improve existing programmes. Open source software solicits a wide variety of solutions to particular coding problems; the more solutions that coders generate, the more likely it is that an optimal solution will be discovered.  Not only does the approach described above result in the creation of higher quality programmes, it also allows businesses and individual coders to easily adapt existing programmes to their needs. Monopolistic producers like Microsoft have an incentive to slow the pace of change, whereas the open source community will simply choose the best solution. In this way, open source software is more robust and more responsive to governments’ changing needs than closed source alternatives.  [i] Raymond, Eric. “The Cathedral and the Bazaar.” Cunningham & Cunningham. 18 February 2010. open source software, government needs, adaptable, hierarchical organisation, open market, fluid product, user modification, source code, faster pace, Microsoft, closed source, collegiate culture, coding, refined programmes, optimal solution, higher quality, robust, responsive, changing needs, monopolistic producers, Eric Raymond, Cathedral and the Bazaar Open source software, government needs, adaptable, product creation, hierarchical organization, open market, fluid product, source code, user modification, programmer improvement, faster pace, closed source, collegiate culture, coding curiosity, idea variety, methodology diversity, optimal solution, higher quality programs, adaptability, monopolistic producers, change incentive, robust, responsive, closed source alternatives, Cathedral and the Bazaar, Eric Raymond open source software, government needs, adaptable, product creation, hierarchical organisation, open market, fluid product, user modification, source code, rapid improvement, Microsoft, closed source, collegiate culture, coding evolution, optimal solutions, higher quality programmes, business adaptation, individual coders, changing needs, monopolistic producers, robust software, responsive software, cathedral and the bazaar, Eric Raymond open source software, adaptable, government needs, product creation, hierarchical organization, open market, fluid product, source code, evolution, improvement, fixing, Microsoft, closed source, collegiate culture, coding, methodologies, optimal solutions, higher quality, adaptation, business needs, individual coders, monopolistic producers, pace of change, robust, responsive, closed source alternatives, The Cathedral and the Bazaar, Eric Raymond open source, software, adaptable, government needs, development methodology, hierarchical organization, open market, fluid product, user modification, source code, rapid improvement, Microsoft, closed source, programmer curiosity, coding culture, optimal solutions, coding problems, software quality, business adaptation, monopolistic producers, change pace, community, robust, responsive, cathedral and bazaar, Eric Raymond
test-international-segiahbarr-con02a	Majority of states are still undemocratic  While there is a lot of contention over government type, democracy is seen as an aspiration in Western eyes, and African dictators have a history of running brutal and corrupt regimes. In Africa the majority of states are still dictatorships. Only 25 of the 55 states are democratic, whilst the rest are authoritarian or hybrid regimes. These dictators are commonly associated with poor governance, which in turn can affect economic growth. Recent pictures of Robert Mugabe and his team of ministers asleep at an African-Arab economic summit demonstrate how little enthusiasm some of these leaders have for the progress of their country [1] .  [1] Moyo, ‘Mugabe and his ministers sleep through economic summit’, 2013 undemocratic states, democracy, government type, Western aspiration, African dictators, brutal regimes, corrupt regimes, Africa dictatorships, democratic states, authoritarian regimes, hybrid regimes, poor governance, economic growth, Robert Mugabe, African-Arab economic summit, leaders enthusiasm, country progress democracy, dictatorship, governance, economic growth, Africa, states, democratic, authoritarian, hybrid regimes, Robert Mugabe, corruption, brutality, Western aspirations, African-Arab summit undemocratic states, democracy aspiration, Western perspective, African dictators, brutal regimes, corrupt regimes, majority dictatorships, 25 democratic states, 55 African states, authoritarian regimes, hybrid regimes, poor governance, economic growth, Robert Mugabe, ministers asleep, economic summit, leadership enthusiasm, country progress Majority, states, undemocratic, contention, government, type, democracy, aspiration, Western, African, dictators, brutal, corrupt, regimes, Africa, dictatorships, democratic, authoritarian, hybrid, poor, governance, economic, growth, Robert, Mugabe, ministers, asleep, African-Arab, economic, summit, enthusiasm, progress, country democracy, undemocratic states, government types, Western aspirations, African dictators, brutal regimes, corruption, African states, dictatorships, democratic countries, authoritarian regimes, hybrid regimes, poor governance, economic growth, Robert Mugabe, African-Arab summit, leadership enthusiasm, country progress
test-politics-lghwdecm-con04a	Mayors could split economic regions  The value of a mayor is dependent upon that mayor having a distinct area of control. However often this area is set too small. Cities are the hubs for neighbouring towns and countryside as well as the inner city. This could then end up splitting up economic regions. Birmingham and Coventry are very close to each other but at some point in the future could potentially have different city mayors. There would then be confusion; who runs regional transport policy or the West Midlands police that affects both cities? [1]  [1] McCabe, Steve, ‘An executive mayor – can we afford it?, Birmingham Mail, 17 April 2012. Mayors, economic regions, distinct area of control, city hubs, neighbouring towns, countryside, inner city, splitting economic regions, Birmingham, Coventry, city mayors, regional transport policy, West Midlands police, executive mayor, affordability, Steve McCabe, Birmingham Mail Mayors, Economic Regions, City Control, Regional Transport, West Midlands, Police Policy, City Mayors, Birmingham, Coventry, Urban Governance, Regional Coordination, Executive Mayor, City Hubs, Neighboring Towns, Countryside, Inner City, PolicyOverlap, Administrative Boundaries, City-Region Dynamics, Local Government, Regional Cooperation, Urban Planning, Governance Structures, Mayoral Powers, Economic Integration, Metropolitan Areas, Political Leadership, Urban Management, Regional Development, Public Services, Local Politics, Urban Policies, Regional Administration, City-Region Relations, Civic Leadership, Economic Zones, Policy Coordination, Mayoral Influence, Urban Mayors, economic regions, distinct area of control, cities, neighbouring towns, countryside, inner city, splitting economic regions, Birmingham, Coventry, city mayors, regional transport policy, West Midlands police, executive mayor, Birmingham Mail Mayors, economic regions, distinct area control, cities, neighbouring towns, countryside, inner city, splitting economic regions, Birmingham, Coventry, city mayors, regional transport policy, West Midlands police, executive mayor, affordability, Steve McCabe, Birmingham Mail Mayors, economic regions, distinct area of control, cities, neighbouring towns, countryside, inner city, splitting economic regions, Birmingham, Coventry, city mayors, regional transport policy, West Midlands police, executive mayor, affordable, local governance, urban planning, regional coordination, political geography, Steve McCabe, Birmingham Mail
test-culture-cgeeghwmeo-con03a	Even within the United States people speak English differently  Even within the United States people speak many different dialects. From Boston to New York to the rural South, accents and diversity within the English language express the exact same types of historical, cultural, and even political traditions that those pushing English find so horrifying if made in another language.  It would be hard to set a standard for what is English, and ignore the fact that Americans have long used linguistic differences as a sign of identity. It therefore makes no sense to try to paper over these linguistic differences by imposing English as an official language; rather the diversity of languages and dialects should be celebrated. United States, English, dialects, accents, cultural diversity, linguistic differences, identity, official language, language policy, celebration of diversity, regional variations, American English, linguistic identity, political traditions, historical context, language imposition, multilingualism, language and culture, regional accents, dialect variation English dialects, linguistic diversity, American accents, cultural traditions, political identity, language standards, official language, linguistic identity, language diversity, dialect celebration United States, English, dialects, accents, linguistic diversity, cultural traditions, political traditions, identity, official language, language diversity, linguistic differences, American English, Boston, New York, rural South United States, English, dialects, accents, diversity, linguistic differences, identity, cultural traditions, political traditions, historical influences, official language, language imposition, language celebration, American English, regional accents, linguistic identity, language policy, language diversity, linguistic variation, dialectal diversity United States, English, dialects, accents, linguistic diversity, cultural traditions, political traditions, identity, official language, language diversity, celebration of diversity
test-law-tahglcphsld-con03a	Drugs will either be too cheap or too expensive  Low prices for drugs will hugely increase consumption of drugs, amongst all groups - addicts, previously casual users, and those who were not previously users. If drug provision is strictly regulated, an illegal black market may remain. drugs, prices, consumption, regulation, black market, affordability, addiction, users, policy, enforcement drugs, prices, consumption, regulation, black market, affordability, addiction, casual users, non-users, economics, policy, enforcement drug pricing, drug consumption, price regulation, black market, drug regulation, affordability, drug users, non-users, addiction, casual use, illegal drugs, market control, substance abuse, public health, economic impact drug pricing, drug consumption, low drug prices, high drug prices, drug regulation, black market, illicit drugs, drug users, non-users, casual drug users, addicts, drug policy, economic impact of drugs, drug availability, controlled substances, pharmaco-economics drugs, prices, consumption, addicts, casual users, non-users, black market, regulation, affordability, illegal trade
test-international-sepiahbaaw-con01a	Source of trade  Natural resources are a source of economic revenue for Africa. If managed well then this can become a genuine source of prosperity. Africa does not currently have developed secondary and tertiary sectors yet [1] , most of the continent’s economics surrounds primary sector activity such as resource extraction and farming. The high commodity price of items such as gold, diamonds and uranium is therefore valuable for Africa’s trade. Profits from this trade have allowed countries to strengthen their economic position by reducing debt and accumulating external reserves, a prime example of this being Nigeria.  [1] Maritz,J. ‘Manufacturing: Can Africa become the next China?’ How We Made Africa 24 May 2011 Africa, natural resources, economic revenue, prosperity, primary sector, resource extraction, farming, commodity prices, gold, diamonds, uranium, trade, debt reduction, external reserves, Nigeria, manufacturing, Maritz, How We Made Africa Africa, natural resources, economic revenue, prosperity, primary sector, resource extraction, farming, commodity prices, gold, diamonds, uranium, trade, economic position, debt reduction, external reserves, Nigeria, manufacturing, China Africa, natural resources, economic revenue, prosperity, primary sector, resource extraction, farming, commodity prices, gold, diamonds, uranium, trade, economic position, debt reduction, external reserves, Nigeria, manufacturing, Maritz, How We Made Africa Natural resources, economic revenue, Africa, prosperity, primary sector, resource extraction, farming, commodity price, gold, diamonds, uranium, trade, economic position, reducing debt, external reserves, Nigeria, secondary sectors, tertiary sectors, manufacturing, Maritz, How We Made Africa trade, natural resources, economic revenue, Africa, prosperity, primary sector, resource extraction, farming, commodity prices, gold, diamonds, uranium, economic position, debt reduction, external reserves, Nigeria, manufacturing, Maritz, How We Made Africa
test-culture-mmctghwbsa-con03a	"Any changes in advertising should come from businesses themselves rather than through banning.  Banning requires a legal framework and enforcement mechanism. External organizations interfere with the ability of business to conduct business. Should the social cultural environment change, businesses are likely to respond to the attitudes of their consumers. A recent change in the California Milk Board's website occurred due to public pressure.1 Social corporate responsibility is another possibility which business could embrace if changing social attitudes develop.2Banning is a repressive method which interferes with competition. Self determined methods should be allowed to competitors in the economic marketplace. Therefore, any changes in advertising should come from the business community rather than through banning. 1 Kumar, Sheila. ""Milk Board Alters Sexist PMS-Themed Ad Campaign."" The Huffington Post. 2011/July 22. 2 Skibola, Nicole. ""Gender and Ethics in Advertising: The New CSR."" Forbes.com. 2011/August 4 advertising, businesses, self-regulation, banning, legal-framework, enforcement, external-interference, consumer-attitudes, social-cultural-environment, corporate-social-responsibility, competition, self-determined-methods, economic-marketplace, Californian-Milk-Board, public-pressure, sexist-advertising, gender-ethics advertising changes, businesses, banning, legal framework, enforcement mechanism, external organizations, business conduct, social cultural environment, consumer attitudes, California Milk Board, public pressure, social corporate responsibility, changing social attitudes, repressive method, competition, self-determined methods, economic marketplace, sexist ads, gender ethics, CSR advertising, businesses, banning, legal framework, enforcement, external organizations, social cultural environment, consumer attitudes, California Milk Board, public pressure, social corporate responsibility, competition, self-determined methods, economic marketplace, Sheila Kumar, Nicole Skibola, sexist ads, PMS, CSR, ethics, gender advertising, businesses, banning, legal framework, enforcement mechanism, external organizations, social cultural environment, consumer attitudes, California Milk Board, public pressure, social corporate responsibility, competition, self-determined methods, economic marketplace, sexist ads, CSR, gender ethics advertising, businesses, banning, legal framework, enforcement, social cultural environment, consumer attitudes, California Milk Board, public pressure, social corporate responsibility, competition, economic marketplace, self-regulation, Sheila Kumar, Nicole Skibola, Huffington Post, Forbes, gender ethics, CSR"
test-politics-epvhbfsmsaop-pro01a	Personality politics is harmful to the democratic process  Celebrity involvement in the political process may increase the extent to which politicians need to court media attention in order to promote their policies.  Many people get their political information from ‘soft-news’ outlets [1] , i.e. entertainment channels and magazines that often focus on ‘celebrity gossip’. Shows such as Oprah Winfrey get millions of viewers many of whom don’t get news through other mediums and although soft news is the preferred format for a minority (10.2%) for a great many more it is in their top three. [2] The involvement of celebrities in the political sphere increases the power of “soft-news” over the political process: due to the wide reach of “soft-news” it is not possible to counter its effects using narrow-reach opinion pieces and policy analysis. Rather, politicians are forced either to package their ideas in a way acceptable to these magazines and talk shows (i.e. reduce the analysis; ‘dumb down’), for example Obama in 2009 became the first sitting president to appear on a late night comedy show; Tonight Show with Jay Leno, [3] or to counter attack by seeking celebrity endorsement of their own.  This makes political debate increasingly shallow, and voters’ decisions correspondingly less well-informed. The harmful impacts upon our democratic process are two-fold: first, voters being less informed means they are less likely to truly be voting in a way that is aligned with their best interests or political beliefs; second, the debate is skewed towards ideas that can be conveyed in short ‘sound-bites’ and away from ideas that require more complicated discussion.  [1] Drezner, Daniel W., ‘Foreign Policy Goes Glam’, The National Interest, Nov./Dec. 2007,   [2] Prior, Markus, ‘Any Good News in Soft News? The Impact of Soft News Preferences on Political Knowledge’, Political Communication, Vol. 20, 2003, pp.149-171, p.151   [3] Baum, Matthew A., and Jamison, Angela, ‘Soft News and the four Oprah effects’, November 2011, personality politics, harmful, democratic process, celebrity involvement, political process, media attention, soft-news outlets, entertainment channels, magazines, celebrity gossip, Oprah Winfrey, viewers, news mediums, soft news, minority, top three, wide reach, narrow-reach opinion pieces, policy analysis, package ideas, late night comedy show, Tonight Show, Jay Leno, Obama, 2009, celebrity endorsement, shallow debate, voters, less informed, best interests, political beliefs, sound-bites, complicated discussion, democratic process, voter decision, informed voting, political knowledge, soft news preferences, Matthew Baum, Angela Jamison personality politics, harmful, democratic process, celebrity involvement, political process, media attention, policies, soft-news, entertainment channels, magazines, celebrity gossip, Oprah Winfrey, viewers, news, narrow-reach opinion pieces, policy analysis, late night comedy show, Tonight Show with Jay Leno, celebrity endorsement, political debate, shallow, voters, informed, democratic process, sound-bites, complicated discussion, voting, political beliefs, soft news preferences, political knowledge, four Oprah effects personality politics, democratic process, celebrity involvement, political process, media attention, soft-news, entertainment channels, celebrity gossip, political information, viewers, news sources, political sphere, wide reach, narrow-reach, opinion pieces, policy analysis, late night comedy show, Tonight Show, Jay Leno, political debate, voters' decisions, less informed, democratic process impacts, voter alignment, political beliefs, sound-bites, complicated discussion personality politics, harmful, democratic process, celebrity involvement, political process, media attention, policies, soft-news outlets, entertainment channels, magazines, celebrity gossip, Oprah Winfrey, viewers, news mediums, soft news, minority, top three, wide reach, narrow-reach opinion pieces, policy analysis, packaging ideas, late night comedy show, Tonight Show with Jay Leno, celebrity endorsement, political debate, shallow, voters, informed decisions, democratic process, voting interests, political beliefs, sound-bites, complicated discussion, Foreign Policy Goes Glam, The National Interest, soft news preferences, political knowledge, Political Communication, Matthew A. Baum personality politics, democratic process, celebrity involvement, media attention, soft-news outlets, entertainment channels, magazines, celebrity gossip, political information, Oprah Winfrey, viewers, preferred format, narrow-reach opinion pieces, policy analysis, late night comedy show, Tonight Show with Jay Leno, celebrity endorsement, political debate, shallow debate, voters' decisions, informed voters, best interests, political beliefs, sound-bites, complicated discussion, Drezner, Daniel W., Foreign Policy Goes Glam, National Interest, Prior, Markus, Any Good News in Soft News, Political Communication, Baum, Matthew A., Jamison, Angela, four Oprah
test-international-gsciidffe-con01a	"The international system is based on equality and non-interference  Relations between states are based upon “the principle of the sovereign equality of all its Members.” The UN Charter emphasises “Nothing contained in the present Charter shall authorize the United Nations to intervene in matters which are essentially within the domestic jurisdiction of any state”. [1] Within a state only the government is legitimate as the supreme authority within its territory. [2] Without such rules the bigger, richer, states would be able to pray on the weaker ones. This cannot simply be put aside because one state does not like how the other state runs its own internal affairs. The United Nations has gone so far as to explicitly state “all peoples have the right, freely and without external interference, to determine their political status and to pursue their economic, social and cultural development.” [3] Circumventing censorship would clearly be another power attempting to impose its own ideas of political cultural and social development.  [1] UN General Assembly, Article 2, Charter of the United Nations, 26 June 1945,   [2] Philpott, Dan, ""Sovereignty"", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Summer 2010 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.),   [3] UN General Assembly, “Respect for the principles of national sovereignty and non-interference in the internal affairs of States in their electoral processes”, 18 December 1990, A/RES/45/151 international system, equality, non-interference, state sovereignty, UN Charter, domestic jurisdiction, legitimate authority, territorial integrity, power dynamics, weaker states, external interference, political status, economic development, social development, cultural development, censorship, political ideas, cultural ideas, social ideas, national sovereignty, electoral processes, UN General Assembly, international relations, state authority, sovereign equality, political determination, human rights, international law, state autonomy, international norms, intervention, foreign policy, governance, state power, international community, legal principles, diplomatic relations, state rights, United Nations, global governance, state integrity, non-intervention principle, international cooperation international system, equality, non-interference, state relations, sovereign equality, UN Charter, domestic jurisdiction, supreme authority, territory, rules, bigger states, weaker states, UN, external interference, political status, economic development, social development, cultural development, censorship, political ideas, cultural ideas, social ideas, national sovereignty, electoral processes international system, equality, non-interference, sovereign equality, UN Charter, domestic jurisdiction, state sovereignty, supreme authority, territory, rules, bigger states, weaker states, external interference, political status, economic development, social development, cultural development, censorship, national sovereignty, electoral processes international system, equality, non-interference, relations, sovereign equality, UN Charter, domestic jurisdiction, state authority, territory, bigger states, weaker states, UN principles, peoples rights, political status, economic development, social development, cultural development, external interference, sovereignty, electoral processes, United Nations, state jurisdiction, Philpott, Zalta, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, UN General Assembly, legal documents, international relations, state sovereignty, political legitimacy, international law, non-intervention, state integrity, political autonomy, social autonomy, cultural autonomy, UN resolutions, international norms, state rights, political interference, social interference, cultural interference, international system, equality, non-interference, sovereign equality, UN Charter, domestic jurisdiction, state sovereignty, supreme authority, territory, big states, weak states, external interference, political status, economic development, social development, cultural development, UN resolution, national sovereignty, electoral processes, censorship, political ideas, cultural ideas, social ideas"
test-free-speech-debate-magghbcrg-con01a	Community radio just gives a megaphone to extremists.  Experience suggests that the airwaves, unregulated, tend to attract pedagogues seeking followers more than democrats seeking the views of others. Particularly in areas of high sectarian divisions, technologies that propagate the views of every mullah with a mic are unlikely to help democracy in the middle east. Indeed the experience with the nearest equivalent in the US, talk radio, shows how fantastically divisive it can be. [i]  Community radio in areas that do not have a history of plurality and diversity of opinion would be likely to see the spread of radio stations pandering to the specific views of every shard and splinter of opinion, reinforcing that particular set of beliefs while ignoring all others – it is difficult to imagine a more toxic – and less democratic – option to encourage in the Arab world [ii] .  The difficulty, as shown in the reference given in the previous paragraph, is that exactly the same ease of access applies to fanatics as to democrats – who may, frequently, be the same people. In the instance of Rwanda, extremists inciting violence (almost entirely Hutus) had acquired small scale radio equipment. The government couldn’t afford the jamming equipment (the US jamming flights would cost $8500 per hour) and sought assistance from the Americans. The UN objected as such actions were clearly sectarian. However, the wide use of Radio – initially funded by the West – which, in part at least had lead to the genocide then left a toxic legacy of fanatics dominating the airwaves, those involved were eventually convicted in 2003. [iii]  [i] Noriega, Chin A, and Iribarren, Francisco Javier, ‘Quantifying Hate Speech on Commercial Talk Radio’, Chicano Studies Research Center, November 2011.  [ii] Wisner, Frank G., ‘Memorandum for deputy assistant to the president for national security affairs, national security council, Department of Defense, 5 May 1994.  [iii] Smith, Russell, ‘The impact of hate media in Rwanda’, BBC News, 3 December 2003.  Dale, Alexander C., ‘Countering hate messages that lead to violence: The United Nations’s chapter VII authority to use radio jamming to halt incendiary broadcasts’, Duke Journal of Comparative & International Law, Vol 11. 2001. Community radio, extremists, unregulated airwaves, pedagogues, sectarian divisions, mullahs, democracy, Middle East, US talk radio, divisiveness, plurality, diversity, toxic legacy, Rwanda, genocide, hate speech, radio jamming, United Nations, incendiary broadcasts, violence Community radio, extremists, unregulated airwaves, pedagogues, followers, democrats, sectarian divisions, mullah, mic, democracy, middle east, US talk radio, divisive, history of plurality, diversity of opinion, radio stations, specific views, reinforcing beliefs, toxic, less democratic, access to fanatics, Rwanda, violence, Hutus, small scale radio equipment, government jamming, UN objection, genocide, hate speech, commercial talk radio, hate media, radio jamming, incendiary broadcasts, chapter VII authority, United Nations community radio, extremists, unregulated airwaves, pedagogues, sectarian divisions, mullahs, democracy, middle east, talk radio, divisiveness, plurality, diversity, opinion, Rwanda, genocide, hate speech, Hutus, jamming, UN, hate media, violence, Duke Journal, comparative law, international law, radio jamming, incendiary broadcasts, chapter VII authority community radio, extremists, unregulated airwaves, pedagogues, sectarian divisions, mullah, mic, democracy, middle east, US talk radio, divisive, plurality, diversity of opinion, toxic, less democratic, ease of access, fanatics, democrats, Rwanda, violence, Hutus, small scale radio equipment, jamming equipment, UN, hate media, genocide, toxic legacy, hate speech, commercial talk radio, national security council, hate messages, violence, UN chapter VII, radio jamming, incendiary broadcasts Community radio, extremists, unregulated airwaves, pedagogues, sectarian divisions, mullahs, democracy, Middle East, US talk radio, divisive, plurality, diversity, opinion, radio stations, specific views, reinforcing beliefs, toxic, undemocratic, Arab world, fanatics, democrats, Rwanda, violence, Hutus, small scale radio equipment, jamming, US assistance, UN objection, hate speech, genocide, legacy, convicted, hate media, incendiary broadcasts, radio jamming, United Nations, Chapter VII, authority, hate messages, violence prevention
test-philosophy-pppthbtcb-con03a	Exacerbation of poor conditions  Terrorism creates a perpetual situation of poverty and anxiety within the community. Terrorism creates an unsafe situation for the local community, which has several consequences: firstly, people are less able to continue their daily actions, such as going to work or school of they are afraid of attacks. Secondly, people are less likely to save or to take risks such as setting up a business when they are uncertain about the their future. Thirdly, international companies are less likely to set up business in a location which is seen as unstable, and with the local market which has little to spend. This all lead to a continuation of poor conditions where many people live in poverty and anxiety, and see little opportunity than continuing the violence themselves. In Northern Ireland, the political violence which is present, combined with the high rates of poverty, creates a vicious circle where the unstable situation is continued. [1]  [1] Horgan, G. (2011, July 12). Equality of misery? Poverty and political violence in Northern Ireland. Retrieved August 3, 2011, from Politico: terrorism, poverty, anxiety, community, unsafe, daily actions, work, school, attacks, save, risks, business, uncertainty, international companies, local market, poor conditions, violence, Northern Ireland, political violence, high rates, poverty, vicious circle, unstable situation, equality of misery, Horgan, Politico terrorism, poverty, anxiety, community, unsafe, daily actions, work, school, attacks, save, risks, business, future, international companies, instability, local market, poor conditions, violence, Northern Ireland, political violence, high poverty, vicious circle, unstable situation, equality of misery, Horgan terrorism, poverty, anxiety, community, unsafe, daily actions, work, school, attacks, save, risks, business, future, international companies, local market, poor conditions, violence, Northern Ireland, political violence, high rates, vicious circle, unstable situation, equality of misery terrorism, poverty, anxiety, community, safety, daily actions, work, school, attacks, savings, risk, business, uncertainty, future, international companies, local market, poor conditions, violence, Northern Ireland, political violence, high rates, vicious circle, instability, equality, misery Terrorism, poverty, anxiety, community, safety, daily life, work, school, attacks, savings, business risks, international companies, market stability, poor conditions, violence, Northern Ireland, political violence, high poverty rates, vicious circle, instability, economic impact, social impact, Horgan, Equality of Misery, political context, economic development, social disruption, security concerns, investment climate, community resilience, public safety, policy implications, conflict zones, human security, regional instability, economic stagnation, social welfare, violence cycle, urban poverty, rural poverty, unemployment, education disruption, health issues, psychological impact, migration,
test-health-dhghhbampt-con03a	Alternative medical practitioners tend to spend more time with their patients and get a better understanding of them as a whole, as a result they are more likely to treat the person than the symptom  Modern medicine tends to treat an individual symptom without putting it in the context of the whole person and so will often fail to see it as part of a wider pathology.  Alternative practitioners tend to spend more time with their patients and so are better placed to asses individual symptoms as a part of the person as a whole rather than just dealing with symptoms one as a time as the crop up. Alternative medicine, holistic approach, patient-centered care, modern medicine, symptom treatment, comprehensive understanding, individual assessment, time spent with patients, whole person treatment, pathology context Alternative medicine, holistic approach, patient-centered care, modern medicine, symptom treatment, individual symptoms, whole person, pathology, time spent, patient understanding, comprehensive care, integrated healthcare, allopathic medicine, traditional medicine, complementary therapies, healthcare practices, medical practitioners, patient assessment, holistic practitioners, symptom-focused treatment, person-focused treatment, integrated approach, healthcare context, medical models, therapeutic methods, health assessment, patient interaction, medical philosophy, treatment philosophy, healthcare systems, medical practice, clinical approach, patient experience, therapeutic relationship, medical consultation, holistic healthcare, symptom management, whole-person care, individualized medicine, healthcare perspective, medical ethics alternative medicine, holistic approach, patient-centered care, modern medicine, symptom treatment, comprehensive care, individualized treatment, traditional healthcare, integrative medicine, long-term health, therapeutic relationship, preventative care, whole-person treatment, allopathic medicine, conventional treatment, symptom-focused care alternative medicine, holistic approach, patient-centered care, modern medicine, symptom treatment, whole person care, individual pathology, healthcare practitioners, time spent, patient understanding alternative medicine, holistic treatment, patient-centered care, modern medicine, symptom-focused treatment, comprehensive patient assessment, individualized healthcare, integrative medicine, traditional medicine, biomedical approach
test-economy-bepighbdb-con01a	Democracy acts in the interest of the general population, which is good for development  It can be argued that a good economic policy, such as China’s economic policies, have helped development. But a free market policy can be done with any form of government, and cannot be exclusively attached to a dictatorship or a democracy. Any political system can use it. Although it has been noted that South Korea was an autocracy during economic ‘takeoff’ its economy has also grown significantly since democratization with GNI per capita growing from $3,320 in 1987 to $22,670 in 2012. [1]  Another example is that Spanish economic growth in the 1950-2000 period. The 1960s economic miracle in Spain was not necessarily caused by Franco’s regime – he controlled the country in the 1950s, when the country did not have such economic success. In 1959, Franco opened up the Spanish economy internationally, ending the isolationist economic policies established following the Civil War so making the country free market bringing dividends. As a result Spain also grew economically after the collapse of the Franco government, continuing on following on from EU membership.  [1] The World Bank, ‘GNI per capita, Atlas method (current US$)’, data.worldbank.org, democracy, general population, development, economic policy, China, free market, government, dictatorship, South Korea, autocracy, economic takeoff, GNI per capita, Spain, 1950-2000, 1960s economic miracle, Franco regime, isolationist policies, EU membership, World Bank, GNI per capita data Democracy, General population, Development, Economic policy, China, Free market, Dictatorship, Political system, South Korea, Autocracy, Economic takeoff, GNI per capita, Spain, 1950-2000 period, 1960s economic miracle, Franco regime, Isolationist policy, EU membership, World Bank, GNI per capita data Democracy, general population, development, economic policy, China, free market, political system, dictatorship, South Korea, autocracy, economic takeoff, GNI per capita, Spain, 1950-2000, 1960s economic miracle, Franco, isolationist policies, EU membership, World Bank, GNI per capita data Democracy, general population, development, economic policy, China, free market, government, dictatorship, South Korea, autocracy, economic takeoff, GNI per capita, Spain, 1950-2000, 1960s economic miracle, Franco, isolationist, EU membership, World Bank, GNI, current US$ democracy, economic development, China, free market, political systems, South Korea, GNI per capita, Spain, Franco, EU membership, World Bank, GNI, economic policies, autocracy, economic growth, 1960s economic miracle, isolationist policies, international economy
test-law-sdiflhrdffe-con02a	The liberal democratic paradigm is not the only legitimate model of government, a fact that democracies should accept and embrace  Ultimately, states’ laws have to be respected. Liberal democracy has not proven to be the end of history as Fukuyama suggested, but is rather one robust system of government among many. China has become the example of a state-led capitalist model that relies on a covenant with the people fundamentally different from that between democratic governments and their citizens. [1] Chinas ruling communist party has legitimacy as a result of its performance and its role in modernising the country. [2] China’s people have accepted a trade-off; economic growth and prosperity in exchange for their liberties. When dissidents challenge this paradigm, the government becomes aggrieved and seeks to re-establish its power and authority. If the dissidents are breaking that country’s laws then the state has every right to punish them. Singapore similarly has an authoritarian version of democracy that delivers an efficient, peaceful state at the expense of constraints on the ability to criticise the government. [3] This collective model of rights has no inherent value that is lesser to that of the civil liberties-centric model of liberal democracy. In the end, as the geopolitical map becomes complicated with different versions of governance, states must learn to live with one another. The problem of offering amnesty to bloggers is that democracies and the West seek to enforce their paradigm onto that of states that differ. This will engender resentment and conflict. The world economy and social system relies on cooperation, trade, and peace. The difference between systems and cultures should be celebrated rather than simply assuming that there is only one true model and all others are somehow inferior.  [1] Acemoglu, D. and Robinson, J. “Is State Capitalism Winning?”. Project Syndicate. 31 December 2012.   [2] Li, Eric X, “The Life of the Party”, Foreign Affairs, January/February 2013,   [3] Henderson, Drew, “Singapore suppresses dissident” Yale Daily News, 5 November 2010, liberal democracy, legitimate models, government, state laws, Fukuyama, end of history, China, state-led capitalism, covenant, legitimacy, economic growth, prosperity, liberties, dissidents, power, authority, punishment, Singapore, authoritarian democracy, efficient state, peace, constraints, criticism, collective rights, civil liberties, geopolitical map, governance, cooperation, trade, peace, amnesty, bloggers, West, paradigm, inferior, world economy, social system, cultural differences liberal democracy, state-led capitalism, China, covenant, economic growth, liberties, performance legitimacy, modernisation, dissidents, state authority, Singapore, authoritarian democracy, collective rights, civil liberties, geopolitical map, governance models, cooperation, trade, peace, cultural differences, state sovereignty liberal democracy, alternative governance models, state-led capitalism, China, political legitimacy, economic growth, civil liberties, Singapore, authoritarian democracy, international cooperation, cultural relativism, geopolitical diversity, legal sovereignty, global trade, social harmony, dissident punishment, Amnesty, Western influence, rule of law, performance-based legitimacy, modernization, social contract, collective rights, individual freedoms, peaceful coexistence, international relations, Fukuyama, end of history, state authority, political stability, economic prosperity, governance paradigms, geopolitical complexity, cultural differences, global cooperation, international conflict, political pluralism, human rights, political dissent, political liberal democracy, state-led capitalism, China, performance legitimacy, social contract, economic growth, civil liberties, authoritarian democracy, Singapore, geopolitical diversity, cooperation, cultural relativism, international relations, human rights, state sovereignty, Fukuyama, end of history, state authority, dissidents, amnesty, bloggers, West, global economy, peace, governance models, Acemoglu, Robinson, Eric X Li, Drew Henderson, Foreign Affairs, Project Syndicate, Yale Daily News liberal democracy, state capitalism, China, Singapore, authoritarian democracy, state laws, Fukuyama, end of history, civil liberties, economic growth, prosperity, trade-offs, governance models, geopolitical map, cooperation, international relations, cultural relativism, human rights, political legitimacy, performance legitimacy, modernization, state authority, dissidents, amnesty, bloggers, West, enforcement, resentment, conflict, world economy, social system, collective rights, individual rights, celebration of differences, peace, trade, efficiency, peaceful state, government criticism, constraints, societal covenant, political paradigm
test-politics-cdfsaphgiap-pro04a	A lack of transparency can endanger the leader  A person is most likely to survive when they have an accident, a heart attack, or some other condition if they get prompt treatment and doctors are aware of any underlying conditions. Mills may well have lived, or lived longer if there had been more transparency about his death. There had been no prior warning that the president might be rushed to hospital despite the doctors having been called in the previous day. For the same reason his outriders were not available leading to indecision over whether to send off the ambulance. And finally he was initially turned away from the emergency ward because they did not know it was the President they were being asked to treat. 1 Transparency would allow procedures to be in place and advance notice given possibly gaining a few minutes and enabling survival.  1 Daily Guide, ‘How Mills died: Sister tells it all’, My Joy Online, 31 August 2012, transparency, leader, accident, heart attack, prompt treatment, underlying conditions, Mills, death, hospital, doctors, prior warning, outriders, ambulance, emergency ward, procedures, advance notice, survival, Daily Guide, My Joy Online transparency, leader, survival, accident, heart attack, prompt treatment, underlying conditions, Mills, death, president, hospital, doctors, prior warning, outriders, ambulance, emergency ward, procedures, advance notice, survival, Daily Guide, My Joy Online transparency, leader, survival, accident, heart attack, prompt treatment, underlying conditions, Mills, death, transparency, president, hospital, doctors, outriders, ambulance, emergency ward, procedures, advance notice, survival, Daily Guide, Mills' death, Sister, My Joy Online transparency, leader, survival, prompt treatment, underlying conditions, Mills, death, hospital, doctors, warning, outriders, ambulance, emergency ward, procedures, advance notice, survival chances, Daily Guide, My Joy Online, 2012 transparency, leader, survival, accident, heart attack, prompt treatment, underlying conditions, Mills, death, prior warning, hospital, doctors, outriders, ambulance, emergency ward, procedures, advance notice, survival, Daily Guide, My Joy Online
test-law-hrilpgwhwr-con03a	The ICC has too much authority.  The ICC will lead to political prosecution. American service members and senior military and political strategists will be subject to charges for legitimate military action. Any State has the power to refer an issue for investigation to the Prosecutor and the Prosecutor also has the power to commence an investigation ex proprio motu. There is no UN Security Council veto over the discretion of the Prosecutor. Moreover, the phantom of political prosecution has already materialised in the preliminary investigation mounted by the Office of the Prosecutor of the ICTY into the NATO bombing of Kosovo and the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia in the course of 'Operation Allied Force'. The Prosecutor chose to investigate a campaign that had been undertaken with clinical precision, that had received the ex post facto support of the Security Council, and that had been directed against a military infrastructure effecting a brutal policy of ethnic cleansing. This grim precedent suggests that a Prosecutor will not hesitate to investigate any other good faith and successful military actions across the globe. ICC, authority, political prosecution, American service members, military action, state referral, Prosecutor discretion, UN Security Council, veto, ICTY, NATO bombing, Kosovo, Yugoslavia, Operation Allied Force, ethnic cleansing, military infrastructure, good faith actions, global investigations ICC, authority, political prosecution, American service members, military strategists, charges, legitimate military action, state referral, Prosecutor discretion, UN Security Council veto, ICTY, NATO bombing, Kosovo, Yugoslavia, Operation Allied Force, ethnic cleansing, military infrastructure, grim precedent, good faith military actions ICC, authority, political prosecution, American service members, senior military, political strategists, charges, legitimate military action, state power, investigation referral, Prosecutor discretion, UN Security Council, veto, ICTY, preliminary investigation, NATO bombing, Kosovo, Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, Operation Allied Force, military campaign, ethnic cleansing, good faith military actions, global precedent ICC, authority, political prosecution, American service members, military strategists, charges, legitimate military action, State referral, Prosecutor discretion, ex proprio motu, UN Security Council veto, ICTY, NATO bombing, Kosovo, Yugoslavia, Operation Allied Force, ethnic cleansing, good faith military actions ICC, authority, political prosecution, American service members, military action, state referral, ex proprio motu, UN Security Council, veto, Prosecutor discretion, ICTY, NATO bombing, Kosovo, Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, Operation Allied Force, ethnic cleansing, good faith, military actions
test-economy-epegiahsc-pro02a	Multilateralism is preferable to bilateralism.  It is preferable for Latin American countries to band together when negotiating trade deals with the US and Canada, to better protect their interests. After FTAA negotiations failed, the US focused on bilateral strategies and trade deals where the imbalance of power was much greater in favour of the US, and it therefore could more easily dictate terms of the agreement that were detrimental to the interests of the developing country. For example, El Salvador, who is a member of CAFTA (Central America Free Trade Agreement), together with only five other Central American countries, has found itself under legal attacks by foreign investors when it refused to lower its environmental standards in the gold mining industry [1] . Having an emerging global power, like Brazil, be part of the agreement, would counterbalance US influence over the terms.  [1] Gallager, Kevin. “Stop private firms exploiting poor states.” The Guardian. 5 February 2010. multilateralism, bilateralism, Latin American countries, trade deals, US, Canada, FTAA, CAFTA, El Salvador, environmental standards, gold mining, Brazil, US influence, foreign investors, legal attacks, developing country, Kevin Gallagher, The Guardian, 2010 multilateralism, bilateralism, Latin American countries, trade deals, US, Canada, FTAA, imbalance of power, developing country, El Salvador, CAFTA, Central America Free Trade Agreement, foreign investors, environmental standards, gold mining industry, Brazil, counterbalance, US influence, Kevin Gallagher, The Guardian, legal attacks, private firms, poor states Multilateralism, Bilateralism, Latin American countries, Trade deals, US, Canada, FTAA, Bilateral strategies, Imbalance of power, Developing countries, El Salvador, CAFTA, Central America Free Trade Agreement, Legal attacks, Foreign investors, Environmental standards, Gold mining industry, Brazil, US influence, Global power, Counterbalance, Trade agreements, International negotiations, Economic interests, Development, Protectionism, Regional cooperation, Investment disputes, Environmental protection, Sovereignty, Economic diplomacy multilateralism, bilateralism, Latin American countries, trade deals, US, Canada, FTAA negotiations, imbalance of power, developing country, El Salvador, CAFTA, Central America Free Trade Agreement, legal attacks, foreign investors, environmental standards, gold mining industry, Brazil, counterbalance, US influence, terms, Kevin Gallagher, The Guardian Multilateralism, Bilateralism, Latin American countries, Trade deals, US, Canada, FTAA negotiations, Imbalance of power, Developing country, El Salvador, CAFTA, Central America Free Trade Agreement, Legal attacks, Foreign investors, Environmental standards, Gold mining industry, Brazil, Counterbalance US influence, Kevin Gallagher, The Guardian
test-digital-freedoms-phwnaccpdt-con03a	The storing and sale of personal data aids companies by making marketing more efficient and allows niche markets to thrive  Businesses have been able to use consumers’ personal information to produce far better, more efficient, and more targeted advertising. Traditionally advertisement has been used to reach mass markets and has thus been used mostly as a blunt instrument, targeting the largest and wealthiest demographics in order to get the most efficient use of scarce advertising budgets. The focus on large markets has often left smaller, more niche, markets by the wayside. [1] Yet with the advent of the internet, targeted marketing, and data collection services, firms have been able to create whole new markets that cater to less homogenous needs and wants. The result has been a Renaissance of specialty manufacturers and service providers that could never arise if it were not for the collection of personal consumer data. By targeting their advertising, firms have been able to scale back on the broader advertising, making the whole endeavour less costly and more efficient. On the broader level, companies are able to utilize the vast amounts of individual data compiled to allow them to determine broader changes in society’s consumer desires, to establish aggregate trends. [2] E-commerce accounts for more than $300 billion in the US. This information gathering makes all businesses more responsive to consumer demands and to cause them to change their offered services and products far more swiftly, to the benefit of all consumers. Businesses have thus been able to flourish that might once have languished without access to a means of accessing their market or been unable to change with changing tastes. Because of the proliferation of personal information aggregation we can enjoy a far more efficient business world, with lots of producers that can compete with the larger mainstream on a more even footing, and a mainstream that is more able to meet the ever-changing demand structure of consumers.  [1] Columbus Metropolitan Library. “Using Demographics to Target Your Market”. 2012. storing, sale, personal, data, companies, marketing, efficient, niche, markets, businesses, consumers, information, advertising, targeted, internet, data-collection, services, firms, specialty, manufacturers, service-providers, advertising-cost, aggregate-trends, e-commerce, information-gathering, consumer-demands, competition, mainstream, demand-structure, demographics, target-market storing, sale, personal, data, aids, companies, marketing, efficient, niche, markets, thrive, consumers, information, produce, targeted, advertising, traditionally, mass, blunt, instrument, demographics, internet, collection, services, firms, create, specialty, manufacturers, providers, aggregated, trends, e-commerce, responsive, demands, swiftly, flourish, aggregation, competition, mainstream, demand, structure data storage, personal data, marketing efficiency, niche markets, consumer information, targeted advertising, internet, data collection, specialty manufacturers, service providers, advertising costs, consumer demands, e-commerce, information gathering, business world, market access, changing tastes, personal information aggregation, mainstream competition, demand structure storing, sale, personal data, marketing efficiency, niche markets, consumer information, targeted advertising, internet, data collection, specialty manufacturers, service providers, e-commerce, consumer demands, aggregate trends, business responsiveness, changing tastes, information aggregation, market access, consumer satisfaction, competition, mainstream businesses storing, sale, personal, data, aids, companies, marketing, efficient, niche, markets, thrive, businesses, consumers, information, produce, targeted, advertising, traditionally, mass, blunt, instrument, demographics, wealthiest, advent, internet, services, create, specialty, manufacturers, providers, targeting, scale, broader, costly, societal, consumer, desires, trends, e-commerce, responsive, demands, change, services, products, benefit, flourish, access, market, changing, tastes, proliferation, aggregation, efficient, business, producers, compete, mainstream, footing, demand, structure
test-environment-chbwtlgcc-pro02a	"Developing world  Developing countries such as China and India are growing rapidly and causing massive increases in global GHG emissions through fossil fuel use and deforestation. It took developed countries 100s of years to create a standard of living high enough for an environmental movement to develop. It is more likely than not that developing countries will continue to increase their annual emissions for decades, greatly eclipsing any potential reductions in the developed world. According to Joseph Romm, former US assistant secretary for energy efficiency and renewable energy, ""China's growth in emissions could erode all other countries' efforts to stabilize the world's temperature"" 1. As a result, atmospheric GHGs will continue to increase, causing greater climate change.  1. Romm, Joseph, 'How Copenhagen can succeed where Kyoto failed', Foreign Policy, June 18, 2009. Developing world, developing countries, China, India, rapid growth, global GHG emissions, fossil fuel use, deforestation, standard of living, environmental movement, increase emissions, decades, reductions, developed world, Joseph Romm, US assistant secretary, energy efficiency, renewable energy, China emissions, Copenhagen, Kyoto, stabilize temperature, atmospheric GHGs, climate change Developing world, Developing countries, China, India, Rapid growth, Global GHG emissions, Fossil fuel use, Deforestation, Standard of living, Environmental movement, Annual emissions, Decades, Developed world, Emission reductions, Joseph Romm, US assistant secretary, Energy efficiency, Renewable energy, World temperature, Copenhagen, Kyoto, Climate change, Atmospheric GHGs Developing world, developing countries, China, India, rapid growth, global GHG emissions, fossil fuel use, deforestation, standard of living, environmental movement, annual emissions, climate change, Joseph Romm, US assistant secretary, energy efficiency, renewable energy, Copenhagen, Kyoto, stabilize temperature Developing world, Developing countries, China, India, Rapid growth, Global GHG emissions, Fossil fuel use, Deforestation, Standard of living, Environmental movement, Annual emissions, Developed countries, Climate change, Joseph Romm, Copenhagen, Kyoto, Energy efficiency, Renewable energy Developing world, developing countries, China, India, rapid growth, global GHG emissions, fossil fuel use, deforestation, standard of living, environmental movement, annual emissions, climate change, Joseph Romm, US assistant secretary, energy efficiency, renewable energy, Copenhagen, Kyoto, stabilize temperature"
test-international-ehbfe-pro05a	A federal Europe will ensure that large, multinational businesses remain accountable for their actions  In a globalised economy, there is a need to tame multinational corporations, which would be otherwise capable of playing national governments off against each other in search for low wages, social costs and state protection. A federal Europe would be powerful enough to demand high standards of behaviour from such companies, because only a powerful and economically significant player can dictate restricting conditions. This would ensure fair wages, safe working conditions and - additionally - Europe would be able to force the multinational companies to implement correct and holistic policies and would also be in a position to make a greater difference on environmental issues such as global warming. Sovereignty becomes less relevant when effective independence is lost anyway as the economy and the problems faced by all nations are increasingly globalised. federal Europe, multinational businesses, globalised economy, national governments, low wages, social costs, state protection, powerful player, high standards, fair wages, safe working conditions, holistic policies, environmental issues, global warming, sovereignty, effective independence, global problems federal Europe, multinational businesses, accountability, globalised economy, multinational corporations, national governments, low wages, social costs, state protection, powerful player, high standards, fair wages, safe working conditions, holistic policies, environmental issues, global warming, sovereignty, effective independence, globalised problems federal Europe, multinational businesses, accountability, globalised economy, multinational corporations, national governments, low wages, social costs, state protection, powerful player, high standards, fair wages, safe working conditions, environmental issues, global warming, sovereignty, effective independence, global problems federal Europe, multinational businesses, accountability, globalised economy, multinational corporations, national governments, low wages, social costs, state protection, powerful player, high standards, fair wages, safe working conditions, holistic policies, environmental issues, global warming, sovereignty, effective independence, global problems federal Europe, multinational businesses, accountability, globalised economy, multinational corporations, national governments, low wages, social costs, state protection, powerful player, high standards, fair wages, safe working conditions, holistic policies, environmental issues, global warming, sovereignty, effective independence, globalised problems
test-politics-cpecfiepg-con04a	Leaving the Eurozone would be detrimental for Greece in the long-run.  Even if the proposition are correct in claiming defaulting and leaving the Eurozone would stimulate growth in the Greek economy, such benefits are transitory whereas the benefits of remaining in the Eurozone are permanent. [1] Having the Euro provides stability for the Greek economy – investors know that the currency will not collapse, making their invested capital worthless. The gravity of the outcomes of a Greek default cannot be known for sure, however some economists have even suggested that hyperinflation could occur – leading to disastrous consequences for Greece. [2] Moreover, in the long term, a single currency makes investment and transactions with other Eurozone members much more efficient and profitable. This is particularly important given that the vast majority of Greek trade is carried out with other European members. In light of these benefits, a short term cost that comes with the austerity measures enforced under the status quo, would be worthwhile in the long term.  [1] Barrell, Ray: “Eurozone crisis: what if… Greece leaves the single currency”, 14 May 2012, The Guardian,   [2] Ruparel, Raoul and Persson, Mats: “Better off Out? The short-term options for Greece inside and outside of the euro”, June 2012, Open Europe, 2012 eurozone, greece, long-run, default, economic growth, transitory benefits, permanent benefits, euro stability, investor confidence, currency collapse, hyperinflation, single currency, investment efficiency, transaction efficiency, european trade, austerity measures, eurozone crisis, short-term costs, raoul ruparel, mats persson, ray barrell, open europe, the guardian Leaving Eurozone, Greece, detrimental, long-run, defaulting, stimulate growth, transitory benefits, permanent benefits, Euro stability, investor confidence, hyperinflation, single currency, efficient transactions, profitable, trade, Eurozone members, austerity measures, short-term cost, long-term gain, Eurozone crisis, Greece leaves, economic consequences, short-term options, Open Europe, The Guardian, Barrell, Ray, Ruparel, Raoul, Persson, Mats Eurozone, Greece, long-run, detrimental, defaulting, growth, transitory, permanent, stability, investors, currency, collapse, hyperinflation, consequences, single currency, investment, transactions, European members, trade, austerity measures, short term, long term, Barrell, Ray, Ruparel, Raoul, Persson, Mats, Eurozone crisis, better off out, The Guardian, Open Europe Leaving Eurozone, Greece, long-run effects, default, economic growth, stability, investors, currency collapse, hyperinflation, single currency, investment efficiency, Greek trade, Eurozone members, austerity measures, short-term cost, long-term benefits, Eurozone crisis, Barrell, Ruparel, Persson, Open Europe, The Guardian Leaving Eurozone, Greece, long-run effects, economic stability, investor confidence, hyperinflation, single currency benefits, trade efficiency, Eurozone members, austerity measures, short-term costs, long-term benefits, Barrell Ray, Ruparel Raoul, Persson Mats, Eurozone crisis, Greek economy, economic growth, transitory benefits, permanent benefits, currency collapse, invested capital, disastrous consequences, short-term options, inside Eurozone, outside Eurozone, Euro currency, economic stimulus, financial stability, trade relations, European members, economic sanctions, political stability, economic forecasts, economic research, European Union, financial markets,
test-economy-eptpghdtre-con02a	Republicans more enthusiastically support market capitalism  A free market is at the core of many of the other freedoms we enjoy. When government gets too involved in the running of commerce – whether through taxation, regulation or the state ownership of companies, history has shown us that they start controlling other aspects of citizens lives in an effort to get the economic outcomes that they want. Corporations – along with organised religion – provide useful counter-balance to too much government power. As nice as it sounds that we should divert the wages of the rich to bring the poor up to middle class standards of living, it just doesn’t work [i] .  [i] “Why am I a Republican?” Early Riser. 7 February 2006. Republicans, market capitalism, free market, government involvement, commerce, taxation, regulation, state ownership, economic outcomes, corporations, organized religion, government power, income redistribution, middle class, poverty, Republican values, fiscal policy, economic freedom Republicans, market capitalism, free market, government involvement, commerce, taxation, regulation, state ownership, economic outcomes, government power, corporations, organized religion, redistribution, wealth, middle class, Republican values, political economy, conservative philosophy, economic freedom, individual liberty Republicans, market capitalism, free market, government involvement, commerce, taxation, regulation, state ownership, economic outcomes, corporations, organized religion, government power, wealth redistribution, middle class, poverty, political ideology, economic freedom, Republican values, minimal government intervention Republicans, market capitalism, free market, government involvement, commerce, taxation, regulation, state ownership, freedom, economic outcomes, corporations, organized religion, government power, wealth redistribution, middle class, poverty, political ideology, conservatism, libertarianism, fiscal policy Republicans, market capitalism, free market, government involvement, commerce, taxation, regulation, state ownership, economic outcomes, corporations, organized religion, government power, wealth redistribution, middle class, political philosophy, Republican values, economic freedom, individual liberty, conservative economics, free enterprise, limited government, fiscal conservatism, economic policy, economic intervention, social freedom, capitalism, socialism, economic principles, political economy, American politics, economic debate, wealth inequality, economic growth, market economy, political ideology, economic systems, American conservatism, economic theory, political science, economic regulation, economic control, public policy, economic freedom, individual responsibility, market solutions,
test-law-ralhrilglv-con01a	Criminal defendants don’t get to pick and choose trial dates  Irrespective of who they are, Kenyatta and Ruto are nothing special – they’re just another two criminal defendants.  A person who is on trial murder or any other offence, whoever they are, can’t pick and choose their trial date for their own convenience or for their own business interests – why should these two particular defendants get a special privilege? Silvio Berlusconi was prosecuted by the Italian courts; the slow speed was due to the glacial pace of the Italian legal system rather than him particularly agitating for a special hold-up. The court cases were not done at his convenience. criminal defendants, trial dates, Kenyatta, Ruto, special privilege, murder, offence, Silvio Berlusconi, Italian courts, legal system, court cases, convenience, business interests criminal defendants, trial dates, Kenyatta, Ruto, special privilege, murder, offence, Silvio Berlusconi, Italian courts, legal system, court cases, convenience, business interests criminal defendants, trial dates, Kenyatta, Ruto, special privilege, murder, offence, Silvio Berlusconi, Italian courts, legal system, court cases, convenience, business interests criminal defendants, trial dates, Kenyatta, Ruto, special privilege, murder, offence, Silvio Berlusconi, Italian courts, legal system, court cases, convenience, business interests criminal defendants, trial dates, Kenyatta, Ruto, special privileges, murder, offence, Silvio Berlusconi, Italian courts, legal system, court cases, convenience, business interests
test-society-tlhrilsfhwr-con01a	Making children military targets  The purpose of the ban on the use of child soldiers is to prevent the normalisation of such tactics in conflict zones. It is not an inflexible implementation of a lofty European ideal. The ban, and the role of the ICC in enforcing it, is designed to reduce the likelihood that civilians will be deliberately targeted in developing world war zones. Why is this necessary?  If the defence set out in the motion is used to reduce the number of war crimes convictions attendant on the use of child soldiers, not only will numbers of child soldiers rise, but children themselves will become military targets. Communities ravaged and depleted by war, under the status quo, may be seen as minimally threatening. Armies are not likely to target them as strategic objectives if it is thought that they will offer no resistance. However, if there is no condemnation and investigation of the use of child soldiers, they will become a much more common feature of the battlefield. The increasing militarisation of children will make those children who do not wish to participate in armed conflict- children pursuing some alternate survival strategy- automatic targets. All children will be treated as potential soldiers. The communities that children live in will become military targets.  The resolution, although seeking to enable children to protect themselves, will simply make them targets of the massacres, organised displacement and surprise attacks that characterise warfare in Africa and central Asia. child soldiers, military targets, war zones, ICC, war crimes, convictions, militarisation, communities, automatic targets, protection, massacres, displacement, surprise attacks, Africa, central Asia child soldiers, military targets, conflict zones, war crimes, ICC, enforcement, civilian protection, recruitment, militarisation, communities, displacement, Africa, central Asia, protection Strategies, warfare Tactics child soldiers, military targets, war zones, ban enforcement, ICC role, war crimes convictions, civilian targeting, community threat, militarisation of children, survival strategy, military objectives, African warfare, central Asian conflicts, child protection, strategic objectives, conflict tactics, international law, humanitarian impact, child recruitment, armed conflict participation, civilian protection, tactical resistance, deliberate targeting, community depletion, war strategy, combatant status, non-combatant safety, conflict resolution, disarmament, reintegration, child rights, international justice, legal frameworks, tactical vulnerability, combat age, military engagement, humanitarian law, armed groups, recruitment prevention, child soldier child soldiers, military targets, ban, conflict zones, ICC, war crimes, convictions, militarisation, communities, war, protection, massacres, displacement, surprise attacks, Africa, central Asia making children military targets, ban child soldiers, conflict zones, infantry recruitment, European ideal, International Criminal Court, war crimes, child soldiers, militarisation of children, battlefields, communities ravaged by war, automatic targets, self-protection, massacres, organised displacement, surprise attacks, warfare, Africa, central Asia
test-religion-msgfhwbamec-con02a	It will cause resentment and make certain communities feel targeted.  Arranged marriages are seen as a very important aspect of the identity of lots of Euro-Asian communities. At a time when tensions between non-Muslims and Muslims in Europe are high enough, for example there were protests in London against the film innocence of Muslims, [1] targeting a practice carried out by many Muslim families could help extremist tendencies to flare up. It is important not try and cloak laws that are little more than blind intolerance with terms that make them seem like secular liberalism. Attempting to ban practices like wearing the veil in the name of inclusion have been proven to only inflame tensions, not improve integration. [2] Banning arranged marriages outright would therefore not only be intolerant, but potentially dangerous.  [1] Walker, Paul, ‘Anti-US protesters in London condemn controversial film’, guardian.co.uk, 16 September 2012,   [2] Younge, Gary, ‘Europe: Hotbed of Islampobic Extremism,’ 14 June 2012 - resentment, targeted communities, Euro-Asian, identity, tensions, non-Muslims, Muslims, Europe, protests, London, innocence of Muslims, extremist tendencies, secular liberalism, veil, inclusion, integration, banning, arranged marriages, intolerant, dangerous, Islamophobia, extremism resentment, targeted communities, Euro-Asian communities, arranged marriages, identity, tensions, non-Muslims, Muslims, Europe, protests, London, film, innocence of Muslims, extremist tendencies, secular liberalism, intolerant laws, wearing the veil, inclusion, inflame tensions, integration, banning practices, dangerous resentment, targeted communities, Euro-Asian communities, identity, tensions, non-Muslims, Muslims, Europe, protests, London, film, innocence of Muslims, extremist tendencies, intolerant laws, secular liberalism, banning veil, inclusion, integration, banning arranged marriages, dangerous, intolerant, Paul Walker, anti-US protesters, Gary Younge, Islampobic extremism resentment, targeted communities, Euro-Asian, identity, Muslim, non-Muslim tensions, London protests, innocence of Muslims, extremist tendencies, secular liberalism, veil ban, inclusion, integration, intolerant, dangerous, arranged marriages, legislation, cultural practices, European society, religious freedom, human rights resentment, targeted communities, Euro-Asian, identity, tensions, non-Muslims, Muslims, Europe, protests, London, film, innocence of Muslims, Muslim families, extremist tendencies, secular liberalism, intolerance, veil, inclusion, integration, banning practices, arranged marriages, dangerous, intolerant, Paul Walker, Gary Younge, anti-US protesters, controversial film, Europe, hotbed, Islamophobic extremism
test-economy-bepiehbesa-pro02a	It is unfair to new members of EU  Not only are the largest recipients of CAP western countries – France, Spain and Germany - also the payments per hectare of arable lands differ significantly between new and old members of EU. The new members of EU with their economies often struggling and more dependent on agriculture (as is the case of Poland, Bulgaria or Romania) need more monetary support compared to their western counterparts to produce food of same quality and be competitive in EU market. However, the payments for hectare of land vary from 500€ in Greece to less than 100 € in Latvia. [1] These different conditions undermine the EU’s ethos of fairness and equality of countries.  [1] EurActive, ‘Eastern EU states call for ‘bolder, speedier’ farm reforms’, 14 July 2011, EU, CAP, new members, old members, payments, hectare, arable land, fairness, equality, agriculture, Poland, Bulgaria, Romania, France, Spain, Germany, Greece, Latvia, monetary support, competitiveness, EU market, farm reforms, Eastern EU states EU, CAP, new members, old members, agricultural payments, inequality, per hectare, western countries, eastern states, Poland, Bulgaria, Romania, monetary support, competitiveness, food quality, market, fairness, equality, reforms, Greece, Latvia, EurActive EU, CAP, western countries, France, Spain, Germany, payments per hectare, arable lands, new members, economies struggling, agriculture, Poland, Bulgaria, Romania, monetary support, food quality, competitiveness, EU market, Greece, Latvia, fairness, equality, Eastern EU states, farm reforms EU, CAP, new members, western countries, France, Spain, Germany, payments per hectare, arable lands, Poland, Bulgaria, Romania, economies, agriculture, monetary support, food quality, competitiveness, EU market, Greece, Latvia, fairness, equality, Eastern EU states, farm reforms EU, CAP, western countries, France, Spain, Germany, payments per hectare, new members, old members, Poland, Bulgaria, Romania, economies, agriculture, monetary support, food quality, competitiveness, EU market, Greece, Latvia, fairness, equality, Eastern EU states, farm reforms
test-free-speech-debate-ldhwprhs-pro01a	Religion simply justifies reactionary views which many find offensive. There is no reason for vitriol to be tolerated just because it presents a mask of religion.  Views on issues such as abortion, women, and what constitutes an acceptable family expressed by those who are extremely religious are simply bigoted views which are given credibility by being wrapped in a cassock.  It is in the nature of religious belief that any set of views can adopt a religious justification and there is no objective measure against which to hold the views. For example the homophobic views which have common currency in many churches can be contrasted with a gay liberation trend discernible in others. In the light of this, it makes sense to judge the views on their own basis, regardless of the religiosity surrounding them.  The views expressed by Harry Hammond, and others [1] , need to be stripped of their religious veneer and shown that at their heart they are simply offensive. There is absolutely no reason why LGBT people should have to endure vitriol and condemnation as they go about their daily lives. It is a useful exercise to consider how we would respond to a secular speaker saying that the actions of two people who were in love with each other should condemn them to torment and suffering. Oddly however, the moment this is done in the name of God, it somehow becomes acceptable.  [1] Blake, Heidi. “Christian Preacher Arrested for Saying Homosexuality is a Sin”. The Daily Telegraph, 2 May 2010. Religion, reactionary views, offensive, tolerance, vitriol, abortion, women, family, bigoted, gay liberation, homophobia, churches, Harry Hammond, LGBT, condemnation, secular, Telegraph, Heidi Blake Religion, Justification, Reactionary, Offensive, Vitriol, Tolerance, Abortion, Women, Family, Bigoted, Credibility, Religious, Homophobic, Churches, Gay, Liberation, Views, Objectivity, Harry, Hammond, LGBT, Endure, Condemnation, Secular, Love, Torment, Suffering, God, Blake, Heidi, Christian, Preacher, Arrested, Homosexuality, Sin, Daily, Telegraph religion, reactionary, offensive, vitriol, tolerance, abortion, women, family, bigoted, beliefs, objectivity, homophobia, churches, gay, liberation, Harry Hammond, LGBT, secular, condemnation, love, torment, suffering, Heidi Blake, Christian, preacher, homosexuality, sin, arrest, Telegraph Religion, reactionary views, offensive, vitriol, tolerance, abortion, women, family, bigoted views, religious justification, objective measure, homophobia, churches, gay liberation, Harry Hammond, LGBT, endurance, vitriol, condemnation, secular speaker, love, torment, suffering, God, Christian preacher, homosexuality, sin, arrest Religion, reactionary views, offensive, tolerance, vitriol, abortion, women, family, bigoted views, religious justification, objective measure, homophobia, churches, gay liberation, judgment, religiosity, Harry Hammond, LGBT, daily lives, secular, love, condemnation, God, Heidi Blake, Christian Preacher, homosexuality, sin, arrest
test-environment-ehwsnwu-con02a	There Are Better Alternatives to Underground Nuclear Waste Storage  France is the largest nuclear energy producer in the world. It generates 80% of its electricity from nuclear power. [1] It is very important to note, therefore, that it does not rely on underground nuclear waste storage. Instead, it relies on above ground, on-site storage. This kind of storage combined with heavy reprocessing and recycling of nuclear waste, makes underground storage unnecessary. [2]  As such it seems logical that in most western liberal democracies that are able to reach the same level of technological progress as France, it makes more sense to store nuclear waste above ground. Above ground, checks and balances can be put into place that allow the maintenance of these nuclear storage facilities to be monitored more closely. Furthermore, reprocessing and recycling leads to less wasted Uranium overall. This is important as Uranium, whilst being plentiful in the earth, is often difficult to mine and mill. As such, savings here often significantly benefit things such as the environment and lower the economic cost of the entire operation.  [1] BBC News, ‘France nuclear power funding gets 1bn euro boost’, 27 June 2011,   [2] Palfreman, Jon. “Why the French Like Nuclear Energy.” PBS. nuclear waste, underground storage, France, nuclear energy, electricity generation, above ground storage, on-site storage, reprocessing, recycling, uranium, environmental impact, economic cost, checks and balances, monitoring, technological progress, western democracies, mining, milling, nuclear power funding France, nuclear energy, electricity, underground storage, above ground storage, on-site storage, reprocessing, recycling, nuclear waste, Uranium, mining, milling, environmental impact, economic cost, technological progress, checks and balances, monitoring, Western democracies France, nuclear energy, electricity generation, underground nuclear waste storage, above ground storage, on-site storage, reprocessing, recycling, nuclear waste, Uranium, environmental impact, economic cost, checks and balances, technological progress, western liberal democracies, PBS, BBC News, nuclear power funding nuclear waste, underground storage, France, nuclear energy, electricity generation, above ground storage, on-site storage, reprocessing, recycling, uranium, environmental impact, economic cost, technological progress, Western liberal democracies, checks and balances, nuclear facilities maintenance, uranium mining, uranium milling France, nuclear energy, 80% electricity, above ground storage, on-site storage, reprocessing, recycling, underground storage, checks and balances, Uranium, mining, milling, environment, economic cost, technological progress, western liberal democracies, nuclear waste management, nuclear power funding, French nuclear policy
test-international-gmehbisrip1b-con03a	Many Israelis now live in the occupied territories.  Israel has more than just national security at stake in the occupied territory of the West Bank -hundreds of thousands of Israeli citizens now live there, many in areas which are not strategically essential (the areas described above). Between the West Bank, East Jerusalem and the Golan Heights (all outside of Israel's 1967 borders), over 400,000 Israelis live in settlements in the occupied territories. [1] These ever-expanding settlements represent a barrier to Israeli withdrawing to its 1967 borders. In 1993, when Israeli Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin and Palestine Liberation Organization leader Yasser Arafat famously shook hands on the White House lawn, there were only 109,000 Israelis living in settlements across the West Bank (not including Jerusalem). Today there are more than 230 settlements and strategically placed 'outposts' designed to cement a permanent Jewish presence on Palestinian land. [2] Forcibly removing these settlers would be too difficult, could foment a kind of Jewish civil war, and would create a level of resentment among fundamentalist Jews that would likely inflame the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. Furthermore it should be remembered that these settlers are Israeli citizens, with families, who moved to these areas because the Israeli government told them it was safe and that they would be allowed to stay, and thus Israel has a moral duty to live up to these promises by not withdrawing. Israel cannot afford this sort of internal turmoil, and should not neglect its duty to protect the rights of these citizens, and so it should not withdraw to its 1967 borders.  [1] Levinson, Chaim. “IDF: More than 300,000 settlers live in West Bank”. Haaretz.com. 27 July 2009.   [2] Tolan, Sandy. “George Mitchell and the end of the two-state solution”. The Christian Science Monitor. 4 February 2009. Israelis, occupied territories, national security, West Bank, Israeli citizens, settlements, Golan Heights, 1967 borders, barrier, withdrawing, 1993, Yitzhak Rabin, Yasser Arafat, White House, 109,000, 230 settlements, outposts, Jewish presence, Palestinian land, forcibly removing, Jewish civil war, resentment, fundamentalist Jews, Israeli-Palestinian conflict, settlers, Israeli citizens, families, Israeli government, moral duty, internal turmoil, protection, rights, citizens, two-state solution Israelis, occupied territories, West Bank, Israeli citizens, national security, settlements, 1967 borders, East Jerusalem, Golan Heights, Israeli-Palestinian conflict, Yitzhak Rabin, Yasser Arafat, White House, strategically placed outposts, Jewish civil war, fundamentalist Jews, Israeli government, moral duty, internal turmoil, citizens rights, two-state solution, George Mitchell, Sandy Tolan, Haaretz, The Christian Science Monitor Israelis, occupied territories, West Bank, national security, Israeli citizens, settlements, Golan Heights, 1967 borders, Israeli-Palestinian conflict, Yitzhak Rabin, Yasser Arafat, Jewish presence, Palestinian land, Jewish civil war, fundamentalist Jews, moral duty, Israeli government, internal turmoil, citizens' rights, two-state solution Israeli settlers, occupied territories, West Bank, East Jerusalem, Golan Heights, settlements, Israeli-Palestinian conflict, 1967 borders, moral duty, Israeli citizens, withdrawal, internal turmoil, strategic outposts, Jewish civil war, fundamentalist Jews, Yitzhak Rabin, Yasser Arafat, White House, two-state solution, George Mitchell Israelis, occupied territories, West Bank, Israeli citizens, settlements, 1967 borders, East Jerusalem, Golan Heights, Israeli-Palestinian conflict, Yitzhak Rabin, Yasser Arafat, White House, Jewish civil war, fundamentalist Jews, Israeli government, moral duty, internal turmoil, two-state solution, IDF, Haaretz, Christian Science Monitor, George Mitchell
test-politics-cdmaggpdgdf-pro03a	Transparency helps reduce international tension  Transparency is necessary in international relations. States need to know what each other are doing to assess their actions. Without any transparency the hole is filled by suspicion and threat inflation that can easily lead to miscalculation and even war.  The Cuban missile crisis is a clear example where a lack of transparency on either side about what they were willing to accept and what they were doing almost lead to nuclear war. [1] It is notable that one of the responses to prevent a similar crisis was to install a hotline between the White House and Kremlin. A very small, but vital, step in terms of openness.  Today this is still a problem; China currently worries about the US ‘pivot’ towards Asia complaining it “has aroused a great deal of suspicion in China.” “A huge deficit of strategic trust lies at the bottom of all problems between China and the United States.” The result would be an inevitable arms race and possible conflict. [2]  [1] Frohwein, Ashley, ‘Embassy Moscow: A Diplomatic Perspective of the Cuban Missile Crisis’, Georgetown University School of Foreign Service, 7 May 2013  [2] Yafei, He, ‘The Trust Deficit’, Foreign Policy, 13 May 2013 transparency, international relations, tension reduction, state actions, suspicion, threat inflation, miscalculation, war, Cuban missile crisis, hotline, White House, Kremlin, openness, China, US pivot, Asia, strategic trust, arms race, conflict, diplomacy, trust deficit transparency, international relations, states, actions, suspicion, threat inflation, miscalculation, war, Cuban missile crisis, hotline, White House, Kremlin, openness, China, US pivot, Asia, strategic trust, arms race, conflict, Frohwein, Embassy Moscow, Georgetown University, School of Foreign Service, Yafei, He, Foreign Policy, trust deficit Transparency, international relations, tension reduction, state actions, suspicion, threat inflation, miscalculation, war, Cuban missile crisis, hotline, White House, Kremlin, openness, China, US pivot, Asia, strategic trust, arms race, conflict,外交政策,中美关系,透明度,国际关系,信任赤字,导弹危机,热线通信,战略互信,行动透明,误判,战争,猜疑,威胁放大,国家行动,透明性,国际紧张,减少紧张,行为透明,互信缺乏,军事竞赛,可能冲突,中国担忧,美国转向,亚洲政策,信任不足 transparency, international relations, states, actions, suspicion, threat inflation, miscalculation, war, Cuban missile crisis, hotline, White House, Kremlin, openness, China, US, pivot, Asia, strategic trust, arms race, conflict Transparency, international relations, miscalculation, war, Cuban missile crisis, hotline, White House, Kremlin, openness, China, US pivot, Asia, strategic trust, arms race, conflict, diplomatic perspective, trust deficit, foreign policy
test-law-cppshbcjsfm-con01a	Rehabilitation Does Not Serve The Needs of Society  The primary goal of our criminal justice system is to remove offenders from general society and protect law abiding citizens. Many criminals are repeat offenders and rehabilitation can be a long and expensive process. In Jamaica, police claim repeat offenders are responsible for over 80% of local crime despite rehabilitation programmes in prisons. [1] Ideally therefore, retribution and rehabilitation should work hand in hand to protect citizens in the short and long term. There are some successful examples of this happening, where prisons encourage inmates to take part in group activities such as football. Some prisons have started cooking programmes where inmates learn to cook in a professional environment and leave with a qualification. However the first priority is the removal of the convicted criminal from society in order to protect the innocent. Rehabilitation should be a secondary concern. The primary concern of the criminal justice system should be the protection of the non-guilty parties. The needs of society are therefore met by the immediate removal of the offender.  In addition a more retributive approach serves society through the message it conveys. Most modern defences of retribution would emphasize its role in reinforcing the moral values of society and expressing the public's outrage at certain crimes. Rehabilitation therefore weakens the strong message of disgust as to the offender’s actions that a traditional prison sentence symbolises and the deterrent that it thus provides.  [1] Chang, K. O. ‘Lock up repeat offenders for life’. Jamaica Gleaner, 17 September 2006 . rehabilitation, criminal justice system, society, protection, law-abiding citizens, repeat offenders, retribution, deterrence, moral values, public outrage, immediate removal, secondary concern, prison programmes, cooking qualifications, group activities, football, Jamaica, crime statistics, traditional sentencing Rehabilitation, Criminal Justice System, Society, Protection, Law Abiding Citizens, Repeat Offenders, Jamaica, Prison Programmes, Retribution, Deterrence, Moral Values, Public Outrage, Traditional Prison Sentence, Immediate Removal, Non-Guilty Parties, Secondary Concern, Football, Cooking Programmes, Qualification, Long Process, Expensive Process, Crime Prevention, Community Safety, Public Safety, Legal Punishment, Offender Treatment, Social Responsibility, Crime Reduction, Criminal Rehabilitation, Societal Needs, Legal Retaliation, Deterrence Effect, Moral Consequences, Social Consequences, Legal Consequences, Public Defence rehabilitation, criminal justice system, society, protection, repeat offenders, retribution, deterrence, moral values, public outrage, prison programmes, cooking qualifications, football activities, immediate removal, offender, non-guilty parties, secondary concern, strong message, disgust, traditional prison sentence, Jamaica, crime rates rehabilitation, criminal justice system, society protection, repeat offenders, Jamaican crime, retribution, long-term solutions, inmate activities, cooking programmes,Qualified offenders, criminal removal, non-guilty protection, moral values, public outrage, crime deterrent, traditional sentencing rehabilitation, criminal justice system, society, protection, law-abiding citizens, repeat offenders, Jamaica, crime, programmes, prisons, retribution, group activities, football, cooking programmes, qualifications, removal, non-guilty parties, moral values, public outrage, crimes, deterrence, traditional prison sentence, disgust, offender actions
test-international-segiahbarr-con01a	Millennium Development Goals have not yet been reached  While the majority of African governments have made efforts to reach the Millennium Development Goals (MDG), the deadlines for achieving them are fast approaching with little sign of complete success. The MDGs were established in 2000, and laid out a set of criteria which each country should aspire to in order to become developed. These development goals are essential for Africa to be able to effectively grow. The United Nations Development Programme readily recognises that the eradication of hunger, reduction of child mortality, improvement of maternal health and ensuring environmental sustainability are all off track in Africa [1] . Observing the causes of this failure, the inequality existing in Africa is blamed as a fundamental roadblock.  [1] UNDP, ‘MDG Progress Reports – Africa’, 2013 Millennium Development Goals, MDGs, African governments, development, United Nations Development Programme, UNDP, eradication of hunger, child mortality, maternal health, environmental sustainability, inequality, Africa, progress reports, failure, roadblock, 2000, 2013 Millennium Development Goals, African governments, MDG deadlines, United Nations Development Programme, eradication of hunger, reduction of child mortality, improvement of maternal health, environmental sustainability, Africa's development, inequality in Africa, MDG progress reports Millennium Development Goals, MDG, African governments, development criteria, United Nations Development Programme, UNDP, eradication of hunger, child mortality, maternal health, environmental sustainability, inequality, progress reports, Africa Millennium Development Goals, MDGs, African governments, development criteria, United Nations Development Programme, UNDP, eradication of hunger, child mortality, maternal health, environmental sustainability, inequality, Africa, development progress, MDG deadlines, development goals, failure causes, roadblock Millennium Development Goals, MDG, African governments, development criteria, United Nations Development Programme, UNDP, eradication of hunger, child mortality, maternal health, environmental sustainability, inequality, development progress, Africa, MDG failure, 2013 progress reports
test-politics-lghwdecm-con03a	Mayors will come at a cost  Having Mayors is costly. First of all there is the referendum and the election of the Mayor himself which Bristol council has said could cost up to £400,000. [1] This is then followed by the extra administrative cost created by having a Mayor who will of course have to have deputies, staff, offices, cars and a publicity budget, which could mean up to £3 million a year. [2] This is money that at a time where councils are facing budget cuts could be better spent on shoring up the services councils provide.  [1] The Economist, ‘Why elected mayors matter’, 19 April 2012.  [2] McCabe, Steve, ‘An executive mayor – can we afford it?, Birmingham Mail, 17 April 2012. mayors, cost, referendum, election, Bristol, council, administrative, deputies, staff, offices, cars, publicity, budget, cuts, services, The Economist, Steve McCabe, Birmingham Mail Mayors, cost, referendum, election, Bristol, council, administrative, deputies, staff, offices, cars, publicity, budget, cuts, services, The Economist, Steve McCabe, Birmingham Mail, executive mayor, affordability Mayors, cost, referendum, election, Bristol, council, administrative, deputies, staff, offices, cars, publicity, budget, cuts, services, The Economist, Steve McCabe, Birmingham Mail Mayors, cost, referendum, election, Bristol, council, administrative, deputies, staff, offices, cars, publicity, budget, cuts, services, The Economist, Steve McCabe, Birmingham Mail, executive mayor, affordability Mayors, cost, referendum, election, Bristol, council, administrative, deputies, staff, offices, cars, publicity, budget, cuts, services, The Economist, Steve McCabe, Birmingham Mail
test-culture-cgeeghwmeo-con04a	The US has a long tradition of multiple languages  There is a long historical tradition in the United States to which different languages contributed. Most Americans do not have ancestors who arrived from England prior to 1776, and even among the colonists before independence there were Frenchman, Dutch, Swedes, Scots and Irish. [1] The languages of these early immigrants remain, for example Cajun, an offshoot of French remains a de facto official language in Louisiana. [2]  The historical importance of Native American languages or of the immigrants who came in and contributed so much is also ignored. All of these groups are stigmatized and their contributions ignored.  The descendants of most of the groups listed above speak English today, so the issue is not an ease of access one. It is however one of historical justice and giving full recognition to the full-range of contributors to American history.  [1] ‘Ethnic Composition of the Thirteen Colonies, 1750’, teacher’s Brunch,   [2] Melancon, Megan, ‘Cajun English’, PBS, US, multiple languages, historical tradition, early immigrants, ancestors, colonists, independence, French, Dutch, Swedes, Scots, Irish, Cajun, Louisiana, Native American languages, historical justice, recognition, contributors, American history, Ethnic Composition, Thirteen Colonies, Cajun English, PBS, Melancon, Megan United States, multiple languages, historical tradition, early immigrants, French, Dutch, Swedes, Scots, Irish, Cajun, Louisiana, Native American languages, historical justice, ethnic composition, Thirteen Colonies, 1750, Cajun English, PBS, Megan Melancon, teacher’s Brunch US, multiple languages, historical tradition, early immigrants, ancestors, colonists, French, Dutch, Swedes, Scots, Irish, Cajun, Louisiana, Native American languages, historical justice, contributors, American history, Ethnic Composition, Thirteen Colonies, Cajun English, PBS, Melancon, Megan US, multiple languages, historical tradition, early immigrants, French, Dutch, Swedes, Scots, Irish, Cajun, Louisiana, Native American languages, historical justice, American history, linguistic diversity, ethnic composition, 1750, 1776, colonization, recognition, contributors, stigmatization, English, PBS, Megan Melancon, Ethnic Composition of the Thirteen Colonies US, multiple languages, historical tradition, ancestors, immigrants, French, Dutch, Swedes, Scots, Irish, Cajun, Louisiana, Native American languages, historical justice, recognition, American history, Ethnic Composition, Thirteen Colonies, Cajun English, PBS, Megan Melancon
test-culture-mmctghwbsa-con02a	Sexist advertising is subjective so would be too difficult to codify.  Effective advertising appeals to the social, cultural, and personal values of consumers. Through the connection of values to products, services and ideas, advertising is able to accomplish its goal of adoption. Failure to make meaningful appeals to audience members seriously diminishes the outcomes of marketing. Since differing beliefs about beauty, body types, sexuality, and gender roles exist across societies and cultures, universal definitions of sexist advertising are too difficult to determine. As an example, biological differences exist between women and what may be considered excessively thin in one society may not be so in another. Any type of censoring calls into questions such as who will censor and how will such censorship be applied. The development of standards could favour cultural imperialism. Therefore, sexist advertising is too difficult to codify. sexist advertising, subjectivity, codification, effective advertising, social values, cultural values, personal values, product adoption, marketing outcomes, differing beliefs, beauty standards, body types, sexuality, gender roles, cultural imperialism, censorship, universal definitions, biological differences, women, excessively thin, society, culture, standards, favoritism sexist advertising, subjective, codify, effective advertising, social values, cultural values, personal values, consumer values, product adoption, marketing outcomes, differing beliefs, beauty standards, body types, sexuality, gender roles, universal definitions, cultural imperialism, censorship, standards development, society, culture, biological differences, women, excessively thin, thinness perception, ethical considerations, regulatory challenges sexist advertising, subjective, codify, effective advertising, social values, cultural values, personal values, consumer values, product adoption, marketing outcomes, differing beliefs, beauty standards, body types, sexuality, gender roles, universal definitions, excessive thinness, censorship, cultural imperialism, standards development sexist advertising, subjective, codify, effective advertising, social values, cultural values, personal values, consumer appeal, marketing outcomes, beauty standards, body types, sexuality, gender roles, cultural differences, universal definitions, censorship, cultural imperialism, standards development sexist advertising, subjective, codification, effective advertising, social values, cultural values, personal values, consumer connection, product promotion, service promotion, idea promotion, adoption, meaningful appeals, audience members, marketing outcomes, differing beliefs, beauty, body types, sexuality, gender roles, societies, cultures, universal definitions, biological differences, women, excessive thinness, censorship, censoring, standards, cultural imperialism
test-philosophy-pppthbtcb-con04a	Corrupt states  States or institutions created in concession to terror are often corrupt, dominated by men of violence with links to organised crime. Nothing is achieved to improve the lives of the people in whose name terror has been used. Terrorist organisations have often a military and violent character. The sort of people who attracted to committing acts of terror often glorify illegitimate acts of violence and justify the possible harm done to civilians by proving their complicity or the outcome of the actions. More precisely, they have only the interest of their ideology or the minority they are supporting. When these people are put in a position of power, they are likely to follow the same lines as before, especially when they do not have a political background. They are likely to be ignorant of how political processes work, and will appoint people that have the ideology in other powerful positions. This will make the whole political system inefficient and biased towards a minority or a fringe interest. As a result, level of corruption could rise, and in extreme cases people with other opinions can be persecuted. Iran went from a Westernizing state to an Islamic one, and is now hostile to dissidents. [1]  [1] BBC News. (2012). Iran Profile, Retrieved 17 February 2012 from BBC News: corrupt states, institutions, terrorism, organized crime, public improvement, terrorist organizations, military character, violence, civilians, ideology, minority, power, political processes, inefficiency, bias, corruption, persecution, Iran, Westernizing, Islamic, dissidents corruption, terror, institutions, violence, organized crime, civilian harm, ideology, minority interests, political inefficiency, persecution, Iran, Islamic state, dissidents, political background, military character, terror justification, complicity, inefficiency, bias, Westernizing state, hostile environment corruption, terror, states, institutions, violence, organised crime, civilian harm, ideology, minority, power, political processes, inefficiency, bias, persecution, Iran, Westernizing, Islamic, dissidents corrupt states, institutions, terror, violence, organised crime, civilian harm, ideology, political background, inefficiency, bias, minority interests, persecution, Iran, Islamic state, dissidents, BBC News corruption, terrorist states, violence, organised crime, ineffective governance, ideological rule, political ignorance, minority interests, persecution, Iran, Islamic state, dissident hostility
test-international-aghwrem-con04a	Vested international interest are harming Myanmar  Certain members of the international community, especially regional players like China and India, have tended to ignore questions of legitimacy of the regime for economic and political benefits. While this may be beneficial to them in the short term, it is very harmful for Myanmar as a democracy in the future. Politically, a blind eye is being turned to a culture of violating human rights. If and when Myanmar becomes a real democracy, it is unlikely that it will magically transform into a model democratic state, unless enough emphasis is provided to fundamental principles of good governance at the outset. Economically, investment is being provided in a highly monopolistic and imperfect environment, without addressing problems of corruption and inadequacy of legal processes. In the long run, even if a democratic constitutional framework exists, the country is likely to continue to have high economic disparity and corrupt markets due to these reasons (in a manner comparable to how Russian markets have evolved since the 1990s). Reengagement should not be setting the stage for a shift from a military-controlled government to a poor democracy, which would also be harmful for stability in the region as a whole. Myanmar, international interest, China, India, economic benefits, political benefits, legitimacy, regime, democracy, human rights, good governance, investment, corruption, legal processes, economic disparity, poor democracy, stability, reengagement, military-controlled government, regional stability, Russian markets, 1990s transformation vested international interest, Myanmar, China, India, economic benefits, political benefits, legitimacy of regime, human rights violations, democracy, good governance, investment, corruption, legal processes, economic disparity, military-controlled government, poor democracy, regional stability, Russian markets, reengagement Vested interest, international community, China, India, economic benefits, political benefits, legitimacy, regime, human rights, democracy, Myanmar, good governance, investment, monopolistic, corruption, legal processes, economic disparity, poor democracy, military-controlled government, regional stability, Russian markets, reengagement Vested international interest, Myanmar, China, India, economic benefits, political benefits, legitimacy, regime, human rights, democracy, good governance, investment, corruption, legal processes, economic disparity, poor democracy, stability, regional stability, reengagement, military-controlled government, Russian markets, 1990s Myanmar, international interest, China, India, economic benefits, political benefits, democracy, human rights, good governance, investment, corruption, legal processes, economic disparity, military-controlled government, poor democracy, regional stability
test-international-gsciidffe-con02a	Governments enable censorship to protect their citizens  What censorship is it legitimate to undermine? Censorship is often created in order to protect the people not to strip them of freedoms. This is most obvious when we consider that filters to prevent hate speech or child pornography are forms of censorship that may be enabled with the intention of protecting citizens not repressing them. Iceland for example has recently decided to ban pornography and it would be enabled in a similar way to censorship by regimes like China or Iran. [1] Even harsher censorship that naturally looks more repressive to us may be considered a legitimate means of protecting the people and their values. When a government is using censorship to ensure stability is that censorship not justified when compared to the alternative? While there may be divisions internally about the legitimacy of this censorship it is certainly not legitimate for outside actors to impose their own idea of how much censorship there should be.  [1] Kiss, Jemima, “Iceland’s porn ban ‘conflicts with the idea of a free society’, say critics”, guardian.co.uk, 28 February 2013, censorship, protection, citizens, freedoms, hate speech, child pornography, Iceland, porn ban, stability, legitimacy, external interference, repressive, values, free society, government Enables, legitimate undermining, filters, regimes, China, Iran censorship, government, protection, citizens, legitimacy, freedom, hate speech, child pornography, Iceland, pornography ban, stability, repression, external interference, values, free society, criticism Governments, censorship, citizens, legitimate, undermine, protection, freedoms, hate speech, child pornography, filters, Iceland, ban, pornography, China, Iran, stability, justified, repressive, values, external actors, free society, Kiss, Jemima, guardian.co.uk, February 2013 Governments, censorship, protect, citizens, legitimate, undermine, hate speech, child pornography, filters, Iceland, ban, pornography, China, Iran, stability, justified, free society, external actors, legitimacy, values, repression, freedoms Governments, censorship, citizens, legitimate, undermine, protect, freedoms, hate speech, child pornography, filters, Iceland, ban, pornography, China, Iran, stability, justified, external actors, free society, Jemima Kiss, guardian.co.uk, 2013
test-international-amehbuaisji-con01a	Ratification of the International Criminal Court would be a violation of national sovereignty  Any state ratifying the Rome Statute, is placing its citizens at the mercy of a court that operates outside of national control. This is an unacceptable ceding of national sovereignty – thus no state other than the US has the power to deal with American criminals, and no one but Israel should deal with Israeli criminals. International criminal law and national sovereignty are inevitably enemies  Not only does the ICC threaten American sovereignty, it threatens the sovereignty of all nations – the ICC can, in some cases, prosecute citizens of nations that are not state parties. Authority for justice within one’s territory is however at the heart of the concept of sovereignty. As a matter of principle the US should not be supporting measures that affect the sovereignty of any nation, let alone the US itself. ratification, international criminal court, national sovereignty, rome statute, state parties, ceding sovereignty, american criminals, israeli criminals, international criminal law, icc, prosecution, non-state parties, justice authority, territorial sovereignty, us sovereignty, principle support, nation sovereignty ratification, International Criminal Court, national sovereignty, Rome Statute, citizens, national control, ceding sovereignty, American criminals, Israeli criminals, international criminal law, enemies, ICC, sovereignty, non-state parties, justice, territory, principle, US, measures, sovereignty affect ratification, International Criminal Court, national sovereignty, Rome Statute, citizens, national control, ceding, sovereignty, American criminals, Israeli criminals, international criminal law, enemies, ICC, threat, state parties, territory, principle, US, support, sovereignty ratification, International Criminal Court, national sovereignty, Rome Statute, citizens, outside control, ceding sovereignty, American criminals, Israeli criminals, international criminal law, ICC, threatens sovereignty, non-state parties, prosecute, territorial justice, sovereignty principle, US support, sovereignty impact Ratification, International Criminal Court, national sovereignty, Rome Statute, citizens, court, national control, ceding, national sovereignty, American criminals, Israeli criminals, international criminal law, enemies, ICC, American sovereignty, sovereignty, nations, state parties, justice, territory, principle, US, measures, sovereignty, nation
test-health-dhghhbampt-con02a	The pharmaceutical and medical industries are worth billions of dollars annually. They have an interest in ignoring the efficacy of remedies that are, for the most part, free or considerably cheaper  It’s understandable that the medical establishment has an interest in ignoring treatments that are freely available. Pharmaceutical companies make billions each year selling drugs that cost pennies to manufacture.  There is an enormous vested interest in insuring that the world in general- and the West in particular-remain tied to the idea that the only solution to disease is to swallow a pill provided by a man in a white coat. There are other solutions that have been used for thousands of years before anybody worked out how to make a buck out of it. For much of the world these therapies continue to be the ones people rely on and the rush of pharmaceutical companies to issue patents on genes of some of these traditional remedies suggests that there must be at least some truth in them. pharmaceutical, medical, industries, free, cheaper, remedies, efficacy, vested, interest, ignoring, treatments, profits, drugs, manufacture, solution, disease, pills, traditional, therapies, patents, genes, truth, reliance, Western, medicines, healthcare, alternative, natural, herbal pharmaceutical, medical, industries, free, cheaper, remedies, efficacy, medical establishment, treatments, pharmaceutical companies, drugs, manufacturing cost, vested interest, disease, pills, doctors, traditional therapies, reliance, patenting, genes, traditional remedies, truth pharmaceutical industry, medical industry, profit, free remedies, cheaper remedies, medical establishment, vested interest, pharmaceutical companies, drug manufacturing, disease treatment, traditional medicine, ancient remedies, patents, gene patents, natural treatments, alternative medicine, healthcare economics, Western medicine, non-pharmaceutical treatments, healthcare alternatives pharmaceutical industry, medical industry, free remedies, cheaper treatments, medical establishment, drug manufacturing, vested interest, disease solutions, traditional therapies, patenting genes, natural remedies, healthcare economics, alternative medicine, drug patents, health policy, medical skepticism, pharmaceutical profits, treatment accessibility, traditional medicine, healthcare innovation pharmaceutical industry, medical industry, economic interests, free remedies, cheaper treatments, medical establishment, pharmaceutical profits, drug manufacturing costs, vested interests, disease treatment, traditional therapies, patented genes, natural remedies, healthcare economics, alternative medicine, drug patents, healthcare industry, medical treatments, pharmaceutical companies, healthcare costs, traditional medicine, proprietary medicine, drug pricing, medical patents, healthcare providers, pharmaceutical research, medical innovation, economic incentives, health care, pharmaceutical business, medicinal plants, natural treatments, health policy, medical economics, patent law, drug development, medical ethics, healthcare reform, public health, health disparities, global health, traditional heal
test-law-hrilpgwhwr-con02a	It may be in the best interests of victims and their state for war criminals not to be brought to trial.  The ICC may well lead to the political prosecution of war criminals, but that is not necessarily the most effective means to peace, or lasting peace for victims. As U.S. policy papers have pointed out, despots like Pol Pot and Saddam Hussein did not consult lawyers over potential legal ramifications before they committed their respective human rights violations1. Furthermore, the impact on an oppressed population of a long, protracted trial of their fallen dictator is not always therapeutic for it can dredge up events of particularly melancholic qualities and grants the dictator a platform to continue his psychological control over his population.  1 Elsea, J. K. (2006). U.S. Policy Regarding the International Criminal Court. Congressional Research Service, p. 22. war criminals, ICC, political prosecution, peace, victims, lasting peace, U.S. policy, Pol Pot, Saddam Hussein, human rights violations, oppressed population, long trials, fallen dictator, psychological control, dredge up past, therapeutic impact war criminals, victims, state interests, ICC, political prosecution, peace, lasting peace, U.S. policy, despot, Pol Pot, Saddam Hussein, human rights violations, oppressed population, long trials, psychological control, therapeutic impact, legal ramifications, Congressional Research Service war criminals, victims, state interests, ICC, political prosecution, peace, lasting peace, U.S. policy, Pol Pot, Saddam Hussein, human rights violations, oppressed population, protracted trial, dictator, psychological control, therapeutic impact, legal ramifications war criminals, ICC, political prosecution, peace, victims, lasting peace, U.S. policy, despots, Pol Pot, Saddam Hussein, human rights violations, oppressed population, long trials, fallen dictator, psychological control, therapeutic impact, legal ramifications, Congressional Research Service, Elsea, J. K. war criminals, ICC, political prosecution, peace, victims, lasting peace, U.S. policy, despots, Pol Pot, Saddam Hussein, human rights violations, oppressed population, long trials, psychological control, therapeutic impact, legal ramifications, Congressional Research Service
test-philosophy-elhbrd-con01a	It is impossible to frame a structure which respects the right to die for the individual but that cannot be abused by others.  In terms of moral absolutes, killing people is wrong sets the bar fairly low. Pretty much all societies have accepted this as a line that cannot be crossed without the explicit and specific agreement of the state which only happens in very rare circumstances such as in times of war.  There is a simple reason for a blanket ban. It allows for no caveats, no misunderstandings, no fudging of the issue, and no shades of grey. Again, the reason for this approach is equally simple; anything other than such a clear cut approach will inevitably be abused [i] . As things stand guilt in the case of murder is determined entirely on the basis that it is proven that someone took another life. Their reasons for doing so may be reflected in sentencing but the court is not required to consider whether someone was justified in killing another.  It is in the nature of a court case that it happens after the event and nobody other than the murderer and the deceased know what actually took place between them. If we take shaken baby syndrome cases as an example the parent still loves the child, they have acted in the madness of a moment out of frustration. It’s still murder. Supporting a dying relative can be no less frustrating but killing them would still be murder, even where that comes after a prolonged period of coercion to fill in forms and achieve the appearance of consent. It would, however, be very hard to prove. At least with a baby we can assume consent was not given, that would not be the case here.  [i] Stephen Drake and Diane Coleman. ‘Second Thoughts’ Grow on Assisted Suicide. The Wall Street Journal. 5 August 2012. right to die, moral absolutes, killing, societal norms, blanket ban, abuse, murder, guilt, court, shaken baby syndrome, assisted suicide, consent, coercion, proof, Stephen Drake, Diane Coleman, Wall Street Journal right to die, moral absolutes, killing, blanket ban, caveats, abuse, murder, guilt, sentencing, court, shaken baby syndrome, frustration, assisted suicide, consent, coercion, forms, death, relatives, proof, Wall Street Journal, Stephen Drake, Diane Coleman right to die, moral absolutes, killing, societal norms, blanket ban, abuse, murder, legal justification, court, shaken baby syndrome, assisted suicide, ethical considerations, consent, proof, coercion, palliative care, end-of-life decisions, legal framework, moral ambiguity, Stephen Drake, Diane Coleman, The Wall Street Journal right to die, moral absolutes, killing people, moral wrong, societal norms, state agreement, war circumstances, blanket ban, legal clarity, abuse prevention, murder definition, court sentencing, guilt determination, shaken baby syndrome, parental frustration, mercy killing, relative coercion, consent appearance, legal proof, assisted suicide, ethical considerations, Wall Street Journal, Stephen Drake, Diane Coleman right to die, moral absolutes, killing, societal norms, blanket ban, legal absolutes, murder, guilt, court, sentencing, shaken baby syndrome, parent, frustration, dying relative, coercion, consent, assisted suicide, Stephen Drake, Diane Coleman, Wall Street Journal
test-law-sdiflhrdffe-con03a	The offer of amnesty allows home governments to discredit bloggers and paint them as foreign agents of disruption  When Western states and democracies offer amnesty to bloggers under threat from their home governments, the blogger’s views and comments immediately become coloured in the eyes of the public. The government is able to point to the Western powers offering this amnesty and can easily claim that their offers are the result of collusion between bloggers and their foreign patrons to spread propaganda, so the blogger is therefore guilty of treason. As unfortunate as it may be in individual cases, the result is that offering amnesty will only weaken the cause of democracy. Being sent to prison for their beliefs will do far more to serve their cause than seeking succour in the arms of another state, one that has demonstrated antagonism toward their homeland. The ability for governments to stoke nationalist fires has been thoroughly demonstrated in recent months by China’s reaction toward territorial disputes with Japan. [1] It is very easy to rile the public against a perceived external aggressor, especially given that these states often control much of the mainstream media outlets, and those who offer amnesty give themselves up on a platter as an adversary to be exploited in the public consciousness. The better plan for democracies in pursuit of their goals is to condemn acts of oppression and to seek diplomatic redress, but direct interference in the course of states’ justice will doing nothing but harm relations with regimes and turn the people against the proponents of reform.  [1] The Economist. “Barren Rocks, Barren Nationalism”. 25 August 2012. amnesty, bloggers, home governments, foreign agents, discrediting, Western states, democracies, public perception, government propaganda, treason, nationalist fires, media control, territorial disputes, diplomatic redress, oppression, relations, regimes, reform proponents, prison, beliefs, succour, antagonism amnesty, bloggers, home governments, Western states, democracies, foreign agents, disruption, propaganda, treason, democracy, prison, nationalist fires, public consciousness, diplomatic redress, oppression, regimes, reform, media control, territorial disputes, China, Japan, The Economist, Barren Rocks, Barren Nationalism amnesty, home governments, bloggers, foreign agents, disruption, Western states, democracies, public perception, government propaganda, blogger prison, nationalism, external aggressor, media control, diplomatic redress, regime relations, reform proponents, territorial disputes, China, Japan, The Economist, Barren Rocks, Barren Nationalism amnesty, bloggers, home governments, Western states, democracies, foreign agents, disruption, public perception, propaganda, treason, prison, beliefs, nationalism, territorial disputes, media control, diplomatic redress, relations, regimes, reform, individual cases, stoke fires, external aggressor, justice, oppression, harm, proponents, consciousness, Barren Rocks, Barren Nationalism, The Economist, 25 August 2012 amnesty, bloggers, home governments, foreign agents, Western states, democracies, public perception, government propaganda, treason, nationalism, territorial disputes, media control, diplomatic redress, oppression, relations, reform proponents, prison, individual cases, democracy, collusion, foreign patrons, propaganda, antagonism, external aggressor, public consciousness, direct interference, states' justice, harm relations, proponents of reform, Barren Rocks, Barren Nationalism, The Economist, China, Japan
test-society-tlhrilsfhwr-con02a	Punishing objectively harmful conduct  Of the tens of thousands of children exposed to armed conflict throughout the world, most are recruited into armed political groups. Quite contrary to the image of child soldiers constructed by the proposition, these youngsters are not de-facto adults, nor are they seeking to defend communities who will be in some way grateful for their contributions and sacrifices. Child soldiers join groups with defined political and military objectives.  Children may volunteer for military units after encountering propaganda. Many children join up to escape social disintegration within their communities. Several female child soldiers have revealed that they joined because to escape domestic violence or forced marriage. Many children who do not volunteer can be forcibly abducted by military organisations. One former child soldier from Congo reported that “they gave me a uniform and told me that now I was in the army. They said that they would come back and kill my parents if I didn’t do as they said.” [i]  Once inducted into the army, children are vulnerable to abuse and exploitation. They are usually viewed as expendable, employed as minesweepers or spies. The inexperience and gullibility of children is used to convince them that they are immune to bullets, or will be financially rewarded for committing atrocities. Many children are controlled through the use of drugs, to which they inevitably become addicted [ii] .  For every account the proposition can provide of a child who took up arms to defend his family, there are many more children who were coerced or threatened into becoming soldiers. Whatever standard of relativist morality side proposition may choose to employ, actions and abuses of the type described above are object4ively harmful to children.  Moreover, the process of turning a child into a soldier is irreversible and often more brutal and dehumanising than combat itself. Proposition concedes that child soldiers will be in need of care and treatment after demobilising, but they underestimate the difficulty of healing damage this horrific.  The use of child soldiers is an unpardonable crime, which creates suffering of a type universally understood to be unnecessary and destructive. It should not be diluted or justified by relativist arguments.  It would undermine the ICC’s role in promoting universal values if officers and politicians complicit in the abuses described above were allowed to publicly argue cultural relativism as their defence. Moreover, it would give an unacceptable air of legitimacy to warlords and brigands seeking to operate under the pretence of leading legitimate resistance movements  [i] Child Soldiers International,   [ii] “Child Soldiers: Global Report 2008”, Coalition to Stop the Use of Child Soldiers, 2007, p299, child soldiers, armed conflict, recruitment, political groups, military objectives, propaganda, social disintegration, domestic violence, forced marriage, abduction, uniform, threats, abuse, exploitation, expendable, minesweepers, spies, inexperience, gullibility, drugs, addiction, coercion, threats, irreversible, brutal, dehumanizing, care, treatment, ICC, universal values, cultural relativism, warlords, brigands, legitimate resistance movements, Child Soldiers International, Global Report 2008, Coalition to Stop the Use of Child Soldiers child soldiers, armed conflict, recruited, armed political groups, de-facto adults, defend communities, propaganda, social disintegration, domestic violence, forced marriage, forcibly abducted, inducted, abuse, exploitation, expendable, minesweepers, spies, inexperience, gullibility, drugs, addicted, coerced, threatened, objectively harmful, irreversible, brutal, dehumanising, unpardonable crime, suffering, relativist arguments, ICC, universal values, cultural relativism, warlords, brigands, legitimate resistance movements Punishing, objectively, harmful, conduct, children, armed, conflict, recruited, armed, political, groups, de-facto, adults, defending, communities, propaganda, social, disintegration, domestic, violence, forced, marriage, abducted, military, organizations, uniform, kill, parents, inducted, army, vulnerable, abuse, exploitation, expendable, minesweepers, spies, inexperience, gullibility, bullets, financially, rewarded, atrocities, drugs, addicted, coerced, threatened, relativist, morality, crimes, suffering, unnecessary, destructive, relativist, arguments, ICC, universal, armed conflict, child soldiers, recruited, political groups, propaganda, social disintegration, domestic violence, forced marriage, abducted, military organizations, uniform, threats, abuse, exploitation, expendable, minesweepers, spies, inexperience, gullibility, immune to bullets, financial rewards, drugs, addiction, coerced, threatened, objectively harmful, irreversible, dehumanizing, ICC, universal values, cultural relativism, warlords, brigands, legitimate resistance movements punishing, objectively, harmful, conduct, children, armed, conflict, recruited, armed, political, groups, volunteering, military, units, propaganda, social, disintegration, communities, female, domestic, violence, forced, marriage, abducted, military, organisations, uniform, threats, parents, inducted, army, vulnerable, abuse, exploitation, expendable, minesweepers, spies, inexperienced, gullible, immune, bullets, financially, rewarded, atrocities, drugs, addicted, coerced, threatened, objectively, harmful, irreversible, brutal, dehumanising, combat, care, treatment, demobilising, damage
test-politics-eppghwlrba-con01a	Gun ownership is an integral aspect of the right to self defence  Law-abiding citizens deserve the right to protect their families in their own homes, especially if the police are judged incapable of dealing with the threat of attack. Would-be rapists and armed burglars will think twice before attempting to break into any house where the owners may keep firearms for self-defence. (This can also be applied to the right to carry concealed weapons, deterring potential rapists, muggers, etc.) gun ownership, right to self defence, law-abiding citizens, protect families, home protection, police incapability, threat of attack, would-be rapists, armed burglars, break-ins, firearms for self-defence, right to carry concealed weapons, deterring criminals, potential rapists, muggers gun ownership, self defence, law-abiding citizens, protect families, home safety, police capability, threat of attack, would-be rapists, armed burglars, break-ins, firearms, self-defense, concealed weapons, deterring, potential rapists, muggers, crime prevention, personal safety, second amendment, right to bear arms gun ownership, self defence, law-abiding citizens, protect families, homes, police incapability, threat of attack, rapists, armed burglars, break-in, firearms, self-defence, right to carry, concealed weapons, deterring, potential attackers, muggers gun ownership, self-defense, law-abiding citizens, protect families, home safety, police response, deter crime, armed attackers, rapists, burglars, concealed weapons, muggers, personal safety, firearm laws, Second Amendment, defense rights, household protection, crime prevention, legal gun ownership, family security gun ownership, right to self-defence, law-abiding citizens, protect families, homes, police incapability, threat of attack, deterrence, would-be rapists, armed burglars, break-ins, firearms, self-defence, concealed weapons, potential rapists, muggers
test-environment-chbwtlgcc-pro01a	"450 PPM  The IPCC's Fourth Assessment Report determined that atmospheric GHG emissions needed to stabilize at 450ppm in order to avoid a temperature rise of more than 2-2.4C. Atmospheric ppm are currently at 393 and are rising at a rate of about 2 ppm per year. In order to stabilize at 450 ppm, the developed world would need to reduce its emissions by 25-40% by 2020 and 80-90% by 2050 along with significant reductions in the emissions growth rate of developing countries 1. Only a handful of countries (all of them in Europe) have achieved any reduction in annual GHG emissions despite promises to do so going back to the 1997 Kyoto Protocol.2 As a result, there is no evidence on which to reasonably conclude that atmospheric GHGs will be stabilized at 450ppm.  1. IPCC (2007). ""IPCC Fourth Assessment Report: Climate Change 2007 (AR4)"". Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA.: Cambridge University Press.  2 The Guardian, World carbon dioxide emissions data by country: China speeds ahead of the rest. (31/1/11). 450ppm, IPCC, Fourth Assessment Report, GHG emissions, atmospheric stabilization, temperature rise, developed world, emissions reduction, 2020 target, 2050 target, developing countries, Kyoto Protocol, carbon dioxide, emissions data, China, The Guardian 450 PPM, IPCC, Fourth Assessment Report, GHG emissions, temperature rise, atmospheric ppm, emissions reduction, developed world, developing countries, Kyoto Protocol, carbon dioxide emissions, climate change, stabilization, global warming, environmental policy, international agreements, emissions targets, Europe, China, emissions growth rate, 2020, 2050, Cambridge University Press, The Guardian 450ppm, IPCC, Fourth Assessment Report, GHG emissions, temperature rise, atmospheric ppm, emissions reduction, developed world, 2020, 2050, Kyoto Protocol, carbon dioxide, China, emissions data, Climate Change 2007, Cambridge University Press, The Guardian, emissions growth rate, developing countries 450ppm, IPCC, Fourth Assessment Report, GHG emissions, temperature rise, atmospheric ppm, emissions reduction, developed world, 2020, 2050, developing countries, Kyoto Protocol, carbon dioxide emissions, China, global warming, climate change, stabilization, environmental policy 450PPM, IPCC, Fourth Assessment Report, atmospheric GHG emissions, temperature rise, 2-2.4C, current ppm, 393, rising rate, 2 ppm per year, emissions reduction, developed world, 25-40% reduction, 2020, 80-90% reduction, 2050, emissions growth rate, developing countries, Kyoto Protocol, 1997, atmospheric GHGs stabilization, climate change, carbon dioxide emissions, China, global emissions, environmental policy, climate mitigation"
test-politics-cdfsaphgiap-pro03a	Transparency allows citizens to choose for a healthy leader as to ensure proper functioning  The health and fitness of a leader is a vital issue when choosing a leader; the electorate deserves to know if they are likely to serve out their term. When health conditions are hidden from the people they may mistakenly elect a leader who is unable to serve a full term or is at times not in control of the country. There would be little point in voting for a leader who will often not truely be in charge of the country, if voters are told it becomes their choice whether this is a problem. Transparency in terms of clear, accurate and up-to-date information is necessary for the electorate to judge the fitness of a leader which is a necessary precondition for election. In a democracy a leader needs to be accountable, he can only be accountable if the elctorate knows such vital information. transparency, citizens, choose, healthy leader, proper functioning, health, fitness, vital issue, electing leader, electorate deserves, know, serve term, health conditions, hidden, mistake, unable serve, control country, voters choice, point voting, truly charge, clear information, accurate information, up-to-date information, judge fitness, necessary precondition, election, democracy, accountable, vital information transparency, citizens, healthy leader, proper functioning, health, fitness, vital issue, leader selection, electorate, serve term, hidden health conditions, mistaken election, unable to serve, not in control, voters choice, point of voting, leader accountability, clear information, accurate information, up-to-date information, judge fitness, necessary precondition, democracy, vital information transparency, citizens, healthy leader, proper functioning, health, fitness, vital issue, electing leader, hidden health conditions, serve term, in control, voter choice, democracy, accountability, electorate, vital information, leader fitness, election precondition transparency, citizens, healthy leader, proper functioning, health, fitness, vital issue, choosing leader, electorate, serve term, health conditions, hidden, elect, unable serve, control country, voting, truly in charge, clear information, accurate information, up-to-date information, judge fitness, necessary precondition, election, democracy, accountable, vital information Transparency, citizens, healthy leader, proper functioning, health, fitness, vital issue, electorate, hidden conditions, elect, full term, in control, voting, choice, clear information, accurate information, up-to-date information, judge, fitness, necessary precondition, election, democracy, accountability, vital information
test-science-ciidfaihwc-pro04a	As an extensive form of media, the Internet should be subject to regulation just as other forms of media are.  Under the status quo, states already regulate other forms of media that could be used malevolently. Newspapers and books are subject to censorship [1] , and mediums such as television, film and video receive a higher degree of regulation [2] because it is widely recognised that moving pictures and sound can be more emotive and powerful than text and photographs or illustrations. The internet has many means of portraying information and opinion, including film clips and sound, and almost all the information found on television or in newspapers can be found somewhere on the internet [3] , alongside the millions of uploads from internet users themselves [4] .  [1] Foerstel, Herbert N., ‘Banned in the Media’, Publishing Central,  on 09/09/11  [2] CityTVweb.com, ‘Television censorship’, 27 August 2007,  on 09/09/11.  [3] Online Newspapers Directory for the World, ‘Thousands of Newspapers Listed by Country & Region’,  on 09/09/11  [4] Boris, Cynthia, ’17 Percent of Photobucket Users Upload Video’s Once a Day’, Marketing Pilgrim, 9 September 2011,  on 09/09/11 Internet regulation, media regulation, censorship, television regulation, film regulation, video regulation, newspapers, books, censorship laws, media forms, emotive content, powerful media, internet content, film clips, sound, online information, user-generated content, online newspapers, Photobucket, daily uploads, media comparison, regulatory standards, media control, public information, digital media, media legislation, content moderation, internet governance, media studies, communication policy Internet regulation, media regulation, censorship, television regulation, film regulation, online newspapers, user-generated content, Photobucket, video uploads, emotive media, powerful media, moving pictures, sound, text, photographs, illustrations, online media, media forms, state regulation, malevolent use, media comparison, media impact, information portrayal, opinion portrayal, internet information, television information, newspaper information, media control, content control, media freedom, digital media, traditional media, media evolution, regulatory frameworks, media laws, media ethics, public interest, content moderation, online videos, digital content, internet ethics, media studies, communication studies, Internet, regulation, media, newspapers, books, censorship, television, film, video, information, opinion, film clips, sound, uploads, users, Foerstel, Herbert N., Banned in the Media, CityTVweb.com, Television censorship, Online Newspapers Directory, Boris, Cynthia, Photobucket, Marketing Pilgrim Internet regulation, media regulation, newspapers, books, censorship, television, film, video, regulation, emotive content, powerful media, information portrayal, opinion sharing, film clips, sound, information availability, user uploads, media forms, media control, content regulation, online content, digital media, media equivalence, regulatory standards, internet oversight, public information, digital censorship, online media, media comparison, media impact, user-generated content, internet governance, media legislation, media ethics, content moderation, digital governance, online governance, internet law, media law, digital rights, online rights, digital freedom, media freedom, information freedom, regulatory frameworks Internet regulation, media regulation, censorship, television regulation, film regulation, online content, digital media, internet content, user-generated content, online newspapers,photobucket, video uploads, media forms, emotive content, information portrayal, media control, media standards, online video, internet governance, digital governance, media law, online censorship, information dissemination, digital rights, media ethics, internet ethics, online media, digital media regulation, content moderation, digital policy, online content regulation, internet policy, digital legislation, media legislation, online information, digital information, media comparison, media influence, digital influence, content regulation, digital content, user
test-politics-oapghwliva-con02a	"The constitution should not be amended  We should always be cautious of altering the United States’ Constitution. Once an amendment is passed, it is extremely hard to overturn, even if its consequences are clearly negative (as the experience of constitutionally-mandated prohibition of alcohol should make clear). It would be both difficult and unnecessary. There are problems of wording and interpretation. The 1996 Act covered 22 pages and went into great detail to define the extent and limits of Presidential authority under the legislation, including the exact meanings of “single item of appropriation”, ''direct spending'' and ''limited tax benefit'', as well as the means by which Congress could override his decisions.1 It is hard to believe that a one-paragraph amendment to the Constitution could achieve such precision, opening the budgetary process up to confusion, shifting interpretation and constant legal challenge. It is also unnecessary. Supreme Court Justice Antonin Scalia argues ""The short of the matter is this: Had the Line Item Veto Act authorized the president to 'decline to spend' any item of spending ... there is not the slightest doubt that authorization would have been constitutional… What the Line Item Veto Act does instead -- authorizing the president to 'cancel' an item of spending -- is technically different.""2 Thus the act could simply have been worded differently in order to make it constitutional. This would not change the substance of the ability of the ‘veto’ to cut spending.  1 One hundred fourth Congress of the United States of America at the second session, “Line Item Veto Act”, 3/1/1996, The Library of Congress, accessed 6/5/11  2 Supreme Court Justice Scalia quoted in Michael Kirkland, ‘Under the U.S. Supreme Court: Like the South, will line item veto rise again?’, upi.com, 17/4/11 accessed 6/5/11  improve this  COUNTERPOINT  ""I do not take these matters lightly in amending the Constitution. However, I am convinced in this case it is the only way to provide the President with the same authority that 44 Governors already have to influence spending.""1It would in general be preferable to make such a change through normal legislation, but that was attempted in 1996 and found unconstitutional. Supreme Court Justice Stevens in his majority opinion for the Supreme Court argued that it was necessary for there to be an amendment to make it constitutional, ""If there is to be a new procedure in which the president will play a different role in determining the text of what may ""become a law"", such change must come not by legislation but through the amendment procedures set forth in Article V of the Constitution.""2  1 Item veto constitutional amendment hearing before the subcommittee on the constitution of the Committee on the Judiciary House of Representatives, 23/3/00, accessed 5/5/11  2 Clinton, President of the United States, et al. v. City of New York et al. No.97-1374, United States Supreme Court, 1998,accessed 5/5/11  improve this  APPENDIX constitution, amendment, cautious, united states, overturn, consequences, prohibition, alcohol, problems, wording, interpretation, 1996 Act, presidential authority, legislation, congress, override, precision, confusion, legal challenge, unnecessary, supreme court, justice antonin scalia, line item veto act, constitutional, spending, substance, counterpoint, governors, authority, unconstitutional, supreme court justice stevens, article v, clinton v city of new york constitution, amendment, cautious, altering, United States, consequences, negative, prohibition, alcohol, difficult, unnecessary, problems, wording, interpretation, 1996 Act, pages, detail, define, extent, limits, Presidential authority, Congress, override, precision, confusion, shifting, interpretation, legal challenge, Supreme Court, Justice Antonin Scalia, Line Item Veto Act, authorize, president, cut spending, 104th Congress, Library of Congress, counterpoint, authority, Governors, spending, legislation, unconstitutional, Justice Stevens, majority opinion, Article V, Clinton, City of New York, Supreme Court, constitution, amendment, caution, altering, United States, consequences, negative, prohibition, alcohol, experience, difficulty, necessity, wording, interpretation, 1996 Act, pages, detail, presidential authority, legislation, Congress, override, precision, confusion, shifting, legal challenge, unnecessary, Supreme Court, Justice Antonin Scalia, constitutional, authorization, Line Item Veto Act, technical difference, constitutional change, normal legislation, President, Governor, spending, authority, unconstitutional, Supreme Court Justice Stevens, Article V, Clinton, City of New York, United States Supreme Court, hearing, Judiciary, House of Representatives constitution, amendment, caution, United States, repercussions, prohibition, alcohol, difficulty, necessity, precision, legal challenges, Supreme Court, Antonin Scalia, Line Item Veto Act, presidential authority, constitutional change, governance, spending, legislative process, constitutional amendment, presidential powers, governors, legislation, unconstitutionality, Article V, judicial interpretation, Clinton v. City of New York, policy, legal precedents, government spending, veto power, constitutional law, federal legislation, judicial review, constitutional amendment procedures, political science, legal studies, constitutional reform, public administration, legal history, political reform, constitutional rights, legal challenges, judicial constitution, amendment, caution, United States, consequences, prohibition, alcohol, difficulty, necessity, wording, interpretation, 1996 Act, pages, detail, presidential authority, legislation, Congress, override, precision, confusion, legal challenge, Supreme Court, Justice Antonin Scalia, Line Item Veto Act, technical difference, constitutional, spending, COUNTERPOINT, authority, Governors, unconstitutionality, Justice Stevens, Article V, Clinton v. City of New York"
test-religion-msgfhwbamec-con01a	It’s impossible to police such a law.  There is simply no feasible way of enforcing laws against arranged marriages, particularly as it is almost guaranteed that many communities will continue to practice them regardless. It will be impossible to tell whether a marriage has been started by arrangement if the community and the couple are unwilling to go to the police and most will be unwilling to report their own families when practicing a cultural tradition. Those who are deeply dissatisfied and beaten may do so but in this instance the law already allows divorce and abuse is punishable by the full force of the law.  Given that forced marriages have already been outlawed and that it has been established that arranged marriages in themselves cause few provable harms, the resources of any police force would arguably be wasted on enforcing such a law; investigations would be very intrusive and labour intensive.  Furthermore, given the continuation of practices like honour killings, [1] as well as rape and domestic violence, law enforcement personnel would be better placed targeting far more heinous crimes than arranged marriages. A tangible harm could arise from the police being made to direct their energies towards such minor misdemeanours, in that there could be fewer resources available for more serious crimes.  [1] ‘Europe Grapples with “Honour Killings,” DW.de -  (accessed 17 September 2012) impossible, police, enforce, laws, arranged, marriages, communities, practice, cultural, tradition, unwilling, report, families, deeply, dissatisfied, beaten, divorce, abuse, punished, forced, outlawed, provable, harms, resources, wasted, investigations, intrusive, labour, intensive, honour, killings, rape, domestic, violence, serious, crimes, energies, minor, misdemeanours, tangible, harm, fewer, available impossible, police, enforce, arranged marriages, communities, practice, unwilling, report, cultural tradition, deeply dissatisfied, beaten, divorce, abuse, punishable, forced marriages, outlawed, few provable harms, police force, wasted, investigations, intrusive, labour intensive, honour killings, rape, domestic violence, serious crimes, minor misdemeanours, resources, tangible harm impossible, enforce, laws, arranged marriages, communities, couple, unwilling, police, cultural tradition, deeply dissatisfied, beaten, divorce, abuse, punishable, forced marriages, outlawed, provable harms, police force, investigations, intrusive, labour intensive, honour killings, rape, domestic violence, serious crimes, minor misdemeanours, resources, serious crimes, Europe, honour killings impossible, police, enforce, laws, arranged marriages, communities, practice, unwilling, report, cultural tradition, deep dissatisfaction, abuse, divorce, forced marriages, outlawed, provable harms, police force, resources, wasted, investigations, intrusive, labour intensive, honour killings, rape, domestic violence, serious crimes, minor misdemeanours, tangible harm, law enforcement, energies, heinous crimes, Europe, honour killings arranged marriages, law enforcement, cultural practices, community resistance, police resources, intrusiveness, investigative challenges, minor misdemeanors, serious crimes, forced marriages, provable harms, honour killings, domestic violence, rape, resource allocation, societal traditions, legal efficacy, policing limitations, enforcement feasibility, crime prioritization
test-international-gpsmhbsosb-pro02a	Georgian rule in South Ossetia is historically illegitimate and oppressive  Modern Georgia never really controlled S. Ossetia. South Ossetia declared independence from Georgia shortly after Georgia gained independence from the disintegrating USSR in 1991. South Ossetia has maintained de facto independence ever since. [1] Georgia, therefore, cannot really claim to have had sustained, legitimate sovereign control over South Ossetia in modern times. Even the USSR recognised S. Ossetia as distinct from Georgia, with the Kremlin stating in 1920 that “we consider that Ossetia should have the power it prefers. Georgian intrusion into affairs of Ossetia would be an unjustified intervention into foreign internal affairs”. [2] S. Ossetia was an autonomous region within the USSR. It was not considered part of the same region that is now Georgia, and thus during its years under the USSR, S. Ossetia built up a significant degree of autonomy and independence in its internal functioning. Therefore, Georgia's only real claim to South Ossetia must extend back nearly a century, before the time of the Soviet Union.  This significantly weakens Georgia's claim over South Ossetia, but moreover Georgia's historical claim on South Ossetia is quite weak even in isolation. This is because S. Ossetia has its own distinct language and history to that of Georgia. Ossetian or Ossetic is a member of the Northeastern Iranian branch of Indo-European languages. About 500,000 people speak Ossetian in Ossetia. [3] , [4] That Ossetia has this distinct language is an important fact in favour of its status as a nation-state and in favor of its independence. Georgia, however, has been accused of committing genocide against the South Ossetians in 1920, 1993, and 2008, with tens of thousands of S. Ossetians dying over the course of these conflicts. [5] The Georgian government has also attempted to suppress S. Ossetian culture and identity, for example banning the use of the Ossetian language in official documents and abolishing S. Ossetian autonomy within Georgia. [6] Georgian rule in S. Ossetia is therefore both ahistorical, due to S. Ossetia's long and recognised history of independence and cultural and linguistic distinctness, and illegitimate, as the Georgian government has waged war upon the very lives and identity of the S. Ossetian people.  [1] BBC News. “S Ossetia votes for independence”. BBC News. 13 November 2006.   [2] Bzarov, Ruslan. “Independence of the Republic of South Ossetia – a guarantee of safety and reliable future of the Ossetian people”. Speech of Doctor of historical sciences, Professor Ruslan Bzarov at the VI congress of the Ossetian people. September 2007.   [3] BBC News. “S Ossetia votes for independence”. BBC News. 13 November 2006.   [4] Omniglot. “Ossetian”. Omniglot.   [5] Portyakova, Natalya and Sysoyev, Gennady. “Measuring South Ossetia by Kosovo”. Kommersant. 15 November 2006.   [6] Makarkin, Alexei. “How is South Ossetia different from Kosovo?”. RIA Novosti. 9 March 2006. Georgian rule, South Ossetia, historically illegitimate, oppressive, modern Georgia, control, independence, USSR, de facto independence, sovereign control, USSR recognition, autonomous region, linguistic distinctness, Ossetian language, Northeastern Iranian, genocide, cultural suppression, identity, historical claim, nation-state, conflicts, wars, official documents, abolition, autonomy Georgian rule, South Ossetia, historically illegitimate, oppressive, modern Georgia, control, independence, USSR, 1991, de facto independence, sovereign control, distinct language, history, Ossetian, Northeastern Iranian, Indo-European, autonomy, Soviet Union, nation-state, genocide, 1920, 1993, 2008, cultural suppression, identity, war, BBC News, Bzarov, Ruslan, Omniglot, Portyakova, Natalya, Sysoyev, Gennady, Kommersant, Makarkin, Alex Georgian rule, South Ossetia, historically illegitimate, oppressive, modern Georgia, control, S. Ossetia independence, 1991, USSR, sustained, legitimate sovereign control, 1920 Kremlin statement, autonomous region, USSR, distinct language, Ossetian, Ossetic, Northeastern Iranian, Indo-European, culture, identity, genocide, 1920, 1993, 2008, suppressing S. Ossetian culture, banning Ossetian language, abolishing autonomy, distinct history, nation-state, independence, BBC News, Bzar Georgian rule, South Ossetia, historical legitimacy, oppression, independence, USSR, sovereignty, autonomy, Ossetian language, cultural distinctness, genocide, linguistic rights, conflict, Georgian suppression, historical distinctness, nation-state, cultural identity, ethnic conflict, Caucasus, international law, self-determination Georgian rule, South Ossetia, historically illegitimate, oppressive, modern Georgia, control, independence, USSR, 1991, de facto independence, sovereign control, USSR recognition, Ossetia, distinct, Georgia claim, century, Soviet Union, distinct language, Ossetian, Northeastern Iranian, Indo-European, culture, identity, genocide, 1920, 1993, 2008, conflicts, suppression, official documents, autonomy, nation-state, BBC News, Bzarov, Omniglot, Portyakova, Sysoyev, Kommers
test-economy-epegiahsc-pro03a	Trade is good for democracy.  Venezuela’s Hugo Chavez has been making sustained efforts to boost his influence in Latin America, with regional tours and substantial investments in neighbouring economies, fuelled by Venezuela’s oil money [1] . He is staunchly anti-American and a supporter of Iran. Meanwhile, he has been restricting freedom of speech in his own country, has done away with presidential term limits, and has essentially proven himself as yet another Latin American dictator in the making. If the US hopes to counterbalance his influence, it needs to become more economically connected to Latin America. Showing that the United States is willing to trade fairly with Latin America would undermine his message. This would not only be the case for the United States as it would also allow Brazil and other successful democratic Latin American states to boost their influence.  [1] Carroll, Rory. “Chavez Opens His Wallet Wider to Boost Latin American Influence.” The Guardian. 9 August 2007. trade, democracy, Venezuela, Hugo Chavez, Latin America, US influence, anti-American, Iran, freedom of speech, presidential term limits, Latin American dictator, economic connection, fair trade, Brazil, democratic states, influence boost, counterbalance, oil money, regional tours, investments, neighbouring economies, undermining message, successful democracies, political influence, economic strategy, international relations, Latin American politics, US foreign policy, Chavez's policies, democratic values, international trade, economic diplomacy, regional power, political freedom, economic sanctions, diplomacy, trade agreements, economic development, regional stability, political rhetoric, international support, democratic governance, economic partnership Trade, democracy, Venezuela, Hugo Chavez, Latin America, influence, oil money, anti-American, Iran, freedom of speech, presidential term limits, Latin American dictator, United States, economic connection, fair trade, Brazil, democratic states, counterbalance, influence, Rory Carroll, The Guardian trade, democracy, Venezuela, Hugo Chavez, Latin America, influence, oil money, anti-American, Iran, freedom of speech, presidential term limits, dictatorship, United States, economic connection, counterbalance, fair trade, Brazil, democratic states, influence boost, The Guardian, Rory Carroll Trade, Democracy, Venezuela, Hugo Chavez, Latin America, Oil Money, Anti-American, Iran, Freedom of Speech, Presidential Term Limits, Latin American Dictator, United States, Economic Connection, Fair Trade, Brazil, Democratic States, Influence, Counterbalance, Rory Carroll, The Guardian trade, democracy, Venezuela, Hugo Chavez, Latin America, influence, oil money, anti-American, Iran, freedom of speech, presidential term limits, dictator, United States, counterbalance, economic connection, fair trade, Brazil, democratic states, influence boost
test-law-ralhrilglv-con02a	Kenya needs the trial now  Without justice, there cannot be peace. Following the total failure of the Kenyan justice system to take action, exemplified by the Parliament’s complete and utter rejection of the Waki Commission, the ICC, which Kenya voluntarily signed up to, has to step in.  Ethnic violence still goes on in Kenya [1] , and if there is impunity in this case, no message will be sent out: justice must be done and seen to be done to prevent similar abuses and prevent justice being taken outside of the courts.  [1] Wachira, Muchemi, “Cattle raids and tribal rivalries to blame for perennial conflict”, Daily Nation, November 18 2012, Kenya, trial, justice, peace, Kenyan justice system, Waki Commission, ICC, ethnic violence, impunity, cattle raids, tribal rivalries, conflict, Daily Nation, Wachira, Muchemi Kenya, justice, peace, ICC, Waki Commission, Parliament, ethnic violence, impunity, cattle raids, tribal rivalries, conflict, trials, prevention, courts, abuses, legal system, international law, human rights, African Union, prosecution, crime prevention, societal stability, rule of law Kenya, trial, justice, peace, Kenyan justice system, Waki Commission, ICC, ethnic violence, impunity, cattle raids, tribal rivalries, conflict, Daily Nation, Wachira, Muchemi Kenya, trial, justice, peace, Kenyan justice system, Waki Commission, ICC, ethnic violence, impunity, cattle raids, tribal rivalries, conflict, Daily Nation, Wachira, Muchemi Kenya, trial, justice, peace, Kenyan justice system, Waki Commission, ICC, ethnic violence, impunity, cattle raids, tribal rivalries, conflict, Daily Nation, Wachira, Muchemi
test-economy-eptpghdtre-con01a	Republicans are the best at stimulating economic growth  The tax cuts proposed by President Bush and passed by a Republican Congress ensured that real, after-tax income was up 15% by 2006. The Dow Jones hit record Highs during his time in office.  These tax cuts were responsible for the creation of 6.6 million jobs, primarily in the private sector – real jobs producing real goods and providing real services not tax-payer funded sinecures to mask the reality of the economic situation. [i]  [i] The White House, “Fact Sheet: Job Creation Continues – More than 6.6 Million Jobs Created Since August 2003”, 6 October 2006, Republicans, economic growth, tax cuts, President Bush, Republican Congress, after-tax income, Dow Jones, record highs, job creation, private sector, White House, fact sheet, August 2003, 6.6 million jobs Republicans, economic growth, tax cuts, President Bush, Republican Congress, after-tax income, Dow Jones, record highs, job creation, private sector, White House, fact sheet, August 2003, 6.6 million jobs Republicans, economic growth, tax cuts, President Bush, Republican Congress, after-tax income, Dow Jones, record highs, job creation, private sector, real jobs, White House, fact sheet, August 2003, 6.6 million jobs Republicans, economic growth, tax cuts, President Bush, Republican Congress, after-tax income, Dow Jones, record highs, job creation, private sector, White House, fact sheet, August 2003, 6.6 million jobs Republicans, economic growth, President Bush, tax cuts, Republican Congress, real after-tax income, Dow Jones, record highs, job creation, private sector, White House, fact sheet, 6.6 million jobs, August 2003, economic policy, fiscal policy, GDP, unemployment rate, tax-payer funded jobs, economic expansion, fiscal stimulus, conservative economics, supply-side economics, trickle-down economics, Reaganomics
test-international-apwhbaucmip-con04a	No mechanism to prevent crises and war exists  Within countries it is the state that ensures that conflict does not occur: the state has a monopoly on the use of force so ensures law and order. There is no such hierarchy between states. African nations, as with most other states in the world, believe in the sovereign right of states to manage their own affairs. In the same document as there is a pledge to end war “respect for the sovereignty and territorial integrity of each of its [AU’s] Member States” is reaffirmed. [1] While states are considered sovereign there is no possible way to create a mechanism to ensure that conflicts do not happen. The AU cannot dictate to its members to ensure they avoid internal conflicts even if the AU knows a conflict is coming as those members are the stakeholders. [2] All that the AU can do is react to ongoing conflicts when it is already spilling out of control and encourage good practice.  [1] African Union, 2013, p.1  [2] Williams, 2011, p.9 mechanism, crises, war, state, conflict, law, order, hierarchy, states, sovereignty, African, nations, AU, Member, respect, territorial, integrity, pledge, end, react, ongoing, encourage, good, practice, stakeholders, spilling, control, Williams, 2011 no mechanism, prevent crises, war, state monopoly, force, law order, hierarchy states, African nations, sovereignty, state affairs, AU pledge, end war, respect sovereignty, territorial integrity, member states, conflict prevention, react conflicts, control, encourage practice, Williams 2011, African Union 2013 State sovereignty, conflict prevention, African Union, territorial integrity, law and order, interstate relations, good practice, crisis management, internal conflicts, reaction to conflicts, monopoly on force, pledge to end war, international hierarchy, state affairs management, member states, stakeholders, spilling out of control, AU’s limitations, respect for sovereignty, global state affairs mechanism, crises, war, prevention, state, conflict, monopoly, force, law, order, hierarchy, states, African, nations, sovereignty, territorial, integrity, AU, pledge, end, war, respect, reaffirmed, stakeholders, internal, conflicts, react, ongoing, control, encourage, good, practice state sovereignty, conflict prevention, African Union, interstate hierarchy, law and order, territorial integrity, internal conflicts, stakeholder autonomy, reactive measures, good practice encouragement
test-education-pteuhwfphe-con02a	Alternative- and more efficient- methods of funding universities are available  There are a number of viable alternatives to a graduate tax as a means of paying for Higher Education: Full state funding operates in many EU countries as part of an extensive and popular welfare state paid for out of general taxation; the value the state clearly places upon Higher Education has made it a common aspiration across all social classes. Other countries make individual students pay for all or most of the cost of their university education, which is widely seen as an investment in increased future earning potential. In the USA this has produced very high levels of enrollment and broad access to higher education as motivated students readily work to pay their way through college. Most also take out commercial loans, which are later paid off once the student is in employment; unlike a graduate tax these repayments are not open-ended and will one day be completed. The cost of educating a student to degree level varies widely both between and within countries, showing clear room for efficiency savings to be made in many institutions, perhaps through some focusing solely upon teaching rather than research, or by academic specialization. Alternative funding, efficient methods, university finance, graduate tax, higher education, full state funding, EU countries, welfare state, social aspiration, student payment, cost of education, future earnings, USA enrollment, broad access, motivated students, work while studying, commercial loans, repayment, employment, efficiency savings, institutional costs, teaching focus, academic specialization Alternative funding, efficient methods, university funding, graduate tax, higher education, state funding, EU countries, welfare state, social classes, student payment, future earning potential, USA, enrollment, access to education, motivated students, work through college, commercial loans, repayments, efficiency savings, academic specialization, teaching focus, research focus alternative funding, university funding, efficient methods, graduate tax, higher education, full state funding, EU countries, welfare state, social classes, individual student payment, future earning potential, USA, high enrollment, broad access, motivated students, work through college, commercial loans, repayments, open-ended, efficiency savings, academic specialization, teaching focus, research focus Alternative funding, efficient methods, university funding, graduate tax, higher education, full state funding, EU countries, welfare state, general taxation, social classes, student payments, future earnings, USA, high enrollment, broad access, motivated students, work during college, commercial loans, repayments, degree level, cost variation, efficiency savings, teaching focus, academic specialization alternative funding, efficient methods, university finance, graduate tax, higher education, state funding, general taxation, welfare state, social aspiration, student payment, future earnings, USA enrollment, broad access, motivated students, work during college, commercial loans, repayment completion, cost variation, efficiency savings, teaching focus, academic specialization
test-digital-freedoms-dfiphbgs-pro03a	Governments can re-define industry standards by choosing open source software.  Economists use the term ‘network effect’ to describe the phenomenon whereby, as several people use the same communication platform (be it a specific device, such as a telephone, or a complicated service, such as Facebook), it becomes more valuable for others to use because they can share and collaborate on work with a wider range of individuals.  Network effects explain why Microsoft’s monopoly of around 90% of the desktop market with its Windows and Office software has been so hard to challenge [i] .  Governments are one of the few organisations which can define industry standards because citizens and businesses increasingly have to interact with governments electronically. Brazil’s Digital Inclusion Program, for example, has selected open source software for 58 government units rather than Windows or Microsoft Office [ii] . The result is that businesses and Brazilian citizens can use the same open source software at home, knowing they will be able to interact with their government. As open source software is often either free or cheaper than closed source alternatives, this approach enables local authorities, private businesses and individual citizens to interact more easily with the state, removing many of the obstacles and objections to the wider adoption of information technology.  [i] Lie, Hakon Wium. “Microsoft’s forgotten monopoly.” CNET News. 19 June 2006.  [ii] Fried, Ina. “Brazil: Digital inclusion, but how?” CNET News. 27 August 2008. Governments, re-define, industry standards, open source software, network effect, communication platform, Microsoft, monopoly, desktop market, Windows, Office, Digital Inclusion Program, Brazil, government units, free, cheaper, closed source, local authorities, private businesses, citizens, information technology, digital inclusion, Hakon Wium Lie, Ina Fried, CNET News Governments, open source software, industry standards, network effect, communication platforms, Microsoft monopoly, Windows, Office, Digital Inclusion Program, Brazil, free software, cheaper software, information technology adoption, public sector technology, software cost savings, digital collaboration, citizen-government interaction, economic barriers, technology policy Governments, re-define, industry standards, open source software, network effect, communication platform, Facebook, Microsoft, monopoly, desktop market, Windows, Office, Digital Inclusion Program, Brazil, government units, businesses, citizens, electronic interaction, free software, cheaper software, information technology, digital inclusion, CNET News, Hakon Wium Lie, Ina Fried Governments, industry standards, open source software, network effect, communication platforms, Microsoft, monopoly, Windows, Office, digital inclusion, Brazil, local authorities, private businesses, citizens, information technology, CNET News, Hakon Wium Lie, Ina Fried government, open source software, industry standards, network effect, communication platform, Facebook, Microsoft, Windows, Office, monopoly, Brazil, Digital Inclusion Program, free software, cheaper software, information technology, digital interaction, citizen engagement, business interaction, electronic interaction, policy making, technology adoption, software selection, public sector, technology policy, software monopoly, competitive landscape, market dynamics, digital transformation, public services, technology innovation, digital divide, inclusive technology, software interoperability, technology procurement, government technology, software alternatives, cost-effective technology, digital governance, technology accessibility, software ecosystems, software deployment, government IT, technology standards, software
test-international-gsciidffe-con03a	This policy is not necessary and may be counterproductive  Unless a state wishes to pull the plug on the internet entirely state censorship on the internet is never complete. Dissidents and those who are interested in getting around censorship will manage with or without help from other governments, they will use privately developed software, or proxies to get around censors and protect themselves. Having help from foreign governments to bypass censorship may even put the people this policy is trying to empower in an even worse position. The use of software that is meant to undermine censorship helps to prove that the dissident’s intent is hostile towards the government and the state’s policies – otherwise they would not need to software, and would not resort to using methods developed by foreign countries. Russia is increasingly cracking down on those who have contact or receive help from ‘foreign agents’ particularly foreign NGOs, such a policy could be as easily applied to online help as financial aid. [1]  [1] Earle, Jonathan, “Hundreds of NGOs Checked for Foreign Agents, Extremism”, The Moscow Times, 19 March 2013, policy, counterproductive, state censorship, internet, dissidents, privately developed software, proxies, foreign governments, undermining censorship, hostile intent, government policies, Russia, foreign agents, NGOs, extremism, financial aid, online help, cracking down, Moscow Times, Jonathan Earle, March 2013 policy, counterproductive, state censorship, internet, dissidents, privately developed software, proxies, foreign governments, censorship bypass, hostile intent, government policies, Russia, foreign agents, NGOs, financial aid, online help, extremism, Moscow Times internet censorship, state policies, dissidents, foreign government assistance, software, proxies, foreign agents, NGOs, Russia, extremism, online help, financial aid, counterproductive, privacy, digital rights, political repression policy, counterproductive, state, censorship, internet, dissidents, software, proxies, foreign, governments, empowerment, risk, intent, hostile, government, state, policies, Russia, crackdown, foreign, agents, NGOs, financial, aid, online, help, extremism, checked, Moscow, Times Internet censorship, state censorship, dissidents, private software, proxies, foreign government help, counterproductive policy, governmental intent, hostile intent, Russia, foreign agents, NGOs, financial aid, online help, extremism, Moscow Times, Jonathan Earle, March 2013
test-international-sepiahbaaw-con03a	Natural resources create employment  The extraction of natural resources creates the possibility of job creation which can strengthen African economies. Both domestic and foreign firms require man power for their operations, and they will often draw from the local labour force. Employment ensures a better standard of living for the workers and injects money in to the home economy leading to greater regional economic stability. In Nigeria, for example, the company Shell hires 6000 employees and contractors, with 90% being Nigerian and at higher wages than the GDP per capita [1] . This would indicate that the presence of natural resources is economically strengthening Africa.  [1] Shell Nigeria ‘Shell at a glance’ date accessed 16 December 2013 Natural resources, employment, extraction, job creation, African economies, domestic firms, foreign firms, manpower, local labour force, standard of living, home economy, regional economic stability, Nigeria, Shell, employees, contractors, GDP per capita, economic strengthening, Africa Natural resources, employment, economic strengthening, Africa, extraction, job creation, domestic firms, foreign firms, local labour force, standard of living, economic stability, Nigeria, Shell, employees, contractors, wages, GDP per capita Natural resources, employment, job creation, African economies, domestic firms, foreign firms, manpower, local labour force, standard of living, economic stability, Nigeria, Shell, employees, contractors, GDP per capita natural resources, employment, job creation, African economies, domestic firms, foreign firms, man power, local labour force, standard of living, economic stability, Nigeria, Shell, employees, contractors, GDP per capita Natural resources, employment, job creation, economic strengthening, African economies, domestic firms, foreign firms, local labour force, standard of living, economic stability, Nigeria, Shell, employees, contractors, GDP per capita
test-education-pteuhwfphe-con03a	A graduate tax would reduce teh autonomy of universities  If a graduate tax were introduced the money would go to the national treasury which would result in universities competing for the same money as colleges. At the moment the money generated from tuition fees goes straight to where it should go, straight to the universities bank accounts who provide the education. Under graduate tax proposals from the UK’s National Union of Students, raised revenue from the tax would go into a centralized higher education fund which could be distributed by the government through various means which could result in some universities getting unfair levels of funding relative to both their standing and student bodies. (Barr, N. 2009) This is impractical for universities to plan investments as they will never be entirely sure what funding they will have and furthermore and for many arguably most importantly universities will ultimately lose their independence from the state. graduate tax, university autonomy, national treasury, tuition fees, education funding, centralized higher education fund, government distribution, university investments, state independence, college competition, funding fairness, Barr 2009 graduate tax, university autonomy, national treasury, college competition, tuition fees, centralized fund, government distribution, funding fairness, university investments, state independence graduate tax, university autonomy, national treasury, university funding, tuition fees, centralized higher education fund, government distribution, university independence, state control, investment planning, fair funding, education policy, Barr 2009, National Union of Students, UK education system graduate tax, university autonomy, national treasury, college competition, tuition fees, education funding, centralized higher education fund, government distribution, university investments, state independence, Barr 2009 graduate tax, university autonomy, national treasury, competition, colleges, tuition fees, education funding, centralized higher education fund, government distribution, unfair funding, university investments, state independence
test-international-segiahbarr-con04a	War and Civil unrest disrupt development and economic growth  Another major barrier to economic development in Africa is the regional instability caused by the 23 wars and episodes of civil unrest. War is naturally a costly affair; the 2001 conflict between Ethiopia and Eritrea cost the former $2.9 billion with extensive damage to its economic and social infrastructure. A BBC report noted that extra funding had to be diverted away from development in order to meet the rising demands of the war [1] . What makes Africa’s situation far worse is the tendency of many armed groups to become bandits rather than armies with political objectives [2] . The inclination for these armed groups to forsake any ideal of governing in favour of banditry and rape makes them harder to negotiate as ‘legitimate grievances in these failed or failing African states deteriorate into rapacious, profit-orientated bloodshed’ [3] . The constant disruption to the lives of civilians in these 23 wars has led to poor levels of human development, which has further destabilised the region.  [1] Bhalla, ‘War ‘devastated’ Ethiopian economy’, 2001  [2] Gettleman, ‘Africa’s Forever Wars’, 2010  [3] Gettleman, ‘Africa’s Forever Wars’, 2010 War, Civil unrest, Economic growth, Development, Africa, Regional instability, Conflicts, Ethiopia, Eritrea, Cost, Infrastructure, BBC, Funding, Armed groups, Bandits, Political objectives, Governance, Banditry, Rape, Negotiation, Legitimate grievances, Failed states, Failing states, Profit, Bloodshed, Human development, Disruption, Forever Wars, Bhalla, Gettleman War, Civil unrest, Economic development, Africa, Regional instability, Armed conflicts, Ethiopia, Eritrea, Economic costs, Social infrastructure, Funding diversion, Development funding, Armed groups, Banditry, Political objectives, Failed states, Failing states, Legitimate grievances, Profit-orientated bloodshed, Human development, Destabilisation War, Civil unrest, Economic development, Africa, Regional instability, Conflict, Ethiopia, Eritrea, Funding, Development, Armed groups, Bandits, Political objectives, Banditry, Rape, Legitimate grievances, Failed states, Failing states, Profit-orientated bloodshed, Human development, Destabilisation War, civil unrest, economic development, Africa, regional instability, conflicts, Ethiopia, Eritrea, funding, development, armed groups, bandits, political objectives, banditry, rape, failed states, failing states, human development, destabilisation, economic damage, social infrastructure War, Civil unrest, Economic development, Africa, Regional instability, Conflict, Ethiopia, Eritrea, Development funding, Armed groups, Banditry, Political objectives, Failed states, Human development, Disruption, Economic growth, Social infrastructure, Legitimate grievances, Profit-orientated bloodshed,Forever wars
test-philosophy-pppthbtcb-con01a	Harm to others is never legitimate  Even in cases of suppression and deprivation of human rights, it is not justified to harm others outside the law. Considering acts of terror, there are three possible targets: civilians, political, military or other powerful authorities and their representatives, and structures such as (government) buildings, cars etc. without any causalities. In the case of the first, it is illegitimate to kill innocent civilians because not only have these people not contributed to the terrorists' marginalization, which means that hurting them will not undo the cause of harm, but this also perpetuates the harm that was the cause for violence in the first place. In the case of the second target, the attack on authorities responsible for the marginalization might be removed in some cases (if there is one), but it more often results in backlash where supporters of the authorities act against the insurgents, resulting in more harm. This happened with the Kurdish revolt against the Turkish authorities, which led to a guerilla war with over 30.000 causalities. [1] Thirdly, attacking the infrastructure of a country means disabling the population for accessing their basic capacities such as accessing healthcare by destroying roads or hospitals. Regarding the fact that the population is innocent in the crimes of the government, this is unnecessary and harmful for the whole population.  [1] Washington Post. (1999). Who Are the Kurds? Retrieved August 3, 2011, from Washington Post: Harm, legitimacy, suppression, deprivation, human rights, terror, civilians, political authorities, military, structures, government buildings, casualties, innocent, marginalization, backlash, Kurdish revolt, Turkish authorities, guerilla war, infrastructure, healthcare, population, government crimes Harm, legitimacy, suppression, deprivation, human rights, terrorism, civilians, political targets, military targets, infrastructure, casualties, Kurdish revolt, Turkish authorities, guerilla war, healthcare, roads, hospitals, population, government crimes, unnecessary harm Harm, legitimacy, suppression, deprivation, human rights, terror, civilians, political targets, military targets, powerful authorities, structures, government buildings, casualties, innocent civilians, marginalization, violence, backlash, insurgents, Kurdish revolt, Turkish authorities, guerilla war, infrastructure, population, healthcare, roads, hospitals, basic capacities, unnecessary harm Harm, legitimacy, suppression, deprivation, human rights, justified, acts of terror, targets, civilians, political, military, powerful authorities, representatives, structures, government buildings, cars, causalities, innocent civilians, marginalization, undo cause, perpetuate harm, authorities, backlash, supporters, insurgents, Kurdish revolt, Turkish authorities, guerilla war, casualties, infrastructure, disable population, basic capacities, healthcare, roads, hospitals, unnecessary, harmful, whole population, crimes, government Harm, legitimacy, suppression, deprivation, human rights, terrorism, civilians, political authorities, military, structures, government buildings, causalities, innocent, marginalization, backlash, insurgents, Kurdish revolt, Turkish authorities, guerilla war, infrastructure, population, healthcare, roads, hospitals, unnecessary, harmful
test-politics-lghwdecm-con02a	Directly elected mayors provide opportunities for populists.  The position of elected mayor is likely to attract populist and maverick candidates, who will seek to capitalise on the unpopularity of party politics with “single issue sloganising, glib promises and headline grabbing” (Ken Walker, Labour leader of Middlesbrough council). [1] A good example is Paul Massey, who has had 25 convictions in the past and yet is running to be Mayor of Salford and could even have a chance of winning. [2] In office such candidates are likely to alienate elected councillors and other crucial local partners, to disappoint voters as their promises run up against the actual limitations of their power, and to neglect many aspects of local government in favour of their own pet issue. This danger is even greater if a far-right candidate were to exploit local concerns about immigration and asylum-seekers to inflame racial tensions. Again Lutfur Rahman of Tower Hamlets is a good example of how this could happen, he has links to a Muslim extremist group, and only needed a mere 23,000 votes, 13% of the electorate because there was such low turnout. [3]  [1] Hetherington, Peter, ‘Vote for US-style mayors exposes deep Labour rifts’, The Guardian, 20 October 2001.  [2] Gilligan, Andrew, ;The town hall dictator taking over near you’, The Telegraph, 22 April 2012.  [3] ibid directly elected mayors, populists, maverick candidates, party politics, single issue sloganising, glib promises, headline grabbing, Paul Massey, Mayor of Salford, convictions, alienate councillors, disappoint voters, pet issue, far-right, immigration, asylum-seekers, racial tensions, Lutfur Rahman, Tower Hamlets, Muslim extremist, low turnout, Peter Hetherington, Andrew Gilligan, Labour rifts, town hall dictator Directly elected mayors, populists, maverick candidates, unpopularity, party politics, single issue sloganising, glib promises, headline grabbing, Paul Massey, Mayor of Salford, convictions, alienate councillors, disappoint voters, neglect local government, far-right candidate, racial tensions, Lutfur Rahman, Tower Hamlets, Muslim extremist group, low turnout, Labour rifts, town hall dictator Directly elected mayors, populists, maverick candidates, party politics, single issue sloganising, Paul Massey, Mayor of Salford, alienate elected councillors, neglect local government, far-right candidate, racial tensions, Lutfur Rahman, Tower Hamlets, Muslim extremist group, low voter turnout directly elected mayors, populists, maverick candidates, party politics, Paul Massey, Mayor of Salford, unpopularity, single issue sloganising, glib promises, headline grabbing, elected councillors, local partners, voter disappointment, limitations of power, local government, pet issue, far-right candidate, racial tensions, Lutfur Rahman, Tower Hamlets, Muslim extremist group, low turnout, Andrew Gilligan, Peter Hetherington, The Guardian, The Telegraph directly elected mayors, populists, opportunities, maverick candidates, unpopularity, party politics, single issue sloganising, glib promises, headline grabbing, Paul Massey, Mayor of Salford, convictions, winning, alienate councillors, disappoint voters, neglect local government, pet issues, far-right candidates, racial tensions, Lutfur Rahman, Tower Hamlets, Muslim extremist group, low turnout, Peter Hetherington, Andrew Gilligan, Labour rifts, town hall dictator
test-economy-bepahbtsnrt-pro04a	Tourism causes pollution  The tourism industry in Tunisia results in notable damage to the environment. Without sustainability, economic growth will only last in the short term. This is especially pertinent for tourism, where environmental beauty is of particular importance. From the construction of infrastructure and travel, to the general waste produced, tourism is problematic in the sense that it can often cause pollution; which in turn damages the country’s reputation1. Most tourists to the region are from Europe, although there are an increasing number of Russians which means travel becomes a major source of pollution. A return journey via plane from London to Tunis creates around 310 kg of CO2 (standard passenger jets create around 0.17kg of CO2 per km) 2. This is disproportionately damaging compared to other vehicles, but is the most practical way of reaching Tunisia. Other impacts such as overuse of water, land degradation and littering can all cause problems as well3.  1) United Nations Environment Programme ‘Environmental Impacts’ data accessed 28 January 2014  2) BBC, ‘Pollution warning on holiday flights’, 1 May 2000  3) United Nations Environment Programme ‘Tourism’s Three Main Impact Areas’ data accessed 28 January 2014 Tourism, Pollution, Tunisia, Environmental Damage, Sustainability, Economic Growth, Infrastructure Construction, Travel, Waste, Country Reputation, European Tourists, Russian Tourists, Air Travel, CO2 Emissions, Water Usage, Land Degradation, Littering, United Nations Environment Programme, BBC, Holiday Flights, Environmental Impacts, Tourism Impact Areas Tourism, Pollution, Tunisia, Environmental Damage, Sustainability, Economic Growth, Infrastructure, Travel, Waste, Country Reputation, Europe, Russia, CO2 Emissions, Air Travel, London, Tunis, Water Usage, Land Degradation, Littering, United Nations Environment Programme, BBC, Holiday Flights Tourism, pollution, Tunisia, environment, sustainability, economic growth, environmental beauty, infrastructure, travel, waste, country’s reputation, Europe, Russia, plane travel, CO2 emissions, water usage, land degradation, littering, United Nations Environment Programme, BBC, holiday flights, impact areas tourism, pollution, Tunisia, environment, sustainability, economic growth, environmental beauty, infrastructure, travel, waste, country’s reputation, Europe, Russia, CO2, air travel, London, Tunis, water usage, land degradation, littering, United Nations Environment Programme, BBC, holiday flights, impact areas Tourism, Pollution, Tunisia, Environmental Damage, Sustainability, Economic Growth, Infrastructure Construction, Travel, Waste, Country Reputation, European Tourists, Russian Tourists, Air Travel, CO2 Emissions, Water Usage, Land Degradation, Littering, United Nations Environment Programme, BBC, Holiday Flights, Carbon Footprint, Environmental Impact, Long-term Effects, Air Pollution, Vehicle Emissions, Tourism Industry, Environmental Beauty, Short-term Growth, Economic Sustainability, Environmental Sustainability, Climate Change, Green Tourism, Eco-friendly Practices, Conservation, Natural Resources, Ecological Footprint, Cultural Impact, Visitor Management, Sustainable Development, Environmental
test-law-sdiflhrdffe-con04a	Democracies should be wary of meddling in the internal affairs of other countries  Authoritarian countries tend to guard their sovereignty jealously and will not take kindly to what they would consider to be interference in their internal affairs. In many cases this is exactly what the government offering an amnesty would be doing. Should foreign countries really be deciding that the justice system of a country was wrong in this or that case so amnesty should be provided? Where there are legal proceedings against a blogger that end up with the blogger being sent to jail those outside the country may think the sentences unjust but as countries that publically support the rule of law they should accept the result. It may well be the case that sometimes the judicial system has been used to persecute a blogger but it is difficult to see why an outside power with little interest in the case should believe they have the right to provide an alternative verdict through an amnesty. Where a country disapproves of the treatment of an individual this should be done by negotiating with the government in question and providing any alternative evidence they have. Cuba for example has released dissidents before as a result of negotiations with outside actors; the release 80 dissidents for the visit by Pope John Paul II in 1998 being merely the most successful example. [1]  [1] Human Rights Watch, “Cuba: Release of Dissidents Still Leaves Scores in Prison”, 8 July 2012, democracies, wary, meddling, internal affairs, authoritarian, sovereignty, interference, amnesty, foreign, countries, justice system, legal proceedings, blogger, unjust, rule of law, judicial system, persecution, outside power, alternative verdict, treatment, individual, negotiations, government, evidence, Cuba, dissidents, release, Pope John Paul II democracies, wary, meddling, internal affairs, authoritarian countries, sovereignty, interference, amnesty, foreign countries, justice system, legal proceedings, blogger, jail, unjust, rule of law, judicial system, persecution, outside power, alternative verdict, treatment, individual, negotiating, government, alternative evidence, Cuba, dissidents, release, Pope John Paul II, Human Rights Watch Democracies, meddling, internal affairs, authoritarian countries, sovereignty, interference, amnesty, foreign countries, justice system, legal proceedings, blogger, sentences, rule of law, judicial system, persecution, outside power, alternative verdict, treatment, individual, negotiating, government, evidence, Cuba, dissidents, Pope John Paul II, Human Rights Watch Democracies, meddling, internal affairs, authoritarian countries, sovereignty, interference, amnesty, justice system, legal proceedings, blogger, jail, rule of law, judicial system, persecution, outside power, alternative verdict, treatment, individual, negotiating, government, evidence, Cuba, dissidents, Pope John Paul II, Human Rights Watch Democracy, Meddling, Internal Affairs, Authoritarian, Sovereignty, Interference, Amnesty, Foreign Countries, Justice System, Legal Proceedings, Blogger, Jail, Rule of Law, Judicial System, Persecution, Outside Power, Alternative Verdict, Treatment, Individual, Negotiating, Government, Evidence, Cuba, Dissidents, Release, Pope John Paul II, Human Rights Watch
test-health-dhghhbampt-con01a	A huge number of fully accepted medical practices started being seen as something a bit off the wall, it’s wrong to deny sick people access to a treatment that may be mainstream in 20 years  There is a fine line between what is considered alternative and what is thought of as mainstream. Techniques do move across that line and when they do so, they are seen as mainstream. However, this process of reform, refinement and acceptance takes time.  In the meantime it is simply unfair to deny treatment to patients who want it because the medical establishment is beholden to a conservative academic orthodoxy and drug and treatment providers with vested interests in ensuring that particular cures and techniques will continue to be purchased and utilised. alternative medicine, mainstream medicine, medical practices, treatment access, patient rights, medical establishment, conservative orthodoxy, drug providers, vested interests, medical reform, treatment refinement, acceptance process, healthcare equity, medical innovation, patient choice medical practices, fully accepted, alternative, mainstream, treatment, sick people, denial, 20 years, fine line, reform, refinement, acceptance, time, unfair, patients, medical establishment, conservative, academic orthodoxy, drug providers, vested interests, cures, techniques, purchased, utilised medical practices, alternative treatments, mainstream medicine, patient access, treatment denial, medical establishment, academic orthodoxy, drug providers, vested interests, treatment reform, refinement, acceptance, healthcare equity, patient rights, medical innovation, conservative medicine, treatment availability, health policy, medical ethics, patient choice medical practices, mainstream, alternative, treatment access, sick people, conservative orthodoxy, medical establishment, vested interests, drug providers, reform, refinement, acceptance, unfairness, patient rights, healthcare innovation, therapeutic modalities, medical research, orthodox medicine, alternative therapies, healthcare providers, patient choice, medical ethics, treatment legitimacy, health policy, medical progress, evidence-based medicine, unconventional treatments, clinical trials, healthcare advocacy, medical ethics, pharmaceutical industry, treatment efficacy, medical paradigm shifts alternative medicine, mainstream medicine, medical practices, treatment access, patient rights, medical establishment, conservative orthodoxy, drug providers, vested interests, treatment refinement, academic orthodoxy, healthcare fairness, medical reform, healthcare innovation, patient choice
test-society-tlhrilsfhwr-con03a	Universal rights and collective compromises  Cultural relativism is the philosophical belief that all cultures and cultural beliefs are of equal value and that right and wrong are relative and dependant on cultural contexts. Accordingly, relativists hold that universal human rights cannot exist, as there are no truly universal human values. If rights are relative, the laws that protect them must also be relative.  If we accept proposition’s contention that culturally relative values can evolve in response to conflicts and crises, then any perverse or destructive behaviour given the force of ritual and regularity by a group’s conduct can be taken to be relative. If the group believes that a practice is right, if it ties into that group’s conception of what is just and good or beneficial to their survival, then there can be no counter argument against it – whether that practice has been continuous for a hundred years or a hundred days.  Systems of law, however, reflect the opinions, practices and values of everyone within a state’s territory, no matter how plural its population may be. Similarly, objections to specific aspects of the universal human rights doctrine are fragmentary, not collective. While a handful of communities in Yemen may object to a ban on the use of child soldiers, many more throughout the world would find this a sensible and morally valuable principle. It is necessary for both the international community and individual nation states to adjust their laws to reconcile the competing demands of plural value systems. Occasionally, a value common among a majority of cultures must overrule the objections of the minority.  It is perverse to give charismatic leaders who convince impoverished communities to send their sons and daughters into combat an opportunity to use cultural relativism to excuse their culpability for what would otherwise be a war crime. Officers, politicians or dissident commanders are much more likely than Yemeni tribesmen or orphaned Sudanese boys to understand the intricacies of such a defence, and much more likely to abuse it. The commanders of child soldiers are the only class of individuals who should fear the ICC. Universal rights, cultural relativism, collective compromises, human rights, cultural contexts, relativists, universal values, culturally relative values, conflicts, crises, destructive behavior, cultural practices, justice, survival, law systems, state territory, plural populations, universal human rights doctrine, international community, nation states, plural value systems, majority cultures, minority objections, charismatic leaders, impoverished communities, war crime, commanders, child soldiers, ICC Universal rights, collective compromises, cultural relativism, equal value, cultural contexts, human rights, universal values, relative values, conflicts, crises, destructive behavior, cultural practices, law systems, state territory, plural population, universal human rights, moral principles, international community, national laws, plural value systems, majority cultures, minority objections, impoverished communities, war crimes, charismatic leaders, legal accountability, ICC, child soldiers, Yemen, Sudan universal rights, collective compromises, cultural relativism, equal value, right and wrong, cultural contexts, relativists, universal human rights, universal human values, relative laws, cultural evolution, conflicts, crises, destructive behavior, cultural practices, legal systems, plural populations, objections, universal human rights doctrine, international community, nation states, plural value systems, majority cultures, minority objections, charismatic leaders, impoverished communities, war crime, ICC, child soldiers, commanders, politicians, dissident commanders, legal defense, moral principles, cultural contexts, human rights violations, international law, cultural practices, ethical standards, human dignity, legal accountability, justice, Universal rights, collective compromises, cultural relativism, equal value, right and wrong, cultural contexts, human rights, relative values, conflicts, crises, laws, protection, cultural practices, legal systems, plural value systems, international community, nation states, moral principles, war crimes, commanders, child soldiers, accountability, human dignity, cultural diversity, legal pluralism, ethical relativism, global justice, minority rights, majority values, cultural defense, impunity, human rights violations, international law, cultural beliefs, legal evolution, societal norms, cultural justification, ethical standards, cultural practices, legal adaptation, pluralism, human rights doctrine, cultural consensus Universal rights, collective compromises, cultural relativism, equal cultural value, relative ethics, human rights, legal relativism, cultural evolution, conflicts, crises, group conduct, moral justification, legal systems, pluralism, objections, fragmentary resistance, international law, value reconciliation, majority rule, minority objections, war crimes, charismatic leaders, impoverished communities, child soldiers, ICC, legal accountability, defense abuse, moral responsibility
test-law-hrilpgwhwr-con05a	The ICC fails to prevent atrocities.  The ICC will not deter the commission of war crimes or genocide. The Third Reich augmented the crimes of the Holocaust when it became clear that the Allies would defeat them in Europe. The only expectation of the Nazi leadership was immediate execution, rather than trial in a judicial forum. Similarly, Slobodan Milosevic and the Bosnian Serb army conducted a campaign of ethnic cleansing in Kosovo whilst the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia (ICTY) was sitting in the Hague. The calculation of whether to commit gross human rights violations is not that of the reasonable and rational individual. The existence of a court, however well intentioned, will have no effect on the commission of these crimes. ICC, atrocities, war crimes, genocide, Third Reich, Holocaust, Allies, Nazi leadership, execution, trial, judicial forum, Slobodan Milosevic, Bosnian Serb army, ethnic cleansing, Kosovo, International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia, ICTY, human rights violations, calculation, reasonable, rational, court effectiveness ICC, atrocities, deterrence, war crimes, genocide, Third Reich, Holocaust, Allies, Nazi leadership, execution, Slobodan Milosevic, Bosnian Serb army, ethnic cleansing, Kosovo, International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia, ICTY, human rights violations, rational individual, judicial forum ICC, atrocities, war crimes, genocide, Third Reich, Holocaust, Nazi leadership, immediate execution, Slobodan Milosevic, Bosnian Serb army, ethnic cleansing, Kosovo, International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia, ICTY, human rights violations, court effectiveness, rational decision-making ICC, atrocities, war crimes, genocide, Third Reich, Holocaust, Nazi leadership, immediate execution, Slobodan Milosevic, Bosnian Serb army, ethnic cleansing, Kosovo, International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia, ICTY, gross human rights violations, rational individual, judicial forum, court effectiveness ICC, atrocities, war crimes, genocide, Third Reich, Holocaust, Nazi leadership, immediate execution, judicial forum, Slobodan Milosevic, Bosnian Serb army, ethnic cleansing, Kosovo, International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia, ICTY, human rights violations, reasonable individual, court effectiveness
test-science-ciidfaihwc-pro03a	Even sites that appeared innocent have had a devastating effect on society.  Some governments, such as the Vietnamese government [1] , have already seen sufficient cause to ban social networking sites such as Facebook. Recently in the UK, many major cities witnessed devastation and destruction as social networking sites were used to co-ordinate wide-scale riots which rampaged over London, Manchester, Birmingham, Worcestershire, Gloucester, Croydon, Bristol, Liverpool and Nottingham [2] . Rioters contacted each other through Facebook and blackberry instant messenger to ensure that they could cause maximum damage [3] , which resulted in the destruction of property [4] , physical violence towards others [5] , and even the deaths of three young men [6] . These events prove that seemingly innocent Internet sites can be used by anybody, even apparently normal citizens, to a devastating effect which has caused harm to thousands [7] . To protect the population and maintain order, it is essential that the government is able to act to censor sites that can be used as a forum and a tool for this kind of behaviour when such disruption is occurring.  [1] AsiaNews.it, ‘Internet censorship tightening in Vietnam’, 22 June 2010,  09/09/11  [2] BBC News, ‘England Riots’, 8 February 2012,  on 09/09/11  [3] BBC News, ‘England riots: Two jailed for using Facebook to incite disorder’, 16 August 2011,  on 09/09/11  [4] Hawkes, Alex, Garside, Juliette and Kollewe, Julia, ‘UK riots could cost taxpayer £100m’, guardian.co.uk, 9 August 2011,  on 09/09/11.  [5] Allen, Emily, ‘We will use water cannons on them: At last Cameron orders police to come down hard on the looters (some aged as young as NINE)’, Mail Online, 11 August 2011,  on 09/09/11.  [6] Orr, James, ‘Birmingham riots: three men killed ‘protecting homes’’, The Telegraph, 10 August 2011,  on 09/09/11.  [7] Huffington Post, ‘UK Riots: What Long-Term Effects Could They Have?’, 10 August 2011,  on 09/09/11. social networking, government censorship, Facebook ban, Vietnam, UK riots, riot coordination, property destruction, physical violence, deaths, internet sites, societal harm, citizen behavior, government intervention, forum for disruption, water cannons, long-term effects, Birmingham, Manchester, London, Nottingham, Gloucester, Croydon, Bristol, Liverpool, riots cost, looters, youth involvement, Blackberry Messenger, incite disorder, legal consequences, taxpayer cost, police response, public safety,秩序维护 Internet censorship, Vietnamese government, Facebook ban, UK riots, social networking sites, riot coordination, property destruction, physical violence, deaths, normal citizens, government censorship, forum for behavior, order maintenance, water cannons, taxpayer costs, looters, long-term effects social networking, government censorship, Vietnam, Facebook ban, UK riots, coordination, destruction, property, violence, deaths, internet sites, citizens, harm, population protection, order maintenance, forum, tool, disruption, England, BlackBerry, incite disorder, costs, taxpayer, police response, looters, age, Birmingham, protect homes, long-term effects social networking, government censorship, Vietnam, Facebook ban, UK riots, London, Manchester, Birmingham, property destruction, physical violence, deaths, internet sites, citizen behavior, government intervention, censorship, forum for disruption, riot coordination, social media impact, societal harm, taxpayer cost, police response, long-term effects, blackberry instant messenger, inciting disorder, protection of population, maintaining order, seemingly innocent sites, devastating effect, wide-scale riots, social networking sites usage, normal citizens, harm to thousands, essential government action, forum for behavior, disruption, social media regulation, public safety, law enforcement, civic unrest, digital communication tools government censorship, social networking sites, facebook, blackberry instant messenger, uk riots, property destruction, physical violence, deaths, internet censorship, vietnamese government,秩序维护, 公民行为, 网络影响, 社会危害, 信息传播工具, 广泛骚乱, 法律措施, 互联网监管, 公共安全, 用户行为控制
test-international-epdlhfcefp-con03a	"There have been tests on the EU's ability to create a common foreign policy that it has failed.  The War in Iraq, along with previous notable failures to deal with the breakup of former Yugoslavia, has been an excellent test for the extent to which the EU can claim to have a common approach to world politics and foreign policy in particular. It has clearly pointed out a whole range of diverse and often opposed national interests, and national publics that were unwilling to make compromises along EU lines of commitment. It has also showed that the economic power of the EU is not enough to turn it into a major player on the international scene: the lack in military power and presence speaks for itself. The EU still lies very much under the umbrella of NATO and US military power and as long as this military dependency continues, the EU will not be able to have its own independent voice in world politics. 1  1.  ""> EU, foreign policy, War in Iraq, Yugoslavia, national interests, public opinion, economic power, military power, NATO, US influence, international relations, political independence EU, common foreign policy, War in Iraq, Yugoslavia, national interests, economic power, international player, military power, NATO, US military, independence, world politics EU, foreign policy, War in Iraq, Yugoslavia, national interests, economic power, military power, NATO, US military, international scene, independent voice, world politics, policy failures, compromises, member states, sovereignty, international relations, security policy, defensecapability EU, foreign policy, common approach, international relations, War in Iraq, Yugoslavia, national interests, public opinion, economic power, military power, NATO, US influence, independence, world politics EU, foreign policy, War in Iraq, Yugoslavia, national interests, public opinion, economic power, military power, NATO, US influence, international relations, political independence, diplomacy, crisis management, European integration, security policy, diplomatic capabilities, international politics, defense dependency, strategic autonomy"
test-environment-chbwtlgcc-pro04a	"Consequences of increased GHGs  Increased GHGs in the atmosphere have numerous significant consequences:  -glaciers, ice sheets, and perma frost will continue to melt. This will increase water levels, release more GHGs (methane, which is twenty times more powerful as a greenhouse gas than CO2 and CO2), and reflect less heat back into the atmosphere exacerbating climate change1.  -the oceans (which are a natural carbon sink) are becoming increasingly acidic which will significantly damage ecosystems such as coral reefs. Additionally, changes in the chemistry of the ocean could affect the amount of CO2 it can absorb and process annually.  -there will be increasing incidents of extreme weather such as hurricanes, floods, and record high/low temperatures. Extreme weather can destroy ecosystems that capture CO2 such as forests and peat bogs leading to less natural CO2 absorption.  These events will accelerate climate change making it more difficult for humans to reduce GHG ppms to a sustainable level. Once average temperatures are above 2.5C, events will be triggered that will be irreversible and it will take 1000s of years of lower GHG emissions for the earth to return to normal 2.  1. Connor, Steve, 'Exclusive: The methane time bomb', The Independent, 23rd September 2008,  2. Wikipedia, ""Climate Change Feedback"". Retrieved 2011-08-08. Consequences, increased, GHGs, glaciers, ice, sheets, permafrost, melt, water, levels, methane, CO2, oceans, carbon, sink, acidity, coral, reefs, extreme, weather, hurricanes, floods, temperatures, ecosystems, forests, peat, bogs, climate, change, sustainable, temperatures, irreversible, feedback, methane, time, bomb, Steve, Connor, The, Independent, Wikipedia, Climate, Change, Feedback increased GHGs, climate change, melting glaciers, ice sheets, permafrost, rising sea levels, methane release, CO2, ocean acidification, coral reef damage, extreme weather, hurricanes, floods, temperature extremes, forest destruction, peat bogs, natural CO2 absorption, irreversible climate events, temperature threshold, long-term climate recovery, methane time bomb, climate change feedback consequences, increased, GHGs, atmosphere, glaciers, ice, sheets, permafrost, melt, water, levels, methane, CO2, heat, reflection, climate, change, oceans, carbon, sink, acidity, coral, reefs, ecosystems, chemistry, absorption, extreme, weather, hurricanes, floods, temperatures, destruction, forests, peat, bogs, natural, CO2, absorption, acceleration, human, reduction, ppms, sustainable, temperatures, irreversible, lower, emissions, earth, normal, feedback increased GHGs, glaciers melting, ice sheets melting, permafrost melting, sea level rise, methane release, CO2 release, reduced albedo, ocean acidification, coral reef damage, carbon sink capacity, extreme weather, hurricanes, floods, temperature extremes, ecosystem destruction, forest destruction, peat bogs destruction, natural CO2 absorption, climate change acceleration, irreversible climate change, temperature threshold, methane time bomb, climate change feedback increased GHGs, melting glaciers, ice sheets, permafrost, rising sea levels, methane release, CO2 release, ocean acidification, coral reef damage, extreme weather, hurricanes, floods, temperature extremes, forest destruction, peat bogs, reduced CO2 absorption, accelerated climate change, irreversible climate events, temperature rise, GHG reduction, climate change feedback, methane time bomb, Steve Connor, The Independent, Wikipedia, Climate Change Feedback"
test-international-gpsmhbsosb-pro03a	South Ossetian independence will help prevent future conflict  The status quo in the region is one of militarized clashes and tensions. It is important to recognize that South Ossetia has been de facto independent for some time. If it does not achieve independence, the proposed alternative is that it re-integrate into Georgia. Yet, of South Ossetians have made it clear that they will not accept this. The only possible course of action, therefore, would be to force over 100,000 South Ossetians to live under the tyranny of the majority of the Georgian state. This would not only be a clear violation of self-determination and basic democratic principles, but it would also risk a protracted war or insurgency in S. Ossetia against any re-assertion of Georgian authority. S. Ossetia and Georgia have been battling each other for over a century. Georgia has been accused of ethnic cleansing there, and of launching a 'war of aggression' which killed a large number of S. Ossetian civilians in 2008. [1] This war, as the culmination of Georgian aggression against S. Osstia, has made finally made any sort of reconciliation between the two impossible, and hardened S. Ossetian desires for independence. Keeping S. Ossetia within Georgia will simply prolong this ethic struggle, which has demonstrated itself to be irreconcilable in the foreseeable future. This conflict could easily draw in other powers (such as Russia) and cause a wider war once again. Granting S. Ossetian independence, therefore, would help avoid future conflicts and their awful humanitarian consequences.  [1] Walker, Shaun. “South Ossetia: Russian, Georgian...independent?”. Open Democracy. 15 November 2006. South Ossetia, independence, conflict prevention, militarized clashes, de facto independence, reintegration, Georgia, self-determination, democratic principles, ethnic cleansing, war of aggression, 2008 conflict, ethnic struggle, Russian involvement, humanitarian consequences South Ossetia, independence, conflict prevention, status quo, militarized clashes, tensions, de facto independence, reintegration, Georgia, self-determination, democratic principles, ethnic cleansing, war of aggression, 2008 war, humanitarian consequences, Russia, wider war, ethnic struggle, reconciliation, protracted war, insurgency, Georgian authority, tyranny of majority, international relations, regional stability, sovereignty, territorial integrity, minority rights, geopolitical tension, South Caucasus, peace process, international law, ethnic minorities, autonomy, international community, conflict resolution, security studies, political geography, ethno-political disputes, statehood, South Ossetia, independence, conflict prevention, militarized clashes, tensions, de facto independence, reintegration, Georgia, self-determination, democratic principles, war, insurgency, ethnic cleansing, aggression, reconciliation, ethnic struggle, humanitarian consequences, Russia, wider war, Shaun Walker, Open Democracy South Ossetia, independence, conflict prevention, militarized clashes, de facto independence, re-integration, Georgia, self-determination, democratic principles, ethnic cleansing, war of aggression, 2008 conflict, ethnic struggle, Russian involvement, humanitarian consequences, international relations, Caucasus, regional stability, sovereignty, minority rights South Ossetia, independence, conflict prevention, militarized clashes, tensions, de facto independence, Georgian reintegration, self-determination, democratic principles, ethnic cleansing, 2008 war, Georgian aggression, Russian involvement, regional stability, humanitarian consequences
test-politics-oapghwliva-con01a	"A President would be able to abuse the power given to them in a line-item veto authority, leveraging it into undue influence over other elements of the legislative process. By threatening to veto items dear to particular Congressmen, they could obtain assent to bills, treaties and appointments that otherwise would not be forthcoming. Such intimidation would be subtle and hard to prove, but it would erode checks on the executive and fundamentally alter the balance of power within the constitution. This means that budgets are politicised even more than is currently the case. When the line item veto was previously used by Clinton republicans such as Rick Santorum argued that every decision ""has political overtones, but that's fine, it comes with the territory,"" Senator Ted Stevens went further ""We're dealing with a raw abuse of political power by a president who doesn't have to run again"".1  1 Hugliotta, Guy and Pianin, Eric, 'Line-Item Veto Tips Traditional Balance of Power', Washington Post, 24/10/97,accessed 5/5/11 president, line-item veto, power, abuse, legislative process, congressmen, veto items, assent, bills, treaties, appointments, intimidation, checks, executive, balance of power, constitution, budgets, politicised, political overtones, raw abuse, political power, Clinton, Rick Santorum, Ted Stevens, Washington Post president, line-item veto, power, abuse, legislative process, congressmen, veto threats, assent, bills, treaties, appointments, intimidation, checks, executive, constitution, balance of power, budgets, politicised, Clinton, republicans, Rick Santorum, Ted Stevens, political power, abuse of power President, abuse, power, line-item veto, influence, legislative process, threatening, veto, Congressmen, assent, bills, treaties, appointments, intimidation, subtle, prove, erode, checks, executive, balance, power, constitution, budgets, politicised, Clinton, Republicans, Rick Santorum, political overtones, Senator Ted Stevens, raw abuse, political power presidential power, line-item veto, executive influence, legislative process, congressional manipulation, political intimidation, constitutional balance, budget politicization, Clinton veto, political power, legislative checks, executive authority, congressional assent, treaty approval, appointment confirmation, political overtones, abuse of power, raw abuse,微妙的威胁,权力失衡,立法控制,行政干预,政治决策,权力演绎,宪法约束,预算政治化,权力滥用,行政影响力,立法过程控制,政治操纵,权力动态,政府制衡,总统权限,国会妥协,决策政治化,权力游戏,行政强势,立法权,政治影响力 presidential power, line-item veto, legislative process, undue influence, congressional intimidation, checks and balances, executive authority, constitutional balance, budget politicisation, political power, presidential abuse, legislative assent, Clinton veto, political overtones, raw abuse, executive-legislative relations"
test-law-ralhrilglv-con03a	Kenya would be better off without them  Kenya does not need or want government by those who hand out illegal title deeds [1] and threaten the freedom of the press [2] as Kenyatta’s government does.  In addition to that, the allegations that the president used a banned occult gang, the Mungiki, in order to perform acts of mass murder is enough to end his credibility as a leader in the country – the best interests of good governance in Kenya mean that Kenyatta should go.  [1] Chanji, Tobias, “Raila Odinga says title deeds issued by President Uhuru Kenyatta illegal”, Standard Digital, November 25th 2013,   [2] Shiundu, Alphonce, “President retains punitive fines against media in new law”, Standard Digital, November 27th 2013, Kenya, government, illegal title deeds, press freedom, Kenyatta, Mungiki, mass murder, good governance, Raila Odinga, media law, punitive fines Kenya, government, illegal title deeds, press freedom, Kenyatta, Mungiki, good governance, Raila Odinga, media law, punitive fines Kenya, government, illegal title deeds, freedom of press, Kenyatta, Mungiki, good governance, Raila Odinga, media laws, punitive fines, leadership credibility, mass murder allegations Kenya, government, illegal title deeds, press freedom, Kenyatta, Mungiki, good governance, Raila Odinga, media law, punitive fines Kenya, government, illegal title deeds, freedom of press, Kenyatta, Mungiki, mass murder, good governance, Raila Odinga, Uhuru Kenyatta, media fines, Standard Digital
test-politics-cdmaggpdgdf-pro05a	Transparency prevents public relations disasters  Transparency is necessary to avoid public relations disasters; particularly in countries where the media has some freedom to investigate for themselves. It is clearly the best policy for the military to make sure all the information is released along with the reasons behind actions rather than having the media finding individual pieces of a whole and speculating to fill the gaps.  A good example would be a collision on 16th January 1966 between a B-52 bomber and a KC-135 tanker while attempting to refuel that destroyed both planes. Accidents happen, and this one cost 11 lives, but could have been much worse as the B-52 had four nuclear bombs on board were not armed and did not detonate. In this case an initial lack of information rapidly turned into a public relations disaster that was stemmed by much more openness by the military and the US Ambassador in Spain. The release of the information reduces the room for the press to fill in the gaps with harmful speculation. [1] In this case there was never much chance of national security implications or a break with Spain as the country was ruled by the dictator Franco, someone who would hardly pay attention to public opinion. But in a democracy a slow and closed response could seriously damage relations.  [1] Stiles, David, ‘A Fusion Bomb over Andalucia: U.S. Information Policy and the 1966 Palomares Incident’, Journal of War Studies, Vol.8, No.1, Winter 2006, pp.49-67, p.65 transparency, public relations, disasters, media freedom, military information, B-52 bomber, KC-135 tanker, collision, nuclear bombs, public opinion, US Ambassador Spain, information policy, Palomares Incident, democracy, national security, press speculation, Franco, Spain, information release, harmful speculation, military openness, public relations management, crisis communication, nuclear safety, international relations, media relations, government transparency, military accidents, nuclear incidents, democratic governance, press freedom, public trust, crisis response, governmental accountability transparency, public relations disasters, media freedom, military information, B-52 bomber, KC-135 tanker, nuclear bombs, information release, public speculation, US Ambassador Spain, democracy, information policy, Palomares Incident, national security, Franco, democratic relations, closed response, harmful speculation, accident information, military openness, press response, media investigation, democratic countries, public trust, communication strategy, crisis management, information control, media relations, military accidents, nuclear safety, public affairs, government communication, media transparency, information dissemination, press speculation, military public relations, accident reporting, crisis communication, media freedom impact, Transparency, public relations disasters, media freedom, military information, B-52 bomber, KC-135 tanker, nuclear bombs, Palomares incident, Spain, Franco, democracy, information policy, public opinion, national security, US Ambassador, harmful speculation, openness, communication strategy, crisis management, military accidents, nuclear safety, international relations, press relations, speculative reporting, damage control, information release, military operations, nuclear weaponry, accident response, democratic governance, dictatorship, public trust, media investigation, information gaps, military transparency, press speculation, information control, crisis communication, public relations, military accidents, nuclear weapons, transparency, public relations, media freedom, military information, B-52 bomber, KC-135 tanker, collision, nuclear bombs, public relations disaster, information release, press speculation, national security, democracy, Palomares Incident, US information policy, Spain, Franco dictatorship, David Stiles, Journal of War Studies transparency, public relations, disasters, media freedom, military information, B-52 bomber, KC-135 tanker, nuclear bombs, accident, public opinion, democracy, information policy, Palomares Incident, Spain, national security, media speculation, US Ambassador, Franco, democracy relations, information release, harmful speculation, military actions, openness, communication strategy, crisis management, public trust, media investigation, accident response, nuclear safety, international relations, press coverage, government accountability
test-international-apwhbaucmip-con03a	Gains may be reversed; events can’t be foreseen  Africa still has many fragile states. The Institute of Strategic Studies Africa identified 26 ‘fragile’ states (meaning they have weak governance, conflict and violence, inequality and poverty) including DR Congo and Ethiopia and forecasts that there will still be 11 fragile states by 2050. [1] This rather implies that war will not be ended by 2050, let alone 2020.  Even in countries that are considered stable events can quickly spiral into conflict. Mali was considered to be democratic and reasonably stable before a coup in 2012: there were multiparty elections in 1992, it held regular elections that passed international inspections, its first president Konaré willingly stood down, there was comparatively good freedom of speech and media. [2] Yet after a coup in 2012 it went downhill to the point of requiring intervention by French troops in early 2013.  [1] Cilliers, Jakkie, and Sick, Timothy D., ‘Prospects for Africa’s 26 fragile countries’, ISS Africa, p.7,   [2] Whitehouse, Bruce, ‘What went wrong in Mali?’, London Review of Books, Vol.34, No.16, 20 August 2012,  , p.17 Gains, Reversed, Events, Unforeseen, Africa, Fragile, States, Institute, Strategic, Studies, DR, Congo, Ethiopia, Forecast, 2050, War, Conflict, Stable, Countries, Coup, Mali, Democratic, Intervention, French, Troops, 2012, Whitehouse, Bruce, London, Review, Books Gains, Reversed, Events, Unforeseen, Africa, Fragile, States, Institute, Strategic, Studies, DR, Congo, Ethiopia, Forecast, 2050, War, Conflict, Stable, Countries, Mali, Coup, 2012, Democratic, Elections, International, Inspections, President, Konaré, Freedom, Speech, Media, French, Troops, Intervention, Whitehouse, Bruce, London, Review, Books Gains, Reversed, Events, Unforeseen, Africa, Fragile, States, Institute, Strategic, Studies, DR, Congo, Ethiopia, Forecast, 2050, War, Countries, Stable, Conflict, Mali, Democratic, Coup, 2012, French, Troops, Intervention, Whitehouse, Bruce, London, Review, Books, Governance, Conflict, Violence, Inequality, Poverty, Prospects, Cilliers, Jakkie, Sick, Timothy, D. Gains, Reversed, Events, Unforeseen, Africa, Fragile, States, Governance, Conflict, Violence, Inequality, Poverty, DR Congo, Ethiopia, Forecast, 2050, War, Stable, Countries, Conflict, Mali, Democratic, Elections, President, Konaré, Freedom, Speech, Media, Coup, 2012, French, Troops, 2013, Cilliers, Jakkie, Sick, Timothy, D., Prospects, ISS, Whitehouse, Bruce, What, Went, Wrong, London, Review, Books, August, Gains, Reversed, Events, Unforeseen, Africa, Fragile, States, Institute, Strategic, Studies, DR, Congo, Ethiopia, Forecast, 2050, War, Ended, 2020, Stable, Countries, Conflict, Mali, Democratic, Coup, 2012, French, Troops, Intervention, Governance, Conflict, Violence, Inequality, Poverty, Democracy, Elections, Freedom, Speech, Media
test-education-pteuhwfphe-con01a	Setting up a graduate tax system would be damagingly expensive  A graduate tax would be a very expensive scheme to put into effect, as it would require high levels of government spending on student grants before the first graduates began to repay anything through taxation. If all the 2011 English applications for university we’re accepted at the new top price of £9,000 it would cost the Government in the first year just over £3 million, and this figure does not take into account all the other grants universities receive and as time goes on and more years enter the system the figure will grow greatly. (Guardian, 2011.) It is likely then to be two decades of investment or more before the system begins properly to pay for itself. Furthermore a costly increase in government bureaucracy would be necessitated by the need to keep track of so many graduates and by the complications the system introduces to the general taxation system. With many Governments taking up austerity measures it is simply impractical to setup a new funding system which is not needed. graduate tax, expensive, government spending, student grants, university applications, top price, initial cost, government investment, bureaucracy, taxation system, austerity measures, impractical, new funding system graduate tax, expensive scheme, government spending, student grants, repayment, taxation, university applications, tuition fees, government investment, bureaucratic costs, austerity measures, funding system, impractical implementation graduate tax, expensive, government spending, student grants, repayment, taxation, university applications, tuition fees, financial cost, bureaucracy, tracking graduates, taxation system, austerity measures, impractical, funding system graduate tax, expensive, government spending, student grants, university applications, new top price, initial cost, government investment, bureaucracy, taxation system, austerity measures, impractical, funding system graduate tax, expensive, government spending, student grants, repayment, taxation, high cost, bureaucracy, new funding system, impractical, austerity measures, university applications, tuition fees, long-term investment, general taxation system, track graduates, complications, financial burden, educational policy, fiscal impact
test-economy-bepiehbesa-pro04a	It doesn’t serve its purpose (subsidies to larger farmers)  The CAP as originally proposed was aimed to support small, local, family farmers which have difficulties with sustaining their business in competitive environment. The conference in Stresa in 1958 that helped define CAP’s objectives stated “Given the importance of family structures in European agriculture… all means should be taken in order to strengthen the economic and competitive capacity of the family enterprise.” [1] However, the current model of CAP gives direct payments to farmers according to area of their farms. That means that the major recipients of CAP are actually the biggest players in agricultural industry. According to Economist, 80 % of the subsidies go to 20 % of the richest farmers. [2] Therefore, the money is spent to support large companies and wealthy landowners who could easily compete in EU market even without such abhorrent support from EU taxpayers.  [1] Knudsen, Ann-Christina, ‘Romanticising Europe? Rural Images in European Union Policies’, Kontur, no.12, 2005,  p.52  [2] The Economist, ‘Europe’s farm follies’, 8 December 2005, CAP, subsidies, large farmers, small farmers, family farmers, Stresa conference, direct payments, farm area, EU subsidies, wealth distribution, agricultural policy, European Union, farm support, competitive environment, rural policy, EU market, taxpayer support, agricultural industry, economic capacity, family enterprise CAP, subsidies, large farmers, small farmers, family farms, competitive environment, Stresa conference, direct payments, area-based payments, EU subsidies, farm subsidies, agricultural policy, European Union, wealth distribution, taxpayer funding, agricultural industry, rural policies, economic support, family enterprises, EU market, policy objectives, farm support, subsidy recipients, wealth inequality, EU agriculture, economic capacity, family structures, European agriculture, rural images, policy criticism, farm follies, agricultural reform, CAP reform, farm economics, European farming, agricultural subsidies, competitive capacity, farm beneficiaries, subsidy distribution, European market, farmer support, policy effectiveness, agricultural CAP, subsidies, large farmers, small farmers, family farmers, competitive environment, Stresa conference, European agriculture, direct payments, farm area, major recipients, agricultural industry, subsidies distribution, EU market, EU taxpayers, wealth distribution, policy critique, rural policy, European Union policies, farm subsidies, economic support, agricultural support, wealth concentration, agricultural economics, farm policy, European Union farming, farming subsidies, subsidy reform, agricultural reform, policy effectiveness, economic inequality, farm income, rural development, agricultural policy, European farming, farming support, European agriculture policy, farmer support, agricultural subsidies, subsidy impact, farming industry, EU farm policy CAP, subsidies, large farmers, small farmers, family farmers, competitive environment, Stresa conference, direct payments, farm area, major recipients, agricultural industry, EU market, EU taxpayers, rural policies, European agriculture, economic support, wealth distribution, farm subsidies, policy objectives, agricultural reform CAP, subsidies, large farmers, small farmers, family farmers, competitive environment, Stresa conference, direct payments, farm area, subsidy distribution, EU taxpayers, agricultural industry, wealth inequality, European Union policies, rural images, farm follies, economic support, landowners, market competition, policy objectives
test-digital-freedoms-dfiphbgs-pro02a	Government contracts can change the software industry for the better.  Even when governments do not ultimately select an open source program, by simply including them in the competitive bidding process, they have been able to radically change the approach that Microsoft and other closed source companies take to producing IT solutions.  Under threat from Linux, Microsoft has launched the Open Source Initiative through which it shares elements of some of its programs’ source code with key partners to enable the development of software for platforms like Windows Mobile [i] . More dramatically, in 2002, Real Networks opened up the source code for its world renowned RealPlayer media and music software package and, in 2005, IBM offered 500 key patents (out of 40,000) to the open source community. Sun Microsystems released its Solaris server operating system to the open source community under the Common Development and Distribution licence in 2005. If you accept that the open source software industry is a positive force, then simply by considering open source software, governments are doing well.  [i] Ed Hansberry. “Open Source WebOS: A Win For Windows Phone?” Information Week. 12 December 2011. government contracts, software industry, open source, competitive bidding, Microsoft, open source initiative, Real Networks, RealPlayer, IBM, patents, Sun Microsystems, Solaris, Common Development and Distribution licence, positive force, Ed Hansberry, Information Week Government contracts, software industry, open source, competitive bidding, Microsoft, Open Source Initiative, Linux, Real Networks, RealPlayer, IBM, patents, open source community, Sun Microsystems, Solaris, Common Development and Distribution Licence, positive force, Information Week, Ed Hansberry Government contracts, software industry, open source, competitive bidding, Microsoft, Open Source Initiative, Linux, Real Networks, RealPlayer, IBM, patents, open source community, Sun Microsystems, Solaris, Common Development and Distribution licence, Ed Hansberry, Open Source WebOS, Windows Phone government contracts, software industry, open source, competitive bidding, Microsoft, closed source, IT solutions, Linux, Open Source Initiative, source code, key partners, Windows Mobile, Real Networks, RealPlayer, IBM, patents, open source community, Sun Microsystems, Solaris, Common Development and Distribution licence, positive force, Information Week Government contracts, software industry, open source, competitive bidding, Microsoft, closed source, Open Source Initiative, Linux, Real Networks, RealPlayer, IBM, patents, open source community, Sun Microsystems, Solaris, Common Development and Distribution Licence, positive force, Information Week, Ed Hansberry, Windows Phone
test-international-gsciidffe-con04a	Aggressive foreign policy is not legitimate foreign policy  Foreign policy is legitimate when it is peaceful and based upon mutual respect. It is no surprise that the most controversial foreign policy actions are those that are aggressive whether this is invading another state such as the Iraq war, attempting humanitarian intervention as in Kosovo, or engaging in clandestine actions such as Iran-Contra. This is because there is a powerful norm against aggressive action in international relations in order to maintain stability.  Undermining states by circumventing censorship is simply a new method of engaging in aggressive actions against another state. NATO has accepted that cyber operations can be considered to constitute an armed conflict, [1] so it is increasingly accepted that actions on the internet can be aggressive action. Indeed “If such cyber operations are intended to coerce the government… the operation may constitute a prohibited ‘intervention’”. [2] While no one would argue that this policy will create a war it is not a very big step from considering cyber attacks to be armed conflict to considering undermining states through circumventing censorship to be an aggressive action.  [1] Bowcott, Owen, “Rules of cyberwar: don't target nuclear plants or hospitals, says Nato manual”, The Guardian, 18 March 2013,   [2] Schmitt, Michael N., ed., “The Tallinn Manual on the International Law Applicable to Cyber Warfare”, Cambridge University Press, 2013, p.17. Aggressive foreign policy, Legitimate foreign policy, Peaceful foreign policy, Mutual respect, Controversial foreign policy, Iraq war, Humanitarian intervention, Kosovo, Clandestine actions, Iran-Contra, Norm against aggression, International relations, Stability, Undermining states, Circumventing censorship, Cyber operations, Armed conflict, NATO, Cyber attacks, Intervention, Cyber warfare, Rules of cyberwar, Nuclear plants, Hospitals, Tallinn Manual, International law, Cyber warfare law Aggressive foreign policy, Legitimate foreign policy, Peaceful foreign policy, Mutual respect, Controversial foreign policy, Iraq war, Humanitarian intervention, Kosovo, Clandestine actions, Iran-Contra, Norm against aggression, International stability, Cyber operations, Armed conflict, NATO, Cyber attacks, Undermining states, Circumventing censorship, Coercive operations, Prohibited intervention, International law, Cyber warfare, Tallinn Manual aggressive foreign policy, legitimacy, peaceful foreign policy, mutual respect, controversial foreign policy, Iraq war, humanitarian intervention, Kosovo, clandestine actions, Iran-Contra, international relations, stability, undermining states, censorship, cyber operations, armed conflict, NATO, cyber attacks, prohibited intervention, cyber warfare, international law, Tallinn Manual aggressive foreign policy, legitimacy, peaceful foreign policy, mutual respect, controversial foreign policy actions, Iraq war, Kosovo, Iran-Contra, international relations, stability, circumventing censorship, NATO, cyber operations, armed conflict, cyber attacks, coercion, prohibited intervention, international law, cyber warfare, Tallinn Manual Aggressive foreign policy, legitimacy, peaceful foreign policy, mutual respect, controversial actions, Iraq war, Kosovo intervention, Iran-Contra, international relations, stability, undermining states, censorship, cyber operations, armed conflict, NATO, prohibited intervention, cyber attacks, international law, Tallinn Manual, cyber warfare
test-international-sepiahbaaw-con02a	Bring Africa out of poverty  The African continent has the highest rate of poverty in the world, with 40% of sub-Saharan Africans living below the poverty line. Natural resources are a means of increasing the quality of life and the standard of living as long as revenues are reinvested into the poorest areas of society. There are 35 countries in Africa which already conduct direct transfers of resource dividends to the poor through technology or in person [1] . In Malawi, £650,192.22 was given out in dividends to the poorest in society ensuring that they were given $14 a month in 2013 [2] . This ensures that there is a large base of citizens profiting from natural resources which increases their income and, in turn, their Human Development Index scores [3] .  [1] Devarajan, S. ‘How Africa can extract big benefits for everyone from natural resources’ in The Guardian 29/06/13   [2] Dzuwa,J. ‘Malawi: Zomba Rolls out Scial Cash Transfer Programme’ Malawi News Agency 11 June 2013   [3] Ibid Africa, poverty, natural resources, revenue reinvestment, direct transfers, resource dividends, Malawi, social cash transfer, Human Development Index, sub-Saharan Africa, economic development, poverty reduction, sustainable livelihoods, resource governance Africa, poverty, natural resources, revenue reinvestment, social development, direct transfers, resource dividends, technology, Malawi, cash transfer programme, Human Development Index, sub-Saharan Africa, economic improvement, social welfare, development economics, sustainable development, poverty alleviation, resource management, public policy, income distribution, social equity Africa, poverty, natural resources, revenue reinvestment, direct transfers, resource dividends, technology, Malawi, social cash transfer, Human Development Index, sub-Saharan Africa, economic development, poverty reduction, Devarajan, Dzuwa, Malawi News Agency, The Guardian Africa, poverty, sub-Saharan, natural resources, revenue reinvestment, social welfare, direct transfers, resource dividends, technology, Malawi, social cash transfer, Human Development Index, economic development, sustainable growth, poverty reduction strategies Africa, poverty, natural resources, revenue, reinvestment, social development, direct transfers, resource dividends, technology, Malawi, social cash transfer, Human Development Index, economic improvement, sub-Saharan Africa, poverty reduction, Devarajan, Dzuwa, Malawi News Agency, The Guardian
test-international-segiahbarr-con03a	The Continent is still vulnerable to natural disasters  A major road block to development and economic growth in Africa is the prevalence of natural disasters. These disasters commonly affect the poorest and most vulnerable in society, as they are often the ones living in the ‘most exposed areas’, thus preventing development [1] . In Somalia, for example, the 2013 cyclone left tens of thousands homeless in an already impoverished area, worsening their economic situation [2] . Dr Tom Mitchell from the Overseas Development Institute has claimed that economic growth cannot occur until disaster risk management becomes central to social and economic policy [3] . Disaster management could cost too much however. In November 2013, a United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) report demonstrated that 2070 a total $350 billion per annum would be required to deal with the threats presented by clime change such as increased Arid areas and higher risks of flooding [4] .  [1] Decapua, ‘Natural Disasters Worsen Poverty’, 2013  [2] Migiro, ‘Somalia Reels From Cyclone, Floods and Hunger – ICRC’, 2013  [3] Decapua, ‘Natural Disasters Worsen Poverty’, 2013  [4] Rowling, ‘Africa Faces Sharp Rise in Climate Adaption Costs – Unep’, 2013 natural disasters, economic growth, Africa, poverty, vulnerable populations, disaster risk management, climate change, adaptation costs, Somalia, cyclone, United Nations Environment Programme, arid areas, flooding, social policy, economic policy, disaster management, homelessness, United Nations, climate adaptation, development, exposed areas, roadblocks to development, Dr Tom Mitchell, Overseas Development Institute, climate threats, financial requirements, environmental impact, social impact, economic impact, resilience, policy integration, climate resilience, poverty alleviation, disaster resilience, economic stability, climate finance, environmental policy, sustainable development, disaster prevention, climate-induced disasters, humanitarian impact, public natural disasters, Africa, development, economic growth, vulnerability, poverty, exposed areas, Somalia, cyclone, homeless, Dr Tom Mitchell, Overseas Development Institute, disaster risk management, social policy, economic policy, United Nations Environment Programme, climate change, arid areas, flooding, climate adaptation costs natural disasters, economic growth, Africa, poverty, vulnerable populations, disaster risk management, climate change, adaption costs, Somalia, cyclone, homelessness, United Nations Environment Programme, social policy, economic policy, arid areas, flooding, Dr Tom Mitchell, Overseas Development Institute natural disasters, vulnerability, economic growth, Africa, poverty, disaster risk management, climate change, flooding, arid areas, adaptation costs, Somalia, cyclone, homeless, social policy, economic policy, United Nations Environment Programme, UNEP, development, impoverished areas, disaster management natural disasters, development, economic growth, Africa, vulnerable, exposed areas, poverty, Somalia, cyclone, homeless, economic situation, Dr Tom Mitchell, Overseas Development Institute, disaster risk management, social policy, economic policy, United Nations Environment Programme, UNEP, climate change, arid areas, flooding, climate adaptation costs
test-culture-mmctghwbsa-con04a	"Individuals have a choice and right to respond to ads and their meaning.  Consumers have a choice to expose themselves to advertising through their own personal behaviour. Advertisements can be ignored by the consumer and deleted at will. Interpretation of the ad depends on the attitudes of the receiver. The purchase and consumption of beauty products is the personal choice of a buyer. How ads attract and influence is determined by individual beliefs and values of the audience member. Some feminists believe that institutional power structures set up a ""victim"" mentality in women and fail to empower them by placing dependence upon power structures to make choices for women.1 If consumers wish to embrace the ideals or values represented in ads, this should be their choice. Therefore the right to self determine one's consumer behaviour should be left to the individual. 1 Thomas, Christine. ""The New Sexism."" Socialism Today, Issue #77. 2003/September consumer choice, advertising, personal behavior, ad interpretation, individual attitudes, beauty products, consumer rights, ad influence, individual beliefs, feminist perspectives, institutional power, victim mentality, consumer empowerment, self-determination, consumer behavior, Thomas Christine, New Sexism, Socialism Today choice, right, respond, ads, meaning, consumers, exposure, advertising, personal, behaviour, ignore, delete, interpretation, attitudes, receiver, purchase, consumption, beauty, products, buyer, attract, influence, beliefs, values, audience, member, feminists, institutional, power, structures, victim, mentality, women, empower, dependence, ideals, self-determine, consumer, behaviour, individual, Thomas, Christine, New, Sexism, Socialism, Today choice, right, respond, ads, meaning, consumers, expose, advertising, personal, behaviour, advertisements, ignored, deleted, interpretation, attitudes, receiver, purchase, consumption, beauty, products, buyer, attract, influence, beliefs, values, audience, feminists, institutional, power, structures, victim, mentality, women, empower, dependence, ideals, self-determination, consumer, behaviour, individual, Thomas, Christine, New, Sexism, Socialism, Today consumer choice, advertising response, personal behavior, ad interpretation, consumer attitudes, beauty product purchase, individual beliefs, values, feminist critique, institutional power, victim mentality, self-determination, consumer rights, Thomas Christine, New Sexism, Socialism Today choice, right, respond, ads, meaning, consumers, exposure, personal, behaviour, ignore, delete, interpretation, attitudes, receiver, purchase, consumption, beauty, products, buyer, attract, influence, beliefs, values, audience, feminism, institutional, power, structures, victim, mentality, women, empower, dependence, ideals, self-determination, consumer, behaviour, Thomas, Christine, New Sexism, Socialism Today"
test-philosophy-pppthbtcb-con02a	Terrorism creates a negative abusable portrayal  Acts of terror will not lead to a deeper mutual understanding, but to alienation from the international community. People see acts of violence as a threat, and especially in the context of international terrorists attacks, the fear of escalation prevails. Even more, acts of violence are open to multiple interpretations, which can be used in favour of the oppressing state, that has much more resources to spread its message. Not only can it say it uses violence against these terrorists groups to defend itself, but it can also paint an image of the terrorists as irrational, violent creatures. This plays easily into existing stereotypes of non-Westeners as being violent. In order to counter this scenario, it is wiser to resort to non-violent actions. This has the benefit of conveying a very clear message to the outside world that the people protesting are the victims, and not the perpetrators. For instance, the actions of Mahatma Ghandi were known for their civil disobedience and their political messages that went against the norm, but because of the peaceful nature of his protest, he was able to attract a lot of positive attention and followers. [1]  [1] BBC News. (1998, January 29). The life and death of Mahatma Gandhi. Retrieved August 3, 2011, from BBC News: terrorism, negative portrayal, mutual understanding, alienation, international community, acts of violence, threat, international terrorist attacks, fear of escalation, multiple interpretations, oppressing state, resources, spread message, defense, irrational, violent, stereotypes, non-Westerners, non-violent actions, clear message, victims, perpetrators, civil disobedience, political messages, peaceful protest, positive attention, followers, Mahatma Gandhi, BBC News terrorism, negative portrayal, acts of terror, mutual understanding, alienation, international community, violence, threat, fear, escalation, multiple interpretations, oppressing state, resources, message, defend, irrational, violent, stereotypes, non-Westerners, non-violent actions, clear message, outside world, victims, perpetrators, civil disobedience, political messages, peaceful protest, positive attention, Mahatma Gandhi, BBC News terrorism, negative portrayal, acts of terror, mutual understanding, alienation, international community, violence, threat, fear, escalation, multiple interpretations, oppressing state, resources, message, defence, irrational, violent, stereotypes, non-Westerners, non-violent actions, clear message, victims, perpetrators, peaceful protest, positive attention, followers, Mahatma Gandhi, civil disobedience, political messages, BBC News terrorism, negative portrayal, mutual understanding, alienation, international community, acts of violence, threat, international terrorist attacks, fear of escalation, multiple interpretations, oppressing state, resources, spread message, defend, paint image, irrational, non-Westerners, violent, non-violent actions, clear message, victims, perpetrators, civil disobedience, political messages, peaceful protest, positive attention, followers, Mahatma Gandhi, BBC News terrorism, negative portrayal, mutual understanding, alienation, international community, acts of violence, threat, international terrorist attacks, fear of escalation, multiple interpretations, oppressing state, resources, spread message, defend, irrational, violent, stereotypes, non-Westerners, non-violent actions, clear message, victims, perpetrators, peaceful protest, positive attention, followers, Mahatma Gandhi, civil disobedience, political messages, BBC News, life, death
test-politics-lghwdecm-con01a	Mayors would result in too much centralisation of power.  An elected mayor would have too much power, making the prospect of its misuse alarming. If the mayor has the power to choose their own cabinet of councillors, this could be as small as three members, all of whom could be sacked at will for opposing the wishes of the mayor. If the mayor has the right to delegate powers to his cabinet members, they equally have the authority to reserve all the real powers to themselves. And those councillors outside the cabinet would have little to do other than to monitor broken streetlights and the standard of refuse collection in their ward. Why would talented and ambitious people stand for council in these circumstances, and what would the absence of such people do for the council’s oversight of the mayor? Mayors, centralisation, power, elected, misuse, cabinet, councillors, delegated, authority, oversight, talent, ambition, council, broken, streetlights, refuse, collection, ward Mayors, centralisation, power, elected, misuse, cabinet, councillors, sacked, delegate, authority, real, powers, talented, ambitious, oversight, broken, streetlights, refuse, collection, ward, stand, council, circumstances, absence, do, for, mayor Mayors, centralisation, power, elected, misuse, cabinet, councillors, sacked, delegate, authority, reserved, powers, talented, ambitious, council, oversight, broken, streetlights, refuse, collection, ward, circumstances, absence, do, for, mayor Mayors, centralisation, power, elected, misuse, cabinet, councillors, sacked, delegate, authority, real, powers, talented, ambitious, council, oversight, broken, streetlights, refuse, collection, ward, circumstances, impact, governance, local, politics, democratic, accountability mayors, centralisation, power, elected, misuse, cabinet, councillors, sacked, delegate, authority, reserve, real, powers, talented, ambitious, council, oversight, broken, streetlights, refuse, collection, ward, stand, absence, do, circumstances
test-science-ciidfaihwc-pro02a	The government here may legitimately limit ‘free speech’.  We already set boundaries on what constitutes ‘free speech’ within our society. For example, we often endorse a ‘balancing act’ [1] an individual may express their beliefs or opinions, but only up to the point where it does not impede the ‘protection of other human rights’ [2] – other peoples’ right not to be abused. In this case, if an individual expresses abuse towards another – especially racism - they may be deemed to be outside of the boundaries or free speech and can be punished for it. This motion is simply an extension of this principle; the kinds of sites which would be banned are those which perpetuate hatred or attack other groups in society, an so already fall outside of the protection of free speech. The harms that stem from these kinds of sites outweigh any potential harm from limiting speech in a small number of cases.  [1] Hera.org, ‘Freedom of Expression’, Human Rights Education Association,  on 09/09/11  [2] Hera.org, ‘Freedom of Expression’, Human Rights Education Association,  on 09/09/11 government, free speech, boundaries, society, balancing act, individual, beliefs, opinions, protection, human rights, abuse, racism, punished, principle, sites, perpetuate, hatred, attack, groups, harms, limiting, speech, cases government, free speech, boundaries, balancing act, protection of human rights, abuse, racism, punishment, hatred, attack, groups, society, harms, limiting speech, Hera.org, Freedom of Expression, Human Rights Education Association government, free speech, boundaries, balancing act, protection, human rights, abuse, racism, punishment, hatred, attack, groups, society, harms, limiting speech, Hera.org, Freedom of Expression, Human Rights Education Association government, free speech, boundaries, balancing act, protection of human rights, abuse, racism, punishment, hatred, attack, groups, society, harms, limiting speech, freedom of expression, Human Rights Education Association government, free speech, boundaries, society, balancing act, individual rights, protection, human rights, abuse, racism, punishment, hatred, attack, groups, harms, limiting speech, Hera.org, Freedom of Expression, Human Rights Education Association
test-international-epdlhfcefp-con02a	The previous arrangement of having two foreign policy centers (in the Commission and in the Council) was arguably inefficient, but consolidating these into a single office-holder has created more complexity and at significantly greater expense.  Creating a position of EU High Representative is not objectionable in itself. Previously the EU was in the ludicrous situation of having two foreign affairs spokesmen, one from the Council and the other from the Commission. Rivalry and duplication of efforts, staffs and resources results, and so focusing all the EU’s external affairs work around one person makes some sense. What it does not mean is that the High Representative should lead a drive for a stronger common foreign policy position. Only when member states agree (which may not be often) will he or she have a role. In fact, by weakening the foreign affairs role within the Commission, this development may actually limit the pretensions of Brussels to develop its own agenda and dictate foreign policy to the member states. foreign policy, EU High Representative, Commission, Council, consolidation, complexity, expense, duplication, rivalry, member states, common foreign policy, Brussels agenda EU, foreign policy, High Representative, Commission, Council, consolidation, complexity, expense, spokesmen, rivalry, duplication, member states, common foreign policy, Brussels, agenda, limitation EU, foreign policy, Commission, Council, High Representative, consolidation, complexity, expense, rivalry, duplication, member states, common foreign policy, Brussels, agenda, dictatorship, external affairs, spokesmen, staff, resources, pretensions, limitation EU, High Representative, foreign policy, Commission, Council, consolidation, complexity, expense, spokesmen, rivalry, duplication, member states, common position, Brussels, agenda, dictatorship, external affairs, staff, resources EU, foreign policy, Commission, Council, High Representative, consolidation, complexity, expense, duplication, rivalry, member states, common foreign policy, Brussels agenda, external affairs, spokesmen, staffs, resources, Commission role, policy development, EU institutions, governance, diplomatic representation, European Union, political integration, international relations, bureaucratic structure, decision-making process
test-law-hrilpgwhwr-con04a	The novel crime of aggression leads to the prosecution of those seeking to protect human rights.  The likelihood of political prosecution is only augmented by the creation of the novel crime of 'aggression' under the Rome Statute. Any intervention in a State for the protection of human rights of some or all of its people might constitute a crime. The US or any NATO State could be prosecuted, at the request of the genocidaires, for successfully preventing genocide. Moreover, by a quirk of the drafting of the Statute, States that refuse to accept the jurisdiction of the ICC can nevertheless request the prosecution of individuals of other States for crimes alleged committed on its territory. Thus Milosevic could have demanded the investigation of NATO forces for the events of Operation Allied Force, but have precluded any investigation of the actions of the Bosnian Serb army on the same territory. novel crime, aggression, prosecution, human rights, political prosecution, Rome Statute, intervention, State, protection, human rights, people, US, NATO, genocide, genocidaires, jurisdiction, ICC, investigation, NATO forces, Operation Allied Force, Bosnian Serb army, territory crime of aggression, prosecution, human rights, political prosecution, Rome Statute, intervention, state sovereignty, ICC, jurisdiction, NATO, genocide, Milosevic, Operation Allied Force, Bosnian Serb army crime of aggression, prosecution, human rights protection, Rome Statute, political prosecution, intervention, State sovereignty, ICC jurisdiction, genocide prevention, NATO, Milosevic, Operation Allied Force, Bosnian Serb army, international law, human rights law, war crimes, state responsibility, international criminal court, legal paradox, justice, international relations, security council, military intervention, humanitarian intervention, legal accountability, state consent, jurisdictional challenges, prosecution requests, genocidaires, legal consequences, diplomatic tensions, legal reform, accountability mechanisms, international community, conflict resolution, peacekeeping, human rights violations, legal safeguards, state cooperation, crime of aggression, political prosecution, human rights protection, Rome Statute, ICC jurisdiction, intervention, state sovereignty, NATO, genocide prevention, Milosevic, Operation Allied Force, Bosnian Serb army, international criminal court, state referral, prosecution request, genocide, war crimes, international law, humanitarian intervention, legal paradox, state consent, jurisdictional challenges crime of aggression, prosecution, human rights, political prosecution, Rome Statute, intervention, State, protection of human rights, genocide, US, NATO, ICC jurisdiction, Milosevic, Operation Allied Force, Bosnian Serb army, investigation, NATO forces
test-law-ralhrilglv-con04a	Just hold the trial by videolink  It has already been agreed that defendants can appear at the court by videolink [1] for parts of the trial. This is not problematic, unless the defendants want to start representing themselves.  Bearing in mind that Ruto and Kenyatta have been continuing to co-operate with the trial throughout the process, there is no reason to think that they would flee the international criminal court. Either way, if they change their mind, they could simply not travel to The Hague for the trial.  [1] Corder, Mike, “International court changes trial attendance rule”, The Wichita Eagle, November 28th 2013, videolink, defendants, trial, international criminal court, Ruto, Kenyatta, co-operate, flee, The Hague, attendance rule, Corder, Mike, The Wichita Eagle videolink, trial, defendants, appearance, court, problematic, self-representation, Ruto, Kenyatta, co-operation, international, criminal, court, flee, Hague, Corder, Mike, attendance, rule, Wichita, Eagle, November, 28th, 2013 trial, videolink, defendants, appearance, court, representing, themselves, Ruto, Kenyatta, co-operate, process, flee, international, criminal, court, Hague, Corder, Mike, attendance, rule, Wichita, Eagle, November, 28th, 2013 trial, videolink, defendants, court, representing, themselves, Ruto, Kenyatta, co-operate, flee, international, criminal, court, travel, The Hague, trial attendance, rule, Corder, Mike, The Wichita Eagle, November 28th 2013 trial, videolink, defendants, court, representing, themselves, Ruto, Kenyatta, co-operate, flee, international, criminal, court, attendance, rule, The Hague
test-economy-thsptr-con02a	Progressive taxes place an unfair and disproportionate burden on the wealthy  The revenues the state acquires through taxation are used to pay for various services and benefices. Lower income individuals consume these services to a disproportionate degree. It is they who require income supplements and child benefits when they lack the wherewithal to provide for themselves, and they avail more readily than the wealthy of such things as public healthcare and transport services. There is thus clearly no correlation between the amount people pays in taxes and amount of benefits they receive from them. [1] The rich make less use of such services, often preferring to use of privately provided services, yet they are expected to pay a greater proportion of their wealth to the public services they do not use under a progressive system of taxation. As a matter of fairness it is only just that everyone contribute to the provision of public services equally, in accordance with their wherewithal to do so. Wealthier people thus can pay more units of wealth to the system than poor people justly, but when they are expected to pay a disproportionate percentage of wealth, through a system that levies contributions according to a progressive rather than proportional scale, they are being used unfairly and being stripped of their rightful possessions to the use of others.  [1] Mayer, David. “Wealthy Americans Deserve Real Tax Relief”. On Principle 7(5). 1999. Available: Progressive taxes, wealthy, burden, unfair, state revenues, taxation, services, benefits, lower income, individuals, income supplements, child benefits, public healthcare, transport services, correlation, tax contribution, fairness, equitable contribution, proportional scale, rightful possessions, tax relief, Mayer, On Principle progressive taxes, unfair burden, wealthy, state revenues, public services, lower income, income supplements, child benefits, public healthcare, public transport, tax fairness, proportional taxation, wealth distribution, tax relief, equitable contribution, private services, tax justice, wealth redistribution, Mayer, tax policy Progressive taxes, unfair burden, wealthy, tax revenues, public services, lower income, income supplements, child benefits, public healthcare, transport services, tax fairness, proportional taxation, wealth distribution, tax relief, Mayer, On Principle Progressive taxes, unfair burden, wealthy, state revenues, public services, lower income, income supplements, child benefits, public healthcare, transport services, tax fairness, proportional taxation, tax relief, wealth distribution, Mayer, tax policy, equitable contribution, social services, economic justice, fiscal responsibility, tax equity, public goods, voluntary contributions, mandatory taxation, financial burden, wealth inequality, social welfare, economic contribution, tax reform, tax system, fiscal policy, public finance, economic fairness, social responsibility, mandatory contributions, tax justice, equitable taxation, wealth appropriation, rightful possessions, distributive justice, social redistribution, economic privilege, public benefit progressive taxes, unfair burden, wealthy, state revenues, public services, lower income, income supplements, child benefits, public healthcare, transport services, tax correlation, benefit receipt, private services, proportional contribution, tax fairness, wealth redistribution, rightful possessions, tax relief, economic justice, tax policy debate
test-philosophy-npegiepp-con04a	The international system is characterised by anarchy and the distribution of economic and military capabilities  Stanley Hoffman used a Neo-Realist view of International relations to build the theory of intergovernmentalism. In a neo-realist understanding the international system is characterised by anarchy and the distribution of economic and military capabilities is of primary importance. States will not trust each other but can still reach agreement, but the agreement will be characterised by bargaining and negotiation (not an automatic process!) ‘Nations prefer the certainty, or the self-controlled uncertainty, of national self-reliance, to the uncontrolled uncertainty of the untested blender’. [1]  [1] Wikipedia, ‘Intergovernmentalism’, en.wikipedia.org, international system, anarchy, economic capabilities, military capabilities, Stanley Hoffman, Neo-Realism, Intergovernmentalism, state trust, bargaining, negotiation, national self-reliance, uncontrolled uncertainty international system, anarchy, economic capabilities, military capabilities, Neo-Realist, International relations, intergovernmentalism, states, trust, agreement, bargaining, negotiation, national self-reliance, uncontrolled uncertainty, Wikipedia, Intergovernmentalism international system, anarchy, economic capabilities, military capabilities, Stanley Hoffman, Neo-Realism, International Relations, intergovernmentalism, state trust, agreement, bargaining, negotiation, national self-reliance, uncontrolled uncertainty, untested blender international system, anarchy, economic capabilities, military capabilities, Stanley Hoffman, Neo-Realism, intergovernmentalism, states, trust, agreement, bargaining, negotiation, national self-reliance, uncontrolled uncertainty, tested blender international system, anarchy, economic capabilities, military capabilities, Stanley Hoffman, Neo-Realism, International Relations, intergovernmentalism, state trust, agreement, bargaining, negotiation, national self-reliance, uncontrolled uncertainty
test-politics-dhbanhrnw-pro05a	Public acknowledgement of the right to nuclear deterrence will benefit the public regulation of nuclear weapons generally  When nuclear deterrence is an acknowledged right of states, they will necessarily be less concealing of their capability, as the deterrent effect works only because it is visible and widely known. Knowledge of states’ nuclear capability allows greater regulation and cooperation in development of nuclear programs from developed countries with more advanced nuclear programs. [1] Developed countries can help construct and maintain the nuclear weapons of other countries, helping to guarantee the safety protocols of countries’ programs are suitably robust. This will cause a diminution in clandestine nuclear weapons programs, and will reduce the chances of weapons-grade material falling into the hands of terrorists. Thus, greater openness and freedom in the development of nuclear weapons will increase the security of nuclear stockpiles.  [1] Sagan, Scott D. 1993. The Limits of Safety: Organizations, Accidents, and Nuclear Weapons. Princeton: Princeton University Press. public acknowledgement, nuclear deterrence, nuclear weapons regulation, state rights, nuclear capability, deterrent effect, visibility, nuclear program regulation, cooperation, developed countries, nuclear weapons development, safety protocols, clandestine programs, weapons-grade material, terrorism, nuclear security, stockpile safety, Scott D. Sagan, The Limits of Safety nuclear deterrence, public regulation, nuclear weapons, state rights, nuclear capability, visibility, deterrence effect, nuclear programs, developed countries, nuclear safety, security protocols, clandestine programs, weapons-grade material, terrorism, nuclear stockpiles, openness, freedom, nuclear development, international cooperation, nuclear security, Scott D. Sagan, The Limits of Safety, organizations, accidents, nuclear safety management nuclear deterrence, public regulation, nuclear weapons, state rights, nuclear capability, deterrence visibility, nuclear program development, advanced nuclear programs, nuclear cooperation, safety protocols, clandestine programs, weapons material, nuclear terrorism, nuclear security, stockpile safety, Scott D. Sagan, The Limits of Safety public acknowledgement, nuclear deterrence, right, public regulation, nuclear weapons, state acknowledgment, nuclear capability, visibility, deterrence effect, regulation, cooperation, nuclear programs, developed countries, advanced nuclear programs, nuclear safety, safety protocols, clandestine programs, weapons-grade material, terrorism, security, nuclear stockpiles, Scott D. Sagan, The Limits of Safety, organizations, accidents, nuclear safety management Nuclear deterrence, public regulation, nuclear weapons, state rights, nuclear capability, visibility, international cooperation, nuclear development, safety protocols, clandestine programs, nuclear security, terrorism, Scott D. Sagan, The Limits of Safety
test-politics-ypppdghwid-pro03a	"Promoting democracy promotes peace.  By most accounts, there has not been a war between two democracies in the past 200 years. Immanuel Kant argued in Perpetual Peace (1795) that a) democratic governments are more constrained by their people's opposition to war and b) that a democratic culture of negotiation, as well as the checks and balances inherent in such a system, make war less likely. Thus by promoting democracy through imposing it, we increase the chance of a peaceful world. Furthermore, terrorism may be less likely to arise in democratic countries, where people are allowed to air their views and human rights norms prevent feelings of marginalization. This is good for human rights worldwide, including the rights and safety of individuals in our own country.1  1 ""Do Democracies Fight Each Other?"" BBC. democracy, peace, war, Immanuel Kant, Perpetual Peace, 1795, democratic governments, public opposition to war, democratic culture, negotiation, checks and balances, promoting democracy, peaceful world, terrorism, democratic countries, human rights, marginalization, human rights norms, individual safety, BBC, Do Democracies Fight Each Other democracy, peace, war, Immanuel Kant, Perpetual Peace, democratic governments, people's opposition, war likelihood, checks and balances, negotiation, promoting democracy, peaceful world, terrorism, human rights, marginalization, democratic countries, views, safety, BBC, democracies, fight, each other democracy, peace, war, Immanuel Kant, Perpetual Peace, democratic governments, people's opposition, war likelihood, democratic culture, negotiation, checks and balances, promoting democracy, peaceful world, terrorism, democratic countries, human rights, marginalization, human rights norms, rights, safety, do democracies fight each other, BBC democracy, peace, war, Immanuel Kant, Perpetual Peace, democratic governments, people's opposition, war likelihood, checks and balances, negotiation, imposing democracy, peaceful world, terrorism, democratic countries, human rights, marginalization, individual safety, BBC democracy, peace, war, Immanuel Kant, Perpetual Peace, democratic governments, people's opposition, war likelihood, checks and balances, terrorism, human rights, marginalization, human rights norms, safety, Do Democracies Fight Each Other, BBC"
test-sport-ybfgsohbhog-con02a	The bidding process is too long, tying up funds and land  The bidding process takes too long. Bidding officially takes only two years (unless a city fails to make the shortlist), but most cities spend nearly a decade working on their bids. Obviously the bidding process costs money but it also ties up the land needed for any future Olympic Village or stadia from being developed until the bid outcome is known, as well as diverting government funds away from other sporting events and activities. Furthermore, the way the IOC works with each member deciding which city they wish to vote for means that personal relationships and international tension can count for more than the quality of the bid. For example, American foreign policy is thought to be disadvantaging New York in the 2012 bidding process. Given that the Olympics are 'rotated' between continents, if a city fails to be selected it will be 12 years before it has another chance. bidding process, long duration, tying funds, land development, Olympic Village, stadia, government funds, sporting events, IOC, member votes, personal relationships, international tension, bid quality, American foreign policy, New York, 2012 bidding, continent rotation, selection chance bidding process, long duration, funds tied, land development, Olympic Village, stadia, government funds, sporting events, IOC, voting, personal relationships, international tension, bid quality, rotation, continents, selection chance bidding process, long duration, funds, land development, Olympic Village, stadia, government funds, sporting events, IOC, member voting, personal relationships, international tension, bid quality, New York, 2012 bidding, Olympic rotation, continent, selection chance bidding process, long duration, funds tied, land development, Olympic Village, stadia, government funds, sporting events, IOC voting, personal relationships, international tension, bid quality, New York 2012, Olympic rotation, city selection bidding process, long duration, funds, land, Olympic Village, stadia, government funds, sporting events, IOC, member voting, personal relationships, international tension, bid quality, New York, 2012 bidding, continent rotation, selection chance
test-health-hpehwadvoee-pro03a	The right to individual self determination is a fundamental human right, equal to that of life itself  It is a fundamental principle of the human being is that every human is born autonomous. Therefore, we believe that every person has a right to his or her own body and is thus competent to make decisions about it. This is because we recognise that whatever decisions we might make about our bodies, stem from the knowledge that we have about our own preferences. Nobody can tell us how to value different goods and therefore what matters to one person might matter less to another. If we were to undermine this right, nobody would be able to live their life to its fullest as they would be living their life to someone else’s fullest. The extension of this right is that if someone values another person’s life over their own it is their informed decision to sacrifice themselves for that person. It is not for others to decide, and in particular not for the State. self-determination, human-rights, autonomy, personal-body-rights, informed-decision-making, individual-preferences, state-interference, personal-liberty, human-dignity, moral-autonomy, life-valuing, self-sacrifice, legal-autonomy, personal-freedom self-determination, human-rights, autonomy, bodily-integrity, personal-values, individual-preferences, state-interference, informed-decision-making, sacrifice, personal-freedom, life-fulfillment, equal-rights, human-dignity, self-governance right to self-determination, fundamental human right, autonomy, bodily integrity, personal freedom, individual preferences, value judgment, self-fulfillment, informed decision, state intervention, personal sacrifice, human dignity, self-ownership, moral agency, individual sovereignty, personal values, life choices, self-governance, autonomy rights, personal autonomy, self-determination principle, personal decision-making, non-interference, human rights, self-direction, individual rights, self-willed actions, voluntary action, personal responsibility, human agency, self-expression, personal well-being, self-actualization, individualism, personal identity, human integrity, personal worth self-determination, human-rights, autonomy, personal-liberty, bodily-integrity, individual-choice, informed-decision, state-interference, personal-values, life-choices, self-sacrifice, moral-autonomy, human-dignity, personal-preferences, legal-rights, individual-freedom, self-governance, personal-responsibility, human-principles, intrinsic-value, self-fulfillment, state-authority, personal-agency, ethical-autonomy, life-meaning, human-equality, personal-identity, societal-norms, individual-rights, human-respect, personal-growth, legal-protection self-determination, fundamental-human-right, autonomy, personal-decision-making, body-rights, preference-knowledge, value-judgment, individual-choice, live-fullest, state-non-interference, informed-decision, sacrifice-choice
test-international-epvhwhranet-con03a	Referendums are more about PR than politics.  Referendum votes always end up being about something other than the issue on the ballot paper. In many referendum campaigns the real issue becomes one of confidence in the government of the day and its management of the economy, law and order, public scandals, etc. So when people vote they are expressing their unhappiness at their national government rather than making a considered judgment about the future of the EU. This is exactly what happened in the French and Dutch votes on the EU Constitution in 2005. When asked what influenced their decision, most voters said that they disliked aspects of EU enlargement, especially the arrival of Eastern European workers who might take local jobs, and the proposed entry negotiations with Turkey – but none of this was anything to do with the Constitution [1]. Furthermore a referendum would be pray to media distortion, which could have swayed the votes with biased coverage. Referendums are too often about government confidence rather than the issue at hand, people may have voted to express other grievances with their current government and not the future of the EU.  [1] The Further Enlargement of the EU: threat or opportunity?’ House of Lords European Union Committee (23 November 2006) viewed on 13 June 2011  , p.10 referendums, public relations, politics, voter influence, government confidence, economy, law and order, public scandals, EU Constitution, French vote, Dutch vote, EU enlargement, Eastern European workers, Turkey entry negotiations, media distortion, biased coverage, government grievances, EU future referendums, PR, politics, referendum votes, ballot paper, government confidence, economy, law and order, public scandals, French vote, Dutch vote, EU Constitution, 2005, EU enlargement, Eastern European workers, Turkey entry, media distortion, biased coverage, government grievances, EU future referendums, public relations, politics, voter behavior, government confidence, economic management, law and order, public scandals, EU Constitution, French vote, Dutch vote, EU enlargement, Eastern European workers, job market, Turkey entry negotiations, media distortion, biased coverage, voter grievances, EU future referendums, PR, politics, voter psychology, government confidence, economy, law and order, public scandals, EU Constitution, French vote, Dutch vote, EU enlargement, Eastern European workers, job competition, Turkey entry, media distortion, biased coverage, grievances, national government, considered judgment, European Union Committee referendums, public-relations, politics, voter-behavior, government-confidence, economic-management, law-and-order, public-scandals, national-government, EU-future, French-vote, Dutch-vote, EU-Constitution, EU-enlargement, Eastern-European-workers, job-security, Turkey-entry-negotiations, media-distortion, biased-coverage, voter-grievances, EU-opportunity, EU-threat, House-of-Lords-European-Union-Committee, political-science, electoral-process, democratic-process, public-opinion, political-campaigns, voter-motivation, referendum-issues, political
test-law-sdfclhrppph-pro02a	Protection of Minors  We need to protect minors (those under the age of majority) from exposure to obscene, offensive or potentially damaging materials. While this would be a restriction on the freedom of speech it should be something that the government is responsible for and we would all agree needs some kind of restriction or regulation. Protection of Minors, Obscene Materials, Offensive Content, Potentially Damaging Materials, Freedom of Speech, Government Responsibility, Age of Majority, Content Regulation, Minor Safety, Legal Restrictions Protection of Minors, minors, age of majority, obscene materials, offensive materials, potentially damaging materials, freedom of speech, government responsibility, restriction, regulation Protection, Minors, Age, Majority, Exposure, Obscene, Offensive, Damaging, Materials, Freedom, Speech, Government, Responsibility, Restriction, Regulation protection, minors, age, majority, exposure, obscene, offensive, damaging, materials, freedom, speech, government, responsibility, regulation, restriction Protection of Minors, Minors, Age of Majority, Obscene Materials, Offensive Materials, Potentially Damaging Materials, Freedom of Speech, Government Responsibility, Restriction, Regulation
test-politics-gvhbhlsbr-pro02a	The House of Lords has an inbuilt conservative majority.  The traditional provenance of the House of Lords translates to an in-built Conservative majority. Even so called Liberal and Labour peers are usually conservative in their opinions. They represent a social and economic elite and seem to flaunt diversity monitoring in a house with only 181 female peers and a staggeringly low 31 peers from ethnic minorities. [1] This unfair skew in the favour of the conservative has the power to slow down and revise legislation and is a gross misrepresentation of the British population. The House of Lords should be reformed in order to better reflect the British people so that their actions and decisions benefit the whole of society and not just their own.  [1] Smith, Ben, ‘Ethnic Minorities in Politics, Government and Public Life’, House of Commons Library (18 November 2008) and see  viewed 1 June 2011 House of Lords, Conservative majority, Liberal peers, Labour peers, social elite, economic elite, diversity monitoring, female peers, ethnic minorities, legislation, British population, House of Lords reform, representation, Ben Smith, House of Commons Library, politics, government, public life, misrepresentation, societal benefit House of Lords, Conservative majority, Liberal peers, Labour peers, social elite, economic elite, diversity monitoring, female peers, ethnic minorities, legislation, British population, political reform, representation, social benefit, Ben Smith, House of Commons Library, political equality, public life, government, social diversity, economic diversity, political representation, legislative power, societal benefit, demographic representation House of Lords, Conservative majority, Liberal peers, Labour peers, social elite, economic elite, diversity monitoring, female peers, ethnic minority peers, legislation revision, British population representation, political reform, social representation, economic representation, parliamentary reform, democracy, equality, Ben Smith, House of Commons Library, ethnicity in politics, gender in politics House of Lords, Conservative majority, Liberal peers, Labour peers, social elite, economic elite, diversity monitoring, female peers, ethnic minorities, legislation, British population, reform, representation, society, Ben Smith, Ethnic Minorities in Politics, Government and Public Life, House of Commons Library House of Lords, Conservative majority, Liberal peers, Labour peers, social elite, economic elite, diversity, female peers, ethnic minorities, legislation, British population, reform, representation, society, public life, Ben Smith, House of Commons Library
test-free-speech-debate-yfsdfkhbwu-con03a	Universities should exchange ideas not impose them  Of all possible institutions, for a university to suggest that it is not open to defending its ideas rather than insisting that they be artificially imported seems counter-intuitive. As Asian and European intellectual traditions increasingly interact as a result of economic interaction there are going to be clashes between and attempts to integrate the Confucian and Socratic approaches [i] . Part of that is the relationship between academia and the state. Western institutions seeking to establish themselves as a presence in Asia should at least be open to the idea that a different approach may have something to offer. After all a willingness to accept new ideas and attitudes is key to the ethic of any university – the assumption that such an exchange would only flow in one direction is astonishingly arrogant.  [i] This is true at every level, including simple things such as the approach taken by students to their studies. Inevitably, universities have responded to these in different ways in the two traditions.  Paton, Michael, ‘Asian Students, Critical Thinking and English as an Academic Lingua Franca’, Analytic teaching and philosophical praxis, Vol.32, No.1, pp.27-39 p.28 universities, exchange ideas, impose ideas, academic openness, intellectual traditions, Confucian, Socratic, academia-state relationship, Western institutions, Asian presence, new ideas, academic ethic, critical thinking, academic lingua franca, student approaches, cultural interaction, educational methods, intellectual integration, academic arrogance, teaching practices universities, idea exchange, imposition, intellectual traditions, Confucian, Socratic, academia, state relationship, Western institutions, Asia, new ideas, academic openness, critical thinking, academic lingua franca, student approaches, cultural interaction, educational traditions, academic ethics, intellectual arrogance, academic dialogue, cross-cultural education, university presence, global academia, international education, academic diversity, educational methods, cultural integration, academic freedom, intellectual exchange, educational philosophy, academic practices universities, exchange, ideas, impose, Asian, European, intellectual, traditions, Confucian, Socratic, academia, state, Western, institutions, presence, Asia, new, approaches, critical, thinking, students, studies, Paton, Michael, academic, lingua, franca, interaction, integration, openness, counter-intuitive, arrogance, ethic, knowledge, transfer, cultural, dialogue, education, philosophy, academic, practices universities, exchange, ideas, impose, intellectual, traditions, Asian, European, Confucian, Socratic, academia, state, western, institutions, presence, Asia, new, attitudes, ethic, unidirectional, arrogance, students, studies, critical, thinking, English, academic, lingua, franca, Paton, Michael universities, exchange, ideas, impose, academic, openness, Confucian, Socratic, traditions, interaction, clash, integration, academia, state, Western, institutions, presence, Asia, new, attitudes, critical, thinking, English, lingua franca, students, studies, Paton, Michael, Analytic, teaching, philosophical, praxis
test-economy-egiahbwaka-pro02a	Women provide a platform for economic development  Where women in Africa are treated more as equals and are being given political power there are benefits for the economy. Africa is already surging economically with 6 out of the world’s ten fastest growing economies in the past decade being a part of sub-Saharan Africa [1] .  While some of the fastest growing economies are simply as a result of natural resource exploitation some are also countries that have given much more influence to women. 56% of Rwanda’s parliamentarians are women. The country’s economy is growing; its poverty rate has dropped from 59% to 45% in 2011 and economic growth is expected to reach up to 10% by 2018. Women become the driving force of the socio-economic development after the 1994 genocide with many taking on leadership roles in their communities. [2]  In Liberia, since Ellen Johnson Sirleaf took the presidency seat on January 2006, notable reforms have been implemented in the country to boot the economy, and with visible results. Liberia’s GDP has grown from 4.6% in 2009 to 7.7% by the end of 2013.  Men in Africa on the other hand have often lead their countries into war, conflict, discord, and the resulting slower economic growth. Men fight leaving women behind to tend the household and care for the family. Giving women a greater voice helps encourage longer term thinking and discourages conflict, one of the main reasons for Africa’s plight in the second half of the 20th century. The feminisation of politics has been identified by Stephen Pinker as one of the causes for a decline in conflict. [3] When peace brings economic growth women will deserve an outsize share of the credit.  [1] Baobab, ‘Growth and other things’, The Economist, May 1st 2013   [2] Izabiliza, Jeanne, ‘The role of women in reconstruction: Experience of Rwanda’, UNESCO,   [3] Pinker, S., The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Violence Has Declined, 2011 women, economic development, Africa, political power, sub-Saharan Africa, natural resources, Rwanda, parliamentarians, poverty rate, Rwanda genocide, leadership roles, Liberia, Ellen Johnson Sirleaf, GDP growth, conflict, peace, feminisation of politics, Stephen Pinker, violence decline Women, economic development, Africa, political power, equality, sub-Saharan Africa, fastest growing economies, natural resources, Rwanda, parliamentarians, poverty rate, genocide, leadership roles, Liberia, Ellen Johnson Sirleaf, GDP, reforms, conflict, men, war, feminisation of politics, Stephen Pinker, peace, violence decline women, economic development, Africa, political power, equality, sub-Saharan Africa, natural resources, Rwanda, parliamentarians, poverty reduction, genocide, leadership, Liberia, Ellen Johnson Sirleaf, GDP growth, conflict, masculinization, feminization, politics, peace, Stephen Pinker, violence decline Women, economic development, Africa, political power, equality, sub-Saharan Africa, Rwanda, parliamentarians, poverty rate, socio-economic development, genocide, Liberia, Ellen Johnson Sirleaf, GDP growth, conflict, peace, feminisation of politics, Stephen Pinker, violence decline women, economic development, Africa, political power, equality, sub-Saharan Africa, natural resources, Rwanda, parliamentarians, poverty, genocide, leadership, Liberia, Ellen Johnson Sirleaf, GDP, conflict, peace, feminisation of politics, Stephen Pinker, violence decline
test-education-egtuscpih-con03a	Online courses undermine live communication with professors and other students  Online courses impair live communication between students and professors and among students. For instance, Coursera professors ask students not to email them because due to high numbers of students taking the course meaning they cannot reply [22]. Moreover, due to pre-recorded lectures, there is no option of asking professors questions. There are no live class discussions. Sure students could email each other, but it is more difficult to freely communicate with people you do not know and never met. It is also difficult to imagine that, given their numbers, students could get personal feedback on their progress from professors themselves, and not, say, teaching assistants (as Coursera does) or even from computers. Lack of personal feedback and engagement with professors and other students in discussions of the material decreases the quality of education. online courses, live communication, professors, students, Coursera, email, pre-recorded lectures, questions, class discussions, personal feedback, engagement, education quality, teaching assistants, computers, interaction, community, academic experience online courses, live communication, professors, students, Coursera, email, pre-recorded lectures, class discussions, personal feedback, teaching assistants, education quality, engagement, human interaction, academic support, course structure, learning experience online courses, live communication, professors, students, Coursera, email, pre-recorded lectures, class discussions, personal feedback, teaching assistants, education quality, engagement, interaction online courses, live communication, professors, students, Coursera, email, pre-recorded lectures, questions, live discussions, personal feedback, teaching assistants, computers, education quality, engagement, class discussions, student interaction, professor availability, educational experience, remote learning, academic communication online courses, live communication, professors, students, Coursera, email, pre-recorded lectures, class discussions, personal feedback, teaching assistants, education quality
test-economy-bepahbtsnrt-pro02a	Profit margins are too small  A major problem for Tunisia’s tourism sector is the small profit margin. The industry’s main targets are European, middle class income visitors on package holidays to sea-side resorts. This has resulted in a low per-capita spending rate as food, drink and travel are all usually included in sea-side holiday resorts. Average per-capita spending for tourists in Tunisia amounted to around $385 in 2012 which is low when compared to Egypt’s $890 and Greece’s $10001. This reliance on a low-profit niche in the tourism industry is a systematic flaw which will not provide the economic growth which the country needs.  1) Achy,L. ‘The Tourism Crisis in Tunisia Goes Beyond Security Issues’, Al Monitor, 26 June 2012 profit margins, Tunisia, tourism sector, European visitors, middle class, package holidays, sea-side resorts, low per-capita spending, food, drink, travel, $385, 2012, Egypt, $890, Greece, $1000, economic growth, low-profit niche, tourism industry, systematic flaw, security issues, Al Monitor profit margins, small, Tunisia, tourism sector, European, middle class, income visitors, package holidays, sea-side resorts, low per-capita spending, food, drink, travel, included, average per-capita spending, 2012, compared, Egypt, Greece, economic growth, systematic flaw, tourism crisis, security issues, Al Monitor profit margins, Tunisia, tourism sector, European visitors, middle class, package holidays, sea-side resorts, low per-capita spending, food, drink, travel, economic growth, tourism crisis, security issues, Al Monitor Tunisia, tourism, profit margins, European visitors, middle class, package holidays, sea-side resorts, low per-capita spending, food, drink, travel, economic growth, tourism crisis, security issues, Achy L., Al Monitor, 2012 profit margins, Tunisia, tourism sector, European visitors, middle class, package holidays, sea-side resorts, low per-capita spending, food, drink, travel, average per-capita spending, 2012, Egypt, Greece, economic growth, tourism crisis, security issues, Al Monitor
test-philosophy-elhbrd-con04a	"The death of one individual has implications for others, which by definition, do not affect the suicide herself.  Even setting aside the religious concerns of many in this situation [i] , there are solid secular reasons for accepting the sanctity of life. First among them is the impact it has on the survivors. The relative who does not want a loved one to take their own life, or to die in the case of euthanasia. It is simply untrue that others are not affect by the death of the individual – someone needs to support that person emotionally and someone has to administer the injection. Because of the ties of love involved for relatives, they are, in effect, left with no choice but to agree regardless of their own views, the law should respect their position as well.  It further gives protection to doctors and others who would be involved in the procedure. Campaigners are keen to stress that doctors should be involved in the process whilst ignoring that, pretty much whenever they’re asked doctors say they have no desire to have any part of it [ii] . Indeed it would be against the Hippocratic oath which while it is no longer always taken still sums up the duties of a doctor which includes doing no harm and includes ""And I will not give a drug that is deadly to anyone if asked, nor will I suggest the way to such a counsel."" So ruling out euthanasia. [iii] Presumably, the very case that is so keen on the voluntary principle would also observe this compelling rejection by a group critical to the plan.  [i] Joint letter to the Telegraph. The terminally ill need care and protection – not help in committing suicide. The Most Rev Rowan Williams, Archbishop of Canterbury. The Most Rev Vincent Nichols, Archbishop of Westminster. Sir Jonathan Sacks, Chief Rabbi.  [ii] Ella Pickover. Doctors Reject Assisted Suicide. The Independent. 28 June 2012 .  [iii] Sokol, Dr Daniel, ‘A guide to the Hippocratic Oath’, BBC News, 26 October 2008 , Death, Individual, Implications, Suicide, Euthanasia, Religious, Secular, Sanctity, Life, Survivors, Relatives, Emotional, Support, Injection, Choice, Law, Protection, Doctors, Involvement, Hippocratic, Oath, Harm, Voluntary, Principle, Care, Protection, Assisted, Rejection, Terminal, Illness, Rowan, Williams, Vincent, Nichols, Jonathan, Sacks, Ella, Pickover, Daniel, Sokol, BBC News death, individual, implications, others, suicide, sanctity of life, impact, survivors, relatives, euthanasia, religious concerns, secular reasons, emotional support, legal protection, doctors, Hippocratic oath, voluntary principle, assisted suicide, terminally ill, care, protection, rejection, medical duty, no harm death, implications, suicide, euthanasia, survivors, relatives, emotional support, legal protection, doctors, Hippocratic oath, voluntariness, terminally ill, religious concerns, secular reasons, sanctity of life, assisted suicide, medical ethics, patient rights, end-of-life care death, individual, implications, others, suicide, euthanasia, religious, secular, sanctity, life, impact, survivors, relatives, emotional, support, injection, ties, love, choice, views, law, respect, protection, doctors, procedure, Hippocratic, oath, harm, deadly, drugs, voluntary, principle, rejection, terminally, ill, care, assistance, committing, voluntary, principle, Ella, Pickover, Daniel, Sokol, BBC, Telegraph, Archbishop, Canterbury, Westminster, Chief, Rabbi death, individual, implications, others, suicide, religious, concerns, secular, reasons, sanctity, life, impact, survivors, relatives, euthanasia, emotional, support, administer, injection, ties, love, choices, law, respect, position, protection, doctors, procedure, campaigners, stress, involved, ignoring, desire, part, Hippocratic, oath, duties, harm, deadly, drug, counsel, voluntary, principle, rejection, critical, plan, terminally, ill, care, protection, Ella, Pickover, Independent, Daniel, Sokol, BBC, News"
test-politics-grcrgshwbr-pro05a	Western societies are secularly focused  Many societies are founded on secular values that do not permit the sponsorship of any religion by the state. British society aspires to this and has consciously acted to separate religion from state authority with many organisations such as the National Secular Society encouraging the suppression of any religious expression in public places.1 In this climate it is important that all citizens of the state are seen as equal. If some dress differently to others, deliberately identifying themselves as members of one religion, this can harm the unity and ethos of the state. This holds particularly true for institutions of the state like schools and government offices. In this way, it is possible to deduce that religious symbols are detrimental to the secular and equality focused identity of Western society.  1 'UK: One Law for all and the National Secular Society Back Bill that Aims to Curb Sharia Courts', 11th June 2011 , accessed on 23rd July 2011 Western societies, secular values, state sponsorship, religion, British society, National Secular Society, religious expression, public places, equality, religious symbols, unity, state institutions, schools, government offices, Sharia courts, one law for all Western societies, secular values, state sponsorship, religion, British society, National Secular Society, religious expression, public places, citizen equality, religious dress, unity, state institutions, schools, government offices, religious symbols, secular identity, equality, Sharia courts, one law for all Western societies, secular values, state sponsorship, religion, British society, National Secular Society, religious expression, public places, citizen equality, religious dress, unity, state institutions, schools, government offices, religious symbols, secular identity, equality, Sharia courts, UK law Western societies, secular values, state sponsorship, religion, British society, National Secular Society, religious expression, public places, citizen equality, religious dress, state unity, school institutions, government offices, religious symbols, secular identity, equality, Sharia courts, UK law Western societies, secular values, state sponsorship of religion, British society, National Secular Society, religious expression in public, citizen equality, religious dress, state unity, school institutions, government offices, religious symbols, secular identity, equality, Sharia courts, one law for all
test-economy-thsptr-con03a	The ability to orchestrate a progressive taxation regime gives undue and dangerous power to the state  The power to tax is power to destroy. A state with power over a progressive taxation system can put the wealthy in effective thrall, and use them to benefit its own ends. This is exacerbated by such phenomena as the tyranny of the majority which can lead the majority of less wealthy and have-nots to demand more and more services and paying for them by inflicting ever more onerous taxes on the wealthy while diminishing their own burdens. Furthermore, so long as the tax burden is disproportionately leveled on the few, no one can see the growing size of the state. [1] With flat or regressive consumption tax everyone can feel the growth of the state. They can also understand the costs associated with it, driving them to have more realistic preferences and to make more rational demands of the state rather than treating the rich as a perpetual piggy bank.  [1] Dorn, James. “Ending Tax Socialism”. Cato Institute. 1996. Available: progressive taxation, state power, power to tax, destroy, wealthy, thrall, state ends, tyranny of majority, less wealthy, have-nots, services, onerous taxes, tax burden, flat tax, regressive consumption tax, everyone, growth of state, costs, realistic preferences, rational demands, rich, perpetual piggy bank, tax socialism, Cato Institute, James Dorn progressive taxation, state power, power to tax, power to destroy, wealthy, state control, tyranny of the majority, flat tax, regressive consumption tax, tax burden, state growth, tax awareness, rational demands, tax socialism, Cato Institute progressive taxation, state power, power to tax, power to destroy, wealthy individuals, state control, tyranny of the majority, less wealthy, tax burden, flat tax, regressive consumption tax, state growth, tax socialism, public demands, fiscal responsibility, economic fairness, tax policy, wealth redistribution, public services, tax equity, economic impact, Dorn, Cato Institute, 1996 progressive taxation, state power, power to tax, power to destroy, wealth distribution, tyranny of majority, regressive consumption tax, flat tax, tax burden, government growth, realistic preferences, rational demands, tax socialism, Cato Institute progressive taxation, state power, power to tax, destroy, wealth, wealthy, state control, tyranny of majority, less wealthy, have-nots, services, onerous taxes, tax burden, flat tax, regressive consumption tax, growth of state, realistic preferences, rational demands, tax socialism, Cato Institute
test-economy-bepighbdb-con04a	Democratic rule of law is the best ground for political stability and growth  In order for a society to develop economically, it needs a stable political framework and dictatorships are often less stable. A dictator will have to prioritize the retention of power. As repression is inevitable, a dictator will not necessarily be entirely popular. There will regularly be a doubt about the future and sustainability of a dictatorship. Bearing in mind the messy collapses of some dictatorships, a democracy may be a more stable form of government over the long term [1] .  Only democracies can create a stable legal framework. The rule of law ensures all of society has access to justice and the government acts within the law. Free and fair elections act as a bulwark against social unrest and violence. Economic freedoms and human rights protection also have positive effects on economies. Private property rights, for example, encourage productivity and innovation so that one has control of the fruits of their labour.  It has been argued by Acemolgu and Robinson in their book Why Nations Fail? The Origins of Power, Prosperity, and Poverty that inclusive political institutions and pluralistic systems that protect individual rights are necessary preconditions for economic development [2] . If these political institutions exist then the economic institutions necessary for growth will be created, as a result economic growth will be more likely.  [1] See for example the work of Huntington, S, P., (1991), The third wave: democratization in the late twentieth century, University of Oklahoma Press,   [2] Acemolgu, D., and Robinson, J. (2012). Why Nations Fail: The Origins of Power, Prosperity, and Poverty. London: Profile Books. democratic rule of law, political stability, economic growth, stable political framework, dictatorships, retention of power, repression, popular, future sustainability, dictatorship collapse, democracy, stable legal framework, rule of law, justice, government accountability, free and fair elections, social unrest, violence, economic freedoms, human rights protection, private property rights, productivity, innovation, Acemolgu, Robinson, Why Nations Fail, inclusive political institutions, pluralistic systems, individual rights, economic development, economic institutions, growth preconditions, Huntington, The third wave, democratization democratic rule of law, political stability, economic growth, stable political framework, dictatorships instability, power retention, repression, dictatorship sustainability, democracy stability, stable legal framework, rule of law, access to justice, free and fair elections, social unrest, economic freedoms, human rights protection, private property rights, productivity, innovation, Acemolgu and Robinson, Why Nations Fail, inclusive political institutions, pluralistic systems, individual rights, economic institutions, economic development, Huntington, The third wave, democratization democratic rule of law, political stability, economic growth, stable political framework, dictatorships, dictatorship stability, power retention, repression, social unrest, democracy, legal framework, justice, government accountability, free elections, economic freedoms, human rights protection, private property rights, productivity, innovation, inclusive political institutions, pluralistic systems, individual rights, economic development, Acemolgu, Robinson, Why Nations Fail, Huntington, The Third Wave, democratization democratic rule of law, political stability, economic growth, stable political framework, dictatorships, stability, retention of power, repression, popular, future sustainability, messy collapses, democracy, stable legal framework, rule of law, access to justice, free and fair elections, social unrest, violence, economic freedoms, human rights protection, private property rights, productivity, innovation, Acemolgu, Robinson, Why Nations Fail, inclusive political institutions, pluralistic systems, individual rights, economic development, economic institutions, economic growth, The Third Wave, Huntington democratic rule of law, political stability, economic growth, stable political framework, dictatorships, stability, retention of power, repression, popularity, sustainability, collapses, democracy, stable legal framework, rule of law, justice, government accountability, free and fair elections, social unrest, violence, economic freedoms, human rights protection, private property rights, productivity, innovation, Acemolgu and Robinson, Why Nations Fail, inclusive political institutions, pluralistic systems, individual rights, economic institutions, economic development, Huntington, The Third Wave, democratization, University of Oklahoma Press, Profile Books
test-international-ehbfe-pro01a	"A federal Europe will benefit the citizens of its member states  A federal Europe would build upon the success of the EU and its predecessors in taming the nationalism that caused so much conflict in the twentieth century. The EU is drawing nearer to realising the vision of its founders for an “ever-closer union”. Despite the EU’s relative success in this regard, while national governments still exist they will regard policy-making within Europe as a competitive business, abusing vetoes and damaging the potential prosperity of all of Europe’s citizens. Such is the case with Britain's veto over the carbon tax, which the EU wants to implement - “The British government is ""highly likely"" to block European Commission proposals for a carbon tax contained in a widely-circulated draft version of the Energy Taxation Directive, EU diplomatic sources said yesterday”. [1]  A federal European state can build on the shared history and culture of its members to further the common good, while accommodating regional differences.  [1] EurActiv.com, ‘Britain set to veto EU carbon tax plans’ federal Europe, citizens, member states, EU success, taming nationalism, conflict, twentieth century, ever-closer union, national governments, policy-making, competitive business, abusing vetoes, damaging prosperity, Britain veto, carbon tax, Energy Taxation Directive, shared history, culture, common good, regional differences federal Europe, citizens, member states, EU success, nationalism, conflict, twentieth century, ever-closer union, national governments, policy-making, competition, vetoes, prosperity, Britain, carbon tax, Energy Taxation Directive, shared history, culture, common good, regional differences federal Europe, citizens, member states, EU, nationalism, conflict, twentieth century, ever-closer union, national governments, policy-making, competition, vetoes, prosperity, Britain, carbon tax, Energy Taxation Directive, shared history, culture, common good, regional differences federal Europe, citizens, member states, success, EU, predecessors, nationalism, conflict, twentieth century, ever-closer union, national governments, policy-making, competitive, vetoes, prosperity, Britain, carbon tax, Energy Taxation Directive, shared history, culture, common good, regional differences federal Europe, citizens, member states, EU success, nationalism, conflict, twentieth century, ever-closer union, national governments, policy-making, competition, vetoes, prosperity, Britain, carbon tax, veto, European Commission, Energy Taxation Directive, shared history, culture, common good, regional differences"
test-science-dssghsdmd-con01a	Mutually Assured Destruction breaks down when national missile defense systems are introduced, destabilizing world security:  Nuclear weapons create stability, as described in the doctrine of Mutually Assured Destruction (MAD). Countries with nuclear weapons have no incentive to engage in open military conflict with one another; all recognize that they will suffer destruction if they choose the path of war (Waltz, 1981). If countries have nuclear weapons, fighting simply becomes too costly. This serves to defuse conflicts, and reduce the likelihood of the outbreak of war. When states have nuclear weapons they cannot fight, making the world a more peaceful place. Furthermore, armed with a nuclear deterrent, all states become equal in terms of ability to do harm to one another (Jervis, 2001). If a large state attempts to intimidate or to invade a smaller neighbor, it will be unable to effectively subdue it, since the small state will have the power to seriously injure, or even destroy, the would-be invader with a few well-placed nuclear missiles (Mearsheimer, 1993). The dynamics created by MAD are entirely lost when national missile defense systems are brought into the equation. Anti-ballistic missile missiles effectively eliminate the surety of MAD; it becomes a gamble of whether one’s nuclear arsenal will be able to penetrate the missile shield of the enemy. This increases the chance of a nuclear war, since an aggressor state can count on its missile shield to deflect the second-strike attempted by its opponent. Furthermore, in the case where both states in a conflict have missile defense arrays, as will likely occur as the technology is disseminated, the outbreak of war is also more likely, since each will try to race the other to the ability to counter each other’s offensive and defensive missiles. Clearly, the technology will only destabilize world relations, not offer greater security. Mutually Assured Destruction, MAD, nuclear weapons, stability, world security, national missile defense systems, anti-ballistic missile, missile shield, nuclear deterrence, military conflict, global relations, Waltz, Jervis, Mearsheimer, second-strike capability, offensive missiles, defensive missiles, technology dissemination, destabilization, nuclear war risk, security paradox Mutually Assured Destruction, MAD, nuclear weapons, stability, national missile defense systems, destabilizing, world security, Waltz, Jervis, Mearsheimer, anti-ballistic missile, missile shield, second-strike, nuclear war, technology dissemination, offensive missiles, defensive missiles, international relations, global security, arms race, deterrence theory Mutually Assured Destruction, MAD, Nuclear Weapons, Stability, World Security, National Missile Defense, Anti-Ballistic Missiles, Waltz, Jervis, Mearsheimer, Second-Strike, Conflict, Aggressor State, Missile Shield, Defensive Missiles, Offensive Missiles, Destabilization, Security, Nuclear Deterrence, Equality, Intimidation, Invasion, Peace, Warfare, Technology, Dissemination, Race, Counter-Offensive Mutually Assured Destruction, MAD, nuclear weapons, stability, world security, national missile defense systems, destabilization, anti-ballistic missile, defense shield, nuclear deterrence, military conflict, strategic stability, second-strike capability, arms race, technological dissemination, international relations, Waltz, Jervis, Mearsheimer Mutually Assured Destruction, national missile defense systems, world security, nuclear weapons, stability, military conflict, nuclear deterrence, equal states, anti-ballistic missile, missile shield, second-strike, nuclear war, destabilization, technology dissemination, offensive missiles, defensive missiles, international relations
test-politics-ypppdghwid-pro04a	"Because democracy is the best form of government, it is not wrong-- and indeed may even be our obligation-- to bring it to those who do not have it.  Democratic regimes are the best form of government, and it is our obligation to try and provide that to others. Democracy is the only form of government which upholds the value of political self-determination: that each individual has a right to form his/her government, and to vote out governments s/he does not like. To deny this right is to deny the inherent worth and freedom of the individual. Political autonomy also has instrumental value insofar as it allows individuals to check abusive governments which may seek to violate other human rights. Thus it is certainly not wrong -- and may even be our humanitarian obligation -- to bring democracy to those who do not have it, just as we would intervene in other situations in which serious rights were being abused1.  1 Fish, Stanley. ""Why Democracy?"" The New York Times. democracy, best form of government, obligation, provide, political self-determination, individual rights, vote, change government, political autonomy, check abusive governments, human rights, humanitarian obligation, intervene, rights abuse, Stanley Fish, New York Times democracy, best form of government, obligation, political self-determination, individual rights, political autonomy, human rights, humanitarian obligation, democracy promotion, government accountability, abusive governments, Stanley Fish, New York Times democracy, government, political self-determination, individual rights, humanitarian obligation, political autonomy, human rights, Stanley Fish, The New York Times, democratic regimes, abusive governments, humanitarian intervention democracy, government, political self-determination, individual rights, human rights, humanitarian obligation, political autonomy, abusive governments, electoral freedom, state intervention, global democracy promotion, humanitarian intervention, democratic values, political representation, voting rights, governance, democracy export, international relations, human dignity, political participation, civic engagement, democracy advocacy, global citizenship, democratic transition, political reform, civil liberties, state accountability, public policy, democratic governance, political philosophy, democracy studies, political science, human rights advocacy, democratic peace theory, democracy support, international democracy, governance improvement, political empowerment, democratic institutions, political stability, social contract, democratic consolidation democracy, form of government, obligation, political self-determination, human rights, political autonomy, humanitarian intervention, individual rights, abusive governments, Stanley Fish, The New York Times"
test-free-speech-debate-ldhwbmclg-pro03a	Defending hip hop artists’ right to free speech  The intervention of the state is necessary in order to ensure that aggressive forms of hip hop remain accessible only to adults, especially in neighbourhoods and home environments that are not part of a cohesive, caring community. Some degree of public control over the content of hip hop will also help to preserve the diversity, accessibility of the genre in the face of commercial dominance by violent forms of rap.  Mainstream success in hip hop has become synonymous with gangsta rap, and with artists who have backgrounds that lend veracity to their lurid verses. However, many of these supposedly “authentic” experiences consist of little more than exaggeration and invented personas. When being interviewed about the controversial content of her son’s single “Fuck tha’ police”, the mother of rapper Ice Cube commented that “I don’t see [him] saying those curse words. I see him like an actor.”  The existence of pornography attests to the market for forms of media that fulfil base and simplistic human fantasies. Much the same can be said for the violent and cynical content of rap singles. Unlike the relationship between cinema and pornography, however, many commentators appear to regard gangsta rap as being synonymous with hip hop – a position as deceptive as a film critic claiming that all movies are inevitably tied to pornography.  The significant public profile and poor regulation of hip hop have meant that gangsta rap fans have become the genre’s dominant class of consumer. The amount of money that fans are willing to spend on singles, albums, concert tickets and associated branded goods means that labels that cultivate relationships with gangsta rappers have become the gatekeepers of the hip hop genre in general. “Conscious” rappers, who do not glorify violence, along with musicians working in other hip hop genres must work with labels that promote acts containing violent lyrics in order to publish their own music.  Either consciously, or by design, the terrain of contemporary hip hop is hostile to musicians who are not prepared to discuss “guns, bitches and bling” in their work. This constitutes a significant barrier to rappers ability to communicate novel messages and listeners’ ability to receive them. It could be called a market failure – the pervasive public presence of gangsta rap has effectively denied an audience to other rappers.  Classification has the potential to maximise the freedom and effectiveness of musical expression by hip hop artists who choose not to trade in brutality and misogyny.  The alternative is to allow hip hop to continue to be dominated by businesses such as Death Row Records, Low Life Records and Machete Music. This will lead to hip hop as a medium becoming inextricably linked with violent lyrics and the dubious businesses practices of gangsta labels’ bosses. Popular disengagement is much more likely under these circumstances, and will actively deny a voice, and opportunities, to musicians with a different perspective on hip hop. hip hop, free speech, state intervention, adult access, public control, genre diversity, commercial dominance, mainstream success, gangsta rap, artist authenticity, Ice Cube, violent content, censorship, pornography, market fantasy, cinematic comparison, fan dominance, label influence, conscious rap, musical expression, classification, market failure, business practices, popular disengagement, musician opportunities hip hop, free speech, state intervention, adult access, public control, genre diversity, commercial dominance, gangsta rap, mainstream success, artist authenticity, Ice Cube, pornography, human fantasies, violent content, cinema, music regulation, fan culture, market failure, conscious rappers, musical expression, classification, business practices, Death Row Records, Low Life Records, Machete Music, popular disengagement, artistic voice, opportunities hip hop, free speech, state intervention, adult content, public control, commercial dominance, gangsta rap, mainstream success, authenticity, Ice Cube, pornography, media fantasy, violent content, conscious rap, market failure, classification, music industry, Death Row Records, Low Life Records, Machete Music, violent lyrics, business practices, popular disengagement, artistic expression Hip hop, free speech, state intervention, adult accessibility, public control, genre diversity, commercial dominance, gangsta rap, mainstream success, authenticity, exaggeration, invented personas, Ice Cube, pornography, market fantasies, violent content, cinema, film criticism, public profile, poor regulation, dominant consumer class, labels, gatekeepers, conscious rappers, market failure, musical expression, classification, freedom, brutality, misogyny, Death Row Records, Low Life Records, Machete Music, violent lyrics, business practices, popular disengagement, musicians, perspective hip hop, free speech, state intervention, adult accessibility, public control, genre diversity, commercial dominance, violent rap, mainstream success, gangsta rap, authentic experiences, exaggeration, Ice Cube, market fantasies, pornography, cinema, film criticism, significant public profile, poor regulation, conscious rappers, music labels, market failure, musical expression, classification, Death Row Records, Low Life Records, Machete Music, violent lyrics, dubious business practices, popular disengagement, musicians perspective
test-sport-ybfgsohbhog-con01a	Hosting only affects one city  In large countries like the United States or China, the benefits of the Olympics are almost entirely focused on the host city. Even in smaller countries, the benefits of a event played outside the host city or a training camp are negligible. Capital cities are often chosen (after failed bids from Birmingham in 1992 and Manchester in 1996 and 2000 the IOC told the United Kingdom that only a bid from London was likely to win), which concentrates growth and development where it is least needed. 90% of the economic impact of London 2012 is expected to come to London1; not surprising given that 'seventy-five pence in every pound on the Games is going towards the regeneration of East London.'2Furthermore, house prices have been seen to rise in host cities like Barcelona and Sydney around the time of their Olympics, without comparable rises elsewhere in Spain and Australia respectively2. As such, hosting only serves to entrench geographical economic divides.  1 Grobel, W. (2010, April 15). What are the London 2012 Olympics 2012 worth? Retrieved May 13, 2011, from Intangible Business:  2 Ormsby, A. (2010, May 21). Benefits of hosting Olympics unproven. Retrieved June 29, 2011 from Reuters: Olympics, hosting, city, large countries, United States, China, benefits, host city, smaller countries, event, training camp, capital cities, Birmingham, 1992, Manchester, 1996, 2000, IOC, United Kingdom, London, economic impact, London 2012, regeneration, East London, house prices, Barcelona, Sydney, Spain, Australia, geographical economic divides Olympics, hosting, city, economic benefits, large countries, United States, China, host city, smaller countries, event, training camp, capital cities, Birmingham, Manchester, IOC, United Kingdom, London, economic impact, London 2012, regeneration, East London, house prices, Barcelona, Sydney, Spain, Australia, geographical economic divides Olympics, hosting, city, large countries, United States, China, benefits, host city, smaller countries, event, training camp, capital cities, Birmingham, 1992, Manchester, 1996, 2000, IOC, United Kingdom, London, economic impact, London 2012, regeneration, East London, house prices, Barcelona, Sydney, geographical economic divides, Grobel, 2010, Intangible Business, Ormsby, 2010, Reuters Olympics, host city, large countries, United States, China, benefits, economic impact, capital cities, London, bid, Birmingham, Manchester, IOC, United Kingdom, growth, development, regeneration, East London, house prices, Barcelona, Sydney, Spain, Australia, geographical economic divides, 2012 Olympics, Intangible Business, Reuters Olympics, host city, economic benefits, large countries, United States, China, smaller countries, capital cities, IOC, London, Birmingham, Manchester, economic impact, house prices, Barcelona, Sydney, Spain, Australia, geographical economic divides, regeneration, East London
test-international-epvhwhranet-con04a	Voters do not understand or care about EU reforms.  They would have found the legal jargon off-putting and a detailed knowledge of the existing EU Treaties is necessary to understand the amendments proposed 1. They have limited understanding of the current system and therefore cannot evaluate how reform treaties would benefit or harm the EU and their nation's interest. Due to this lack of understanding citizens are too likely to be swayed by media bias and anti Europe campaigners. All this is shown by the low turnout in European parliament elections. Elected representatives on the other hand, do understand the impact of the treaties and therefore can make an informed decision on the behalf of their people and in the nation's interest.  1 'An unloved Parliament', The Economist (7 May 2009), viewed on 13 June 2011 'Elections 2009', eu4journalists viewed on 13 June 2011 voters, EU reforms, legal jargon, EU Treaties, amendments, current system, reform treaties, EU benefits, nation's interest, media bias, anti-Europe campaigners, low turnout, European parliament elections, elected representatives, impact of treaties, informed decision, unloved Parliament, The Economist, elections 2009, eu4journalists Voters, EU reforms, legal jargon, EU Treaties, amendments, current system, reform treaties, EU interests, national interests, media bias, anti-Europe campaigners, European Parliament elections, low turnout, elected representatives, informed decision, citizen understanding, The Economist, eu4journalists, 2009 elections Voters, EU reforms, legal jargon, EU Treaties, amendments, current system, reform treaties, EU, nation's interest, media bias, anti-Europe campaigners, low turnout, European parliament elections, elected representatives, impact, treaties, informed decision, The Economist, unloved Parliament, elections 2009, eu4journalists Voters, EU reforms, legal jargon, EU Treaties, amendments, current system, reform treaties, EU interests, national interests, media bias, anti-Europe campaigners, low turnout, European Parliament elections, elected representatives, informed decision, citizens, understanding, impact of treaties, The Economist, elections 2009, eu4journalists voters, EU reforms, legal jargon, EU Treaties, amendments, current system, reform treaties, EU benefits, nation's interest, media bias, anti-Europe campaigns, low turnout, European parliament elections, elected representatives, informed decision, unloved Parliament, The Economist, elections 2009, eu4journalists
test-law-sdfclhrppph-pro03a	It may be necessary in the interests of national security  The Government must protect its citizens from foreign enemies and internal enemies - thus freedom of speech can be acceptably curtailed during times of war in order to prevent propaganda and spying which might undermine the national interest. This has happened in almost all states during times of war, during the second world war the United States even had a government department dedicated to it; The Office of Censorship. [1]  [1] Hanyok, Robert J., ‘Secrets of Victory: The Office of Censorship and The American Press and Radio in World War II’, Studies in Intelligence, Vol 46, No. 3, national security, government, citizen protection, foreign enemies, internal enemies, freedom of speech, curtailment, times of war, propaganda, spying, national interest, states, World War II, United States, Office of Censorship, government department, censorship, American Press, radio, intelligence, Secrets of Victory, Robert J. Hanyok national security, government protection, citizens, foreign enemies, internal enemies, freedom of speech, curtailment, times of war, propaganda, spying, national interest, states, World War II, United States, Office of Censorship, Hanyok, Robert J., Secrets of Victory, American Press, radio, Studies in Intelligence national security, government, protection, citizens, foreign enemies, internal enemies, freedom of speech, curtailment, times of war, propaganda, spying, national interest, states, second world war, United States, Office of Censorship, Hanyok, Robert J., Secrets of Victory, American Press, radio, World War II, Studies in Intelligence national security, government protection, citizens, foreign enemies, internal threats, freedom of speech, curtailment, times of war, propaganda, spying, national interest, states, World War II, United States, Office of Censorship, American Press, radio, censorship, historical context, war measures, intelligence studies national security, government protection, citizens, foreign enemies, internal enemies, freedom of speech, curtailment, times of war, propaganda, spying, national interest, states, World War II, United States, Office of Censorship, government department, censorship, American press, radio, Secrets of Victory, Robert J. Hanyok, Studies in Intelligence
test-politics-gvhbhlsbr-pro01a	The House of Lords is out of touch with the electorate.  The 19th century US President Abraham Lincoln stated that democracy should be ‘Government of the people, by the people, for the people’ [1] Therefore peers who sit in the house based on noble birth right or their membership of the Church of England, that is itself largely ignored by the people, do not represent the people of Britain.  [1] A' Short Definition of Democracy’, Democracy-building.info, 2005, viewed on 1 June 2011 House of Lords, out of touch, electorate, 19th century, US President Abraham Lincoln, democracy, Government of the people, by the people, for the people, peers, noble birth right, Church of England, representation, people of Britain, democracy-building.info, 2005, 1 June 2011 House of Lords, out of touch, electorate, 19th century, Abraham Lincoln, democracy, government of the people, by the people, for the people, noble birth right, Church of England, representation, people of Britain, democracy-building.info House of Lords, out of touch, electorate, 19th century, Abraham Lincoln, democracy, government of the people, by the people, for the people, peers, noble birth right, Church of England, representation, British people, democracy-building.info, 2005, 1 June 2011 House of Lords, out of touch, electorate, 19th century, US President, Abraham Lincoln, democracy, Government of the people, by the people, for the people, peers, noble birth right, Church of England, representation, people of Britain, democracy definition, Democracy-building.info House of Lords, out of touch, electorate, Abraham Lincoln, democracy, government of the people, by the people, for the people, peers, noble birth right, Church of England, representation, people of Britain, democratic reform, aristocracy, hereditary peerage, religious representation, political legitimacy, modern democracy, constitutional reform
test-health-hpehwadvoee-pro04a	We should preserve the person with greater quality of life  We have to be able to measure quality of life relatively. There might be many cases where a relative is terminally ill, yet not dead yet. This person, with a survival prospect of maybe half a year of suffering and medication, might have a perfectly functional organ. [1] It is very rational, both for this person and for society as a whole to allow him or her to undergo euthanasia at an early stage to save the other person. [2]  Furthermore, a person might sacrifice his or her life to provide an organ for a specific individual, yet their other organs can still be used to save others, of whom the donor might not have been aware. It is sad that a person has to die, but as this is the only option [3] , it is a good thing that several people might live when one sacrifices their life.  [1] Monforte-Royo, C. and M.V. Roqué. “The organ donation process: A humanist perspective based on the experience of nursing care.” Nursing Philosophy 13.4 (2012): 295-301.  [2] Wilkinson, Dominc and Julian Savalescu. “SHOULD WE ALLOW ORGAN DONATION EUTHANASIA? ALTERNATIVES FOR MAXIMIZING THE NUMBER AND QUALITY OF ORGANS FOR TRANSPLANTATION.” Bioethics 26.1 (2012): 32-48.  [3] ibid quality of life, euthanasia, organ donation, terminal illness, survival prospects, suffering, medication, societal benefit, ethical considerations, organ transplantation, humanist perspective, nursing care, maximization of organs, bioethics quality of life, terminal illness, euthanasia, organ donation, ethical considerations, healthcare policy, medical ethics, organ transplantation, patient rights, end-of-life decisions, survival prospects, palliative care, bioethics, humanist perspective, nursing care, donation euthanasia, maximizing organs, societal benefit, life sacrifice, ethical dilemmas, terminal care, organ procurement, informed consent, medical resource allocation, life-saving measures, moral philosophy, clinical ethics, patient autonomy, euthanasia debate, organ donor, healthcare ethics, organ retrieval, transplantation ethics, end-of-life care, medical decision-making, quality-adjusted life years, quality of life, terminal illness, euthanasia, organ donation, survival prospects, medication, suffering, societal benefit, life sacrifice, organ transplantation, bioethics, nursing care, humanist perspective, maximization of organs, ethical considerations, donor awareness, terminally ill patients, early stage euthanasia, organ procurement, healthcare ethics, palliative care, life-saving procedures, moral philosophy, medical ethics, end-of-life decisions, humanitarian approach, altruism, medical resource allocation, patient autonomy, quality-adjusted life years, advanced directives, living wills, organ donor registry, organ matching, transplant success rates, ethical dilemmas preservation, quality of life, measurement, terminal illness, survival prospects, suffering, medication, functional organs, euthanasia, societal benefit, organ donation, sacrifice, multiple recipients, ethical considerations, bioethics, healthcare, transplantation, medical ethics, humanist perspective, nursing care, organ procurement, donor awareness, life sacrifice, maximization, organ quality, ethical theories, end-of-life decisions quality of life, terminal illness, organ donation, euthanasia, survival prospects, suffering, medication, rational decision, societal benefit, organ transplantation, humanist perspective, nursing care, organ donation euthanasia, maximizing organs, bioethics
test-international-gpdwhwcusa-pro01a	A UN Standing Army would solve the problem of American military hegemony.  A strong, effective and impartial United Nations standing army would deny powerful military states the right to bully and blackmail rivals into submission with the threat of military force. A UN army would be able to balance that threat with their own willingness to come to the aid of states under military duress. The United States, unwilling to risk a protracted conflict against a respected, well-trained multi-national force would have to fall back. To use an example, American military intervention in Vietnam, against the wishes of the majority of the population, could have been prevented had a U.N. standing army existed to respond to the wishes of the Vietnamese people and stand against the United States’ intervention. The existence of such a military rival would therefore force the United States to increase its investment in its State Department and diplomatic solutions to political crises. Ultimately, peace would be more effectively maintained. UN Standing Army, American military hegemony, powerful military states, military bullying, blackmail, military duress, United Nations, multinational force, United States, protracted conflict, American military intervention, Vietnam, population wishes, U.N. response, military rival, State Department, diplomatic solutions, political crises, peace maintenance UN Standing Army, American military hegemony, strong UN force, impartial United Nations, military states, bullying, blackmail, military duress, protracted conflict, multi-national force, Vietnam intervention, U.N. response, Vietnamese wishes, diplomatic solutions, State Department, political crises, peace maintenance UN Standing Army, American military hegemony, powerful military states, bullying, blackmail, military duress, protracted conflict, multinational force, diplomatic solutions, political crises, peace maintenance, United Nations, military intervention, Vietnam, state department, international relations, global security, conflict resolution, peacekeeping, military deterrence UN Standing Army, American military hegemony, powerful military states, military bullying, military blackmail, United Nations, strong UN force, impartial UN force, protracted conflict, multinational force, military duress, American military intervention, Vietnam, UN intervention, diplomatic solutions, political crises, peace maintenance, State Department investment UN Standing Army, American Military Hegemony, Strong United Nations, Impartial Military Force, Balance Military Threat, Prevent Military Bullying, International Peacekeeping, Multinational Force, Diplomatic Solutions, State Department, Prevent Military Interventions, Vietnam War, UN Peacekeeping, Global Security, Protracted Conflict, Diplomatic Crises, International Diplomacy, Peace Maintenance, Military Rivalry, United States Military
test-politics-dhbanhrnw-pro04a	Nuclear weapons serve to defuse international conflicts and force compromise  Nuclear weapons create stability, described in the doctrine of Mutually Assured Destruction (MAD). Countries with nuclear weapons have no incentive to engage in open military conflict with one another; all recognize that they will suffer destruction if they choose the path of war. [1] If countries have nuclear weapons, fighting simply becomes too costly. This serves to defuse conflicts, and reduce the likelihood of the outbreak of war. For example, the conflict between India and Pakistan was defused by the acquisition of nuclear weapons by both sides. Before they obtained nuclear weapons, they fought three wars that claimed millions of lives. Relations between the two states, while still far from cordial, have never descended into open war. The defusing of the immediate tension of war, has given the chance for potential dialogue. [2] A similar dynamic has been played out a number of times in the past, and as of yet there has never been a war between two nuclear powers. When states have nuclear weapons they cannot fight, making the world a more peaceful place.  [1] Waltz, Kenneth. 1981. “The Spread of Nuclear Weapons: More May Better”. Adelphi Papers 171. London: International Institute for Strategic Studies.  [2] Nizamani, Haider K. 2000. The Roots of Rhetoric: Politics of Nuclear weapons in India and Pakistan. Westport: Praeger. nuclear weapons, international conflicts, compromise, stability, mutually assured destruction, MAD, military conflict, nuclear deterrence, war prevention, India, Pakistan, defused conflicts, potential dialogue, nuclear powers, peaceful world, Kenneth Waltz, Haider K. Nizamani, nuclear proliferation, strategic stability, conflict resolution, rhetorical politics, nuclear security, state relations, deterrence theory, nuclear policy, international security, arms race, non-proliferation, geopolitical stability Nuclear weapons, international conflicts, Mutually Assured Destruction, MAD, military conflict, nuclear deterrence, India, Pakistan, nuclear disarmament, peace, conflict resolution, strategic stability, nuclear policy, nuclear arms, global security, non-proliferation, Kenneth Waltz, Haider K. Nizamani, nuclear dialogue, war prevention, cost of war, strategic studies, international relations, nuclear weapons proliferation, deterrence theory, nuclear ethics, conflict management, regional stability, nuclear diplomacy, arms control, defense strategy, security studies, political rhetoric, nuclear philosophy Nuclear weapons, international conflicts, Mutually Assured Destruction, MAD, military conflict, nuclear powers, stability, India, Pakistan, nuclear deterrence, peace, war prevention, strategic studies, Haider K. Nizamani, Kenneth Waltz, nuclear proliferation, conflict resolution, dialogue, security studies, disarmament, nuclear policy Nuclear weapons, international conflicts, compromise, Mutually Assured Destruction, MAD, military conflict, destruction, defuse conflicts, reduce war, India, Pakistan, wars, dialogue, nuclear powers, peaceful world, Kenneth Waltz, Haider K. Nizamani Nuclear weapons, international conflicts, compromise, stability, Mutually Assured Destruction, MAD, military conflict, deterrence, India, Pakistan, wars, Cold War, peace, Kenneth Waltz, Haider K. Nizamani, nuclear proliferation, security studies, strategic studies
test-economy-epehwmrbals-con01a	Universal standards of labour and business are not suited to the race for development  Developing countries are in a race to develop their economies. The prioritisation of countries that are not currently developed is different to the priorities of developed countries as a result of their circumstances and they must be allowed to temporarily push back standards of labour and business until they achieve a level playing field with the rest of the world. This is because economic development is a necessary precondition for many of the kinds of labour standards enjoyed in the west. For there to be high labour standards there clearly needs to be employment to have those standards. Undeveloped countries are reliant upon cheap, flexible, labour to work in factories to create economic growth as happened in China. In such cases the comparative advantage is through their cheap labour. If there had been high levels of government imposed labour standards and working conditions then multinational firms would never have located their factories in the country as the cost of running them would have been too high. [1] Malaysia for example has struggled to contain activity from the Malaysian Trades Union Congress to prevent their jobs moving to China [2] as the competition does not have labour standards so helping keep employment cheap. [3]  [1] Fang, Cai, and Wang, Dewen, ‘Employment growth, labour scarcity and the nature of China’s trade expansion’,  , p.145, 154  [2] Rasiah, Rajah, ‘The Competitive Impact of China on Southeast Asia’s Labor Markets’, Development Research Series, Research Center on Development and International Relations, Working Paper No.114, 2002,  P.32  [3] Bildner, Eli, ‘China’s Uneven Labor Revolution’, The Atlantic, 11 January 2013, universal standards, labour, business, development, developing countries, prioritisation, economic development, labour standards, western standards, employment, cheap labour, factories, economic growth, China, Malaysia, Malaysian Trades Union Congress, competitiveness, international trade, industrialisation, job creation, policy flexibility, globalisation, market entry, investment attraction, regulatory environment, working conditions, multinational corporations, cost effectiveness, labour market dynamics, trade expansion, economic preconditions, development priorities, labour legislation, industrial relations, wage levels, production costs, workforce flexibility, trade competition, regional development, economic strategies, growth models, labour intensity, industrial policies, market forces, Universal standards, labour, business, development, developing countries, economic growth, prioritisations, circumstances, temporary measures, level playing field, necessary precondition, employment, undeveloped countries, cheap labour, factories, China, comparative advantage, government imposed standards, Malaysia, Malaysian Trades Union Congress, competition, labour markets, trade expansion, job relocation, cost of operations, working conditions, multinational firms, factory locations, economic development, labour scarcity, production costs, international trade, industrialisation, global economy, workforce regulations, economic policies, development strategies, labour rights, industrial growth, economic strategies, employment standards, global competition, labour laws, Universal standards, labour, business, development, developing countries, economic growth, priorities, circumstances, temporary standards, level playing field, precondition, employment, cheap labour, factories, China, Malaysia, competitive impact, labour markets, trade expansion, multinational firms, employment growth, labour scarcity, China's labour revolution, working conditions, government imposed standards, comparative advantage, economic development, high labour standards Universal standards, labour, business, development, economy, prioritisation, developed countries, circumstances, temporary standards, level playing field, economic development, precondition, labour standards, employment, undeveloped countries, cheap labour, flexible labour, economic growth, factories, China, comparative advantage, Malaysia, Malaysian Trades Union Congress, competition, labour standards, employment costs, multinational firms, factory relocation, trade expansion, labour scarcity, labour markets, Southeast Asia, China's labour revolution, The Atlantic, Eli Bildner, Rajah Rasiah, Cai Fang, Dewen Wang Universal standards, labour, business, development, developing countries, economic growth, priorities, circumstances, temporary standards, level playing field, precondition, employment, cheap labour, factories, China, Malaysia, Trades Union Congress, multinational firms, labour scarcity, trade expansion, competitive impact, Southeast Asia, labour markets, uneven labor revolution
test-free-speech-debate-yfsdfkhbwu-con02a	‘Separation of town and gown’  There are two parties involved in this interaction, the state and the university. To pretend that is an entirely one way process is to ignore reality. Contrary to the belief of many Senior Common Rooms, states do not exist for the convenience of universities. Indeed universities quite happily accept the political and economic stability provided by states at exactly the same time as criticising the methods they need to use to maintain it.  However, ultimately universities are service providers from the point of view of the state, training and skilling the workforce. The university provides its expertise in exchange for funding and student fees. Where, exactly, the opinions of the faculty enter into such an equation is not clear and appears to have been assumed by proposition. Of course individual academics and students have the right to their own political views but the idea that a university as an institution has rights distinct from, say, a supermarket chain is impossible to justify. If a supermarket announced that it should be free to ignore local laws and adopt those of its base state instead, that would clearly be rejected. Just as when a food chain invests in a country for, say, beef, the arrangement is predicated on the understanding that both parties benefit and each has a little room for negotiation. [i] The same should apply here. If prop were to argue that Asian nations should relax there approach to cannabis so that it students could enjoy a more genuine ‘Western student experience’ the statement would be the subject of ridicule, so should this be.  [i] Smith, David, ‘Tesco should give us some of these billions’, guardian.co.uk, 15 May 2009, Separation of town and gown, state-university relationship, political and economic stability, universities as service providers, faculty opinions, institutional rights, academic freedom, supermarket analogy, local laws, negotiation, Western student experience, political views in academia, state's role in education, university funding, student fees, academic-political interplay, institutional responsibilities, societal contribution of universities, academic-autonomy debate university, state, separation, town, gown, service, provider, political, economic, stability, workforce, funding, student, fees, faculty, opinion, institution, rights, supermarket, investment, negotiation, laws, cannabis, western, student, experience, ridicule, tesco, david, smith, guardian, 2009 Separation of town and gown, state and university, political and economic stability, service providers, training and skilling workforce, university expertise, funding and student fees, academic and student political views, university institutional rights, supermarket chain comparison, local laws, investment benefits, negotiation, Asian nations cannabis laws, Western student experience separation, town, gown, state, university, interaction, political, economic, stability, service, providers, workforce, expertise, funding, student, fees, faculty, opinions, individual, academics, political, views, institution, rights, supermarket, chain, laws, base, state, food, chain, country, beef, negotiation, asian, nations, cannabis, western, student, experience, ridicule, tesco, billions, guardian, co, uk, 2009 separation, town, gown, state, university, interaction, political, economic, stability, service, providers, workforce, expertise, funding, student, fees, faculty, political, views, institution, rights, supermarket, chain, laws, base, state, food, chain, country, beef, arrangement, benefits, negotiation, Asian, nations, cannabis, Western, student, experience, ridicule, Smith, David, Tesco, billions, guardian.co.uk
test-economy-bepahbtsnrt-pro03a	Overseas competition  Tunisia’s tourism industry is at risk from overseas competition. International tourism is a very competitive market, relying on the industry is therefore an illogical policy. Tunisia is already being undercut on prices by other countries despite its low fees. Morocco, Spain and Turkey can afford to charge a lower price for package tours than Tunisia due to better air transportation links1. Even before the Jasmine revolution, Tunisia was starting to lose ground to these countries. The ten years before the removal of Ben Ali saw the number of tourists to Tunisia rise from five to seven million, whilst Morocco rose from five to nine million2. Outside of the Mediterranean, Tunisia must compete with popular tourist destinations such as the Far East, North America and Australasia.  1) African Manager, ‘Tunisia-Tourism: Clear Improvement, but a timid pace!’, data accessed 24 January 2014  2) Achy,L. ‘The Tourism Crisis in Tunisia Goes Beyond Security Issues’, Al Monitor, 26 June 2012 Tunisia, tourism, overseas competition, international tourism, market competition, policy, prices, Morocco, Spain, Turkey, air transportation, Jasmine revolution, Ben Ali, tourists, Far East, North America, Australasia, African Manager, Al Monitor, tourism crisis, security issues Tunisia, tourism, overseas competition, international tourism, market competition, illogical policy, low fees, undercut, Morocco, Spain, Turkey, package tours, air transportation links, Jasmine revolution, tourist numbers, Ben Ali, Far East, North America, Australasia, tourism crisis, security issues Tunisia, tourism, overseas competition, international tourism, market competition, policy, low fees, Morocco, Spain, Turkey, package tours, Jasmine revolution, Ben Ali, Mediterranean, Far East, North America, Australasia, tourism crisis, security issues Tunisia, tourism, industry, overseas, competition, international, market, prices, undercut, Morocco, Spain, Turkey, package, tours, transportation, links, Jasmine, revolution, lose, ground, tourists, African, Manager, crisis, security, issues, Far, East, North, America, Australasia, Ben, Ali Tunisia, tourism, overseas competition, international tourism, market competition, policy, low fees, undercut, prices, Morocco, Spain, Turkey, package tours, air transportation, Jasmine revolution, tourist numbers, Ben Ali, Far East, North America, Australasia, African Manager, Al Monitor
test-education-egtuscpih-con04a	Online courses undermine society life of the university  University is not just a place for learning. A big part of student life is participating in societies and other activities, such as sports, debating, political, philosophical or other interest groups. These provide them with opportunity to explore their talents, do the things they like and also build connections that could be useful after the university. But you cannot do most of these things online as they, unlike studying, are not based on studying materials you can upload. This is why students with online courses would be deprived of these opportunities to develop themselves, build useful connections and get ideas for their further life. This is important for society too as students historically have often been an important political and social actor (e.g. see 1968 France, Athens Polytechnic uprising etc.). online courses, university life, student societies, extracurricular activities, sports, debating, political groups, philosophical groups, interest groups, talent exploration, personal development, social connections, career networking, historical student movements, 1968 France, Athens Polytechnic uprising, social impact, political impact, student engagement, community building, virtual learning limitations, non-academic learning, holistic education, campus culture, social skills, real-world interaction, student life value, online education drawbacks, educational experience, social capital, student activism, cultural heritage, academic community, campus life, student organizations, peer interaction, leadership skills, team-building online courses, university life, student societies, extracurricular activities, sports, debating, political groups, philosophical groups, interest groups, talent exploration, personal development, social connections, career networks, student activism, social impact, historical student movements, 1968 France, Athens Polytechnic uprising online courses, university life, student societies, extracurricular activities, sports, debating, political groups, philosophical groups, interest groups, talent exploration, personal development, social connections, professional networks, historical student movements, 1968 France, Athens Polytechnic uprising, social impact, student role in society, online education limitations, campus experience, lifelong connections, student activism, social engagement, community building, university culture, virtual learning, remote education, student well-being, educational experience, social skills, networking opportunities, campus life, student life, societal impact, student participation, educational environment, learning beyond academics online courses, university life, student societies, extracurricular activities, sports, debating, political groups, philosophical groups, interest groups, talent exploration, connection building, post-university opportunities, social development, political activism, student role, societal impact, 1968 France, Athens Polytechnic uprising online courses, university life, student societies, extracurricular activities, sports, debating, political groups, philosophical groups, interest groups, talent development, social connections, career networking, historical student movements, 1968 France, Athens Polytechnic uprising, student activism, social engagement, community building, university experience, online learning limitations, in-person interaction, student life enrichment, professional development, personal growth, social skills, university culture, educational environment, campus life, virtual learning impacts, student community, student life deprivation, societal impact, higher education, student involvement, relational skills, civic engagement, youth empowerment, academic community,
test-economy-egiahbwaka-pro01a	Women are the backbone of Africa’s agriculture  It sounds dramatic, but when more than 70% percent of the agricultural labor force of Africa is represented by women, and that sector is a third of GDP, one can say that women really are the backbone of Africa’s economy. But the sector does not reach its full potential. Women do most of the work but hold none of the profit; they cannot innovate and receive salaries up to 50% less than men. This is because they cannot own land [1] , they cannot take loans, and therefore cannot invest to increase profits. [2]  The way to make women key to Africa’s future therefore is to provide them with rights to their land. This will provide women with an asset that can be used to obtain loans to increase productivity. The Food and Agriculture organisation argues “if women had the same access to productive resources as men, they could increase yields on their farms by 20–30 percent. This could raise total agricultural output in developing countries by 2.5–4 percent, which could in turn reduce the number of hungry people in the world by 12–17 percent.” [3]  The bottom line is that women work hard but their work is not recognised and potential not realised. What is true in agriculture is even truer in other sectors where women do not make up the majority of workers where the simple lack of female workers demonstrates wasted potential. The inefficient use of resources reduces the growth of the economy.  [1] Oppong-Ansah, Albert, ‘Ghana’s Small Women’s Savings Groups Have Big Impact’, Inter Press Service, 28 February 2014,   [2] Mucavele, Saquina, ‘The Role of Rural Women in Africa’, World Farmers Organisation,   [3] FAO, ‘Gender Equality and Food Security’, fao.org, 2013,  , p.19 Women, agriculture, Africa, GDP, labor force, economic backbone, productivity, innovation, land rights, loans, investment, profit, gender inequality, wages, Food and Agriculture Organisation, yields, resource access, economic growth, hunger reduction, female workers, resource efficiency, economic potential, rural women, savings groups, gender equality, food security Women, Agriculture, Africa, Backbone, Economy, GDP, Labor, Force, Potential, Profit, Innovation, Salaries, Land, Ownership, Loans, Investment, Productivity, Access, Resources, Yields, Farms, Agricultural, Output, Hungry, People, World, Inefficient, Use, Resources, Growth, Economy, Gender, Equality, Food, Security, Rural, Savings, Groups, Impact, Small, Women, Farmers, Organisation, Role, Female, Workers, Wasted, Potential, Development, Countries, FAO, Gender, Equity, Empowerment, Rights, Assets Women, agriculture, Africa, GDP, labor force, economic potential, land rights, loans, investment, productivity, Food and Agriculture Organisation, gender equality, food security, yields, hungry people, small savings groups, rural women, World Farmers Organisation, economic growth, female workers, recognition, potential realization, resource efficiency,sector contribution, income disparity, innovation, asset ownership, development, poverty reduction, empowerment, representation, sustainable development, policy reform, social equity, economic impact, gender gap, agricultural output, women's rights, financial inclusion, subsistence farming, entrepreneurial opportunities, education, training, technology access, rural development, stakeholder Women, agriculture, Africa, backbone, economy, labor force, GDP, potential, innovation, salaries, land ownership, loans, investment, productivity, Food and Agriculture Organisation, yields, output, hunger, recognition, female workers, economic growth, gender equality, rural women, savings groups, World Farmers Organisation, gender gap, empowerment, resource allocation Women, agriculture, Africa, labor force, GDP, economic potential, land rights, loans, investment, productivity, Food and Agriculture Organisation, gender equality, food security, rural women, economic growth, gender gap, yields, farm output, hunger reduction, savings groups, resource allocation, workforce participation, economic recognition, gender empowerment, agricultural development, rural development, financial inclusion, smallholder farmers, gender disparities, economic impact, women's rights, sustainable development
test-international-ehbfe-pro02a	A federal Europe will protect the cultural diversity of its member states  A federal Europe will be more advantageous for individual citizens, since they will be living in a powerful state, yet with respect of their cultural and local situation  Subsidiarity combines maximum effectiveness with maximum accountability, with decisions being made at the lowest appropriate level. Citizens gain the advantages of living in a large, powerful state in terms of international economic, military and political power, all available more cheaply in a state of 450 million people, and through their increased opportunities for work, study, etc. Yet the advantages of living in a smaller state are preserved in terms of connection to the political process, respect for local cultural traditions and responsiveness to differing economic and physical situations. Such checks and balances prevent tyranny and increase willing obedience to laws.  Overall, we now have something resembling parliamentary democracy at the European level. EU political institutions now look more like those of a member state than they do those of an international organisation. The challenge facing the European Union in the future is to fill the gap between itself and the citizen, providing a political connection equal to the social, cultural and sporting connections that the single market has already provided.  Federalism and subsidiarity can allow for regional identities in a way national states cannot – e.g. for Northern Ireland, Corsica, Basque Region, Lombardy. In a Federal Europe such peoples would not feel under threat from a dominant culture and long-running conflicts could be resolved, as issues of sovereignty become less relevant within the new political structures. federal Europe, cultural diversity, member states, powerful state, cultural respect, local situation, subsidiarity, maximum effectiveness, maximum accountability, decision-making levels, international power, economic advantages, military power, political power, large state benefits, smaller state benefits, connection to political process, local cultural traditions, economic situations, checks and balances, tyranny prevention, legal obedience, parliamentary democracy, EU political institutions, social connections, cultural connections, sporting connections, regional identities, national states, Northern Ireland, Corsica, Basque Region, Lombardy, dominant culture, conflict resolution, sovereignty issues, new political structures federal Europe, cultural diversity, member states, individual citizens, powerful state, cultural respect, local situation, subsidiarity, effectiveness, accountability, international power, political power, economic power, military power, large state, small state, political process, local cultural traditions, responsiveness, checks and balances, tyranny prevention, willing obedience, parliamentary democracy, European level, EU political institutions, member state, international organisation, gap between EU and citizen, political connection, social connections, cultural connections, sporting connections, single market, regional identities, national states, Northern Ireland, Corsica, Basque Region, Lombardy, dominant culture, conflict resolution, federal Europe, cultural diversity, member states, individual citizens, powerful state, cultural respect, local situation, subsidiarity, effectiveness, accountability, decision-making, international power, economic power, military power, political power, cost efficiency, large state, increased opportunities, smaller state, political process, local traditions, economic situations, physical situations, checks and balances, tyranny prevention, law obedience, parliamentary democracy, European level, political institutions, member state, international organisation, citizen connection, single market, social connections, cultural connections, sporting connections, regional identities, national states, Northern Ireland, Corsica, Basque Region, Lombardy, dominant federal Europe, cultural diversity, member states, advantages, individual citizens, powerful state, cultural respect, local situation, subsidiarity, effectiveness, accountability, international power, economic power, military power, political power, cost efficiency, large state, opportunities, work, study, smaller state, political process, local traditions, responsiveness, economic situations, physical situations, checks and balances, tyranny, law obedience, parliamentary democracy, European level, political institutions, member state, international organisation, gap, citizen, political connection, social connections, cultural connections, sporting connections, single market, federalism, regional identities, national states, Northern Ireland, Cors federal Europe, cultural diversity, member states, individual citizens, powerful state, cultural respect, local situation, subsidiarity, effectiveness, accountability, decision-making, large state, international power, economic power, military power, political power, cost efficiency, state size, work opportunities, study opportunities, smaller state advantages, political process connection, local cultural traditions, economic responsiveness, physical responsiveness, checks and balances, tyranny prevention, law obedience, parliamentary democracy, European level, EU political institutions, member state institutions, international organisation, citizen connection, social connections, cultural connections, sporting connections, single market, regional identities, national states, Northern Ireland,
test-education-xeegshwfeu-pro03a	Increasing parents' freedom of choice  Different parents have different values and priorities, and it is entirely legitimate for them to wish to pass these on to their children. The state does not know any better than them with which values the ideal life can be lived.  Further, children are individuals who respond in very different ways to different styles of teaching. Parents know their children better than central government possibly could, and so are the best placed to decide what sort of school their child should go to. Currently, there is very little state provision for non-mainstream styles of learning, whereas in the private sector there is a big incentive for educational innovation. parental choice, educational values, individual priorities, state intervention, child development, teaching methods, government education policy, private sector education, educational innovation, non-mainstream learning, school selection, child individuality increasing, parents, freedom, choice, values, priorities, legitimate, pass, children, state, values, ideal, life, children, individuals, different, teaching, styles, parents, know, central, government, decide, school, state, provision, mainstream, learning, private, sector, incentive, educational, innovation parental choice, educational values, individual priorities, passing values, state role, child individuality, teaching styles, parent knowledge, school selection, state provision, non-mainstream education, private sector, educational innovation parents, freedom, choice, values, priorities, legitimacy, state, knowledge, values, ideal, life, children, individuals, teaching, styles, parents, knowledge, central, government, decision, school, state, provision, non-mainstream, learning, private, sector, educational, innovation parental choice, educational values, individual priorities, state vs parent rights, child-centered education, teaching styles, non-mainstream learning, private sector innovation, educational freedom, government role in education
test-politics-oeplhbuwhmi-pro04a	UK will be disentangled from EU affairs  Leaving the EU would mean that Britain is no longer entangled in foreign policy issues that are of little interest to it and instead could devote itself to other more productive issues. The two main foreign policy crises for the EU at the moment are Ukraine and migration, neither of which concern the UK when not a member of the EU. Migration would be stopped at the channel while Ukraine is at the opposite end of the EU. The EU would essentially become a buffer for the UK. UK, EU, disentangle, foreign policy, Ukraine, migration, Brexit, channel, buffer, productivity UK, disentangled, EU, affairs, leaving, foreign, policy, issues, productive, Ukraine, migration, channel, buffer UK, EU, disentangle, foreign policy, Ukraine, migration, channel, buffer, productivity, member, crises, interest UK, EU, disentanglement, foreign policy, Brexit, Ukraine, migration, channel, buffer, productivity, policy issues, entanglement, membership, Europe, crisis management UK, EU, disentangle, foreign policy, Ukraine, migration, buffer, channel, productivity, Brexit, international relations, European affairs, geopolitical considerations, policy focus, non-member implications
test-culture-thbcsbptwhht-pro03a	Compensation is important to give the communities credit they deserve.  Compensation can be used to level out the playing field of inequality to those who have been oppressed. They help to give communities the recognition they deserve and help to reverse intuitionally reinforced negative stereotypes. The reparations can be used to benefit the community; for example, within the community and externally in order to educate people appropriately about the struggles of a repressed community. It would help fund efforts based on the model of the US Governments of Education and State Boards of Education to develop a 'robust curriculum' involving greater accuracy in black history as well as the involvement of African American figures in history on local, national and global scales [1].  This inequality is why the reform has to be state led; it is up to the state to protect minorities. Professor Matthew Rimmer from the Queensland University of Technology believes that ''At an international level, more should be done to implement the UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples in respect of Indigenous intellectual property''. This was said after Chanel made a A$2,000 boomerang [2] which would seem to be in opposition to the declaration which Australia has endorsed.  [1] Humphries, Arielle, and Stahly-Butts, Marbre, ‘A Vision for Black Lives’, Centre for Popular Democracy, July 2016,   [2] ‘Chanel’s $2,000 boomerang sparks complaints and confusion from Indigenous Australians’, ABC News, 17th May 2017, compensation, communities, credit, inequality, oppressed, recognition, stereotypes, reparations, community, education, struggles, repressed, funding, curriculum, accuracy, black history, African American, minorities, state-led, international, UN Declaration, Indigenous Peoples, Indigenous intellectual property, Chanel, boomerang, Indigenous Australians Compensation, Communities, Credit, Inequality, Oppression, Recognition, Stereotypes, Reparations, Community, Education, Struggles, Repressed, Fund, Efforts, Curriculum, Accuracy, Black History, African American, Figures, Inequality, State Led, Minorities, Professor Matthew Rimmer, Queensland University of Technology, UN Declaration, Rights, Indigenous Peoples, Indigenous Intellectual Property, Chanel, Boomerang, Indigenous Australians, Complaints, Confusion compensation, communities, credit, inequality, oppressed, recognition, stereotypes, reparations, community, education, struggles, repressed, funding, US Government, Education, State Boards, curriculum, accuracy, black history, African American figures, state led, minorities, Professor Matthew Rimmer, Queensland University of Technology, UN Declaration, Indigenous Peoples, Indigenous intellectual property, Chanel, boomerang, Indigenous Australians Compensation, Communities, Credit, Inequality, Oppression, Recognition, Stereotypes, Reparations, Community, Education, History, Minorities, State, Reform, Indigenous, Intellectual, Property, UN, Declaration, Rights, Indigenous, Peoples, Chanel, Boomerang, Controversy, Australia, Endorsed, Intellectual, Property, Rights, Humphries, Arielle, Stahly-Butts, Marbre, Vision, Black, Lives, Centre, Popular, Democracy, ABC, News, May, 2017 Compensation, Communities, Credit, Inequality, Oppressed, Recognition, Negative Stereotypes, Reparations, Community Benefit, Education, Struggles, Repressed Community, Funding, Curriculum, Accuracy, Black History, African American Figures, Local, National, Global, State Led, Minorities, International, UN Declaration, Rights, Indigenous Peoples, Indigenous Intellectual Property, Chanel, Boomerang, Indigenous Australians, Complaints, Confusion, Arielle Humphries, Marbre Stahly-Butts, Centre for Popular Democracy, Matthew Rimmer, Queensland University of Technology
test-politics-cpecfiepg-con01a	Defaulting would cause chaos in Greece  There is no good solution for the crisis Greece finds itself in, only less bad ones. Austerity measures imposed on Greece may currently be causing suffering, but austerity is the least bad option available for the Greek people: default would be considerably worse. Here is what would most likely happen:  The Greek banking sector would collapse [1]. A large portion of the Greek debt is owed to Greek banks and companies, many of which would quickly go bankrupt when the Government defaults. This is also because Greek banks are almost totally reliant on the ECB for liquidity. [2] People would consequently lose their savings, and credit would be close to impossible to find.  The Government would quickly devalue the Drachma by at least 50%. This will lead to imported goods being more expensive and consequently to a huge rise in inflation with the living costs increasing tremendously.[3]  These two events would lead to a severe shortage of credit, making it almost impossible for struggling companies to survive. Unemployment would soar as a result. It will become increasingly difficult to secure supplies of oil, medicine, foodstuffs and other goods. Naturally, those hit worst would be the poor. The Government, in this respect, would be failing on an enormous scale in providing many citizens with the basic needs. [4]  [1] Brzeski, Carsten: “Viewpoints: What if Greece exits euro?”, BBC News, 13 July 2012,   [2] Ruparel, Raoul and Persson, Mats: “Better off Out? The short-term options for Greece inside and outside of the euro”, June 2012, Open Europe, 2012   [3] ibid  [4] Arghyrou, Michael: “Viewpoints: What if Greece exits euro?”, BBC News, 13 July 2012, Greece, default, crisis, austerity, banking sector, ECB, savings, credit, Drachma, devaluation, inflation, unemployment, imports, poverty, government failure, euro exit, BBC News, Open Europe Greece, default, crisis, solutions, austerity, banking sector, ECB, savings, credit, drachma, inflation, unemployment, supplies, poverty, government failure, euro exit, short-term options, imported goods, living costs, companies survival, basic needs, Carsten Brzeski, Raoul Ruparel, Mats Persson, Michael Arghyrou, BBC News, Open Europe Greece, default, crisis, austerity, banking sector, ECB, savings, credit, Drachma, devaluation, inflation, unemployment, living costs, imported goods, poverty, basic needs, euro exit, short-term options, economic consequences, social impact Greece, default, crisis, austerity, banking sector, ECB, savings, credit, Drachma, devaluation, inflation, unemployment, living costs, supplies, oil, medicine, foodstuffs, poverty, government failure, euro exit, short-term options, economic impact, social impact Greece, default, crisis, austerity, banking sector, ECB, savings, credit, Drachma, devaluation, inflation, unemployment, poverty, living costs, supplies, oil, medicine, foodstuffs, basic needs, government failure, euro exit, short-term options, Open Europe, BBC News, economic collapse, financial stability, national debt, international loans, European Central Bank, economic policy, fiscal measures, social impact, economic sanctions, currency devaluation, inflation rates, unemployment rates, poverty levels, economic recovery, political instability, public debt, financial crisis, economic crisis, economic sanctions, international aid, economic reform,
test-economy-beghwbh-pro02a	The Hyperloop is comparatively cheap  The Hyperloop would be cheap to build. The pods themselves would only cost $1.35million each, the pressurised tube just $650million (or double if wanting vehicles), with only two stations their cost would only be $250million. The biggest cost would be the construction of the pylons carrying the tube which is estimated at $2.55 or $3.15billion. There is an estimated total cost of $4.06billion for the passenger only version or $5.31billion for the vehicle version. [1] This should be compared to the current cost for California’s high speed rail project which is estimated to be $68billion while covering much the same ground. [2]  [1] Musk, Elon, ‘Hyperloop Alpha’, SpaceX, 12 August 2013,  pp.23, 27, 32, 28, 32  [2] Slosson, Mary, ‘California moves forward on $68 billion high-speed rail project’, Reuters, 18 July 2012, Hyperloop, cost, construction, pods, pressurised tube, stations, pylons, total cost, passenger, vehicle, California, high speed rail, comparison, Musk, SpaceX, Slosson, Reuters, 2013, 2012 Hyperloop, cost, construction, pods, pressurised tube, stations, pylons, total cost, passenger, vehicle, California, high speed rail, project, comparison, SpaceX, Elon Musk, Hyperloop Alpha, Mary Slosson, Reuters, 2012, 2013, infrastructure, transportation, technology, budget, economics, feasibility Hyperloop, cost, construction, cheap, pods, pressurised tube, stations, pylons, total cost, passenger, vehicle, California, high speed rail, project, comparison, SpaceX, Elon Musk, Hyperloop Alpha, Mary Slosson, Reuters Hyperloop, cost, cheap, construction, pods, pressurised tube, stations, pylons, total cost, passenger, vehicle, California, high speed rail, project, comparison, SpaceX, Elon Musk, Hyperloop Alpha, Reuters, Mary Slosson Hyperloop, cost, construction, pods, pressurised tube, stations, pylons, total cost, passenger, vehicle, California, high speed rail, project, comparison, Musk, SpaceX, Slosson, Reuters
test-economy-egppphbcb-con03a	Socialism is a more secure system than the free market in Capitalism  'Credit bubbles' and resultant credit crunches (financial crisis) are inherent in the capitalist system. The economy undergoes a crisis whenever productive economic sectors begin to undergo a slowdown resulting in falls in profits. The recent crisis was caused due to the fact that there was an inflated investment in real estates. It was invested in with the purpose of keeping up profits which lead to a rise in the price of properties. Because of the increased price in property many people took out loans on their house and bought goods for the credit, thinking they could easily pay back their loans since their house would be more valuable at sale. However, since the rise of price was fabricated and not corresponding to an actual need (it was a bubble), house prices had to invariably go down at some point. When the prices eventually went down people could no longer afford to pay back what they had bought on their loaned houses and the installed payments were the trigger of the financial crisis. It could perhaps be said that the economy was surviving on money which did not exist (thereof the name 'credit bubble'). The result was that there were countless goods which no one could buy because no one could afford to pay for them, in turn this lead to a stagnation in the economy and hence to a crisis. A socialist system would not produce overconsumption since its aim is not profit but human needs, it would not have a reason to fabricate an investment for the sake of keeping up the profits and would therefore not cause a capitalist crisis1.  1 Roberts, M. (2008). The credit crunch - one year on. In Defence of Marxism. Retrieved June 7, 2011 socialism, capitalism, free market, credit bubbles, financial crisis, capitalist system, economic crisis, profits, real estate, loans, property prices, credit, overconsumption, human needs, Marxist theory, credit crunch, economic sectors, stagnation, investment, profit-driven, Marxist critique, Roberts, credit bubble, financial instability, economic theory, economic models, market failure, regulated economy, production, consumption, economic security, market economy, socialism vs capitalism, economic policy, financial regulation, economic planning, crisis management, economic downturn, financial system, economic growth, market forces, economic health, market dynamics, financial markets, economic stability socialism, free market, capitalism, credit bubbles, financial crisis, economic sectors, profit falls, real estate, inflated investment, property prices, loans, credit, housing bubble, overconsumption, human needs, Marxist economics, Michael Roberts, credit crunch, economic stagnation, crisis causation, economic theory, financial system critique, socialist economy, capitalism critique, market instability, economic bubbles, financial instability, economic security, profit-driven economy, non-profit economic system, economic investment, housing market, economic slowdown, financial sector, economic profit, market economy, socialist critique socialism, capitalism, free market, credit bubbles, financial crisis, economic slowdown, real estate investment, property prices, loans, credit, overconsumption, human needs, profit, Marxist theory, economic crisis, stagnation, Michael Roberts, credit crunch, 2008 financial crisis socialism, capitalism, credit bubbles, financial crisis, credit crunch, economic slowdown, profit falls, real estate, inflation, property prices, loans, debt, bubble economy, overconsumption, human needs, Marxist economics, economic stagnation, profit-driven investment, market failures, economic security, crisis prevention, Roberts, credit crunch analysis, In Defence of Marxism socialism, capitalism, free market, credit bubbles, financial crisis, economic slowdown, profits, real estate, inflated investment, property prices, loans, credit, housing bubble, economic stagnation, overconsumption, human needs, Marxist theory, credit crunch, economic crisis, financial sector disruptions
test-philosophy-npegiepp-con02a	The Founder of Neo-functionalism abandoned his own Theory (Haas).  The Founder of Neo-functionalist theory Ernst B. Haas later abandoned his own theory; According to Tranholm-Mikkelsen (1991)- “By the mid-1970 s, Ernst Haas had effectively abandoned the neo-functionalist theory by assimilating it within general interdependence theories of international relations”. [1] The theory proved a success in the economic realm but a fiasco in high politics; “…at the time of the ‘empty chair’ crisis [see next point] neo-functionalism was considered too incapable of describing the process of integration in general because of its extreme Eurocentric nature. Rosamond states that it is emerged from the process of complex web of actors pursuing their interests within a pluralist political environment.” [2] Neo-functionalism remained a partial theory, good at explaining particular parts of integration but required supplanting by other theories to keep it relevant.  [1] Tranholm-Mikkelsen, Jeppe, ‘Neo-functionalism: Obstinate or Obsolete? A Reappraisal in the Light of the New Dynamism of the EC’, Millennium - Journal of International Studies, Vol. 20, No. 1, pp.1-22,   [2] ‘European Political Theories: Neo – functionalism’, May 2011, Ernst B. Haas, Neo-functionalism, Theory abandonment, Interdependence theories, Economic realm, High politics, Empty chair crisis, Eurocentric, Integration process, Political environment, Partial theory, Supplanting theories, Jeppe Tranholm-Mikkelsen, New dynamism, EC, European Political Theories, Neo-functionalism reappraisal Neo-functionalism, Ernst B. Haas, abandoned theory, Tranholm-Mikkelsen, interdependence theories, international relations, economic realm, high politics, empty chair crisis, Eurocentric, Rosamond, pluralist political environment, partial theory, integration, European Political Theories Neo-functionalism, Ernst B. Haas, theory abandonment, interdependence theories, international relations, economic realm, high politics, empty chair crisis, Eurocentric nature, complex web, actors, pluralist political environment, partial theory, integration, European Political Theories, Tranholm-Mikkelsen, reevaluation, EC, new dynamism, Rosamond Ernst B. Haas, Neo-functionalism, Abandoned Theory, Mid-1970s, General Interdependence Theories, International Relations, Economic Realm, High Politics, Empty Chair Crisis, Eurocentric Nature, Complex Web of Actors, Pluralist Political Environment, Partial Theory, Supplanting Theories, Jeppe Tranholm-Mikkelsen, New Dynamism, European Political Theories, Neo-functionalism Reappraisal Ernst B. Haas, Neo-functionalism, Abandoned theory, Tranholm-Mikkelsen, Interdependence theories, International relations, Economic realm, High politics, Empty chair crisis, Eurocentric, Rosamond, Pluralist political environment, Partial theory, European integration, Political theories, Reappraisal, EC dynamism, Complex web of actors, Integration process, Supplementing theories
test-economy-epehwmrbals-con03a	Development has many facets of which pure economic growth is a priority, especially in the context of a developing nation  It is a nation’s own sovereign decision to decide its own standards and pace itself. It is a sovereign right of self-determination of a nation to freely comply or refuse to comply with international standards. It is unfair to back a developing nation up against a wall and force them to ratify higher standards in return for aid.  It is notable that the countries that have developed fastest have often been those that have ignored the whims of the aid donors. The Asian tigers (Singapore, Hong Kong, South Korea, Taiwan, later followed by South East Asia and China) did not receive aid, but preserved authority over their developmental policies. Their success story does not involve the international labour standards and goes against many of the policy prescriptions, such as free trade, of international institutions, such as the World Bank and the ILO [1] . This shows that nations that follow their national interest rather than bending to the whims of donors are the ones that ultimately do best economically. These states only implement labour standards when they become beneficial; when it is necessary to build and maintain an educated labour force.  [1] Chang, Ha-Joon, “Infant Industry Promotion in Historical Perspective – A Rope to Hang Oneself or a Ladder to Climb With?”, a paper for the conference “Development Theory at the Threshold of the Twenty-first Century”, 2001, development, economic growth, developing nations, sovereign rights, self-determination, international standards, aid, Asian tigers, Singapore, Hong Kong, South Korea, Taiwan, China, international labour standards, World Bank, ILO, national interest, labour standards, infant industry promotion, historical perspective, development theory, twenty-first century development, economic growth, developing nations, sovereignty, self-determination, international standards, aid, Asian tigers, Singapore, Hong Kong, South Korea, Taiwan, China, developmental policies, international labour standards, World Bank, ILO, national interest, labour standards, infant industry, historical perspective, Ha-Joon Chang development, economic growth, developing nations, sovereignty, self-determination, international standards, aid, Asian tigers, Singapore, Hong Kong, South Korea, Taiwan, China, international labour standards, World Bank, ILO, national interest, labour standards, infant industry promotion, historical perspective, Ha-Joon Chang development, economic growth, developing nation, sovereign decision, international standards, aid, Asian tigers, Singapore, Hong Kong, South Korea, Taiwan, China, international labour standards, World Bank, ILO, national interest, donor whims, labour standards, infant industry promotion, Ha-Joon Chang development, economic growth, developing nation, sovereign decision, self-determination, international standards, aid, Asian tigers, Singapore, Hong Kong, South Korea, Taiwan, China, international labour standards, World Bank, ILO, national interest, labour standards, infant industry, historical perspective, development theory
test-economy-bepiehbesa-pro01a	CAP is costly and unfair to other industries  Currently CAP costs the European Union approx. 40% of its whole budget. However, this money is used to provide subsidies for industry that only employs less than 5 % of workforce and creates less than 2 % of GDP. [1] We can easily assume that nearly half of EU’s budget can be used more effectively and can, instead, be used to support other, more potential industries which can boost the currently sluggish economic growth. Moreover, the subsidies for European farmers are so high they can contribute up to 90 % of farmers’ pre-tax income. [2] No other industry has such privileges – when European coal and iron industry became uncompetitive and needed to be slimmed down, the European union did not subsidise the industry to such degree even though such action could have saved thousands of jobs.  [1] Charlemagne, ‘Milking the budget’, The Economist, 22 November 2012,   [2] The Economist, ‘Europe’s farm follies’, 8 December 2005, CAP, EU budget, agricultural subsidies, GDP, workforce, economic growth, farmer income, coal and iron industry, subsidies, competition, economic policy, European Union, farming sector, financial support, industry comparison, budget allocation, economic efficiency, job preservation, financial privilege, economic impact CAP, costly, unfair, European Union, budget, subsidies, industry, workforce, GDP, economic growth, farmers, pre-tax income, coal, iron, uncompetitive, jobs, The Economist, Charlemagne, Europe's farm follies, Milking the budget CAP, costly, unfair, European Union, budget, subsidies, industry, workforce, GDP, economic growth, farmers, pre-tax income, coal, iron, uncompetitive, jobs CAP, costly, unfair, European Union, budget, subsidies, industry, workforce, GDP, economic growth, farmers, pre-tax income, coal, iron, uncompetitive, jobs, Charlemagne, The Economist, Milking the budget, Europe’s farm follies CAP, costly, unfair, industries, European, Union, budget, subsidies, workforce, GDP, effective, economic, growth, potential, farmers, pre-tax, income, coal, iron, competitive, jobs, Charlemagne, The, Economist, farm, follies, milking, budget
test-free-speech-debate-ldhwbmclg-pro02a	Hate speech  The enforcement of the laws proposed in this article will be fraught, complex and difficult. However, the difficulty of administering a law is never a good argument for refusing to enforce it.  The censorship of the written word ended in England with the Lady Chatterley and Oz obscenity trials, but this liberalisation of publication standards has not prevented the state from prosecuting hate speech when it appears in print. It is clear that, although we have more latitude than ever to say or write what we want (no matter how objectionable), standards and taboos continue to exist. We can take it that these taboos are especially important and valuable to the running of a stable society, as they have persisted despite the legal and cultural changes that have taken place over the last fifty years.  Hate speech is prosecuted and censored because of its power to intrude into the lives of individuals who have not consented to receive it. As pointed out in Jeremy Waldron’s response [1] to Timothy Garton Ash’s piece [2] on hate speech, hateful comments are not dangerous because they insight gullible individuals to abandon their inhibitions and engage in race riots. Hate speech is harmful because it recreates- cheaply and in front of a very large audience- an atmosphere in which vulnerable minorities are put in fear of becoming the targets of violence and prejudice. Additionally, hate speech harms by defaming groups, by propagating lies and half-truths about practices and beliefs, with the objective of socially isolating those groups.  Gangsta rap does all of these things, yet legal responses to the publication of songs containing such lyrics as “Rape a pregnant bitch and tell my friends I had a threesome,” have been timid at best. Even if we maintain our liberal approach to taboo breaking forms of expression, we can still link hip hop to many of the harms that hate speech produces.  Gangsta rap gives the impression that African-American and Latin-American neighbourhoods throughout the USA are violent, lawless places. Even if the pronouncements of rappers such as 50 cent and NWA are overblown or fictitious they enforce social division by vividly discouraging people from entering or interacting with poor minority communities. They damage those communities directly by creating a fear of criminality that serves to limit trust and cohesion among individual community members. Finally, violent hip hop is also defamatory. It propagates an image of minority communities that emphasises violence, poverty and nihilism, whilst loudly proclaiming its authenticity. It is completely irrelevant that these images of minority communities are produced by members of those communities.  It is on this basis, however protracted the process of classification must become, that the content of hip hop songs should be assessed and censored. Liberal democracies are prepared to go to great lengths to adjudicate on speech that could potentially promote racial or religious hatred. The same standards should be applied to hip hop music, because it is capable of producing identical harms.  [1] Waldron, J. “The harm of hate speech”. FreeSpeechDebate, 20 March 2012.  [2] Garton-Ash, T. “Living with difference”. FreeSpeechDebate, 22 January 2012. hate speech, enforcement, laws, censorship, written word, England, Lady Chatterley, Oz obscenity trials, prosecution, print, taboos, stable society, individuals, consent, targets, violence, prejudice, defamation, groups, lies, half-truths, isolation, gangsta rap, legal responses, songs, lyrics, rape, pregnant, violence, social division, minority communities, trust, cohesion, defamatory, authenticity, liberal democracies, adjudication, racial, religious hatred, hip hop music, identical harms hate speech, enforcement, complexity, laws, censorship, Lady Chatterley, Oz obscenity trials, legal standards, taboos, stability, society, prosecution, free speech, Jeremy Waldron, Timothy Garton Ash, race riots, violence, prejudice, defamation, social isolation, gangsta rap, hip hop, 50 Cent, NWA, African-American, Latin-American, violence, lawlessness, community, trust, cohesion, racial hatred, religious hatred, free speech debate, liberal democracy, content assessment, music censorship hate speech, enforcement, laws, censorship, Lady Chatterley, Oz obscenity trials, publication standards, taboos, stable society, individual consent, intrusion, violence, prejudice, defamatory, social isolation, gangsta rap, legal responses, hip hop, harms, African-American, Latin-American, neighbourhoods, social division, criminality, trust, cohesion, violent imagery, racial hatred, religious hatred, content assessment, censorship standards hate speech, enforcement, laws, censorship, Lady Chatterley, Oz obscenity trials, publication standards, taboos, stable society,Prosecution, censored, power, intrusion, non-consent, minorities, violence, prejudice, defaming, lies, half-truths, social isolation, gangsta rap, legal responses, hip hop, harms, African-American, Latin-American, neighbourhoods, violence, lawlessness, social division, trust, cohesion, authenticity, classification, liberal democracies, racial, religious, Waldron, Garton-Ash hate speech, enforcement, laws, censorship, written word, Lady Chatterley, Oz obscenity trials, publication standards, legal, cultural changes, taboos, stable society, individual rights, intrusion, consent, vulnerable minorities, violence, prejudice, defamation, lies, social isolation, gangsta rap, legal responses, hip hop, harms, African-American, Latin-American, neighbourhoods, social division, criminality, community trust, cohesion, violent hip hop, defamation, minority communities, authenticity, classification, racial hatred, religious hatred, adjudication, free speech
test-society-cpisydfphwj-con01a	Facebook is bad for life satisfaction  Every single day, there are millions of users sharing photographs, messages and comments across Facebook. Unfortunately, this type of “online socialization” that Facebook has initiated is nothing but detrimental to the teenagers, the most frequent users of the platform. The emotion which is most common when staying online is envy. “Endlessly comparing themselves with peers who have doctored their photographs, amplified their achievements and plagiarised their bons mots can leave Facebook’s users more than a little green-eyed.”(1)  Not only do they get envious, but they also lose their self esteem. As a result, they have the tendency to be isolated and find it harder to socialize and make new friends due to the bad impression they have for themselves. In a poll, 53 per cent of the respondents said the launch of social networking sites had changed their behaviour - and of those, 51 per cent said the impact had been negative.(2 ) One study also backs this statistics up by finding that the more the participants used the site, the more their life satisfaction levels declined.(3)  In conclusion, daily use of social networks has a negative effect on the health of all children and teenagers by making them more prone to anxiety, depression, and other psychological disorders.(4)  (1) “Facebook is bad for you”, The Economist, Aug 17th 2013   (2) Laura Donnelly “Facebook and Twitter feed anxiety, study finds” The Telegraph, 08 Jul 2012   (3) “Facebook use 'makes people feel worse about themselves' “, BBC News, 15 August 2013   (4) Larry Rose ”Social Networking’s Good and Bad Impacts on Kids“ American Psychological Association August 6, 2011 Facebook, life satisfaction, online socialization, teenagers, envy, self-esteem, isolation, socializing, behavior change, negative impact, anxiety, depression, psychological disorders, social networks, health, Laura Donnelly, The Telegraph, The Economist, BBC News, American Psychological Association, Larry Rose Facebook, life satisfaction, teenagers, online socialization, envy, self-esteem, isolation, socialization, polls, behavior change, negative impact, anxiety, depression, psychological disorders, social networks, health, children, studies, user experience, social media effects Facebook, life satisfaction, online socialization, teenagers, envy, self-esteem, isolation, socialization, anxiety, depression, psychological disorders, social networking, health, children, daily use, negative impact, social media, peer comparison, achievements, photographs, comments, messages, behavior change, users, detrimental, mental health, well-being, loneliness, social skills, emotional health, online environment, digital communication, psychological effects, social media addiction, stress, well-being decline, digital footprint, online presence, societal impact, online interactions, social comparison, mental well-being, online behavior, cyberbullying, social withdrawal, digital detox, technology Facebook, life satisfaction, online socialization, detrimental, teenagers, envy, self-esteem, isolation, socialization, anxiety, depression, psychological disorders, social networking, behavior change, negative impact, health, children, study findings, emotional well-being, peer comparison, social media effects Facebook, life satisfaction, online socialization, detrimental, teenagers, envy, self-esteem, isolation, socialization, behavior change, negative impact, anxiety, depression, psychological disorders, social networking sites, health, children, daily use, study findings, The Economist, The Telegraph, BBC News, American Psychological Association
test-society-tsmihwurpp-con03a	Profiling exacerbates terrorism as it reinforces the perception that Muslims and marginalised ethnic groups face prejudice.  The reality is that if a plane can be held up with a box-cutter, a broken glass bottle from duty free or flammable alcohol from the same source could be just as threatening.  However, increased use of air marshals- armed plainclothes police officers who travel secretly on certain flights- means that even these desperate tactics are likely to be ineffectual.  Institutionalising prejudice and assumption will add legitimacy and grativas to terrorist propaganda that seeks to radicalise curious or confused young people.  Not only is profiling ineffectual, it is likely to exacerbate the situation. profiling, terrorism, prejudice, Muslims, ethnic, groups, plane, security, box-cutter, glass, bottle, flammable, alcohol, air, marshals, armed, police, officers, flights, tactics, ineffectual, institutionalising, assumption, radicalise, young, people, exacerbate, situation profiling, terrorism, Muslims, ethnic-groups, prejudice, plane-security, box-cutter, air-marshals, institutionalised-prejudice, terrorist-propaganda, radicalisation, ineffectual-security, exacerbation-terrorism, young-people, security-measures, ineffective-profiling, marginalised-communities, travel-security, radicalisation-risk, prejudiced-perception profiling, terrorism, prejudice, Muslims, ethnic-groups, plane-security, box-cutter, air-marshals, institutionalised-prejudice, radicalisation, young-people, ineffective-profiling, security-measures, terrorist-propaganda profiling, exacerbates, terrorism, reinforces, perception, Muslims, marginalised, ethnic, groups, prejudice, plane, security, box-cutter, broken, glass, bottle, duty, free, flammable, alcohol, air, marshals, armed, plainclothes, police, officers, flights, desperate, tactics, ineffectual, institutionalising, assumption, legitimacy, grativas, terrorist, propaganda, radicalise, curious, confused, young, people, ineffectual, situation Profiling, terrorism, Muslims, ethnic groups, prejudice, plane security, box-cutter, duty free, air marshals, institutionalised prejudice, terrorist propaganda, radicalisation, ineffectual, exacerbate
test-international-aghwrem-con03a	Re-engagement will weaken the reform movement  International and domestic pressure has forced the military junta to set up a nominal civilian government. It is important to make sure that change goes further and becomes meaningful. This will involve bringing into force a fair constitution, curbing human rights violations and bringing its perpetrators to justice, and creating conditions for legitimate democratic elections to take place. By reengaging at this juncture, the signal the ruling elite in Myanmar will get is that this piecemeal, nominal change is sufficient to hold them in good stead in the international political arena for a longer period. It would also be a betrayal of the pro-democracy supporters in Myanmar, who continue to be cast out of the constitutional process and have little actual political influence under the existing system.1  1 Thanegi, Ma, ‘Burma sanctions: The case against’, BBC news, ‘4 March 2002’. re-engagement, reform movement, international pressure, domestic pressure, military junta, civilian government, meaningful change, fair constitution, human rights violations, justice, democratic elections, pro-democracy supporters, constitutional process, political influence, Burma, sanctions, Ma Thanegi, BBC news re-engagement, reform movement, international pressure, domestic pressure, military junta, nominal civilian government, meaningful change, fair constitution, human rights violations, justice, democratic elections, ruling elite, Myanmar, piecemeal change, pro-democracy supporters, constitutional process, political influence, Burma sanctions, BBC news Re-engagement, Reform Movement, International Pressure, Domestic Pressure, Military Junta, Nominal Civilian Government, Meaningful Change, Fair Constitution, Human Rights Violations, Justice, Democratic Elections, Pro-Democracy Supporters, Constitutional Process, Political Influence, Burma Sanctions, BBC News Re-engagement, reform movement, international pressure, domestic pressure, military junta, civilian government, meaningful change, fair constitution, human rights violations, justice, democratic elections, ruling elite, Myanmar, pro-democracy supporters, constitutional process, political influence, sanctions, Burma Re-engagement, reform movement, international pressure, domestic pressure, military junta, nominal civilian government, meaningful change, fair constitution, human rights violations, justice, legitimate democratic elections, ruling elite, Myanmar, piecemeal change, pro-democracy supporters, constitutional process, political influence, Burma sanctions, BBC news
test-economy-epehwmrbals-con02a	There is nothing wrong with individualised standards. It is the question on implementing them better and not raising standards  The chances that these international labour standards are even relevant to these developing nations are low. For example, India need not ratify the two core conventions on protecting trade union rights because these are rights that pertain to workers in formal employment. A majority of India’s workforce is not in formal employment, and hence not covered by any legal provisions. Similarly in many developing economies a large portion of the workforce is engaged in subsistence farming, something that labour standards are never going to apply to as those involved will do whatever they need to in order to get by. Therefore, there needs to be a different standard applied to the situation specific problems. What needs to be recognised is how no to low labour standards in developing countries can be a significant improvement over the only alternative that was previously available; subsistence farming. One size fits all does not work in such a diverse global economy and donors should recognise the benefits of helping development to bring people out of subsistence farming. individualised standards, implementing, raising standards, international labour standards, developing nations, India, ratify, core conventions, trade union rights, formal employment, legal provisions, subsistence farming, labour standards, situation specific, significant improvement, subsistence farming, one size fits all, diverse global economy, donors, development, bringing people out individualised standards, implementing, raising standards, international labour standards, developing nations, India, trade union rights, formal employment, legal provisions, subsistence farming, situation specific problems, no to low labour standards, significant improvement, subsistence farming, diverse global economy, donors, development, workforce, core conventions, formal sector, informal sector, economic diversity, global labour standards, regulatory flexibility, development aid, poverty reduction, formalization strategies, inclusive growth, sustainable development, worker rights, labour market, economic policies, international development, employment conditions, informal economy, economic improvement, policy adaptation, context-based policies, tailored solutions, economic context, individualised standards, implementing, raising standards, international labour standards, developing nations, relevance, India, core conventions, trade union rights, formal employment, legal provisions, subsistence farming, labour standards, situation specific problems, significant improvement, one size fits all, diverse global economy, donors, development, bringing people out of subsistence farming individualised standards, implementation, international labour standards, developing nations, India, trade union rights, formal employment, legal provisions, subsistence farming, situation specific problems, low labour standards, global economy, donors, development, poverty alleviation individualised standards, implementing, raising standards, international labour standards, developing nations, India, ratify, core conventions, trade union rights, formal employment, legal provisions, subsistence farming, labour standards, situation specific, diverse global economy, donors, development, subsistence farming, one size fits all
test-culture-cgeeghwmeo-con01a	In the current environment, moves to make English the official language are specifically targeted at Hispanic immigrants  Historically, efforts to declare English the official language tend to come up when certain elements in the American body politic become threatened. It became an issue in the First World War, when resentment rose against German immigrants, and the present movement, though nominally not signalling anyone out, is clearly aimed at Hispanics.  This can be inferred from the fact that they are by far the largest non-English linguistic group in the country, and on occasion such views have been let slip, as the leader of one of the largest lobbying groups for a National Language did.[1]  Even if such legislation is not aimed specifically at Hispanics, everyone will assume that it is, and many Hispanics will nevertheless believe that they are the intended targets.  The practical result of this will be the alienation of the Hispanic population as many Hispanics see themselves under attack, which will cause many Hispanics to concentrate together, undermining many of the arguments for assimilation the government has made.  Furthermore, to the extent it stigmatizes Spanish speakers as the ‘other’, it may well encourage bullying against Hispanic students, and discrimination against those who can’t speak English, who are a far larger group than those who chose not to speak it.  [1] ‘English Only Movement FAQ File’, Mass. English Plus, English, official language, Hispanic immigrants, American politics, First World War, German immigrants, legislation, alienation, Hispanic population, assimilation, government, stigmatization, Spanish speakers, bullying, discrimination, English Only Movement, Mass. English Plus English official language, Hispanic immigrants, American body politic, threatened, First World War, German immigrants, National Language, Hispanic population, alienation, assimilation, bullying, discrimination, Spanish speakers, English Only Movement English, official language, Hispanic immigrants, historical context, American politics, threat perception, First World War, German immigrants, linguistic groups, national language, legislation, alienation, Hispanic population, assimilation, stigma, Spanish speakers, bullying, discrimination, English Plus English, official language, Hispanic immigrants, American body politic, threatened, First World War, German immigrants, present movement, largest non-English linguistic group, lobbying groups, National Language, legislation, Hispanic population, alienation, assimilation, stigmatizes, Spanish speakers, bullying, discrimination, English Plus English, official language, Hispanic immigrants, American body politic, threatened, First World War, German immigrants, present movement, non-English linguistic group, lobbying groups, National Language, legislation, Hispanic population, alienation, assimilation, stigmatizes, Spanish speakers, bullying, Hispanic students, discrimination, English Plus
test-health-hpehwadvoee-pro05a	Greater awareness will increase donations  There is a clear need around the world for more donors of organs. In the UK there are about 4000 transplants a year but there are always more waiting, in November 2012 there were 7593 people waiting so on average each will be waiting for almost two years. [1] In Germany there are over 12,000 waiting but only 2777 donations in 2012. [2] The sacrifice of individual relatives who willingly choose death to save their loved ones therefore brings the need for donations into focus. The media are likely to present heart-breaking stories about loving people who made the ultimate sacrifice. As a consequence, more people will be aware of the issue and wish to fill in donor cards so that they might be able to minimise the number of voluntary donations in the event of their death. Thus there will be more naturally donated organs available and more lives will be saved.  [1] NHS Choices, “Introduction”, 19 October 2012,   [2] Lütticke, Marcus, “Germany lags behind in organ donations”, Deutsche Welle, 4 January 2013, Awareness, Donations, Organ, Donors, Transplants, UK, Waiting, Germany, Sacrifice, Relatives, Media, Stories, Donor, Cards, Naturally, Available, Lives, Saved organ donations, awareness, transplants, waiting lists, NHS Choices, Germany, media impact, donor cards, voluntary donations, life-saving greater awareness, increase donations, need, world, donors, organs, UK, transplants, waiting, Germany, donations, sacrifice, relatives, media, heart-breaking stories, loving people, ultimate sacrifice, donor cards, naturally donated organs, lives saved, NHS Choices, Deutsche Welle greater awareness, increase donations, organ donors, UK transplants, waiting list, Germany donations, individual sacrifice, media influence, donor cards, voluntary donations, naturally donated organs, lives saved organ donation, awareness, transplants, waiting lists, UK, Germany, media impact, donor cards, voluntary donations, life-saving, sacrifice, loved ones, heart-breaking stories, NHS Choices, Deutsche Welle
test-international-aahwstdrtfm-pro03a	Should not ignore the will of 1.3billion  A small African country should not ignore one sixth of the world’s population. To recognise a tiny country of 23million over one of 1.3billion is being unjust to a huge portion of humanity. When there is such an imbalance in population it is clear that the democratic path is to recognise the side with the greater population. When all the states that have recognised Taiwan finally transfer recognition to the PRC Taiwan may finally recognise that it would be best off returning to China. By changing its recognition São Tomé and other small countries can do their bit to ensure peace in East Asia. 1.3billion, small African country, population imbalance, democratic path, greater population, Taiwan, PRC, recognition, São Tomé, East Asia, peace, China democratic,path,population,imbalance,recognition,PRC,Taiwan,São,Tomé,East,Asia,peace,justice,humanity China, Taiwan, São Tomé, recognition, population, democratic path, peace, East Asia, PRC, 1.3billion, 23million, African country, imbalance, humanity, justice, states, political recognition, diplomacy, international relations, sovereignty democracy, population, China, Taiwan, São Tomé, recognition, East Asia, peace, imbalance, humanity, small country, PRC, justice, international relations, global politics, diplomatic recognition, UN, world population, ethical considerations, geopolitical strategy will, 1.3billion, small, African, country, ignore, population, recognise, tiny, 23million, unjust, humanity, imbalance, democratic, path, greater, states, Taiwan, PRC, returning, China, changing, recognition, São Tomé, peace, East Asia
test-international-epvhwhranet-con01a	Significant changes in the past have not been put to popular vote.  In the past treaties with more far reaching consequences have been ratified by ruling parliaments without ever going to popular vote. For example the 1986 Act establishing a Single Market and the 1996 Maastricht Treaty. These treaties gave the EU power in economic regulation, immigration and monetary policy and yet were not put to majority voting. It was understood that progress was important and popular voting could halt progress. If these changes were made it is nonsensical that treaties with less significance should use a referendum. significant changes, past, popular vote, treaties, far-reaching consequences, ruling parliaments, 1986 Act, Single Market, 1996 Maastricht Treaty, EU power, economic regulation, immigration, monetary policy, progress, popular voting, halt progress, less significance, referendum Significant changes, popular vote, treaties, far-reaching consequences, ruling parliaments, 1986 Act, Single Market, 1996 Maastricht Treaty, EU power, economic regulation, immigration, monetary policy, progress, referendum, less significance significant changes, popular vote, treaties, ruling parliaments, 1986 Act, Single Market, 1996 Maastricht Treaty, EU power, economic regulation, immigration, monetary policy, progress, referendum, less significance significant changes, popular vote, past treaties, ruling parliaments, 1986 Act, Single Market, 1996 Maastricht Treaty, EU power, economic regulation, immigration, monetary policy, progress, referendums, less significant treaties significant changes, popular vote, treaties, ruling parliaments, 1986 Act, Single Market, 1996 Maastricht Treaty, EU power, economic regulation, immigration, monetary policy, progress, popular voting, referendum, less significance
test-international-iighbopcc-pro03a	It is too late for half measures  Two degrees Celsius has generally been regarded as that safe level which agreements should be aiming for. This agreement does not go so far with it expected to keep the temperature increase to around 2.7 degrees if everyone sticks to their commitments and makes deeper ones after 2030. [1] Unfortunately however the world will still most likely be heading towards a 3.5 degrees rise if no further cuts are made later. [2] Now is the time to be much more ambitious and part of that means binding cuts to prevent backsliding or those agreeing carrying on as usual.  [1] Nuttall, Nick, ‘Global Response to Climate Change Keeps Door Open to 2 Degree C Temperature Limit’, UNFCCC Press Office, 30 October 2015,   [2] Romm, Joe, ‘Misleading U.N. Report Confuses Media on Paris Climate Talks’, thinkprogress.org, 3 November 2015, climate change, two degrees Celsius, safe level, agreements, temperature increase, commitments, 2030, 3.5 degrees, ambitious goals, binding cuts, backsliding, UNFCCC, Paris Climate Talks, Nick Nuttall, Joe Romm, thinkprogress.org climate change, global warming, temperature increase, 2 degrees Celsius, 2.7 degrees, 3.5 degrees, Paris agreement, UNFCCC, Nick Nuttall, Joe Romm, climate commitments, binding cuts, carbon emissions, backsliding, climate ambition, media confusion, climate negotiations, thinkprogress.org, UN climate report climate change, global warming, temperature rise, 2 degrees Celsius, Paris Agreement, commitments, 2030, 2.7 degrees, 3.5 degrees, ambitious goals, binding cuts, UNFCCC, thinkprogress, media confusion, Nick Nuttall, Joe Romm, backsliding, carbon emissions, environmental policy, international agreements climate change, two degrees Celsius, temperature increase, Paris Agreement, global warming, UNFCCC, Nick Nuttall, Joe Romm, thinkprogress.org, binding cuts, ambitious targets, backsliding, media confusion, 2030 commitments, 3.5 degrees rise climate change, global warming, 2 degrees Celsius, safe level, agreements, temperature increase, 2.7 degrees, 3.5 degrees, commitments, 2030, ambitious, binding cuts, backsliding, UNFCCC, Paris Climate Talks, media, confusion
test-law-sdfclhrppph-pro04a	Holocaust Denial  Speech acts lead to physical acts. Thus pornography, hate speech and political polemic are causally linked to rape, hate crimes, and insurrection.  Both scientific creationism and Holocaust denial have serious, and dangerous, hidden agendas. Deniers of the Nanjing Massacre believe that the Japanese did nothing wrong in the Second World War and continue to claim that it was a war of liberation against western colonialism - feeding Japanese militarism today. Holocaust deniers, in claiming that a Jewish conspiracy is responsible for the widespread belief that six million Jews were murdered by the Nazis, are closely allied to anti-Semitism and neo-Nazism. We should not allow such views the legitimacy which being debated gives them. Holocaust denial, hate speech, causality, pornography, hate crimes, insurrection, scientific creationism, hidden agendas, Nanjing Massacre, Japanese militarism, anti-Semitism, neo-Nazism, legitimacy, debate, Jewish conspiracy, Nazi atrocities, World War II, liberation narrative, colonialism Holocaust, denial, speech, acts, pornography, hate, crimes, insurrection, scientific, creationism, Nanjing, Massacre, Japanese, militarism, anti-Semitism, neo-Nazism, debate, legitimacy Holocaust, Denial, Speech, Acts, Physical, Causal, Link, Pornography, Hate, Crimes, Insurrection, Scientific, Creationism, Hidden, Agendas, Dangerous, Nanjing, Massacre, Japanese, Militarism, WWII, Liberation, Colonialism, Conspiracy, Jews, Murdered, Nazis, Anti-Semitism, Neo-Nazism, Legitimacy, Debate Holocaust denial, speech acts, physical acts, pornography, hate speech, political polemic, rape, hate crimes, insurrection, scientific creationism, hidden agendas, Nanjing Massacre, Japanese militarism, Jewish conspiracy, anti-Semitism, neo-Nazism, legitimacy, debate Holocaust denial, hate speech, pornography, causality, rape, hate crimes, insurrection, scientific creationism, hidden agendas, Nanjing Massacre, Japanese militarism, anti-Semitism, neo-Nazism, legitimacy, debate, Jewish conspiracy, Nazis, World War II, war crimes
test-politics-dhbanhrnw-pro03a	Nuclear weapons give states valuable agenda-setting power on the international stage  The issues discussed in international forums are largely set by nuclear powers. The permanent membership of the United Nations Security Council, for example, is composed only of nuclear powers, the same states that had nuclear weapons at the end of World War II. If all countries possess nuclear weapons, they redress the imbalance with regard to international clout, at least to the extent to which military capacity shapes states’ interactions with each other. [1] Furthermore, the current world order is grossly unfair, based on the historical anachronism of the post-World War II era. The nuclear powers, wanting to retain their position of dominance in the wake of the post-war chaos, sought to entrench their position, convincing smaller nations to sign up to non-proliferation agreements and trying to keep the nuclear club exclusive. It is only right, in terms of fairness that states not allow themselves the ability to possess certain arms while denying that right to others. Likewise, it is unfair in that it denies states, particularly those incapable of building large conventional militaries, the ability to defend themselves, relegating them to an inferior status on the world stage. [2] To finally level the international playing field and allow equal treatment to all members of the congress of nations, states must have the right to develop nuclear weapons.  [1] Fearon, James D. 1994. “Signaling Versus the Balance of Power and Interests: An Empirical Test of a Crisis Bargaining Model”. Journal of Conflict Resolution 38(2).  [2] Betts, Richard K. 1987. Nuclear blackmail and nuclear balance. Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution. Nuclear weapons, international stage, agenda-setting power, United Nations Security Council, nuclear powers, World War II, non-proliferation agreements, global fairness, military capacity, international clout, defense capability, crisis bargaining, nuclear balance, international order, historical anachronism, nuclear club, inferior status, equal treatment, states' rights, world stage, international relations, nuclear proliferation, global security, disarmament, power dynamics, international forums, military strategy, state interactions, balance of power, nuclear deterrence, global justice, defense equality, small nations, post-war era, international law, arms control, security studies, Nuclear weapons, international stage, agenda-setting power, United Nations Security Council, nuclear powers, World War II, non-proliferation agreements, fairness, military capacity, defensive capabilities, international clout, crisis bargaining, nuclear balance, nuclear blackmail, global equality, military defense, international relations, state sovereignty, nuclear proliferation, international order, historical anachronism, power dynamics, international justice, security studies, disarmament, deterrence theory, geopolitical influence Nuclear weapons, international stage, agenda-setting power, United Nations Security Council, nuclear powers, post-World War II, non-proliferation agreements, fairness, military capacity, conventional militaries, crisis bargaining, nuclear balance, nuclear blackmail, international clout, global equality, defense capabilities, world order, historical anachronism, exclusive nuclear club, equal treatment, states' rights, international playing field Nuclear weapons, international stage, agenda-setting power, United Nations Security Council, nuclear powers, World War II, non-proliferation agreements, military capacity, international clout, global fairness, defensive capabilities, crisis bargaining, nuclear balance, international playing field, state rights, nuclear development Nuclear weapons, agenda-setting power, international stage, United Nations Security Council, nuclear powers, World War II, international clout, military capacity, world order, historical anachronism, post-World War II, non-proliferation agreements, nuclear club, fairness, states rights, conventional militaries, international playing field, equal treatment, crisis bargaining, nuclear balance, nuclear blackmail
test-economy-bepighbdb-con03a	Political regime has a limited impact on development  It can be argued that a good economic policy, such as China’s economic policies, have helped development. But a free market policy can be done with any form of government, and cannot be exclusively attached to a dictatorship or a democracy. Any political system can use it. Although it has been noted that South Korea was an autocracy during economic ‘takeoff’ its economy has also grown significantly since democratization with GNI per capita growing from $3,320 in 1987 to $22,670 in 2012. [1]  Another example is that Spanish economic growth in the 1950-2000 period. The 1960s economic miracle in Spain was not necessarily caused by Franco’s regime – he controlled the country in the 1950s, when the country did not have such economic success. In 1959, Franco opened up the Spanish economy internationally, ending the isolationist economic policies established following the Civil War so making the country free market bringing dividends. As a result Spain also grew economically after the collapse of the Franco government, continuing on following on from EU membership.  [1] The World Bank, ‘GNI per capita, Atlas method (current US$)’, data.worldbank.org, Political regime, economic development, China, economic policy, free market, dictatorship, democracy, South Korea, autocracy, democratization, GNI per capita, Spain, Franco, 1960s economic miracle, EU membership, World Bank, GNI data Political regime, economic development, China, economic policies, free market, government forms, democracy, dictatorship, South Korea, autocracy, GNI per capita, Spain, economic growth, Franco, isolationist policies, EU membership, World Bank Political regime, economic development, economic policy, China, free market, government form, democracy, dictatorship, South Korea, autocracy, GNI per capita, Spain, 1960s economic miracle, Franco, isolationist policies, EU membership, World Bank, GNI per capita data Political regime, development, economic policy, China, free market, government form, dictatorship, democracy, South Korea, autocracy, economic takeoff, GNI per capita, Spanish economic growth, 1960s economic miracle, Franco’s regime, isolationist policies, EU membership, World Bank, GNI per capita data Political regime, economic development, China, economic policies, free market, government form, South Korea, autocracy, democratization, GNI per capita, Spain, Franco, 1960s economic miracle, EU membership, World Bank, GNI data
test-philosophy-elhbrd-con02a	Once the moral absolute is broken, there is no other credible point before the right to use becomes standardised.  It is easy to say that this social move would not lead to healthy thirty year olds walking into emergency rooms and asking to end it all because they had just broken up with their partner or been sacked. However, it’s rather difficult to see why it should not. Proposition says that all this would do is extend the right to commit suicide to those currently incapable of performing the act themselves but that isn’t so. It also extends the surety of success and of a medically painless procedure that is not available to the teenager with a razorblade or the bankrupt with a bottle of pills and another of vodka. For the sake of exactly the equality of approach, it seems only fair to do so. Proposition are attempting to pick the easy bits of the case but, by doing so, they leave contradictions in their case, why shouldn’t the right to die be universal? They know the reason; society would reject the idea out of hand, regardless of its merits. As a result they draw an arbitrary line simply because it is difficult to argue this right as a response to poverty or grief or addiction. They could argue that all of those things “might” get better. Well similarly a cure for cancer “might” be invented. The only consistent argument is either a universal ban or a universal acceptance. Anything else is an argument about where to draw the line; such approaches tend to lead to a gradual, slippery descent away from the original intentions of legislators. Whatever the initial legislation, it would likely be a matter of days before the court cases started. moral absolute, right to use, social move, healthy thirty year olds, emergency rooms, right to die, suicide, medically painless procedure, equality of approach, universal right, arbitrary line, slippery descent, initial legislation, court cases moral absolute, right to use, social move, healthy thirty year olds, emergency rooms, commit suicide, medically painless procedure, equality of approach, right to die, universal acceptance, arbitrary line, slippery descent, legislators, court cases moral absolutes, right to use, social move, healthy thirty year olds, emergency rooms, suicide, equality of approach, right to die, universal right, arbitrary line, slippery slope, legislators, court cases, euthanasia, assisted suicide, societal norms, legal boundaries, moral arguments, ethical dilemmas moral absolute, right to use, social move, healthy thirty year olds, emergency rooms, commit suicide, medically painless procedure, equality of approach, universal right to die, arbitrary line, slippery descent, initial legislation, court cases, ethical boundaries, legislative intent, societal rejection, inconsistency in law, humanitarian approach, end-of-life choices moral absolute, right to use, social move, healthy individuals, emergency rooms, suicide, capability, medical procedure, equality, universal right, contradictions, arbitrary line, society rejection, poverty, grief, addiction, cure for cancer, consistent argument, universal ban, universal acceptance, slippery slope, legislation, court cases
test-culture-thbcsbptwhht-pro02a	Cultural appropriation is parallel to stolen intellectual property and should be treated in the same way.  There are high standards of global intellectual property laws such as copyright and patenting for things such as medicines, and creative designs. However, these laws only apply to a few areas so this proposal would effectively widen its remit by taking intellectual property as a template for what might be considered ‘cultural property’. Many minority communities, including the Native American Navajo tribe have had their names, designs, and culture stolen or misused and have not received compensation. This highlights the embedded systematic inequalities where justice may not be brought to those of minority cultures. Reparations, monetary or otherwise, should be paid in these cases as other case studies [1].  The closest this has actually come to happening is with the Native American Navajo community. They had their name printed and used on products such as underwear, dresses and hipflasks at the popular retail store Urban Outfitters [2]. There was outrage in the community and a 'cease and desist' notice was filed in court for the products to be recalled. In addition to this the Navajo tribe called for monetary reparations to compensate for the damage done in the name of their community however, this was not granted. As the Navajo name was copyrighted this case was made much simpler before the law – as we propose cultural property theft should be.  It is important to point out that many other communities which have been exploited previously have not copyrighted their name and so do not have this same opportunity [3]. This is important as with many cases, the outcome may have not resulted in anything further.  The practise of reparations should be used universally as it is disrespectful to misuse the names, symbols and property of other cultures without consent.  In a democracy where everybody is equal before the law, communities and individuals should be able to sue those for not giving recognition, or misusing cultural practises that have historic meaning and importance. Culture is embedded in communities with long standing traditions, theories and practises. This is evident as we do not (yet) have a single global culture, even though one might argue there is one slowly emerging.  [1] Schutte, Shane, ‘6 famous copyright cases’, realbusiness, 11th August 2014,   [2] Siek, Stephanie, ‘Navajo Nation sues Urban Outfitters for alleged trademark infringement’, CNN, 2nd March 2012,   [3] Johnson, Maisha J., ‘What is wrong with cultural appropriation; These 9 Answers Reveal Its Harm’, everydayfeminism, 14th June 2015, cultural appropriation, stolen intellectual property, global intellectual property laws, copyright, patenting, medicines, creative designs, minority communities, Native American, Navajo tribe, names, designs, culture, misused, compensation, systematic inequalities, reparations, monetary, Urban Outfitters, cease and desist, lawsuit, products, trademarks, democracy, equal before the law, cultural practices, historic meaning, global culture, Shane Schutte, Stephanie Siek, Maisha J. 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test-free-speech-debate-magghbcrg-con03a	Community radio is just a platform, there is nothing innately democratic about it.  To associate a medium with a particular virtue is missing the point. Radio has been used for atrocity and tyranny (Rwanda would be an obvious example) just as much as the promotion and development of democracy. Equally the suggestion that community radio has a more significant role to play in this regard as opposed to, say, the BBC world Service, is ignoring the facts.  Particular media cannot be said to support democratic renewal any more than particular languages can. Equally, the revolutions of 1989 demonstrated the reality that taking control of the national radio station is, in some situations, more important than seizing the Presidential Palace. Neither the ‘community’ element nor the ‘radio’ aspect are innately democratic.  Different media have, undeniably, produced different types of social change – but they all have possibilities for democratic progress [i] .  [i] Sedra, Mark, Revolution 2.0: democracy promotion in the age of social media. The Globe and Mail. 2 February 2011. community radio, democracy, media, tyranny, Rwanda, BBC World Service, democratic renewal, languages, social change, Revolution 2.0, Mark Sedra, The Globe and Mail Community radio, democratic virtues, media neutrality, Rwanda genocide, BBC World Service, media influence, democratic renewal, language impact, 1989 revolutions, national radio station, presidential palace, social media, democratic progress, Mark Sedra, Revolution 2.0, The Globe and Mail Community radio, democratic, platform, Rwanda, atrocity, tyranny, BBC World Service, democratic renewal, languages, national radio station, Presidential Palace, social media, Revolution 2.0, Mark Sedra, The Globe and Mail community radio, democracy, media, Rwanda, BBC World Service, democratic renewal, languages, social change, presidential palace, Sedra, Revolution 2.0, democracy promotion, social media community radio, democracy, media, atrocities, tyranny, Rwanda, BBC World Service, democratic renewal, languages, social change, Sedra, Mark, Revolution 2.0, democracy promotion, social media, national radio station, Presidential Palace, media possibilities, democratic progress
test-free-speech-debate-yfsdfkhbwu-con01a	Argument One: Contact leads to the dissemination of values  There is certainly some evidence to suggest the view that trade with a country can benefit human rights as increased wealth provides many with more choice and better standards of living. [i] Certainly that argument has been made by governments and multi-nationals based in the West. It is not unreasonable to suspect that this may relate to academic cooperation as well, as Richard Levin suggests in the introduction. However it seems likely that in this latter case, as in the former, that a gradualist approach is the sensible one to take. We build on existing strengths while agreeing to differ in certain areas. To extend the trade example, China, the US and the EU all manage to trade with each other despite differing approaches to the death penalty. They trust that through cooperation over time, changes can be achieved. This will happen slowly in some instances – as with the ‘drip, drip’ affect in China - or quickly in others as has been the case in Burma [ii] .  On key difference to note with the shift towards establishing elite universities around the world rather than shipping the world’s elite in to attend them in the UK and the US is that it opens opportunities to a much wider social group. For decades a small handful – children of the wealthy and political elite - have had the opportunity to have a Western education before returning home as well-educated tyrants and sycophants. Expanding the learning opportunities to the rest of the nation seems both just and reasonable.  [i] Sirico, Robert A., ‘Free Trade and Human Rights: The Moral Case for Engagement’, CATO Institute, Trade Briefing Paper no.2, 17 July 1998  [ii] Education has long been seen as a critical starting point for the development of human rights in any country as is examined in this UNESCO report . contact, dissemination, values, trade, human rights, wealth, choice, standards of living, governments, multi-nationals, West, academic cooperation, gradualist approach, existing strengths, differing areas, cooperation, changes, China, US, EU, death penalty, elite universities, wider social group, Western education, well-educated tyrants, sycophants, learning opportunities, moral case, engagement, UNESCO, development, education, critical starting point contact, dissemination, values, trade, human rights, wealth, choice, standards of living, governments, multi-nationals, West, academic cooperation, gradualist approach, China, US, EU, death penalty, cooperation, changes, elite universities, Western education, wealthy, political elite, learning opportunities, social group, education, development, UNESCO, moral case, engagement, CATO Institute, Sirico, Burma trade, human rights, wealth, choice, standards of living, academic cooperation, gradualist approach, China, US, EU, death penalty, cooperation, changes, elite universities, social group, Western education, just, reasonable, UNESCO, education, development, human rights contact, dissemination, values, trade, human rights, wealth, choice, standards of living, governments, multi-nationals, West, academic cooperation, gradualist approach, China, US, EU, death penalty, cooperation, changes, elite universities, social group, Western education, well-educated tyrants, sycophants, learning opportunities, UNESCO, education, development, human rights, moral case, engagement, critical starting point Contact, dissemination, values, trade, human rights, wealth, choice, standards of living, academic cooperation, gradualist approach, elite universities, social group, Western education, just, reasonable, UNESCO, development, critical starting point, education, human rights development, country, moral case, engagement, Free Trade, Sirico, Robert A., CATO Institute, Trade Briefing Paper, Burma, China, US, EU, death penalty, cooperation, changes, drip effect
test-politics-cdfsaphgiap-pro02a	The people are interested in the health of their leader  The health of the leader of the state is an issue that the people and the media inevitably want to know about. There will always be a lot of interest in it. Occasionally this can be played by the administration as with Kissinger saying he was ill and using time to fly to Beijing to arrange for Nixon’s visit without press attention. But most of the time keeping things from the press is purely negative; it drives rumors.  This was the case of John Atta Mills, people were not allowed to know about his health. The presidential staff and communication members constantly lied about his health but there were two reports that he had died. Mills spent time in a US hospital, on returning to Ghana, he was made to jog around the airport to show the media that he was healthy. 1  1 Committee for Social Advocacy, 'Who and what killed President John Evans Atta Mills?', Modern Ghana, 13 August 2012, health, leader, state, media, interest, administration, Kissinger, illness, Beijing, Nixon, press, rumors, John Atta Mills, Ghana, hospital, presidential staff, communication, death, airport, jog, Modern Ghana, Committee for Social Advocacy health, leader, state, media, interest, administration, Kissinger, illness, Beijing, Nixon, press, rumors, John Atta Mills, Ghana, presidential staff, communication, hospital, US, reports, death, jog, airport, Committee for Social Advocacy, Modern Ghana health, leader, state, media, interest, administration, Kissinger, illness, Beijing, Nixon, rumors, John Atta Mills, presidential staff, communication, lies, death, US hospital, Ghana, airport, jog, media, Modern Ghana, Committee for Social Advocacy, John Evans Atta Mills, health secrecy, political health issues, public deception, presidential health, media manipulation, political rumors, health crises, leadership transparency health, leader, state, media, interest, administration, Kissinger, Beijing, Nixon, John Atta Mills, Ghana, presidential staff, communication, hospital, US, airport, media, rumors, reports, death, Modern Ghana, Committee for Social Advocacy health, leader, state, media, interest, administration, Kissinger, Beijing, Nixon, press, rumors, John Atta Mills, Ghana, hospital, presidential staff, communication, reports, airport, Committee for Social Advocacy, Modern Ghana
test-digital-freedoms-efsappgdfp-con05a	Loss of Privacy  It is wrong to state that we only have anything to ‘fear’ if we have done something wrong; a great many people want to keep things private where what they have done is morally perfectly right and justifiable. It is perfectly justified for a married couple to want to keep a video of them having sex private – even if it is sent from one partner to the other by email, or for someone to keep his/her sexual orientation secret even if they have told someone about it. [1] If we want such information to be kept private does the state have any business picking that information up from our emails? It may not go any further than the intelligence agency, it is possible no one there will look at it but it is still an invasion of privacy.  [1] Phillipson, Gavin, ‘Q&A: The right to privacy’, BBC Religion, 14 June 2013, Loss of Privacy, Fear vs Privacy, Justified Secrecy, Personal Information, Marital Privacy, Sexual Orientation Privacy, Email Privacy, State Surveillance, Intelligence Agencies, Invasion of Privacy, Gavin Phillipson, BBC Religion, Right to Privacy loss of privacy, moral justification, personal secrecy, marital privacy, sexual orientation privacy, state surveillance, email privacy, invasion of privacy, intelligence agency oversight, right to privacy, bbc religion, gavin phillipson Privacy, Fear, Morality, Justification, Married couple, Private video, Sexual orientation, Secrets, State surveillance, Intelligence agency, Invasion of privacy, Phillipson, Gavin, BBC Religion, Right to privacy Privacy, Fear, Morality, Justification, Married Couple, Sexual Content, Confidentiality, Personal Information, State Surveillance, Intelligence Agency, Invasion of Privacy, Confidential Communication, Personal Rights, BBC Religion, Gavin Phillipson Loss of Privacy, Fear and Privacy, Justifiable Privacy, Married Couple Privacy, Sexual Orientation Privacy, Email Privacy, State Surveillance, Intelligence Agency Privacy, Invasion of Privacy, Right to Privacy, Gavin Phillipson, BBC Religion
test-education-egtuscpih-con05a	Traditional universities are a rite of passage to independent life  For many students leaving for a university is a passage to an independent life, as they often move out out of their parents’ home and even their countries. This means they have to start learning or practically using lots of skills of independent adults, such as financial management, cooking, being crime-aware, networking, and solving communication problems on their own. With online courses students do not leave homes, and essentially do not start using these skills. This takes away an important practice in being an independent adult before the real life, which might leave students less equipped for the real life. traditional universities, rite of passage, independent life, students leaving, parents' home, countries, learning skills, independent adults, financial management, cooking, crime-aware, networking, communication problems, online courses, not leaving homes, real life, less equipped traditional universities, rite of passage, independent life, students leaving, parents' home, countries, learning skills, independent adults, financial management, cooking, crime-aware, networking, communication problems, online courses, not leaving homes, important practice, real life, less equipped traditional universities, rite of passage, independent life, students leaving, move out, parents’ home, countries, learning skills, independent adults, financial management, cooking, crime-aware, networking, communication problems, online courses, do not leave homes, important practice, less equipped, real life traditional universities, rite of passage, independent life, students, leaving home, parents, countries, learning skills, independent adults, financial management, cooking, crime awareness, networking, communication problems, online courses, not leaving home, practice, real life, equippedadults traditional universities, rite of passage, independent life, leaving home, financial management, cooking, crime awareness, networking, communication skills, online courses, staying home, independent adult skills, real life preparation, student development
test-economy-thsptr-con04a	Progressive systems are invariably highly complex and inefficient in implementation, breeding the knock-on inefficiencies of evasion and avoidance  The modern progressive tax system has created whole industries of firms and specialists geared toward helping people file their taxes and to ensure the system runs smoothly. It has also bred armies of officials who oversee and audit tax issues, costing the United States for example more than $11 billion a year to operate its tax collection and verification systems. [1] People are forced under the progressive system to waste hours filling out returns, to hoard and sift through receipts to be accurate and to maximize their rebates. There is thus a huge efficiency loss in terms of people’s time as they are forced to dedicate effort and resources to the often arduous task of filing taxes in an ever more complicated system, arising from a progressive regime. The extreme complexity of the system has generated further negative incentives, encouraging the wealthy to seek ways around the system, to exploit loopholes in the bloated system for their personal benefit. [2] The very wealthy can thus evade obligations through the manipulation of complex tax codes and loopholes, and can sometimes even lead less scrupulous people to pay less than less wealthy people. Flat and regressive consumption taxes, on the other hand, offer an easier mechanism of taxation that is easier to understand, less time consuming to deal with, and harder to manipulate.  [1] White, James. “Internal Revenue Service: Assessment of the 2008 Budget Request and an Update of 2007 Performance”. United States Government Accountability Office. Available:   [2] Wolk, Martin. “Why the Tax System Keeps Getting More Complex”. MSNBC. 2006. Available: Progressive systems, complex, inefficient, implementation, evasion, avoidance, tax system, industries, specialists, tax filing, officials, audit, tax issues, cost, United States, tax collection, verification systems, efficiency loss, time, effort, resources, arduous task, negative incentives, wealth, tax codes, loopholes, manipulation, flat tax, regressive consumption tax, easier mechanism, understand, time-consuming, manipulate Progressive systems, complexity, inefficiency, implementation, evasion, avoidance, tax industry, specialists, tax filing, officials, oversight, audit, tax issues, cost, time wastage, returns, receipts, rebates, efficiency loss, negative incentives, wealth, tax codes, loopholes, personal benefit, wealthy evasion, flat taxes, regressive taxes, consumption taxes, easier mechanism, manipulation, simplification, unfairness, tax collection, verification systems, government accountability, budget request, performance update, tax complexity, news, commentary Progressive systems, complexity, inefficiency, implementation, evasion, avoidance, tax system, industries, firms, specialists, tax filing, system operation, cost, audit, tax issues, United States, tax collection, verification, efficiency loss, time waste, returns, receipts, rebates, negative incentives, wealthy, tax codes, loopholes, personal benefit, less wealthy, flat tax, regressive consumption tax, taxation mechanism, time consuming, manipulation Progressive systems, complex, inefficient, implementation, evasion, avoidance, modern progressive tax, industries, firms, specialists, tax filing, system operation, officials, oversight, audit, tax collection, verification, cost, time waste, returns, receipts, rebates, efficiency loss, negative incentives, wealthy, tax codes, loopholes, manipulation, flat tax, regressive consumption tax, easier mechanism, understand, time-consuming, manipulation, United States, Government Accountability Office, Internal Revenue Service, budget, performance, MSNBC, Tax System Complexity Progressive systems, complex, inefficient, implementation, evasion, avoidance, modern progressive tax, industries, firms, specialists, tax filing, system operation, tax collection, verification, cost, time waste, returns, receipts, rebates, efficiency loss, negative incentives, wealthy, tax codes, loopholes, manipulation, flat taxes, regressive consumption taxes, easier mechanism, understanding, time consumption, manipulation
test-international-ehbfe-pro03a	A federal Europe will be a stronger international actor  A federal Europe will be better equipped to promote the interests of its citizens in the world, carrying more influence in the UN, WTO, IMF and other intergovernmental and treaty organisations than its individual states do now. Furthermore, Europe has a lot to contribute to the world in terms of its liberal traditions and political culture, providing both a partner and a necessary balance to the USA in global affairs.  Once unified, Europe will become an (even more) important negotiating and trading partner – one of the biggest economies in the world. It will have a population of 450 million – more than the United States and Russia combined. It will be the world’s biggest trader and generate one quarter of global wealth. It presently gives more aid to poor countries than any other donor. Its currency, the euro, comes second only to the US dollar in international financial markets. France, Germany, Poland - these countries can hardly ever negotiate something with giants such as the US or China. Europe as one country stands a better chance of putting its message across effectively. federal Europe, international actor, citizen interests, UN, WTO, IMF, intergovernmental organisations, treaty organisations, liberal traditions, political culture, global partner, balance to USA, unified Europe, negotiating partner, trading partner, biggest economy, population, global wealth, aid donor, euro, US dollar, international financial markets, France, Germany, Poland, US, China, effective message, global affairs, economic power, political influence, euro strength, European unity, international relations, global trade, financial markets, international aid, European integration, European Union, global economic player, European liberal values, European political influence, European financial power, federal Europe, stronger international actor, promote interests, citizens, influence, UN, WTO, IMF, intergovernmental organisations, treaty organisations, liberal traditions, political culture, partner, balance, USA, global affairs, unified Europe, negotiating partner, trading partner, biggest economy, world, population, 450 million, United States, Russia, world’s biggest trader, global wealth, aid, poor countries, donor, currency, euro, US dollar, international financial markets, France, Germany, Poland, negotiate, US, China, message, effectively Federal Europe, international actor, citizen interests, global influence, UN, WTO, IMF, intergovernmental organisations, treaty organisations, liberal traditions, political culture, global affairs, USA, negotiating partner, trading partner, world economy, population size, global wealth, aid to poor countries, euro, international financial markets, France, Germany, Poland, US, China, European unity, effective messaging federal Europe, international actor, citizens' interests, UN, WTO, IMF, intergovernmental organisations, liberal traditions, political culture, global affairs, USA, unified Europe, negotiating partner, trading partner, global economy, population size, global wealth, aid donor, poor countries, euro, international financial markets, France, Germany, Poland, US, China, European unity, global influence, economic power, political influence, international aid, euro strength, European negotiation, global trade, European federation, international partnerships, European values, world economy, European integration, global governance, European policy, international relations, EU constitution, European sovereignty, global federal Europe, stronger international actor, promote citizen interests, world influence, UN, WTO, IMF, intergovernmental organizations, treaty organizations, liberal traditions, political culture, global partner, balance to USA, unified Europe, negotiating partner, trading partner, biggest economy, world population, global wealth, aid donor, euro currency, international financial markets, Europe negotiation, US, China, global affairs, European unification, European integration, European foreign policy, European economic power, European global role
test-education-xeegshwfeu-pro02a	Improving the quality of state managed education  State schools will, like the private schools, have to offer a high quality service in order that parents do not take their children elsewhere. This incentivises in particular high level management, who, if the school fails, will be out of a job with a blot on their record. education quality, state schools, private schools, high quality service, parents, children, school management, job security, performance accountability, school improvement, educational standards, public education reform state managed education, quality improvement, state schools, private schools, high quality service, parents, children, high level management, school failure, job security, professional record state managed education, high quality service, private schools, parents, children, high level management, school failure, job security, performance record, education improvement, incentivisation, educational leadership, accountability in education, public school quality, teacher accountability, student retention, educational standards, competitive education, school management, educational reform quality, state, managed, education, schools, private, high, service, parents, children, incentivises, management, fail, job, record state managed education, quality improvement, private schools, high quality service, parental choice, school management, accountability, job security, educational standards, public education reform
test-politics-cpecfiepg-con02a	Defaulting would not solve Greece’s problems  The proposition argue that the hardship endured by the default would only be temporary, but an analysis at the particular situation facing Greece indicates the opposite. Greece’s problems arose from a horrifically inefficient public sector embedded within a mentality of corruption and tax evasion. Even if we assume that defaulting would eventually boost Greek exports and help the economy recover, this would not solve the underlying problems that caused the crisis in the first place. By leaving the Eurozone and defaulting, Greece would lose easy access to borrowing, meaning that taxpayers would soon have to face the reality that they would have to pay for the inefficiencies within the public sector and support all the other structures that need reform. [1] Greece must, therefore, address these underlying issues or face the exact same problems in the future. Given that solving these problems necessarily involve austerity measures and job cuts, it makes most sense for Greece to undergo these changes now (as it is with the current austerity measures), under the framework of IMF, ECB and European Commission funding and supervision.  [1] Barrell, Ray: “Eurozone crisis: what if… Greece leaves the single currency”, 14 May 2012, The Guardian, Greece, default, Eurozone, economic crisis, austerity measures, public sector inefficiency, corruption, tax evasion, exports, economic recovery, IMF, ECB, European Commission, borrowing, taxpayer, reforms, job cuts, funding, supervision, Barrell, Ray, Eurozone crisis, single currency Greece, default, Eurozone, crisis, public sector, corruption, tax evasion, exports, economy, recovery, underlying problems, borrowing, taxpayers, inefficiencies, reform, austerity measures, job cuts, IMF, ECB, European Commission, supervision, Barrell, Ray, Eurozone crisis, single currency, The Guardian Greece, default, Eurozone, crisis, public sector inefficiency, corruption, tax evasion, exports, economy recovery, underlying problems, austerity measures, job cuts, IMF, ECB, European Commission, funding, supervision, Barrell, Ray, Eurozone crisis, single currency, supervision, financial reform, economic challenges, debt crisis, Greek economy, European financial stability Greece, default, Eurozone, economic crisis, public sector inefficiency, corruption, tax evasion, exports, economic recovery, austerity measures, IMF, ECB, European Commission, funding, supervision, Barrell, Ray, Eurozone crisis, single currency, taxpayer burden, structural reform, long-term solutions, temporary hardship Greece, default, Eurozone, crisis, public sector, corruption, tax evasion, exports, economy, recovery, underlying issues, austerity measures, IMF, ECB, European Commission, funding, supervision, job cuts, reforms, Barrell, Ray, Eurozone crisis, single currency
test-economy-epehwmrbals-con04a	"There is uneven implementation of labour standards even in western countries  Western countries often do embrace high levels of labour standards or do not follow their labour regulations. Germany for example has no minimum wage [1] while the USA has no legal or contractual requirement to provide minimum amounts of leave. [2] Moreover it is the demand for the cheapest possible products that drives down labour standards worldwide. If western nations truly want to change labour standards then the way to do it is with the consumer’s wallet not the aid chequebook. British clothing retailers such as Primark are often shown to be buying their products from sweatshops that use illegal workers, and exploit their labour [3] . If there is to be real lasting change in labour standards western firms need to be the ones pushing high labour standards and consumers would need to not automatically go for the cheapest product available.  [1] Schuseil, Philine, ‘A review on Germany’s minimum wage debate’, bruegel, 7 March 2013,   [2] Stephenson, Wesley, ‘Who works the longest hours?’, BBC News, 23 May 2012,   [3] Dhariwal, Navdip. ""Primark Linked to UK Sweatshops."" BBC News. BBC, 01 Dec. 2009. Web. labour standards, western countries, Germany, minimum wage, USA, leave requirements, consumer demand, product pricing, labour exploitation, Primark, sweatshops, illegal workers, consumer responsibility, retail practices, legal regulations, worker rights, economic pressures, global labour standards, consumer choice, corporate accountability labour standards, western countries, Germany, minimum wage, USA, leave requirements, consumer demand, product pricing, Primark, sweatshops, illegal workers, labour exploitation, consumer responsibility, corporate responsibility, aid effectiveness, labour regulation, economic globalization, worker rights, British retailers, fashion industry, supply chain ethics, sustainable consumption, worker protection laws, employment conditions, international labour standards, economic development, market forces, labour market, working conditions, wage laws, employment rights, consumer choice, corporate accountability, global supply chains, ethical trade, labour laws, worker welfare, economic policies, labour rights, consumer impact, business ethics, corporate social labour standards, western countries, Germany, minimum wage, USA, leave regulations, consumer demand, cheapest products, labour standards decline, consumer influence, aid effectiveness, British retailers, Primark, sweatshops, illegal workers, labour exploitation, high labour standards, consumer choice, lasting change, western firms responsibility labour standards, western countries, Germany, minimum wage, USA, leave regulations, consumer demand, cheap products, labour standards change, consumer influence, British retailers, Primark, sweatshops, illegal workers, labour exploitation, corporate responsibility, consumer choice, aid effectiveness, global labour standards labour standards, western countries, implementation, high levels, regulations, Germany, minimum wage, USA, leave requirements, demand, cheap products, consumer behavior, aid, British retailers, Primark, sweatshops, illegal workers, exploitation, lasting change, firm responsibility, consumer choice, cheapest product"
test-economy-egppphbcb-con02a	Socialism provides a more sustainable way of living  Capitalism always acts on the cost of nature and its ecological balance. With its imperative to constantly expand profitability, it exposes ecosystems to destabilizing pollutants, fragments habitats that have evolved over time to allow the flourishing of organisms, squanders resources, and reduces nature to the exchangeability required for the accumulation of capital. Socialism requires self-determination, community, and a meaningful existence. Capital reduces the majority of the world's people to a mere reservoir of labor power while discarding much of the remainder as useless. The present capitalist system cannot regulate, much less overcome, the crises it has set going. It cannot solve the ecological crisis (e.g. global warming) because to do so requires setting limits upon accumulation socialism, sustainability, capitalism, ecological balance, profitability, expansion, pollutants, habitat fragmentation, resource wastage, self-determination, community, meaningful existence, labor power, ecological crisis, global warming, accumulation limits Socialism, sustainability, living, Capitalism, cost, nature, ecological, balance, expand, profitability, ecosystems, destabilizing, pollutants, fragments, habitats, organisms, squanders, resources, exchangeability, capital, self-determination, community, meaningful, existence, labor, power, discarded, crises, regulation, overcoming, ecological, crisis, global, warming, accumulation Socialism, sustainable living, Capitalism, ecological balance, profitability, expansion, ecosystems, pollutants, habitat fragmentation, resource squandering, self-determination, community, meaningful existence, labor power, global warming, ecological crisis, accumulation limits Socialism, sustainability, living, Capitalism, cost, nature, ecological balance, profitability, expansion, pollutants, ecosystems, destabilization, habitats, organisms, resources, exchangeability, capital accumulation, self-determination, community, meaningful existence, labor power, crises, regulation, ecological crisis, global warming, limits, accumulation Sustainability, socialism, capitalism, ecological balance, profitability, expansion, ecosystems, pollution, habitat fragmentation, resource wastage, self-determination, community, labor power, ecological crisis, global warming, accumulation limits
test-international-gmehbisrip1b-con01a	Israel has the right to claim minimal territory to ensure security  Israel has been the victim of multiple major illegal wars of aggression on the part of the Arab world, most notably in 1948 and 1967. These wars invalidate any special claim made by Arabs and Palestinians to pre-1967 territory, and justify Israel in keeping as much territory as is necessary to secure itself against these hostile states. Israel could have gone much further and taken more territory than it did in 1967 (as it was easily winning the war), but instead it restricted itself to only taking the territory that was necessary for it to create security buffer. [1] When peace deals have allowed Israel to improve its security through giving up land historically, it has done so, for example when it returned the Sinai peninsula to Egypt in 1982 in exchange for a peace treaty with Egypt, or when Israel returned the small swath of Jordanian territory it held when King Hussain of Jordan wanted to make peace. To date, Israel has withdrawn from approximately 93 percent of the territories it captured. In return for peace with Syria and an end to Palestinian terror, it is prepared to withdraw from most of the remaining 7% in dispute, although not all. Israel remains committed to trading land for peace, and never annexed the West Bank or Gaza Strip because it expected to return part of these territories in negotiations. When the Palestinians finally declared that they would recognize Israel and renounce terrorism, Israel agreed to begin to withdraw. Since 1993, Israel has turned over approximately 80% of the Gaza Strip and more than 40% of the West Bank to the Palestinian Authority. Thus, Israel's objection is not so much against returning any of the land captured in 1967, but against returning absolutely all of it and going back completely to the 1967 borders, as this would mean giving up territories vital for Israel's security. The minimal slivers of territory that Israel it seeks to maintain through a peace settlement (after returning 90% of the pre-1967 territory), is very important to its national security as it offers a buffer against future Arab wars of aggression. This why Ehud Olmert stressed that only most of the occupied territory could be returned. He still argued that some had to be kept for security reasons: “We can never totally return to the indefensible pre-1967 borders, ... We simply cannot afford to make Israel [9 miles] wide again at its center. We can't allow the Palestinians to be a couple [miles] from [Tel Aviv's] Ben Gurion Airport in the age of shoulder-fire missiles with the capacity to shoot down jumbo jets.” [2] Moreover, Israel is in an anomalous situation: It is an embattled democracy that historically has had to defend itself repeatedly against the armies of neighbouring Arab states whose declared goal was nothing less than Israel's eradication. The Israel Defense Forces could not afford to miscalculate. While other nations, like France or Kuwait, have been overrun, occupied, and nonetheless have survived to reconstitute themselves, Israel, in contrast, cannot depend on obtaining a second chance. Miscalculation on its part could have had devastating consequences and, thus, its situation is unique. [3] For this critical purpose of national survival, therefore, the annexed land serves a legally legitimate purpose, especially considering that the Arab wars of aggression were what caused the annexation of the land in the first place. In such circumstances, a nation that won a defensive war has a right to set terms to ensure against future wars of aggression.  [1] Johnson, Paul. “A History of the Jews”. Weidenfeld and Nicolson. 1987.  [2] Thinkexist.com. “Ehud Olmert Quotes”. Thinkexist.com   [3] Amidror, Maj.-Gen. (res.) Yaakov. “Israel's Requirement for Defensible Borders”. Defensible Borders for a Lasting Peace. 2005. Israel, security, territory, 1967, wars, aggression, Arabs, Palestinians, pre-1967, Sinai, peace, treaties, West Bank, Gaza Strip, terrorism, Ehud Olmert, Ben Gurion Airport, embattled democracy, Israel Defense Forces, annexation, defensible borders, national survival, Thinkexist.com, Amidror, Maj.-Gen. (res.) Yaakov, Defensible Borders for a Lasting Peace Israel, territory, security, Arab, wars, aggression, 1948, 1967, pre-1967, buffer, peace, Sinai, Egypt, Jordan, West Bank, Gaza Strip, negotiations, 1993, recognition, terrorism, 93 percent, 7 percent, Ehud Olmert, 1967 borders, 9 miles, Tel Aviv, Ben Gurion Airport, shoulder-fire missiles, embattled democracy, Israel Defense Forces, miscalculation, national survival, defensible borders, Amidror, Yaakov Israel, security, minimal territory, Arab world, wars of aggression, 1948, 1967, pre-1967 territory, Sinai peninsula, peace treaty, Egypt, Jordan, West Bank, Gaza Strip, land for peace, Palestinian Authority, national security, buffer, Ehud Olmert, Ben Gurion Airport, shoulder-fire missiles, embattled democracy, Israel Defense Forces, annexation, defensive war, defensible borders Israel, territory, security, Arab, wars, aggression, 1948, 1967, pre-1967, Palestinians, peace, Sinai, Egypt, Jordan, West Bank, Gaza Strip, negotiations, 1993, Palestinian Authority, borders, Ehud Olmert, Israel Defense Forces, embattled democracy, annexation, defensible borders, national survival, legal legitimacy, defensive war, terms, future wars Israel, territory, security, Arab, wars, aggression, 1948, 1967, pre-1967, buffer, peace, Syria, Palestinian, terror, West Bank, Gaza Strip, negotiations, 1967 borders, Ehud Olmert, Israel Defense Forces, embattled democracy, national survival, defensible borders
test-philosophy-npegiepp-con03a	The Empty Chair Crisis 1965  In 1965 during the Empty Chair Crisis brought integration came to a halt and shifted the institutional balance of power away from the commission to the Council of Ministers, it shows that spillover will not always occur. [1] It was caused by President de Gaulle of France being in conflict with other member states, specifically Germany and Italy. France wanted a deal on the Common Agricultural Policy but was unwilling to agree to further integration through creating majority voting in the Council of Ministers. When France took on the Presidency the normal system of mediation was lost. Bonn and Rome were unwilling to give way. [2] De Gaulle pulled his ministers out of the Council of Ministers thus reasserting the power of national governments. This showed that states would not automatically be prepared to give up their national sovereignty and might of helped lead to the abandonment of Neo-functionalism in the 1970s.  [1] Moga, Teodor Lucian, ‘The Contribution of the Neofunctionalist and Intergovernmentalist Theories to the Evolution of the European Integration Process’, Journal of Alternative Perspectives in the Social Sciences, Vol. 1, No. 3, 2009 pp.796-807,  , p.799  [2] Ludlow, N. Piers, ‘De-commissioning the Empty Chair Crisis : the Community institutions and the crisis of 1965-6’, LSE Research Online, 2007, Empty Chair Crisis, 1965, European integration, Council of Ministers, Commission, de Gaulle, France, Germany, Italy, Common Agricultural Policy, majority voting, national sovereignty, Neo-functionalism, Intergovernmentalism, mediation, power balance, institutional shift, European Union, LSE Research Online, Journal of Alternative Perspectives in the Social Sciences Empty Chair Crisis, 1965, European integration, Council of Ministers, Commission, de Gaulle, France, Germany, Italy, Common Agricultural Policy, majority voting, national sovereignty, Neo-functionalism, Intergovernmentalism, mediation, Bonn, Rome, European Community, institutional balance, power shift, spillover, member states, Presidency, LSE Research Online, Moga, Ludlow, European Integration Process, Neofunctionalist, Intergovernmentalist Theories Empty Chair Crisis, 1965, integration, institutional balance, Council of Ministers, de Gaulle, France, Germany, Italy, Common Agricultural Policy, majority voting, national sovereignty, Neo-functionalism, 1970s, European Integration Process, LSE Research Online, mediation, presidency, Bonn, Rome, power of national governments, institutional theories, European Union history, political science, international relations, European integration, intergovernmentalism, neofunctionalism, institutional dynamics, decision-making processes, European Commission, institutional mechanisms, conflict resolution, European policy, sovereignty, institutional evolution Empty Chair Crisis, 1965, integration, institutional balance, Council of Ministers, Commission, spillover, de Gaulle, France, Germany, Italy, Common Agricultural Policy, majority voting, mediation, Bonn, Rome, national sovereignty, Neo-functionalism, 1970s, European Integration, Neofunctionalist, Intergovernmentalist Theories, LSE Research Online, Ludlow, Moga, Journal of Alternative Perspectives in the Social Sciences Empty Chair Crisis, 1965, integration, institutional balance, Commission, Council of Ministers, spillover, President de Gaulle, France, Germany, Italy, Common Agricultural Policy, majority voting, mediation, Bonn, Rome, national sovereignty, Neo-functionalism, European Integration Process, LSE Research Online, N. Piers Ludlow, Teodor Lucian Moga
test-international-aghwrem-con01a	Liberal democracies have a moral obligation to denounce illegitimate regimes  The new civilian government in Myanmar is as illegitimate as the rule of the military junta which led to its creation. The military junta itself was guilty of overruling the democratic verdict in 1990 that gave power to the NLD. Under the new constitution, 25% of all seats in parliament and the most influential governmental posts are reserved for the military, and more than 75% majority is required for amending the constitution. Political prisoners (including Aung San Suu Kyi) were not permitted to participate in the elections. Further, the election process itself has been described as a sham, involving violence and intimidation of democratic activists. The current government is only a tool for the preceding military junta to consolidate its power and provide a safety valve for its leaders through apparently legitimate means. It attempts to use the false democratic process as a veil to resist international criticism. Widespread human rights violations, ethnic violence, and undemocratic curtailment of the freedom of speech have characterised the period of rule of the military junta. By engaging with it at the political or economic level, other countries provide it with a false sense of legitimacy. This is morally at odds with established standards in of human rights and international relations, especially where other illegitimate governments (Syria, Iraq, and North Korea for instance) across the world continually face censure and isolation. Liberal democracies, moral obligation, illegitimate regimes, Myanmar, civilian government, military junta, 1990 election, NLD, constitution, political prisoners, Aung San Suu Kyi, sham elections, violence, intimidation, democratic activists, human rights violations, ethnic violence, freedom of speech, international criticism, political engagement, economic engagement, legitimacy, standards of human rights, international relations, censure, isolation, Syria, Iraq, North Korea Liberal democracies, moral obligation, denounce illegitimate regimes, Myanmar, civilian government, military junta, NLD, constitution, political prisoners, Aung San Suu Kyi, sham elections, violence, intimidation, human rights violations, ethnic violence, freedom of speech, international criticism, political engagement, economic engagement, legitimacy, Syria, Iraq, North Korea, censure, isolation Liberal democracies, moral obligation, denounce, illegitimate regimes, Myanmar, civilian government, military junta, illegitimacy, democratic verdict, NLD, constitution, reserved seats, political prisoners, Aung San Suu Kyi, sham elections, violence, intimidation, democratic activists, consolidation of power, safety valve, false democratic process, international criticism, human rights violations, ethnic violence, freedom of speech, political engagement, economic engagement, false legitimacy, human rights standards, international relations, censure, isolation, Syria, Iraq, North Korea Liberal democracies, moral obligation, denounce, illegitimate regimes, Myanmar, civilian government, military junta, democratic verdict, NLD, constitution, parliament, military reservation, constitutional amendment, political prisoners, Aung San Suu Kyi, election process, violence, intimidation, democratic activists, sham, power consolidation, safety valve, human rights violations, ethnic violence, freedom of speech, international criticism, political engagement, economic engagement, false legitimacy, human rights standards, international relations, Syria, Iraq, North Korea, censure, isolation Liberal democracies, moral obligation, denounce, illegitimate regimes, Myanmar, civilian government, military junta, democratic verdict, NLD, constitution, political prisoners, Aung San Suu Kyi, election process, violence, intimidation, democratic activists, sham, consolidate power, safety valve, international criticism, veil, human rights violations, ethnic violence, freedom of speech, undemocratic curtailment, political engagement, economic engagement, false legitimacy, human rights standards, international relations, Syria, Iraq, North Korea, censure, isolation
test-free-speech-debate-ldhwbmclg-pro01a	"Classification, not censorship  We should expect fans of an art form that is subjected to public criticism and vilification to leap to its defence. Some of these aficionados- whether the medium in question is cinema, fine art or pop music- make the case for the value of their favourite mode of expression by overstating its positive effects.  Hip hop has long been the focus of controversies surrounding violent music. Hip hop is closely associated with low-level criminality, as noted above. A number of highly successful hip hop artists have been attacked or killed as a result of feuds within the industry and links between managers, promoters and criminal gangs.  As the academic John McWhorter has pointed out in numerous [1] publications [2] , the positive political and social impact of rap music has been massively overstated, as a result of highly charged media coverage of hip hop-linked violence. As a result, attempts to address some of the hips hops most objectionable content- lyrics that are misogynist and blankly and uncritically violent- have been condemned as unjust assaults on the right to free expression. Attacks on negative content in hip hop have been made all the more emotive, because they appear to be an attempt to restrict the speech of members of vulnerable and marginalised communities.  Side proposition agrees with McWhorter that listening to music that contains violent themes will not, in the absence of other factors, cause individuals to behave in a violent way. However, the content of rap, and its strong links with the youngest inhabitants of marginalised, stigmatised urban areas mean that it damages the developmental opportunities of teenagers and young people, and harms others’ perceptions of the communities they live in.  Hip hop trades on its authenticity – the extent to which it faithfully portrays the lived experience of the inhabitants of deprived inner city areas. The greater the veracity of a hip hop track, the greater its popularity and cache among fans. Musicians have gained public recognition as a result of being directly involved in street crime and gang activities. 50 Cent, a high profile “gansta” artist owes his popularity, in part, to a shooting in 2000 that left him with 9 bullet wounds [3] . This supposed link to reality is the most dangerous aspect of contemporary hip hop culture. Unlike the simplistic make-believe of, say, action films, the “experiences” related by rappers are also their public personas and become the rationale for their success.  Rap, through materialist boasting and sexualised music videos tells vulnerable young men and women from isolated neighbourhoods that their problems can be solved by adopting similarly nihilistic personas. The poverty that affects many of the communities that hip hop artists identify with does more than separate individuals from economic opportunity. It also confines the inhabitants of these communities geographically, politically and culturally. It prevents young men and women from becoming aware of perspectives on the world and society that run contrary to the violence of main stream rap. With television dominated by the gangsta motif, marginalised youngsters are left with little in the way of dissenting voices to convince them that hip hop takes a subjective and commercialised approach to the lives and communities that rappers claim to represent.  In effect, controversial hip hop is capable of sponsoring violent behaviour, when it is marketed as an accurate portrayal of relationships, values and principles. Under these circumstances, adolescents, whose own identity is nascent and malleable can easily be misled into emulating the exploits and attitudes of rappers [4] .  Side proposition advocates the control and classification of controversial forms of music, including but not limited to hip hop. Consistent with principles 1 and 10, classification of this type will follow similar schemes applied to movies and videogames. Assessments of the content of music will be conducted by a politically independent organisation; musicians and record companies will have the ability to appeal the decisions of this body. Crucially, the “ban” on music containing violent lyrics will take the form of a categorisation scheme. Content will not be blocked from sale or censored. Instead, as with the sale of pornographic material in many liberal democratic states, music found to contain especially violent lyrics will be confined to closed off areas in shops, to which only adults (as defined in law) will be admitted. Its performance on television, radio and in cinemas will be banned. Live performances of restricted music will be obliged to enforce strict age monitoring policies. Online distributors of music will be compelled to comply with similar age restrictions and intentionally exposing minors to violent music will be punishable under child protection laws.  This approach has the advantage of limiting access to violent content only to consumers who are judged, in general, to be mature enough to understand that its “message” and the posturing of singers does not equate to permission to engage in deviant behaviour.  [1] McWhorter, J. “How Hip-Hop Holds Blacks Back.” City Journal, Summer 2003. The Manhattan Institute.  [2] McWhorter, J. “All about the Beat: Why Hip-Hop Can’t Save Black America.”  [3] “What’s In a name?” The Economist, 24 November 2005.  [4] Bindel, J. “Who you calling bitch, ho?” Mail & Guardian online, 08 February 2008. classification, censorship, hip hop, violence, music, youth, social impact, political debate, free expression, marginalised communities, authenticity, music regulation, age restrictions, public policy, cultural critique, entrepreneurship, crime, gender issues, media influence, developmental psychology, ethics, artistic expression, urban sociology, popular culture, law, youth development, media studies, sociology, racial issues, urban communities, identity formation, music and society, marketing, entertainment industry, social commentary, public health, psychological effects, community development, musicology, cultural studies, crime prevention, social media, youth engagement,urban youth, cultural representation, violence prevention, Classification, censorship, hip hop, violence, misogyny, free expression, vulnerable communities, developmental opportunities, authenticity, gangsta motif, materialism, sexualisation, identity formation, music regulation, age restrictions, content control, independent assessment, child protection laws, mature consumers, deviant behaviour, John McWhorter, cultural impact, social responsibility, music industry, public policy, youth influence, media representation, urban areas, economic opportunity, political independence, appeal processes, performance restrictions, online distribution, media coverage, public criticism, marginalised communities, stigmatisation, cultural barriers, dissenting voices, commercialisation, gang activities, classification, censorship, hip hop, violence, misogyny, free expression, marginalized communities, developmental opportunities, authenticity, gangsta motif, materialism, sexualization, identity formation, age restrictions, content regulation, music categorization, public criticism, artistic defense, political impact, social impact, media coverage, criminality, public personas, economic opportunity, cultural confinement, dissenting voices, adolescent influence, deviant behavior, child protection laws, mature consumers, independent assessment, appeal processes, performance restrictions, online distribution, live performances, closed-off areas, mature content, controversial music, liberal democracies, banned content, restricted music, music videos Classification, censorship, hip hop, censorship, violence, music, criticism, defence, aficionados, positive effects, controversies, criminality, artists, feuds, gangs, John McWhorter, media coverage, misogynist, free expression, vulnerable communities, developmental opportunities, authenticity, public recognition, 50 Cent, shooting, materialist boasts, sexualised videos, young men, women, isolated neighbourhoods, identity, nascent, malleable, misleading, side proposition, control, classification, classification schemes, movies, videogames, politically independent, appeal, content, blocked, censored, categorisation, pornographic Classification, censorship, hip hop, violence, marginalised communities, free expression,牦犭йз (Note: The last term ""牦犭йз"" appears to be a non-English character string and may be an error. If you intended to include specific keywords in a different language or if this was a mistake, please let me know.)   If ""牦犭йз"" was a mistake, here is the corrected list: Classification, censorship, hip hop, violence, marginalised communities, free expression"
test-sport-ybfgsohbhog-con03a	Hosting is very expensive  Hosting is very expensive. In recent times the Olympics have never made a direct profit. The bidding process alone for 2012 will cost each bidding city around £20m and whichever is selected will expect to pay at least £6.5bn (Paris). With increased security fears Athens spent $1.5bn on security out of a total of $12bn on the 2004 games. The burden of this cost falls on government (and therefore the taxpayer), companies and individuals. Both Paris and London’s local governments have put aside around £2.4bn which will mean £20 per year extra in tax for every household in the cities. Big projects are notoriously hard to budget for (so much so that London is estimating the total cost may go up by up to 50%) and residents in Los Angeles have only just stopped paying for the over-budget 1984 Olympics through their local taxes. If cities want to regenerate or improve their infrastructure then they should use this money directly on those projects rather than wasting it on subsidising a sporting event. Hosting, expensive, Olympics, profit, bidding, costs, government, taxpayer, security, budget, projects, regeneration, infrastructure, sporting event, over-budget, taxes, residents, cities, London, Paris, Los Angeles, 2012, 2004, 1984, Athens, Paris, £20m, £6.5bn, $1.5bn, $12bn, £2.4bn, £20, 50% Hosting, expensive, Olympics, profit, bidding, costs, government, taxpayer, security, Athens, budget, projects, infrastructure, Los Angeles, taxes, sporting event, regeneration, subsidy Hosting, expensive, Olympics, profit, bidding, cost, taxpayer, security, projects, budget, over-budget, infrastructure, sporting, event, regeneration, taxes, cities, London, Paris, Los, Angeles, 2012, 2004, 1984, government, companies, individuals, residents, estimates, spending Hosting, expensive, Olympics, profit, bidding, costs, security, government, taxpayer, companies, individuals, projects, budget, regeneration, infrastructure, sporting, event, Los Angeles, taxes, over-budget, 1984, London, Paris, 2012, Athens, 2004 Hosting, expensive, Olympics, profit, bidding, cost, government, taxpayer, companies, individuals, security, Athens, 2004, Paris, London, local, tax, household, budget, over-budget, regenerating, infrastructure, sporting, event, 1984, Los Angeles, 2012, £20m, £6.5bn, $1.5bn, $12bn, £2.4bn, £20, 50%
test-law-tahglcphsld-con01a	Drugs are dangerous, and the governement should discourage its use  The government has a responsibility to protect its citizens; if a substance will do people and society significant harm, then that substance should be banned. There is no such thing as a safe form of a drug. Legalization can only make drugs purer, and therefore perhaps more deadly and addictive. Many illegal drugs are closely related to potentially dangerous medicines, whose prescription is tightly restricted to trained professionals, but the proposition would effectively be allowing anyone to take anything they wished regardless of the known medical dangers.  However entrenched in modern culture drugs may be, legalising them will only make them appear more acceptable. The state has a duty to send out the right message, and its health campaigns will be fundamentally undermined by the suggestion that drugs are harmless, which is what will be understood from their legalisation – just like when cannabis was downgraded in the UK. drugs, dangerous, government, discourage, use, responsibility, protect, citizens, substance, harm, society, banned, safe, legalization, purer, deadly, addictive, illegal, drugs, dangerous, medicines, prescription, trained, professionals, proposition, allowing, anyone, medical, dangers, entrenched, culture, legalising, acceptable, state, duty, message, health, campaigns, harmless, downgraded, cannabis, UK drugs, dangerous, government, discourage, use, responsibility, protect, citizens, substance, harm, society, banned, safe, legalization, purer, deadly, addictive, illegal, closely, related, dangerous, medicines, prescription, trained, professionals, proposition, allowing, anyone, known, medical, dangers, entrenched, culture, legalising, acceptable, state, duty, message, health, campaigns, suggestion, harmless, downgraded, cannabis, UK drugs, dangerous, government, discourage, use, responsibility, protect, citizens, substance, harm, society, banned, safe, legalization, purer, deadly, addictive, illegal, drugs, related, dangerous, medicines, prescription, restricted, professionals, proposition, allowing, anyone, known, medical, dangers, entrenched, culture, legalising, acceptable, state, duty, message, health, campaigns, misunderstood, harmless, cannabis, downgraded, UK drugs, dangerous, government, discourage, use, responsibility, protect, citizens, substance, harm, society, banned, safe, form, legalization, purer, deadly, addictive, illegal, drugs, dangerous, medicines, prescription, restricted, trained, professionals, proposition, allowing, anyone, take, medical, dangers, entrenched, culture, legalising, acceptable, state, duty, message, health, campaigns, undermined, harmless, cannabis, downgraded, uk drugs, dangerous, government, discourage, responsibility, protect, citizens, substance, harm, society, safe, legalization, purer, deadly, addictive, illegal, medicines, prescription, trained, professionals, proposition, allowing, medical, dangers, culture, legalising, acceptable, state, duty, message, health, campaigns, harmless, cannabis, downgraded, UK
test-culture-cgeeghwmeo-con02a	It specifically denies a rich cultural heritage which is uniquely American of groups that spoke English but not as a first language  Almost no one in the United States knows English, but then chooses not to use it to make some sort of political statement. The language is far too omnipresent in the economy, culture, and everyday life to make such a choice attractive or even sane.  Nor do people generally choose not to learn English. The advantages and opportunities it opens up, and the stigmas and discrimination facing non-English speakers mean that learning English is one of the first things any immigrant is going to try and do.  In reality therefore we are going to be talking about people who can’t speak English, either because they have not learned it yet, or because they can’t learn it. Perhaps they don’t have the time between working two jobs, or perhaps they find it difficult.  In any case, if this policy is simply symbolic it will stigmatize these people. If it goes further, it will actively make their lives worse, and perhaps make it even harder for them to learn English. American, cultural, heritage, English, language, immigrants, economy, culture, everyday, life, political, statement, opportunities, discrimination, stigmas, non-English, speakers, learning, immigrant, symbolic, stigmatize, policy, lives, harder, learn American, cultural, heritage, English, first, language, United, States, political, statement, omnipresent, economy, culture, everyday, life, choice, attractive, sane, immigrant, advantages, opportunities, stigmas, discrimination, speaking, learning, time, working, jobs, difficult, policy, symbolic, stigmatize, lives, harder English, American, cultural heritage, immigrants, language, economy, culture, discrimination, non-English speakers, policy, stigmatization, learning barriers, symbolic, everyday life, opportunities, stigmas, immigrant experiences, language acquisition, political statement, omnipresent, choice, sane, working conditions, time constraints, learning difficulties, active harm, integration, societal pressure, linguistic diversity, United States, communication, social mobility, educational barriers, linguistic rights, public policy, xenophobia, socioeconomic factors, community integration, language policies, cultural assimilation, linguistic isolation, marginalized communities, societal inclusion, human rights, language education, cultural identity American, cultural, heritage, English, first, language, United, States, knows, political, statement, omnipresent, economy, culture, everyday, life, choice, attractive, sane, learn, immigrant, advantages, opportunities, stigmas, discrimination, speaking, symbolic, stigmatize, policy, lives, harder, time, working, jobs, difficult American cultural heritage, English as second language, political statement, English omnipresence, economic importance, cultural integration, learning barriers, immigrant challenges, stigmatization, policy impact, language discrimination, social opportunities, non-English speakers, linguistic challenges, working conditions, learning time constraints, accessibility issues, symbolic policies, life difficulties, language acquisition
test-society-tsmihwurpp-con02a	Randomly checking passengers’ identities is much safer than allowing terrorists to know in advance who the authorities are seeking.  Making statements in advance as to who is likely to be stopped at airports is the most dangerous action any government could take. There are innumerable ways in which it would be possible to perform a terrorist act, and random checks mean that all possible routes are equally likely to be apprehended.  By contrast, actively and visibly subjecting members of particular ethnic groups to stricter security checks will enable terrorists to determine where surveillance in airports is at its most lax. The most dangerous terrorist groups operate on an international level, recruiting attackers from a wide range of backgrounds and ethnic groups. It would therefore be comparatively easy for an organisation such as al Qaeda to mount an attack using only individuals who do not conform to the authorities’ profile of a potential terrorist.  More importantly random checks mean that all people, regardless of the background, age or appearance are equally deterred from considering criminal or terrorist acts.  On the basis that it would be impossible to search everyone at a major international airport, the deterrence factor offered by random stops is far more effective than searching a tiny proportion of a designated group. random checks, passenger identity, terrorist, airport security, ethnic profiling, deterrence, international terrorism, al Qaeda, security checks, public safety, risk management, equal surveillance, criminal deterrence, airport screening, terrorist acts, security policy, passenger screening, terrorist profiling, safety measures, aviation security random checks, terrorist profiling, airport security, deterrence, ethnic profiling, international terrorism, al Qaeda, security measures, random screening, potential terrorists, deterrence factor, security checks, terrorist attacks, government action, international airports, visible security, ethnic groups, terrorist groups, random selection, passenger safety, authorities, airport surveillance, security policies, criminal acts, public safety, effective security, travel safety Random checks, passenger identity verification, terrorist prevention, airport security, ethnic profiling, deterrence factor, international terrorism, al Qaeda, security effectiveness, surveillance laxity, criminal deterrence, passenger screening, safety measures, targeted searches, airport safety, public protection, security protocols, threat mitigation, operational security Random checks, passenger screening, airport security, terrorist profiling, ethnic targeting, deterrence factor, international terrorism, al Qaeda, security checks, passenger safety, aviation security, random screening, terrorist attacks, airport surveillance, proactive security, traveler identity verification, anti-terrorism measures, enhanced security protocols, random selection, passenger vetting, security efficiency, threat prevention, equal scrutiny, security effectiveness, public safety, terror prevention, non-discriminatory checks, international travel, flight security, border control, terror deterrence, safety protocols, traveler safety, airport defenses, security measures, random searches, safety measures, travel safety, security risk, terrorist random checks, passenger screening, terrorist prevention, ethnic profiling, airport security, deterrence factor, international terrorism, security effectiveness, random screening, pre-announced targets, safety measures, equal deterrence, non-discriminatory checks, terrorist recruitment, surveillance laxity, security checks, public safety, risk management, ethnic diversity, terror acts
test-law-sdiflhrdffe-con01a	An amnesty policy will serve only to alienate regimes, shutting down the possibility of discourse or reform  It is a natural conclusion that a repressive regime, which operates largely by force and the control of its population, will react rather negatively to an action by the West that appears to be a calculated, public, and on-going subversion of their power in favour of criminal dissidents. The result of such action by Western democracies will not be any positive discourse between the targeted regime and the West, but will rather cause a breakdown in communication. They will be reticent to engage for the very reason that the states seeking to influence them are clearly not interested in dealing on an equal footing, but rather wish to undermine their way of life in favour of asserting their own superiority. The best way to actually get talks about reform started, and to empower those who wish for more democracy and press freedom, is to patiently engage with these regimes, to coax them peaceably toward reform without threatening their core aims. [1] Aggression toward them will generate aggression in return as is shown again and again by North Korea and the responses to its actions by the United States. While incremental change may feel glacial, the long game is the only way to get changes without letting blood flow through the streets. The only possible outcome of this policy would be a harsher crackdown on bloggers by these governments.  [1] Larison, D. “Engagement is Not Appeasement”. The American Conservative. 17 December 2012. amnesty, policy, alienate, regimes, discourse, reform, repressive, force, population, control, Western, democracies, subversion, power, criminal, dissidents, breakdown, communication, engage, equal, undermining, superiority, change, patience, peaceable, incremental, aggression, North, Korea, United, States, crackdown, bloggers, long, game, bloodshed, engagement, appeasement, Larison, American, Conservative amnesty, policy, alienate, regimes, discourse, reform, repressive, regime, force, control, population, negatively, action, West, calculated, public, on-going, subversion, power, criminal, dissidents, breakdown, communication, reticent, engage, interested, dealing, equal, footing, undermine, way, life, superiority, talks, empower, democracy, press, freedom, coax, peaceably, threatening, core, aims, aggression, North, Korea, United, States, responses, actions, incremental, change, glacial, long, game, blood, streets, outcome, harsher amnesty policy, alienate regimes, discourse, reform, repressive regime, force, control population, Western democracies, subversion, criminal dissidents, breakdown communication, engage, equal footing, undermine, way of life, superiority, talks, empower, democracy, press freedom, coax, peaceably, aggression, North Korea, United States, incremental change, long game, harsher crackdown, bloggers, governments amnesty policy, alienate regimes, discourse, reform, repressive regime, force, control, population, Western democracies, public subversion, criminal dissidents, breakdown communication, equal footing, undermine, assert superiority, peaceable reform, empower, democracy, press freedom, patient engagement, aggression, North Korea, United States, incremental change, long game, harsher crackdown, bloggers amnesty, policy, alienate, regimes, discourse, reform, repressive, force, control, population, negatively, calculated, public, ongoing, subversion, power, criminal, dissidents, breakdown, communication, reticent, engage, equality, undermining, democracy, press, freedom, patiently, coax, peaceably, threatening, aims, aggression, North, Korea, United, States, incremental, change, long, game, glacial, harsher, crackdown, bloggers, governments, Larison, engagement, appeasement, conservative
test-politics-dhbanhrnw-pro02a	Nuclear weapons give states valuable agenda-setting power on the international stage  The issues discussed in international forums are largely set by nuclear powers. The permanent membership of the United Nations Security Council, for example, is composed only of nuclear powers, the same states that had nuclear weapons at the end of World War II. If all countries possess nuclear weapons, they redress the imbalance with regard to international clout, at least to the extent to which military capacity shapes states’ interactions with each other. [1] Furthermore, the current world order is grossly unfair, based on the historical anachronism of the post-World War II era. The nuclear powers, wanting to retain their position of dominance in the wake of the post-war chaos, sought to entrench their position, convincing smaller nations to sign up to non-proliferation agreements and trying to keep the nuclear club exclusive. It is only right, in terms of fairness that states not allow themselves the ability to possess certain arms while denying that right to others. Likewise, it is unfair in that it denies states, particularly those incapable of building large conventional militaries, the ability to defend themselves, relegating them to an inferior status on the world stage. [2] To finally level the international playing field and allow equal treatment to all members of the congress of nations, states must have the right to develop nuclear weapons.  [1] Fearon, James D. 1994. “Signaling Versus the Balance of Power and Interests: An Empirical Test of a Crisis Bargaining Model”. Journal of Conflict Resolution 38(2).  [2] Betts, Richard K. 1987. Nuclear blackmail and nuclear balance. Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution. nuclear weapons, international stage, agenda-setting power, United Nations Security Council, nuclear powers, post-World War II, non-proliferation agreements, fairness, defense, equal treatment, crisis bargaining, nuclear balance, military capacity, state interactions, international clout, historical anachronism, nuclear club, smaller nations, nuclear arms, world order, dominance, conventional militaries, inferior status, international playing field, states rights, Betts, Fearon Nuclear weapons, international stage, agenda-setting power, United Nations Security Council, nuclear powers, World War II, military capacity, state interactions, global order, historical anachronism, non-proliferation agreements, nuclear club, fairness, right to possess arms, conventional militaries, international clout, crisis bargaining, nuclear balance, nuclear blackmail, Betts, Fearon Nuclear weapons, international agenda-setting, UN Security Council, nuclear powers, World War II, non-proliferation, global fairness, military capacity, international clout, crisis bargaining, nuclear balance, Betts, Fearon nuclear weapons, international agenda, UNSC membership, nuclear powers, global clout, military capacity, state interactions, World War II, post-war order, non-proliferation, international fairness, crisis bargaining, nuclear balance, Betts, Fearon nuclear weapons, international stage, agenda-setting power, United Nations Security Council, nuclear powers, World War II, nuclear proliferation, international clout, military capacity, global fairness, historical anachronism, non-proliferation agreements, international order, crisis bargaining, nuclear balance, state defense, equal treatment, international relations, nuclear disarmament, global security
test-religion-cmrsgfhbr-con03a	Any body of values that claims to respect the rights of the individual must recognise the right of a woman to choose  Even the doctrines of the Church accepts that pregnancy is not, in and of itself, a virtue – there is no compulsion to maximise the number of pregnancies; there is simply a disagreement about how they should be avoided. The Church recommends that couples may minimise the chance without ever making it impossible through a chemical or physical barrier.  In some parts of the world a pregnancy, even one that is not planned, is seen as a time for joy – a blessing for the family that will lead to a new and happy life bringing pleasure to both parents, their society and the child. That ideal is very far from the experience of much of the world where a child is another mouth to feed on impossibly little income. For all too much of the world, that life will be cruel, nasty and short. In slums, favellas and barren wastes that life is likely to be one marked more by dysentery or diarrhea, malnutrition and misery than by the sanitised, idealised image promoted in the West. That is, of course, not to say that children everywhere cannot be a cause for joy, of course they can. Indeed even within the poorest of situations, a new child can be the focus of great joy in an otherwise hard life.  However, if that is to be the case, that child must be planned and prepared for. Overwhelmingly, the mother is likely to have paramount responsibility for the child; so that planning and preparation needs to be theirs. It is difficult to imagine the scenario that would reach the objective observer to reach the conclusion that the right group of individuals to reach that decision were a group of celibate men who had never met the parents and would take to role in the care or support of the child. Yet that, astonishingly, is what Proposition would like us to believe. women's rights, reproductive rights, individual rights, Church doctrine, pregnancy, virtue, contraception, non-coercion, family planning, economic hardship, child welfare, parental responsibility, societal impact, ethical decision-making, celibate authority, parental involvement, care support, moral autonomy, human dignity, social justice, global inequality, unplanned pregnancy, life quality, maternal health, child rearing, religious influence, ethical governance, women's autonomy, moral responsibility, childbearing choices, cultural perspectives, reproductive health, social responsibility, ethical standards, human rights, gender equality, religious beliefs, secular ethics, humanism, child development, poverty, right to choose, women's rights, Church doctrine, pregnancy, virtue, family planning, contraception, abortion, societal views, child welfare, poverty, slums, favellas, malnutrition, misery, planned parenthood, mother's responsibility, celibate men, decision-making, child support, care roles, Proposition argument, individual rights, ethical considerations, reproductive rights, unplanned pregnancy, quality of life, childrearing, societal support, religious perspectives, secular perspectives, reproductive health, women's autonomy, human rights, global perspectives, life conditions, ethical debates, moral disputes, family structures, societal norms, political ideologies, legal frameworks individual rights, women's rights, pregnancy, Church doctrine, family planning, contraception, moral disputes, socioeconomic factors, child welfare, global inequality, maternal responsibility, paternal responsibility, celibate decision-makers, ethical considerations, reproductive freedom, pro-choice, pro-life, social responsibilities, healthcare access, poverty impacts, child health, family joy, unplanned pregnancies, life quality, decision-making ethics, religious perspectives, secular perspectives, fertility, family planning methods, moral autonomy, legal rights, public policy, reproductive health, social support systems, childbearing choices, cultural differences, human rights, ethical debates, societal norms, personal autonomy, moral relativism reproductive rights, women's rights, individual rights, pregnancy, Church, contraception, family planning, abortion, child welfare, poverty, global health, maternal health, child mortality, socioeconomic status, ethics, moral responsibility, religious doctrine, celibacy, parent involvement, decision-making, human rights women's rights, reproductive rights, individual rights, church doctrine, pregnancy, contraception, family planning, poverty, child welfare, societal values, moral responsibility, decision-making, celibate clergy, parental responsibility, global health, ethics, human rights, social justice, healthcare, family planning methods, overpopulation, quality of life, maternal health, child mortality, malnutrition, societal impact, religious influence, ethical decision-making, women's health, gender equality, legal rights, social responsibility, public health, humanitarian issues, economic factors, childbirth, reproductive health, family structure, community support, childcare, social policies, human dignity, cultural perspectives,
test-society-cpisydfphwj-con02a	Facebook has some dangerous consequences  Facebook is becoming more and more integrated into our lives, but unfortunately the uncertainty of who is at the other end of the computer is proving to be a massive threat to our mental and physical safety.  First of all, undoubtedly, rape is one of the most serious and unforgiveable crimes anyone can commit, as it leaves permanent physical and mental scars on women. Unfortunately, Facebook is used by troubled men to take advantage of naive women. They use Facebook in order to get in touch with their victims (often posing as someone who he is not), and after they get to know each other, after he gained the victims trust he deceives her into meeting him, a mistake she’ll regret forever. As physical integrity is one of the rights most fundamental rights, and as Facebook is facilitating the violation of this right, it is absolutely clear that these social networks are detrimental to the society.(1)(2)  Secondly, another level on which Facebook is harmful is cyber bullying. It affects many adolescents and teens on a daily basis. Cyber bullying involves using technology to bully or harass another person. Sending mean Facebook messages or threats to a person, spreading rumours online or posting hurtful or threatening messages on social networking sites are just a few of the ways in which a lot of children get bullied every single day.  “Despite the potential damage of cyber bullying, it is alarmingly common among adolescents and teens. According to Cyber bullying statistics from the i-SAFE foundation:  Over half of adolescents and teens have been bullied online, and about the same number have engaged in cyber bullying. More than 1 in 3 young people have experienced cyberthreats online.”(3)  (1) Justin Davenport “Hunt for ‘Facebook rapists’ before they can strike again” London Evening Standard, 15 November 2012   (2) “Two men gang-rape girl in Kota after befriending her on Facebook”, Times of India, Aug 21, 2013   (3) Bullying Statistics Facebook, dangerous consequences, mental safety, physical safety, rape, cyber bullying, adolescents, teens, technology, harassment, cyber threats, social networks, societal impact, online predators, bullying statistics, victim, trust, deception, rumour spreading, fundamental rights, physical integrity, cyber crime, online safety, digital security, societal harm, menace, online risks, social media dangers Facebook, dangerous consequences, mental safety, physical safety, rape, cyber bullying, adolescents, teens, technology, harassment, online threats, rumours, social networking, cyber threats, Facebook rapists, bullying statistics, i-SAFE foundation, child safety, digital security, privacy concerns Facebook, dangerous consequences, mental safety, physical safety, rape, cyber bullying, adolescents, teens, cyber threats, online harassment, social networks, potential damage, bullying statistics, Facebook rapists, gang-rape, befriending, victims, trust, permanent scars, fundamental rights, technology misuse, harassment, rumours, hurtful messages, threats, i-SAFE foundation, young people, online safety, privacy concerns, digital footprint, social engineering, predatory behavior Facebook, dangerous consequences, mental safety, physical safety, rape, cyber bullying, adolescents, teens, cyber threats, social networks, detrimental, society, technology misuse, victim deception, permanent scars, bullying statistics, online harassment, social media risks, online predators, trust exploitation Facebook, dangerous consequences, mental safety, physical safety, rape, cyber bullying, adolescents, teens, cyber threats, social networks, detrimental society, technology abuse, harassment, online rumors, victim trust, troubled men, naive women, physical integrity, rights violation, bullying statistics, i-SAFE foundation, Facebook rapists, gang-rape, befriending Facebook, young people, cyber harassment
test-international-aghwrem-con02a	The international community and political legitimacy  The military-controlled government in Myanmar clearly does not have popular domestic support - otherwise the artificial election process would not have been necessary. Therefore, it derives its strength from the fact that many international players other than the US and the EU have continued to recognise it, while there is historic precedent for concerted international opinion having influenced illegitimate regimes (Haiti and South Africa, for instance). Having a nationalised economy increases the control the military has over trade and investment, while a majority of the country finds itself in poverty. The choice for the international community is between continuing to strengthen the military by engaging with it, or by disengaging (like the EU and the US) until the ruling elite runs out of resources and options. The former option does not give hope to any real democratic reform, while the latter option would take away the legitimacy of the government in the international arena. international community, political legitimacy, Myanmar, military-controlled government, domestic support, artificial election, international players, US, EU, recognition, illegitimate regimes, Haiti, South Africa, nationalised economy, trade, investment, poverty, disengagement, democratic reform, international legitimacy, ruling elite, resources, options international community, political legitimacy, military-controlled government, Myanmar, domestic support, artificial election, international players, US, EU, recognition, illegitimate regimes, Haiti, South Africa, nationalised economy, trade, investment, poverty, democratic reform, disengagement, resources, options, international arena international community, political legitimacy, Myanmar, military-controlled government, popular domestic support, artificial election, international players, US, EU, recognition, historic precedent, Haiti, South Africa, nationalised economy, trade, investment, poverty, disengagement, democratic reform, legitimacy, international arena international community, political legitimacy, military-controlled government, Myanmar, domestic support, artificial election, international recognition, US, EU, illegitimate regimes, Haiti, South Africa, nationalised economy, trade, investment, poverty, disengagement, democratic reform, international legitimacy international community, political legitimacy, military-controlled government, Myanmar, domestic support, artificial election, international recognition, US, EU, historic precedent, Haiti, South Africa, nationalised economy, trade, investment, poverty, democratic reform, disengagement, resources, options, international arena
test-international-aahwstdrtfm-pro04a	Cannot avoid dealing with a UNSC member  The PRC is a member of the United Nations Security Council and as such is one of the key members of the UN. It is therefore difficult for countries to avoid dealing with it. The Pacific island of Tonga’s switched recognition because it feared the PRC would veto its membership of the UN. [1] São Tomé is already a member but that does not mean the PRC can’t cause problems in the international body; it clearly has the ability to scupper any initiative São Tomé wishes to pursue. Similarly in other international institutions while the PRC does not wield as much power as it does in the UN it still has considerably more influence than Taiwan; this includes over some organisations that provide aid such as the World Bank and IMF. São Tomé therefore must deal with the PRC, this being the case it should not let recognition get in the way.  [1] Fossen, Anthony Van, ‘The Struggle for Recognition: Diplomatic Competition between China and Taiwan in Oceania’, The Journal of Chinese Political Science, Col.12, No.2, 2007,  , p.4 UNSC, PRC, United Nations Security Council, key member, international relations, Tonga, recognition switch, veto power, UN membership, São Tomé, international body influence, PRC power, World Bank, IMF, aid organizations, diplomatic competition, China, Taiwan, Oceania, Fossen, The Journal of Chinese Political Science UNSC, PRC, United Nations Security Council, key member, difficult avoidance, Tonga, recognition switch, veto power, UN membership, São Tomé, international body, problems, scupper initiatives, international institutions, World Bank, IMF, aid, influence, Taiwan, diplomatic competition, Oceania, Fossen, Anthony Van, Journal of Chinese Political Science UNSC, PRC, United Nations Security Council, international relations, diplomacy, veto power, Tonga, São Tomé, UN membership, China, Taiwan, World Bank, IMF, diplomatic recognition, Oceania, international aid, influence, international institutions, political science, diplomatic competition UNSC, PRC, United Nations Security Council, Tonga, recognition, veto, UN membership, São Tomé, international body, initiatives, World Bank, IMF, diplomatic competition, China, Taiwan, Oceania UNSC, PRC, United Nations Security Council, Tonga, recognition, veto, UN membership, São Tomé, international body, World Bank, IMF, Taiwan, diplomatic competition, Oceania, Fossen, 2007
test-international-epvhwhranet-con02a	If all member states held a referendum on all EU treaties nothing would get passed.  The pure size and logistics of the European Union is such that if every member state had to hold a referendum on all EU Treaties, no EU Treaties would get enacted. It is too likely that one of the member states will vote against a motion. The EU should be able to vote on issues without consulting the citizens of all member states, in the UK legislation is voted on in parliament which is made of constituency representatives. The concept for government's voting in representation of their countries within the EU is the same. Furthermore the UK did not hold a referendum on the war with Iraq, so why should a referendum be held for issues of lesser importance. EU treaties, referendum, member states, logistics, enactment, representation, parliament, constituency representatives, war with Iraq, lesser importance EU treaties, referendums, member states, logistics, enactment, representation, parliament, constituency, Iraq war, lesser importance referendum, EU, treaties, member states, logistics, enactment, representation, parliament, constituency, Iraq, lesser importance EU, treaties, referendums, member states, logistics, enactment, representation, parliament, constituency, Iraq war, lesser importance EU treaties, member states, referendums, legislative process, parliamentary representation, EU decision-making, direct democracy, voter turnout, political representation, UK parliament, Iraq war, referendum necessity, EU governance, democratic legitimacy, European Union logistics
test-economy-beghwbh-pro03a	The Hyperloop will be a low cost system for the user  The Hyperloop would be the cheapest mode of intercity transport possible. “Transporting 7.4million people each way and amortizing the cost of $6 billion over 20 years gives a ticket price of $20 for a one-way trip for the passenger version of Hyperloop.” [1] There are very few additional costs. Usually the main cost for transportation beyond the infrastructure is the energy but the Hyperloop produces more energy than it uses so would make a profit here. There would be additional maintenance costs and some minor staff costs but this is unlikely to add too much to the ticket price. The Hyperloop would therefore be very price competitive compared to the $100 and up for flights.  [1] Musk, Elon, ‘Hyperloop Alpha’, SpaceX, 12 August 2013,  p.56 Hyperloop, low cost, intercity transport, cheapest, ticket price, $20, one-way trip, infrastructure, energy production, profit, maintenance costs, staff costs, price competitive, flights, $100, Elon Musk, SpaceX, Hyperloop Alpha Hyperloop, low cost, intercity transport, cheapest mode, ticket price, $20, one-way trip, infrastructure cost, energy production, profit, maintenance costs, staff costs, price competitive, flights, $100, Elon Musk, SpaceX, Hyperloop Alpha Hyperloop, low cost, intercity transport, cheapest, ticket price, $20, one-way trip, infrastructure, energy production, profit, maintenance costs, staff costs, price competitive, flights, $100, Elon Musk, SpaceX, Hyperloop Alpha Hyperloop, low cost, intercity transport, cheapest, ticket price, $20, one-way trip, infrastructure, energy production, profit, maintenance costs, staff costs, price competitive, flights, $100, Elon Musk, SpaceX, Hyperloop Alpha Hyperloop, low cost, cheapest, intercity transport, ticket price, $20, one-way, passenger, $6 billion, 20 years, energy, profit, maintenance, staff, price competitive, flights, $100, Elon Musk, SpaceX, Hyperloop Alpha, 2013
test-culture-thbcsbptwhht-pro01a	Compensation rights a wrong  Compensation is a basic principle of justice in any legal system. By definition it can be given to those who have had harm to reputation or dignity, emotional distress and loss of opportunities, including potential earnings. It is important to give compensation as it provides something for those who have suffered from disadvantages as a result of someone else’s actions, and it therefore helps to level out the playing field. Cultural appropriation causes clear harms – lost business, less awareness of that culture, and a feeling of inferiority. Theoretically, compensation is also beneficial as Rawls believes that it achieves 'some of the intent' of the principle of redress. This is in line with an egalitarian point of view [1]. While individual cases of cultural appropriation may not intend to harm they have an externality of harm by damaging the culture and identity as a while. This is in much the same way that those polluting often don’t intend harm, just to make a profit.  [1] Gaus, Gerald F., ‘Does Compensation Restore Equality’, Compensatory Justice, Vol.33, 1991, pp.45-81, Compensation, Rights, Justice, Legal System, Harm, Reputation, Dignity, Emotional Distress, Loss of Opportunities, Potential Earnings, Disadvantages, Actions, Cultural Appropriation, Business, Awareness, Inferiority, Rawls, Redress, Egalitarian, Externality, Culture, Identity, Pollution, Profit compensation, rights, wrong, justice, legal system, harm, reputation, dignity, emotional distress, loss opportunities, potential earnings, disadvantages, actions, cultural appropriation, lost business, awareness, culture, feeling inferiority, Rawls, redress, egalitarian, externality, harm, damage, culture, identity, polluting, profit Compensation, Rights, Legal System, Justice, Harm, Reputation, Dignity, Emotional Distress, Loss, Opportunities, Earnings, Disadvantages, Actions, Cultural Appropriation, Business, Awareness, Inferiority, Rawls, Redress, Egalitarian, Externality, Pollution, Profit, Culture, Identity Compensation, Rights, Justice, Legal System, Harm, Reputation, Dignity, Emotional Distress, Loss of Opportunities, Potential Earnings, Disadvantages, Cultural Appropriation, Lost Business, Awareness, Inferiority, Rawls, Principle of Redress, Egalitarian, Externality of Harm, Culture, Identity, Pollution, Profit Compensation, Rights, Justice, Legal System, Harm, Reputation, Dignity, Emotional Distress, Loss of Opportunities, Potential Earnings, Disadvantages, Cultural Appropriation, Lost Business, Awareness, Inferiority, Rawls, Redress, Egalitarian, Externality, Culture, Identity, Pollution, Profit
test-free-speech-debate-magghbcrg-con02a	Radio is yesterday’s technology.  Proposition is right to point out the role that has traditionally been filled by relatively small scale radio – providing a relatively cheap method of getting in touch with anybody willing to listen. However, that has, effectively, been rendered redundant by Internet technology. The power of Facebook, Youtube and other sites to disseminate ideas and information as well as phone texting has not only matched that role but surpassed it.  With no capital costs in an era of internet cafes and omnipresent cell phones, the free exchange of information through digital and portable technology has met exactly the needs and concerns Proposition highlights. [i]  Suggesting that community radio will somehow supplement or enhance that process it taking a step backwards; support for the relatively monolithic radio model runs all of the risks of empowering extremists already mentioned without even equalling the benefits of texting and social media [ii] .  [i] Helling, Alex, ‘This House would use foreign aid funds to research and distribute software that allows bloggers and journalists in non democratic countries to evade censorship and conceal their online activities’, freespeechdebate.idebate.org, 18 May 2012.  [ii] Hood, Michael, NPR CEO: Internet will replace broadcast radio in 5-10 years. Blatherwatch, 3 June 2010. Radio, Yesterday's Technology, Internet, Social Media, Facebook, YouTube, Phone Texting, Information Dissemination, Digital Technology, Portable Technology, Free Exchange, Community Radio, Foreign Aid, Software, Bloggers, Journalists, Censorship, Concealment, Online Activities, NPR, Broadcast Radio, Extremists, Monolithic Model, Risks, Benefits, Step Backwards, Internet Cafes, Omnipresent Cell Phones, Capital Costs Radio, technology, Internet, Facebook, Youtube, phone texting, dissemination, information, ideas, community radio, digital, portable, internet cafes, cell phones, free exchange, censorship, bloggers, journalists, non-democratic countries, software, NPR, broadcast radio, replacement, 5-10 years, monolithic, extremists, social media Radio, Yesterday's Technology, Internet Technology, Facebook, YouTube, Phone Texting, Information Dissemination, Digital Technology, Portable Technology, Community Radio, Foreign Aid Funds, Software Research, Bloggers, Journalists, Censorship, Online Activities, NPR CEO, Broadcast Radio, Social Media, Extremists, Capital Costs, Internet Cafes, Omnipresent Cell Phones, Free Exchange Information, Non-Democratic Countries, Propagation Technology, Enhanced Communication, Step Backwards, Risks, Empowering Extremists Radio, technology, Internet, Facebook, Youtube, phone texting, information dissemination, digital technology, portable technology, community radio, foreign aid, software, bloggers, journalists, censorship, online activities, NPR, broadcast radio, Internet replacement, extremism, social media Radio, Yesterday's Technology, Internet Technology, Facebook, YouTube, Phone Texting, Digital Technology, Portable Technology, Free Exchange of Information, Community Radio, Supplement, Enhance, Process, Monolithic Radio Model, Empowering Extremists, Texting, Social Media, Foreign Aid Funds, Research, Software, Bloggers, Journalists, Non-Democratic Countries, Evade Censorship, Conceal Online Activities, NPR CEO, Internet Replace Broadcast Radio
test-economy-bepighbdb-con02a	Development is about more than economic growth  Amartya Sen has argued that “the removal of substantial unfreedoms […] is constitutive of development [in so far as give people] the opportunity of exercising their reasoned agency [1] ”. In a broader sense, democracy is necessary for a developed society because a precondition of a developed society is for that society to be able to decide for itself what its objectives are. It is society as a whole that needs to define what it considers to be development. The Myanmar under the junta may have considered its goals to be a strong military showing that Burma was developed. But without the citizenry agreeing this would not make Burma a strong state. Quite the opposite the lack of freedoms would show the country is not actually developed. Development means more than economic growth, it has to include other indicators as in the Human Development Index, but also things that are not even captured by that measurement such as freedom of speech.  Economic growth and GDP are even worse at demonstrating which countries are developed. Development only occurs when the wealth, and the choices it brings, reaches the people which is why Equatorial Guinea is not a developed nation despite its high income. Even in the economic realm therefore it is not just the absolute growth that matters but how it is distributed. Przeworski and Limongi show that from 1951-1990 dictatorships had higher growth rates than democracies (4.42% against 3.95%) yet the growth rate in GDP per capita was higher in democracies (2.46% against 2%). [2]  [1] Sen, A. (1999). Development as Freedom. Oxford: Oxfor University Press. p. xii  [2] Przeworski, Adam and Fernando Limongi, 1997a; in M. ANTIĆ: “Democracy versus Dictatorship: The Influence of Political Regime on GDP Per Capita Growth”. EKONOMSKI PREGLED, 55 (9-10) pp. 773-803 (2004) development, economic growth, Amartya Sen, democracy, unfreedoms, reasoned agency, Myanmar, junta, Human Development Index, freedom of speech, GDP, wealth distribution, Equatorial Guinea, Przeworski, Limongi, political regime, GDP per capita growth, dictatorships, democracies development, economic growth, Amartya Sen, unfreedoms, democracy, society, objectives, Myanmar, junta, Human Development Index, freedom of speech, GDP, wealth distribution, Equatorial Guinea, dictatorships, democracies, Przeworski, Limongi, political regime, GDP per capita growth Amartya Sen, development, economic growth, unfreedoms, democracy, human development index, freedom of speech, GDP, wealth distribution, Equatorial Guinea, Przeworski, Limongi, dictatorships, democracies, GDP per capita growth, political regime, Myanmar, junta, citizenry, objectives, reasoned agency Amartya Sen, development, economic growth, unfreedoms, democracy, societal objectives, Myanmar, junta, Human Development Index, freedom of speech, Equatorial Guinea, wealth distribution, Przeworski, Limongi, GDP per capita, dictatorships, democracies, political regime, GDP growth development, economic growth, Amartya Sen, unfreedoms, reasoned agency, democracy,的社会决定, objectives, Myanmar, junta, citizenry, Human Development Index, freedom of speech, GDP, wealth distribution, Equatorial Guinea, Przeworski, Limongi, dictatorships, democracies, GDP per capita
test-economy-egiahbwaka-pro03a	There is greater potential for African women  There is great potential in educating African women. Two out of three illiterate Africans are women. In 1996 the countries with the highest illiteracy rates in women are Burkina Faso with a staggering 91.1%, Sierra Leone with 88.7%, Guinea with 86.6% and Chad with 82.1% of women illiterate [1] . The situation is however improving. Women are starting to reach their educational potential: by 2011 the illiteracy rate among female youth (15-24) had dropped to 52% in Sierra Leone, 22% in Guinea and 42% in Chad. [2]  Women in Africa are becoming much better educated. This means they are much more likely to be able to reach their full potential in the economy. Education provides opportunities as educated women will be better able to work in the manufacturing or services sectors. They will also be much more capable of setting up and running their own businesses or organisations. As a more educated cohort of women enters the workforce they will have a much greater effect on the economy than women have had in the past.  [1] ‘The role of Women in Post-independent Africa’, African Women Culture, 29 April 2011,   [2] UNESCO Institute of Statistics, ‘Literacy rate, youth female (% of females ages 15-24)’, data.worldbank.org, 2009-2013, African women, education, illiteracy rates, Burkina Faso, Sierra Leone, Guinea, Chad, female youth, economic potential, workforce, manufacturing, services sectors, entrepreneurship, post-independent Africa, UNESCO Institute of Statistics, World Bank data African women, potential, education, illiteracy, Burkina Faso, Sierra Leone, Guinea, Chad, improvement, youth, economy, manufacturing, services, entrepreneurship, workforce, literacy rate, post-independent Africa, UNESCO Institute of Statistics, World Bank data African women, potential, education, illiteracy rates, Burkina Faso, Sierra Leone, Guinea, Chad, improving literacy, female youth, economy, workforce, manufacturing, services sectors, entrepreneurship, business, organizations, post-independent Africa, UNESCO Institute of Statistics, World Bank data African women, potential, education, illiteracy, Africa, Burkina Faso, Sierra Leone, Guinea, Chad, women empowerment, economic impact, female youth, literacy rate, workforce, UNESCO, World Bank, post-independent Africa African women, potential, education, illiteracy rates, Burkina Faso, Sierra Leone, Guinea, Chad, improvement, female youth, economy, opportunities, manufacturing, services sectors, businesses, organizations, workforce, post-independent Africa, UNESCO Institute of Statistics, World Bank data
test-politics-cdfsaphgiap-pro01a	The head of state/government must be accountable to the people  Secrecy in relation to the leader’s health shows a distrust or distain of the electorate. Not being open about health issues almost invariably means that the administration is lying to those who elected them, those who they are accountable to. A couple of days before John Atta Mills died Nii Lantey Vanderpuye a candidate for Mills’ party stated “He [Mills] is stronger and healthier than any presidential candidate”, information that in retrospect was clearly untrue. 1  1 Takyi-Boadu, Charles, ‘Confusion Hits Mills’, Modern Ghana, 21 July 2012, head of state, government accountability, leader's health, secrecy, distrust, electorate, lying, administration, John Atta Mills, Nii Lantey Vanderpuye, presidential candidate, health issues, Modern Ghana, Charles Takyi-Boadu, Confusion Hits Mills head of state, government accountability, leader's health, secrecy, distrust, electorate, health transparency, lying, presidential candidates, John Atta Mills, Nii Lantey Vanderpuye, political deception, public trust, electoral integrity, Modern Ghana, Takyi-Boadu Charles head of state, government accountability, leader's health, secrecy, distrust, electorate, transparency, lying, presidential candidates, John Atta Mills, Nii Lantey Vanderpuye, health issues, electoral responsibility, Modern Ghana head of state, government accountability, leader's health, distrust, electorate, transparency, lying, John Atta Mills, Nii Lantey Vanderpuye, presidential candidate, health issues, political deceit, electoral integrity, public trust, Modern Ghana, Charles Takyi-Boadu head of state, government accountability, leader's health, secrecy, distrust, electorate, lying, administration, John Atta Mills, Nii Lantey Vanderpuye, presidential candidate, health issues, electoral transparency, political honesty, Modern Ghana, Charles Takyi-Boadu, Confusion Hits Mills
test-economy-bepahbtsnrt-pro01a	Vulnerable to unrest  Relying on tourism ensures that the economy is at the mercy of unrest. The violence and break down in law and order following the Tunisian revolution resulted in a notable decrease in tourists as tourists were unwilling to visit an area which they view as dangerous. This is demonstrated by the footfall of tourists which declined from 6,487,000 in 2010 to 4,456,000 in 2011 1. The increase in attacks by Salafists, a conservative sect of Islam which promotes Sharia law and has attacked tourist destinations, has dissuaded many potential visitors2. This has been exacerbated by government travel information which generally advises against visiting regions during periods of unrest, especially for Westerners who are perceived as profitable targets for ransom3. The resultant decrease in tourists reduces revenue, making tourism an unreliable industry for Tunisia.  1) African Manager, ‘Tunisia-Tourism: Clear Improvement, but a timid pace!’, data accessed 24 January 2014  2) Whewell,T. ‘Justice kiosk: Tunisia’s alternative law enforces’, BBC, 30 July 2013  3) Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade ‘Kidnapping threat worldwide’ Vulnerable, unrest, tourism, economy, Tunisian revolution, violence, law and order, tourists, dangerous, footfall decline, Salafists, conservative Islam, Sharia law, attacks, government travel advisories, unrest periods, Westerners, ransom, decrease revenue, unreliable industry, Tunisia, African Manager, BBC, Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade Tunisia, tourism, unrest, economy, violence, law and order, Tunisian revolution, decline in tourists, footfall, Salafists, Sharia law, terrorist attacks, travel advice, government warnings, Westerners, ransom, revenue reduction, unreliable industry, African Manager, BBC, Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade, kidnapping threat vulnerable, unrest, tourism, economy, Tunisian revolution, violence, law and order, tourists, danger, footfall, decline, Salafists, Sharia law, attacks, travel information, government advisory, unrest periods, Westerners, ransom, revenue, unreliable industry, Tunisia, African Manager, BBC, Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade Vulnerable, unrest, tourism, economy, Tunisian revolution, violence, law and order, tourists, footfall, Salafists, Sharia law, government travel information, Westerners, ransom, revenue, unreliable industry, Tunisia, African Manager, BBC, Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade Vulnerability, Unrest, Tourism, Economy, Tunisian Revolution, Violence, Law and Order, Tourists, Safety, Footfall, Decline, Salafists, Sharia Law, Attacks, Travel Advice, Government Warnings, Westerners, Ransom, Revenue, Unreliable Industry, African Manager, BBC, Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade, Kidnapping Threat
test-philosophy-elhbrd-con03a	There is a risk that even a free choice may have some coercion involved.  By far the biggest worry is that a right to die will create a silent form of coercion that cannot be detected. In the West’s increasingly elderly society the role of older people in that society, their value and their continuing contribution is all too likely to be masked by the issue of the cost placed on those of working age. Even where older people do not face pressure from their families, society needs to be aware of this wider narrative. Such a narrative will slowly create a norm where the elderly feel that they are a burden and it is expected that they will exercise their right to die. The ‘choice’ will remain and they will even think it a choice free of coercion but will exercise their right not because they really want to die but because they feel it is what they ought to do, once the right to die is completely normalised those exercising it may not even consider that what they are doing is not really of their free will. Perceiving oneself as a burden is already a common cause of suicide [i] and would certainly increase if it were to no longer be considered taboo. Not having a right to die will not stop arguments about the burden placed on the working members of society by the elderly but it will stop this going any further towards the creation of a culture where individuals consider it normal that they should die when they feel they are a burden.  [i] Joiner, Thomas E. et al., ‘The Psychology and Neurobiology of Suicidal Behaviour’, Annual Review of Psychology, 10 September 2004, p.304 . right to die, elderly, coercion, free will, burden, elderly society, working age, cost, suicide, taboo, culture, neurobiology, psychology, suicidal behaviour, norm, choice, family pressure, societal pressure, value, contribution, normalised, perception right to die, elderly, coercion, free will, societal pressure, burden, suicide, elderly rights, moral obligation, social norms, working age, cost of elderly care, choice, euthanasia, psychological burden, neurobiology of suicide, cultural norms, ethical concerns, end-of-life decisions, autonomy right to die, elderly society, coercion, free choice, burden, working age, societal pressure, silent coercion, suicide, norm creation, individual rights, cultural norms, elderly contribution, psychological impact, neurobiology of suicide, ethical considerations, end-of-life decisions, social expectations, cost of aging population risk, coercion, free choice, right to die, elderly society, working age, societal value, elderly burden, silent coercion, normalisation, perceived burden, suicide, taboo, cultural expectation, neurobiology, suicidal behaviour right to die, elderly society, coercion, free choice, burden, working age, norm, suicide, taboo, culture, neurobiology, psychology, elderly contribution, societal value, silent coercion, normalized death, perceived burden, suicidal behavior, annual review psychology
test-economy-thsptr-con05a	The aim of taxation should be to provide equality of opportunity, not of outcom  Taxation should not be about trying to engineer a more equal society. The purpose of taxes is to furnish necessary services people need to become competitive free agents in the economy. Progressive taxes take unduly from some to give to others in the hope of fostering social equality. Yet such efforts can only be harmful, as they breed resentment from rich toward the poor for taking undue amounts of their wealth for their consumption, and feelings of entitlement from poor who feel the wealthy owe them the money they pay, and thus feel happy to levy ever more odious taxes from them. [1] Society is best served by promoting a system of taxation that fosters equality of opportunity, by providing essential services to which everyone contributes in accordance with their ability to pay. This is better serviced through a system of flat-taxes, such as in Russia where there is a flat tax of 13%, [2] that promote a system of proportionality in taxation, rather than progressive taxes that focus unduly upon the contributions of the few to the many.  [1] The Frugal Libertarian. “Immorality of Progressive Income Tax”. Nolan Chart. 2008. Available:   [2] Mardell, Mark, ‘Pros and cons of Rick Perry’s flat tax plan’, BBC News, 26 October 2011, taxation, equality of opportunity, progressive taxes, flat tax, economic competitiveness, social equality, resentment, entitlement, necessary services, proportionality in taxation, flat tax rate, frugal libertarian, moral implications, tax contribution, economic agents, tax policy, societal benefit, fiscal fairness, Rick Perry, BBC News, tax plan pros and cons, wealth distribution, tax system reform taxation, equality of opportunity, progressive taxes, flat taxes, social equality, resentment, entitlement, essential services, economic competitiveness, proportionality in taxation, flat tax system, Rick Perry, BBC News, The Frugal Libertarian taxation, equality of opportunity, progressive taxes, flat taxes, social equality, resentment, entitlement, essential services, proportionality, economic competition, free agents, wealth distribution, immorality, libertarian, Rick Perry, Russia, 13% flat tax, BBC News, Nolan Chart taxation, equality of opportunity, progressive taxes, flat taxes, social equality, resentment, entitlement, necessary services, competitive free agents, proportionality, flat-tax system, Russia, 13%, Rick Perry, BBC News, Mardell, Mark, The Frugal Libertarian, Nolan Chart, 2008, 2011 equality of opportunity, progressive taxation, flat tax, social equality, resentment, entitlement, necessary services, competitive free agents, proportionality in taxation, economic competitiveness, tax fairness, societal benefit, tax policy, flat tax rate, Russia tax system, Rick Perry flat tax plan
test-society-asfhwapg-pro01a	Genes are intellectual property thus patentable  The patenting office stipulates that a successful patent applicant must have found something in nature, isolated it, and found a way to make something useful with it.The genome research of companies satisfies these criteria, so why should it be any different? The genome companies have invested resources to create intellectual property (patents), which refers to “creations of the mind.” Under US law includes intellectual property inventions, literary and artistic works, symbols, names, images, designs, and trade secrets. The law states, that any person who “invents or discovers any new and useful process, machine, manufacture, or composition of matter, or any new and useful improvement thereof, may obtain a patent.” In biomedicine the patentable inventions include materials, such as new drugs or new cell lines, and methods for deriving or growing them, such as extraction or cloning techniques.1  1. Merz J., Mildred K., What are gene patents and Why are people worried about them ?, Community Genetics 2005 genes, intellectual property, patentable, patenting office, isolation, useful, genome research, companies, invested resources, creations of the mind, US law, inventions, literary works, artistic works, symbols, names, images, designs, trade secrets, biomedicine, new drugs, cell lines, extraction, cloning techniques, gene patents, community genetics Genes, Intellectual Property, Patentable, Patenting Office, Nature, Isolation, Useful, Genome Research, Companies, Invested Resources, Creations of the Mind, US Law, Inventions, Literary Works, Artistic Works, Symbols, Names, Images, Designs, Trade Secrets, Biomedicine, Patentable Inventions, Materials, New Drugs, New Cell Lines, Methods, Extraction Techniques, Cloning Techniques, Gene Patents, Community Genetics Genes, Intellectual Property, Patentable, Patent Office, Nature, Isolation, Useful, Genome Research, Companies, Investments, Creations of the Mind, US Law, Inventions, Literary Works, Artistic Works, Symbols, Names, Images, Designs, Trade Secrets, Biomedicine, Patentable Inventions, Materials, New Drugs, Cell Lines, Methods, Extraction Techniques, Cloning Techniques, Gene Patents, Community Genetics Genes, Intellectual Property, Patentable, Patenting Office, Nature, Isolation, Useful, Genome Research, Companies, Invested Resources, Creations of the Mind, US Law, Inventions, Literary Works, Artistic Works, Symbols, Names, Images, Designs, Trade Secrets, Biomedicine, Patentable Inventions, Materials, New Drugs, Cell Lines, Methods, Extraction, Cloning Techniques, Gene Patents, Community Genetics genes, intellectual property, patentable, patenting office, criteria, genome research, companies, invested resources, creations of the mind, US law, inventions, literary and artistic works, symbols, names, images, designs, trade secrets, biomedicine, patentable inventions, materials, new drugs, cell lines, methods, extraction, cloning techniques, gene patents, concerns
test-international-siacphbnt-con03a	Technology remains insecure and a security risk.  The internet remains at risk. Cybersecurity is a key concern, and the prevalence of hacking events across Africa identifies the need to promote security for the new digital users. Cyber-crime costs the Kenyan government around Ksh.2 billion (Mutegi, 2013); and affects around 70% of South Africans. In order to encourage more users in technology their safety, against fraud, hacking, and identity theft, needs to be prioritised. Without security technology can’t help entrepreneurs as customer details, business plans etc can’t be kept private. technology, cybersecurity, internet, security, hacking, Africa, digital users, cyber-crime, Kenya, South Africa, fraud, identity theft, entrepreneurs, privacy, customer details, business plans Technology, Insecurity, Security Risk, Internet, Cybersecurity, Hacking, Africa, Digital Users, Cyber-crime, Kenya, Government, Costs, South Africa, Fraud, Identity Theft, Entrepreneurs, Privacy, Customer Details, Business Plans technology, cybersecurity, security risk, internet, hacking, Africa, digital users, cyber-crime, Kenya, government costs, South Africa, user safety, fraud, identity theft, entrepreneurs, customer details, business plans, privacy Technology, Insecurity, Security Risk, Internet, Cybersecurity, Hacking, Africa, Digital Users, Cyber-crime, Kenya, Government, Costs, South Africa, Users, Safety, Fraud, Identity Theft, Entrepreneurs, Customer Details, Business Plans, Privacy technology, cybersecurity, internet, security, risk, hacking, Africa, digital, users, cyber-crime, Kenya, government, South Africa, fraud, identity theft, entrepreneurs, privacy, customer details, business plans
test-law-ralhrilglv-pro03a	Interferes with a democratic mandate  Unlike many of the other ICC defendants, Uhuru Kenyatta and William Ruto have a democratic mandate from elections that “represented the will of the voters” [1] – electoral mandates given to them after their indictment by the International Criminal Court.  This must be respected by the ICC and the international community as a whole: even though they are suspected of crimes against humanity by a foreign court.  [1] European Union Election Observation Mission To Kenya, General Elections 2013 :Final Report, democratic mandate, ICC defendants, Uhuru Kenyatta, William Ruto, elections, will of the voters, indictment, International Criminal Court, crimes against humanity, European Union Election Observation Mission, Kenya, General Elections 2013, respect, international community democratic mandate, ICC defendants, Uhuru Kenyatta, William Ruto, elections, will of voters, indictment, International Criminal Court, crimes against humanity, foreign court, European Union Election Observation Mission, Kenya, General Elections 2013, Final Report democratic mandate, ICC defendants, Uhuru Kenyatta, William Ruto, elections, will of the voters, indictment, International Criminal Court, crimes against humanity, European Union Election Observation Mission, Kenya, General Elections 2013, international community, respect, foreign court democratic mandate, ICC defendants, Uhuru Kenyatta, William Ruto, elections, will of voters, electoral mandates, indictment, International Criminal Court, crimes against humanity, foreign court, European Union Election Observation Mission, Kenya, General Elections 2013 democratic mandate, ICC defendants, Uhuru Kenyatta, William Ruto, elections, will of voters, indictment, International Criminal Court, crimes against humanity, foreign court, European Union Election Observation Mission, Kenya, General Elections 2013, final report
test-health-ppelfhwbpba-pro04a	Banning partial birth abortions is in line with popular and accepted moral standards  here is a vast amount of support in the United States for a ban on partial-birth abortion. Opinion polls have shown a consistent increase in support for a ban: as high as 70% in favour to 25% against in January 2003. [1] Furthermore, in 1997 the House of Representatives voted 295-136, and the Senate 64-36, in favour of a ban. For President Clinton to veto it was undemocratic; [2] for President Bush not to pass it would have been to break a campaign promise.  [1] Gallup, ‘Abortion’, 30 November 2011,   [2] Craig, Larry E., ‘Clinton Claims on Partial-Birth Abortion Still Not True -- Not Even 'Legally Accurate'’, United States Senate Republican Policy Committee, 15 September 1998, partial birth abortion, moral standards, United States, opinion polls, support, ban, House of Representatives, Senate, President Clinton, veto, undemocratic, President Bush, campaign promise partial birth abortion, moral standards, United States, opinion polls, support, House of Representatives, Senate, President Clinton, veto, President Bush, campaign promise, Gallup, Craig, United States Senate Republican Policy Committee partial birth abortion, moral standards, United States, opinion polls, support, House of Representatives, Senate, President Clinton, veto, President Bush, campaign promise, Gallup, Craig, United States Senate Republican Policy Committee partial birth abortion, moral standards, United States, opinion polls, support, House of Representatives, Senate, President Clinton, veto, President Bush, campaign promise, Gallup, Craig, United States Senate Republican Policy Committee partial birth abortion, moral standards, United States, support, opinion polls, House of Representatives, Senate, President Clinton, President Bush, campaign promise, veto, legislation, public opinion, Gallup, Craig, United States Senate Republican Policy Committee
test-international-ghbunhf-pro02a	UN ignores or enables human rights abuses.  Despite the development of the concept of human rights in the post-war world, the UN has totally failed to protect the rights of citizens, ethnic minorities, women and children. It has stood by during episodes of genocide in Cambodia, Rwanda, Congo and Yugoslavia among many others [1] , tolerates some of the world’s worst dictatorships as members, and does nothing to improve the situation of women in developing nations. Indeed, where UN peacekeepers have been sent into war-torn countries, they have sometimes been guilty of the most horrendous human rights abuses themselves. [2]  As of 2011, the UN’s Human Rights Council itself is comprised of members such as Saudi Arabia, Cuba and China. [3]  [1] “UN admits Rwanda genocide failure”. BBC website, 15th April 2000.   [2] MacFarquhar, Neil. “Peacekeepers’ Sex Scandals Linger, On-Screen and Off”. New York Times, 7th September 2011.   [3] “Membership of the Human Rights Council”. United Nations website, 2011. UN, human rights abuses, ethnic minorities, women, children, genocide, Cambodia, Rwanda, Congo, Yugoslavia, dictatorships, developing nations, UN peacekeepers, sexual abuse, Human Rights Council, Saudi Arabia, Cuba, China, 2011 UN, human rights abuses, post-war, citizens, ethnic minorities, women, children, genocide, Cambodia, Rwanda, Congo, Yugoslavia, dictatorships, developing nations, UN peacekeepers, sexual exploitation, Human Rights Council, Saudi Arabia, Cuba, China UN, human rights abuses, genocide, Cambodia, Rwanda, Congo, Yugoslavia, dictatorships, women's rights, developing nations, UN peacekeepers, sex scandals, Human Rights Council, Saudi Arabia, Cuba, China UN, human rights abuses, post-war world, citizens, ethnic minorities, women, children, genocide, Cambodia, Rwanda, Congo, Yugoslavia, dictatorships, women's rights, developing nations, UN peacekeepers, sex scandals, Human Rights Council, Saudi Arabia, Cuba, China, membership, 2011 UN, human rights abuses, ethnic minorities, women, children, genocide, Cambodia, Rwanda, Congo, Yugoslavia, dictatorships, peacekeepers, sex scandals, Human Rights Council, Saudi Arabia, Cuba, China
test-politics-oepdlhfcefp-con01a	The post of a High Representative is merely a shadow of what it should have been, and its failure shows the EU's inability to consolidate foreign policy.  While seemingly groundbreaking, the current agreement on the EU reform treaty was nothing but a lame attempt to salvage a much bolder initiative: an EU Constitution. The rejection of the EU Constitution in the Dutch and French referendums, as well as the extreme difficulty in getting even its watered-down version accepted, shows the extent to which the member states of the EU are not yet ready to think and act in unison. The UK representatives successfully insisted that the language of the reform treaty clearly states that major foreign policy decisions will continue to be taken at the state level. High Representative, EU, foreign policy, EU reform treaty, EU Constitution, Dutch referendum, French referendum, member states, UK, foreign policy decisions, state level High Representative, EU, foreign policy, EU reform treaty, EU Constitution, Dutch referendum, French referendum, member states, UK, foreign policy decisions, state level High Representative, EU, foreign policy, failure, EU reform treaty, EU Constitution, Dutch referendum, French referendum, member states, unison, UK representatives, foreign policy decisions, state level High Representative, EU, foreign policy, EU reform treaty, EU Constitution, Dutch referendum, French referendum, member states, UK representatives, foreign policy decisions, state level High Representative, EU, foreign policy, EU reform treaty, EU Constitution, Dutch referendum, French referendum, member states, UK, foreign policy decisions, state level, unison, consolidation, failure, groundbreaking, watered-down, initiative, rejection, representatives, language, treaty
test-international-emephsate-con03a	Turkey must recognize Cyprus.  The biggest problem facing Turkey that will prevent its entry to the European Union is that it does not recognize Cyprus, a state that is already an EU member. It is clear that Cyprus and relations with it are the main sticking point as the EU President Van Rompuy has admitted “Were it not for some challenges from one of the members of the European Union, Cyprus, we would have made more progress when it comes to Turkey, I acknowledge that negotiations on enlargement are stalled for the time being because one of the members of the club has problems with the process.” [1] Negotiations towards reunification of the island have stalled since the EU backed UN peace plan was rejected by the Greek Cypriots in 2004 just before they joined the EU. Neither Cyprus nor Turkey are willing to take any possible steps that would help build confidence and break down the barriers to agreement such as reopening ports and airports. [2]  [1] Neuger, James G., ‘Turkey’s EU Bid Is ‘Stalled,’ Cyprus to Blame, Van Rompuy Says’, Bloomberg, 5 September 2012,   [2] ‘Cyprus: Six Steps towards a Settlement’, International Crisis Group, Europe Briefing No.61, 22 February 2011, Turkey, Cyprus, European Union, EU, recognition, entry, enlargement, negotiations, stalled, UN peace plan, Greek Cypriots, confidence building, barriers, settlement, Van Rompuy, International Crisis Group Turkey, Cyprus, European Union, EU membership, recognition, Van Rompuy, negotiations, enlargement, Greek Cypriots, UN peace plan, reunification, confidence-building, ports, airports, barriers, agreement, settlement, International Crisis Group, Bloomberg, 2012, 2011 Turkey, Cyprus, European Union, recognition, EU membership, negotiations, enlargement, UN peace plan, Greek Cypriots, confidence building, barriers, settlement, Van Rompuy, International Crisis Group Turkey, Cyprus, European Union, EU, recognition, entry, negotiations, enlargement, challenges, Cyprus problem, EU membership, UN peace plan, Greek Cypriots, confidence building, ports, airports, reunification, stalemate, International Crisis Group, Bloomberg, Van Rompuy, Neuger, James G. Neuger Turkey, Cyprus, European Union, recognition, EU membership, negotiation, enlargement, UN peace plan, Greek Cypriots, confidence-building, ports, airports, Van Rompuy, International Crisis Group
test-politics-mtpghwaacb-con01a	Collective bargaining is a necessary aspect of democracy  Collective bargaining is needed by people in any job. Within any firm there exist feedback structures that enable workers to communicate with managers and executive decision makers. However, there are some issues which affect workers significantly, but run against the principles of profit, or in this case the overall public good that the state seeks to serve.  In this situation, a collection of workers are required. This is primarily because if suggested changes go against public interest then a single worker requesting such a change is likely to be rejected. However, it is the indirect benefit to public interest through a workforce that is treated better that must also be considered. But indirect benefit can only truly occur if there are a large number of workers where said indirect benefit can accrue.  Specifically, indirect benefit includes the happiness of the workforce and thus the creation of a harder working workforce, as well as the prevention of brain drain of the workforce to other professions. When a single person is unhappy for example, the effect is minimal, however if this effect can be proved for a large number of people then an adjustment must be made.  In order for these ideas to be expressed, workers can either engage in a collective bargaining process with their employer, or take more drastic action such as strikes or protests to raise awareness of the problem. Given that the alternate option is vastly more disruptive, it seems prudent to allow people to do collectively bargain.1  “Importance of Collective Bargaining.” Industrial relations. collective bargaining, democracy, job, firm, feedback structures, workers, managers, executive decision makers, profit, public good, state, issues, public interest, changes, rejection, indirect benefit, public interest, workforce, happiness, harder working, brain drain, profession, effect, people, adjustment, ideas, employer, strikes, protests, awareness, problem, disruption, prudent, industrial relations collective bargaining, democracy, workers, feedback structures, managers, profit, public good, state, public interest, indirect benefit, workforce, happiness, hard working, brain drain, strikes, protests, disruptive, industrial relations, importance, prudent collective bargaining, democracy, job, feedback structures, workers, managers, profit, public good, state, issues, public interest, workforce, happiness, hard working, brain drain, prevention, single person, large number, adjustment, ideas, employer, strikes, protests, disruptive, prudent, industrial relations, importance collective bargaining, democracy, job, feedback structures, workers, managers, executive decision makers, profit, public good, state, issues, workers, public interest, single worker, indirect benefit, public interest, workforce, happiness, hard working, brain drain, unhappiness, proof, large number, adjustment, ideas, employer, strikes, protests, awareness, problem, disruptive, prudent, allow, importance, industrial relations collective bargaining, democracy, workforce, feedback structures, managers, public good, profit, worker rights, public interest, indirect benefit, worker satisfaction, productivity, brain drain, strikes, protests, industrial relations, employee representation, negotiation, labor laws, dispute resolution, economic stability, social justice, unionization, employee engagement, employer-employee relations, organizational performance, workforce morale, collective action, legislative support, human resources, occupational safety, fair compensation, work-life balance, corporate governance, advocacy, bargaining power, employee benefits, workforce development, employment conditions, labor market, organizational change, industrial democracy, civic engagement, community impact, fair
test-science-ciidfaihwc-con02a	The Internet is a free domain and cannot becontrolled by the government.  Given that the Internet is used as an international [1] and public space [2] , the government has no right over the information which may be presented via the Internet. In Western liberal democracies, governments are elected on the basis by which they can serve their own country – how they will create or maintain laws that pertain specifically to that nation, and how they will govern the population. The Internet is not country-specific, but international and free. As such, no individual government should have a right to the information on it. Asserting false authority over the internet would paint the government as dictatorial and a ‘nanny state’ [3] , demonstrating a lack of respect for its citizens by assuming that they cannot protect themselves or recognise the nature of extremist or potentially harmful sites and take the individual decision to distance themselves from such sites.  [1] Babel, ‘Towards communicating on the Internet in any language’,   [2] Papacharissi, Zizi, ‘The virtual sphere’, New Media & Society, Vol. 4 No. 1, pp 9-27, February 2002,  on 09/09/11  [3] BBC. ‘A Point of View: In defence of the nanny state’. Published 04/02/2011. Accessed from  on Internet, freedom, government control, international space, public domain, Western democracies, information rights, country-specific laws, global network, dictatorial power, nanny state, citizen autonomy, extremist content, harmful sites, self-protection, individual decision-making, Babel, Papacharissi, BBC, Point of View, defence of nanny state Internet, free domain, government control, international space, public space, Western democracies, elected governments, country-specific laws, international freedom, information rights, false authority, dictatorial government, nanny state, citizen respect, self-protection, extremist sites, harmful content, Babel, Papacharissi, BBC, virtual sphere, communication, language, media society, Point of View, defence nanny state Internet, free domain, government control, international public space, Western liberal democracies, country-specific laws, international freedom, individual government rights, information regulation, dictatorial, nanny state, citizen respect, self-protection, extremist sites, harmful sites, Babel, Papacharissi, BBC, virtual sphere, communication, policy, governance, digital rights, online freedom, legal boundaries, public policy, cybersecurity, privacy, autonomy Internet, freedom, government control, international public space, Western liberal democracies, country-specific laws, international domain, individual government rights, information authority, dictatorial, nanny state, citizen respect, self-protection, extremist sites, harmful content, Babel, Papacharissi, BBC, Point of View, defence of nanny state Internet, free domain, government control, international public space, Western liberal democracies, country-specific laws, international freedom, dictatorial government, nanny state, citizen autonomy, extremist sites, harmful content, self-protection, individual decision-making, Babel, Papacharissi, BBC, Point of View, defence of nanny state
test-health-dhghwapgd-pro01a	"The current patent system is unjust and creates perverse incentives that benefit large pharmaceutical companies at the expense of ordinary citizens  The current drug patent regime is largely designed to benefit and shield the profits of large pharmaceutical companies. This is due to the fact that most of the laws on drug patents were written by lobbyists and voted upon by politicians in the pay of those firms. The pharmaceutical industry is simply massive and has one of the most powerful lobbies in most democratic states, particularly the United States. The laws are orchestrated to contain special loopholes, which these firms can exploit in order to maximize profits at the expense of the taxpayer and of justice. For example, through a process called ""evergreening"", drug firms essentially re-patent drugs when they near expiration by patenting certain compounds or variations of the drug1. This can extend the life of some patents indefinitely ensuring firms can milk customers at monopoly prices long after any possible costs of research or discovery are recouped. A harm that arises from this is the enervating effect that patents can generate in firms. When the incentive is to simply rest on one's patents, waiting for them to expire before doing anything else, societal progress is slowed. In the absence of such patents, firms are necessarily forced to keep innovating to stay ahead, to keep looking for profitable products and ideas. The free flow of ideas generated by the abolition of drug patents will invigorate economic dynamism.  1 Faunce, Thomas. 2004. ""The Awful Truth About Evergreening"". The Age. Available: patent system, unjust, perverse incentives, large pharmaceutical companies, ordinary citizens, drug patent regime, profits, lobbyists, politicians, powerful lobbies, United States, special loopholes, maximize profits, evergreening, re-patent, monopoly prices, research costs, societal progress, economic dynamism, free flow of ideas, abolition of drug patents, innovation, profitable products, Faunce, Thomas, 2004, The Awful Truth About Evergreening, The Age patent system, unjust, perverse incentives, large pharmaceutical companies, ordinary citizens, drug patent regime, profits, lobbyists, politicians, powerful lobbies, United States, special loopholes, evergreening, monopoly prices, societal progress, innovation, economic dynamism, abolition of drug patents patent system, unjust, perverse incentives, large pharmaceutical companies, ordinary citizens, drug patent regime, profits, lobbyists, politicians, pay, massive, powerful lobbies, democratic states, United States, loopholes, exploit, maximize profits, taxpayer, justice, evergreening, re-patent, extend patents, monopoly prices, research costs, discovery costs, harm, enervating effect, societal progress, innovation, abolish drug patents, free flow ideas, economic dynamism patent system, unjust, perverse incentives, large pharmaceutical companies, ordinary citizens, drug patent regime, profits, lobbyists, politicians, powerful lobbies, democratic states, United States, special loopholes, maximize profits, taxpayer, justice, evergreening, re-patent, patent extension, monopoly prices, research costs, societal progress, innovation, economic dynamism, free flow of ideas, abolition of drug patents patent system, unjust, perverse incentives, large pharmaceutical companies, ordinary citizens, drug patent regime, profits, lobbyists, politicians, powerful lobbies, United States, special loopholes, maximize profits, evergreening, re-patent, monopoly prices, research costs, societal progress, innovation, economic dynamism, free flow of ideas, abolition of drug patents"
test-politics-eppghwlrba-pro04a	Gun ownership increases the risk of suicide  There is a correlation between the laxity of a country’s gun laws and its suicide rate – not because gun owners are more depressive, but because the means of quick and effective suicide is easily to hand. As many unsuccessful suicides are later glad that they failed in their attempt, the state should discourage and restrict the ownership of something that wastes so many human lives. gun ownership, suicide risk, correlation, country gun laws, suicide rate, means of suicide, quick suicide, effective suicide, unsuccessful suicides, human lives, gun restriction, public policy, mental health, firearm regulation, societal impact, lethality of methods, preventive measures, legislative measures, intentional self-harm, public safety gun ownership, suicide risk, lax gun laws, suicide rate, easy access, quick suicide, effective suicide, unsuccessful suicides, human lives, gun control, public health, firearm regulation, mental health, depression, policy measures, societal impact, violence prevention, intentional injury, legislative impact, preventable deaths gun ownership, suicide risk, correlation, gun laws, suicide rate, quick suicide, effective suicide, unsuccessful suicides, human lives, gun restriction, state policy, depression, means of suicide Gun ownership, suicide risk, correlation, lax gun laws, suicide rate, means of suicide, quick suicide, effective suicide, unsuccessful suicides, human lives, gun restriction, state intervention, depression, suicide prevention gun ownership, suicide risk, correlation, gun laws, suicide rate, depressive, quick suicide, effective suicide, failed suicide attempts, human lives, restrict gun ownership, discourage guns, public policy, mental health, firearm legislation, societal impact, lethal means, suicide prevention, gun control, legislative measures
test-culture-ahrtsdlgra-pro02a	We have a duty to protect individuals from the worst reactions to art  Those who see the artwork, or hear of it, must be considered. Often, social disgust stems from the violation of those values that are most central to an individual.  An individual’s right not to have their most central values abused or ridiculed is surely of more importance than the desire of an artist to be entirely unrestricted in their work: the harm caused to individuals by the continuing acceptance by society, (and consequent exposure) of art they find disgusting, can be great, and the reasonable modern society recognises such harms and does not impose them unnecessarily.  For example, the case of the Chapman brothers’ repeated use of Hitler and Nazi imagery: for the Chapmans the horror of WW2 might be distant and historical, and therefore for them the time may have come for Hitler to simply be mocked; however, for others that horror is altogether more current. Other people may feel a greater connection, for example, because of the impact on their close family, which cannot simply be ignored. In a situation like this, clearly the impact is infinitely more negative for that individual whose trauma is, in effect, being highlighted as now acceptable for comic material, than the positive gain is for the Chapmans: if restricted, they are simply caused to move on to other subjects. art, protection, individual, values, social, disgust, harm, unrestricted, artist, society, imposition, Chapman, brothers, Hitler, Nazi, WW2, trauma, comic, material, restriction, subjects duty, protect, individuals, worst, reactions, art, social, disgust, values, individual, right, abuse, ridiculed, artist, unrestricted, harm, society, exposure, disgusting, modern, imposition, unnecessary, Chapman, brothers, Hitler, Nazi, imagery, WW2, historical, comic, material, trauma, family, connection, positive, gain, restricted, subjects duty, protect, individuals, reactions, art, social, disgust, values, individual, right, abuse, ridicule, artist, unrestricted, harm, society, exposure, modern, unnecessary, Chapman, brothers, Hitler, Nazi, imagery, WW2, historical, mock, trauma, close, family, negative, impact, comic, material, restricted, subjects art, protection, individual, values, social, disgust, harm, unrestricted, artist, society, exposure, Chapmans, Hitler, Nazi, WW2, trauma, comic, material, restriction, subjects art, protection, individual, values, social, disgust, violation, central, right, abuse, ridiculed, artist, unrestricted, harm, society, exposure, unnecessary, Chapmans, Hitler, Nazi, imagery, WW2, historical, trauma, family, comic, material, negative, positive, subjects
test-law-cplglghwbhwd-pro01a	Individuals Should Not Have the Right to Bear Arms in DC  Under the status quo the state exists to protect the security of its citizens. It does so by maintaining a monopoly of violence with the consent of its citizens. US citizens have been allowed to bear small arms as a symbolic representation of their ability to rise up against state oppression should it ever occur. That is, to keep a check and balance upon the monopoly of violence that the state has.  It is important to note that the state has the monopoly of violence such that it can protect its citizens in the best possible way. In the same way, the right to bear arms exists such that citizens can protect themselves and prevent harm. This means that should the state visit harm upon the citizens of the state then its right to claim a monopoly on violence is revoked and the citizens can fight against the state.  In a similar fashion to the above, should the citizens of the state use their right to bear arms to visit harm upon one another, it seems reasonable that in the same way that the state’s monopoly on violence is revoked, the citizens should have their right to bear arms revoked.  Given that this does not occur in every single part of the U.S. it also seems reasonable to isolate the ban to areas where the spirit of the right to bear arms is being significantly violated. In this case the ban is limited to DC however it could potentially extend to other areas in the U.S. which suffer similar problems.2 right to bear arms, DC, state monopoly of violence, citizen security, self-protection, state oppression, citizen harm, gun control, Second Amendment, urban areas, firearm regulation, public safety, constitutional rights, state-citizen relationship, violence monopoly, symbolic representation, check and balance, harm prevention, regional gun laws, legal restrictions, citizen rights, firearm ownership, urban gun control, constitutional interpretation, state authority, citizen empowerment, harm reduction, gun violence, legal monopoly, citizen protection, firearms ban, regional restrictions, state responsibility, citizen rights revocation, state-citizen balance, legal enforcement, public policy, societal harm, state gun control, right to bear arms, DC, state monopoly of violence, citizen security, self-protection, state oppression, check and balance, harm prevention, citizen harm, isolated ban, U.S. states, constitutional rights, firearms regulation, public safety, symbolic representation, individual rights, collective security, legal restrictions, urban areas individuals, right, bear arms, DC, state, security, citizens, monopoly, violence, consent, US, small arms, symbolic, state oppression, check, balance, protect, prevent harm, revoke, justified, isolation, areas, violation, spirit, extend, problems Individuals, Right, Bear Arms, DC, State, Citizens, Security, Monopoly, Violence, Consent, US, Symbolic, Representation, Oppression, Check, Balance, Protect, Harm, Ban, Areas, Violation, Problems Individuals, Right, Bear Arms, DC, State, Security, Citizens, Monopoly, Violence, Consent, US, Small Arms, Symbolic, State Oppression, Check, Balance, Protect, Harm, Citizens Fight, State Harm, Citizens Harm, Violation, Ban, Areas, Spirit, Extend, Problems
test-free-speech-debate-nshbbsbfb-pro02a	Many people find the views expressed by much of the church offensive, those views are given airtime, a public service broadcaster should provide a level playing field for ideas.  The role of a public service broadcaster, especially one of the stature of the BBC, is to provide a portal for ideas from all perspectives. There are many who take either irritation or offence at the idea that the Corporation devotes a disproportionate time and resources to what, in modern Britain, is a strictly minority interest [i] with fewer than seven per cent of people regularly attending religious worship.  Many perceive commonly held positions in the mainstream churches – let alone more extreme sects – to be offensive or reactionary and, in some cases, a cover for homophobic, illiberal or sexist opinions.  If religious opinion is to be granted this airtime for the benefit of a small, if vocal, minority then it seems both unfair and unprofessional for that broadcaster to be constrained by that groups views in relation to the rest of its output.  The BBC, like most major broadcasters, meets the challenge of divergent or conflicting views by providing some output that is considered likely to be of interest to each viewpoint.  [i] National Secular Society. Press Release: “BBC Must Not Become the Evangelical Wing of the Church of England.” 9 February 2010. BBC, public service broadcaster, religious views, airtime, level playing field, ideas, minority interest, offensive, reactionary, homophobic, illiberal, sexist, divergent views, National Secular Society, Evangelical Wing, Church of England, press release, modern Britain, regular worship, vocal minority, unfair, unprofessional, output, interest, viewpoints public service broadcaster, BBC, religious views, minority interest, offensive content, secular society, level playing field, disproportionate airtime, modern Britain, religious worship, mainstream churches, extreme sects, homophobic, illiberal, sexist, divergent views, conflicting views, national secular society, press release, evangelicals, Church of England public service broadcaster, BBC, religious views, airtime, level playing field, ideas, minority interest, offensive, reactionary, homophobic, illiberal, sexist, National Secular Society, press release, Evangelical Wing, Church of England, divergent views, conflicting views, output, interest, viewpoint public service broadcaster, BBC, religious views, minority interest, offensive content, airtime, views representation, modern Britain, religious worship, secular society, evangelical, church views, broadcaster neutrality, diverse perspectives, media ethics, religious sects, reactionary opinions, media output, audience demographics, broadcasting regulations, press release, religious influence, media responsibility, offensive speech, free speech, religious programming, secularism, religious attendance, public broadcaster role, media diversity, content distribution, viewer offense, programming balance, church-state separation, media fairness, religious expression, media impartiality, audience engagement, broadcasting ethics, media representation, religious coverage, media scrutiny public service broadcaster, BBC, religious views, minority interest, offensive content, disproportionate airtime, modern Britain, secular society, divergent views, religious worship, national secular society, evangelical, church of england, homophobia, illiberal, sexism, level playing field, ideas portal, public broadcaster role, viewer irritation, minority opinions, fair representation, broadcast ethics, media diversity, religious programming, secularism, media responsibility, audience offense, religious sects, conflicting perspectives, media output, broadcaster constraints,的专业翻译  注意：最后一部分“的专业翻译”似乎是误输入，与上下文无关，故未翻译。
test-culture-mmctyshwbcp-pro01a	Being a performer limits a child’s formal education  Spending so much time either performing or training limits the amount of formal education the child can receive. For example, in the UK and other countries, child performers are only required to be educated for three hours each day. [1]  Additionally, the focus on the specialised skill of the child (e.g., acting, dancing, etc.) may detract from their family’s or their own interest in formal education.  [1] The Children’s Legal Centre, ‘What are the hours that a child performer may work?’ child performer, formal education, training, specialised skill, acting, dancing, children's legal centre, uk, work hours, education requirements performer, child, formal education, training, UK, hours, specialized skill, acting, dancing, Children's Legal Centre, work hours, education requirements child performer, formal education, training, specialized skill, legal requirements, UK, education hours, family interest, acting, dancing child performers, formal education, training limitations, specialised skills, family interest, legal regulations, UK education requirements, work hours, child actors, child dancers child performer, formal education, training, specialized skill, acting, dancing, legal regulations, UK, education hours, family interest, professional development, child labor laws
test-economy-egiahbwaka-con03a	Africa's greatest needs are for infrastructure and education  Africa’s greatest needs for development are infrastructure and education. Neither of these needs implies that women are about to become key to the African economy.  Africa is severely deficient in infrastructure; Sub Saharan Africa generates the same amount of electricity as Spain, a country with one seventeenth the population. The World Bank suggests “if all African countries were to catch up with Mauritius in infrastructure, per capita economic growth in the region could increase by 2.2 percentage points. Catching up with Korea’s level would increase economic growth per capita by up to 2.6 percent per year.” [1]  There are numerous projects to alleviate this deficit such as immense projects like the Grand Inga Dam in the Democratic Republic of Congo which could power not just the country but its neighbours too. [2] However if construction is the key to the future then this implies men are going to continue to have more impact as the construction industry is traditionally dominated by men.  Africa has been making strides in education for women. Yet there still remains a gap. To take a few examples the youth female literacy rates in Angola 66%, Central African Republic 59%, Ghana 83% and Sierra Leone 52% is still lower than youth male literacy rates or 80%, 72%, 88%, and 70%. [3] And the gap often increases with further education. To take Senegal as an example there are actually more girls than boys enrolled in primary education, a ratio of 1.06 but for secondary this drops to 0.77 and to 0.6 for tertiary. The situation is the same in other countries; Mauritania 1.06, 0.86, 0.42, Mozambique, 0.95, 0.96, 0.63, and Ghana 0.98, 0.92, 0.63. [4]  With women not breaking through to the highest level in education it is unlikely that they will be the main driver of the economy in the future. Their influence may increase as a result of increasing education at lower levels but without equality at the highest level they are unlikely to become key to their countries economic future as the highest skilled jobs and the roles of directing the economy will still be carried out primarily by men.  [1] ‘Fact Sheet: Infrastructure in Sub-Saharan Africa’, The World Bank,   [2] See the Debatabase debate ‘ This House would build the Grand Inga Dam’  [3] UNESCO Institute for Statistics, ‘Literacy rate, youth male (% of males ages 15-24)’, data.worldbank.org, 2009-2013,   [4] Schwab Klaus et al., The Global Gender Gap Report 2013, World Economic Forum, 2013,  , pp.328, 276, 288, 208 (in order of mentioning, examples taken pretty much at random – though there are one or two where the ratios actually don’t change much such as Mauritius, but that is against the trend) Africa, infrastructure, education, development, women, economy, Sub-Saharan Africa, electricity, World Bank, Grand Inga Dam, Democratic Republic of Congo, youth literacy, gender gap, primary education, secondary education, tertiary education, skilled jobs, economic growth, construction industry, UNESCO, Global Gender Gap Report Africa, infrastructure, education, development, women, economy, Sub-Saharan Africa, electricity, World Bank, Grand Inga Dam, Democratic Republic of Congo, youth literacy, gender gap, economic growth, primary education, secondary education, tertiary education, skilled jobs, Global Gender Gap Report, UNESCO Institute for Statistics, construction industry, male dominance, female literacy rates, Angola, Central African Republic, Ghana, Sierra Leone, Senegal, Mauritania, Mozambique, Mauritius Africa, infrastructure, education, women, economy, Sub-Saharan Africa, electricity, World Bank, Grand Inga Dam, literacy rates, youth, gender gap, development, construction, economic growth, primary education, secondary education, tertiary education, skilled jobs, UNESCO, global gender gap report Africa, infrastructure, education, women, economy, Sub-Saharan Africa, electricity, World Bank, Grand Inga Dam, Democratic Republic of Congo, youth literacy, female literacy, male literacy, gender gap, primary education, secondary education, tertiary education, Senegal, Mauritania, Mozambique, Ghana, highest skilled jobs, economic future, Global Gender Gap Report, UNESCO Institute for Statistics, development, construction industry, economic growth, Mauritius, Spain, Korea Africa, infrastructure, education, women, economic development, Sub-Saharan Africa, electricity, World Bank, Grand Inga Dam, Democratic Republic of Congo, literacy rates, gender gap, primary education, secondary education, tertiary education, skilled jobs, economic future, youth literacy, male literacy, female literacy, youth female literacy, youth male literacy, Ghana, Angola, Central African Republic, Sierra Leone, Senegal, Mauritania, Mozambique, UNESCO, Global Gender Gap Report, World Economic Forum
test-international-gmehwasr-con04a	Possibility of being drawn into a long drawn out conflict  Even just providing the rebels with arms risks drawing the powers that supply those arms into the conflict. [1] This is because it gives the intervening power a stake in the conflict. Once weapons have been supplied allowing the Syrian government to reassert control would be a large foreign policy reversal and would damage relations with the Syrian government for years to come.  We need only look at the Vietnam conflict to know that what starts out as a very small commitment can rapidly escalate when the government decides it cannot afford to back down. What starts as just arming the rebels could quickly lead to troops on the ground. Indeed it might require men on the ground right from the start as if we were to be providing heavy weapons the rebels would need training in how to use those weapons if they are to seriously be considered an equaliser.  [1] Byman, Daniel, in ‘Roundtable: arming the Syrian rebels’, Foreign Policy, 21 February 2013 long-term conflict, arms supply, rebel support, intervention risks, foreign policy stakes, control reversal, international relations, Vietnam conflict, escalation, troop deployment, weapon training, heavy weapons, equalizer, arming rebels, Daniel Byman, Foreign Policy, 2013 Conflict, long-term, arms supply, rebels, stake, foreign policy, reversal, Vietnam, escalation, troops, ground, training, heavy weapons, equaliser, intervention, Syria, government, control, arming, international relations, security assistance, military aid, warfare, strategy, policy makers, decision making, geopolitical, risk, commitment, humanitarian, civil war, regional stability long conflict, arms supply, rebel support, stake in conflict, foreign policy, Syria, government control, Vietnam conflict, small commitment, escalation, troops on ground, arming rebels, heavy weapons, training, equaliser, Daniel Byman, Foreign Policy, 2013 long conflict, arming rebels, foreign intervention, conflict escalation, military support, international relations, Vietnam conflict, small commitment, rapid escalation, troops deployment, heavy weapons, rebel training, foreign policy reversal, Syrian government, Daniel Byman, arming Syrian rebels, international stakeholders, conflict stakeholders, policy commitment, military intervention, foreign policy impact, rebel equalization, weapon supply, conflict involvement, international conflict, policy consequences long conflict, providing arms, rebels, intervening power, stake in conflict, weapons supply, foreign policy reversal, Vietnam conflict, small commitment, escalate, troops on ground, arming rebels, heavy weapons, training, equaliser, Daniel Byman, Foreign Policy, 2013
test-politics-oapdhwinkp-pro02a	Providing attention simply encourages the regime  North Korea has an attention seeking cycle on the go that was used by Kim Jong Il and now seems to be used by his son Kim Jong Un. Essentially North Korea takes a provocative action (as big or small as it thinks necessary – this may be a missile launch, right up to some kind of military attack) in order to grab the world’s attention. There is then a period where there are condemnations and threats to increase sanctions that usually don’t get anywhere as they are blocked by China. The North Korean regime will then proclaim a willingness to do business and negotiate giving minor concessions on the issue of the provocation in return for aid or whatever the regime happens to want at the time. Of course whatever concession it gives is easily reversible so setting up another round. [1] This is a good deal for North Korea as it essentially gets aid in return for bad behaviour, it is therefore not surprising that the North is willing to continue engaging in bad behaviour.  [1] Hong, Adrian, ‘How to Free North Korea’, Foreign Policy, 19 December 2011, North Korea, Kim Jong Il, Kim Jong Un, attention seeking, provocative actions, missile launch, military attack, world attention, condemnations, sanctions, China, negotiations, concessions, aid, reversible concessions, bad behaviour, Adrian Hong, Foreign Policy North Korea, Kim Jong Il, Kim Jong Un, attention seeking, provocative actions, missile launch, military attack, world attention, condemnations, sanctions, China, negotiations, concessions, aid, bad behaviour, reversible concessions, Adrian Hong, Foreign Policy North Korea, Kim Jong Il, Kim Jong Un, provocative actions, missile launch, military attack, world attention, condemnations, sanctions, China, negotiations, concessions, aid, reversible, bad behaviour, attention-seeking cycle, regime, Foreign Policy, Adrian Hong North Korea, Kim Jong Il, Kim Jong Un, attention seeking, provocative actions, missile launch, military attack, world attention, condemnations, sanctions, China, negotiations, concessions, aid, bad behaviour, reversible concessions, Adrian Hong, Foreign Policy North Korea, Kim Jong Il, Kim Jong Un, attention seeking, provocative actions, missile launch, military attack, world attention, sanctions, China, negotiations, concessions, aid, bad behaviour, cycle, Foreign Policy, Adrian Hong
test-digital-freedoms-eifdfaihs-pro02a	Risk of a two-tier Internet  As things stand there are relatively flat rate services. The concern is that ISP would charge higher rates for full Internet access or act to ensure that their own content arrived seamlessly and smoothly, while that of competitors was delayed or poorer quality or that higher bandwidth applications end up with a higher price-tag [i] .  This is of concern both to end users and to the producers of content. There are very real concerns here, as a result, about the impact this has on freedom of expression. The best way to avoid censorship – either commercial or political – is to ensure that it remains impossible to achieve in the first place.  Once it becomes possible to give preference to some forms of content or points of origin, then commercial censorship at least becomes a great deal easier.  [i] BBC News Website. “BT Content Connect service faces ‘two-tier net’ claims. 4 January 2011. Risk, two-tier, Internet, flat-rate, services, ISP, full, access, content, seamlessly, smoothly, delayed, quality, bandwidth, price, users, producers, freedom, expression, censorship, commercial, political, preference, forms, origin, easier, BT, Content, Connect, two-tier, net, claims Risk, Two-tier, Internet, Flat, Rate, Services, ISP, Charges, Full, Access, Content, Delayed, Quality, Bandwidth, Price, End, Users, Producers, Concerns, Freedom, Expression, Censorship, Commercial, Political, Preference, Content, Origin, BT, Content, Connect, Claims, BBC, News, Website two-tier Internet, flat rate services, ISP, higher rates, full Internet access, content delay, poorer quality, higher bandwidth, end users, content producers, freedom of expression, commercial censorship, political censorship, content preference, points of origin, BT Content Connect, two-tier net claims Risk, two-tier, Internet, flat-rate, services, ISP, charges, full-access, content-delivery, competition, delay, quality, bandwidth, pricing, end-users, content-producers, freedom-of-expression, censorship, commercial, political, content-preference, BT-Content-Connect, BBC-News Risk, two-tier, Internet, flat-rate, services, ISP, higher, rates, full, access, content, seamlessly, smoothly, delayed, poorer, quality, bandwidth, price-tag, end, users, producers, freedom, expression, censorship, commercial, political, preference, forms, origin, BT, Content, Connect, claims
test-politics-pgsimhwoia-con03a	Migrants will simply return to the countries they have been sent from  Moving migrants to developing countries in return for quantities of aid is simply not a sustainable policy. Migrants fleeing conflict looking for safety may accept any safe country but the migrant problems affecting rich countries are in large part economic migration. These people are looking to get to a developed country to earn more and have better prospects than they could at home so are unlikely to accept a country at a similar (or potentially lower) level of development as a good alternative. They are therefore likely to simply tray again to make their way to a developed country when they can. There have been examples of migrants such as Rachid from Algeria who has tried to get into Europe three times already and is waiting for a ship to try again, [1] it is unclear how this proposal would alter this problem.  [1] Ash, Lucy, ‘Risking death at sea to escape boredom’, BBC News, 20 August 2015, migrants, return, countries, sent, moving, developing, aid, policy, sustainable, fleeing, conflict, safety, rich, economic, migration, developed, earn, prospects, level, development, alternative, attempt, Rachid, Algeria, Europe, ship, proposal, problem migrants, return, countries, sent, moving, developing, countries, aid, sustainable, policy, fleeing, conflict, safety, rich, countries, economic, migration, developed, country, earn, better, prospects, home, similar, level, development, alternative, try, developed, country, Rachid, Algeria, Europe, ship, proposal, problem migrants, return, countries, sent, moving, developing, aid, sustainable, policy, fleeing, conflict, safety, economic, migration, developed, prospects, home, accept, similar, level, development, try, again, Rachid, Algeria, Europe, risk, death, sea, escape, boredom, proposal, alter, problem migrants, return, countries, sent, moving, migrants, developing, countries, quantities, aid, sustainable, policy, fleeing, conflict, safety, migrant, problems, rich, countries, economic, migration, developed, country, earn, better, prospects, similar, level, development, unlikely, accept, country, try, again, developed, Rachid, Algeria, Europe, times, waiting, ship, proposal, alter, problem, BBC, News migrants, return, countries, sent, moving, developing, aid, sustainable, policy, fleeing, conflict, safety, rich, economic, migration, developed, earn, prospects, similar, level, development, try, Rachid, Algeria, Europe, ship, proposal, alter, problem, BBC, News
test-science-ciidfaihwc-con01a	Censorship is fundamentally incompatible with the notion of free speech.  Censoring particular material essentially blinds the public to a complete world view by asserting the patronising view that ordinary citizens simply cannot read extreme material without recognising the flaws in it. This motion assumes that those who have access to material such as religious opinion sites will be influenced by it, rather than realising that it is morally dubious and denouncing it. The best way to combat prejudice is to expose it as a farce; this cannot be done if it is automatically and unthinkingly censored. Meanwhile, it is paradoxical for a government to assert the general benefits of free speech and then act in a contradictory and hypocritical manner by banning certain areas of the Internet. Free speech should not be limited; even if it is an expression of negativity, it should be publicly debated and logically criticised, rather than hidden altogether. censorship, free speech, material, public, world view, patronising, citizens, extreme, flaws, influence, moral, prejudice, expose, government, benefits, contradictory, hypocritical, internet, negativity, debate, criticism censorship, free speech, public view, material restriction, patronising view, extreme material, flawed recognition, religious opinion, moral influence, prejudice exposure, government contradiction, internet censorship, free speech limits, negativity expression, public debate, logical criticism, hiding content censorship, free speech, public view, patronising, citizens, extreme material, flaws, influence, religious opinion, morally dubious, denounce, combat prejudice, expose, farce, government, benefits, free speech, contradictory, hypocritical, internet, limitations, negativity, debate, logical criticism, hidden censorship, free speech, public view, patronising, extreme material, flaws, influence, morally dubious, prejudice, expose, government, free speech limits, negativity, public debate, logical criticism, hidden, internet censorship, contradictory, hypocrisy censorship, free speech, public view, material flaws, government contradiction, internet censorship, free speech limits, debate negativity, logical criticism, exposure to prejudice
test-society-tsmihwurpp-con01a	Profiling is simply institutionalizing racism an reduces minorities to the status of second class citizens  Profiling is, in the end, simply wrong. Britain suffered for decades from the ‘innocent until proven Irish’ attitude of their security forces, which did nothing but engender resentment among Irish individuals who were trying to live and work in the United Kingdom. For western nations to make the same mistake in their approach to Muslims would be the gravest folly.  Aviation authorities are, ultimately, under the control of the state, and if a government announces that they consider all members of a group to be potential criminals, it sends out a very provocative message. profiling, institutionalizing racism, minorities, second class citizens, Britain, innocent until proven Irish, security forces, resentment, Irish, United Kingdom, Muslims, mistake, aviation authorities, state control, government, potential criminals, provocative message profiling, institutionalizing, racism, minorities, second-class-citizens, wrong, Britain, innocent-until-proven-Irish, security-forces, resentment, Irish, United-Kingdom, mistake, Muslims, aviation-authorities, state-control, government, potential-criminals, provocative-message profiling, institutionalizing, racism, minorities, second-class-citizens, wrong, Britain, innocent-until-proven-Irish, resentment, Irish, security-forces, mistake, approach, Muslims, aviation-authorities, state-control, government, potential-criminals, provocative-message profiling, institutionalizing racism, minorities, second class citizens, wrong, Britain, innocent until proven Irish, security forces, resentment, Irish, United Kingdom, mistake, approach, Muslims, aviation authorities, state control, government, potential criminals, provocative message profiling, institutionalizing, racism, minorities, second-class, citizens, wrong, Britain, Irish, security, forces, resentment, Irish, individuals, United, Kingdom, mistake, approach, Muslims, aviation, authorities, government, potential, criminals, provocative, message
test-politics-cdmaggpdgdf-con01a	Transparency can result in normalisation  While something is secret it is clearly not a normal every day part of government, it is deniable and the assumption is that when it comes to light it has probably been wound up long ago. However making something transparent without winding it up can be a bad thing as it makes it normal which ultimately makes a bad policy much harder to end.  The use of drones by the CIA may turn out to be an example of this. At the moment we are told almost nothing about drones, not even how many strikes there are or how many are killed. There have however been recent suggestions that the drone program could be transferred to the Department of Defence. This would then make the targeted killing that is carried out seem a normal part of military conflict, somehting it clearly is not. [1] And the public reacts differently to covert and military action; already more Americans support military drones doing targeted killing (75%) than CIA ones (65%). [2]  [1] Waxman, Matthew, ‘Going Clear’, Foreign Policy, 20 March 2013  [2] Zenko, Micah, ‘U.S. Public Opinion on Drone Strikes’, Council on Foreign Relations, 18 March 2013 transparency, normalization, secrecy, government, denial, policy, termination, drones, CIA, covert, Department of Defence, military conflict, public opinion, targeted killing, support, Zenko, Waxman, Foreign Policy, Council on Foreign Relations transparency, normalisation, government, secrecy, deniability, policy, drones, CIA, Department of Defence, targeted killing, military conflict, public opinion, covert action, military action, support, Waxman, Matthew, Foreign Policy, Zenko, Micah, Council on Foreign Relations transparency, normalization, government, secrecy, denial, policy, drones, CIA, Department of Defence, targeted killing, military conflict, public opinion, covert action, military action, support, Zenko, Micah, Waxman, Matthew, Foreign Policy, Council on Foreign Relations transparency, normalisation, secrecy, government, policy, drones, CIA, Department of Defence, targeted killing, military conflict, public opinion, covert action, U.S. public, drone strikes, Matthew Waxman, Micah Zenko, Foreign Policy, Council on Foreign Relations transparency, normalization, secrecy, denial, public perception, CIA, drones, targeted killing, Department of Defence, military conflict, covert action, U.S. public opinion, policy change, accountability, oversight, Matthew Waxman, Micah Zenko, Foreign Policy, Council on Foreign Relations
test-economy-epiasghbf-con03a	Who are the women?  Women are a diverse group, and the feminisation of labour has incorporated a range of women of different ages, race, socioeconomic backgrounds and education. Such intersectionalities are important to recognise, as not all women are empowered and the empowerment is not equal.  For example, a study by Atieno (2006) revealed female participation in the labour market was influenced by education. Human capital influenced the transition into work: who was able to access labour opportunities, and which ones. Therefore inequalities among women determine the degrees, and capability, of empowerment it is therefore not labour force participation that empowers but education. women, diversity, feminisation of labour, intersectionalities, empowerment, inequality, education, human capital, labour market, participation, socioeconomic backgrounds, race, age, Atieno, 2006, labour opportunities, capability women, diverse, feminisation, labour, intersectionalities, empowerment, inequality, education, human capital, labour market, participation, capabilities, socioeconomic backgrounds, race, age women, diverse, feminisation, labour, intersectionalities, empowerment, inequality, education, human capital, labour market, participation, socioeconomic, background, race, age, Atieno, 2006, opportunities, capability women, diversity, feminisation, labour, intersectionality, empowerment, inequality, education, human capital, labour market, participation, socioeconomic backgrounds, race, age, Atieno, 2006, transition, opportunities, capability women, diversity, feminisation, labour, intersectionality, empowerment, inequality, education, human capital, labour market, participation, socioeconomic, background, race, age, Atieno, 2006, opportunities, capability
test-politics-ypppdghwid-con04a	The imposition of democracy violates national sovereignty  Countries have a right to choose the form of government they want, and we do not have the right to violate this right by imposing the form of government we think is best. Nations may want to be ruled by, for example, religious or tribal law, or a Communist system which aims to remove government altogether. We can encourage nations to adopt democracy if we think it is better, but ultimately nations are self-directing entities which can only be interfered with in extreme situations. The United Nations has states as equals no matter their government and only authorises force in the case of an act of aggression towards another state1.  1 United Nations, Charter of the United Nations, 1945, democracy, national sovereignty, government choice, self-determination, religious law, tribal law, communism, international relations, United Nations, state equality, intervention, aggression, sovereignty violation, governmental forms, democracy promotion, non-interference principle imposition, democracy, national sovereignty, right to choose, government form, religious law, tribal law, communist system, encourage democracy, self-directing entities, United Nations, state equality, force authorization, aggression democracy, national sovereignty, government forms, self-determination, religious law, tribal law, communism, United Nations, state equality, international law, non-interference, state sovereignty, democratic promotion, governance, political systems, international relations, charter of the United Nations, state rights, external imposition, political autonomy democracy, national sovereignty, government choice, right to self-determination, religious law, tribal law, communism, United Nations, Charter of the United Nations, state equality, force authorization, aggression, international relations, self-governing nations, political systems, external interference, democracy promotion, non-intervention principle, state sovereignty, human rights, global governance, international law, political autonomy, national self-determination, democratic values, international peace, security, state sovereignty protection, political diversity, international community, state integrity, governmental systems, non-interference policy, democratic governance, legal systems, societal preferences, political development, international norms, state imposition, democracy, national sovereignty, right, government, religious law, tribal law, Communist system, encourage, nations, self-directing, United Nations, Charter, aggression, state equality, interference, force authorization
test-society-mmcpsgfhbf-con03a	Attempting to ban it would only cause further problems  There is no guarantee that a ban on pornography would improve gender stereotypes: in fact, it seems to be quite the opposite. Pornography is a flourishing industry with incredibly high demand, and much like with prohibition in the past, it is naïve to believe a ban can make a difference. It is actually even harder with pornography, because of the ease through which it can be distributed through the net. Rather, a ban would expand the black market with all the problems that come with it today: child and non-consensual pornography, violence, unhealthy conditions, and a general lack of regulations. Furthermore, the extent that a ban could ever limit pornography, this would lead to further problems. On one hand, the feminist movement sends a worrying message that sex is harmful to women, and by extension that sex is for the benefit of men. Restoring a taboo on sexuality actively confines women to being dominated in bed, and in society in general.  Secondly, if pornography is limited, the vessels through which men can satisfy their sexual urges are also restricted. This can lead, at best, to greater sexual harassment, greater pressure on women to provide sexual services, and to more infidelity. At worst, and most probably, it leads to higher levels of rape. ban, pornography, gender, stereotypes, industry, demand, prohibition, distribution, internet, black-market, child-pornography, non-consensual, violence, regulations, feminist, sex, harmful, women, society, sexual-urges, harassment, infidelity, rape ban, pornography, gender, stereotypes, industry, demand, prohibition, internet, black market, child pornography, non-consensual, violence, regulations, feminist movement, sex, harmful, women, society, sexual urges, sexual harassment, infidelity, rape Pornography, ban, gender stereotypes, flourishing industry, demand, prohibition, black market, child pornography, non-consensual, violence, unhealthy conditions, lack of regulations, feminist movement, sex taboo, sexual harassment, pressure on women, infidelity, rape pornography, ban, gender stereotypes, black market, child pornography, non-consensual, violence, regulations, feminist movement, sexual taboos, sexual harassment, infidelity, rape ban, pornography, gender, stereotypes, flourishing, industry, demand, prohibition, internet, distribution, black, market, child, non-consensual, violence, conditions, regulations, feminist, movement, sex, harmful, women, society, sexual, urges, harassment, pressure, infidelity, rape
test-digital-freedoms-efsappgdfp-con03a	Abuse of information and power by intelligence agencies  Even when the government does not intend harm there are still cases where direct harms can occur as a result of surveillance. The most worrying are where the state abuses the information it holds. Abuse of power and of the information held by government is perhaps the main reason why it is difficult to trust in intelligence agencies. In one historical example from the 1950s FBI agents interviewed a Brooklyn liquor importer for repeating a rumor that the FBI Director J Edgar Hoover might be a “queer”. This clearly necessitated a reminder through questioning that Hoover’s “personal conduct is beyond reproach,” leading to the man quickly agreeing that “he thinks Mr. Hoover has done a wonderful job.” [1] Did this have anything to do with national security? No. Was it an abuse of power and surveillance? Yes. So far as we are aware the intelligence agencies don’t do things quite like this anymore but the revelations like PRISM, or the waterboarding a decade ago, show they are still happy to abuse their position from time to time. This is hardly a good way to build trust.  [1] Gage, Beverly, ‘It’s Not About Your Cat Photos’, Slate, 10 June 2013, Abuse, Information, Power, Intelligence, Agencies, Government, Harm, Surveillance, State, Trust, FBI, J, Edgar, Hoover, Brooklyn, Liquor, Importer, Rumor, Queer, Personal, Conduct, National, Security, PRISM, Waterboarding, Position, Build, Trust, Beverly, Gage, Slate abuse, information, power, intelligence, agencies, government, harm, surveillance, state, trust, FBI, 1950s, Brooklyn, liquor, importer, rumor, J, Edgar, Hoover, queer, personal, conduct, job, national, security, PRISM, waterboarding, revelations, position, build, trust, Gage, Beverly, Slate, 2013 abuse, information, power, intelligence, agencies, government, surveillance, harms, state, trust, FBI, historical, 1950s, Brooklyn, liquor, importer, rumor, J, Edgar, Hoover, queer, interview, personal, conduct, reproach, national, security, PRISM, waterboarding, revelations, position, build, trust Abuse, Information, Power, Intelligence, Agencies, Government, Harm, Surveillance, State, Trust, FBI, J Edgar Hoover, Rumor, Queer, Personal Conduct, Brooklyn, Liquor Importer, National Security, PRISM, Waterboarding, Revelations, Position, Build Trust, Historical Example, 1950s, Abuse of Power, Abuse of Information, Direct Harms, Intelligence Agencies, Reminder, Questioning, Agreement, Position Abuse, Time, Trust Building, PRISM Revelations, Waterboarding Revelations, Historical Abuse, Government Surveillance, Intelligence Agency Abuse, Power Abuse, Information Abuse, Trust Issues abuse, information, power, intelligence, agencies, government, harm, surveillance, state, trust, FBI, J.Edgar.Hoover, 1950s, rumor, queer, personal.conduct, Brooklyn, liquor.importer, national.security, PRISM, waterboarding, revelations, position, trust-building
test-international-eghrhbeusli-con05a	"Lifting the ban will damage relations with the U.S.  Even if it was in Europe's interest to sell arms to China, the damage from upsetting the United States by lifting the arms ban would be much greater. This is partly because America takes the human rights situation in China more seriously, but mostly because the USA has a major commitment to the freedom of Taiwan. If China did attack the island, America would almost certainly intervene. As the US State Department has said in relation to lifting the ban, ""We don't want to see a situation where American forces face European technologies."" [1] Congress has already threatened to restrict technology transfers to Europe if the ban is removed. [2] For fear of this, BAE Systems, one of Europe's largest defence firms, has said that it would not sell to China even if the ban was lifted. [3]  [1] Brinkley, Joel, ‘Rice Sounds a Theme in Visit to Beijing Protestant Church’, 2005.   [2] Archick, Kristin, et al., ‘European Union’s Arms Embargo on China’, 2005, p34-5.   [3] Evans, Michael et al., ‘British arms firms will spurn China if embargo ends’, 2005. Lifting ban, damage relations, U.S., Europe, sell arms, China, human rights, Taiwan, American forces, European technologies, Congress, technology transfers, BAE Systems, arms embargo, U.S. State Department, Joel Brinkley, Kristin Archick, British arms firms, Michael Evans Lifting ban, damage relations, U.S., Europe's interest, sell arms, China, human rights, freedom of Taiwan, American forces, European technologies, Congress, restrict technology transfers, BAE Systems, arms embargo, Beijing Protestant Church, European Union, Kristin Archick, Michael Evans, U.S. State Department Lifting ban, U.S. relations, Europe, arms sales, China, human rights, Taiwan, American intervention, US State Department, technology transfers, BAE Systems, European defence, arms embargo, Congress, technological restrictions, military sales, international relations, security policy, defense industry, political impact lifting ban, damage relations, U.S., Europe, sell arms, China, human rights, Taiwan, American forces, European technologies, Congress, technology transfers, BAE Systems, arms embargo, EU, British arms firms Lifting ban, U.S. relations, Europe, arms sales, China, damage, human rights, Taiwan, American forces, European technologies, Congress, technology transfers, BAE Systems, arms embargo, British arms firms, embargo ends"
test-society-ghbgqeaaems-pro03a	"Quotas encourage women to pursue education and professional job positions  Quotas attempting to maximise the number of educated and skilled women in executive positions could improve corporate performance and help raise national productivity. But doing so will depend on keeping ambitious, well-qualified women moving up the management ranks. Gender quotas will encourage more women to pursue education and career options leading to the top of executive positions. Quotas create incentives for women to adapt their job preferences to the more accessible boardroom positions and develop necessary skills which would reduce the need for positive discrimination in the future. Encouraged to develop relevant skills, women will contribute to the long-term talent pool and the economy. According to McKinsey report, women’s interest in being leaders increases as they progress from entry level to middle management [1] which is exactly what the principle behind quotas aims to encourage - more women following professional career development. This is very important in the short run during which, according to research, women who have high position stimulate other women’s interest in traditionally male-dominated sectors and encourage them to pursue similar career paths. [2]  [1] Barsh, Joanna, and Lareina Yee. ""Unlocking the Full Potential of Women in the US Economy."" McKinsey & Company. N.p., 2011. Web .  [2] Australian Human Rights Commission, “Women in leadership” quotas, women, education, professional, job, positions, executive, corporate, performance, productivity, management, gender, career, development, skills, positive, discrimination, talent, pool, economy, leadership, progress, middle, management, sectors, male-dominated, encouragement, McKinsey, report, Australian, Human, Rights, Commission Quotas, Women, Education, Professional, Job, Positions, Corporate, Performance, National, Productivity, Ambitious, Well-qualified, Management, Ranks, Gender, Incentives, Job, Preferences, Boardroom, Skills, Positive, Discrimination, Talent, Pool, Economy, McKinsey, Report, Leadership, Interest, Progression, Entry, Level, Middle, Management, Research, High, Position, Stimulate, Male-Dominated, Sectors, Career, Paths, Australian, Human, Rights, Commission Quotas, Women, Education, Professional, Job, Positions, Corporate, Performance, National, Productivity, Management, Ranks, Ambitious, Well-qualified, Boardroom, Skills, Positive, Discrimination, Talent, Pool, Economy, McKinsey, Report, Leaders, Entry, Level, Middle, Management, Male-dominated, Sectors, Career, Paths, Australian, Human, Rights, Commission, Leadership Quotas, Women, Education, Professional, Job, Positions, Executive, Corporate, Performance, National, Productivity, Ambitious, Well-qualified, Management, Gender, Incentives, Job, Preferences, Boardroom, Skills, Positive, Discrimination, Talent, Pool, Economy, McKinsey, Report, Leaders, Entry, Level, Middle, Management, Career, Development, Short, Run, Stimulate, Traditionally, Male-dominated, Sectors, Australian, Human, Rights, Commission, Leadership quotas, women, education, professional, job, positions, corporate, performance, national, productivity, management, ranks, gender, career, development, boardroom, skills, talent, pool, economy, McKinsey, report, leadership, sectors, encouragement, research, progression, middle, entry, level, stimulation, interest, female, dominated, paths, adaptation, preferences, positive, discrimination, short, run, long, term, contribution, Human, Rights, Commission, Australia"
test-politics-ghbgussbsbt-pro04a	Effect on the structure of the main political parties  Divided Government creates an imperative for compromise, encouraging the parties to work together for the best outcomes. This can help to undermine the more visceral aspects of debate, with the contest for election being left behind in order to focus on governing for the good of all Americans. As a result the greatest American achievements have come when there has been broad bipartisan consensus. [1]  There is also a Partisan consideration to seeking divided Government. The more successful two-term Presidents of recent times, Ronald Reagan and Bill Clinton, governed with Congress partly or completely controlled by the opposition party. [2] They were able to work with the opposition to pursue the best policy, aiding their re-election hopes by pitching themselves as seeking to compromise, in line with the aspirations of voters, who on the whole prefer divided government in order to promote mature co-operation between the parties.  [1] McCarty, Nolan, ‘The Policy Consequences of Partisan Polarization in the United States’, bcep.haas.berkeley.edu/papers/McCarty.doc  [2] ‘Divided Government’ Wikipedia,  accessed 30/1/12 Effect, structure, political parties, Divided Government, compromise, bipartisan consensus, Partisan consideration, two-term Presidents, Ronald Reagan, Bill Clinton, Congress, opposition party, re-election, voter aspirations, mature co-operation, Partisan Polarization, United States, policy consequences Divided Government, Compromise, Bipartisan Consensus, Ronald Reagan, Bill Clinton, Re-election, Voter Aspirations, Partisan Polarization, Congress, Opposition Party, Policy Making, Political Parties, Governance, American Politics, Electoral Success, Maturation, Cooperation Divided Government, Compromise, Bipartisan, Political Parties, Structure, Governance, Election, Policy, Ronald Reagan, Bill Clinton, Congress, Opposition, Re-election, Voters, Partisan Polarization, Policy Consequences, Mature Co-operation Effect, Structure, Political Parties, Divided Government, Compromise, Bipartisan Consensus, American Achievements, Partisan Consideration, Successful Presidents, Ronald Reagan, Bill Clinton, Opposition Party, Policy, Re-election, Voter Aspirations, Mature Co-operation, Partisan Polarization, Policy Consequences, United States, Congress, Wikipedia, Nolan McCarty, Berkeley, Bcep Divided Government, Compromise, Bipartisan Consensus, Partisan Consideration, Two-Term Presidents, Ronald Reagan, Bill Clinton, Congress, Opposition Party, Policy, Partisan Polarization, Mature Co-operation, Voter Aspirations, Re-election Hopes, Governance, Political Parties, Structure, Debate, Election, American Achievements, Best Outcomes, Voters, Compromise Politics, Policy Consequences, United States, Political Polarization, Bipartisanship, Legislative Process, Executive-Legislative Relations
test-international-siacphbnt-con02a	The technological revolution has been hyped.  Debates may be raised as to whether the technological revolution is actually a reality across Africa [1] . Have expectations been too high; the benefits exclusive; and the reality over-exaggerated?  On the one hand, the type of technology raises significant questions. Although the population with access to a mobile phone has risen, the quality of the phones indicates a hyped-reality. Although technology has become easily accessible, the quality of such technologies puts constraints on what it can be used for. A vast majority of mobile phones are imported from China - at low-cost but also poor quality. Quality testing on imports, and locally produced products, is needed to approve market devices.  On another hand, the reality of internet connectivity is not high-speed, and therefore of limited use. Better connectivity emerges in certain geographical locations, to those who can afford higher prices, and within temporary fluxes.  [1] See further readings: BBC World Service, 2013. technological revolution, Africa, expectations, benefits, reality, hyped, mobile phones, quality, low-cost, poor quality, China, quality testing, internet connectivity, high-speed, geographical locations, affordability, temporary fluxes, BBC World Service, 2013 technological revolution, Africa, expectations, benefits, reality, technology quality, mobile phones, China, low-cost, poor quality, quality testing, imports, locally produced, internet connectivity, high-speed, limited use, geographical locations, affordability, temporary fluxes, BBC World Service, 2013 technological revolution, Africa, expectations, benefits, reality, hyped, mobile phones, quality, low-cost, poor quality, China, quality testing, internet connectivity, high-speed, limited use, geographical locations, affordability, temporary fluxes, BBC World Service, 2013 technological revolution, Africa, hyped reality, expectations, benefits, exclusivity, over-exaggeration, technology quality, mobile phones, low-cost, poor quality, quality testing, imports, locally produced, internet connectivity, high-speed, limited use, geographical locations, affordability, temporary fluxes, BBC World Service, 2013 technological revolution, Africa, expectations, benefits, reality, technology, mobile phones, quality, accessibility, constraints, China, low-cost, poor quality, quality testing, imports, locally produced, internet connectivity, high-speed, geographical locations, affordability, temporary fluxes, BBC World Service, 2013
test-politics-glghssi-con01a	Deliberately turning away from the international clout the UK brings to play on the global scene is simply odd  The UK acts as a big player on the international scene sitting at the top table of most international institutions. It is questionable as to whether the remaining part of the UK would continue to sit on the UN Security Council; one thing that is certain is that Scotland would not. Equally they would have little clout on European bodies, damaging their influence on key Scottish interests such as fisheries policy.  It would also lose the advantage that many companies see Edinburgh as a convenient base within the UK but would be unlikely to see much benefit to it as a base in an independent Scotland [i] .  [i] David Sinclair. “Issues surrounding Scottish independence.” September 1999. Published by the Constitution Unit, Tavistock House. UK, international clout, global scene, UN Security Council, European bodies, Scottish interests, fisheries policy, Edinburgh, business base, Scottish independence, Constitution Unit, David Sinclair UK, international clout, global influence, UN Security Council, European bodies, Scottish interests, fisheries policy, Edinburgh, business base, Scottish independence, Constitution Unit, Tavistock House, David Sinclair UK, international clout, global scene, big player, international institutions, UN Security Council, Scotland, independence, European bodies, fisheries policy, companies, Edinburgh, base, Constitution Unit, David Sinclair, Scottish independence, issues, 1999 UK, international clout, global influence, UN Security Council, European bodies, fisheries policy, Edinburgh, business base, Scottish independence, Constitution Unit, David Sinclair UK, international clout, global influence, UN Security Council, European bodies, Scottish independence, fisheries policy, Edinburgh, business base, Constitution Unit, David Sinclair, 1999
test-health-ppelfhwbpba-pro03a	Abortion is wrong per se when there are alternatives such as adoption  Tragically, some babies are unwanted, but this does not mean that we should kill them. There are plenty of other options, notably adoption. If anything, the case for adoption is more compelling in the third trimester, because the pregnancy is nearer to its natural end and there is less time, only about ten weeks, for the mother to have to put up with it. [1] Unwanted pregnancy and adoption may be psychologically harmful, but in many cases so is abortion, particularly at a late stage of pregnancy when the mother can see that the dead foetus is recognisably a baby - the guilt feelings associated with feeling that one is responsible for murdering a child can be unbearable.  [1] Bupa, ‘Stages of pregnancy’, April 2010, abortion, alternatives, adoption, unwanted, babies, kill, options, third trimester, pregnancy, natural end, time, mother, put up, psychologically harmful, harmful, guilt feelings, murdering, child, stages, pregnancy, Bupa abortion, wrong, alternatives, adoption, unwanted, babies, kill, options, third trimester, pregnancy, natural end, time, mother, put up, psychologically harmful, abortion, late stage, pregnancy, dead foetus, recognisable, baby, guilt, feelings, murdering, child, unbearable, Bupa, stages, pregnancy, April, 2010 abortion, adoption, unwanted pregnancy, third trimester, psychological harm, guilt feelings, murder, foetus, baby, alternatives, pregnancy stages, Bupa, natural end, ten weeks abortion, wrong, alternatives, adoption, unwanted, babies, kill, options, third, trimester, pregnancy, natural, end, time, mother, put, up, psychologically, harmful, cases, particularly, late, stage, can, see, dead, foetus, recognisably, baby, guilt, feelings, responsible, murdering, child, unbearable, Bupa, stages, April, 2010 abortion, wrong, alternatives, adoption, unwanted, babies, kill, options, third trimester, pregnancy, natural end, time, mother, put up, psychologically harmful, abortion, late stage, dead foetus, recognisably baby, guilt feelings, murdering, child, unbearable, Bupa, stages pregnancy, April 2010
test-international-ghbunhf-pro03a	UN decision-making procedures are very inefficient.  The UN displays all the worst traits of bureaucracies the world over. The General Assembly is little more than a forum for world leaders and ambassadors to lambast each other. The Security Council is systemically unable to take decisive action in many of the world’s trouble-spots due to its outdated permanent membership structure, which gives five nations a totally disproportionate power to prevent the world body from acting against their interests. In the UN’s 65 years, the veto has been used nearly 300 times. [1]  [1] “General Analysis on the Security Council Veto”, Global Policy Forum website. UN, decision-making, inefficiency, bureaucracy, General Assembly, Security Council, permanent membership, veto power, world leaders, ambassadors, forum, criticism, trouble-spots, global policy, international relations, reform, disproportionate power UN decision-making, inefficiency, bureaucracy, General Assembly, Security Council, permanent membership, veto power, disproportionate influence, world leaders, ambassadors, international forum, trouble-spots, decisive action, global governance, reform, international relations, diplomatic criticism, veto statistics, historical analysis, Global Policy Forum UN, decision-making, inefficiency, bureaucracy, General Assembly, Security Council, permanent membership, veto power, disproportionate influence, global policy, international relations, diplomatic forum, criticism, reform, world leaders, ambassadors, conflict resolution, trouble-spots, action prevention, historical analysis, veto usage UN decision-making, inefficiency, bureaucracy, General Assembly, criticism, Security Council, indecision, trouble-spots, permanent membership, veto power, disproportionate influence, global policy, reform need, international relations, diplomatic deadlock UN decision-making, inefficiency, bureaucracy, General Assembly, Security Council, permanent membership, veto power, disproportionate influence, international action, global policy
test-law-ralhrilglv-pro02a	Head of state immunity  Traditionally, heads of state have had immunity in foreign courts. This is for the normal functioning of diplomacy – so heads of state can engage in business at other states and travel to summits without the risk of harassment by vexatious claims in foreign courts, or foreign governments trying to attack the decisions of other governments in their own courts.  The ICC trying sitting heads of state would set a terrible precedent of a method of regime change – not even by foreign militaries, but by the ICC prosecutor. Regimes should change according to democratic mandate not foreign courts. head of state, immunity, foreign courts, diplomacy, international relations, ICC, regime change, prosecution, democratic mandate, legal precedent, vexatious claims, summit diplomacy, state sovereignty, international prosecutor, judicial integrity head of state, immunity, foreign courts, diplomacy, international relations, legal protection, regime change, ICC, prosecutor, democratic mandate, foreign interference, state sovereignty, legal precedent, international law, summit, vexatious claims, diplomatic immunity, state decisions, court jurisdiction, human rights head of state, immunity, foreign courts, diplomacy, vexatious claims, ICC, sitting heads of state, regime change, democratic mandate, foreign governments, international prosecutor, legal precedent, sovereignty, international law, state leaders, diplomatic protection, judicial interference, political accountability head of state, immunity, foreign courts, diplomacy, vexatious claims, foreign governments, ICC, sitting heads of state, regime change, democratic mandate, foreign courts head of state, immunity, foreign courts, diplomacy, vexatious claims, ICC, regime change, democratic mandate
test-science-cpisydfphwj-con03a	Facebook has a negative impact on learning  For many students, the constant flow of news, status updates, pictures and comments which comes through Facebook every single hour is proving to be a very distracting, which not surprisingly affects their educational progress. It negatively impacts learning. Studies show that students who checked in on social networks while studying had grades that were 20% lower than the grades of those who didn’t.(1)  A 20% difference in grades can be the difference from being awarded a scholarship at a prestigious university at being obliged to enrol in the community college, or very easily between passing and failing. Education is one of the most important things in anybody’s life as it greatly affects future prospects. Of course socialising is important as well but we should try to avoid one negatively affecting the other.  (1) Julie D. Andrews “Is Facebook Good Or Bad For Students? Debate Roils On” April 28, 2011   (2) Larry Rose ”Social Networking’s Good and Bad Impacts on Kids“ American Psychological Association August 6, 2011 Facebook, negative impact, learning, students, distraction, news, status updates, pictures, comments, educational progress, grades, lower grades, scholarship, prestigious university, community college, passing, failing, education, future prospects, socialising, Julie D. Andrews, Larry Rose, American Psychological Association, social networking, kids Facebook, negative impact, learning, students, distraction, educational progress, grades, social networks, studying, scholarship, prestigious university, community college, passing, failing, education, future prospects, socialising, Julie D. Andrews, Larry Rose, American Psychological Association Facebook, negative impact, learning, students, distraction, educational progress, grades, social networks, studying, scholarship, university, community college, passing, failing, education, future prospects, socialising, Julie D. Andrews, Larry Rose, American Psychological Association Facebook, negative impact, learning, students, distraction, news, status updates, pictures, comments, educational progress, grades, 20% lower, scholarship, prestigious university, community college, passing, failing, education, future prospects, socialising, negative effect, social networks, studying, Julie D. Andrews, Larry Rose, American Psychological Association Facebook, negative impact, learning, students, distraction, educational progress, grades, lower, scholarship, university, community college, passing, failing, education, future prospects, socialising, debate, social networks, studying, Julie D. Andrews, Larry Rose, American Psychological Association
test-international-gsciidffe-pro04a	It is legitimate to enable freedom  Circumventing censorship is a cost effective method of promoting freedom. When a country has refused to recognise the right to freedom of expression of its own people and indeed is actively stopping them from exercising this right then it is legitimate for other countries to step in to act as an enabler of those rights. By circumventing censorship so the freedom of expression is returned to those that have had their voice stripped from them. Doing this costs the state that is acting almost nothing; thus Britain’s Foreign Office is devoting a mere £1.5million to promoting expression online, [1] and yet the benefits for those who it helps can be considerable by helping them to publicise and organise themselves by providing a platform. The small cost should be compared to the benefit of keeping activists one step ahead of the authorities by, for example providing software that helps make sure online communication is anonymous, which can save lives.  [1] “William Hague promises £1.5m to promote freedom of expression online”, BBC News, 30 April 2012, freedom, censorship, cost-effective, promotion, rights, expression, country, refusal, recognition, stepping-in, enabling, voice, state, intervention, Britain, Foreign Office, investment, online, activism, anonymity, security, benefits, organisation, publicity, saving lives, technology, communication, government, policy, international, support, human rights, digital freedom, internet, society, political, advocacy, protest, democracy, engagement, tools, software, privacy, resistance, empowerment, civil liberties, digital rights, cybersecurity, activism support, diplomatic action, tech solutions, free speech, global impact, strategic aid, intervention ethics, digital tools legitimate, freedom, circumventing, censorship, cost-effective, promoting, freedom-of-expression, right, enabling, country, refusal, recognition, stepping-in, other-countries, act, enabler, rights, voice, state, acting, almost-nothing, Britain, Foreign-Office, promoting-expression, online, benefits, publicising, organising, platform, small-cost, compared, benefit, activists, authorities, software, anonymous, communication, save-lives, William-Hague, promises, BBC-News, 2012 legitimate, freedom, circumventing, censorship, cost-effective, promoting, freedom-of-expression, country, rights, enabler, state, acting, voice, Britain, Foreign-Office, promoting-expression, online, activists, platform, small-cost, benefit, authorities, software, anonymous, communication, save-lives legitimate, freedom, circumventing, censorship, cost-effective, promoting, freedom-of-expression, country, right, refusing, recognise, stopping, exercising, other-countries, step-in, enabler, rights, freedom-of-expression, voice, state, acting, promoting-expression, online, Britain, Foreign-Office, £1.5million, benefits, publicise, organise, platform, small-cost, activists, authorities, software, communication, anonymous, save-lives, William-Hague, BBC-News legitimate, freedom, circumventing, censorship, cost-effective, promoting, freedom-of-expression, right, enabling, countries, foreign-policy, intervention, benefits, activists, online-communication, anonymity, software, human-rights, internet-freedom, government-policy, international-relations, digital-rights, democracy-promotion, security, privacy, technology-for-good, freedom-of-speech, political-activism, digital-activism, advocacy, foreign-aid, diplomatic-support, evading-censorship, human-rights-defense, digital-security, state-support, international-law, free-expression, web-freedom, persecuted-voices, civil
test-politics-oapdhwinkp-pro01a	South Korea can handle the situation itself  The two Koreas should be able to solve the situation themselves without recourse to all the neighbouring powers – whose interest does not seem to have spurred a solution to the frozen conflict anyway. With the Cold War over South Korea is more than capable of handling its own security. South Korea is economically far ahead of the North with its economy thirty seven times bigger. [1] Its military is also more capable than the North’s as the International Institute for Strategic Studies argues “As measured by static equipment indices, South Korea’s conventional forces would appear superior to North Korea’s. When morale, training, equipment maintenance, logistics, and reconnaissance and communications capabilities are factored in, this qualitative advantage increases.” [2] So should be able to deter aggression on its own and pull its own weight in negotiations without the need of a multilateral process. Moreover no one would argue that an invasion should be ignored however the South should be the one who responds to North Korean actions on its own.  [1] Oh Young-Jin, ‘South Korean economy 37 times bigger than NK’s’, The Korea Times, 5 January 2011,   [2] ‘The Conventional Military Balance on the Korean Peninsula’, The International Institute for Strategic Studies, 2012, South Korea, North Korea, conflict, security, economy, military, qualitative advantage, Conventional Military Balance, Korean Peninsula, Cold War, frozen conflict, neighboring powers, multilateral process, invasion, deterrence, negotiations, economic superiority, military capability, International Institute for Strategic Studies South Korea, North Korea, conflict resolution, self-reliance, economic superiority, military capability, deterrence, bilateral negotiations, Cold War, security, economic disparity, military balance, international relations, regional powers, qualitative advantage, reconnaissance, logistics, morale, training, equipment maintenance, invasion response, multilateral process, frozen conflict, neighboring countries, interest alignment, Korea Times, International Institute for Strategic Studies South Korea, North Korea, conflict resolution, self-reliance, economic superiority, military capability, security, deterrence, negotiations, bilateral, multilateral, Cold War, invasion, response, International Institute for Strategic Studies, economic advantage, military balance, Korean Peninsula, qualitative advantage, regional powers, international interests, frozen conflict, self-sufficiency, defense policy, national security, strategic studies, armed forces, qualitative military superiority, qualitative military indices, equipment maintenance, logistics, reconnaissance, communications capabilities, morale, training, military forces, international relations, diplomacy, conflict management, defense strategies, peace process, security policy, economic disparity, South Korea, self-reliance, North Korea, conflict resolution, neighboring countries, Cold War, economic superiority, military capability, deterrence, negotiation, invasion response, bilateral solution, International Institute for Strategic Studies, Korean Peninsula, conventional forces, qualitative advantage, security, economic strength, military strength, independent action, multilateral process, frozen conflict, regional interests, diplomatic capability, strategic studies, defense capability South Korea, North Korea, conflict, Cold War, economic superiority, military capability, self-reliance, deterrence, bilateral relations, security, aggression, negotiations, qualitative advantage, international involvement, invasion response, regional powers, frozen conflict, economic disparity, military balance, strategic studies, diplomatic independence, self-sufficiency, unilateral action, security policy, defense capability, foreign intervention, state sovereignty, military indices, logistical superiority, reconnaissance, communication capabilities, troops morale, maintenance, training, strategic advantage, international relations, peace process, security strategy, regional stability, military forces, economic strength, political independence, military preparedness, defensive
test-science-ciidfaihwc-con03a	People often react poorly to being censored by their governments.  In countries that do currently practice censorship of Internet information, their citizens often interpret this as suspicious and dictatorial behaviour. For example, in China growing discontent with the government’s constant censorship has led to public outrage [1] , and political satire which heavily criticises the government [2] . Censorship can easily be used malevolently and is not always in public interest; this motion supports the ignorance of the population by hiding information and the reality of the situation. Therefore the cost of suspicion by the population of the state makes censorship of any kind less than worthwhile and it is better to allow individuals to make their own choices.  [1] Bennett, Isabella, ‘Media Censorship in China’, Council on Foreign Relations, 7 March 2011,  on 09/09/11  [2] Bennett, Isabella, ‘Media Censorship in China’, Council on Foreign Relations, 7 March 2011,  on 09/09/11. censorship, government, internet, information, public, reaction, suspicion, dictatorial, China, discontent, public outrage, political satire, malevolent, public interest, ignorance, population, choices, media censorship, foreign relations, Isabella Bennett, Council on Foreign Relations censorship, government, Internet, information control, public outrage, political satire, China, media censorship, public trust, individual freedom, information hiding, state suspicion, democratic values, free speech censorship, government, public outrage, political satire, China, media censorship, public interest, information control, societal trust, individual choice censorship, government, internet, information, public, outrage, political, satire, criticism, malevolent, public interest, ignorance, population, choices, media, China, council, foreign, relations, Bennett, Isabella, March, 2011 government censorship, internet information, citizen reaction, suspicious behavior, dictatorial, China, public outrage, political satire, government criticism, malevolent use, public interest, population ignorance, hiding information, reality of situation, suspicion of state, individual choices, media censorship, Council on Foreign Relations
test-politics-eppghwlrba-pro03a	Sports shooting desensitizes people to the lethal nature of firearms  Shooting as a sport desensitises people to the lethal nature of all firearms, creating a gun culture that glamorises and legitimises unnecessary gun ownership. It remains the interest of a minority, who should not be allowed to block the interests of society as a whole in gun control. Compensation can be given to individual gun owners, gun clubs and the retail firearms trade, in recognition of their economic loss if a ban is implemented. sports shooting, desensitization, lethal nature, firearms, gun culture, glamorization, legitimization, gun ownership, minority interest, societal interest, gun control, compensation, gun clubs, retail firearms trade, economic loss, ban implementation sports shooting, desensitization, lethal nature, firearms, gun culture, glamorisation, legitimisation, unnecessary gun ownership, minority interest, gun control, compensation, economic loss, ban implementation sports shooting, desensitization, lethal nature, firearms, gun culture, glamorization, legitimization, unnecessary gun ownership, gun control, minority interest, societal interest, compensation, gun owners, gun clubs, retail firearms trade, economic loss, ban implementation sports shooting, desensitization, lethal nature, firearms, gun culture, glamorisation, legitimisation, unnecessary gun ownership, minority interest, gun control, compensation, gun owners, gun clubs, retail firearms trade, economic loss, ban implementation sports shooting, desensitization, lethal nature, firearms, gun culture, glamorisation, legitimisation, unnecessary gun ownership, gun control, minority interest, societal interest, compensation, economic loss, gun ban, gun clubs, retail firearms trade
test-free-speech-debate-nshbbsbfb-pro01a	This was a piece of art, advertised and described as such, those likely to be offended were quite welcome not to watch it.  The allegation made by those who objected to the airing of this show was that it was blasphemous. There were also objections to the graphic nature of the language and sexual reference. It seems staggeringly unlikely that 55,000 [i] people had accidently been watching opera on BBC 2 having failed to watch any of the warnings in advance or the fairly extensive media discussion in advance of the broadcast.  Therefore, those who watched it made a choice to do so – and it seems reasonable to consider that an informed choice. A free society is predicated on the fact that adults have the right to make choices. In turn that is based on the shared understanding that those choices have consequences; which may, potentially, cause some degree of harm to the person making that choice. Having been warned that watching the broadcast may cause them offence, viewers still chose to and some, it seems, were duly offended.  It seems reasonable, therefore, to assume that the shock was either feigned or a matter of pretence. Which leaves the matter of blasphemy; an offence against a belief system. There was no secret that religious issues were likely to feature in the broadcast and no secret was made of the fact that those views were likely to be both critical and forthright. Tuning in, specifically to be offended by something that the viewer had been warned they might find offensive seems perverse.  By contrast, art lovers who wished to see the production - which had received four Lawrence Olivier Awards among other tributes – had the opportunity to experience a theatrical work they would have had a limited opportunity to witness had it not been broadcast nationally.  It would be bizarre to disadvantage those who wanted to – and actually did – see the performance (about 1.7 million [ii] )because of the views of those who neither wanted to see it or refused to do so  [i] Wikipedia entry: “Jerry Springer: The Opera”  [ii] BBC News Website. “Group to Act Over singer Opera.” 10 January 2005. art, blasphemy, choice, consequences, feigned, harm, informed, Jerry Springer, Lawrence Olivier Awards, media discussion, offended, opera, religious, sexual, staged, warnings, viewers, watched art, opera, BBC, warnings,blasphemous, graphic, sexual, language, free, society, informed, choice, consequences, offended, feigned, religious, belief, critical, forthright, Lawrence, Olivier, Awards, theatrical, broadcast, disadvantage, views, performance, Jerry, Springer, The, Opera, viewers, rights, perversity, opportunity, national, transmission, controversy, media, discussion, objections, staggeringly, unlikely, accidents, tuned, experience, tribute, reception, зрители, adult, rights, decision, making, harm, self, inflicted, broadcast, controversy, public, reaction, art, advertisement, description, offended, watchers, blasphemous, allegation, graphic, language, sexual, references, accidental, viewers, warnings, media, discussion, informed, choice, free, society, adult, rights, consequences, harm, shock, feigned, pretence, blasphemy, belief, secret, religious, issues, critical, forthright, tuning, offended, warned, art, lovers, production, Lawrence, Olivier, Awards, theatrical, work, broadcast, nationally, disadvantage, performance, opportunity, viewers, opinions, Jerry, Springer, Opera, BBC, News, Group, Act, singer art, opera, BBC, warnings, media, broadcast, choice, consequences, free society, adults, rights, offence, viewers, blasphemy, belief system, religious, critical, forthright, art lovers, Lawrence Olivier Awards, performance, national, disadvantage, views art, advertised, described, offended, watch, blasphemous, graphic, language, sexual, references, accidental, viewing, warnings, media, discussion, informed, choice, free, society, adults, rights, choices, consequences, harm, warned, offended, feigned, pretence, blasphemy, belief, system, religious, issues, critical, forthright, tuning, disadvantaged, art, lovers, theatrical, work, limited, opportunity, nationally, broadcast, performance, views, group, act, singer, opera, Jerry, Springer, Wikipedia, BBC, News, Website
test-culture-ahrtsdlgra-pro03a	The power of the visual  Art differs from other forms of media with regard to the expression of ideas. Unlike other methods of conveying ideas, art has a visceral impact that is instant and has a lasting effect.  In a discussion, for example, there are often clues that ideas that might make people feel uncomfortable are about to arise. Thus, people are in a better position to consent to the sorts of challenges controversy within a conversation may pose (similarly, we tend to look more positively on taboo subjects raised within a conversational context than we do when they are, for example, shouted about in the street).  In the case of art, particularly that which is displayed in public spaces (like squares, parks and museums) people are unable to consent in this way, but rather, may be confronted suddenly by something that they find disgusting, because it has forced them to confront something they find horrific or traumatic, in a manner which has a great impact, and that, because of the power of the visual, they find difficult to forget. visual art, media forms, idea expression, visceral impact, lasting effect, discomforting ideas, consent, controversy, conversation, taboo subjects, public spaces, squares, parks, museums, sudden confrontation, disgusting, horrific, traumatic, impactful, unforgettable visual art, expression of ideas, visceral impact, lasting effect, conversational context, taboo subjects, public spaces, sudden confrontation, horrific, traumatic, forgetfulness, power of the visual, consent, discomfort, controversy, impact, art in public spaces, visual media, non-verbal communication, emotional response, art reception, societal norms, psychological impact, artistic expression, public art, visual confrontation, emotional challenge, immediate impact, lasting impression, artistic intent, viewer reaction, visual communication, media comparison, art vs conversation, public display, visual media impact, emotional engagement, artistic challenge, societal reaction, visual representation, taboo in art, visual art, expression of ideas, visceral impact, lasting effect, discomfort, consent, controversy, conversation, taboo subjects, public spaces, confrontation, disgust, horrific, traumatic, impact, forgetting art, visual, media, expression, ideas, visceral, impact, lasting, effect, controversy, consent, challenges, conversation, taboo, subjects, public, spaces, squares, parks, museums, confronted, disgusting, horrific, traumatic, forget visual art, media comparison, idea expression, visceral impact, lasting effect, discomfort, consent, controversy, conversation, taboo subjects, public spaces, sudden confrontation, disgust, horrific, traumatic, visual power, unforgettable impact
test-law-cplglghwbhwd-pro02a	Handguns are uniquely dangerous when compared with other weapons  Handguns are specifically worse than most other weapons. They are weapons which are both concealable and portable. Shotguns and Rifles can easily be identified from a long distance making it easier to avoid those who are carrying them or conversely for the authorities check their motives for carrying arms. Handguns, being ranged weapons (as opposed to knives), prevent people from opting to run away if they are confronted by an attacker and being concealable prevent any attempt at avoiding those carrying them.  Because of these unique capabilities they make excellent weapons for gang members who wish to remain inconspicuous to avoid being searched by the police. Further, they are also uniquely useful for other criminal actors such as drug dealers who need to be able to protect themselves, but also need to appear unassuming for clients.  As such, handguns, where they are freely available, are often used by most criminals for these purposes. Given that handguns are also more likely to cause accidental injuries- as a result of incompetence or recklessness- than a knife, it seems logical that handguns cause a much larger harm to citizens in places where they are freely available.4 handguns, dangerous, weapons, concealable, portable, shotguns, rifles, identifiable, long-distance, authorities, motives, ranged, knives, gang-members, inconspicuous, police, drug-dealers, unassuming, clients, freely-available, criminals, accidental-injuries, incompetence, recklessness, citizens, harm handguns, dangerous, weapons, concealable, portable, shotguns, rifles, identifiable, long-distance, authorities, ranged, knives, attackers, gang-members, inconspicuous, police, drug-dealers, unassuming, clients, freely-available, criminals, accidental-injuries, incompetence, recklessness, citizen-harm handguns, dangerous, weapons, concealable, portable, shotguns, rifles, identification, authorities, ranged, knives, gang, members, inconspicuous, police, drug, dealers, criminals, accidental, injuries, incompetence, recklessness, citizens, freely, available handguns, dangerous, weapons, concealable, portable, shotguns, rifles, identifiable, avoid, authorities, ranged, knives, confronted, attacker, gang, inconspicuous, police, drug, dealers, unassuming, clients, freely, available, accidental, injuries, incompetence, recklessness, citizens, harm handguns, dangerous, weapons, concealable, portable, shotguns, rifles, long-distance, authorities, ranged, knives, gang-members, inconspicuous, police, drug-dealers, unassuming, clients, freely-available, criminals, accidental-injuries, incompetence, recklessness, citizens, harm
test-politics-cdmaggpdgdf-con02a	Provides information to competitors  Where there is international competition transparency can be a problem if there is not transparency on both sides as one side is essentially giving its opponent an advantage. This is ultimately why countries keep national security secrets; they are in competition with other nations and the best way to ensure an advantage over those states is to keep capabilities secret. One side having information while the other does not allows the actor that has the information to act differently in response to that knowledge. Keeping things secret can therefore provide an advantage when making a decision, as the one with most information is most likely to react best. [1] Currently there is information asymmetry between the United States and China to the point where some analysts consider that the United States provides more authoritative information on China’s military than China itself does. [2]  [1] National Security Forum, No More Secrets, American Bar Association, March 2011, p.7  [2] Erickson, Andrew S., ‘Pentagon Report Reveals Chinese Military Developments’, The Diplomat, 8 May 2013 information asymmetry, international competition, transparency, national security, secrets, military capabilities, decision-making, United States, China, military information, authoritative sources, Pentagon report, Chinese military developments information, transparency, international, competition, national, security, secrets, advantage, decision-making, information, asymmetry, United, States, China, military, developments, Pentagon, report information asymmetry, international competition, transparency, national security, secrets, United States, China, military developments, advantage, decision making, authoritative information, Pentagon report, Erickson, Andrew S., The Diplomat information asymmetry, international competition, transparency, national security, secrets, decision-making, United States, China, military developments, advantage, secrecy, authoritative information, Pentagon report, Chinese military, Erickson, National Security Forum, American Bar Association information asymmetry, international competition, transparency, national security, secrets, decision-making, United States, China, military developments, authoritative information, advantage, security forum, Pentagon report, strategic advantage, global competition, intelligence sharing, informational advantage, security policies, military transparency, strategic secrecy
test-culture-mmctyshwbcp-pro02a	performers are at risk of exploitation  Children are generally considered to be too young to make important decisions for themselves, and so decision-making falls to parents, teachers, etc. For child performers, there are additional decision-makers: their agents. Since agents benefit financially from the child’s getting a role or doing well in a sporting event, there is a definite risk of exploitation. Exploitation can also come from parents, as in the famous case of American television child stars Jackie Coogan and Gary Coleman, who both sued their parents for spending the money they had earned as children [1] [2] or of Macaulay Culkin, who blocked his parents from having access to his earnings.  [1] AP, ‘The Kid’ To Get $126,000 For His Share’  [2] The Deseret News, ‘Former Child Star Wins $1.3 Million Judgment’ child performers, exploitation, agents, parents, decision-making, financial benefit, legal action, Jackie Coogan, Gary Coleman, Macaulay Culkin, earnings, protection, child actors, television stars, lawsuit child performers, exploitation, agents, parents, decision-making, financial benefit, Jackie Coogan, Gary Coleman, Macaulay Culkin, lawsuits, earnings, protection, child actors, entertainment industry, legal cases, child welfare child performers, exploitation, decision-makers, agents, parents, financial benefit, legal cases, Jackie Coogan, Gary Coleman, Macaulay Culkin, earnings, lawsuits, protection, rights, childhood, entertainment industry, moral issues, guardianship, financial management, child labor laws child performers, exploitation, decision-making, agents, financial benefit, parents, legal action, Jackie Coogan, Gary Coleman, Macaulay Culkin, earnings, protection, child actors, child stars, financial abuse, guardians, legal rights,童年表演者,剥削,决策,代理,财务利益,父母,法律行动,杰基·库根,加里·科尔曼,麦考利·卡尔金,收入,保护,童星,财务滥用,监护人,法律权利 child performers, exploitation, decision-making, agents, parents, financial benefit, risk, legal cases, Jackie Coogan, Gary Coleman, Macaulay Culkin, earnings, lawsuits
test-society-epiasghbf-con01a	The double burden  Despite a feminising labour market there has been no convergence, or equalisation, in unpaid domestic and care work. Women still play key roles in working the reproductive sphere and family care; therefore labour-force participation increases the overall burden placed on women. The burden is placed on time, physical, and mental demands.  We need to recognise the anxieties and burdens women face of being the bread-winner, as survival is becoming ‘feminised’ (Sassen, 2002). Additionally, women have always accounted for a significant proportion of the labour market - although their work has not been recognised. Therefore to what extent can we claim increased labour force participation is empowering when it is only just being recognised? double burden, feminising labour market, unpaid domestic work, care work, reproductive sphere, family care, labour-force participation, time demands, physical demands, mental demands, bread-winner, feminisation of survival, labour market recognition, women's empowerment, gender equality, Sassen 2002 double burden, feminising labour market, unpaid domestic work, care work, reproductive sphere, family care, labour-force participation, time demands, physical demands, mental demands, bread-winner, feminised survival, labour market recognition, women empowerment, gender equality, domestic responsibilities, work-life balance, social expectations, economic participation, gender roles, societal change, female workforce, recognition of women's work, gendered division of labor double burden, feminising labour market, unpaid domestic work, care work, reproductive sphere, family care, labour-force participation, time demands, physical demands, mental demands, bread-winner, feminised survival, labour market recognition, women empowerment, gender equality, work-life balance, Sassen 2002, gender roles, economic participation, social recognition, gender disparities, empowerment debate double burden, feminising labour market, unpaid domestic work, care work, reproductive sphere, family care, labour-force participation, time demands, physical demands, mental demands, bread-winner, feminisation of survival, labour market recognition, women's empowerment, female labour force participation, gender equality, work-life balance, Sassen 2002 double burden, feminising labour market, unpaid domestic work, care work, women's role, reproductive sphere, family care, labour-force participation, time demands, physical demands, mental demands, bread-winner, feminised survival, labour market recognition, women's empowerment, gender equality, Sassen 2002
test-international-gmehwasr-con05a	"Would it work?  The most fundamental question for any policy is whether it would actually work if implemented? In this case it seems to be doubtful that in practice arming the rebels would be enough to allow them to prevail. It will simply be helping to even the odds; providing enough arms to prevail over a fully equipped army that is supplied by Iran and Russia would require a truly colossal effort. No one is seriously going to consider providing M1 Abrams tanks to overcome Syrian armour when there are even concerns about providing anti-aircraft missiles. Even supporters of arming the rebels such as Senator John McCain say ""this alone will not be decisive"". All arming the rebels does then is make the government appear to be doing something (in a bad way since it is an unpopular policy), and stick a toe in the water (also bad as that may lead to escalating commitments), and another decision point six months down the line. [1]  [1] Lynch, Marc, ‘Shopping Option C for Syria’, Foreign Policy, 14 February 2013 policy effectiveness, arming rebels, Syria conflict, international support, military intervention, rebels vs. government,装备 supply, Iran and Russia influence, anti-aircraft missiles, M1 Abrams tanks, Senator John McCain, Foreign Policy, Marc Lynch, Syria intervention debate, escalation risks, public opinion, decision-making process policy effectiveness, arming rebels, Syria conflict, military intervention, rebel support, international arms supply, Iran involvement, Russia involvement, M1 Abrams tanks, anti-aircraft missiles, John McCain, decision making, foreign policy, escalation risk, public opinion, Syria government, intervention consequences, military equipment, combat effectiveness, political strategy policy effectiveness, arming rebels, practical feasibility, armed conflict, Syrian civil war, international support, military intervention, arms supply, political strategy, senator john mccain, foreign policy, decision making, escalation risks, public opinion, military equipment, iran, russia, m1 abrams tanks, anti-aircraft missiles, international relations, conflict resolution policy effectiveness, arming rebels, Syrian conflict, military support, Iran, Russia, M1 Abrams tanks, anti-aircraft missiles, John McCain, decision-making, foreign intervention, escalation risks, public opinion, political symbolism policy effectiveness, arming rebels, Syria conflict, military intervention, rebel support, international arms supply, Iran and Russia support, M1 Abrams tanks, anti-aircraft missiles, John McCain, decision escalation, Foreign Policy, Marc Lynch, Syria intervention, policy outcomes, rebel prevails, government action, armed conflict, strategic considerations, international relations, military aid, political consequences"
test-digital-freedoms-eifdfaihs-pro01a	Privacy  This was the clinching argument in the Dutch example. Labour MP Martijn van Dam, one of the bill’s co-authors said that Dutch ISP KPN was similar to “a postal worker who delivers a letter, looks to see what’s in it and then claims he hasn’t read it. It is simply a basic principle of the Internet that for it to continue working as it does now, all data needs to be treated the same otherwise judgements will be formed on ‘right’ and ‘wrong’ data [i] .  The principle here is that the data being used is simply none of the ISPs business. Their job is simply to provide an agreed bandwidth, at an agreed price to the end user. How the end user makes use of that band width is up to them. If, for example, they’re choosing to Skype from a mobile device – one of the points of contention – it’s hard to see what that has to do with the ISP.  [i] PCWorld. Matthew Honan, MacWorld. “Inside Net Neutrality: Privacy and BitTorrent. 14 February 2008. Privacy, Dutch, example, Labour, MP, Martijn, van, Dam, bill, co-authors, Dutch, ISP, KPN, postal, worker, letter, Internet, principle, data, treated, equal, judgements, right, wrong, data, ISPs, business, bandwidth, price, end, user, Skype, mobile, device, Net, Neutrality, Privacy, BitTorrent, PCWorld, Matthew, Honan, MacWorld, February, 2008 privacy, Dutch, example, Labour, MP, Martijn, van, Dam, KPN, ISP, postal, worker, letter, basic, principle, Internet, data, treated, equally, judgements, right, wrong, bandwidth, price, end, user, Skype, mobile, device, Net, Neutrality, Privacy, BitTorrent, Matthew, Honan, PCWorld, MacWorld, February, 2008 privacy, Dutch, ISP, KPN, net neutrality, bandwidth, data, Internet, Martijn van Dam, postal worker, Skype, mobile device, Matthew Honan, PCWorld, MacWorld, BitTorrent, contention, principle, treatment, neutrality, argument, Labour MP, co-authors, delivery, judgement, right, wrong, usage, price, customer, provider, confidentiality, surveillance, regulation, legislation, technology, communication, digital rights, freedom, security, encryption, anonymity, public debate, policy, advocacy, consumer protection, ethics, surveillance, control, discrimination, bandwidth throttling, content, access, fairness, Privacy, Dutch, ISP, KPN, Net Neutrality, data treatment, bandwidth, Skype, mobile device, Matthew Honan, PCWorld, MacWorld, privacy argument, Labour MP, Martijn van Dam, Internet principles, data neutrality, content neutrality, user data, network management, BitTorrent privacy, Dutch, example, Labour, MP, Martijn, van, Dam, bill, co-authors, ISP, KPN, postal, worker, letter, basic, principle, Internet, data, treated, same, judgements, right, wrong, bandwidth, price, end, user, Skype, mobile, device, contention, PCWorld, Matthew, Honan, MacWorld, Net, Neutrality, BitTorrent, February, 2008
test-international-gsciidffe-pro03a	It is domestic not international legitimacy that matters  What matters for a state when it comes to foreign policy, and therefore with helping to circumvent censorship, is whether the policy is considered legitimate domestically. Since a government's legitimacy is domestically derived from the support of its people if they support the policy then it is legitimate. While it is often not considered a top priority people in democracies usually support promoting human rights and spreading democracy around the world. [1]  [1] Stevenson, Kirsten, “Strong support for democracy promotion in national opinion ballot”, Foreign Policy Association, 23 October 2012, domestic legitimacy, international legitimacy, foreign policy, censorship, government support, people's support, policy legitimacy, democracy promotion, human rights, national opinion, democracies, Stevenson, Foreign Policy Association domestic legitimacy, international legitimacy, state foreign policy, censorship circumvention, government legitimacy, domestic support, policy legitimacy, democracy promotion, human rights, national opinion, Stevenson, Foreign Policy Association, democracy spread, public support, democratic states domestic legitimacy, international legitimacy, foreign policy, censorship, government support, policy legitimacy, people support, democracy promotion, human rights, national opinion, Stevenson, Foreign Policy Association domestic legitimacy, foreign policy, censorship, government support, people's support, policy legitimacy, democracy promotion, human rights, national opinion, democracy spread, international legitimacy, democratic states, Stevenson, Foreign Policy Association domestic legitimacy, international legitimacy, foreign policy, censorship, government support, people's support, policy legitimacy, democracy promotion, human rights, national opinion, Stevenson, Foreign Policy Association
test-culture-ascidfakhba-pro04a	The costs of monitoring copyright by states, artists, and lawyers far outweigh the benefits, and is often simply ineffective  The state incurs huge costs in monitoring for copyright infringement, in arresting suspected perpetrators, in imprisonment of those found guilty, even though in reality nothing was stolen but an idea that, once released to it, belonged to the public domain more or less. [1] Furthermore, the deterrent effect to copyright piracy generated by all the efforts of the state and firms has proven generally minimal. In fact, the level of internet piracy of books, music, and films has increased dramatically year on year for several years, increasing by 30% in 2011 alone. [2] This is because in many cases copyright laws are next to unenforceable, as the music and movie industries have learned to their annoyance in recent years, for example ninety percent of DVDs sold in China are bootlegs while even western consumers are increasingly bypassing copyright by using peer to peer networks. [3] Only a tiny fraction of perpetrators are ever caught, and though they are often punished severely in an attempt to deter future crime, it has done little to stop their incidence. Copyright, in many cases, does not work in practice plain and simple. Releasing works under a creative commons licensing scheme does a great deal to cope with these pressures. In the first instance it is a less draconian regime, so individuals are more willing to buy into it as a legitimate claim by artists rather than an onerous stranglehold on work. This increases compliance with the relaxed law. Secondly, the compliance means that artists are given the vocal crediting under the license rules that gives them more public exposure than clandestine copying could not. Ultimately this adaptation of current copyright law would benefit the artist and the consumer mutually.  [1] World Intellectual Property Organization. “Emerging Issues in Intellectual Property”. 2011   [2] Hartopo, A. “The Past, Present and Future of Internet Piracy”. Jakarta Globe. 26 July 2011.   [3] Quirk, M., “The Movie Pirates”, The Atlantic, 19 November 2009, costs, monitoring, copyright, states, artists, lawyers, benefits, ineffective, state, huge, costs, infringement, arresting, perpetrators, imprisonment, guilty, stolen, idea, public, domain, deterrent, piracy, minimal, internet, dramatically, increased, unenforceable, music, movie, industries, annoyance, DVDs, China, bootlegs, western, consumers, bypassing, copyright, peer, networks, tiny, fraction, perpetrators, punished, severely, deter, crime, copyright, practice, creative, commons, licensing, cope, pressures, less, draconian, regime, individuals, buy, legitimate, claim costs, monitoring, copyright, states, artists, lawyers, benefits, ineffective, state, huge, costs, monitoring, copyright, infringement, arresting, perpetrators, imprisonment, guilty, stolen, idea, public, domain, deterrent, effect, piracy, minimal, internet, piracy, books, music, films, year, increased, unenforceable, music, movie, industries, bootlegs, China, peer, peer, networks, perpetrators, punished, crime, practice, release, creative, commons, licensing, scheme, draconian, regime, compliance, artists, vocal, crediting, license, rules, public, exposure costs, monitoring, copyright, states, artists, lawyers, benefits, ineffective, state, huge, costs, monitoring, copyright, infringement, arresting, suspected, perpetrators, imprisonment, guilty, reality, stolen, idea, public, domain, deterrent, effect, piracy, minimal, internet, piracy, books, music, films, increased, 2011, unenforceable, music, movie, industries, annoyance, DVDs, bootlegs, China, consumers, bypassing, copyright, peer, peer, networks, perpetrators, caught, punished, severely, deter, future, crime, incidence, practice, creative, costs, monitoring, copyright, states, artists, lawyers, benefits, ineffective, state, huge, costs, monitoring, infringement, arresting, perpetrators, imprisonment, guilty, stolen, idea, public, domain, deterrent, effect, piracy, minimal, internet, piracy, books, music, films, efforts, state, firms, increased, dramatically, year, 30%, 2011, unenforceable, music, movie, industries, annoyance, DVDs, China, bootlegs, western, consumers, bypassing, copyright, peer, networks, fraction, perpetrators, caught, punished, severely, deter, costs, monitoring, copyright, states, artists, lawyers, benefits, ineffective, state, incurred, huge, costs, monitoring, copyright, infringement, arresting, suspected, perpetrators, imprisonment, guilty, reality, nothing, stolen, idea, public, domain, deterrent, effect, piracy, minimal, internet, piracy, books, music, films, increased, dramatically, year, 30%, 2011, unenforceable, music, movie, industries, learned, ninety, percent, DVDs, sold, China, bootlegs, western, consumers, bypassing, copyright, peer, networks, tiny,
test-international-emephsate-con02a	Turkey is not yet up to European standards of human rights.  Turkey is a democracy but it is not yet up to the standards necessary for membership in the European Union. Turkey has numerous problems with the autocracy of its leaders, the suppressed human rights of the Kurdish and the other minorities. The State Department Human Rights Report condemns for example arbitrary arrest and says “Police detained more than 1,000 members of the pro-Kurdish Peace and Democracy Party (BDP) on various occasions” during 2011. Kurds and other minorities are “prohibited from fully exercising their linguistic, religious, and cultural rights” and are harassed when attempting to assert their identity. [1] There is little freedom of the press in Turkey, most of the media are state-controlled resulting in turkey ranking 148th on Reporters without borders press freedom index whereas the lowest EU country is Greece ranked 70th. [2] While some countries in the EU, such as France, have criminalized the denial of the Armenian genocide [3] Turkey on the other hand hasn’t even recognized that it ever happened. It is clear that while this disparity exists and human rights violations continue Turkey cannot join the EU.  [1] Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor, ‘Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2011 Turkey’, U.S. Department of State,   [2] ‘Press Freedom Index 2011-2012’, Reporters Without Borders,   [3] De Montjoye, Clementine, ‘France’s Armenian genocide law’, Free SpeechDebate, 29 June 2012, Turkey, European standards, human rights, European Union, democracy, autocracy, leaders, suppressed rights, Kurdish, minorities, State Department, Human Rights Report, arbitrary arrest, Peace and Democracy Party, BDP, linguistic rights, religious rights, cultural rights, identity, freedom of press, state-controlled media, Reporters Without Borders, press freedom index, Armenian genocide, France, criminalization, recognition, human rights violations, membership, disparity Turkey, European standards, human rights, democracy, European Union, autocracy, Kurdish minorities, State Department Human Rights Report, arbitrary arrest, Peace and Democracy Party, BDP, linguistic rights, religious rights, cultural rights, freedom of press, state-controlled media, Reporters Without Borders, press freedom index, Armenian genocide, human rights violations, EU membership Turkey, European standards, human rights, democracy, European Union, autocracy, Kurdish minorities, State Department Human Rights Report, arbitrary arrest, Peace and Democracy Party, BDP, linguistic rights, religious rights, cultural rights, freedom of press, state-controlled media, Reporters Without Borders, press freedom index, Armenian genocide, human rights violations, EU membership Turkey, European standards, human rights, democracy, European Union, autocracy, Kurdish minorities, human rights violations, State Department, arbitrary arrest, Peace and Democracy Party, BDP, linguistic rights, religious rights, cultural rights, freedom of press, state-controlled media, Reporters Without Borders, press freedom index, Armenia genocide, France, criminalization, EU membership, human rights abuses, cultural suppression, press freedom, EU standards, Kurdish identity, political detention, minority rights, genocide recognition, EU countries, human rights report, press censorship, linguistic prohibition, cultural harassment, political freedom, EU membership criteria, democratic standards, European values, Turkey, European standards, human rights, democracy, European Union, autocracy, Kurdish minorities, State Department Human Rights Report, arbitrary arrest, Peace and Democracy Party, freedom of press, Reporters Without Borders, press freedom index, Armenian genocide, human rights violations, EU membership
test-politics-oepdlhfcefp-con02a	The previous arrangement of having two foreign policy centers (in the Commission and in the Council) was arguably inefficient, but consolidating these into a single office-holder has created more complexity and at significantly greater expense.  Creating a position of EU High Representative is not objectionable in itself. Previously the EU was in the ludicrous situation of having two foreign affairs spokesmen, one from the Council and the other from the Commission. Rivalry and duplication of efforts, staffs and resources results, and so focusing all the EU’s external affairs work around one person makes some sense. What it does not mean is that the High Representative should lead a drive for a stronger common foreign policy position. Only when member states agree (which may not be often) will he or she have a role. In fact, by weakening the foreign affairs role within the Commission, this development may actually limit the pretensions of Brussels to develop its own agenda and dictate foreign policy to the member states. foreign policy, EU, High Representative, Commission, Council, consolidation, complexity, expense, duplication, rivalry, member states, common foreign policy, Brussels, agenda, dictation EU, foreign policy, Commission, Council, High Representative, consolidation, complexity, expense, spokesmen, rivalry, duplication, resources, external affairs, member states, agreement, common foreign policy, Brussels, agenda, dictatorship, limit, pretensions EU, High Representative, foreign policy, Commission, Council, consolidation, complexity, expense, duplication, rivalry, member states, common foreign policy, Brussels, agenda, pretensions, spokesmen, external affairs, role, agreement EU, foreign policy, consolidation, High Representative, complexity, expense, inefficiency, Council, Commission, rivalry, duplication, external affairs, member states, common position, Brussels, agenda, foreign affairs spokesmen EU, foreign policy, Commission, Council, High Representative, consolidation, complexity, expense, duplication, rivalry, resources, member states, common position, Brussels, agenda, foreign affairs, spokesmen, pretensions, external affairs, single office-holder
test-international-atiahblit-pro04a	Social Policy for satisfied teachers  The creation of national social policies which provide secure, and stable, wages for teachers is fundamental. Social policy can make satisfied teachers. A key concern amongst teachers is finance - inadequate wages and insurance. Teacher wages is considerably lower than other formal professions - combining to enforce low morale and occupational motivation as pay is too low to sustain individuals and households (Bennell, 2004). In South Africa an average teaching salary is 19,535 ZAR in contrast to the 28,235 ZAR average granted in all jobs in South Africa (Salary Explorer, 2013).  Further, social policy is required to introduce teacher pension schemes. Pension schemes are provided for workers within the formal employment sector, by various public organisations - including the government and GEPF [1] . However, some national pension schemes are more developed than others and teachers need to be ensured the profession can provide investments for future security. An ageing population only reinforces its importance.  [1] See further readings: GEPF, 2013. Social Policy, Teacher Satisfaction, Secure Wages, Stable Wages, Financial Concerns, Inadequate Wages, Insurance, Teacher Morale, Occupational Motivation, Low Pay, Household Sustainability, South Africa, Average Teaching Salary, Salary Comparison, Pension Schemes, Formal Employment Sector, Public Organizations, Government, GEPF, Future Security, Ageing Population Social Policy, Satisfied Teachers, National Social Policies, Secure Wages, Stable Wages, Finance, Inadequate Wages, Insurance, Teacher Wages, Formal Professions, Low Morale, Occupational Motivation, South Africa, Average Teaching Salary, ZAR, Salary Explorer, Teacher Pension Schemes, Formal Employment Sector, Public Organisations, Government, GEPF, Future Security, Ageing Population social policy, teacher satisfaction, secure wages, stable wages, financial security, inadequate wages, insurance, low morale, occupational motivation, teacher pensions, pension schemes, formal employment, government, GEPF, ageing population, South Africa, salary comparison, national social policies, professional investment, future security, Bennell 2004, Salary Explorer 2013, GEPF 2013 social policy, teacher satisfaction, teacher wages, financial security, occupational motivation, pension schemes, future security, ageing population, formal employment sector, GEPF, South Africa, national policies, teacher morale, insurance, salary comparison, Bennell 2004, Salary Explorer 2013 Social Policy, Satisfied Teachers, National Social Policies, Secure Wages, Stable Wages, Teacher Finance, Inadequate Wages, Insurance, Teacher Wages, Formal Professions, Low Morale, Occupational Motivation, South Africa, Average Teaching Salary, All Jobs Salary, Salary Explorer, Teacher Pension Schemes, Formal Employment Sector, Public Organisations, Government, GEPF, Future Security, Ageing Population
test-international-ghbunhf-pro04a	Many UN bodies are corrupt or compromised.  As mentioned above, the Human Rights Council consists of some the worst human rights abusers in the world. The NGO UN Watch has accused the HRC focusing almost exclusively on alleged human rights abuses by Israel to the exclusion of almost every other country. [1]  There have been widespread allegations of corruption in UN bodies. [2] It is for these reasons that the US long refused to pay its full dues to the United Nations and threatens to do so again in future, as well as withholding funding from UNESCO in 2011 after it voted to recognise Palestine as an independent state. [3]  [1] “Anti-Israel Resolutions at the HRC”, UN Watch 2011.   [2] “Corruption at the Heart of the United Nations”, The Economist, 9th August 2005.   [3] “US cuts UNESCO funds over vote for Palestinian seat“. BBC website. 31st October 2011. UN bodies, corruption, compromised, Human Rights Council, human rights abusers, UN Watch, anti-Israel, allegations, US dues, UNESCO, Palestine, funding cuts, The Economist, BBC, 2011, 2005 UN, corruption, Human Rights Council, UN Watch, anti-Israel, allegations, US, dues, UNESCO, Palestine, funding, Economist, BBC, abuse, exclusivity, recognition, statehood, withholding, vote, resolutions, watchdog, international, governance, accountability, scandal, membership, criticism, oversight, reform, diplomatic, sanctions, financial, contributions, politicization, bias, accountability, transparency, integrity, governance, unethical, misconduct, abuse of power, diplomatic tensions, international relations, geopolitical, conflict, human rights, violations, scrutiny, investigation, reform proposals, institutional trust, credibility, impact, effectiveness, impartiality, neutrality UN bodies, corruption, Human Rights Council, UN Watch, Israel, human rights abuses, US, dues, UNESCO, Palestine, The Economist, BBC, funding cuts, allegations, international organizations, diplomatic relations, financial obligations, state recognition, media reports, anti-Israel bias, global governance UN bodies, corruption, Human Rights Council, worst human rights abusers, UN Watch, anti-Israel, alleged human rights abuses, US, full dues, UN, funding, UNESCO, Palestine, state recognition, The Economist, BBC UN bodies, corruption, compromised, Human Rights Council, worst human rights abusers, UN Watch, anti-Israel, HRC focus, alleged human rights abuses, Israel, widespread allegations, corruption allegations, US, unpaid dues, United Nations, threatens, withholding funding, UNESCO, Palestine, independent state, BBC, 2011, cuts funds, Palestinian seat
test-society-mmcpsgfhbf-con04a	The feminist movement cannot afford to alienate itself from society  The term ‘feminism’ is often associated with men-hating and the radical view that women are superior to men as opposed to gender equality. This happens because extreme feminists who uphold such opinions are consistently given greater media coverage by virtue of having the loudest voices and creating headlines that sell. As a result, the feminist movement is currently lacking the support it deserves and even those who take feminist positions often don’t want to call themselves feminists. (Scharff) [1]  It would be a bad move for it to further radicalise itself and attempt to ban something as present in society as pornography. It will never work, and it will merely make women and men more reluctant to espouse feminist ideologies for fear of being associated with a ‘hate group’.  [1] Scharff, Christina, “Myths of man-hating feminists make feminism unpopular”, Economic & Social Research Council, 7 March 2013, feminist movement, alienation, society, feminism, men-hating, radical, gender equality, media coverage, support, radicalisation, ban, pornography, ideologies, hate group, Scharff, Christina, myths, unpopularity feminist movement, alienation, society, feminism, men-hating, radical views, gender equality, media coverage, extreme feminists, support, self-identification, radicalisation, pornography, ideology, hate group, Scharff, Christina, myths, unpopularity, economic, social research council feminist movement, alienation, society, feminism, men-hating, radical views, gender equality, media coverage, extreme feminists, support, self-identification, radicalization, pornography, ideology, hate group, myths, unpopularity feminist movement, alienation, society, feminism, men-hating, radical views, gender equality, media coverage, extreme feminists, headlines, support, feminist positions, radicalisation, pornography, ban, reluctant, espouse, ideologies, hate group, Scharff, Christina, myths, unpopular, Economic & Social Research Council feminist movement, alienation, society, feminism, men-hating, radical views, gender equality, media coverage, extreme feminists, support, feminist positions, radicalisation, pornography, ban, ideologies, hate group, Scharff, myths, unpopularity, Economic & Social Research Council
test-society-simhbrasnba-pro01a	The Whole System is broken  It is not clear that the system works at all. The majority of those who apply for asylum are working-age males, [1] which implies that there is a strong economic angle. And worse still, even if countries decide that an applicant has no basis to their claim they are frequently unable to deport them because they often go missing, as 75,000 in Britain have, [2] or because, perversely, they may be punished on return to their country for having sought refuge. So essentially the asylum system provides a loophole for unrestricted immigration, which is both expensive, and dangerous for states. In the age of global terrorism it is a huge risk to allow undocumented individuals to enter and roam freely within any country.  [1] Blinder, Scott, ‘Migration to the UK: Asylum’, The Migration Observatory at the University of Oxford, 23 March 2011.  [2] Whitehead, Tom, ’75,000 asylum seekers have gone missing in past 20 years’, The Telegraph, 6 April 2011. asylum system, broken, unclear effectiveness, working-age males, economic motivation, deportation issues, missing asylum seekers, inability to deport, punishment upon return, unrestricted immigration, financial burden, security risk, global terrorism, undocumented individuals, free movement, state safety, migration, asylum claims, policy failure, refugee crisis, immigration control asylum, immigration, system, broken, working-age, males, economic, angle, deportation, missing, undocumented, terrorism, risk, states, loophole, unrestricted, Migration, Observatory, Oxford, Telegraph, seekers, disappeared, years, punishment, return, country, refuge, claims, basis, frequently, unable, roam, freely, expensive, dangerous, global, age, security, policy, refugees, applicants asylum, system, broken, economic, angle, working-age, males, deportation, missing, undocumented, immigration, terrorism, security, risk, states, policy, refugee, claims, evidence, research, statistics, countries, applicants, punishment, return, loophole, unrestricted, cost, impact, global, migration, observatory, telegraph, report, data, analysis, challenges, solutions, reform, human, rights, legal, framework, international, laws, convention, protection, seekers, disappeared, Britain, Europe, asylum-seeking, patterns, trends, demographic, profiles, social, economic, factors, integration, resettlement, asylum, system, broken, economic, angle, working-age, males, deportation, undocumented, immigration, terrorism, risk, states, loophole, expenses, dangerous, seekers, missing, Britain, refuge, punishment, claim, basis, applicants, global, security, policy, migration, observatory, telegraph, blinder, whitehead, oxford, report, statistics, analysis, government, control, borders, refugees, integration, social, impact, legal, frameworks, human, rights, international, law, justice, enforcement, challenges, solutions, reforms, public, opinion, debate, ethical, considerations, media, coverage asylum, immigration, economic, males, deportation, undocumented, terrorism, risk, loophole, unrestricted, missing, applicants, claim, punishment,.states, expense, security, migration, policy, refugees, observations, statistics, UK, Europe, Telegraph, Oxford, research, Blinder, Whitehead
test-economy-epiasghbf-con04a	Where are the men?  Is the feminisation of labour emerging with a de-masculinisation of jobs? If so, how do women cope in the work environment? Are methods being integrated to ensure a just work environment is maintained?  Overa’s (2007) study on gender relations within the informal economy indicates how tensions emerge with women and men being forced into similar occupations. The informal economy of retail trade in Ghana is becoming overcrowded as men enter into female jobs; competition is causing reductions in returns, and further, frustrations are rising against the state. Therefore if more women are entering male jobs, what are the reactions? feminisation of labour, de-masculinisation of jobs, women in work environment, just work environment, gender relations, informal economy, retail trade Ghana, men entering female jobs, competition in jobs, reductions in returns, frustrations against state, women entering male jobs, gender role changes, economic competition, social tensions, occupational shifts, gender diversity in workforce, labour market dynamics, gender equality in employment men, feminisation, labour, de-masculinisation, jobs, women, work, environment, just, gender, relations, informal, economy, tensions, occupations, retail, trade, Ghana, competition, returns, frustrations, state, reactions, Overa, 2007 feminisation of labour, de-masculinisation of jobs, women coping in work environment, just work environment, gender relations, informal economy, retail trade, Ghana, job competition, state response, women entering male jobs, male reactions feminisation of labour, de-masculinisation of jobs, women in work environment, just work environment, gender relations, informal economy, retail trade in Ghana, men entering female jobs, competition in informal sector, reductions in returns, frustrations against state, women entering male jobs, reactions to gender role changes men, feminisation, labour, de-masculinisation, jobs, women, coping, work environment, just work environment, Overa, 2007, gender relations, informal economy, tensions, occupations, retail trade, Ghana, competition, returns, frustrations, state, women entering male jobs, reactions
test-education-egscphsrdt-pro03a	No harm to non-drug users  Random drug tests will pose no harm to students who do not use illegal drugs, as they have nothing to fear from this fact being certified. If anything it serves as a vindication of their law-abidance and good character.  Random drug tests will only catch those who are actively taking drugs, as tests can be used which are unlikely to make a 'positive' reading from secondary exposure (for example, being near someone else smoking cannabis).  Those actively taking drugs need help in getting off drugs far more urgently than they need their right to 'privacy', as addiction at a young age could have a significant negative impact upon the remainder of their time in education. Therefore, non-drug users have nothing to fear from testing. As a result random checks are in the best interests of drug users. non-drug users, random drug tests, harm, students, legal drugs, certification, law-abidance, good character, vindication, privacy, drug addiction, young age, education, random checks, best interests, drug users, secondary exposure, cannabis, positive reading, urgent help, substance abuse, school policy, student welfare non-drug users, random drug tests, harm, students, illegal drugs, law-abidance, good character, vindication, privacy, drug addiction, young age, education, random checks, best interests, drug users, secondary exposure, positive reading, cannabis random drug tests, non-drug users, harm, law-abidance, good character, secondary exposure, positive reading, drug addiction, privacy, young age, education, random checks, drug users, best interests non-drug users, random drug tests, harm, certification, law-abidance, good character, secondary exposure, active drug use, help, privacy, addiction, young age, education, random checks, best interests, drug users non-drug users, random drug tests, harm, law-abidance, good character, vindication, privacy, drug addiction, young age, education, secondary exposure, positive reading, cannabis, urgent help, drug users, random checks, best interests
test-digital-freedoms-efsappgdfp-con04a	The use of meta data causes unintentional harm  The other possible harm is unintentional. The amount of data involved is huge and too much even for a vast organization like the NSA to actually physically look at. Instead it uses data mining. This is why the NSA wants data that may seem useless to others. The records of which phone numbers are phoning who, as the NSA was obtaining of Verizon, might seem useless but can tell them who you are contacting, and how much contact time they have. In turn they could look at who your contacts have been talking to and if it turns out that several of them talk regularly to suspected terrorists then even if you are innocent a finger of suspicion might be pointed. There has even been a study showing that individuals can be identified from just the time of call and nearest cell phone tower after just four calls. [1] PRISM gives the NSA even more ‘useless’ data to play with. The results of this data mining may usually be accurate but will not always be so and the result of being flagged like this can be problematic for individuals. It may mean additional airport security, having problems getting a visa, [2] or in the worst case finding its way onto a no fly list.  [1] De Montjoye, Yves-Alexandre, et al., ‘Unique in the Crowd: The privacy bounds of human mobility’, Scientific Reports, 3, 25 March 2013,   [2] Brown, Ian, ‘Yes, NSA surveillance should worry the law-abiding’, guardian.co.uk, 10 June 2013, meta data, unintentional harm, data mining, NSA, PRISM, vast organization, phone records, Verizon, contact patterns, cell phone tower, call time, individual identification, privacy concerns, surveillance, no fly list, visa problems, airport security, data accuracy, flagged individuals meta data, unintentional harm, data mining, NSA, PRISM, Verizon, phone records, call time, cell phone tower, individual identification, privacy, surveillance, airport security, visa issues, no fly list, De Montjoye, Brown, Scientific Reports, Guardian meta data, unintentional harm, data mining, NSA, PRISM, privacy, surveillance, phone records, contact tracing, data accuracy, individual impact, airport security, visa issues, no fly list, human mobility, privacy bounds, digital footprint, vast organization, data volume, useless data, call patterns, suspicion, terrorist links, flagged individuals, problematic consequences, law-abiding citiziens meta data, unintentional harm, data mining, NSA, vast organization, phone numbers, Verizon, contacts, suspected terrorists, suspicion, PRISM, useless data, data accuracy, airport security, visa problems, no fly list, privacy bounds, human mobility, law-abiding, surveillance concerns meta data, unintentional harm, data mining, NSA, Verizon, PRISM, phone records, call data, suspicious contacts, travel restrictions, privacy, human mobility, data accuracy, no fly list, surveillance, law-abiding citizens
test-politics-ypppdghwid-con03a	"The desire for, and fight for, democracy must come from within or else democratic government will not be sustainable.  Unless the people within a country want democracy, they will not respect it. Unlike military dictatorships, democratic governments do not rely solely -- or even mainly-- on force to enforce the law. Rather, most people obey the law at least in part because they believe those laws are legitimate, as the result of free and fair elections. If citizens do not want such an electoral system, then there is no reason for them to obey the law, pay taxes etc. and the government will be unable to maintain order. Indeed, foreign-imposed democracies often slide back into authoritarian regimes because they find that they cannot uphold the law (at least without foreign support). Enterline and Greig found in a 2007 empirical study that half of imposed democracies fail within 30 years, and that this failure reduces the likelihood of democracy being successfully established in the future1/2.  1 Enterline, Andrew J. and Greig, J. Michael. ""Against All Odds? Historical Trends in Imposed Democracy & the Future of Iraq &Afghanistan.""  2 Doyle, Michael. ""Promoting Democracy is Not Imposing Democracy."" The Huffington Post. democracy, authoritarian, governance, legitimacy, elections, citizenship, law, military, dictatorship, imposition, foreign, sustainability, order, taxes, obedience, empirical, study, failure, trends, promotion, Iraq, Afghanistan democracy,sustainability,internal-desire,foreign-imposition,legitimacy,electoral-system,obedience-to-law,citizen-engagement,authoritarian-regression,imposed-democracies,failure-rates,historical-trends,political-stability democracy, sustainability, internal desire, citizen respect, electoral system, legitimate laws, foreign-imposed, authoritarian regression, military dictatorship, law enforcement, tax compliance, government stability, empirical study, historical trends, imposed democracy, failure rates, future prospects, Iraq, Afghanistan, promoting democracy democracy, sustainable, internal desire, citizen respect, legitimate laws, free elections, authoritarian regression, foreign imposition, governance failure, imposed democracies, civic obedience, tax compliance, social order, empirical evidence, political legitimacy, electoral systems, authoritarian regimes, military dictatorship, law enforcement, democratic stability, international intervention, political science, governance studies, Doyle, Enterline, Greig, Iraq, Afghanistan, Huffington Post democracy, sustainable, internal desire, respect, law, legitimacy, elections, citizen support, authoritarianism, foreign-imposed, failure, empirical study, Enterline, Greig, promotion, imposition, Iraq, Afghanistan, Doyle, Huffington Post"
test-society-ghbgqeaaems-pro02a	More women in the labour market leads to higher GDP  By introducing gender quotas to ensure gender equality, one could not only increase the labour force by bringing more women but also enhance the labour productivity and the available talent pool in a country. This would stimulate businesses to expand, innovate, and compete. This process has an effect of raising tax revenue and social security payments. The overall effect is the positive growth of the economy.  Therefore, addressing social injustice and higher economic returns are mutually supportive goals.  This argument is particularly relevant for qualified women who could be hired at executive positions, but are prevented from doing so due to cultural beliefs, societal practices, and lack of economic and institutional support. A study by Asa Löfström on the links between economic growth and productivity in the labour market argues that if women’s productivity level rises to the level of men’s, Europe’s GDP could grow 27% which makes women’s participation is of crucial importance to Europe’s economy. [1] Quotas would allow for a better utilisation of the talent pool; as currently, 59% of the students graduating from Europe’s higher educational institutes are women. [2] With the current access to education and the introduction of quotas against barriers of existing prejudices, women will have incentives and support to increase their productivity  In the case of Norway, the quota law requires all public, state-owned , municipal, inter-municipal and cooperative companies to appoint at least 40% women on their boards per 2008. The law led to a fast increase from 6% women on boards of public limited companies in 2002 to  36% in 2008. [3]  [1] Löfström, Asa. Gender Equality, Economic Growth and Employment. Swedish Presidency of the European Union, 2009. Web.  [2] European Parliament, “Gender Quotas in Management Boards”, 2012  [3] Working Paper: “The Quota-instrument: Different Approaches across Europe”. N.p.: European Commission’s Network to Promote Women in Decision-making in Politics and the Economy, 2011. Web. women, labour market, GDP, gender quotas, gender equality, labour force, labour productivity, talent pool, businesses, innovation, competition, tax revenue, social security, economic growth, social injustice, executive positions, cultural beliefs, societal practices, institutional support, Asa Löfström, Europe, productivity, education, Norway, quota law, public companies, women on boards, European Parliament, management boards, European Commission, decision-making, politics, economy women, labour market, GDP, gender quotas, gender equality, labour force, labour productivity, talent pool, economic growth, tax revenue, social security, social injustice, economic returns, executive positions, cultural beliefs, societal practices, institutional support, Asa Löfström, Europe, productivity level, educational institutes, Norway, quota law, public companies, state-owned companies, municipal companies, cooperative companies, board representation, gender quotas in management, decision-making, politics, economy, European Union, European Commission women, labour market, GDP, gender quotas, gender equality, labour force, productivity, talent pool, economy, tax revenue, social security, social injustice, economic returns, executive positions, cultural beliefs, societal practices, institutional support, Asa Löfström, Europe, educational institutes, Norway, quota law, public companies, municipal companies, cooperative companies, board positions, European Union, management boards, decision-making, politics, economy, European Commission women, labour market, GDP, gender quotas, gender equality, labour force, labour productivity, talent pool, economic growth, businesses, tax revenue, social security, social injustice, economic returns, executive positions, cultural beliefs, societal practices, institutional support, Asa Löfström, Europe, productivity level, students, higher education, Norway, quota law, public companies, state-owned companies, municipal companies, cooperative companies, board representation, European Union, management boards, decision-making, politics, economy, European Commission, women in leadership, gender diversity, economic policy, quotas, legal frameworks, gender imbalance, workforce participation, economic development women, labour market, GDP, gender quotas, gender equality, labour force, labour productivity, talent pool, economic growth, tax revenue, social security, social injustice, qualified women, executive positions, cultural beliefs, societal practices, institutional support, Asa Löfström, Europe, education, Norway, board representation, public companies, state-owned companies, municipal companies, cooperative companies, European Union, decision-making, politics, economy, European Commission, quotas, management boards, gender quotas management, women on boards, economic returns, productivity level, mutual support, prejudice, incentives, support, quota law, women's participation, Europe's
test-politics-glghssi-con02a	The union has worked for over three hundred years and most people feel comfortable with the joint Scots/British identity  For over three centuries the two nations have cooperated much to their mutual advantage. The majority of Scots are happy with their British-ness.  In terms of culture and art the two nations have maintained distinctive traditions but ones which have been enhanced by their interaction. There are many people who have relatives from Scotland and another of the Home Nations for whom British is the more obvious identity. [i]  After centuries of fighting with each other the Union brought peace and mutual benefit.  [i] Mitchell, David, ‘If Scotland does secede, I won’t be alone in mourning for my country’, The Observer, 15 May 2011, union, three hundred years, Scots, British identity, cooperation, mutual advantage, Scottish culture, British culture, interaction, relatives, Home Nations, British identity, peace, mutual benefit, secession, mourning, country, David Mitchell, The Observer union, three hundred years, Scots, British identity, cooperation, mutual advantage, Scottish culture, British culture, interaction, relatives, Home Nations, British identity, peace, mutual benefit, secession, Scotland, mourning, country, David Mitchell, The Observer Union, Scots, British, identity, cooperation, mutual advantage, culture, art, interaction, distinctive traditions, relatives, Home Nations, peace, mutual benefit, secession, mourning, country union, three hundred years, Scots, British identity, cooperation, mutual advantage, Scottish culture, British culture, relatives, Home Nations, peace, mutual benefit, Scotland, secession, mourning, country, David Mitchell, The Observer union, three hundred years, Scots, British identity, cooperation, mutual advantage, Scottish culture, British culture, distinctive traditions, interaction, relatives, Home Nations, British identity, peace, mutual benefit, secession, mourning, country
test-science-dssghsdmd-con02a	The political consequences of the system make the world less safe  Many countries look upon the national missile defense program of the United States as a serious threat to their security. Russia stands at the forefront of this group, and has for several years actively opposed the development of an anti-ballistic missile technology. If the program is a success and only the United States and its close strategic allies possess the ability to develop such defenses, they will have a marked advantage over all other countries in terms of fighting ability, as the United States would be able to use its own ballistic missiles to intimidate and attack its opponents while being effectively immune to retaliation. Fears over the development of the system have led Russia to make extremely threatening postures on its European border; when the United States planned to deploy a battery of interceptor missiles in Poland in 2008, Russia responded by increasing troop numbers along its European borders and even threatened to deploy its own battery of short-range nuclear missiles on the border (Harding, 2007). This sort of conflict is extremely dangerous, and raises the chance of international conflict escalating into war. Such an outcome is extremely undesirable, and the defensive capabilities of a missile shield are not enough to warrant such risks. Furthermore, the United Nations has sought to end research into anti-ballistic missile technology, and has on several occasions called on the United States to stop its testing (Reuters, 1999). Much of the international community fears the instability that might arise from the breaking down of the current world order of nuclear deterrence between states. political consequences, system, world safety, national missile defense program, United States, threat, security, Russia, opposition, anti-ballistic missile technology, strategic allies, fighting ability, ballistic missiles, intimidation, attack, retaliation, threatening postures, European border, Poland, interceptor missiles, short-range nuclear missiles, conflict, international conflict, war, undesirable outcome, defensive capabilities, missile shield, United Nations, research, anti-ballistic missile technology, testing, international community, instability, world order, nuclear deterrence political consequences, national missile defense, United States, threat to security, Russia, opposition, anti-ballistic missile technology, strategic allies, fighting ability, ballistic missiles, retaliation, international conflict, war, United Nations, research, testing, nuclear deterrence, world order, instability political consequences, national missile defense, United States, security threat, Russia, opposition, anti-ballistic missile, strategic advantage, international conflict, war risk, United Nations, nuclear deterrence, global stability, missile shield, international community, deployment Poland, Russian response, troop movements, short-range nuclear missiles, European border, international safety, research cessation, testing halt, world order, military intimidation political consequences, national missile defense, international security, Russia, anti-ballistic missile, strategic advantage, military intimidation, international conflict, nuclear deterrence, United Nations, missile shield, global stability, Poland, defensive capabilities, international opposition, troop movements, nuclear missiles, world order, testing, strategic allies, retaliation, war, research, technology, threats, European borders, postures, undesirable outcomes, international community, instability, breaking down, nuclear deterrence states, marked advantage, fighting ability, ballistic missiles, opponents, immune, serious threat, defensive technology, defensive systems, international relations, arms race, security concerns, diplomatic tensions, strategic political consequences, national missile defense, United States, threat to security, Russia, anti-ballistic missile technology, strategic allies, fighting ability, retaliation, international conflict, war, United Nations, nuclear deterrence, world order, international community, deployment in Poland, short-range nuclear missiles, European border, troop numbers, defensive capabilities, research, testing, global stability, military intimidation, strategic advantage, international opposition, missile shield, Cold War dynamics, arms race, geopolitical tension
test-law-ralhrilglv-pro01a	A delay is necessary for national security  Kenya is at risk of terrorist attack. Al-Shabab, a group linked to Al Qaeda have launched a number of attacks against Kenya. In addition to the Westgate massacre, there have been grenade attacks on bus terminals [1] and suicide bombings in refugee camps [2] .  Kenya’s waters are also used by Somali based pirates as a ground for attacks on international shipping, including possibly targeting ships travelling towards the port of Mombasa.  It is more important to the international community to have credible action taken in order to protect the Kenyan people from terrorism. This needs a strong Kenyan government – which means that there cannot be a change due to an international trial.  [1] Associated Press, “Two grenade blasts rattle Nairobi; 1 dead”, USA Today, 25/10/2011   [2] Ombati, Cyrus, “Terror suspects die after bombs explode on them”, Standard Digital News, national security, Kenya, terrorist attack, Al-Shabab, Al Qaeda, Westgate massacre, grenade attacks, bus terminals, suicide bombings, refugee camps, Somali pirates, international shipping, Mombasa port, international community, credible action, strong government, international trial delay, national security, Kenya, terrorist attack, Al-Shabab, Al Qaeda, Westgate massacre, grenade attacks, bus terminals, suicide bombings, refugee camps, Somali pirates, international shipping, port of Mombasa, international community, credible action, Kenyan people, strong Kenyan government, international trial delay, national security, Kenya, terrorist attack, Al-Shabab, Al Qaeda, Westgate massacre, grenade attacks, bus terminals, suicide bombings, refugee camps, Kenyan waters, Somali pirates, international shipping, port of Mombasa, international community, credible action, Kenyan people, strong Kenyan government, international trial delay, national security, Kenya, risk, terrorist attack, Al-Shabab, Al Qaeda, attacks, Westgate massacre, grenade attacks, bus terminals, suicide bombings, refugee camps, Kenyan waters, Somali pirates, international shipping, port of Mombasa, credible action, international community, Kenyan people, strong government, international trial delay, national security, Kenya, terrorist attack, Al-Shabab, Al Qaeda, attacks, Westgate massacre, grenade attacks, bus terminals, suicide bombings, refugee camps, waters, Somali pirates, international shipping, port of Mombasa, international community, credible action, Kenyan people, strong government, international trial, Associated Press, USA Today, Ombati, Cyrus, Standard Digital News
test-science-dssghsdmd-pro01a	As a matter of principle, every country, including the United States, has the right to defend itself to the best of its technological and economic ability  The nation-state is the fundamental building block of the international system, and is recognized as such in all international treaties and organizations (Mearsheimer, 1993). States are recognized as having the right to defend themselves, and this right must extend to the possession of a strategic national missile defense system. The United States has every right to develop such a system if it will furnish a greater measure of defense for its citizens and interests. US military technology is the most advanced and prodigiously financed in the world, which is why it is generally the United States that stands at the forefront of new defense and combat systems. The National Missile Defense program is simply the newest tool in the arsenal of the world’s greatest military, whose purpose is entirely defensive. To shield itself from potential ballistic missile, and even nuclear, attack the United States has the right to build a missile shield to defend itself and its allies under its aegis. There is no principled justification for a country to not pursue defense initiatives that benefit itself and that it wishes to pursue. country, right, defend, technological, economic, nation-state, international, treaties, organizations, states, self-defense, strategic, national, missile, defense, system, United, States, citizens, interests, military, technology, advanced, financed, combat, systems, National, Missile, Defense, program, arsenal, world, greatest, ballistic, nuclear, attack, shield, allies, aegis, principled, justification, initiatives, benefit, pursue right to defend, nation-state, international system, strategic national missile defense, US military technology, National Missile Defense program, ballistic missile, nuclear attack, defense initiatives, self-defense, allies, principled justification, economic ability, technological ability, international treaties, organizations, Mearsheimer 1993, defense shield, combat systems, military arsenal, world’s greatest military country, United States, right, defend, technological, economic, nation-state, international system, treaties, organizations, self-defense, strategic national missile defense, citizens, interests, military technology, advanced, financed, new defense, combat systems, National Missile Defense, defensive, ballistic missile, nuclear, attack, missile shield, allies, aegis, principled justification, defense initiatives country, United States, defend, nation-state, international system, treaties, organizations, right, strategic national missile defense, citizens, interests, military technology, advanced, financed, new defense, combat systems, National Missile Defense, arsenal, world's greatest military, ballistic missile, nuclear, attack, missile shield, allies, aegis, principled justification, defense initiatives, benefit country, right, defend, technological, economic, nation-state, international, treaties, organizations, states, defense, possession, strategic, national, missile, United States, citizens, interests, military, technology, advanced, financed, combat, systems, National Missile Defense, newest, arsenal, world, greatest, shield, potential, ballistic, nuclear, attack, allies, principled, justification, initiatives, benefit, pursue
test-politics-ypppdghwid-pro01a	"Interventions can be successful given the right conditions.  Certain factors may increase the chance of success: for example imposing democracy on a nation with which there were once colonial relationships increases the expected lifespan of the democracy. Democratic transitions in general also tend to be more successful if economic conditions are better. Obviously we are not advocating imposing democracy on every country which does not have it, but if there are strong enough institutions and conditions, imposition can work and there have been past successes like Germany and Japan post WWII that show the worth of imposing democracy1/2.  1 Enterline, Andrew J. and Greig, J. Michael.""Against All Odds? Historical Trends in Imposed Democracy & the Future of Iraq & Afghanistan.""  2 Przeworski et al ""What Makes Democracies Endure?"" Journal of Democracy. interventions, success, conditions, imposing democracy, colonial relationships, economic conditions, democratic transitions, strong institutions, post WWII, Germany, Japan, Enterline, Greig, Przeworski, democracies endure, Iraq, Afghanistan Interventions, success, conditions, democracy, colonial relationships, economic conditions, democratic transitions, imposition, strong institutions, Germany, Japan, post WWII, Enterline, Greig, Przeworski, What Makes Democracies Endure, Journal of Democracy, Iraq, Afghanistan Interventions, Success, Conditions, Democracy, Colonial Relationships, Economic Conditions, Democratic Transitions, Imposition, Institutions, Post WWII, Germany, Japan, Andrew J. Enterline, J. Michael Greig, Przeworski, Democracies Endure, Iraq, Afghanistan interventions, success, conditions, democracy, colonial, relationships, economic, institutions, imposed, transitions, Germany, Japan, WWII, Enterline, Greig, Przeworski, endure, Iraq, Afghanistan Interventions, success, conditions, democracy, colonial relationships, economic conditions, democratic transitions, institutions, Germany, Japan, post WWII, imposed democracy, Enterline, Andrew J., Greig, J. Michael, Przeworski, What Makes Democracies Endure, Journal of Democracy, Iraq, Afghanistan"
test-science-cpisydfphwj-con02a	Facebook has some dangerous consequences  Facebook is becoming more and more integrated into our lives, but unfortunately the uncertainty of who is at the other end of the computer is proving to be a massive threat to our mental and physical safety.  First of all, undoubtedly, rape is one of the most serious and unforgiveable crimes anyone can commit, as it leaves permanent physical and mental scars on women. Unfortunately, Facebook is used by troubled men to take advantage of naive women. They use Facebook in order to get in touch with their victims (often posing as someone who he is not), and after they get to know each other, after he gained the victims trust he deceives her into meeting him, a mistake she’ll regret forever. As physical integrity is one of the rights most fundamental rights, and as Facebook is facilitating the violation of this right, it is absolutely clear that these social networks are detrimental to the society.(1)(2)  Secondly, another level on which Facebook is harmful is cyber bullying. It affects many adolescents and teens on a daily basis. Cyber bullying involves using technology to bully or harass another person. Sending mean Facebook messages or threats to a person, spreading rumours online or posting hurtful or threatening messages on social networking sites are just a few of the ways in which a lot of children get bullied every single day.  “Despite the potential damage of cyber bullying, it is alarmingly common among adolescents and teens. According to Cyber bullying statistics from the i-SAFE foundation:  Over half of adolescents and teens have been bullied online, and about the same number have engaged in cyber bullying. More than 1 in 3 young people have experienced cyberthreats online.”(3)  (1) Justin Davenport “Hunt for ‘Facebook rapists’ before they can strike again” London Evening Standard, 15 November 2012   (2) “Two men gang-rape girl in Kota after befriending her on Facebook”, Times of India, Aug 21, 2013   (3) Bullying Statistics Facebook, dangerous consequences, mental safety, physical safety, rape, cyber bullying, adolescents, teens, cyber threats, social networks, societal harm, online predators, victim deception, digital harassment, bullying statistics, online risks, youth safety, cyber crime, onlinebullying, mental health, physical integrity, digital security, social media dangers, youth protection, online safety, technology misuse, reputation damage, emotional abuse, psychological impact, digital era challenges, cyber stalking, online harassment, privacy concerns, digital citizenship, cyber wellness, internet safety, online grooming, predator identification, child safety, online behavior, responsible technology use, awareness raising, digital footprint Facebook, dangerous consequences, mental safety, physical safety, rape, cyber bullying, adolescents, teens, cyber threats, social networks, online predators, technology abuse, bullying statistics, mental scars, physical integrity, social harm, online harassment, virtual threats, i-SAFE foundation, Facebook rapists, gang-rape, befriending, victim trust, deceptive behavior, digital crimes, online safety, cyber crime, social media risks Facebook, dangerous consequences, mental safety, physical safety, rape, cyber bullying, adolescents, teens, cyber threats, technology misuse, social networks, societal harm, online predators, bullying statistics, digital harassment, privacy concerns, victim deception, trust exploitation, online crimes, social media risks Facebook, dangerous consequences, mental safety, physical safety, rape, crimes, permanent scars, troubled men, naive women, victims, trust, meeting, regret, physical integrity, fundamental rights, cyber bullying, adolescents, teens, bullying, harassment, technology, mean messages, threats, rumours, posting, hurtful, threatening, social networking, cyberthreats, statistics, i-SAFE foundation, Justin Davenport, London Evening Standard, two men gang-rape, Kota, Times of India, Bullying Statistics Facebook, dangerous consequences, mental safety, physical safety, rape, cyber bullying, adolescents, teens, cyber threats, social networks, detrimental society, technology, harassment, rumors, online threats, bullying statistics, Facebook rapists, gang-rape, befriending victims, trust deception, violation of rights, fundamental rights, physical integrity
test-health-dhpelhbass-con02a	"If someone is threatening to kill themselves it is your moral duty to try to stop them  Those who commit suicide are not evil, and those who attempt to take their own lives are not prosecuted. However, it is your moral duty to try and prevent people from committing suicide. You would not, for example, simply ignore a man standing on a ledge and threatening to jump simply because it is his choice; and you would definitely not assist in his suicide by pushing him. In the same way, you should try to help a person with a terminal illness, not help them to die. With the exception of the libertarian position that each person has a right against others that they not interfere with her suicidal intentions. Little justification is necessary for actions that aim to prevent another's suicide but are non-coercive. Pleading with a suicidal individual, trying to convince her of the value of continued life, recommending counseling, etc. are morally unproblematic, since they do not interfere with the individual's conduct or plans except by engaging her rational capacities (Cosculluela 1994, 35; Cholbi 2002, 252). [1] The impulse toward suicide is often short-lived, ambivalent, and influenced by mental illnesses such as depression. While these facts together do not appear to justify intervening in others' suicidal intentions, they are indicators that the suicide may be undertaken with less than full rationality. Yet given the added fact that death is irreversible, when these factors are present, they justify intervention in others' suicidal plans on the grounds that suicide is not in the individual's interests as they would rationally conceive those interests. We might call this the ‘no regrets' or ‘err on the side of life’ approach to suicide intervention (Martin 1980; Pabst Battin 1996, 141; Cholbi 2002). [2]  [1] Cholbi, Michael, ""Suicide"", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2009 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.),  #DutTowSui (accessed 7/6/2011)  [2] Cholbi, Michael, ""Suicide"", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2009 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.),  #DutTowSui (accessed 7/6/2011) suicide, moral duty, prevention, depression, terminal illness, libertarian position, non-coercive intervention, rational capacities, no regrets, err on the side of life, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, ethical considerations, mental health, suicide intervention, legal implications, moral philosophy, human rights, ethical responsibility, life value, suicidal ideation, rationality, irreversible actions, ethical dilemmas, assisting suicide, moral implications, societal norms, psychological support, counseling, ethical theories, autonomy, moral justification, suicide prevention strategies, public health, medical ethics, suicidal behavior, ethical frameworks, moral obligations, ethical principles, life preservation, ethical debates, moral duty, suicide prevention, non-coercive intervention, rational capacities, mental illnesses, depression, irreversible death, no regrets, err on the side of life, libertarian position, right to interfere, ethical considerations, terminal illness, assisted suicide, impulse control, rational decision making, moral justification, suicidal intentions, intervened suicidal plans, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Michael Cholbi, Pabst Battin, Martin 1980, Cosculluela 1994, Cholbi 2002 suicide, moral duty, prevention, non-coercive intervention, rationality, mental illness, depression, irreversibility, no regrets, err on the side of life, libertarian position, terminal illness, euthanasia, ethical responsibility, suicide prevention, rational capacities, persuading, counseling, ethical justification, right to die, voluntariness, moral philosophy, suicide ethics, Cholbi, Cosculluela, Pabst Battin, Martin, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy morality, suicide, prevention, ethical duty, mental illness, depression, intervention, non-coercive, rationality, terminal illness, libertarianism, no regrets, err on the side of life, reversible, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Cholbi, Pabst Battin, Martin, Cosculluela moral duty, prevent suicide, non-coercive intervention, rational capacities, mental illnesses, depression, short-lived impulse, no regrets, err on the side of life, suicidal intentions, terminal illness, libertarian position, legal prosecution, ethical responsibility, psychological counseling, value of life, Cholbi, Cosculluela, Pabst Battin, Martin, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy"
test-health-dhpelhbass-con03a	Only God can give and take away life  Life is Sacred so no one has the right to take a life, this includes ones own. As a result both suicide and assisted suicide are wrong. There are many passages within the bible that speak of the idea that God has appointed a time for all to die, 'Hebrews 9:27, “And as it is appointed unto men once to die, but after this the judgement:” Ecclesiastes 3:1-2, “To every thing there is a season, and a time to every purpose under the heaven: A time to be born, and a time to die; a time to plant, and a time to pluck up that which is planted;” Ecclesiastes 7:17, “Be not over much wicked, neither be thou foolish: why shouldest thou die before thy time?” [1] In addition to this, physicians are nowhere in Scripture given authority to take someone's life. Apart from the government in the case of capital punishment, all other human beings are given the commandment “Thou shalt not kill,” Exodus 20:13 and “Thou shalt do no murder,” Matthew 19:18. [2]  [1] Pastor Art Kohl, 'The Bible Speaks on Euthanasia', Political Science and the Bible, 2002  (accessed 6/6/2011)  [2] Pastor Art Kohl, 'The Bible Speaks on Euthanasia', Political Science and the Bible, 2002  (accessed 6/6/2011) God, life, sacred, suicide, assisted suicide, Bible, Hebrews 9:27, Ecclesiastes 3:1-2, Ecclesiastes 7:17, Physicians, Scripture, commandment, Thou shalt not kill, Exodus 20:13, Thou shalt do no murder, Matthew 19:18, Pastor Art Kohl, The Bible Speaks on Euthanasia, Political Science and the Bible God, life, sacred, suicide, assisted suicide, Bible, Hebrews 9:27, Ecclesiastes 3:1-2, Ecclesiastes 7:17, physicians, authority, commandment, Exodus 20:13, Matthew 19:18, capital punishment, euthanasia, Pastor Art Kohl, Political Science and the Bible God, life, sacred, suicide, assisted suicide, Bible, Hebrews 9:27, Ecclesiastes 3:1-2, Ecclesiastes 7:17, commandment, Thou shalt not kill, Exodus 20:13, Thou shalt do no murder, Matthew 19:18, Pastor Art Kohl, Euthanasia, Political Science and the Bible God, life, sacred, suicide, assisted suicide, Bible, Hebrews 9:27, Ecclesiastes 3:1-2, Ecclesiastes 7:17, physicians, commandment, Exodus 20:13, Matthew 19:18, Pastor Art Kohl, euthanasia, Political Science and the Bible God, Life, Sacred, Suicide, Assisted Suicide, Bible, Hebrews 9:27, Ecclesiastes 3:1-2, Ecclesiastes 7:17, Scripture, Physicians, Commandment, Thou shalt not kill, Exodus 20:13, Matthew 19:18, Pastor Art Kohl, Euthanasia, Political Science, Capital Punishment, Murder
test-politics-gvhbhlsbr-pro04a	The current House of Lords is undemocratic  The House of Lords is undemocratic. Currently the members of the House of Lords consist of hereditary peers, senior members of the Church of England and those appointed by political parties. Whether or not there is an abuse of power or the outcome of the House of Lords is beside the point – its very existence in its current state is undemocratic and as such it should be reformed. It seems nonsensical that a country that lectures to the rest of the world the importance of democracy, to the point of war, should overlook such a grievance in their own society. undemocratic, House of Lords, hereditary peers, Church of England, political appointments, reform, democracy, societal grievance, international hypocrisy undemocratic, House of Lords, hereditary peers, Church of England, political appointments, reform, democracy, societal inconsistency, international hypocrisy House of Lords, undemocratic, hereditary peers, Church of England, political appointments, reform, democracy, societal grievance, international hypocrisy House of Lords, undemocratic, hereditary peers, Church of England, political appointments, reform, democracy, societal grievance, political structure, British politics, legislative body, democratic principles, governance, political representation undemocratic, House of Lords, hereditary peers, Church of England, political appointments, reform, democracy, societal inconsistency, lectures democracy, internal contradiction
test-society-epiasghbf-con02a	Women need alternatives for empowerment  Empowerment cannot be gained for women through employment, alternatives are required. A gender lens needs to be applied to women’s life course from the start. To tackle the discriminatory causes of gender inequality access to sexual and reproductive health rights is required for women. Access to such rights ensures women in Africa will be able to control their body, go to school, and choose the type of employment they wish to enter into.  The importance of enabling sexual and reproductive health rights for women is being put on the agenda for Africa [1] . There is a lot to be done beyond workforce participation - ending violence against women, promoting equal access to resources, opportunities and participation. Such features will reinforce women’s labour market participation, but in the jobs they want.  [1] See further readings: Chissano, 2013; Puri, 2013. women, empowerment, alternatives, gender, life course, sexual and reproductive health rights, gender inequality, Africa, body control, education, employment, violence against women, equal access, resources, opportunities, participation, labour market, job preference, Chissano, Puri women, empowerment, alternatives, gender, lens, life, course, discrimination, gender, inequality, sexual, reproductive, health, rights, Africa, body, control, education, employment, violence, resources, opportunities, participation, labour, market, jobs, Chissano, 2013, Puri, 2013 women empowerment, gender lens, life course, gender inequality, sexual and reproductive health rights, body control, education, employment choice, Africa, agenda, violence against women, equal access, resources, opportunities, participation, labour market, job preference, Chissano 2013, Puri 2013 women, empowerment, alternatives, gender, lens, life, course, sexual, reproductive, health, rights, Africa, body, school, employment, agenda, violence, equal, access, resources, opportunities, participation, labour, market, Chissano, 2013, Puri, 2013 women empowerment, alternatives, gender lens, life course, gender inequality, sexual and reproductive health rights, women in Africa, body control, education, employment choice, violence against women, equal access, resources, opportunities, participation, labour market, job preference, Chissano 2013, Puri 2013
test-economy-egiahbwaka-con01a	Natural resources are key  Africa has a very significant amount of resources that have not yet been exploited and put to good use. The continent has 12% of the world's oil reserves, 40% of its gold, and 80% to 90% of its chromium and platinum. Moreover, it is home to 60% of the world’s underutilized arable land and has vast timber resources. [1]  Given the economic changes, and the recent continent’s economical upraise, Africa has now a real opportunity to capitalize on their resource endowments and high international commodity prices. [2] The major point is that Africa’s resources fuel the world. Commodities from laptops to cell phones, cars or airplanes, all are made from using minerals that come from Africa. For example, catalytic converters are fitted to cars in order to reduce air pollution. Platinum and rhodium are the key components, both resources found in abundance in Africa. Cell phones or laptops use parts made out of tantalum, which is exported from African countries such as Mozambique or Rwanda, and so on. [3]  Africa is also the continent, excluding Antarctica, which is least explored so has most potential growth in raw materials. New explorations reveal much larger reserves than previously known. If these resources and wealth are well managed, in an efficient and equitable way, it could boost Africa’s economy, helping all categories of people, from women to children, offering jobs and generally raising the level of life on the continent.  [1] Lopes, Carlos, and Tony Elumelu, ‘How Africa’s natural resources can drive industrial revolution’, CNN, 20 November 2013,   [2] Economic Commission for Africa, ‘Making the Most of Africa’s Commodities: Industrializing for Growth, Jobs and Economic Transformation’, uneca.org, 2013,   [3] Tutton, Mark, and Milena Veselinovic, ‘How Africa’s resources fuel the world’, CNN, 25 July 2013, natural resources, Africa, unexploited resources, oil reserves, gold, chromium, platinum, arable land, timber resources, economic changes, international commodity prices, resource endowments, resource management, industrial revolution, minerals, catalytic converters, platinum, rhodium, tantalum, Mozambique, Rwanda, economic growth, raw materials, wealth management, job creation, life improvement, women, children, Economic Commission for Africa, industrialization, growth, jobs, economic transformation, CNN, Lopes, Elumelu, Tutton, Veselinovic Natural resources, Africa, unexploited, oil reserves, gold, chromium, platinum, arable land, timber, economic changes, commodity prices, resource endowments, international market, minerals, catalytic converters, platinum, rhodium, cell phones, laptops, tantalum, Mozambique, Rwanda, least explored, potential growth, raw materials, resource management, industrial revolution, economic transformation, job creation, poverty reduction, life quality improvement Natural resources, Africa, unexploited resources, oil reserves, gold, chromium, platinum, arable land, timber resources, economic upraise, resource endowments, international commodity prices, resource fuel, commodities, laptops, cell phones, cars, airplanes, catalytic converters, platinum, rhodium, tantalum, Mozambique, Rwanda, exploration, raw materials, economic growth, wealth management, industrial revolution, jobs, economic transformation, life improvement, women, children natural resources, Africa, unexploited resources, oil reserves, gold, chromium, platinum, arable land, timber, economic changes, economic uprise, resource endowments, high international commodity prices, commodities, laptops, cell phones, cars, airplanes, minerals, catalytic converters, platinum, rhodium, tantalum, Mozambique, Rwanda, exploration, potential growth, raw materials, wealth management, industrial revolution, economic transformation, jobs, life improvement Natural resources, Africa, unexploited resources, oil reserves, gold, chromium, platinum, arable land, timber resources, economic changes, commodity prices, resource endowments, catalytic converters, platinum, rhodium, cell phones, laptops, tantalum, Mozambique, Rwanda, raw materials, economic growth, wealth management, industrial revolution, jobs, economic transformation
test-international-eghrhbeusli-con03a	China is a threat to regional stability  China poses a threat to regional and international peace and should not be encouraged and helped by European arms sales. It has territorial disputes with most of its neighbours, particularly over oil and gas reserves in the South China Sea. The regime has also encouraged an assertive nationalism, damaging relations with Japan, for example with protests over the Japanese detention of a Chinese fisherman who rammed a Japanese coast guard boat. [1] Most seriously, China claims ownership over Taiwan, [2] a pro-Western Chinese democracy, and is rapidly building up the kinds of military forces it would need for an assault on that island, which it is now believed could be taken in as little as three days, [3] as well as staging exercises designed to intimidate its people. In 2005 the Chinese parliament passed a law that force should be used against Taiwan if it declared formal independence. [4] Quite apart from the principle of backing a repressive state against a democratic one, it is not in the EU's interests to make a war between two of its major trading partners more likely, especially as other powers such as the USA, as has happened in the past in 1995-6, [5] and perhaps Japan are then very likely to be drawn into the conflict.  [1] Banyan, ‘Doth we protest too much’, 2010.   [2] Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People’s Republic of China, ‘What is meant by the Taiwan question?’, 2000.   [3] Miks, Jason, ‘Taiwan War Games’, 2010.   [4] People Daily, ‘China’s parliament adopts Anti-Secession Law’, 2005.   [5] Ross, Robert S., ‘The 1995-1996 Taiwan Strait Confrontation’, 2000. China, regional stability, international peace, European arms sales, territorial disputes, South China Sea, assertive nationalism, Japan, Taiwan, military forces, military assault, intimidation, Anti-Secession Law, trading partners, USA, Japan, Taiwan Strait Confrontation China, threat, regional stability, European arms sales, territorial disputes, South China Sea, assertive nationalism, Japan, Taiwan, military forces, military assault, intimidation, Anti-Secession Law, EU, trading partners, USA, Japan, conflict, 1995-1996 Taiwan Strait Confrontation China, regional stability, international peace, European arms sales, territorial disputes, South China Sea, assertive nationalism, Japan, Taiwan, military forces, military assault, intimidation, Anti-Secession Law, EU interests, major trading partners, USA, Japan, conflict, Taiwan Strait Confrontation China, threat, regional stability, international peace, European arms sales, territorial disputes, South China Sea, assertive nationalism, Japan, protests, Japanese coast guard, Taiwan, pro-Western democracy, military forces, assault, military exercises, intimidation, Chinese parliament, Anti-Secession Law, independence, EU, trading partners, USA, conflict, 1995-1996, Taiwan Strait Confrontation China, threat, regional stability, international peace, European arms sales, territorial disputes, South China Sea, oil, gas reserves, assertive nationalism, Japan, Chinese fisherman, Japanese coast guard, Taiwan, pro-Western democracy, military forces, military assault, military exercises, intimidation, Chinese parliament, Anti-Secession Law, formal independence, EU, major trading partners, USA, Japan, Taiwan Strait Confrontation, 1995-1996
test-law-rmelhrilhbiw-con01a	The Settlements are justified based on the expulsion of Jews from Arab lands after 1967  Settlement construction, and in fact the whole settlement of Jews in the West Bank has to be viewed in the wider context of the Middle East conflict as a whole.  Jews lived in the West Bank for thousands of years before the creation of Israel, and it was only after the 1948 war when Jews were fully ethnically cleansed from the region. While a Diaspora took place among the Arabs of Israel it was neither as deliberate nor as thorough – a large Arab population remained. No Jews remained in the West Bank under Jordanian rule.  As such many of these settlements are not artificial constructions but built on the ruins of pre-1948 Jewish communities.  Furthermore, the same 1967 War that brought on the Israeli conquest of the West Bank was also followed by a new round of pogroms against the nearly 800,000 Jews living in Arab countries more than 95% of which were driven into exile in Israel. [1] Israel has not responded by expelling or compensating them at the expense of their own Arabs, as they would be morally justified in doing, but rather has settled them on empty land in the West Bank. Any claim that the Palestinians have an inherent right to property which they do not explicitly own must also take into account Israel’s need to compensate these refugees.  [1] Aharoni, Ada, ‘The Forced Migration of Jews From Arab Countries and Peace’, August 2002, Historical Society of Jews from Egypt, Settlements, Jews, Arab lands, 1967, West Bank, Middle East conflict, Diaspora, 1948 war, ethnically cleansed, Jordanian rule, pre-1948 Jewish communities, 1967 War, Israeli conquest, pogroms, Jews in Arab countries, refugees, expulsion, compensation, Palestinians, property rights, Aharoni, Forced Migration, Historical Society of Jews from Egypt settlements, justification, expulsion, Jews, Arab lands, 1967, West Bank, Middle East conflict, historical context, 1948 war, ethnic cleansing, Jordanian rule, pre-1948 Jewish communities, 1967 War, Israeli conquest, pogroms, Jewish refugees, Arab countries, Diaspora, Arab population, compensation, Palestinian property rights, moral justification, Aharoni, Forced Migration, Historical Society of Jews from Egypt Settlements, Justification, Expulsion, Jews, Arab lands, Post-1967, Construction, West Bank, Middle East conflict, Historical context, Jewish presence, 1948 war, Ethnic cleansing, Jordanian rule, Diaspora, Arab population, Pre-1948 communities, 1967 War, Israeli conquest, Pogroms, Arab countries, Jewish refugees, Compensation, Palestinian property rights, Historical Society of Jews from Egypt, Ada Aharoni Settlements, West Bank, Jews, Arab lands, 1967 War, expulsion, Diaspora, 1948 war, Jordanian rule, pre-1948 Jewish communities, pogroms, refugees, compensation, property rights, Palestinians, peace, Middle East conflict, historical context, ethnic cleansing, Ada Aharoni, Historical Society of Jews from Egypt Settlements, Justification, Expulsion, Jews, Arab Lands, 1967, Middle East Conflict, West Bank, Historical Context, 1948 War, Ethnic Cleansing, Diaspora, Jordanian Rule, Jewish Communities, 1967 War, Pogroms, Arab Countries, Refugees, Compensation, Palestinians, Property Rights, Israel, Historical Society of Jews from Egypt, Ada Aharoni
test-science-cpisydfphwj-con01a	Facebook is bad for life satisfaction  Every single day, there are millions of users sharing photographs, messages and comments across Facebook. Unfortunately, this type of “online socialization” that Facebook has initiated is nothing but detrimental to the teenagers, the most frequent users of the platform. The emotion which is most common when staying online is envy. “Endlessly comparing themselves with peers who have doctored their photographs, amplified their achievements and plagiarised their bons mots can leave Facebook’s users more than a little green-eyed.”(1)  Not only do they get envious, but they also lose their self esteem. As a result, they have the tendency to be isolated and find it harder to socialize and make new friends due to the bad impression they have for themselves. In a poll, 53 per cent of the respondents said the launch of social networking sites had changed their behaviour - and of those, 51 per cent said the impact had been negative.(2 ) One study also backs this statistics up by finding that the more the participants used the site, the more their life satisfaction levels declined.(3)  In conclusion, daily use of social networks has a negative effect on the health of all children and teenagers by making them more prone to anxiety, depression, and other psychological disorders.(4)  (1) “Facebook is bad for you”, The Economist, Aug 17th 2013   (2) Laura Donnelly “Facebook and Twitter feed anxiety, study finds” The Telegraph, 08 Jul 2012   (3) “Facebook use 'makes people feel worse about themselves' “, BBC News, 15 August 2013   (4) Larry Rose ”Social Networking’s Good and Bad Impacts on Kids“ American Psychological Association August 6, 2011 Facebook, life satisfaction, online socialization, teenagers, envy, self-esteem, isolation, socialization, negative behavior, anxiety, depression, psychological disorders, social networking, health impact, daily use, Laura Donnelly, The Telegraph, The Economist, BBC News, Larry Rose, American Psychological Association Facebook, life satisfaction, online socialization, teenagers, envy, self-esteem, isolation, socialization, negative behavior change, anxiety, depression, psychological disorders, social networks, health, Laura Donnelly, The Telegraph, The Economist, BBC News, Larry Rose, American Psychological Association Facebook, life satisfaction, online socialization, teenagers, envy, self-esteem, isolation, socialization, negative behavior change, anxiety, depression, psychological disorders, social networks, health impact, daily use, Laura Donnelly, The Telegraph, The Economist, BBC News, American Psychological Association, Larry Rose Facebook, life satisfaction, teenagers, online socialization, envy, self-esteem, isolation, socializing, anxiety, depression, psychological disorders, social networks, health, behavior change, negative impact, study, statistics, participants, usage, mental health, social media, The Economist, The Telegraph, BBC News, American Psychological Association Facebook, life satisfaction, online socialization, teenagers, envy, self-esteem, isolation, socialization, psychological disorders, anxiety, depression, social networking, behavior change, negative impact, health, children, study, statistics, social media, Twitter, Laura Donnelly, The Telegraph, BBC News, Larry Rose, American Psychological Association
test-international-gsciidffe-pro02a	It is legitimate to undermine illegitimate governments to promote human rights  Autocratic governments that breach their people’s human rights have no legitimacy domestically as they do not represent the people or protect their interests. They also have no international legitimacy, as they are violating their obligations that they have signed up to through various international agreements such as the universal declaration of human rights [1] and the international covenant on civil and political rights [2] which oblige states to respect their citizen’s human rights. Other states therefore are legitimate in acting for the people of the repressed state to undermine their government and take up their cause. By imposing censorship the government is violating its people's freedom of expression which that government has promised to uphold therefore it is right that other governments should endeavour to uphold that standard. It was therefore right for the west to undermine the USSR and the communist governments of Eastern Europe through radio broadcasts such as Voice of America and Radio Free Europe, they gained immense audiences, a third of urban adults in the USSR and almost half of East Europeans with these sources often being considered more credible. [3]  [1] UN General Assembly, Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 10 December 1948, 217 A (III),   [2] UN General Assembly, International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, 16 December 1966, United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 999, p. 171,   [3] Johnson, A. Ross, and Parta, R. Eugene, “Cold War International Broadcasting: Lessons Learned”, Briefing to the Rancho Mirage Seminar,  p.54 legitimacy, undermining, illegitimate, governments, human, rights, autocratic, breach, domestic, international, obligations, universal, declaration, civil, political, freedom, expression, censorship, west, USSR, communist, radio, broadcasts, Voice, America, Free, Europe, credible, cold, war, lessons, learned legitimacy, undermining, illegitimate governments, human rights, autocratic governments, domestic legitimacy, international legitimacy, universal declaration of human rights, international covenant on civil and political rights, state obligations, human rights violations, freedom of expression, censorship, government responsibility, international action, repressed state, Voice of America, Radio Free Europe, Cold War broadcasting, USSR, Eastern Europe, credible sources, international broadcasting, lessons learned legitimacy, undermining, illegitimate governments, human rights, autocratic governments, domestic legitimacy, international legitimacy, universal declaration of human rights, international covenant on civil and political rights, state obligations, human rights violations, freedom of expression, censorship, external intervention, Voice of America, Radio Free Europe, Cold War, USSR, Eastern Europe, international broadcasting, Cold War propaganda, ethical intervention, state sovereignty, human rights advocacy legitimacy, undermines, illegitimate, governments, human, rights, autocratic, breaches, domestic, international, obligations, universal, declaration, civil, political, states, respect, citizens, freedom, expression, western, USSR, communist, Eastern, Europe, radio, broadcasts, Voice, America, Free, Europe, audiences, credible, Johnson, Ross, Parta, Eugene, Cold, War, international, broadcasting, lessons, learned legitimacy, undermining, illegitimate, governments, human, rights, autocratic, domestic, international, obligations, universal, declaration, civil, political, censorship, freedom, expression, USSR, communist, Eastern, Europe, radio, broadcasts, Voice, America, Free, Europe, credible, UN, General, Assembly, Treaty, Series, Cold, War, international, broadcasting, lessons, learned, Ross, Johnson, Eugene, Parta, Rancho, Mirage, Seminar
test-culture-ascidfakhba-pro03a	The creative commons is a more effective means for artists to build and expand their reach and markets than traditional copyright licensing arrangements  The nature of the internet and mass media on the 21st century is such that many artists can benefit from the freedom and flexibility that creative commons licenses furnish to them. Wider use by other artists and laymen alike helps artistic works “go viral” and to gain major impact that allow the artist to generate a name for his or herself and to attain the levels of earnings conventional copyrights are meant to help artists generate but that ultimately hamstring them. A major example of this is the band Nine Inch Nails, which opted in 2008 to begin releasing its albums through the creative commons. [1] Creative commons licenses are so remarkable because they can be deployed by artists to expand their markets, and to profit even more from their greater recognition. After all, the artists still retain control of the commercial uses of their work and are guaranteed under creative commons licensing regulations to be credited by users of their content. [2] Giving undue artistic and distribution control to the artists through constricting and outmoded copyright may mean less significant reach and impact of the work. The state should thus facilitate the sharing by mandating the distribution of art of all kinds under creative commons licenses.  [1] Anderson, N., “Free Nine Inch Nails albums top 2008 Amazon MP3 sales charts”, arstechnica, 7 January 2009,   [2] Creative Commons. “About the Licenses”. 2010. creative commons, effective, artists, reach, markets, traditional copyright, licensing, internet, mass media, 21st century, freedom, flexibility, go viral, major impact, name recognition, earnings, Nine Inch Nails, 2008, control, commercial uses, credited, artistic, distribution, constricting, outmoded, state, facilitate, sharing, mandating, art, distribution, licenses creative commons, artists, reach, markets, copyright, licensing, internet, mass media, 21st century, viral, impact, earnings, nine inch nails, control, commercial uses, attribution, distribution, state, sharing, art, facilitation, regulations, flexibility, recognition, constricting, outmoded creative commons, copyright, artists, reach, markets, internet, mass media, 21st century, freedom, flexibility, viral, impact, earnings, Nine Inch Nails, control, commercial uses, recognition, profit, distribution, state, sharing, art, licenses, regulations, credit, users, content, constricting, outmoded, significant, facilitate, mandatory, arstechnica, Amazon MP3, sales, charts, 2008, 2010 Creative Commons, copyright, artists, market expansion, internet, mass media, viral, Nine Inch Nails, earnings, recognition, commercial use, control, distribution, state mandate, sharing, artistic reach, impact, licensing regulations, flexibility, freedom, traditional copyright, constricting, outmoded, Amazon MP3 sales, Ars Technica, 2008, 2010 creative commons, artists, reach, markets, traditional copyright, internet, mass media, 21st century, viral, impact, earnings, Nine Inch Nails, 2008, albums, Amazon MP3 sales, control, commercial uses, recognition, state, sharing, distribution, art, licenses, regulations, credited, users, content, constricting, outmoded
test-international-gmehwasr-con02a	Arming the rebels would be unpopular  Ten years after the Iraq war interventions in the Middle East are no more popular than they were back in 2003. Getting involved in Syria would not be popular no matter how small the commitment. In the United States voters oppose the idea of supplying arms to Syrian rebels by 45% against to only 16% in favour, in the United Kingdom opinion is even more opposed; while there are still 16% in favour there are 57% opposed. [1] Clearly arming the rebels would not be popular with voters - there can therefore be no domestic reason for this policy.  [1] Clark, Tom, ‘US and UK public reject stronger military support for Syrian rebels’, guardian.co.uk, 22 March 2013 Arming, rebels, unpopular, Iraq, war, interventions, Middle, East, Syria, commitment, United, States, voters, oppose, supplying, arms, Syrian, rebels, United, Kingdom, opinion, domestic, policy, military, support, Tom, Clark, guardian, 2013 Arming, rebels, unpopular, Iraq, war, interventions, Middle, East, Syria, involvement, commitment, United, States, voters, oppose, supplying, arms, Syrian, United, Kingdom, opinion, domestic, policy, military, support, Tom, Clark, guardian.co.uk arming rebels, unpopular, Iraq war, interventions, Middle East, Syria, voter opposition, United States, United Kingdom, military support, Syrian rebels, public opinion, domestic policy, Clark, guardian.co.uk arming rebels, unpopular, Iraq war, interventions, Middle East, Syria, United States, voters, supply arms, Syrian rebels, public opinion, United Kingdom, military support, policy, domestic reasons, Tom Clark, guardian.co.uk Arming rebels, Unpopular, Iraq war, Middle East interventions, Syria, United States, United Kingdom, Public opinion, Military support, Syrian rebels, Voter opposition, Domestic policy, Tom Clark, Guardian, 2013
test-international-gmehwasr-pro01a	Syria clearly meets the standards for intervention  The Assad regime has clearly lost its legitimacy and has precipitated a humanitarian crisis in Syria. The February estimate of 70000 killed [1] is up from an estimate of 60000 only a month before, [2] so clearly the violence is escalating. The conflict is also affecting neighbours; refugees have flooded into Jordan, Lebanon, and Turkey, and Israel is already believed to have attacked a convoy or research facility involved in chemical and biological weapons development. [3] Clearly the presence of these weapons show how much worse the situation could get if Assad is not overthrown. Not intervening risks the whole region being slowly destabilised and drawn in to the conflict. [4]  [1] Nichols, Michelle, ‘Syria death toll likely near 70,000, says U.N. rights chief’, Reuters, 12 Feb 2012  [2] ‘Data suggests Syria death toll could be more than 60,000, says UN human rights office’, UN News Centre, 2 January 2013  [3] ‘Q&A: Israeli ‘strike’ on Syria’, BBC News, 3 February 2013  [4] Byman, Daniel, in ‘Roundtable: arming the Syrian rebels’, Foreign Policy, 21 February 2013 Syria, intervention, Assad regime, legitimacy, humanitarian crisis, violence escalation, refugees, Jordan, Lebanon, Turkey, Israel, chemical weapons, biological weapons, regional destabilization, conflict, Syrian death toll, U.N. rights, human rights, arming rebels, foreign policy, international relations, Middle East, Syrian conflict, UN, Reuters, BBC, Byman, Daniel, Syria intervention, Syria regional impact Syria, intervention, Assad, legitimacy, humanitarian crisis, violence, escalation, refugees, Jordan, Lebanon, Turkey, Israel, attack, chemical weapons, biological weapons, destabilisation, regional conflict, UN, death toll, arming rebels, Foreign Policy, roundtable, Michelle Nichols, Reuters, UN News Centre, BBC News, Daniel Byman Syria, intervention, Assad regime, legitimacy, humanitarian crisis, violence escalation, refugees, Jordan, Lebanon, Turkey, Israel, chemical weapons, biological weapons, regional destabilisation, conflict spread, Syria death toll, U.N. rights, UN human rights office, Israeli strike, arming Syrian rebels, Foreign Policy, Byman, Daniel Syria, intervention, Assad regime, legitimacy, humanitarian crisis, violence escalation, refugees, Jordan, Lebanon, Turkey, Israel, chemical weapons, biological weapons, destabilisation, regional conflict, Syria death toll, UN rights chief, UN human rights office, Israeli strike, arming Syrian rebels, Foreign Policy Syria, intervention, Assad regime, legitimacy, humanitarian crisis, violence escalation, refugees, Jordan, Lebanon, Turkey, Israel, chemical weapons, biological weapons, regional destabilization, conflict spread, UN, death toll, arming rebels, foreign policy
test-law-cplglghwbhwd-pro03a	A handgun ban reduces crime and deaths  Aside from the fact that handguns are uniquely dangerous weapons, when the handgun ban was in place in DC, there was a reported decrease in crime in the area. In 1977 the year immediately following the ban the U.S. Conference of Mayors reported robberies, assaults and homicides using handguns had fallen in DC sharply. Further, in 1991 the University of Maryland published a study in the New England journal of Medicine suggesting the gun ban had saved lives in the decade before 1991, claiming that the ban had prevented 47 deaths in DC per year.5  It is theorised that the handgun ban does this because it makes other police tactics, such as stop and search, significantly more effective. If criminals wish to get the tactical advantage of power that opposition mention then they have to carry hand guns in order to do it. However, it means that if they are caught with a gun they become very easily identifiable and can easily be arrested to prevent harm coming to the populace of large. Specifically, the handgun ban means that the police have a much lower burden required in order to arrest suspects and given that a lot of the time the police have a strong idea of who the criminals are, but simply can’t pin them for arrest, such a tactical advantage helps them get dangerous people off the street. handgun ban, crime reduction, deaths prevented, DC crime statistics, U.S. Conference of Mayors, University of Maryland study, New England Journal of Medicine, police tactics, stop and search, criminal identification, arrest rates, public safety, tactical advantage, law enforcement burden, criminal apprehension handgun ban, crime reduction, deaths prevention, DC crime statistics, U.S. Conference of Mayors, University of Maryland study, New England journal of Medicine, stop and search effectiveness, police tactics, criminal identification, suspect arrest, public safety handgun ban, reduces crime, decreases deaths, uniquely dangerous weapons, DC crime reduction, U.S. Conference of Mayors, robberies decrease, assaults decrease, homicides decrease, University of Maryland study, New England Journal of Medicine, prevented deaths, stop and search, tactical advantage, police effectiveness, arrest suspects, lower burden, dangerous people off street handgun ban, crime reduction, deaths prevention, DC crime statistics, U.S. Conference of Mayors, University of Maryland study, New England Journal of Medicine, lives saved, police tactics, stop and search, criminal identification, suspect arrest, public safety handgun ban, crime reduction, deaths prevention, DC crime statistics, U.S. Conference of Mayors, University of Maryland study, New England Journal of Medicine, stop and search effectiveness, police tactics, criminal disarmament, public safety, arrest rates, tactical advantage, law enforcement, gun control, urban violence, homicide rates, assault reductions, robbery decrease, criminal identification, suspect arrest, dangerous individuals, street safety
test-free-speech-debate-fchbjaj-con03a	Wikileaks is not a news organisation, it exists exclusively to disseminate classified information, no genuine news organisation has such an agenda.  News organisations provide a variety of functions, from reporting the weather to breaking news. Even the most hardened investigative outlet does not dedicate itself exclusively to revealing classified information. It appears to have no interest in what that information is or whether its disclosure causes more harm than good, the sole interest is that it is classified.  That isn’t journalism, at best it’s prurience and, at worst, egocentricity – ‘I know something you don’t know’. The fallout for people’s jobs, liberty and safety appears not to interest those involved.  Their own ‘About Us’ section makes a point of stating that “We accept (but do not solicit) anonymous sources of information [1] .” Interestingly, the whole of the rest of the page talks about maintaining anonymity for both readers and sources and little else. It provides screeds of text about themselves, a free press and the importance of releasing classified information. Unusually for a media organisation, there are no details about how to complain if a reader feels they or someone else has been misrepresented. This means that Wikileaks is denying someone’s freedom of speech by not giving them a right to reply and have corrections published.  In an age where even the most stentorian paper of record enshrines such rights, one might assume that such devout proclaimers of free speech would shout it from their mast head. Instead, their Chat page is mostly full of dire warnings that security forces are watching the reader’s every keystroke. Hardly encouraging for the little guy wishing to clear their name.  [1] The link to the page is here . Wikileaks, news organisation, classified information, journalism, prurience, egocentricity, anonymity, free press, right to reply, freedom of speech, security warnings, media ethics, investigative outlet, public safety, classified leaks, editorial responsibility, reader complaints, media accountability, transparency Wikileaks, news organisation, classified information, journalism, prurience, egocentricity, anonymity, free press, right to reply, security warnings, media ethics, investigative outlet, public safety, harm assessment, disclosure responsibility, reader complaints, correction policies, freedom of speech, confidentiality, transparency, accountability, media standards, whistleblowing, classified leaks, editorial guidelines, journalistic integrity, press rights, digital surveillance, user safety Wikileaks, not news organisation, disseminate classified information, journalism, prurience, egocentricity, harm, safety, anonymous sources, maintaining anonymity, free press, right to reply, freedom of speech, security warnings, complaints, Corrections, investigative outlet, media organisation, Chat page, keystroke monitoring, mast head, stentorian paper of record, disclosure, representation Wikileaks, news organisation, classified information, journalism, prurience, egocentricity, anonymity, free press, right to reply, freedom of speech, security warnings, investigative outlet, ethical journalism, media standards, public interest, harm assessment, source protection, reader rights, complaint procedures, media ethics, accountability, transparency Wikileaks, classified information, news organisation, journalism, prurience, egocentricity, anonymous sources, free press, right to reply, security warnings, media ethics,读者投诉, 信息透明度, 媒体责任, 信息公开, 举报人保护, 编辑准则, 揭露秘密, 媒体自由, 读者权利, 信息分类, 安全警告, 媒体监督, 信息危害, 言论自由
test-politics-pgsimhwoia-con01a	Developed countries have a greater responsibility to take in migrants  Developed countries have a responsibility to take in large numbers of migrants. There are several reasons for this. First they have a historical responsibility resulting from a legacy of colonialism, imperialism, and industrialisation that benefited the developed world at the expense of the developing world. This helped create the inequalities in the world that drive migration so developed countries should accept that a greater responsibility for migrants is the price.  Second developed countries have a much greater capacity to absorb migrants than developing countries. Developed countries have more jobs, and the ability to create more through using the state’s financial resources to increase investment. They already have the legal framework for large numbers of migrants; laws that ensure equality and fair treatment regardless of religion or ethnicity. And in many cases they already have sizeable migrant communities (with some exceptions such as Japan) that help create a culture of tolerance that embraces the diversity migrants bring. developed countries, greater responsibility, migrants, historical responsibility, colonialism, imperialism, industrialisation, inequality, capacity, absorb migrants, jobs, state's financial resources, legal framework, equality, fair treatment, migrant communities, culture of tolerance, diversity developed countries, responsibility, migrants, historical responsibility, colonialism, imperialism, industrialisation, inequalities, capacity, absorb migrants, jobs, financial resources, legal framework, equality, fair treatment, migrant communities, tolerance, diversity developed countries, responsibility, migrants, historical responsibility, colonialism, imperialism, industrialisation, inequality, capacity, absorb, jobs, financial resources, legal framework, equality, fair treatment, religion, ethnicity, migrant communities, tolerance, diversity developed countries, responsibility, migrants, historical responsibility, colonialism, imperialism, industrialisation, inequalities, migration, capacity, absorb, jobs, financial resources, investment, legal framework, equality, fair treatment, religion, ethnicity, migrant communities, culture of tolerance, diversity Developed countries, responsibility, migrants, historical responsibility, colonialism, imperialism, industrialisation, inequality, migration, capacity, absorb migrants, jobs, financial resources, legal framework, equality, fair treatment, religion, ethnicity, migrant communities, culture of tolerance, diversity
test-politics-pgsimhwoia-pro01a	It is just to redistribute migrants  It is an accident of geography, or history, simple bad luck that has resulted in some countries getting large numbers of immigrants while many others get none. The first developed country on migrant routes get large numbers as those wishing to seek asylum have to apply in the first safe country. Similarly those countries next to conflict zones, or places affected by natural disasters, get very large influxes of migrants who hope to return home as soon as possible; there are more than 1.1 million refugees from Syria in Lebanon [1] a country of less than 6million. It is right that there should be a mechanism to help even out the burden of migrants and that rich developed countries should be those who pay that cost.  [1] ‘Syria Regional Refugee Response’, data.unhcr.org,  , accessed 19th August 2015 migrant redistribution, geography, history, bad luck, developed countries, migrant routes, asylum seekers, first safe country, conflict zones, natural disasters, refugees, Syria, Lebanon, refugee response, UNHCR, rich countries, migration burden, international support migrants, redistribution, geography, history, luck, immigrant, asylum, developed, country, migrant, routes, safe, conflict, zones, natural, disasters, refugees, Syria, Lebanon, burden, mechanism, rich, pay, cost migrants, geography, history, bad luck, developed countries, migrant routes, asylum, conflict zones, natural disasters, refugees, Syria, Lebanon, burden, rich countries, cost, distribution, immigration, international responsibility, humanitarian aid, policy, global migration, equitable sharing, refugee crisis, asylum seekers, population dynamics, social impact, economic impact, political impact, international law, human rights, displacement, migration patterns, demographic changes, regional cooperation, global governance, resettlement programs, integration policies, border control, asylum policy, refugee protection, international support, migration management, humanitarian response, development aid, social cohesion, cultural diversity, economic redistribute migrants, accident geography, history, bad luck, countries, large numbers immigrants, developed country, migrant routes, asylum, first safe country, conflict zones, natural disasters, large influxes migrants, refugees Syria, Lebanon, rich developed countries, pay cost, even out burden, migrant, asylum seeker, refugee response, UNHCR, Syria crisis, international responsibility sharing, immigration policy, global migration, humanitarian assistance, equitable distribution, developed nations, migration burden, refugee integration, asylum policy, migrant redistribution, geographic distribution, demographic impact, socio-economic strain, immigration reform, policy solutions, migration trends, refugee resettlement, international cooperation migrants, immigration, refugee distribution, asylum, geographic distribution, historical factors, developed countries, migrant routes, conflict zones, natural disasters, refugee burden, Lebanon, Syria, UNHCR, international responsibility, equitable sharing, humanitarian aid, asylum policies, first safe country rule, refugee influx, population impact, aid mechanisms, global migration, policy reform, international cooperation, migrant quotas, resettlement programs, asylum seekers, humanitarian response, developed nations responsibility, migration management, refugee allocation, geopolitical factors, migration patterns, international law, human rights, displacement, social integration, economic impact, demographic changes, public policy, international relations, global governance
test-digital-freedoms-efsappgdfp-con01a	A threat to democracy  Yes the NSA is unlikely to look at individual’s personal information if the person in question is nobody of interest yet there are people who may be of interest to the state who are essentially innocent of anything except annoying the state. The ability for almost anyone in the intelligence apparatus to look up personal information has to worry anyone who might otherwise dissent, investigate the government, or turn whistleblower. Intelligence officials can hold the information as a weapon to ensure compliance and ruin careers if they don’t get their way. [1] This has happened before. In the US when diplomat Joseph C. Wilson published about the manipulation of intelligence on uranium from Niger being used as part of the justification for the invasion of Iraq his wife had her cover blown and career destroyed by people within the Department of Defense. [2] When we know that the Obama administration has been more determined than ever to prevent leaks and prosecute perpetrators can it really be said there is no damage to democracy if these courageous people are not coming forward?  [1] Walt, Stephen M., ‘The real threat behind the NSA surveillance programs’, Foreign Policy, 10 June 2013,   [2] Wilson, Joseph C., ‘What I Didn’t Find in Africa’, The New York Times, 6 July 2003,   Lewis, Neil A., ‘Source of C.I.A. Leak Said to Admit Role’, The New York Times, 30 August 2006, NSA, personal information, state interest, dissent, government investigation, whistleblowing, intelligence apparatus, manipulation, uranium, Niger, Iraq invasion, Joseph C. Wilson, Valerie Plame, Obama administration, leaks, leak prosecution, democracy, surveillance, civil liberties, privacy, political retaliation, whistleblower protection, national security,First Amendment, free speech, press freedom, intelligence community, public interest, government accountability, privacy rights, legal prosecution, political dissent, confidential sources, journalist safety, intelligence oversight, unconstitutional surveillance, government transparency, whistleblower laws, democratic values, individual rights, governmental misconduct, investigative reporting, security clearance, political opposition, informational NSA, surveillance, democracy, personal information, intelligence, dissent, government investigation, whistleblower, career ruin, compliance, Joseph C. Wilson, Valerie Plame, Iraq, uranium, Niger, Obama administration, leak prosecution, government accountability, national security, civil liberties democracy, NSA, personal information, state interest, dissent, whistleblower, intelligence officials, compliance, careers, Joseph C. Wilson, uranium, Niger, Iraq invasion, Obama administration, leaks, prosecutions, democracy damage, Foreign Policy, The New York Times, CIA leak, career destruction NSA, surveillance, privacy, democracy, dissent, whistleblowing, government accountability, intelligence abuse, Joseph Wilson, Valerie Plame, Iraq War, uranium, leaks, prosecution, First Amendment, civil liberties, national security, intelligence community, Obama administration, Foreign Policy, The New York Times NSA, surveillance, personal information, state interest, dissent, government investigation, whistleblowing, intelligence apparatus, weaponized information, career ruin, compliance, Joseph C. Wilson, Valerie Plame, uranium Niger, Iraq invasion, Obama administration, leak prosecution, democracy, privacy rights, national security, First Amendment, civil liberties
test-education-egtuscpih-con01a	Financial model of online courses is unsustainable  At the moment some MOOC platforms are non-profit, while even for-profit ones do not pay universities, nor do universities pay MOOC platforms, they might only divide revenue if a revenue stream appears [18]. This essentially means that MOOCs have to rely on traditional financial models of universities to survive – they need the universities to provide materials and the academics and traditional models that are based on the fact that lots of students do not take online courses. However, MOOCs might undermine traditional university funding. For instance, Princeton professor Mitchell Duneier withdrew from Coursera claiming that states use MOOCs as a justification to withdraw state funding from universities [19]. Moreover, some MOOCs consider providing chargeable courses for credit but for a substantially lower price (around 100 dollars for a course), which might draw students away from traditional universities further undermining their existence [20]. This means a depletion of universities financial sources that MOOCs themselves rely on. At the moment there is no way for MOOCs to replace traditional university learning. financial model, online courses, MOOCs, non-profit, for-profit, revenue stream, universities, traditional financial models, state funding, chargeable courses, credit, student enrollment, university funding, depletion, financial sources, traditional university learning, sustainability, economic impact, education industry, academic resources, business model, revenue generation, higher education, online education, course fees, educational technology, university affiliation, profit-sharing, educational sustainability, market disruption, academic material, academic compensation, educational innovation, learning platforms, digital education, cost structure, tuition fees, public funding, educational policy, academic labor, institutional collaboration, revenue diversification, educational Financial model, online courses, unsustainable, MOOC platforms, non-profit, for-profit, revenue, universities, traditional models, students, enrollment, MOOCs, impact, university funding, state funding, Princeton, Mitchell Duneier, Coursera, chargeable courses, credit, price, traditional universities, depletion, financial sources, replacement, traditional learning Financial model, online courses, MOOC platforms, non-profit, for-profit, revenue division, universities, academic materials, traditional financial models, student enrollment, MOOC impact, university funding, state funding, chargeable courses, credit, lower price, financial sources, traditional university learning, sustainability, educational disruption Financial model, MOOC, non-profit, for-profit, revenue, universities, traditional models, online courses, state funding, credit courses, traditional university learning, financial sustainability, education funding, revenue stream, academic materials, MOOC platforms, course pricing, student enrollment, university financial sources, MOOC impact Financial model, MOOC platforms, non-profit, for-profit, universities, revenue, traditional financial models, online courses, academic materials, university funding, state funding, chargeable courses, credits, traditional universities, financial sustainability, MOOC challenges, educational disruption, revenue streams, academic resources, financial dependency
test-free-speech-debate-nshbbsbfb-pro04a	It is simply impractical for a major international broadcaster to hand out powers of veto to small sectional interests.  The BBC would quickly be left with a content either devoid of interest or of content were it to allow such a veto to become normative. Especially were it, as appears to be the case here, to offer such a veto to people who didn’t watch the programme.  As a result, although some of the responsibility for avoiding offence lies with the broadcaster at least an equal share must lie with the viewer. Even at the more basic level of ‘will I like this’, responsibility lies with both parties. The BBC undertakes to provide a diverse range of programming so that there is a reasonable chance that the overwhelming majority should be able to find something of interest but does so on the assumption that people will watch what they find interesting.  Likewise, it is reasonable to assume that people will not go out of their way to watch things that they already expect to find offensive. major international broadcaster, BBC, veto, sectional interests, content, offensive material, viewer responsibility, diverse programming, broadcasting standards, audience expectations, programme diversity, content regulation, viewer discretion, offensive content management impractical, international, broadcaster, veto, sectional, interests, BBC, content, interest, normative, responsibility, offence, viewer, programming, diverse, reasonable, assumption, watch, expect, offensive international broadcaster,BBC,content veto,sectional interests,programming diversity,viewer responsibility,offence avoidance,broadcaster responsibility,programme interest,viewer expectations BBC, broadcaster, veto, sectional interests, content, viewer responsibility, offensive material, programming diversity, audience expectation, media regulation, public broadcasting, content moderation, viewer choice, offensive content, programming policy BBC, broadcaster, veto, sectional interests, content, offence, responsibility, viewer, programming, diverse, assumption, watch, offensive
test-politics-cpecfiepg-pro03a	A Greek default would increase stability for the rest of the Eurozone  A Greek exit from the ‘Eurozone does not mean the end of the euro. It will, instead, mark a new beginning. Germany has a long and proud tradition of currency strength, but it could not cope with going back to the deutschmark because it would rocket in value and destroy the country's competitiveness. Some 97% of the Eurozone's population will continue to use the single currency and their leaders will circle the policy wagons to protect what is left.’ [`] A Greek default and departure from the Eurozone would decrease uncertainty and fear within the rest of the Eurozone. This, in turn is likely to attract higher levels of investment and transactions across Eurozone members.  [1] Parsons, Nick: “Eurozone crisis: what if… Greece leaves the single currency”, 14 May 2012, The Guardian, Greek default, Eurozone stability, Greek exit, Eurozone future, euro currency, new beginning, Germany, currency strength, deutschmark, competitiveness, Eurozone population, single currency, policy protection, uncertainty reduction, investment increase, Eurozone transactions, Eurozone crisis, Greece leaves, Nick Parsons, The Guardian Greek default, Eurozone stability, Greek exit, Eurozone future, currency strength, deutschmark, competitiveness, Eurozone investment, uncertainty reduction, Eurozone transactions, Nick Parsons, Eurozone crisis, Greece leavesEurozone, single currency impact Greek default, Eurozone stability, Eurozone exit, Euro survival, new beginning, German currency strength, Deutschmark, competitiveness, Eurozone population, single currency, policy protection, decreased uncertainty, reduced fear, investment attraction, Eurozone transactions, Nick Parsons, Eurozone crisis, Greece leaves euro Greek default, Eurozone stability, Greek exit, Eurozone future, Euro end, new beginning, Germany, currency strength, deutschmark, competitiveness, Eurozone population, single currency, policy protection, uncertainty reduction, Eurozone investment, transactions increase, Eurozone crisis, Greece leaves, Nick Parsons, The Guardian Greek default, Eurozone stability, Greek exit, Eurozone future, euro currency, Germany, deutschmark, competitiveness, Eurozone population, single currency, policy protection, uncertainty reduction, Eurozone investment, Eurozone transactions, Parsons, Nick, Eurozone crisis, Greece leaves euro
test-international-ghbunhf-pro01a	: Main purpose of UN, to prevent war, has clearly not been achieved.  The UN was set up with the express purpose of preventing global wars, yet it has done absolutely nothing to prevent them. Indeed, the UN has often served merely as a forum for countries to abuse and criticise each other, rather than resolve disputes peacefully.  In some cases, such as the 2003 invasion of Iraq, UN resolutions have arguably been used as a justification for wars, rather than to prevent them. Research shows that the number of armed conflicts in the world rose steadily in the years after 1945 and has only begun to plateau or fall since the end of the Cold War. [1]  [1] Harrison, Mark & Wolf, Nikolaus. “The Frequency of Wars”. University of Warwick, 10th March 2011. UN, prevent war, global wars, forum, abuse, criticise, disputes, 2003 invasion of Iraq, UN resolutions, justification for wars, armed conflicts, post-1945, Cold War, Harrison, Wolf, University of Warwick, research, conflicts frequency UN, prevent war, global wars, peace, forum, abuse, criticism, disputes, 2003 Iraq invasion, UN resolutions, armed conflicts, post-1945, Cold War, Harrison, Wolf, University of Warwick, Frequency of Wars UN, prevent war, global wars, UN resolutions, justification for wars, armed conflicts, post-1945, Cold War, frequency of wars, international peace, global security, conflict resolution, international relations, peacekeeping failures, Iraq invasion 2003 UN, prevent war, global wars, peaceful resolution, UN resolutions, armed conflicts, Cold War, Mark Harrison, Nikolaus Wolf, University of Warwick, Frequency of Wars, international disputes, criticism of UN, justification for wars, 2003 invasion of Iraq, forum for criticism, post-1945 conflicts, plateauing conflicts, effectiveness of UN, international peacekeeping UN, prevent war, global wars, peace, forum, country disputes, 2003 Iraq invasion, UN resolutions, armed conflicts, post-1945, Cold War, war frequency, research, Mark Harrison, Nikolaus Wolf, University of Warwick
test-international-siacphbnt-con04a	Technology has only benefited private companies.  Ultimately, technology, its provision, distribution, and function, is based on a business model. Profits are sought and losers emerge. The technology hype has attracted global technology giants, ranging from IBM to Google – a key issue as to whether entrepreneurialism can emerge amongst youths and technology used sustainably. The monopolisation of technology markets by multinational companies puts constraints on the ability for small businesses to break through. Any profits created are not recirculated in their locality, or Africa, but return to the country of origin.  For entrepreneurialism to be gained, and youth jobs emerge, the technological giants investing in Africa’s rising future need to partner with communities and small businesses. Technology, private companies, business model, profits, losers, technology hype, global technology giants, IBM, Google, entrepreneurialism, youths, sustainable technology, monopolisation, multinational companies, small businesses, profits recirculation, locality, Africa, technological giants, investing, Africa's future, community partnerships, youth jobs technology, private companies, business model, profits, losers, technology hype, global technology giants, IBM, Google, entrepreneurialism, youths, sustainable technology, monopolisation, technology markets, multinational companies, small businesses, profits, recirculation, locality, Africa, technological giants, investing, Africa's future, partnerships, communities, youth jobs Technology, private companies, business model, profits, global technology giants, IBM, Google, entrepreneurialism, youth, sustainable technology, monopolization, technology markets, multinational companies, small businesses, profits recirculation, Africa, community partnerships, youth jobs, technological giants, investment, local development technology, private companies, business model, profits, global technology giants, IBM, Google, entrepreneurialism, youth, sustainable technology, monopolisation, multinational companies, small businesses, profits recirculation, Africa, technological giants, community partnerships, youth jobs technology, private companies, business model, profits, global technology giants, IBM, Google, entrepreneurialism, youth, sustainable technology, monopolisation, multinational companies, small businesses, breakthrough, profit recirculation, Africa, technological giants, community partnerships, youth jobs
test-science-dssghsdmd-con03a	The system is an incredibly expensive venture that may not even work  Research and development of effective strategic defense systems has been ongoing since the Reagan administration, to little lasting benefit. The US government has spent hundreds of billions of dollars in the past two decades on developing missile defense technology, including nearly $60 billion in the past five years, and still it is incomplete and its effectiveness questionable. Many scientists have attested to the ineffectiveness of missile defense, as it currently stands. It is very difficult to hit a flying missile with another missile, and test-runs of the technology have been patchy at best (Sessler et. al., 2000). The dream of an effective missile defense shield that can successfully intercept enemy intercontinental ballistic missiles has yet to come to fruition. It would be better to stop throwing good money after bad and to fold up the project entirely. missile defense, strategic defense systems, research and development, Reagan administration, US government spending, technology effectiveness, scientists' opinion, intercontinental ballistic missiles, test-runs, ineffective technology, financial waste, project cessation missile defense, strategic defense systems, research and development, US government spending, effectiveness, scientists' opinions, test results, intercept technology, intercontinental ballistic missiles, project evaluation, financial inefficiency, military technology, defense budget, Reagan administration, defense policy, national security, technological challenges, missile interception, defense innovation, public spending, strategic investments, military research, defense effectiveness, security strategy, policy critique, defense wastage, technological skepticism, government oversight, military efficiency, strategic planning, defense analysis, missile technology, defense systems assessment missile defense, costly venture, research and development, Reagan administration, government spending, billions of dollars, technology development, effectiveness questionable, scientists' opinions, ineffectiveness, intercepting missiles, test-runs, patchy results, intercontinental ballistic missiles, fold up project, waste of money missile defense, costly venture, research and development, Reagan administration, US government spending, billions of dollars, technology effectiveness, scientists skepticism, intercepting missiles, test-runs, patchy results, intercontinental ballistic missiles, ineffective project, stop funding missile defense, research and development, Reagan administration, US government spending, effectiveness, scientists' concerns, test results, intercontinental ballistic missiles, project evaluation, fiscal responsibility
test-politics-ypppdghwid-pro02a	"Imposing democracy can be a way to support individuals unable to fight for democracy themselves.  If the people within a nation want democracy, it is not wrong -- indeed it may even be morally required -- for us to assist them by imposing democracy against the will of the governing class. Often internal movements lack resources, weapons, or organization, making the fight for democracy very difficult. When individuals seek to defend their rights against an oppressive regime, other nations do them a disservice by allowing evil to win out. Thus NATO's intervention in Libya was in support of rebels often seen as part of the 'Arab spring' wave of democratization but the internal movement even if it had large amounts of support was being suppressed and would have been destroyed without outside intervention1.  1 Traub, James. ""Stepping In"", Foreign Policy imposing democracy, supporting individuals, moral obligation, assisting nations, internal movements, lack of resources, oppressive regime, NATO intervention, Libya, Arab spring, democratization, external intervention, suppressing movements, James Traub, Foreign Policy imposing democracy, support individuals, fight for democracy, morally required, assist, imposing democracy, governing class, internal movements, lack resources, weapons, organization, fight for democracy, defend rights, oppressive regime, allowing evil, NATO intervention, Libya, Arab spring, democratization, internal movement, suppressed, outside intervention, foreign policy imposing democracy, support individuals, fight for democracy, morally required, assist nations, governing class, internal movements, lack resources, weapons, organization, defend rights, oppressive regime, NATO intervention, Libya, Arab spring, democratization, internal movement, suppressed, outside intervention, James Traub, Foreign Policy imposing democracy, supporting individuals, fighting for democracy, morally required, assisting nations, internal movements, resources, weapons, organization, defending rights, oppressive regime, NATO intervention, Libya, Arab spring, democratization, external intervention, suppressing movements, destroyed without help, James Traub, Foreign Policy democracy, imposition, support, individuals, fight, nation, morally, required, assistance, imposing, governing, class, resources, weapons, organization, rights, oppressive, regime, nations, disservice, evil, NATO, intervention, Libya, rebels, Arab, spring, democratization, suppressed, destruction, outside, intervention, Traub, James, Stepping, Foreign, Policy"
test-science-dssghsdmd-pro02a	A strategic missile defense shield will be an effective defense against ballistic missile attacks targeted at the United States and its allies  The missile defense shield the United States intends to build is the most effective and complete ballistic missile shield ever devised. When fully armed with a complement of anti-ballistic missiles both within the United States itself, and in allied nations in Europe, the shield will be virtually impregnable to external missile attack. This means the chance of a nuclear attack succeeding against it will be very unlikely, reducing the chance not only of a full-scale nuclear war between the United States and another nuclear power, but also against missiles fired by rogue states or terrorists, the biggest threats in terms of actual use of nuclear weapons (The Economist, 2009). Technologically speaking, anti-ballistic missile missiles have developed by leaps and bounds in recent years. The current system being put into operation by the United States is the Aegis combat system, designed for deployment on US Naval vessels. This new development has served to sidestep the problems associated with ground and space-based missile defense arrays, due to the slow response time of ground missiles, and the still unfeasible orbital deployment. The sea-based defense array, furthermore, lacks the problem of the land-based system in that it does not need to be placed in countries other than the United States in order to be effective (thus avoiding the political problems of the past). Technology and diplomacy have clearly made a national missile defense system highly desirable. strategic missile defense, ballistic missile attacks, United States, allies, anti-ballistic missiles, Europe, nuclear attack, rogue states, terrorists, nuclear weapons, The Economist, anti-ballistic missile technology, Aegis combat system, US Naval vessels, ground-based missile defense, space-based missile defense, sea-based defense, political problems, national missile defense system, technology, diplomacy strategic missile defense, ballistic missile attacks, United States, allies, anti-ballistic missiles, nuclear attack, rogue states, terrorists, Aegis combat system, US Naval vessels, sea-based defense, land-based system, political problems, national missile defense system strategic missile defense, ballistic missile shield, United States, allies, anti-ballistic missiles, Europe, nuclear attack, rogue states, terrorists, nuclear weapons, Aegis combat system, US Naval vessels, ground-based missile defense, space-based missile defense, sea-based defense, political problems, national missile defense system missile defense shield, ballistic missile attacks, United States, allies, effective defense, anti-ballistic missiles, nuclear attack, rogue states, terrorists, Aegis combat system, sea-based defense, land-based system, political problems, national missile defense system, technology, diplomacy strategic missile defense, ballistic missile attacks, United States, allies, effective defense, anti-ballistic missiles, Europe, nuclear attack, full-scale nuclear war, rogue states, terrorists, nuclear weapons, Aegis combat system, US Naval vessels, ground-based missile defense, space-based missile defense, sea-based defense, political problems, technology, diplomacy, national missile defense system
test-international-siacphbnt-pro01a	Technology will lead job growth for youths.  The rate of unemployment in Sub-Saharan Africa remains above the global average, at 7.55% in 2011, with 77% of the population in vulnerable employment [1] . Economic growth has not been inclusive and jobs are scarce. In particular, rates of youth unemployment, and underemployment, remain a concern [2] . On average, the underutilisation of youths in the labour market across Sub-Saharan Africa stood at 67% in 2012 (Work4Youth, 2013). Therefore 67% of youths are either unemployed, inactive, or in irregular employment. The rate of unemployment varies geographically and across gender [3] .  There remains a high percentage of youths within informal employment. Technology can introduce a new dynamic within the job market and access to safer employment.  Secure, high quality jobs, and more jobs, are essential for youths. Access to technology is the only way to meet such demands. Technology will enable youths to create new employment opportunities and markets; but also employment through managing, and selling, the technology available.  [1] ILO, 2013.  [2] Definitions: Unemployment is defined as the amount of people who are out of work despite being available, and seeking, work. Underemployment defines a situation whereby the productive capacity of an employed person is underutilised. Informal employment defines individuals working in waged and/or self employment informally (see further readings).  [3] Work4Youth (2013) show, on average, Madagascar has the lowest rate of unemployment (2.2%) while Tanzania has the highest (42%); and the average rate of female unemployment stands higher at 25.3%, in contrast to men (20.2%). Technology, job growth, youths, unemployment, Sub-Saharan Africa, vulnerable employment, economic growth, inclusivity, youth unemployment, underemployment, labour market, informal employment, secure jobs, high quality jobs, employment opportunities, managing technology, selling technology, productivity, gender differences, Madagascar, Tanzania, female unemployment, male unemployment Technology, Job Growth, Youths, Unemployment, Sub-Saharan Africa, Vulnerable Employment, Economic Growth, Inclusive, Youth Unemployment, Underemployment, Labour Market, Informal Employment, Secure Jobs, High Quality Jobs, Employment Opportunities, Markets, Managing Technology, Selling Technology, Madagascar, Tanzania, Female Unemployment, Male Unemployment Technology, Job Growth, Youths, Unemployment, Sub-Saharan Africa, Vulnerable Employment, Economic Growth, Inclusive Growth, Youth Unemployment, Underemployment, Labour Market, Informal Employment, Secure Jobs, High Quality Jobs, Employment Opportunities, Markets, Managing Technology, Selling Technology, ILO, Work4Youth, Madagascar, Tanzania, Female Unemployment, Male Unemployment Technology, job growth, youths, unemployment, Sub-Saharan Africa, vulnerable employment, economic growth, inclusivity, youth unemployment, underemployment, underutilisation, informal employment, secure jobs, high quality jobs, employment opportunities, managing technology, selling technology, gender differences, Madagascar, Tanzania, female unemployment, male unemployment Technology, Job growth, Youths, Unemployment, Sub-Saharan Africa, Vulnerable employment, Economic growth, Inclusive, Youth unemployment, Underemployment, Labour market, Informal employment, Gender, Secure jobs, High quality jobs, Employment opportunities, Markets, Managing technology, Selling technology, ILO, Work4Youth, Madagascar, Tanzania, Female unemployment, Male unemployment
test-culture-cgeeghwmeo-pro04a	Bilingual education hurts students  Bilingual education segregates students in its system from those outside it. This limits the opportunities for interaction.  This is harmful in a number of ways. For one thing, it limits their interaction with peers who will speak English. While it’s possible they may practice English with their friends in a bilingual school, it seems unlikely, as it would be easier to talk in the existing language.  Furthermore, it also limits the exposure of English-speaking students to immigrants who don’t speak English, allowing negative stereotypes to arise out of ignorance that then can influence governmental policy through the ballot box.  Finally, this segregation may extend to within bilingual schools themselves, since not everyone seeking bilingual education has the same non-English language. The result might well be that students would group socially into groups based on country of origin, and due to simple demographics this would place the Spanish-speaking students at a significant advantage as there are nearly 30 million of them in the country. This polarization in turn could lead to splits between minority language groups that could reduce their overall social capital. bilingual education, student harm, segregation, interaction limits, English practice, negative stereotypes, governmental policy, voter influence, social grouping, language advantage, Spanish speakers, demographic impact, social capital reduction bilingual education, student segregation, limited interaction, language practice, English-speaking peers, negative stereotypes, governmental policy, voter influence, social grouping, country of origin, Spanish-speaking advantage, minority language groups, social capital reduction bilingual education, student segregation, interaction limitations, English practice, negative stereotypes, governmental policy, social grouping, language diversity, Spanish speakers, social capital reduction bilingual education, student segregation, language barriers, interaction limitations, English practice, peer communication, negative stereotypes, governmental influence, immigrant perception, social grouping, country of origin, Spanish speakers, demographic advantage, minority languages, social capital reduction, educational policy, linguistic diversity, cultural integration, ballot influence, educational impact bilingual education, student segregation, limited interaction, peer communication, English practice, negative stereotypes, governmental policy, social grouping, country of origin, Spanish-speaking优势, minority language groups, social capital reduction
test-politics-glghssi-con03a	Scotland needs English economic muscle as through the Barnett formula England, especially the Southeast effectively subsidizes the rest of the UK in general and Scotland in particular  The Barnett established the model by which money is divided up within the regions and nations of the UK. The formula works greatly to Scotland’s advantage with a net flow of funding heading north.  The English taxpayer subsidizes Scots to the tune of £19bn a year (2009-10). [i] Without that subsidy The Scottish government would not have been able to give away the many benefits that have been handed out by the devolved authorities.  Scotland needs English support financially just as she does in terms of diplomatic representation or political muscle.  [i] McLaren, John et al., ‘Financial Implications of Different Fiscal Arrangements For Scotland’, CPPR Centre for Public Policy for Regions, June 2011, Scotland, English economic support, Barnett formula, UK fiscal arrangement, subsidy, Scottish government, financial benefits, devolved authorities, English taxpayer, diplomatic representation, political influence, fiscal policy, regional funding, economic dependency, financial implications, Scotland-England financial relationship Scotland, England, Barnett formula, subsidy, funding, Scottish government, benefits, devolved authorities, financial support, diplomatic representation, political muscle, economic muscle, UK regions, taxpayer, fiscal arrangements, financial implications, CPPR Centre for Public Policy for Regions, John McLaren Scotland, English economic muscle, Barnett formula, England, Southeast, subsidizes, UK, Scotland, funding, net flow, English taxpayer, subsidy, Scottish government, benefits, devolved authorities, financial support, diplomatic representation, political muscle, fiscal arrangements, CPPR Centre for Public Policy for Regions Scotland, English economic support, Barnett formula, UK funding, Scottish subsidies, English taxpayers, financial benefits, Scottish government, devolved authorities, fiscal arrangements, diplomatic representation, political influence, CPPR Centre for Public Policy for Regions, financial implications, Scotland-England financial relationship, 2009-10 subsidy, net funding flow, regional funding model, financial dependence Scotland, English economic support, Barnett formula, UK regional funding, Scottish subsidy, English taxpayer, financial benefits, devolved authorities, Scottish government, diplomatic representation, political influence, fiscal arrangements, CPPR Centre for Public Policy for Regions, financial implications, John McLaren
test-health-dhpelhbass-con01a	It is vital that a doctor's role not be confused  The guiding principle of medical ethics is to do no harm: a physician must not be involved in deliberately harming their patient. Without this principle, the medical profession would lose a great deal of trust; and admitting that killing is an acceptable part of a doctor’s role would likely increase the danger of involuntary euthanasia, not reduce it. Legalising assisted suicide also places an unreasonable burden on doctors. The daily decisions made in order to preserve life can be difficult enough; to require them to also carry the immense moral responsibility of deciding who can and cannot die, and the further responsibility of actually killing patients, is unacceptable. This is why the vast majority of medical professionals oppose the legalisation of assisted suicide: ending the life of a patient goes against all they stand for. The Hippocratic Oath that doctors use as a guide states 'I will neither give a deadly drug to anybody if asked for it, nor will I make a suggestion to this effect.' [1]  [1] Medical Opinion, religiouseducation.co.uk  (accessed on 4/6/2011) doctor's role, medical ethics, do no harm, trust, involuntary euthanasia, legalising assisted suicide, unreasonable burden, moral responsibility, medical professionals, Hippocratic Oath, deadly drug, patient care, end-of-life decisions, euthanasia debate, physician-assisted suicide medical ethics, do no harm, physician, patient trust, involuntary euthanasia, legalising assisted suicide, burden on doctors, moral responsibility, medical professionals, Hippocratic Oath, deadly drug, patient rights, end-of-life care, healthcare ethics, doctor's role, euthanasia debate, patient safety, professional integrity medical ethics, do no harm, physician, patient trust, involuntary euthanasia, assisted suicide, moral responsibility, Hippocratic Oath, deadly drug, medical profession, legalisation, patient care, life preservation, professional opposition doctor's role, medical ethics, do no harm, trust, involuntary euthanasia, legalising assisted suicide, unreasonable burden, preserve life, moral responsibility, medical professionals, Hippocratic Oath, deadly drug medical ethics, do no harm, doctor's role, trust in medical profession, involuntary euthanasia, assisted suicide, legalisation, moral responsibility, Hippocratic Oath, deadly drug, medical professionals opinion
test-politics-gvhbhlsbr-pro03a	Reform would strengthen the House of Lords  Reform of the House of Lords would strengthen the legitimacy of the house and therefore improve its functions. By electing the second chamber they would gain the legitimacy to not simply stall bills but reject them all together or drafts bills of their own, thus facilitating a more dynamic government, able to change. Using a different electoral technique, for example Proportional Representation with members sitting for longer periods would allow them to still be of a different composition to the House of Commons and not sway to short-term political popularity. Electing different portions at different times would also guard against a freak landslide result affecting the house’s balance. By creating a worthy opposition to the House of Commons all issues would be debated and decided upon more fairly and government would be more closely monitored. Reform, House of Lords, strengthen, legitimacy, functions, electing, second chamber, reject bills, draft bills, dynamic government, Proportional Representation, longer periods, different composition, short-term popularity, electoral technique, portions, times, freak landslide, balance, worthy opposition, debate, decide fairly, monitor government Reform, House of Lords, strengthen, legitimacy, functions, electing, second chamber, reject bills, draft bills, dynamic government, change, Proportional Representation, longer periods, different composition, House of Commons, short-term popularity, electing portions, times, freak landslide, balance, opposition, debate, decide fairly, monitor government reform, House of Lords, legitimacy, strengthen, functions, electing, second chamber, reject bills, draft bills, dynamic government, Proportional Representation, longer periods, different composition, House of Commons, short-term popularity, portions, landslide result, opposition, debate issues, fair decisions, monitor government House of Lords, Reform, Legitimacy, Functions, Electing, Second Chamber, Bills, Rejection, Drafting, Dynamic Government, Change, Proportional Representation, Electoral Technique, Composition, House of Commons, Short-term Popularity, Balanced, Opposition, Debate, Fairness, Monitoring, Freak Landslide, Portion Elections, Government Oversight Reform, House of Lords, legitimacy, functions, electing, second chamber, reject bills, draft bills, dynamic government, Proportional Representation, longer periods, different composition, House of Commons, short-term popularity, electing portions, landslide result, opposition, debate, fairness, government monitoring
test-society-epiasghbf-con03a	Who are the women?  Women are a diverse group, and the feminisation of labour has incorporated a range of women of different ages, race, socioeconomic backgrounds and education. Such intersectionalities are important to recognise, as not all women are empowered and the empowerment is not equal.  For example, a study by Atieno (2006) revealed female participation in the labour market was influenced by education. Human capital influenced the transition into work: who was able to access labour opportunities, and which ones. Therefore inequalities among women determine the degrees, and capability, of empowerment it is therefore not labour force participation that empowers but education. women, diverse, feminisation, labour, ages, race, socioeconomic, education, intersectionalities, empowerment, inequality, Atieno, 2006, participation, market, human, capital, transition, work, opportunities, capabilities women, feminisation of labour, diverse group, intersectionalities, empowerment, inequality, education, labour market, human capital, labour opportunities, socioeconomic backgrounds, race, age, Atieno 2006, female participation, capability, empowerment, labour force participation women, diverse, feminisation, labour, intersectionalities, empowerment, inequality, education, human capital, participation, workforce, Atieno, 2006, capabilities women, feminisation of labour, diverse group, intersectionalities, empowerment, inequality, education, human capital, labour market, participation, socioeconomic backgrounds, race, age, Atieno 2006, labour opportunities, capability women, diversity, feminisation of labour, intersectionality, empowerment, inequality, education, labour market, human capital, participation, capabilities, Atieno 2006
test-international-gpdwhwcusa-con05a	A UN standing army is unnecessary  A UN standing army is unnecessary; in many cases UN missions are very successful. In Guatemala for example, a UN peacekeeping mission was essential in enabling the conclusion of a decades-long civil war in 1997. When there are problems these are more to do with lengthy and difficult Security Council deliberations, inadequate mandates, etc. rather than how long it took to gather a force together. In Srebrenica for example, where thousands of Bosnian men and boys were slaughtered by Serbian troops, the problem was not the absence of peacekeepers on the ground, but an inadequate mandate to use force. The UN would be much better spending its efforts on setting up a proper peacekeeping department, and streamlining the UN as a whole. UN standing army, unnecessary, UN missions, successful, Guatemala, peacekeeping mission, civil war, Security Council deliberations, inadequate mandates, Srebrenica, Bosnian men, Serbian troops, absence peacekeepers, inadequate mandate, force, UN peacekeeping department, streamline UN UN, standing army, unnecessary, UN missions, successful, Guatemala, peacekeeping mission, civil war, 1997, problems, Security Council deliberations, inadequate mandates, Srebrenica, Bosnian men, boys, slaughtered, Serbian troops, absence, peacekeepers, inadequate mandate, force, UN peacekeeping department, streamlining, UN UN standing army, unnecessary, UN missions, successful, Guatemala, peacekeeping mission, civil war, Security Council deliberations, inadequate mandates, Srebrenica, Bosnian men, Serbian troops, peacekeepers, inadequate mandate, force, UN peacekeeping department, streamlining, UN UN standing army, unnecessary, UN missions, successful, Guatemala, peacekeeping mission, civil war, 1997, Security Council deliberations, inadequate mandates, Srebrenica, Bosnian men, boys, slaughtered, Serbian troops, absence peacekeepers, inadequate mandate, use force, proper peacekeeping department, streamlining UN UN standing army, UN missions, peacekeeping success, Guatemala, civil war, Security Council deliberations, inadequate mandates, Srebrenica, Bosnian massacre, Serbian troops, peacekeeping inadequacies, UN peacekeeping department, UN streamlining
test-international-eghrhbeusli-con04a	"There is no reason to strengthen China militarily  Lifting the arms ban will strengthen China militarily. The US fears less the Chinese purchase of EU weaponry and armour, than that the regime will get hold of advanced communications and control systems, as well as high-technology guidance systems, night-vision equipment, etc. [1] - all of which would make its existing military far more effective. Even if the EU is reluctant to sell such material to China, the possibility will give the Chinese leverage in negotiations with existing suppliers like Israel and Russia, who will feel under more pressure to sell China their most modern technology. In time, China's ability to ""reverse engineer"" high-technology equipment will also boost their own military research and development programmes. [2]  [1] Archick, Kristin, et al., ‘European Union’s Arms Embargo on China’, 2005, p16.   [2] Page, Jeremy, ‘China Clones, Sells Russian Fighter Jets’, 2010. China, military, strengthening, arms, ban, EU, US, fears, technology, communications, control, systems, guidance, night-vision, weaponry, armour, leverage, negotiations, suppliers, Israel, Russia, reverse, engineering, research, development, cloning, selling, Russian, fighter, jets China, militarily, strengthen, arms, ban, US, fears, Chinese, EU, weaponry, armour, advanced, communications, control, systems, high-technology, guidance, night-vision, equipment, effective, reluctant, existing, suppliers, Israel, Russia, modern, technology, time, ability, reverse, engineer, research, development, programmes, European, Union, Archick, Kristin, Page, Jeremy, Russian, fighter, jets, clones, sells China, military, arms ban, EU, US fears, advanced communications, control systems, high-technology guidance, night-vision, military effectiveness, leverage, negotiations, Israel, Russia, modern technology, reverse engineering, military research, development, cloning, Russian fighter jets arms ban, China, EU, military strengthening, US fears, advanced communications, control systems, high-technology guidance, night-vision equipment, military effectiveness, weapon sales, Israel, Russia, military research, development, reverse engineering, Chinese military, European Union, Archick Kristin, Page Jeremy, Chinese weaponry, military technology, international relations, defense policy China, militarily, arms ban, EU, US fears, advanced communications, control systems, high-technology guidance, night-vision equipment, military effectiveness, Israeli suppliers, Russian suppliers, reverse engineering, military research, development, European Union, arms embargo, Chinese military, technology transfer, defence capabilities"
test-culture-ahrtsdlgra-pro01a	Just shock-tactics, at the cost of better art  Sometimes artists go too far in a bid to get their message across. Simply grabbing the headlines with shock tactics does not constitute art of the sort that should be receiving either public support or attention. It is important to recognise that public displays and funding of art are limited commodities, so every time one piece is chosen for an exhibition, or an artist is given money, this comes at the cost of other possible pieces of art. It is surely better to support those artists who have chosen to express their ideas and messages in a way that does not rely on simple attention-grabbing horror: it is surely more artistically meritorious to create a work that conveys its message in a way that rewards close attention and careful study, with layers of meaning and technique. shock-tactics, public art, funding, artistic merit, attention-grabbing, horror, layers of meaning, technique, close attention, careful study, limited commodities, exhibition, artistic expression, messages, support, artists, headlines, bid, message, recognition, cost, public support, attention, artistic value, meritocracy, creativity, depth, complexity, nuance, quality, consideration, resources, choice, selection, exhibition criteria, artistic integrity, impact, engagement, public interest, cultural value, artistic exploration, innovation, subtlety, refinement, skill, craftsmanship, thought-provoking, meaningful, impactful, lasting impression shock-tactics, art, public-support, attention-grabbing, horror, artistic-merit, layers-meaning, technique, close-attention, careful-study, funding, exhibition, limited-commodities, message-conveyance, artistic-expression, ethical-considerations, cultural-value, public-responsibility, creativity shock-tactics, public support, attention-grabbing, artistic merit, funding, exhibition, close attention, careful study, layers of meaning, technique, better art, headlines, limited commodities, message, horror, artists, recognition, choice, expression, ideas shock-tactics, public support, artistic merit, attention-grabbing, limited commodities, artistic expression, layers of meaning, careful study, funding, exhibition, message conveyance, horror, close attention, technique shock-tactics, art, public support, attention-grabbing, horror, artistically meritorious, close attention, careful study, layers of meaning, technique, public funding, exhibition, limited commodities, message conveyance, artistic expression
test-culture-mmctyshwbcp-con03a	The government has no right to prevent children from doing what they enjoy and are good at  Many child performers would undoubtedly protest if their right to perform were taken away from them, and justly so. This can be seen in quotes from the likes of Roddy McDowall, who said in an interview in 1963 that he “had a particularly wonderful time” as a child actor, [1] and would presumably have been quite upset had a ban been enforced in his lifetime. It is beyond the rights of the government to make illegal an opportunity that allows those talented on the stage, in front of a camera, on the pitch, etc. (who might well not be so strong in other, e.g., academic, areas) to make a living from doing what they do best.  Some child performers have also proved to be extremely business savvy – the ‘Olsen Twins’ have built a massive industry off of their Disney stardom.  [1] BBC News. ‘Actor McDowall dies aged 7 0 government, children, rights, child performers, Roddy McDowall, 1963, interview, wonderful time, ban, opportunity, talented, stage, camera, pitch, academic, living, Olsen Twins, Disney, industry, business savvy government, children, rights, performance, child performers, protest, Roddy McDowall, 1963, ban, talented, stage, camera, pitch, academic, living, Olsen Twins, Disney, stardom, business savvy, BBC News, Actor McDowall, dies, aged 70 government rights, children's rights, child performers, Roddy McDowall, Olsen Twins, child actors, child labor, performance rights, entertainment industry, business savvy, academic areas, talent expression, legal restrictions, child welfare, stage performers, camera performers, sports performers, living earnings, talent development, government intervention, child stardom, Disney, industry building, career opportunities, talent recognition, childhood experiences, protest rights, permission to perform, legislative boundaries, children's choices, career paths, minority talents, specialized skills, performance ban, talent showcase, early career, professional development, public performance, child exploitation, talent nurturing, legal government, children, rights, performance, child performers, protest, Roddy McDowall, 1963, interview, wonderful time, child actor, ban, illegal, opportunity, talented, stage, camera, pitch, academic, living, Olsen Twins, Disney, stardom, industry, business savvy government, children, rights, performance, child actors, Roddy McDowall, Olsen Twins, talent, career, entertainment, child labor, regulation, freedom, opportunity, business, success, academic, stage, camera, pitch, law, prohibition, enjoyment, skills, interview, BBC News, stardom, industry, protest, ban, decision-making, living, talented, areas,Genres, ban, enforcement, quote, 1963, childhood, acting, prohibition, legal, opportunity, talented, stage, camera, pitch, academic, areas, business, savvy, Disney, massive, industry, protest, upset
test-economy-egiahbwaka-con02a	Women are not the future for Africa’s economy  In the short to medium term women are unlikely to be the key to Africa’s economic future. Even in western economies, there is still a gap between genders at the workplace. Women are still paid less than men, there are more men CEO’s than women and so forth. This is likely to remain replicated in Africa for decades after there has been full acceptance that women should be treated equally as has happened in the west.  In some parts of Africa there are cultural reasons why women are unlikely to obtain a key role in the near future. In Egypt for example, where 90% of the populations is Muslim, women account for 24% of the labour force, even though they have the right to education. This is true across North Africa where women amount for less than 25% of the work force. [1] Just because there is clearly a large amount of potential being wasted here does not mean that is going to change. Women often have few political or legal rights and so are unlikely to be able to work as equals except in a very few professions such as nursing or teaching.  [1] International Labour Organisation, ‘Labour force, female (% of total labor force)’, data.worldbank.org, 2009-2013, women, Africa, economy, future, gender, gap, workplace, paid, CEO, cultural, reasons, Muslim, Egypt, North, Africa, labour, force, political, legal, rights, professions, nursing, teaching, International, Labour, Organisation, data, worldbank women, Africa, economy, short-term, medium-term, gender, workplace, pay gap, CEOs, cultural reasons, Egypt, Muslim, labour force, education, North Africa, political rights, legal rights, nursing, teaching, potential, International Labour Organisation, data.worldbank.org women, Africa, economy, short-term, medium-term, gender, workplace, pay gap, CEO, cultural reasons, Muslim, Egypt, North Africa, labour force, political rights, legal rights, professions, nursing, teaching, International Labour Organisation, data.worldbank.org Women, Africa, economy, short-term, medium-term, gender gap, workplace, payment, CEO, cultural reasons, Muslim, Egypt, North Africa, labour force, potential, political rights, legal rights, professions, nursing, teaching, International Labour Organisation, data.worldbank.org Women, Africa, economy, gender, gap, workforce, equality, cultural, barriers, Muslim, education, political, rights, legal, professions, nursing, teaching, International Labour Organisation, data.worldbank.org
test-politics-pgsimhwoia-con02a	Large influxes of migrants will create conflict in unprepared countries  It is regrettable that difference is a major source of conflict among humans with differences in religion and ethnicity having regularly been the source of conflicts household human history. While many countries have traditions of accepting migrants others don't and even those that are tolerant may not be prepared for a large influx of migrants.  This policy would bring about such an influx in those countries that take up the offer of aid for taking in migrants. A new community is likely to be labelled the ‘other’ by the natives of that country and be blamed for taking jobs and putting pressure on services. This happens because the newcomers are easy to blame and have few influential voices in the country to speak out in their defence.  Places with existing large migrant communities are less likely to experience anti immigrant hostility. Thus in India Delhi with 38.4% of the population immigrants (not just international) has less conflict thant Mumbai with 26.5%, and in the US New Mexico with a 45% Hispanic population has less anti-Hispanic sentiment than Florida with 21%. [1]  [1] ‘Causes of Conflict’, University of North Carolina, accessed 20 August 2015, migrants, conflict, unprepared countries, difference, religion, ethnicity, traditions, large influx, policy, community, other, natives, jobs, services, newcomers, influential voices, migrant communities, anti-immigrant hostility, India, Delhi, Mumbai, US, New Mexico, Hispanic, Florida, anti-Hispanic sentiment, causes of conflict, University of North Carolina migrants, conflict, unprepared countries, difference, religion, ethnicity, traditions, large influx, community, other, natives, jobs, services, newcomers, influential voices, migrant communities, anti-immigrant hostility, India, Delhi, Mumbai, US, New Mexico, Hispanic, Florida, anti-Hispanic sentiment, Causes of Conflict, University of North Carolina migrants, conflict, unprepared countries, difference, religion, ethnicity, large influx, tolerant countries, community, 'other', natives, jobs, services, pressure, newcomer, influential voices, migrant communities, anti-immigrant hostility, India, Delhi, Mumbai, United States, New Mexico, Florida, Hispanic, sentiment, causes of conflict, University of North Carolina migrants, conflict, unprepared countries, difference, religion, ethnicity, traditions, large influx, tolerance, community, other, natives, jobs, services, pressure, influential voices, anti-immigrant hostility, existing migrant communities, Delhi, Mumbai, New Mexico, Florida, Hispanic, anti-Hispanic sentiment, Causes of Conflict, University of North Carolina migrants, conflict, unprepared countries, difference, religion, ethnicity, traditions, large influx, policy, new community, other, natives, jobs, services, newcomers, influential voices, existing migrant communities, anti-immigrant hostility, India, Delhi, Mumbai, United States, New Mexico, Florida, Hispanic, anti-Hispanic sentiment, causes of conflict, University of North Carolina
test-culture-ascidfakhba-pro02a	The default of total copyright is harmful to the spreading of information and experience  Current copyright law assigns too many rights, automatically, to the creator. Law gives the generator of a work full copyright protection that is extremely restrictive of that works reuse, except when strictly agreed in contracts and agreements. Making Creative Commons licenses the standard for publicly-funded works generates a powerful normalizing force toward a general alteration of people’s defaults on what copyright and creator protections should actually be like. The creative commons guarantees attribution to the creator and they retain the power to set up other for-profit deals with distributors. [1] At base the default setting of somehow having absolute control means creators of work often do not even consider the reuse by others in the commons. The result is creation and then stagnation, as others do not expend the time and energy to seek special permissions from the creator. Mandating that art in all its forms be released under a creative commons licensing scheme means greater access to more works, for the enrichment of all. This is particular true in the case of “orphan works”, works of unknown ownership. Fears over copyright infringement has led these works, which by some estimates account for 40% of all books, have led to huge amounts of knowledge and creative output languishing beyond anyone’s reach. A mix of confusion over copyright ownership and unwillingness of owners to release their works, often because it would not be commercially viable to do so, means that only 2% of all works currently protected by copyright are commercially available. [2] Releasing these works under creative commons licenses will spawn a deluge of enriching knowledge and creative output spilling onto the market of ideas. It would mark a critical advancement in the democratization and globalization of knowledge akin to the invention of the printing press.  [1] Creative Commons. “About the Licenses”. 2010.   [2] Keegan, V. “Shorter Copyright Would Free Creativity”. The Guardian. 7 October 2009. copyright, Creative Commons, default rights, public-funded works, attribution, reuse, orphan works, copyright infringement, commercial viability, knowledge democratization, globalization, printing press analogy, restrictive laws, information spreading, experience sharing, automatic copyright, full protection, reuse restrictions, stagnation, contracts, agreements, for-profit deals, art forms, greater access, enriching knowledge, creative output, market of ideas, critical advancement, copyright ownership confusion Creative Commons, copyright law, public domain, default copyright, information spread, work reuse, attribution, for-profit deals, copyright protection, orphan works, copyright infringement, knowledge enrichment, democratization of knowledge, globalization of knowledge, printing press, shorter copyright, creativity freedom, commercially viable, copyright ownership confusion copyright, default, Creative Commons, public-funded works, reuse, attribution, for-profit, stagnation, orphan works, copyright infringement, knowledge, creative output, democratization, globalization, printing press, shorter copyright, creativity, information, experience, restrictive, contracts, agreements, law, generator, protection, standard, licensing, enrichment, market, ideas, availability, commercial viability, works, ownership, permissions, art forms, enrichment, deluge, advancement, works languishing, commercial availability, estimates, fears,abadonment, confusion, unwillingness, owners, release, viability, market, ideas, democratization, globalization, invention copyright, default, Creative Commons, attribution, reuse, stagnation, orphan works, knowledge, democratization, globalization, printing press, commercial viability, contracts, agreements, full protection, restrictive, public funding, standardization, enrichment, access, infringement, fear, ownership, confusion, market, ideas, art, forms, release, licenses, deluge, output, spreading, information, experience, automatic rights, works, creator, generation, alteration, protection, consideration, time, energy, permission, mandating, enrichment, all, commercial availability, percentage, books, creative, output, knowledge, languishing, reach, owners, copyright, Creative Commons, default rights, information spreading, public funding, attribution, for-profit deals, orphan works, copyright infringement, knowledge democratization, globalization, printing press, commercial availability, legal reform, creative output, works reuse, stagnation, permissions, absolute control,默认版权, 总体版权, 信息传播, 知识产权法, 创作共用许可, 公共资助作品, 署名权, 盈利交易, 孤儿作品, 版权侵权, 知识民主化, 全球化, 印刷术, 商业可用性,
test-international-gmehwasr-con03a	Unforeseeable consequences  We do not know where arming the rebels will lead. The most obvious parallel has to be Afghanistan in the 1980s where the United States armed the mujahideen and succeeded in their objective of damaging the USSR through a war of attrition much as the US had suffered in Vietnam. Afghanistan became an albatross around the Soviet Union’s neck. [1] But the US did not win the peace, Afghanistan descended into civil conflict which had a Taliban victory that sheltered Osama bin Laden; US arms in Afghanistan unintentionally lead more than a decade later to September 11. In this case we would be arming a movement that has many jihadi elements that could end up with the weaponry. Other countries such as Turkey are also worried about where powerful weapons such as anti aircraft missiles could end up if provided to the rebels. They fear they could easily find their way across the border to militant Kurds. [2] Other paths that this could lead to are just as bad; for example helping the Libyan rebels lead to the conflict in Mali. [3] In this case the short term consequences could be just as bad. Arming the Sunnis could provoke retaliation from either Iran or Hezbollah who could feel undermined by the move, in the worst case scenario they could even attack western assets in the area. [4]  [1] Hoffman, David E., The Dead Hand: Reagan, Gorbachev and the Untold Story of the Cold War Arms Race, Icon Books Ltd, 2011, p.211  [2] Hokayem, Emile, in ‘Roundtable: arming the Syrian rebels’, Foreign Policy, 21 February 2013  [3] Jones, Owen, ‘The war in Libya was seen as a success, now here we are engaging with the blowback in Mali’, The Independent, 13 January 2013  [4] Yacoubian, Mona, in ‘Roundtable: arming the Syrian rebels’, Foreign Policy, 21 February 2013 unforeseeable consequences, arming rebels, Afghanistan 1980s, mujahideen, USSR, Vietnam, Taliban, Osama bin Laden, September 11, jihadi elements, Turkey, anti aircraft missiles, militant Kurds, Libya, Mali, Sunnis, Iran, Hezbollah, western assets, Cold War, arms race, Syria, blowback, international security, militant groups, weapon proliferation, regional stability Unforeseeable consequences, arming rebels, Afghanistan, 1980s, United States, mujahideen, USSR, Vietnam, civil conflict, Taliban, Osama bin Laden, September 11, jihadi elements, Turkey, anti aircraft missiles, militant Kurds, Libya, conflict in Mali, short term consequences, Iran, Hezbollah, western assets, Syria, blowback, Cold War Arms Race, Foreign Policy, The Independent unforeseeable consequences, arming rebels, Afghanistan, 1980s, United States, mujahideen, USSR, Vietnam, Taliban, Osama bin Laden, September 11, jihadi elements, Turkey, anti aircraft missiles, militant Kurds, Libya, Mali, Sunnis, Iran, Hezbollah, western assets, Cold War, Icon Books Ltd, Foreign Policy, The Independent, Mona Yacoubian, Emile Hokayem, Owen Jones, David E. Hoffman, The Dead Hand unforeseeable consequences, arming rebels, Afghanistan, 1980s, United States, mujahideen, USSR, Vietnam, albatross, Soviet Union, Taliban, Osama bin Laden, September 11, jihadi elements, weaponry, Turkey, anti aircraft missiles, militant Kurds, civil conflict, Mali, Libya, short term consequences, retaliation, Iran, Hezbollah, western assets, Cold War arms race, Foreign Policy, Roundtable, Syrian rebels, The Independent, blowback, Mona Yacoubian Unforeseeable consequences, arming rebels, Afghanistan, 1980s, United States, mujahideen, USSR, Vietnam, albatross, Soviet Union, Taliban, Osama bin Laden, September 11, jihadi elements, Turkey, anti-aircraft missiles, militant Kurds, Libya, Mali, short-term consequences, Iran, Hezbollah, western assets, Cold War, arms race, Roundtable, Syrian rebels, Foreign Policy, blowback, Mona Yacoubian, Emile Hokayem, Owen Jones, The Independent
test-free-speech-debate-fchbjaj-con02a	"It is a basic principle of journalism that sources should be checked and verified by another, independent, source.  British Foreign Secretary William Hague has pointed out that the actions of Wikileaks put British lives at risk. [1] Congressman Peter King described the mass leaking of documents as “Worse even than a physical attack” on America and Assange as “an enemy combatant”. [2] Vice-President Joe Biden refers to him as a “High-tech terrorist.” [3]  He has condemned governments, endangered operations and undermined diplomatic activities, all without knowing the identity or motives of his sources. For all we know the information could be quite false or released only in part by someone with an axe to grind. Those parties who are damned by the revelations are hardly in a position to say, “No that isn’t one of our cables and here’s the real one to prove it.""  Furthermore, as the site itself proudly proclaims, it has no way of knowing who the source is and, therefore, no way of knowing the accuracy of the information published beyond the educated guesswork of their editorial staff [4] . Who is it making these guesses? It is impossible to say as only Assange’s name is associated with the site.  It’s an interesting exercise – how many other Editors-in-Chief could you name? How many star reporters can you name? Wikileaks must be the only media organisation – or such is its claim – where the only name that is widely known is that of the publisher.  It is a fairly basic principle of journalism that not only should more than one person know the identity of the source but that the information should be possible to ratify. To prove the confidence that journalist has in the source, they are prepared to put their name to it.  Assange cannot say whether he has confidence in the sources because he has no way of telling whether that is really a person with access to information or whether it is the agent of and unfriendly power, a disaffected employee or is simply making the whole thing up  [1] BBC News, 'Julian Assange ready to meet police says his lawyer', 7 December 2010,   [2] James, Frank, 'Wikileaks Is A Terror Outfit: Rep. Peter King', NPR, 29 November 2010,   [3] The Sydney Morning Herald, 'Joe Biden calls Julian Assange a 'hi-tech terrorist', 20 December 2010,   [4] The Slate. “The Wikileaks Paradox: Is Radical Transparency Compatible with Total Anonymity?” Farhad Manjoo. 28 July 2010, journalism, sources, verification, independent, British, Foreign, Secretary, William, Hague, risk, Congressman, Peter, King, Worse, physical, attack, America, Assange, enemy, combatant, Vice-President, Joe, Biden, High-tech, terrorist, condemned, governments, endangered, operations, undermined, diplomatic, identity, motives, false, axe, grind, site, proclaims, editorial, staff, guesswork, Editors-in-Chief, star, reporters, media, organisation, publisher, principle, confidence, agent, unfriendly, power, disaffected, employee, making, Wikileaks, Julian, police, journalism, source verification, independent sources, British Foreign Secretary, William Hague, Wikileaks, British lives at risk, Congressman Peter King, physical attack, enemy combatant, Vice-President Joe Biden, high-tech terrorist, government condemnation, diplomatic activities, source identity, source motives, information accuracy, editorial staff, educated guesswork, Editors-in-Chief, star reporters, media organization, journalism principles, source confidence, information verification, hostile agents, disaffected employees, information fabrication journalism, source verification, William Hague, British lives, Peter King, enemy combatant, Joe Biden, high-tech terrorist, Assange, Wikileaks, leaked documents, diplomatic activities, source anonymity, editorial staff, media organization, Julian Assange, police, terrorism, transparency, anonymity, Farhad Manjoo, Slate journalism, source verification, William Hague, British lives, Peter King, physical attack, Assange, enemy combatant, Joe Biden, high-tech terrorist, condemned governments, undermined diplomacy, source identity, motives, information accuracy, editorial staff, Wikileaks, Julian Assange, editors-in-chief, star reporters, unnamed journalists, agent, unfriendly power, disaffected employee, radical transparency, total anonymity, Farhad Manjoo, Slate, Wikileaks paradox journalism, sources, verification, William Hague, Wikileaks, British lives, Congressman Peter King, physical attack, Assange, enemy combatant, Vice-President Joe Biden, high-tech terrorist, governments, diplomatic activities, source identity, information accuracy, editorial staff, Editors-in-Chief, star reporters, Julian Assange, unfriendly power, disaffected employee, radical transparency, total anonymity"
test-international-gsciidffe-pro01a	Advancing national interests  A nation’s foreign policy should be primarily concerned with advancing the national interest. By the national interest we mean promoting the interest of the nation as a whole rather than any of its subnational groups; whether this is building up the state's military power to protect its citizens through alliances or military bases, benefiting the nation's economy through trade deals, or encouraging the creation of friendly governments around the globe. [1] Circumventing censorship helps obtain this last objective for democracies by encouraging peoples in autocracies to find their own voice and push for democracy; a system of government that is more compatible to other democracies. Ultimately this will also provide other benefits; friendly governments with similar political systems are more likely to create trade agreements with each other so providing economic benefits, in the 1990s the volume of trade between a democracy and autocracy was on average 40% less than two democracies. [2] Equally importantly democracies do not fight other democracies so helping to create stability. [3]  [1] Realism emphasises the alliances bit, Liberalism the economic self interest, and constructivists spreading values. Walt, Stephen M, “International Relations: One World, Many Theories”, Foreign Policy, Spring 1998,   [2] Mansfield, Edward D., et al., “Free to Trade: Democracies, Autocracies, and International Trade”, The American Political Science Review, Vol. 94, No. 2,  p.318  [3] Rousseau, David L., et al., “Assessing the Dayadic Nature of the Democratic Peace, 1918-88”, The American Political Science Review, Vol.90, No.3,  p.515 national interests, foreign policy, military power, trade deals, friendly governments, circumventing censorship, promoting democracy, economic benefits, trade agreements, political stability, international relations, realism, liberalism, constructivism, democratic peace, autocracies, democracies, alliances, state security, global politics, economic self-interest, spreading values, international trade, political systems, global stability, non-aggression, diplomatic relations, security alliances, economic integration, democratic governance, state sovereignty, international cooperation, geopolitical strategy, international law, human rights, global economy, political influence, strategic partnerships, international security, peacekeeping, state power, national security, economic national interests, foreign policy, military power, economic benefits, trade deals, friendly governments, democracy, autocracies, censorship, political stability, realism, liberalism, constructivism, international relations, democratic peace, trade agreements, economic self-interest, spreading values, alliances, military bases, subnational groups, democratic governance, global stability, diplomatic relations, state security, strategic alliances, political systems, international trade, democratic transitions, peace research, policy analysis, governance models, security studies, political science, state sovereignty, international cooperation, global politics, political economy, democratization, conflict prevention, international security, global governance, state-building, international national interest, foreign policy, military power, economic benefits, trade deals, friendly governments, circumventing censorship, promoting democracy, realism, liberalism, constructivism, democratic peace, international trade, subnational groups, state alliances, military bases, economic self-interest, spreading values, autocracies, democracies, political stability national interests, foreign policy, military alliances, economic trade, democracy promotion, circumventing censorship, realist theory, liberal theory, constructivist theory, democratic peace, international trade, political stability, state security, economic benefits, democratic governance, autocracies, democracies, trade agreements, political values, global stability national interests, foreign policy, state's military power, trade deals, friendly governments, circumventing censorship, promoting democracy, economic benefits, trade agreements, political stability, realism, liberalism, constructivism, democratic peace, international relations theories, alliances, economic self-interest, spreading values, autocracies, democracies, non-aggression, security studies, geopolitical strategies, global politics, international trade, political systems compatibility
test-digital-freedoms-efsappgdfp-con02a	Lack of trust  The problem is that when it comes to privacy it is not really our personal physical security that we are worried about. Part of the problem is that we value our right to a private life and that we should have control over that to the extent of being able to decide how much information others know about us. To a large extent this is an issue of trust; we (sometimes wrongly) trust our friends and others with information about us. We often trust faceless entities; companies and governments too though usually to less of an extent. But a lot of that trust is as a result of their willingness to tell us what they know about us, to provide information in return, or to provide methods for us to restrict what they know. In cases like this that trust has not been earned; we were not asked, and not obviously given anything back, and there seems little change of us changing the terms of the relationship. privacy, personal, security, private, life, control, information, trust, friends, entities, companies, governments, willingness, provide, methods, restrict, earned, asked, given, relationship, terms, data, protection, consent, transparency, accountability Lack of trust, privacy, personal physical security, private life, control over information, trust in friends, trust in entities, companies, governments, willingness to share information, methods to restrict information, unearned trust, not being asked, given nothing back, changing relationship terms privacy, personal security, private life, information control, trust, friends, entities, companies, governments, information sharing, trustworthiness, transparency, user consent, relationship terms, data privacy, personal information, digital trust, corporate responsibility, governmental surveillance, user rights privacy, personal, physical, security, private, life, control, information, trust, friends, entities, companies, governments, willingness, transparency, methods, restrict, earned, asked, given, terms, relationship privacy, personal security, private life, control, information, trust, friends, faceless entities, companies, governments, willingness, transparency, methods, restrict, earned, terms, relationship
test-education-egtuscpih-con02a	Online courses make it impossible to ensure academic honesty  With online courses, unlike with actual tests and lectures, there is no way to ensure the person is not cheating on the other side of the screen. There is no way to ensure that essays and papers are written by people who will be getting degrees, and especially that tests and examinations are taken by the people who will be getting the degrees. But even if they are the same people, there is no way to prevent cheating during tests and examinations, as people can just have the cheat sheets in front of them and there are no supervisors to stop them from doing so. The crucial point about university degrees is that they ensure that the person is the professional. With online courses, that is not possible, which undermines the whole idea of the university degree. online courses, academic honesty, cheating, supervision, degrees, authentication, integrity, education quality, university standards, remote learning, exam integrity, professional competence, academic fraud, virtual supervision, honor code, cheating prevention, online assessments, academic credentials, learning outcomes, educational technology, proctoring systems online courses, academic honesty, cheating, supervision, examinations, essays, papers, university degrees, professionalism, integrity, remote learning, test integrity, examination supervision, academic credentials, degree validity, online education, academic cheating, academic supervision, online assessments, educational integrity online courses, academic honesty, cheating, supervision, examination integrity, degree validity, professional competence, educational standards, remote learning, test security, plagiarism, educational assessment, academic integrity, virtual education, degree authenticity online courses, academic honesty, cheating, supervision, examinations, degrees, professionalism, universities, integrity, remote learning, authentication, academic integrity, online testing, academic credentials, educational assessment online courses, academic honesty, cheating, online tests, lectures, essays, papers, degrees, supervisors, cheat sheets, university degrees, professionalism, integrity, education quality, remote learning, academic integrity, examination supervision, virtual learning, credential value
test-politics-ypppdghwid-con05a	"Attempting to impose democracy may escalate conflict.  Intervening in a country, and attempting to impose a different government, is likely to a) result in backlash and b) destabilize the country by destroying infrastructure and disrupting services. Both these things make it far more likely that violent conflict will emerge, either between the country and the imposers, or within the country, as rival factions are forced to compete for scarce resources and rights protection. Iraq is a prime example of intervention causing a civil war. The previous gulf war combined with sanctions and weeks of bombing destroyed Iraq's infrastructure resulting in what General Odierno called 'societal devastation'1 and the disbanding of the army and debaathification forced the experienced administrators who ran the country out of their jobs.(Kane, 'Don't repeat the mistakes of Iraq in Libya', 2011) The result was the attempt to impose democracy was bloody and only partially successful.  1 Parrish, Karen, ""Odierno, Crocker: Iraq's Future Still Hinges on U.S. Support"", American Forces Press Service, November 15, 2010,  2 Kane, Sean., 'Don't repeat the mistakes of Iraq in Libya', ForeignPolicy.com, April 27, 2011, democracy, conflict, imposition, backlash, destabilization, infrastructure, services, violent conflict, civil war, Iraq, intervention, gulf war, sanctions, bombing, societal devastation, disbanding army, debaathification, administrators, mistakes, Libya, partial success, U.S. support, Foreign Policy, Sean Kane, General Odierno, Karen Parrish democracy, conflict, imposition, intervention, governance, backlash, destabilization, infrastructure, services, violent conflict, civil war, Iraq, sanctions, bombing, societal devastation, army disbanding, debaathification, experienced administrators, partial success, foreign policy, Libya, mistakes, Sean Kane, Don't repeat the mistakes of Iraq in Libya, 2011, American Forces Press Service, General Odierno, Crocker, Iraq's Future Still Hinges on U.S. Support, November 15, 2010 democracy, conflict, imposition, intervention, government, backlash, destabilization, infrastructure, services, violent conflict, civil war, Iraq, example, Gulf War, sanctions, bombing, societal devastation, disbanding army, debaathification, experienced administrators, attempt, bloody, partially successful, mistakes, Libya, ForeignPolicy.com, American Forces Press Service democracy imposition, conflict escalation, government intervention, backlash, country destabilization, infrastructure destruction, service disruption, violent conflict, civil war, Iraq example, societal devastation, army disbanding, debaathification, experienced administrators, partial success, U.S. support, Foreign Policy, Sean Kane, General Odierno, Karen Parrish, American Forces Press Service democracy imposition, conflict escalation, country intervention, government change, backlash, country destabilization, infrastructure destruction, service disruption, violent conflict, civil war, Iraq, societal devastation, army disbanding, debaathification, experienced administrators, mistakes of Iraq, Libya, bloody imposition, partial success"
test-free-speech-debate-nshbbsbfb-pro03a	There is a duty for a broadcaster that is not dependent on either commercial or state funding to give a platform to controversial works of art.  The BBC is in an unusual position, simply because of its funding structure, to promote new or challenging works of art. The licence fee means that it is freed of many of the pressures brought to bear by either commercial or political masters. Although it has never taken that to mean it has a carte blanche, it does allow for opportunities simply not available to many broadcasters in terms showcasing new works of art and encouraging creative development.  The BBC’s global audience in 2007 was 233 million [i] . That audience provides some context for the 1,500 who actively protested this particular broadcast.  It seems reasonable to suggest that many of those millions follow the BBC because they trust the Corporation’s approach of providing the widest possible range of output and opinion. For such an organisation to capitulate to a prudish group – who were outside BBC venues at the time so couldn’t have seen the broadcast – would be a huge betrayal of that trust.  [i] BBC News Website. “BBC Global Audience Hits New High”. 21 May 2007. broadcasting, BBC, funding, commercial, state, controversial, art, licence fee, pressures, commercial pressure, political pressure, new works, creative development, global audience, protest, trust, output, opinion, capitulation, prudish, betrayal duty, broadcaster, non-commercial, non-state, funding, controversial, works, art, BBC, unique, position, funding, structure, promote, new, challenging, licence, fee, freedom, commercial, political, pressures, showcase, encourage, creative, development, global, audience, protest, trust, organisation, capitulate, prudish, group, betrayal, range, output, opinion BBC, broadcaster, funding, controversial, art, licence fee, commercial, state, new, challenging, creative, development, global audience, protest, trust, prudish, betrayal, output, opinion, carte blanche, BBC News, 2007, 233 million, 1500 protesters, BBC venues duty, broadcaster, non-commercial, non-state, funding, platform, controversial, art, BBC, unique, position, funding, structure, promote, new, challenging, works, licence, fee, pressure, commercial, political, masters, carte, blanche, opportunities, showcase, encourage, creative, development, global, audience, 2007, protest, trust, corporation, approach, range, output, opinion, prudish, group, betrayal, venues, broadcast BBC, broadcaster, funding, commercial, state, controversial, art, licence fee, pressure, commercial, political, new, challenging, works, art, creative, development, global audience, protest, trust, range, output, opinion, prudish, group, betrayal
test-society-ghbgqeaaems-pro04a	"Quota-led gender equality in executive boards will help shape a gender sensitive and highly performing business environment.  There are many reports showing that there is a positive correlation between the number of women on high positions and the companies’ performance. A report from The McKinsey Organizational Health Index (OHI) argues that companies with three or more women in top positions (executive committee and higher) scored higher than their peers. Companies that score highly on all the OHI measures have also shown superior financial performance. [1]  This is often related to the high overall education level of women on boards. In Norway, there has been some advancement in firms’ human capital as a result of the quotas, [2] which may result in increased profits in the future due to the increasing number of well educated women.  Female managers tend to promote a communal and collaborative style of leadership that can improve a company’s performance and work culture. Organizations with women in top leadership positions are also more likely to provide work-life assistance to all employees. [3] Norwegian scholars have found that the increased number of women on boards has led to more focused and strategic decision-making, increased communication, and decreased conflict. [4] In fact, many successful business women, such as Sheryl Sandberg, also argue that more women in business could change business ethics and the male-associated image of successful business model that will bring competitive advantages to companies and thus, to the EU economies. [5]  [1] Barsh, Joanna, and Lareina Yee. ""Unlocking the Full Potential of Women in the US Economy."" McKinsey & Company. N.p., 2011. Web .  [2] Sandberg, Sheryl, Lean In: Women, Work, and the Will to Lead, New York, 2013  [3] Matos, Kenneth, and Galinsky, Ellen, “2012 National Study of Employers”, Families and Work Institute, 2012, p.45  [4] Sweigart, Anne. ""Women on Board for Change: The Norway Model of Boardroom Quotas As a Tool For Progress in the United States and Canada."" Northwestern Journal of International Law & Business 32.4, 2012  [5] Sandberg, Sheryl, Lean In: Women, Work, and the Will to Lead, New York, 2013 gender equality, executive boards, business performance, women in high positions, McKinsey Organizational Health Index, financial performance, education level, board quotas, human capital, leadership style, work-life balance, strategic decision-making, conflict reduction, business ethics, competitive advantage, EU economies, Sheryl Sandberg, Lean In,挪威模式,女性董事会 quotas, North America progress, Norway quotas, women on boards, Anne Sweigart, Kenneth Matos, Ellen Galinsky, 2012 National Study of Employers, Families and Work Institute quota-led gender equality, executive boards, business performance, women in high positions, McKinsey Organizational Health Index, women on boards, corporate financial performance, female leadership, work-life balance, strategic decision-making, communication, conflict reduction, Sheryl Sandberg, Lean In, EU economies, competitive advantages, human capital, Norway boardroom quotas, male-dominated business model, leadership diversity, collaborative leadership style, women in top leadership, business ethics, organizational health, corporate governance, female executives, gender diversity in business, leadership styles, corporate social responsibility, economic growth, female empowerment, corporate performance, gender-sensitive business environment gender equality, executive boards, business performance, women leadership, McKinsey OHI, female managers, work-life balance, strategic decision-making, communication, conflict reduction, Sheryl Sandberg, Lean In, Norway quotas, EU economies, competitive advantages, work culture, human capital, education level, top leadership, female representation, business ethics, male-associated image, successful business model, organizational health, financial performance, communal leadership, collaborative leadership, women on boards, Norway model, boardroom quotas, United States, Canada, women in business, potential of women, US economy, work-life assistance, focused decision-making, Norway scholars, successful business quota-led gender equality, executive boards, business performance, women in high positions, McKinsey Organizational Health Index, women in top positions, financial performance, women on boards, human capital, female managers, leadership style, work-life assistance, strategic decision-making, corporate governance, Sheryl Sandberg, business ethics, competitive advantages, EU economies, Norway model, boardroom quotas gender equality, executive boards, business performance, women in leadership, top positions, McKinsey Organizational Health Index, financial performance, education level, women on boards, human capital, female managers, collaborative leadership, work-life balance, strategic decision-making, decreased conflict, business ethics, competitive advantages, EU economies, Sheryl Sandberg, Lean In, Norway model, boardroom quotas, United States, Canada"
test-politics-cpecfiepg-pro02a	Defaulting would be the quickest route to economic recovery  Under the status quo, the Greek economy is only headed in one direction: deeper recession. There are no signs of the situation changing any time soon. Were the Greek Government to default on its debts, after a period of recession, conditions would quickly be favourable for economic growth once more. This is what was observed when Argentina and other nations [1] recently defaulted and can be explained by many factors. Firstly, defaulting and exiting the Eurozone would allow Greece to conduct monetary policy more freely: they would be able to quickly devalue their currency in order to make Greek goods and services more competitive on the international market. This would increase exports and attract investment, as well as tourists looking for cheaper holidays – all of which would contribute towards the rebuilding of the Greek economy. [2] Moreover, were Greece to default, it would put an end to the huge degree of unpredictability and uncertainty about the Greek economy. At the moment, nobody knows if the banks are safe, if the government will default etc. The constant chopping and changing of current austerity measures such as increases in varieties of corporate tax and changes in regulations also contribute to the huge degree of uncertainty in the Greek economy. Uncertainty breeds risk and risk breeds fear: a recipe that drives away foreign investors and makes it difficult for local businesses to start up. Were Greece to default, however, such elements of uncertainty would be seriously diminished, and conditions would be ripe for investment from abroad and locally. Greek would be able to start afresh.  [1] Pettifor, Ann: “Greece: The upside of default”, 23 May 2012, BBC News,   [2] Lapavitsas, Costas: “Eurozone crisis: what if… Greece leaves the single currency”, 14 May 2012, The Guardian, Greece, default, economic recovery, recession, Eurozone, monetary policy, currency devaluation, exports, investment, tourism, uncertainty, risk, foreign investors, local businesses, Ann Pettifor, Costas Lapavitsas, Eurozone crisis, Greece leaves single currency economic recovery, default, Greek economy, recession, Argentina, monetary policy, devaluation, currency, exports, investment, tourism, uncertainty, banks, austerity, corporate tax, regulations, foreign investors, local businesses, fresh start, Eurozone crisis, Greece leaves, single currency Defaulting, economic recovery, Greek economy, recession, debt, Eurozone, monetary policy, currency devaluation, exports, investment, tourism, uncertainty, risk, foreign investors, local businesses, economic growth, Argentina, Pettifor, Lapavitsas, Eurozone crisis Greece, default, economic recovery, recession, Eurozone, monetary policy, currency devaluation, exports, investment, tourism, uncertainty, risk, foreign investors, local businesses, economic growth, Argentina, Pettifor, Lapavitsas, Eurozone crisis, single currency, international market, competitiveness, banks, government, austerity measures, corporate tax, regulations, unpredictability, fresh start Greece, default, economic recovery, recession, Eurozone, monetary policy, devaluation, competitiveness, exports, investment, tourism, uncertainty, banks, austerity, foreign investors, local businesses, risk, Ann Pettifor, Costas Lapavitsas, Eurozone crisis, currency exit
test-health-dhghwapgd-pro05a	You cannot own an idea, and thus cannot hold patents, especially to vital drugs  An individual's idea, so long as it rests solely in his mind or is kept safely hidden, belongs to him. When he disseminates it to everyone and makes it public, it becomes part of the public domain, and belongs to anyone who can use it. If individuals or firms want to keep something a secret, like a production method, then they should keep it to themselves and be careful with how they disseminate their product. One should not, however, expect some sort of ownership to inhere in an idea one has, since no such ownership right exists1. No one can own an idea. Thus recognizing something like a property right over something like a drug formula is contrary to reason, since doing so gives monopoly power to individuals who may not make efficient or equitable use of their asset. Physical property is a tangible asset, and thus can be protected by tangible safeguards. Ideas do not share this right to protection, because an idea, once spoken, enters the public domain and belongs to everyone. This should apply all the more with vital drugs that are fundamentally for the public good by improving health.  1Fitzgerald, Brian and Anne Fitzgerald. 2004. Intellectual Property: In Principle. Melbourne: Lawbook Company. idea ownership, patent rights, vital drugs, public domain, intellectual property, monopoly power, equitable use, tangible assets, intangible assets, health improvement, public good, Brian Fitzgerald, Anne Fitzgerald, Intellectual Property: In Principle, Lawbook Company, 2004 patents, vital drugs, individual idea, public domain, production method, property right, drug formula, monopoly power, tangible asset, public good, health improvement, intellectual property patents, vital drugs, intellectual property, public domain, idea ownership, monopoly power, equitable use, tangible assets, public good, health improvement, Brian Fitzgerald, Anne Fitzgerald intellectual property, patents, vital drugs, public domain, idea ownership, monopoly power, equitable use, public good, health improvement, tangible assets, intangible rights, Fitzgerald, Brian, Anne Fitzgerald, Intellectual Property: In Principle, Lawbook Company, Melbourne, 2004 patents, vital drugs, intellectual property, public domain, idea ownership, monopoly power, equitable use, physical property, tangible safeguards, public good, health improvement, Brian Fitzgerald, Anne Fitzgerald
test-law-cplgpshwdp-pro03a	Jurors are already aware of information which might ‘bias’ their verdict.  Jurors are frequently affected by media coverage of particular cases, which makes it almost impossible for them to remain impartial in the idealistic way which opposition naively believes possible. This creates a situation where the jury may be more affected by information which they have found out elsewhere – for example on the news or in newspapers – than the information which is presented to them in court. There have been some cases where jurors search the internet to find the backgrounds to their cases, despite the fact that this is not allowed [1] . This evidently reflects that jurors feel that they have not been adequately informed and so seek facts elsewhere. Given that this need has been reflected by the jurors themselves, the court should give jurors all possible information and bring previous convictions into the open to ensure that they can base their verdict on reliable fact presented in court rather than resorting to sensationalist media.  [1] Attorney General’s Office, ‘Juror convicted for internet research’, 23 January 2012. jurors, bias, verdict, media coverage, impartiality, internet research, previous convictions, reliable information, sensationalist media, court proceedings, legal ethics, jury duty, informational needs, verdict reliability jurors, bias, verdict, media, coverage, impartiality, internet, research, previous, convictions, court, information, sensationalism, facts, reliable, naive, opposition, cases, news, newspapers, prohibited, background, informed, ethical, legal, disclosure, judgment, evidence, fairness jurors, bias, media, impartiality, information, court, internet, research, verdict, convictions, sensationalism, facts, transparency, legal, justice, jury, influence, publicity, trial, misconduct, ethics jurors, bias, verdict, media, coverage, impartiality, internet, research, background, information, court, previous, convictions, reliable, facts, sensationalist, Attorney, General’s, Office, juror, convicted, January, 2012 jurors, bias, verdict, media, coverage, impartial, opposition, internet, research, convictions, court, information, reliable, facts, sensationalist
test-politics-gvhwhnerse-pro02a	Avoids the costs and uncertainty of elections  It is hard to see what the benefit of an election that can change nothing is, but there are certainly all the costs associated with a normal election. Elections can be costly in financial terms, the United States elections cost several billion dollars but even much smaller and less extravagant elections need financing. Zimbabwe’s elections in 2013 forced the government to ask its neighbours for $85 million to carry out the polls, for a nation that is essentially bankrupt this is a lot of money. [1]  Another cost is uncertainty. In fully democratic elections the uncertainty is with what the policies will be when the government changes. With sham elections the uncertainty is whether the elections will be a focus for violence. Sometimes this is during campaigning itself as with Zimbabwe in 2008 where up to 200 people were killed. [2] Otherwise violence occurs when there is a perception that an election has been stolen so the Green Movement in Iran took to the streets and was met with a violent crackdown in 2009. [3]  [1] VOA News, ‘Zimbabwe Seeks Help to Cover Election Costs’, Voice of America, 10 July 2013,   [2] ‘Zimbabwe: No Justice for Rampant Killings, Torture’, Human Rights Watch, 8 March 2011,   [3] AFP, ‘Iran opposition says 72 killed in vote protests’, Google, 3 September 2009, elections, costs, financial, uncertainty, policies, government, sham, violence, campaigning, stolen, protests, Iran, Zimbabwe, United States election costs, financial burden, uncertainty, policy change, sham elections, election violence, political instability, Zimbabwe, United States, Iran, Green Movement, election financing, international aid, human rights violations costs, uncertainty, elections, financial, United States, Zimbabwe, election financing, violence, sham elections, Green Movement, Iran, protest crackdown costs, uncertainty, elections, financial, United States, Zimbabwe, financing, government, neighbours, bankrupt, money, democratic, policies, sham, violence, campaigning, Green Movement, Iran, protests, crackdown election costs, financial costs, United States elections, Zimbabwe elections, election financing, government costs, election uncertainty, policy uncertainty, government change, sham elections, election violence, Zimbabwe 2008 election, Iran 2009 election, Green Movement, election fraud, violent crackdown, human rights, election funding, international aid, political stability, democratic processes, electoral violence, campaign violence, post-election violence, electoral integrity, political transitions, election monitoring, international relations, African politics, Middle Eastern politics, democratic elections, non-democratic elections, political costs, social costs, economic costs, election administration, election expenses, voter turnout
test-economy-epehwmrbals-pro04a	Historically the donor of Foreign Aid has always set down pre-requisites  When a donor nation parts with foreign aid for development to a nation, it must always choose who it prefers to give it to as there is a limited pot of money to donate there needs to be a way of allocating it. It is not surprising therefore that countries with shared colonial histories tend to dominate aid flows, thus Britain has historically given most aid to countries that were its colonies; in 1960 Malta and Cyprus received most, while India was the biggest recipient for much of the rest of the 20th Century. [1] Further, often countries offering aid, such as the US, the UK, and the EU, require the pre-requisite of democracy or the start of a democratisation process. Therefore, it is justified to add a pre-requisite for better standards of business and labour as it helps implementation, and principally meets the goals of the developmental aid itself. [2]  [1] Provost, Claire, ‘UK aid: where does it o and how has it changed since 1960?’, Datablog guardian.co.uk, 14 April 2011,   [2] Dollar, David and Alesina, Alberto. “Who Gives Foreign Aid to Whom and Why?” Journal of Economic Growth, Volume 5, No. 1(Mar., 2000). Foreign Aid, Donor Nation, Pre-requisites, Colonial Histories, Aid Allocation, Democracy, Democratisation Process, Business Standards, Labour Standards, Developmental Aid, UK Aid, USAID, EU Aid, Historical Aid Recipients, Malta, Cyprus, India, Economic Growth, Aid Distribution, International Development, Colonial Legacy, Aid Effectiveness,Recipient Selection Criteria Foreign Aid, Donor, Pre-requisites, Colonial Histories, Aid Allocation, Democracy, Democratisation, Business Standards, Labour Standards, Developmental Aid, UK Aid, US Aid, EU Aid, Recipient Countries, Historical Trends, Malta, Cyprus, India, Aid Distribution, Economic Growth, Policy Requirements, International Assistance, Colonial Legacy, Global Development, Aid Effectiveness, Donor Preferences, Recipient Selection Criteria Foreign Aid, Donor Nations, Pre-requisites, Colonial Histories, Aid Allocation, Democracy, Democratisation, Business Standards, Labour Standards, Developmental Aid, UK Aid, US Aid, EU Aid, Aid Recipients, Historical Aid Patterns, Aid Effectiveness, Aid Conditionalities, Economic Growth, International Development, Colonial Legacy, Post-colonial Relations, Aid Distribution, Development Goals, Policy Requirements, Aid Prioritisation, Recipient Countries, Donor Preferences, Development Assistance, Aid Impact, Global Aid Flows, International Relations, Political Conditions, Economic Development, Social Development, Governance, Transparency, Accountability, Development Cooperation, International Foreign Aid, Donor Nations, Pre-requisites, Colonial Histories, Aid Allocation, Democracy Requirement, Developmental Goals, Business Standards, Labour Standards, UK Aid, US Aid, EU Aid, Colonial Legacy, International Development, Economic Growth, Aid Recipients, Historical Aid Patterns, Democratisation Process, Development Assistance, Policy Conditions Foreign Aid, Donor Nation, Pre-requisites, Allocation, Shared Colonial Histories, British Aid, Democracy, Democratisation Process, Business Standards, Labour Standards, Developmental Aid, UK Aid, Aid Recipients, Malta, Cyprus, India, US Aid, EU Aid, Economic Growth, Aid Distribution, Colonial Legacy, International Development, Policy Conditions, Recipient Countries, Aid Effectiveness
test-politics-ghbgussbsbt-pro01a	Checks and balances  By having both parties in charge of different parts of the Government, there can be a greater degree of scrutiny over policy as the opposition party will force the president to justify his policies.  Under single-party rule, there is a risk of a President being able to push through his/her agenda with little oversight from a legislative branch that is largely in agreement with the policy. One need only look to authoritarian governments the world over to see that governments with too much power are likely to abuse that power.  Divided Government provides a check on the executive, preventing agendas to be pushed through, allowing for compromise to be made between the two major parties, ensuring that the best possible policy for Americans is enacted. As Benjamin Franklin wrote “It is not enough that your Legislature should be numerous; it should also be divided.” [1]  [1] Franklin, Benjamin, Writings, ‘III. On the Legislative Branch.’ 10:55 – 60, 1789, checks and balances, divided government, legislative scrutiny, policy justification, single-party rule, executive oversight, legislative branch, policy compromise, legislative division, Benjamin Franklin, authoritarian governments, government power abuse, legislative numeracy checks and balances, divided government, scrutiny, policy, opposition party, presidential agenda, legislative branch, oversight, single-party rule, authoritarian governments, executive power, compromise, American policy, Benjamin Franklin, legislative division checks and balances, divided government, legislative scrutiny, opposition party, executive oversight, single-party rule, policy justification, authoritarian governments, government power abuse, legislative compromise, Benjamin Franklin, legislative division checks and balances, divided government, legislative scrutiny, policy justification, single-party rule, executive oversight, legislative branch, authoritarian governments, power abuse, divided legislature, compromise, partisan agreement, Benjamin Franklin, legislative division, American policy checks and balances, divided government, scrutiny, policy justification, single-party rule, legislative oversight, executive power, policy abuse, authoritarian governments, compromise, best policy, Benjamin Franklin, legislative branch, American politics, government accountability
test-society-mmcpsgfhbf-pro03a	Pornography fuels unreachable ideals  Pornography presents a distorted perception of people, sexuality, and relationships, which has a further effect on a broader societal level. It promotes unreachable ideals of how both women and men should be in bed, and pushes both in the direction of what is idealised in pornography. This may push men to be more dominating than otherwise and women to suffer from anorexia, low self-esteem, and promiscuity. We can expect women to be the most affected by this, simply because the porn industry is owned almost entirely by men, and because there are pre-existing patriarchal structures in society ready to promote the idea that women are there to serve men.  Altogether, pornography merely promotes a new stereotype: that women are generally happy to have sex at any time, that they will respond positively to any man’s advances, and if a woman does not, there is something wrong with her. pornography, unreachable ideals, distorted perception, sexuality, relationships, societal impact, male dominance, female anorexia, low self-esteem, promiscuity, patriarchal structures, women serving men, sexual stereotypes, consent issues, gender inequality pornography, unreachable ideals, distorted perception, sexuality, relationships, societal impact, gender roles, male dominance, female submissiveness, anorexia, low self-esteem, promiscuity, patriarchal structures, women's objectification, male ownership, sexual stereotypes, consent issues Pornography, unreachable ideals, distorted perception, sexuality, relationships, societal impact, gender roles, male dominance, female self-esteem, anorexia, promiscuity, patriarchy, stereotypes, sexual objectification, women's rights, media influence, sexual expectations, mental health pornography, unreachable ideals, distorted perception, sexuality, relationships, societal impact, gender roles, male dominance, female anorexia, low self-esteem, promiscuity, patriarchal structures, sexual stereotypes, women's sexuality, men's behavior, sexual expectations, societal norms, gender inequality, sexual objectification Pornography, unreachable ideals, distorted perception, sexuality, relationships, societal impact, gender roles, domination, anorexia, low self-esteem, promiscuity, patriarchy, female objectification, sexual stereotypes, consent, male dominance, women's rights, sexual health, media influence, body image, sexual behavior, gender inequality
test-international-siacphbnt-pro02a	Technology has driven youths to identify new markets  A key technology for youths are mobile phones and devices. Across West and East Africa the possession of mobile phones has enabled citizens to network and form solutions to social problems. By 2015, there are expected to be 1 billion mobile cellular subscriptions in Sub-Saharan Africa (Sambira, 2013). This is the first African generation directly accessing high-technology, although uncertainty remains in the amount of youths having access to technology. Through mobile phones new business opportunities, and flows of money, are being created. Furthermore, mobile phones are providing innovative solutions to health care treatment, ensuring better health for future entrepreneurs and youths.  SlimTrader is a positive example [1] . SlimTrader uses mobile phones to provide a range of vital services - from airplane and bus tickets to medicine. The innovative e-commerce provides a space to advertise skills, products, and opportunities - to, on the one hand, identify new consumer demands; and on another hand, create notices to exchange goods.  Mobile technology is making it faster, quicker, and simpler to tap into new markets [2] .  [1] See further readings: SlimTrader, 2013; Ummeli, 2013.  [2] See further readings: Nsehe, 2013. Inspite of challenges Patrick Ngowi has earned millions through the construction of Helvetic Solar Contractors. technology, youths, new markets, mobile phones, devices, West Africa, East Africa, social problems, Sub-Saharan Africa, mobile cellular subscriptions, high-technology, business opportunities, money, health care, SlimTrader, e-commerce, consumer demands, exchange goods, mobile technology, challenges, Helvetic Solar Contractors, Patrick Ngowi, millions, construction technology, youths, new markets, mobile phones, devices, West Africa, East Africa, networking, social problems, Sub-Saharan Africa, mobile cellular subscriptions, access to technology, business opportunities, money flows, health care treatment, SlimTrader, e-commerce, advertise skills, products, opportunities, consumer demands, exchange goods, Helvetic Solar Contractors, Patrick Ngowi, challenges, millions, construction, solar contractors Technology, youths, new markets, mobile phones, devices, West Africa, East Africa, social problems, Sub-Saharan Africa, mobile cellular subscriptions, high-technology, business opportunities, money flows, health care, entrepreneurs, SlimTrader, e-commerce, consumer demands, exchange goods, mobile technology, challenges, Helvetic Solar Contractors, Patrick Ngowi technology, youths, markets, mobile phones, devices, West Africa, East Africa, social problems, Sub-Saharan Africa, subscriptions, high-technology, business opportunities, money, health care, entrepreneurs, SlimTrader, e-commerce, services, airplane tickets, bus tickets, medicine, skills, products, consumer demands, exchange goods, mobile technology, challenges, Patrick Ngowi, Helvetic Solar Contractors, Ummeli, Sambira, Nsehe Technology, youths, new markets, mobile phones, devices, West Africa, East Africa, Sub-Saharan Africa, mobile cellular subscriptions, high-technology, business opportunities, flows of money, health care, SlimTrader, e-commerce, consumer demands, exchange goods, mobile technology, challenges, Patrick Ngowi, Helvetic Solar Contractors
test-culture-cgeeghwmeo-pro03a	Avoids self-segregation  In a time when the US has begun to overcome racial segregation, and legal discrimination in other fields, one of the great challenges it faces is self-segregation.  Linguistic diversity worsens these problems because it inevitably leads to self-segregation. All things being equal, and even if they are not, people like to be around people they can communicate with.  This was not a huge problem in years past when most immigrant groups were small enough to be easily swallowed, and too small to maintain their linguistic unity, but the Hispanic population in the United States has grown at such a rate, that it is possible to get by with Spanish in many major US cities. Restaurants, businesses and services all exist which cater to it, and there is an entire industry of Spanish language television available.  This in turn makes the risk of social balkanization much stronger. While a small minority of people may learn new languages because they want to, the vast majority learn them when they have to – and if individuals can get by without doing so, it’s likely that they will not. Rather than assimilation, you will have a divergence between the linguistic minority and the majority. self-segregation, racial segregation, legal discrimination, linguistic diversity, communication, immigrant groups, Hispanic population, Spanish language, social balkanization, assimilation, linguistic minority, majority self-segregation, racial-segregation, legal-discrimination, linguistic-diversity, communication, immigrant-groups, Hispanic-population, Spanish-language, social-balkanization, assimilation, linguistic-minority, majority, language-learning self-segregation, racial segregation, legal discrimination, linguistic diversity, communication, immigration, Hispanic population, Spanish language, assimilation, social balkanization, linguistic minority, majority, language learning, cultural integration self-segregation, racial segregation, legal discrimination, linguistic diversity, communication, immigrant groups, Hispanic population, Spanish language, social balkanization, assimilation, linguistic minority, majority, language learning, cultural divergence self-segregation, racial-segregation, legal-discrimination, linguistic-diversity, communication-barriers, immigrant-groups, Hispanic-population, Spanish-language, social-balkanization, assimilation, linguistic-minority, cultural-divergence
test-law-lghwpcctcc-con03a	Televising court cases undermines the right to privacy for the victim and the defendant’s family  Court proceedings can be extremely stressful for the families of the accused, and publicising them in this way only makes this worse. Again, a good example of this is the Milly Dowler case, when her father’s pornographic magazines were used as evidence against him [1] . Not only did he then have to try and come to terms with his daughter’s disappearance, but also the knowledge that the media – and his family – now knew intensely personal details about him which were not even relevant to the case, but used to try and condemn him anyway. Meanwhile, although the family members have done nothing wrong, they are forced to listen to critical evidence of another family member which is suddenly now broadcast into peoples’ homes directly from the court. Their public and private lives would be irrevocably transformed by this experience. Secondly, because the defence must try to protect the defendant, these vilifying tactics can also be used against the victim – which could then lead to fewer people being prepared to testify. There is already a problem in society where not all crimes are even reported, sometimes because the victims are afraid of how people will then think of them [2] [3] . The knowledge that the defence will try to expose them as a fraud, or deny that the offence took place – in front of millions of people watching the case on television – suddenly becomes a much bigger obstacle for victims, especially if they are emotionally shaken by their experience [4] , to come forward and help a criminal to be convicted.  [1]  , accessed 19/08/11  [2]  , accessed 19/08/11  [3]  , accessed 19/08/11  [4] Support group for women who have been victims of rape; helping them to testify in court  , accessed 19/08/11 Televising court cases, right to privacy, victim, defendant’s family, stress, Milly Dowler case, media, public scrutiny, irrelevant evidence, public life, private life, defence tactics, vilification, victim testimony, crime reporting, societal issues, emotional impact, rape victims, testifying in court televising court cases, right to privacy, victim, defendant’s family, stress, Milly Dowler case, media exposure, irrelevant evidence, societal impact, crime reporting, victim testimony, emotional trauma, public scrutiny, criminal conviction, court proceedings, privacy invasion, emotional impact, public broadcasting, court evidence, family trauma, defense tactics, victim support, rape victims, testifying in court televising court cases, right to privacy, victim, defendant's family, stress, publicizing, Milly Dowler case, irrelevant evidence, media scrutiny, family trauma, public and private lives, defence tactics, victim vilification, crime reporting, emotional impact, testimony obstacles, rape victims, support groups, court testimony, societal perceptions, criminal conviction televising court cases, right to privacy, victim, defendant's family, stress, publicizing, media impact, Milly Dowler case, personal details, irrelevant evidence, public life, private life, defence tactics, victim vilification, reduced testimony, crime reporting, societal issues, emotional impact, rape victims, court testimony televising court cases, right to privacy, victim, defendant's family, stress, publicizing, media impact, Milly Dowler case, personal details, irrelevant evidence, family life, public exposure, defence tactics, victim testimony, crime reporting, societal issues, emotional trauma, criminal conviction, support groups, rape victims, court testimony
test-international-segiahbarr-pro01a	Africa’s Economies are growing rapidly  Africa has recently experienced some of the most significant economic growth in the world. Amongst the top ten growing economies in the world are five African countries; The Gambia, Libya, Mozambique, Sierra Leone, and South Sudan [1] . The latter, South Sudan, witnessed GDP growth of 32% in 2013. Other economies in Africa are also doing exceptionally well, such as Ethiopia and Ghana. As ever, natural resources are a key export for these countries. Recent investments from China in exchange for Africa’s abundant natural resources have enabled many African countries to develop at a significantly faster rate, with trade between the continent and China increasing by $155 billion [2] . All of this has contributed to an average GDP growth of 4.8% in the past ten years. There is a rapidly expanding middle-class and it is predicted that by 2015 there will be over 100 million Africans living on $3,000 a year [3] , showing an increasingly positive future for Africa.  [1] Maps of World, ‘Top Ten Countries with Fastest Growing Economies’, 2013  [2] The Economist, ‘Africa Rising’, 2013  [3] The Economist, ‘The hopeful continent’, 2011 Africa, economic growth, fastest growing economies, Gambia, Libya, Mozambique, Sierra Leone, South Sudan, Ethiopia, Ghana, natural resources, China investment, trade, GDP, middle-class, expansion, future prospects, Maps of World, The Economist, Africa Rising, The hopeful continent Africa, economic growth, top ten growing economies, Gambia, Libya, Mozambique, Sierra Leone, South Sudan, GDP, Ethiopia, Ghana, natural resources, China, investment, trade, middle-class, population, future prospects, development, Maps of World, The Economist Africa, Economies, Rapid Growth, Top Ten Growing Economies, Gambia, Libya, Mozambique, Sierra Leone, South Sudan, GDP Growth, Ethiopia, Ghana, Natural Resources, Investments, China, Trade, Middle-Class, Future Outlook, Maps of World, The Economist Africa, economic growth, top ten growing economies, The Gambia, Libya, Mozambique, Sierra Leone, South Sudan, GDP growth, Ethiopia, Ghana, natural resources, China investment, trade, average GDP growth, expanding middle-class, future prospects, Maps of World, The Economist, Africa Rising, The hopeful continent Africa, economic growth, top ten growing economies, The Gambia, Libya, Mozambique, Sierra Leone, South Sudan, GDP growth, Ethiopia, Ghana, natural resources, China investments, trade with China, average GDP growth, expanding middle-class, positive future for Africa
test-health-dhghhbampt-pro03a	Overwhelmingly alternative therapies are used in conjunction with established remedies - oddly the latter tends not to get the credit for the miracle cure  Thankfully only 4.4% of the 60million or so Americans who say they use alternative therapies rely on them exclusively. It is odd that in the cases of anecdotal accounts of the success of alternative medicines this statistic is rarely mentioned [i] .  Equally, the impact of other treatment which may have been used by patients eager to credit complementary and alternative medicines with curing their conditions, tend not to get a look in, neither do the relative successes of conventional medicine.  This is probably why in every trial alternative medicine has a success rate of between 0% and 0%. By contrast there needs only be one instance of harm caused to demonstrate that this motion must stand. Interestingly, although conventional medicine publishes its mistakes in an effort to correct them, nothing similar exists for alternatives. Moreover, there are many accounts of fatalities caused by alternatives – both directly and indirectly through delaying accurate diagnosis as seen above (Oh, the same applies to animals too [ii] ).  The food supplements industry alone is worth $250 a year worldwide, with little examination of the medical impact of merrily shoving things into your system that were bought at WalMart or Tesco.  [i] JA Astin “Why patients use alternative medicine: results of a national survey” Journal of the American Medical Association 279 (19) 1548-53. May 1998.  [ii] alternative therapies, established remedies, anecdotal accounts, success rates, conventional medicine, complementary medicines, clinical trials, harm, fatalities, delayed diagnosis, food supplements, pharmaceutical industry, health policies, medical ethics, patient safety, regulatory oversight, placebo effect, healthcare statistics, public health, medical research, evidence-based medicine alternative therapies, established remedies, miracle cure, Americans, exclusive use, anecdotal accounts, conventional medicine, trial success rate, harm, fatalities, delayed diagnosis, food supplements, industry value, medical impact, safety concerns, publication of mistakes, evidence-based medicine, complementary medicine, public perception, health regulation alternative therapies, established remedies, anecdotal accounts, conventional medicine, complementary medicine, success rate, harm, fatalities, food supplements, industry, examination, medical impact, diagnosis, animals, publication, mistakes, Walmart, Tesco, national survey, credit, treatment, instances, trial, delay, accuracy, worth, yearly, worldwide, patients, usage, exclusively, conjunction, credit, odd, miracle, statistic, mentioned, accounts, success, contrast, instance, demonstration, effort, correction, direct, indirect, shoving, system, merrily, things, bought alternative therapies, established remedies, miracle cure, anecdotal accounts, complementary medicines, conventional medicine, success rate, harm, fatalities, food supplements, medical impact, diagnosis, WalMart, Tesco alternative therapies, established remedies, anecdotal accounts, success rates, conventional medicine, complementary medicines, trial outcomes, harm from alternatives, fatalities, delayed diagnosis, food supplements, industry value, medical impact, publication of mistakes, alternative medicine safety
test-international-gmehwasr-pro03a	The Free Syrian Army is outgunned  The Syrian army is one of the biggest armies in the world; it is nothing like the poorly equipped Libyan army that was beaten by western backed rebels in 2011. The government has aircraft, and helicopters that are used to bomb the rebels, and heavy Russian built tanks that are impervious to most of the small arms the free Syrian army has. Providing arms would quickly even the odds; light anti-tank weapons would be effective against Syrian armoured vehicles repeating the success with which Hezbollah employed them when they knocked out sixty Israeli armoured vehicles in 2006, [1] while man portable air defence systems would quickly make the skies too dangerous for the Syrian airforce so protecting free Syrian controlled areas from the threat of attack from the air. [2]  [1] Cordesman, Anthony H., ‘Preliminary “Lessons” of the Israeli-Hezbollah War’, Center for Strategic and International Studies, 17 August 2006, P.18  [2] Doran, Michael, and Shaikh, Salman, ‘Arm the Syrian Rebels. Now’. Foreign Policy, 8 February 2013 Free Syrian Army, Syrian army, Libyan army, Western backed rebels, government aircraft, helicopters, heavy Russian tanks, small arms, light anti-tank weapons, MANPADS, Syrian airforce, Hezbollah, Israeli armoured vehicles, protecting rebel areas, military equipment, arming rebels, military imbalance, international conflict, arms supply, military strategy Free Syrian Army, Syrian army, Libyan army, Western backed rebels, aircraft, helicopters, Russian tanks, small arms, light anti-tank weapons, man portable air defence systems, Israeli-Hezbollah War, Hezbollah, Israeli armoured vehicles, Syrian airforce, Syrian controlled areas, military equipment, international conflict, arms supply, rebel support, strategic studies, Michael Doran, Salman Shaikh, Foreign Policy Free Syrian Army, Syrian army, Libyan army, Western backed rebels, aircraft, helicopters, bombing, heavy Russian tanks, small arms, providing arms, anti-tank weapons, man portable air defence systems, Syrian airforce, Hezbollah, Israeli armoured vehicles, protecting rebel areas, military intervention, arming rebels, conflict resolution, international support, military strategy, warfare technology, defense systems, aerial attacks, ground vehicles, military equipment, combat tactics, regional security, international relations, military aid, strategic analysis, armed conflict, Syria, Lebanon, Israel, military operations, defense capabilities, armed resistance, government forces, rebel groups, military balance, Free Syrian Army, outgunned, Syrian army, largest armies, poorly equipped, Libyan army, western backed rebels, government aircraft, helicopters, bomb rebels, Russian built tanks, small arms, providing arms, even the odds, light anti-tank weapons, effective, Syrian armoured vehicles, man portable air defence systems, dangerous skies, Syrian airforce, protect, controlled areas, threat, attack, air, Hezbollah, Israeli-Hezbollah War, Israeli armoured vehicles, Cordesman, Anthony H., Center for Strategic and International Studies, Doran, Michael, Shaikh, Salman, Arm the Syrian Rebels, Foreign Policy Free Syrian Army, Syrian army, Libyan army, Western backed rebels, aircraft, helicopters, Russian tanks, small arms, light anti-tank weapons, man portable air defense systems, Hezbollah, Israeli armoured vehicles, Syrian airforce, rebel controlled areas, military equipment, armed conflict, international intervention, weapons supply, strategic analysis, military tactics, combat effectiveness, defense systems, aerial bombardment, ground vehicles, rebel support, military balance, armed rebellion, regional security, international relations, conflict resolution, military technology, warfare tactics, defense capabilities, arms provision, geopolitical context, military engagements, rebel Warfare, strategic weapons, Syrian conflict, military assistance
test-international-gpdwhwcusa-con04a	A U.N. standing army renders the United Nations a de facto state, but without a territory or a population.  Essentially only governments have standing armies, so this plan would inevitably make the UN more like a world government – and one which is not democratic and where, in China, a totalitarian state has veto power over key decision-making. This means a standing army may actually be counter-productive, impairing current perceptions of the UN’s selfless neutrality, undermining its moral authority and its ability to broker peace agreements. If the UN becomes an institution with its own voice, the fears that the UN would lose its role as the honest broker in international affairs would come to fruition 1.  1.Miller, 1992-3, p.787 UN standing army, de facto state, government armies, world government, non-democratic, China veto power, UN neutrality, moral authority, peace agreements, honest broker, international affairs, Miller 1992-3 UN, standing army, de facto state, governments, world government, democratic, totalitarian state, veto power, China, moral authority,neutral, peace agreements, honest broker, international affairs, Miller, 1992-3, p.787 U.N. standing army, de facto state, territory, population, governments, standing armies, world government, democratic, totalitarian state, China, veto power, decision-making, counter-productive, UN neutrality, moral authority, peace agreements, honest broker, international affairs, Miller 1992-3 U.N., standing army, de facto state, territory, population, governments, world government, democratic, totalitarian state, veto power, China, counter-productive, UN neutrality, moral authority, peace agreements, honest broker, international affairs, Miller, 1992-3 U.N. standing army, de facto state, territorial sovereignty, population, government monopoly, standing armies, world government, democracy, totalitarian state, China, veto power, decision-making, counter-productive, UN neutrality, moral authority, peace agreements, honest broker, international affairs, Miller, 1992-3, p.787
test-international-eghrhbeusli-con01a	The arms ban is still necessary  The European Union should stick to its principles. The arms ban was imposed for a reason - the massacre of students demonstrating for democracy and openness in 1989. Nothing China has done since shows it regrets its savage actions in Tiananmen Square - indeed many of the demonstrators are still in prison today. [1] If the ban is lifted, the EU will be implying that it should never have placed the ban on arms sales in the first place, and signalling that China can do what it likes to its own people without fear of EU objections. Indeed if there is an end to the arms ban, the next time that peaceful demonstrators are attacked by the armed forces in China, they may be able to do it with European weapons. Overall, China's human rights record is still very bad. It still hasn't ratified the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and is regularly criticised by Amnesty International [2] and Human Rights Watch [3] for imprisoning political and religious activists without trial. This is not a state that should be rewarded with EU favours.  [1] Jiang, Shao, ‘List of “June Fourth Tiananmen Prisoners” still held in custody and their backgrounds’, 2010.   [2] Amnesty International, ‘Annual Report 2011 China’, 2011.   [3] Human Rights Watch, ‘China’ Arms ban, European Union, principles, massacre, students, democracy, openness, Tiananmen Square, regret, savage actions, prisoners, lifting ban, implications, peaceful demonstrators, European weapons, human rights record, International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, Amnesty International, Human Rights Watch, political activists, religious activists, imprisonment, trial, EU favours arms ban, European Union, principles, Tiananmen Square, massacre, democracy, openness, human rights, China, imprisonment, political activists, religious activists, International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, Amnesty International, Human Rights Watch arms ban, European Union, principles, massacre, students, democracy, Tiananmen Square, human rights, China, imprisonment, political activists, religious activists, Amnesty International, Human Rights Watch, International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, EU favours, peaceful demonstrators, armed forces, European weapons arms ban, European Union, principles, massacre, students, democracy, openness, 1989, Tiananmen Square, prison, human rights, China, International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, Amnesty International, Human Rights Watch, political activists, religious activists, EU objections, weapons sales, peaceful demonstrators, state favors arms ban, European Union, principles, massacre, students, democracy, openness, Tiananmen Square, regrets, savage actions, prisoners, lifted, implied, EU objections, peaceful demonstrators, European weapons, human rights record, International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, Amnesty International, Human Rights Watch, political activists, religious activists, trial, state, EU favours
test-law-rmelhrilhbiw-con03a	The Palestinians were full participants in the 1948 War against Israel  Before the discussion of the Palestinians as the innocent victims of Israeli oppression can be established, it should be noted that the Palestinian leadership were full participants in rejecting the 1948 partition plan and the war that followed. The Grand Mufti of Jerusalem rejected any form of compromise, and urged the removal of the region’s Jewish population, while massacres of Jewish settlers at Palestinian hands and the complete elimination of the Jewish presence in the areas of Palestine that the Israelis did not secure in 1948 speaks to a certain degree of popular enthusiasm. [1]  Following 1948, Israeli law provided for compensation or the return of land for any exiled Palestinians who returned to Israel proper and took an oath to the state.  This does not justify the actions of Israel in their entirety, but the tragedy of the Palestinian people is partially of their own making, and if one accepts the principles of the right of return, then the creation of Israeli settlements furthers this on the Israeli side.  Furthermore, it calls into question what, if any legal claim the Palestinians can have to any land on the basis of a UN partition plan they rejected, and on the basis of principles and practices they themselves have subverted.  [1] Dershowitz, Alan, ‘Has Israel’s Victimization of the Palestinians Been the Primary Cause of the Arab-Israeli Conflict?’, The Case for Israel, Chapter 10, 2003, Palestinians, 1948 War, Israel, participants, 1948 partition plan, rejection, Grand Mufti, compromise, Jewish population, massacres, Jewish settlers, Palestinian hands, exiled Palestinians, compensation, return of land, Israeli law, right of return, Israeli settlements, legal claim, UN partition plan, Dershowitz, Arab-Israeli Conflict, victimization, principles, practices, subverted Palestinians, 1948 War, Israel, innocent victims, Israeli oppression, Palestinian leadership, 1948 partition plan, Grand Mufti of Jerusalem, Jewish population, massacres, Jewish settlers, exiled Palestinians, compensation, Israeli settlements, right of return, UN partition plan, Arab-Israeli Conflict, Alan Dershowitz, The Case for Israel Palestinians, 1948 War, Israel, participants, rejection, partition plan, Grand Mufti, Jerusalem, massacres, Jewish settlers, Israeli law, compensation, land, exiled Palestinians, oath, tragedy, Israeli settlements, right of return, legal claim, UN partition plan, Arab-Israeli Conflict, Dershowitz, Alan, The Case for Israel Palestinians, 1948 War, Israel, innocent victims, Israeli oppression, 1948 partition plan, Grand Mufti of Jerusalem, rejection, compromise, Jewish population, massacres, Jewish settlers, exiled Palestinians, compensation, land return, Israeli settlements, right of return, UN partition plan, Alan Dershowitz, Arab-Israeli Conflict Palestinians, 1948 War, Israel, participants, Palestinian leadership, 1948 partition plan, rejection, Grand Mufti of Jerusalem, Jewish population, massacres, Jewish settlers, compensation, exiled Palestinians, Israeli law, right of return, Israeli settlements, UN partition plan, legal claim, Arab-Israeli Conflict, Alan Dershowitz, The Case for Israel
test-philosophy-pphbclsbs-con01a	The threat of terrorism and security risks are overstated.  The threat of terrorism is greatly over exaggerated. Western governments all over the world are effectively selling the threat of terrorism to their citizens in order to increase their powers of control. The threat, however, has to be exaggerated in order for the electorate to believe that the security measures are needed. The motives of governments doing this vary; some just want the new security measures to make their jobs easier; others however, see it as an opportunity to increase state control and power over the average citizen. There is not enough evidence to show that terrorism has evolved into something more threatening since than it had been for several decades. For example there was the bombing of Pan Am 103 in 1988 killing 270 people or the 1983 bombing of the US embassy in Beirut which killed 63. [1] While the scale is smaller than the 9/11 attacks they are just as terrible and were met with a much more measured response that did not involve infringing civil liberties. Governments are likely to take advantage of anti-terrorist mania and seize the moment to strengthen their regimes. Modern government bodies fighting terrorism are sophisticated enough to counteract terrorism with little use of 'draconian' measures. It is not acceptable to curb citizen rights because of isolated events.  [1] PBS Frontline, ‘terrorist attacks on americans, 1979-1988’,  , accessed 9 September 2011 terrorism, security risks, overstated threat, western governments, control, exaggerated threat, security measures, state control, civil liberties, evidence, Pan Am 103, 1983 Beirut bombing, 9/11 attacks, anti-terrorist mania, sophisticated counterterrorism, curbing citizen rights, isolated events, PBS Frontline terrorism, security risks, overstatement, government control, civil liberties, exaggerated threat, security measures, state power, citizen rights, terrorist attacks, historical terrorism, 9/11, pan am 103, Beirut bombing, anti-terrorist policies, government motives, sophisticated counterterrorism, infringement of rights, isolated events terrorism, security risks, overstated, exaggerated, western governments, control, security measures, civil liberties, evidence, evolution, Pan Am 103, Beirut bombing, 9/11, anti-terrorist, mania, regimes, sophisticated, counteract, citizen rights, isolated events, PBS Frontline terrorism, security risks, overstatement, government control, civil liberties, exaggerated threat, security measures, state power, citizen rights, sophisticated counter-terrorism, measured response, isolated events, 9/11, Pan Am 103, Beirut embassy bombing, anti-terrorist mania, government regimes, evidence of evolution, terrorism scale, infringement of liberties terrorism, security risks, overstatement, western governments, citizen control, exaggeration, motives, state power, civil liberties, evidence, historical attacks, measured response, anti-terrorist measures, draconian measures, citizen rights, isolated events, government power, sophisticated counterterrorism, public fear, political opportunism
test-religion-cmrsgfhbr-pro01a	The appropriate setting for sexual relations is within marriage, contraception encourages pre-marital sex  The population of the Philippines are overwhelmingly Catholic, it seems reasonable to accept that many, if not most, accept the teaching of the Church that safe sex is married sex. Appropriate sexual relations between husband and wife can lead to a fulfilling family life including children.  However, freely available contraception leads to a rise in premarital sex with the rises in unwanted pregnancies that go along with that. In the US, women having premarital sex increased from 2% in 1920 to 75% in 1999, a period that saw a massive increase in the availability of contraception [i] .. This runs against the teaching of the Church, which, itself, is one of the cornerstones of Filipino culture.  The first Mass was celebrated in 1521 and by the early 1600s, Catholicism was unquestionably the countries’ dominant creed [ii] . The teaching of the Church on this issue is absolutely clear – and for four centuries those have been the values of the Filipino people. This bill undermines that understanding, it will lead to an increase in pre-marital sex with devastating consequences for, particularly, the young people of the archipelago [iii] . There is a reason why the Church argues against contraception and those values – that sex should take place within marriage, are deeply ingrained in the Filipino way of life.  [i] Greenwood, Jeremy and Nezih Guner “Social Change: The Sexual Revolution.” Population Studies Center PSC Working Paper Series University of Pennsylvania.2009   [ii] Wikipedia. Roman Catholicism in the Philippines.  [iii] Bishop Filomeno Bactol, ‘Naval diocese continues fight against RH’,. CBCP News., 23 December 2012, sexual relations, marriage, contraception, pre-marital sex, unwanted pregnancies, Catholic, Filipino culture, Church teaching, safe sex, married sex, family life, children, US premarital sex statistics, contraception availability, Catholicism in Philippines, first Mass, Filipino values, RH bill, Bishop Filomeno Bactol, CBCP News sexual relations, marriage, contraception, pre-marital sex, Philippines, Catholic, Church teaching, safe sex, family life, unwanted pregnancies, US statistics, Filipino culture, Catholicism, values, historical context, RH bill, sexual revolution, social change, Bishop Filomeno Bactol, CBCP News sexual relations, marriage, contraception, pre-marital sex, Philippines, Catholic, Church teaching, family life, children, unwanted pregnancies, US statistics, premarital sex increase, Catholicism, Filipino culture, values, RH bill, social consequences, young people, sexual revolution, social change, Bishop Filomeno Bactol, CBCP News sexual relations, marriage, contraception, pre-marital sex, unwanted pregnancies, Catholic, Filipino culture, Church teaching, family life, children, US statistics, sexual revolution, social change, Filipino values, RH bill, Bishop Filomeno Bactol, CBCP News, 1521, 1600s, Roman Catholicism, Population Studies Center, University of Pennsylvania, Jeremy Greenwood, Nezih Guner, sexual revolution, contraception availability, Filipino way of life, moral values, contraception bill, young people, societal impact, religious beliefs, historical context, Catholic dominance, cultural norms, sexual behavior, demographic sexual relations, marriage, contraception, pre-marital sex, population, Philippines, Catholic, Church teaching, safe sex, family life, unwanted pregnancies, US statistics, premarital sex increase, values, Filipino culture, Catholicism, values, social change, sexual revolution, Bishop Filomeno Bactol, RH bill, Filipino way of life, moral teaching, contraception availability, moral consequences, young people, Catholic values, sexual ethics, religious influence, policy debate, contraception opposition, cultural norms, sexual behavior, historical context, demographic trends, religious teachings, contraceptive use, sexual health, public policy, reproductive rights, cultural values,
test-culture-mmctyshwbcp-con02a	If child performers were banned, many children would find a way to perform illegally, now without legal protection.  While being a child performer is legal, these children’s working circumstances are under the protection of the law and monitored by government departments such as the Inland Revenue, Health and Safety, etc. Were child performers to be banned, it is certain that some children would still perform, but would not be thus protected. This has already happened in certain professional sports where athletes can benefit by lying about their age. For example, it is easier for Latin American baseball players to sign with U.S. Major League teams if the teams think they are young. As a result, countless players have lied about their age, including a number of high-profile cases, such as Miguel Tejada who was named Most Valuable Player in 2002. [1] Many of these young players, however, have been less successful. There are too many unfortunate examples of players who came to the United States at a young age and, under the increased pressure, fell victim to serious drug problems, often resulting in overdose and death. [2] [3] A ban would not prevent children from performing; it would actually further expose them to whatever risks may be involved.  [1] Schmidt and Schwartz. “Baseball’s Use of DNA Raises Questions.”  [2] Zirin, “Can’t Knock the Hassle: Chavez Challenges Baseball.”  [3] Helfgott, “The international game.” child performers, illegal performance, legal protection, government departments, Inland Revenue, Health and Safety, professional sports, age deception, Latin American baseball players, U.S. Major League teams, Miguel Tejada, drug problems, overdose, death, ban, performance risks, baseball DNA testing, international sports, young athletes, professional sports risks child performers, legal protection, government departments, Inland Revenue, Health and Safety, professional sports, age fraud, Latin American baseball players, U.S. Major League teams, Miguel Tejada, drug problems, overdose, death, ban risks, international game, baseball DNA, sports ethics, child labor laws, performance regulation, youth protection, professional athletics, age verification, sports industry, young athletes, legal frameworks, performance safety, minor performers, entertainment industry, sports governance, athlete welfare, youth sports, legal safeguards, underage performers, performance rights, child exploitation, sports contracts, age deception, athlete health, sports legislation, performance careers child performers, illegal performance, legal protection, government departments, Inland Revenue, Health and Safety, professional sports, age lying, Latin American baseball players, U.S. Major League teams, Miguel Tejada, Most Valuable Player, drug problems, overdose, death, performance risks, ban effects, international athletes, sports industry regulations, youth exploitation child performers, legal protection, government departments, Inland Revenue, Health and Safety, professional sports, lying about age, Latin American baseball players, U.S. Major League teams, Miguel Tejada, drug problems, overdose, death, ban, risks, performance, illegal, working circumstances, law, monitoring, international game, baseball, DNA, hassles, challenges, players, success, pressure, unfortunate examples, signing, age verification, sports industry, youth athletes, legal framework, performance protection,未成年人表演者，法律保护，政府监督，收入局，健康与安全，专业体育，谎报年龄，拉丁美洲棒 child performers, ban, illegal performance, legal protection, government departments, Inland Revenue, Health and Safety, professional sports, athletes, lying about age, Latin American baseball players, U.S. Major League teams, Miguel Tejada, Most Valuable Player, drug problems, overdose, death, performance risks, international game, baseball DNA, sports regulation, young athletes, safety concerns, child labor laws, entertainment industry, youth protection, illegal activities, legal framework, sports ethics, age verification, performance monitoring, child exploitation, professional sports risks, athlete welfare, sports management, international sports, youth sports, sports governance, health and safety
test-international-ipecfiepg-pro02a	Defaulting would be the quickest route to economic recovery  Under the status quo, the Greek economy is only headed in one direction: deeper recession. There are no signs of the situation changing any time soon. Were the Greek Government to default on its debts, after a period of recession, conditions would quickly be favourable for economic growth once more. This is what was observed when Argentina and other nations [1] recently defaulted and can be explained by many factors. Firstly, defaulting and exiting the Eurozone would allow Greece to conduct monetary policy more freely: they would be able to quickly devalue their currency in order to make Greek goods and services more competitive on the international market. This would increase exports and attract investment, as well as tourists looking for cheaper holidays – all of which would contribute towards the rebuilding of the Greek economy. [2] Moreover, were Greece to default, it would put an end to the huge degree of unpredictability and uncertainty about the Greek economy. At the moment, nobody knows if the banks are safe, if the government will default etc. The constant chopping and changing of current austerity measures such as increases in varieties of corporate tax and changes in regulations also contribute to the huge degree of uncertainty in the Greek economy. Uncertainty breeds risk and risk breeds fear: a recipe that drives away foreign investors and makes it difficult for local businesses to start up. Were Greece to default, however, such elements of uncertainty would be seriously diminished, and conditions would be ripe for investment from abroad and locally. Greek would be able to start afresh.  [1] Pettifor, Ann: “Greece: The upside of default”, 23 May 2012, BBC News,   [2] Lapavitsas, Costas: “Eurozone crisis: what if… Greece leaves the single currency”, 14 May 2012, The Guardian, economic recovery, default, Greek economy, recession, monetary policy, devaluation, currency, exports, investment, tourism, uncertainty, banks, government default, austerity measures, foreign investors, local businesses, risk, Eurozone crisis, Greece, Ann Pettifor, Costas Lapavitsas, BBC News, The Guardian default, economic recovery, Greek economy, recession, debt, Eurozone, monetary policy, currency devaluation, exports, investment, tourism, uncertainty, austerity measures, foreign investors, local businesses, risk, Ann Pettifor, Costas Lapavitsas, Eurozone crisis Default, economic recovery, Greece, recession, debt, Eurozone, monetary policy, currency devaluation, exports, investment, tourism, uncertainty, risk, austerity, foreign investors, local businesses, Pettifor, Lapavitsas, Eurozone crisis, Greek economy, defaulting, exits, financial stability, international market, economic growth, economic factors, policy freedom, economic condition, economic unpredictability, economic risk, economic fear, economic fresh start Greece, default, economic recovery, recession, Eurozone, monetary policy, currency devaluation, exports, investment, tourism, uncertainty, risk, foreign investors, local businesses, Ann Pettifor, Costas Lapavitsas, Eurozone crisis, Greek economy, default benefits, international market, financial unpredictability, economic growth, fresh start, competitiveness, fiscal policy, debt crisis, economic rebuilding, currency exit, economic stabilization defaulting, economic recovery, Greek economy, recession, debt, monetary policy, currency devaluation, competitiveness, exports, investment, tourism, uncertainty, banks, austerity measures, corporate tax, regulations, foreign investors, local businesses, risk, Eurozone, Costas Lapavitsas, Ann Pettifor
test-culture-ascidfakhba-pro01a	Intellectual property is a legal fiction created for convenience in some instances, but copyright should cease to be protected under this doctrine  An individual’s idea only truly belongs solely to them so long as it rests in their mind alone. When they disseminate their ideas to the world they put them in the public domain, and should become the purview of everyone to use. Artists and creators more generally, should not expect some sort of ownership to inhere in an idea they happen to have, since no such ownership right exists in reality. [1] No one can own an idea. Thus recognizing something like a property right over intangible assets is contrary to reason, since doing so gives monopoly power to individuals who may not make efficient or equitable use of their inventions or products. Physical property is a tangible asset, and thus can be protected by tangible safeguards. Ideas do not share the same order of protection even now because they exist in a different order to physical reality. However, some intellectual property is useful in encouraging investment and invention, allowing people to engage their profit motives to the betterment of society as a whole. To an extent one can also sympathize with the notion that creators deserve to accrue some additional profit for the labour of the creative process, but this can be catered for through Creative Commons non-commercial licenses which reserve commercial rights. [2] These protections should not extend to non-commercial use of the various forms of arts. This is because art is a social good of a unique order, with its purpose not purely functional, but creative. It only has value in being experienced, and thus releasing these works through creative commons licenses allows the process of artistic experience and sharing proceeds unhindered by outmoded notions of copyright. The right to reap some financial gain still remains for the artists, as their rights still hold over all commercial use of their work. This seems like a fair compromise of the artist’s right to profit from their work and society right to experience and grow from those works.  [1] Fitzgerald, Brian and Anne Fitzgerald. Intellectual Property: In Principle. Melbourne: Lawbook Company. 2004.  [2] Walsh, K., “Commercial Rights Reserved proposal outcome: no change”, Creative Commons, 14 February 2013, Intellectual property, legal fiction, copyright, public domain, idea ownership, monopoly power, intangible assets, tangible safeguards, investment encouragement, profit motives, Creative Commons, non-commercial licenses, artistic experience, financial gain, commercial use, societal benefit, creative works, legal protection, intellectual assets, tangible reality, social good, artistic sharing, outmoded notions, creator rights, society rights, fair compromise, legal doctrine, artistic process, dissemination, equitable use, innovation, legal safeguards, cultural contribution, intellectual property law, creativity, artistic production, legal principles, property rights, economic incentives, public interest, legal theories, intellectual creation, Intellectual property, legal fiction, copyright, public domain, idea ownership, monopoly power, intangible assets, physical property, tangible safeguards, investment, invention, profit motives, Creative Commons, non-commercial licenses, artistic experience, financial gain, commercial use, creative works, society, sharing, outmoded notions, fair compromise Intellectual property, legal fiction, copyright, public domain, idea ownership, monopoly power, tangible assets, intangible assets, investment, invention, profit motives, Creative Commons, non-commercial licenses, artistic experience, financial gain, commercial use, fair compromise, society rights, artistic sharing, outmoded copyright Intellectual property, legal fiction, copyright, public domain, idea ownership, tangible assets, intangible assets, monopoly power, creative commons, non-commercial licenses, artistic experience, commercial use, financial gain, society right, creative process, invention, profit motives, social good, outmoded notions, artists rights intellectual property, copyright, legal fiction, public domain, idea ownership, property rights, monopoly power, tangible assets, intangible assets, investment, invention, profit motives, creative commons, non-commercial licenses, commercial use, artistic experience, financial gain, society, creative process
test-international-atiahblit-pro01a	Social Policy: encouraging teaching careers  UNESCO (2013) report the need for 6.8mn teachers by 2015 for the right to primary education to be achieved. The teaching workforce requires includes both replacements and additional teachers. Africa has a reality of low teacher-student ratios. In 2012, 80 students were reported per teacher in the Central African Republic (World Bank, 2013). Positive schemes are needed to incentivise potential teachers to enter the profession and meet demand.  Careers can be encouraged through multiple paths. For example, providing incentives to study teaching as a profession. Tanzania’s Ministry of Education provides grants to students entering University to study teaching. Social Policy, Teaching Careers, UNESCO, Teacher Shortage, Primary Education, Teaching Workforce, Replacements, Additional Teachers, Africa, Teacher-Student Ratios, Incentivise, Potential Teachers, Demand, Careers, Incentives, Tanzania, Ministry of Education, Grants, University, Study Teaching Social Policy, Teaching Careers, UNESCO, Teacher Shortage, Primary Education, Teacher-Student Ratio, Incentives, Career Encouragement, Education Grants, Tanzania, Ministry of Education, World Bank Social Policy, Teaching Careers, UNESCO, Teacher Shortage, Primary Education, Teaching Workforce, Replacements, Additional Teachers, Africa, Teacher-Student Ratios, Central African Republic, Incentives, Teacher Recruitment, Career Encouragement, Tanzania, Ministry of Education, Grants, University, Teaching Profession Social Policy, Teaching Careers, UNESCO, Teacher Shortage, Right to Primary Education, Teaching Workforce, Replacements, Additional Teachers, Africa, Teacher-Student Ratio, Central African Republic, World Bank, Incentives, Potential Teachers, Demand, Careers, Multiple Paths, Incentives to Study, Teaching Profession, Tanzania, Ministry of Education, University Grants Social Policy, Teaching Careers, UNESCO, 2013 Report, Teachers, Right to Primary Education, Teaching Workforce, Replacements, Additional Teachers, Africa, Low Teacher-Student Ratios, Central African Republic, World Bank, 2013, Incentivise Teachers, Professional Incentives, Tanzania, Ministry of Education, Grants, University, Teaching Profession
test-culture-cgeeghwmeo-pro02a	Bilingual Education is expensive and encourages balkanization  One of the goals of the government in providing education is to prepare students for success in the work place, and therefore the government has an obligation to spend its money in the most efficient way possible to accomplish this.  This is relevant because Bilingual education is expensive, requiring the hiring of bilingual teachers, the organization of bilingual classes, and the acquisition of bilingual curriculum materials. [1]  These costs might be justified if they actually helped students. But the reality is that they do not. For one thing, they allow students to get by without learning English. One of the great obstacles to learning a new language is the fact that parents of students may well speak another language at home. If students suddenly use that language at school as well, they will spend the vast majority of their day speaking a language other than English, with the consequence that they may not pick it up at all, and find themselves at a large disadvantage when they attempt to join the workforce.  As a consequence, it seems likely that the money could be better used subsidizing tutoring for students learning English than running an entirely separate and parallel educational system.  [1] Rossell, Christine, ‘Does Bilingual Education Work? The Case of Texas’, Texas Public Policy Foundation, September 2009, Bilingual Education, Cost, Efficiency, Workplace Success, Government Obligation, Bilingual Teachers, Bilingual Classes, Bilingual Curriculum, English Language Acquisition, Parental Influence, Tutoring, Parallel Educational System, Texas, Christine Rossell Bilingual Education, Expense, Balkanization, Government Obligation, Efficient Spending, Workforce Success, Hiring Bilingual Teachers, Bilingual Classes, Bilingual Curriculum, Cost Justification, English Learning, Parental Influence, Language Barrier, Tutoring, Parallel Educational System, Rossell, Texas Public Policy Foundation Bilingual Education, Expense, Balkanization, Government Obligation, Education Efficiency, Bilingual Teachers, Bilingual Classes, Bilingual Curriculum, Language Learning, English Acquisition, Workforce Preparation, Tutoring, Separate Educational System, Language Barrier, Parental Influence, Texas Public Policy Foundation, Christine Rossell Bilingual Education, Expense, Balkanization, Government Obligation, Efficient Spending, Student Success, Workplace Preparation, Bilingual Teachers, Bilingual Classes, Curriculum Materials, Language Learning, English Acquisition, Tutoring, Separate Educational System, Texas Public Policy Foundation, Christine Rossell Bilingual Education, Expense, Balkanization, Government Obligation, Efficient Spending, Bilingual Teachers, Bilingual Classes, Bilingual Curriculum, Language Learning, English Acquisition, Workforce Preparation, Tutoring, Parallel Educational System, Texas, Rossell, Christine
test-free-speech-debate-fchbjaj-con01a	Assange is mostly interested in self-promotion, not being a serious journalist.  Journalists are judged by far more than their ability to acquire and disseminate knowledge or information. The quality of their writing, the skills and contacts developed to acquire it, the training used to enter the trade (which incidentally would have included the difference between the legitimate use of privileged information and espionage) and many other characteristics.  Assange doesn’t seem to have taken any interest in any of this. He undertook no formal training – he studied but did not graduate in Physics – and worked as a computer programmer and hacker before founding Wikileaks. His interest in data seems to do with the technological side of the process rather than the ideas.  Were a printer in the same situation to attempt the same defence, it would be ignored. Assange is an irresponsible geek, self-proclaimed hacker and someone who clearly has no interest in, or understanding of, the notion that there are occasions when a responsible journalist does not release information, frequently out of concern for those whose lives it might engender.  His entire background has been in hacking, he is described as a cryptographer in articles written by or about him before the launch of Wikileaks. This sudden commitment to journalism seems awfully convenient in the event of the threat of a trial. Assange, self-promotion, journalism, information, writing, skills, contacts, training, privileged information, espionage, formal education, physics, computer programmer, hacker, WikiLeaks, technology, ideas, printer, defence, irresponsible, geek, cryptographer, commitment, trial Assange, self-promotion, journalism, quality, writing, skills, contacts, training, privileged information, espionage, formal education, physics, computer programmer, hacker, WikiLeaks, data, technology, ideas, printer, defence, irresponsible, geek, hacker, cryptographer, trial, responsible journalism, information release, lives, threat Assange, self-promotion, journalism, quality, writing, contacts, training, privileged information, espionage, formal education, physics, computer programmer, hacker, WikiLeaks, data, technology, ideas, printer, defence, irresponsible, geek, cryptographer, hacking, responsible journalism, information release, trial, defence strategy Assange, self-promotion, journalist, writing quality, contacts, training, privileged information, espionage, formal training, physics, computer programmer, hacker, Wikileaks, data, technology, ideas, printer, defence, irresponsible, geek, cryptographer, hacking, journalism, information release, lives, threat, trial Assange, self-promotion, serious journalist, writing quality, contacts, journalism training, privileged information, espionage, formal training, physics, computer programmer, hacker, Wikileaks, data, technology, ideas, printer, defence, irresponsible geek, cryptographer, hacking, journalism, information release, lives, trial
test-culture-mmctyshwbcp-pro05a	Allowing children to perform pushes them to grow up too soon  Child performers are exposed to a much higher level of responsibility than their peers, without the maturity to deal with it. They may be exposed to sex, drugs, or alcohol, in a context too far removed from a normal life that they don’t learn adequate coping mechanisms. It is no surprise that many child performers “burn out” by the time they reach adulthood, often experiencing problems long before, as in the case of actress Drew Barrymore, who entered rehab at the age of 13. [1] Children should not be encouraged to enter into these adult worlds of acting, modeling, dancing, etc. Michael Jackson attributed his obsession with children and childhood as a consequence of having missed out on a childhood himself.  [1] Barrymore, Little Girl Lost child performers, early responsibility, lack of maturity, exposure to adulthood, premature adulthood, child actors, child models, child dancers, coping mechanisms, burnout, Drew Barrymore, rehab, Michael Jackson, missed childhood, psychological impact, early career, childhood exploitation, adult entertainment, child welfare, emotional development, long-term effects child performers, responsibilities, maturity, exposure, sex, drugs, alcohol, coping mechanisms, burn out, adulthood, problems, Drew Barrymore, rehab, Michael Jackson, obsession, childhood, acting, modeling, dancing child performers, grow up too soon, responsibility, maturity, exposure, sex, drugs, alcohol, coping mechanisms, burn out, adulthood, problems, Drew Barrymore, rehab, age 13, Michael Jackson, obsession, children, childhood, acting, modeling, dancing child performers, grow up too soon, responsibility, maturity, sex, drugs, alcohol, coping mechanisms, burn out, adulthood, problems, Drew Barrymore, rehab, age 13, Michael Jackson, obsession, children, childhood, acting, modeling, dancing children, performers, mature, responsibility, exposure, drugs, alcohol, sex, coping, mechanisms, burnout, adulthood, problems, Drew, Barrymore, rehab, encouragement, adult, worlds, acting, modeling, dancing, Michael, Jackson, obsession, childhood, missed
test-society-epiasghbf-con04a	Where are the men?  Is the feminisation of labour emerging with a de-masculinisation of jobs? If so, how do women cope in the work environment? Are methods being integrated to ensure a just work environment is maintained?  Overa’s (2007) study on gender relations within the informal economy indicates how tensions emerge with women and men being forced into similar occupations. The informal economy of retail trade in Ghana is becoming overcrowded as men enter into female jobs; competition is causing reductions in returns, and further, frustrations are rising against the state. Therefore if more women are entering male jobs, what are the reactions? men, feminisation, labour, de-masculinisation, jobs, women, coping, work environment, just, gender relations, informal economy, retail trade, Ghana, competition, reductions, returns, frustrations, state, reactions, Overa, 2007 feminisation of labour, de-masculinisation of jobs, women in work environment, just work environment, gender relations, informal economy, retail trade, Ghana, competition, reductions in returns, state role, women entering male jobs, reactions to gender shifts, Overa 2007, gender tensions, labour market dynamics, economic overcrowding, job competition, socioeconomic impacts, gender integration policies feminisation, labour, de-masculinisation, jobs, women, work, environment, just, gender, relations, informal, economy, Ghana, competition, returns, frustrations, state, reactions, retail, trade, men, occupations, Overa, 2007 men, feminisation, labour, de-masculinisation, jobs, women, work, environment, just, Overa, 2007, gender, relations, informal, economy, retail, trade, Ghana, competition, returns, frustrations, state, reactions feminisation of labour, de-masculinisation, work environment, just work environment, gender relations, informal economy, retail trade, Ghana, job competition, economic returns, state response, gender roles, employment trends, occupational segregation, labor market dynamics, female jobs, male jobs, gender tensions, workforce integration, economic frustration
test-science-ciidfaihwc-pro01a	Governments have a moral duty to protect its citizens from harmful sites.  In recent years, supposedly innocent sites such as social networking sites have been purposely used to harm others. Victims of cyber bullying have even led victims to commit suicide in extreme cases [1] [2] . Given that both physical [3] and psychological [4] damage have occurred through the use of social networking sites, such sites represent a danger to society as a whole. They have become a medium through which others express prejudice, including racism, towards groups and towards individuals [5] . Similarly, if a particularly country has a clear religious or cultural majority, it is fair to censor those sites which seek to undermine these principles and can be damaging to a large portion of the population. If we fail to take the measures required to remove these sites, which would be achieved through censorship, the government essentially fails to act on its principles by allowing such sites to exist. The government has a duty of care to its citizens [6] and must ensure their safety; censoring such sites is the best way to achieve this.  [1] Moore, Victoria, ‘The fake world of Facebook and Bebo: How suicide and cyber bullying lurk behind the facade of “harmless fun”’, MailOnline, 4 August 2009,  on 16/09/11  [2] Good Morning America, ‘Parents: Cyber Bullying Led to Teen’s Suicide’, ABC News, 19 November 2007,  on 16/09/11  [3] BBC News, ‘England riots: Two jailed for using Facebook to incite disorder’, 16 August 2011,  on 16/09/11.  [4] Good Morning America, ‘Parents: Cyber Bullying Led to Teen’s Suicide’, ABC News, 19 November 2007,  on 16/09/11  [5] Counihan, Bella, ‘White power likes this – racist Facebook groups’, The Age, 3 February 2010,  on 16/09/11  [6] Brownejacobson, ‘Councils owe vulnerable citizens duty of care’, 18 June 2008,  09/09/11 government, moral duty, protect citizens, harmful sites, social networking, cyber bullying, suicide, physical damage, psychological damage, prejudice, racism, religious majority, cultural majority, censorship, duty of care, safety, online harassment, incite disorder, racist groups, vulnerable citizens, public health, digital safety, internet regulation, content moderation, community standards, legal responsibility, societal norms, mental health, youth protection, cyber laws, online ethics, digital citizenship, community impact, government intervention, social responsibility, digital platform control, legislative measures, online welfare, internet governance, cyber security, digital rights, harm prevention, online behavior, social media government, moral duty, citizen protection, harmful sites, social networking, cyber bullying, suicide, physical damage, psychological damage, prejudice, racism, religious majority, cultural majority, censorship, duty of care, safety, Facebook, Bebo, England riots, white power, vulnerable citizens moral duty, protect citizens, harmful sites, social networking, cyber bullying, suicide, physical damage, psychological damage, prejudice, racism, religious majority, cultural majority, censorship, duty of care, government responsibility, online safety, cyber harm, social media risks, cyber protection, online prejudice, cultural protection, religious protection, harmful content, online disorder, vulnerable citizens, digital safety, government intervention, internet censorship, online ethics, digital citizenship, cyber legislation, online governance, social media regulation, cyber security, digital welfare, online community standards, government oversight, digital rights, online harassment, digital health, online security, internet safety, cyber government, moral duty, citizens, protect, harmful sites, social networking, cyber bullying, suicide, physical damage, psychological damage, prejudice, racism, religious majority, cultural majority, censorship, duty of care, safety, Facebook, Bebo, England riots, white power, racist groups, vulnerable citizens, legal responsibility, online harm, internet safety, public policy, digital ethics, cyber governance government, moral duty, protect citizens, harmful sites, social networking, cyber bullying, suicide, physical damage, psychological damage, prejudice, racism, religious majority, cultural majority, censorship, duty of care, safety, Facebook, Bebo, England riots, white power, vulnerable citizens
test-politics-eppghwlrba-con04a	Effective gun control is not achievable in democratic states with a tradition of civilian gun ownership  Much like the failure of the prohibition era to stop alcohol consumption, trying to restrict the use of guns that are already widely owned and prevalent in a society is an impossible task. [1]  The people who intend to use guns for illegitimate purposes are obviously unconcerned with the fact that it is illegal to acquire the guns in the first place in countries where this is already the case such as in the UK . [2] [3]  [1] Kates, Don B. ‘Why a Civil Libertarian Opposes Gun Control’. The Civil Liberties Review. June/July 1976   [2] The Independent. ‘Up to 4m guns in UK and police are losing the battle’. 4th September 2005.   [3] The Guardian. ‘Firearms: cheap, easy to get and on a street near you’ 30th August 2008. gun control, democratic states, civilian gun ownership, prohibition era, alcohol consumption, illegal gun acquisition, civil libertarian, UK gun laws, firearms prevalence, police challenges, gun availability, societal gun prevalence, illegitimate gun use, legal restrictions, firearm regulation, second amendment, crime prevention, public safety, legislative effectiveness, historical perspectives, criminology, policy analysis gun control, democratic states, civilian gun ownership, prohibition era, alcohol consumption, illegal gun acquisition, civil libertarian, UK gun situation, firearm prevalence, crime prevention, legal restrictions, societal impact, gun policy, legislative measures, enforcement challenges, illegal weapons, public safety, constitutional rights, arms regulation, historical context, crime statistics, policy effectiveness, social norms, cultural factors, law enforcement, criminal behavior, regulatory frameworks, political debate, public opinion, gun laws, national security, self-defense, weapons trafficking, urban violence, rural areas, international comparisons, legal reforms, constitutional law, legislative history, empirical evidence, legal precedents, social gun control, democratic states, civilian gun ownership, prohibition era, alcohol consumption, illegal gun acquisition, UK gun prevalence, civil libertarianism, Don B. Kates, gun regulation, firearms availability, illegal firearms, police effectiveness, gun policy, societal norms, firearm legislation, criminal behavior, gun rights, legal restrictions, public safety, historical comparisons, law enforcement challenges, civilian disarmament, Second Amendment, gun culture, legislative impact, criminology, public policy, societal impact, crime prevention, gun laws, international comparisons, constitutional rights, gun ownership statistics, weapons regulation, societal violence, crime control, legal firearms, illegal weapons trade gun control, democratic states, civilian gun ownership, prohibition era, alcohol consumption, illegal acquisition, civil libertarian, Don B. Kates, The Civil Liberties Review, UK gun ownership, police challenges, firearms availability, The Independent, The Guardian gun control, democratic states, civilian gun ownership, prohibition era, alcohol consumption, illegal gun acquisition, civil libertarian, UK gun laws, firearm prevalence, illegal firearms, gun policy, legislative effectiveness, crime prevention, Second Amendment, public safety, weapons regulation, societal norms, legal restrictions, gun rights, law enforcement challenges
test-health-dhghwapgd-pro04a	"When generic drugs are legalized firms and individuals no longer feel the incentive to misallocate resources to the race to patent new drugs and to monitor existing patents, or to spend resources stealing from one another  Patent regimes cause firms to inefficiently allocate resources. One such inefficiency arises from the duplication of effort by firms seeking to develop the same or very similar drugs, though only the first to do so may profit from it due to the winner-takes-all patent system. This leads to brutal races and excessive expenditure of resources to be first over the line and to monopolize the production, at least for a time. These races can thus lead to efforts by firms to steal research from one another, thus resulting in further wastes of resources in engaging and attempting to prevent corporate espionage. Another serious inefficiency arises in the production of similar products to existing ones, seeking to get around existing patents. Such has been the case for years in the pharmaceutical industry, which has succeeded, for example, in curing erectile dysfunction dozens of times. An overemphasis on such spinning off of similar products is the result of patent-generated inefficiency 1. The inefficiency does not end with production, however, as firms likewise devote great amounts of resources and effort to the development of non-duplicable products, in monitoring for infringement, and in prosecuting offenders, all of which generates huge costs and little or no return 2. Furthermore, the deterrent effect to patent piracy generated by all the efforts of the state and firms has proven generally minimal. Clearly, in the absence of patent protection for pharmaceuticals, markets and firms will behave more efficiently. This is shown by the introduction of generic antiretroviral drugs for treating AIDS where the introduction of generic drugs forced the price of the branded drugs down from $10439 to $931 in September/October 2000 3.  1 Gabb, Sean. 2005. ""Market Failure and the Pharmaceutical Industry: A Proposal for Reform"". National Health Federation. Available: 2 World Intellectual Property Organization. 2011. ""Emerging Issues in Intellectual Property"". Available: 3 Avert.org, ""AIDS, Drug Prices and Generic Drugs"", generic drugs, patent regimes, resource allocation, inefficiency, duplication of effort, winner-takes-all, corporate espionage, non-duplicable products, patent infringement, prosecution, patent piracy, market efficiency, antiretroviral drugs, drug prices, pharmaceutical industry, patent reform, resource misallocation, excessive expenditure, research theft, monitoring patents, patent-generated inefficiency, branded drugs, generic antiretroviral drugs, AIDS treatment, drug pricing, market behavior, intellectual property, pharmaceutical patents, patent protection, market failure, healthcare economics, patent law, drug development, pharmaceutical competition, economic efficiency, patent system, pharma patents generic drugs, patent regimes, resource misallocation, drug patent races, corporate espionage, pharmaceutical inefficiency, patent infringement, market efficiency, generic antiretroviral drugs, drug price reduction, AIDS treatment, patent reform, intellectual property, non-duplicable products, winner-takes-all system, pharmaceutical industry, market failure, patent piracy deterrent, innovation incentives, research duplication, redundant drug development, branded drug prices, pharmaceutical market behavior generic drugs, patent regimes, resource misallocation, patent inefficiency, drug duplication, corporate espionage, pharmaceutical industry, patent infringement, non-duplicable products, market efficiency, generic antiretroviral drugs, drug price reduction, AIDS treatment, patent protection, market reform, intellectual property, drug development, research theft, production costs, legal prosecution, patent piracy, state intervention, healthcare economics generic drugs, patent regimes, resource misallocation, drug patent races, corporate espionage, pharmaceutical inefficiency, patent infringement, patent monitoring, prosecution costs, patent piracy, market efficiency, generic antiretroviral drugs, drug price reduction, AIDS treatment, intellectual property, market failure, pharmaceutical reform generic drugs, patent regimes, resource misallocation, patent races, corporate espionage, inefficiency, pharmaceutical industry, generic antiretroviral drugs, drug prices, market efficiency, patent infringement, research duplication, patent protection, pharmaceutical patents, market failure, intellectual property, drug development, patent-generated inefficiency, AIDS treatment, branded drugs"
test-law-cplgpshwdp-pro02a	Juries need to have all the information possible in order to reach a fair verdict.  It is nonsensical to withhold evidence from a jury that might be necessary for them to reach an accurate verdict. Just because their verdict might be more prone to conviction rather than acquittal does not necessarily mean that this is an unfair or even inaccurate conclusion; given that violent offenders are likely to re-offend [1] , it may illuminate the truth rather than confuse it. Jurors should be allowed to weigh the relevance of previous convictions and compare them with the accusations of the trail at hand. A criminal justice system which currently relies on the ability of the jury to make a decision [2] cannot legitimately choose to withhold evidence from them without innately biasing the trial itself. As the UK Government’s White Paper states, ‘we want less evidence to be withheld from the courts, on the principle that relevant evidence should be admissible . . . magistrates, judges and juries have the common sense to evaluate relevant evidence and should be trusted to do so’ [3] . If we cannot trust juries to decide which evidence is relevant to the verdict and which is not, then the entire use of juries in the criminal justice system should be reconsidered.  [1] CBC News, ‘Getting out of prison’, March 2008.  [2] Direct Gov, ‘Jury service – what happens in court and after the trial’, 10 October 2011.  [3] CPS, ‘Justice for all’, The Stationary Office, July 2002. Juries, information, fair verdict, evidence, conviction, acquittal, violent offenders, re-offend, previous convictions, criminal justice system, bias, UK Government, White Paper, relevant evidence, admissible, magistrates, judges, common sense, evaluate, jury service, court, trial, reconsidered, CBC News, Direct Gov, CPS, Justice for all, The Stationary Office Juries, information, fair verdict, withhold evidence, conviction, acquittal, violent offenders, re-offend, previous convictions, criminal justice system, bias, UK Government, White Paper, relevant evidence, admissible, magistrates, judges, common sense, evaluate, reconsider, CBC News, Direct Gov, CPS, Justice for all juries, information, fair verdict, evidence, withholding, accurate conclusion, violent offenders, re-offend, previous convictions, criminal justice system, bias, UK Government, White Paper, relevant evidence, admissible, magistrates, judges, common sense, evaluate, reconsideration, CBC News, Direct Gov, CPS, Justice for all juries, information, fair verdict, withhold evidence, accurate conclusion, violent offenders, re-offend, previous convictions, accusations, criminal justice system, bias, trial, UK Government, White Paper, relevant evidence, admissible, magistrates, judges, common sense, evaluate, reconsider, CBC News, Direct Gov, CPS, Justice for all, The Stationary Office Juries, information, verdict, evidence, conviction, acquittal, violent offenders, re-offend, previous convictions, criminal justice system, bias, trial, UK Government, White Paper, relevant evidence, admissible, magistrates, judges, common sense, evaluate, Jury service, Justice for all, The Stationary Office
test-politics-cpecfiepg-pro01a	The current austerity measures are not working  The Austerity measures put in place by the ECB, IMF and European Commission have led to nothing but misery for the Greek people. They have failed to cut down the total debt % GDP ratio and have also failed to increase the competitiveness of the Greek economy. This is because raising taxes and slashing the minimum wage has sent the economy deeper and deeper into recession. Unemployment is at a record high of 21% and there is a severe shortage of credit leading to severe difficulties in companies financing their day to day projects. What’s more, the country itself is plunged into depression. Escalated (inevitably) by the local and international media, the climate is one of despair and investment is at the bottom of anyone’s priorities. This further perpetuates the cycles of recession and prevents any of the austerity measures having their desired effect. Additionally, the drastic fall in GDP every quarter means that cuts in government spending are also not having their desired effect on reducing the budget deficit % GDP ratio. Worst of all, the economic hardships have drawn many people to despair and the suicide rates in Greece have dramatically risen over the last year and access to healthcare has drastically declined. [1] In this manner, the government is failing in fulfilling its most basic duties of safeguarding the lives and wellbeing of its citizens. If the current measures are not working then a new approach is needed. A default would alleviate much of the suffering caused by austerity.  [1] Armitsead, Louise: “Why Greece should default and exit the euro” 23 February 2012, The Telegraph, austerity measures, ECB, IMF, European Commission, Greek economy, debt, GDP, competitiveness, taxes, minimum wage, recession, unemployment, credit shortage, company financing, media impact, investment decline, economic depression, budget deficit, government spending cuts, suicide rates, healthcare access, citizen wellbeing, default, euro exit austerity, measures, ECB, IMF, European Commission, Greek, people, misery, debt, GDP, competitiveness, taxes, minimum wage, recession, unemployment, credit, companies, depression, media, despair, investment, budget deficit, GDP ratio, government, duties, citizens, default, euro, healthcare, suicide rates, economic hardships, new approach austerity measures, ECB, IMF, European Commission, Greek economy, debt, GDP, competitiveness, taxes, minimum wage, recession, unemployment, credit shortage, depression, media, investment, budget deficit, GDP ratio, government spending, suicide rates, healthcare access, default, euro, economic hardships, citizens' wellbeing austerity measures, ECB, IMF, European Commission, Greek people, misery, debt GDP ratio, competitiveness, Greek economy, taxes, minimum wage, recession, unemployment, credit shortage, company financing, economic depression, media impact, investment, recession cycle, government spending cuts, budget deficit, economic hardships, suicide rates, healthcare access, default, euro exit, Louise Armitstead, The Telegraph austerity measures, ECB, IMF, European Commission, Greek people, debt GDP ratio, economic competitiveness, taxes, minimum wage, recession, unemployment, credit shortage, economic depression, media influence, investment decline, GDP fall, budget deficit, suicide rates, healthcare access, default, euro exit
test-politics-gvhwhnerse-pro03a	Allows the ruler to make necessary but unpopular decisions  Democracy and elections are about popularity but popular decisions are not always the right ones. Even mature democracies have sometimes seen their government’s make use of the levers of government to boost their electoral chances; for example Margaret Thatcher’s government stoked the economy in the Lawson boom in 1987 which just happened to be an election year. [1] Governments without elections can engage in long term planning and make unpopular decisions without fear of the consequences. Thus for example Saudi Arabia is willing to pump less oil (and so get less money in the short term at least) in order to create stability in the oil market by having enough excess capacity to prevent price spikes.  [1] Congdon, Tim, Keynes, the Keynesians and Monetarism, 2007, p.73 ruler, unpopular decisions, democracy, elections, popularity, right decisions, mature democracies, government levers, electoral chances, Margaret Thatcher, Lawson boom, 1987, governments without elections, long term planning, Saudi Arabia, oil market stability, short term sacrifices, price spikes, Congdon, Keynes, Keynesians, Monetarism, 2007 ruler, unpopular decisions, democracy, elections, popularity, right decisions, mature democracies, government levers, electoral chances, Margaret Thatcher, Lawson boom, 1987, long term planning, Saudi Arabia, oil market, stability, excess capacity, price spikes, Tim Congdon, Keynesians, Monetarism ruler, unpopular decisions, democracy, elections, popularity, right decisions, mature democracies, government levers, electoral chances, Margaret Thatcher, Lawson boom, 1987, governments without elections, long-term planning, Saudi Arabia, oil market, price stability, excess capacity, price spikes, Tim Congdon, Keynes, Keynesians, Monetarism ruler, unpopular decisions, democracy, elections, popularity, right decisions, mature democracies, government levers, electoral chances, Margaret Thatcher, Lawson boom, 1987, short-term gains, long-term planning, Saudi Arabia, oil market stability, excess capacity, price spikes, Tim Congdon, Keynes, Keynesians, Monetarism unpopular decisions, democracy, elections, popularity, mature democracies, government levers, electoral chances, Margaret Thatcher, Lawson boom, 1987, long-term planning, Saudi Arabia, oil market stability, excess capacity, price spikes, Tim Congdon, Keynes, Keynesians, Monetarism
test-economy-epehwmrbals-pro03a	Increasing a standard, even if not as high as the donor would want, increases the standard of the present situation  Increasing the required standard of business and labour will result in increases to the current standard labour and business standards even before aid is entirely tied as countries implement changes to ensure they get the most possible aid. Simply setting an expected level of labour and business standards will therefore create improvement in those standards. In the case of the Decent Work Country Programme for Bangladesh 2006-2009 Bangladesh has been implementing the program due to its positive benefit towards achieving the millennium development goals. This is despite challenges such as the lack of employment opportunities in the country. The programme has been successful in improving social protection, working conditions and rights for female, male, and children workers in a few sectors and areas [1] .  [1] International Labour Organization, Bangladesh: Decent Work Country Programme 2012-2015, 2012 increasing standards, donor expectations, business standards, labour standards, aid effectiveness, implementation changes, Decent Work Country Programme, Bangladesh, millennium development goals, social protection, working conditions, workers rights, employment opportunities, international labour organization, program success, female workers, male workers, children workers increasing standards, donor expectations, business standards, labour standards, aid effectiveness, implementation changes, Decent Work Country Programme, Bangladesh, millennium development goals, social protection, working conditions, workers' rights, female workers, male workers, children workers, employment opportunities, ILO, international labour organization Increasing standards, donor expectations, business standards, labour standards, aid effectiveness, implementation of changes, Decent Work Country Programme, Bangladesh, millennium development goals, social protection, working conditions, workers' rights, female workers, male workers, children workers, employment opportunities, ILO, International Labour Organization standard, donor, improvement, business, labour, aid, implementation, changes, Decent Work Country Programme, Bangladesh, millennium development goals, employment, social protection, working conditions, workers, sectors, areas, International Labour Organization increasing standards, donor expectations, business standards, labour standards, aid effectiveness, implementing changes, millennium development goals, decent work country programme, bangladesh, social protection, working conditions, workers' rights, female workers, male workers, child labor, employment opportunities, international labour organization, development programmes, economic improvement, standard setting, aid incentives
test-international-siacphbnt-pro03a	Technology is building a platform for sharing ideas.  Entrepreneurialism can be encouraged through an awareness, and sharing, of new ideas. The technological revolution has provided a platform for personal expression, delivery of up-to-date news, and the vital sharing of local ideas and thoughts. In Nigeria the Co-Creation Hub has emerged, encouraging an entrepreneurial spirit. Further, Umuntu and Mimiboards’ are connecting individual communities to the web by encouraging local content creation [1] .  Such platforms are enabling the transfer of knowledge and innovative ideas. Innovative solutions are being introduced to routine problems, such as ‘Mafuta Go’ an app to find the best price for petrol (Christine Ampaire).  [1] See further readings: Co-Creation Hub Nigeria, 2013 Technology, platform, sharing ideas, entrepreneurialism, awareness, local ideas, personal expression, news delivery, Nigeria, Co-Creation Hub, Umuntu, Mimiboards, local content creation, knowledge transfer, innovative solutions, Mafuta Go, petrol price, Christine Ampaire Technology, platform, sharing ideas, entrepreneurialism, awareness, new ideas, technological revolution, personal expression, up-to-date news, local ideas, thoughts, Nigeria, Co-Creation Hub, entrepreneurial spirit, Umuntu, Mimiboards, local content creation, knowledge transfer, innovative ideas, innovative solutions, routine problems, Mafuta Go, petrol price, Christine Ampaire Technology, Platform, Sharing, Ideas, Entrepreneurialism, Awareness, Technological Revolution, Personal Expression, News Delivery, Local Ideas, Thoughts, Nigeria, Co-Creation Hub, Umuntu, Mimiboards, Web, Local Content Creation, Knowledge Transfer, Innovative Solutions, Routine Problems, Mafuta Go, Petrol Price, Christine Ampaire, Co-Creation Hub Nigeria Technology, platform, sharing, ideas, entrepreneurialism, awareness, technological revolution, personal expression, news, local ideas, thoughts, Nigeria, Co-Creation Hub, Umuntu, Mimiboards, local content, knowledge transfer, innovative solutions, Mafuta Go, petrol price, Christine Ampaire technology, platform, sharing, ideas, entrepreneurialism, awareness, technological revolution, personal expression, news delivery, local ideas, thoughts, Nigeria, Co-Creation Hub, Umuntu, Mimiboards, local content creation, knowledge transfer, innovative solutions, routine problems, Mafuta Go, petrol price, Christine Ampaire, Co-Creation Hub Nigeria, 2013
test-law-lghwpcctcc-con02a	Invoking public reaction can damage the lives of those concerned in the court case.  Proposition may well argue that televising court cases gains a sense of ‘sympathy’ and justice for the victims of the case. However, this is double-edged. Firstly, particularly emotive and controversial court cases concerning crimes such as sexual assault could blind the public (or ‘audience’) to any untruthfulness from the ‘victim’, by virtue of being perceived as vulnerable and wronged. Secondly, any sympathy which is gained for one person often arises out of increased hatred or outrage against another – namely the defendant. This could lead to public condemnation of an individual who is never actually convicted of a crime; they will be exposed to public reaction that might be wholly unjustified if he is subsequently acquitted. One example of this is when Milly Dowler’s father was questioned in court as a suspect of his daughter’s death and his personal, pornographic magazines were used as evidence against him [1] . Although he was completely innocent, the prosecution’s job was to explore any possibility of perversion or dangerous character. This is an infringement upon that individual’s rights, as being publicly portrayed as a villain could go on to affect their future private life, such as their chances of future employment or anonymity.  [1]  , accessed 19/08/11 public reaction, court case, televising, sympathy, justice, victims, double-edged, emotive, controversial, sexual assault, untruthfulness, vulnerable, wronged, public condemnation, acquitted, unjustified, Milly Dowler, father, suspect, personal, pornographic magazines, innocent, prosecution, perversion, dangerous character, rights, future private life, employment, anonymity public reaction, court case, televising court cases, sympathy, justice, victims, emotive cases, controversial cases, sexual assault, public perception, untruthfulness, audience, defendant, public condemnation, unjustified, acquittal, Milly Dowler, father, suspect, personal evidence, prosecution, perversion, dangerous character, individual rights, public portrayal, future employment, anonymity, legal ethics, media influence, trial publicity, prejudgment, legal fairness, judicial process, media responsibility, victim rights, defendant rights, legal system, public opinion, trial by media, legal integrity, privacy rights, public scrutiny, legal proceedings, judicial public reaction, court case, televising, sympathy, justice, victims, emotive, controversial, sexual assault, untruthfulness, vulnerability, public condemnation, defendant, acquitted, unjustified, Milly Dowler, father, suspect, pornographic magazines, innocence, prosecution, perversion, dangerous character, rights infringement, private life, employment, anonymity public reaction, court case, televising, sympathy, justice, victims, controversy, sexual assault, public opinion, untruthfulness, vulnerability, defendant, public condemnation, acquittal, unjustified, Milly Dowler, personal rights, employment, anonymity, prosecution, evidence, media influence, legal ethics, public trial, societal impact, characterization, innocence public reaction, court case, sympathy, justice, victims, untruthfulness, sexual assault, public condemnation, defendant, acquitted, unjustified, rights, private life, employment, anonymity, Milly Dowler, father, questioned, suspect, pornographic magazines, prosecution, perversion, dangerous character
test-society-mmcpsgfhbf-pro02a	Porn is inherently dehumanising  Pornography necessarily objectifies people: it presents a sexual desire, an urge, which is immediately attended by another person, often performing acts which we would find demeaning, until the original urge is satisfied. The use of others for pleasure treats them as means to one’s own ends, and denies them any value as rational subjects with a will of their own. This affects, naturally, the participants in pornography, but also their viewers who adopt corrupted notions of what to value in others, and furthermore other women who are later affected by men using the same metric to interact with them. Porn, dehumanising, objectification, sexual desire, urge, demeaning acts, use of others, pleasure, means to ends, rational subjects, will, corrupted notions, value, participants, viewers, women, men, interaction, metric, morality, ethics, sexuality, human dignity, exploitation, consent, power dynamics, societal impact, gender relations, psychological effects Porn, dehumanising, objectification, sexual, desire, urge, demeaning, acts, satisfaction, use, others, pleasure, means, ends, rational, subjects, will, viewers, corrupted, notions, value, women, men, interaction, metric, ethics, sexualisation, respect, humanity, dignity, exploitation, consent, impact, society, gender, relations, moral, philosophy, sexuality, media, influence, perception, objectification, feminist, theory, psychology, behavior, interpersonal, communication, power, dynamics, culture, norms, rights, dignity, autonomy, agency, choice, freedom, coercion, manipulation, dehumanising, objectification, sexual-desire, demeaning-acts, pleasure, means-to-ends, rational-subjects, viewers, corrupted-notions, women, men, interaction-metric Porn, Dehumanising, Objectification, Sexual, Desire, Demeaning, Acts, Satisfaction, Use, Others, Pleasure, Means, Ends, Rational, Subjects, Will, Participants, Viewers, Corrupted, Notions, Value, Women, Men, Interaction, Metric Porn, dehumanising, objectification, sexual, desire, urge, demeaning, acts, pleasure, means, ends, rational, subjects, will, viewers, corrupted, notions, value, women, men, metric, interaction, feminism, ethics, sexualization, exploitation, dignity, respect, humanity, sexual, autonomy, consent, power, dynamics, societal, impact, relationships, intimacy, objectified, personhood, sexual, expression, media, influence, psychological, effects, cultural, norms, gender, roles, moral, philosophy, sexual, ethics, human, rights, violence, sexual, health, education, policy
test-international-segiahbarr-pro02a	Human development indicators have significantly improved in recent years.  Human development index (HDI) indicators are used to assess levels of life expectancy, education and income indices throughout the world. The majority of African states have seen an improvement in these scores since 2001, and are predicted to continue this trend. Some African states, such Seychelles, Libya and Tunisia, are in the ‘High Human Development’ category and are positioned in the top 100 for HDI indicators, an improvement from 1990 [1] . Life expectancy has increased by 10% on the continent and infant mortality has decreased as well, thanks to the greater availability of mosquito nets and the attention given to HIV/AIDS [2] . Education is seen as a cornerstone to growth as it allows the quicker attainment of the skills required for knowledge-intensive industries (such as agriculture and services), which will in turn lead to greater development [3] . The level of literacy in Africa has seen an increase in reports on human development from 2001 [4] and 2011 [5] . Finally, levels of poverty throughout Africa have generally decreased, including in notable countries such as Ghana and Zimbabwe.  [1] Watkins, ‘Human Development Report’, 2005, p.219  [2] The Economist, ‘Africa Rising’, 2013  [3] Haddad, ‘Education and Development’, 1990  [4] Fukuda-Parr, ‘Human Development Report’, 2011  [5] ‘United Nations Human Development statistical annex’, 2011, pp.159-161 Human development indicators, HDI, life expectancy, education, income indices, African states, improvement, Seychelles, Libya, Tunisia, High Human Development, life expectancy increase, infant mortality decrease, mosquito nets, HIV/AIDS, education growth, knowledge-intensive industries, literacy increase, poverty decrease, Ghana, Zimbabwe, Human Development Report, United Nations, statistical annex, The Economist, Africa Rising, Haddad, Fukuda-Parr Human development indicators, HDI, life expectancy, education, income indices, African states, improvement, trends, Seychelles, Libya, Tunisia, High Human Development, life expectancy increase, infant mortality decrease, mosquito nets, HIV/AIDS, education importance, skills, knowledge-intensive industries, agriculture, services, literacy increase, poverty decrease, Ghana, Zimbabwe, Human Development Report, United Nations, statistical annex Human development indicators, HDI, life expectancy, education, income indices, African states, improvement, Seychelles, Libya, Tunisia, High Human Development, top 100, life expectancy increase, infant mortality decrease, mosquito nets, HIV/AIDS, literacy, poverty decrease, Ghana, Zimbabwe, Human Development Report, Africa Rising, Education and Development, United Nations Human Development, statistical annex Human development indicators, HDI, life expectancy, education, income indices, African states, improvement, Seychelles, Libya, Tunisia, High Human Development, life expectancy increase, infant mortality decrease, mosquito nets, HIV/AIDS, education growth, knowledge-intensive industries, agriculture, services, literacy increase, poverty decrease, Ghana, Zimbabwe, Human Development Report, United Nations, statistical annex Human development indicators, HDI, life expectancy, education, income indices, Africa, African states, human development, Seychelles, Libya, Tunisia, High Human Development, life expectancy increase, infant mortality decrease, mosquito nets, HIV/AIDS, education growth, skills, knowledge-intensive industries, agriculture, services, literacy increase, poverty decrease, Ghana, Zimbabwe, Human Development Report, United Nations, The Economist, Africa Rising, Haddad, Education and Development, Fukuda-Parr, statistical annex
test-culture-mmctyshwbcp-con01a	Child performers are necessary for roles in some films, television shows, etc., and for the survival of some sports  In some films or television shows, child actors are absolutely necessary in order to realistically portray society and the roles children play. The incredibly popular Harry Potter films, for example, would not have been half as convincing without the large cast of actors under the age of 18 playing the schoolchildren. Child actors are also necessary in the advertising industry, in order to make products appealing to a younger audience. Some sports, too, would be endangered if children were not allowed to compete. Ice skaters and dancers, for example, benefit greatly from training starting at an early age. [1]  [1] Sagolla, ‘Dance Training for Children and Teens’ child performers, films, television shows, survival, sports, realistc portrayal, society, roles, children, Harry Potter, convincing, large cast, actors, under 18, schoolchildren, advertising industry, products, younger audience, endangered, competition, ice skaters, dancers, training, early age, Dance Training for Children and Teens, Sagolla child performers, roles, films, television shows, survival, sports, Harry Potter, realism, society, advertising industry, younger audience, ice skaters, dancers, early training, Sagolla, Dance Training, children, competition, necessary, portrayal, convincing, cast, age, products, appealing child performers, roles, films, television shows, survival, sports, realistic portrayal, society, Harry Potter, convincing, advertising industry, younger audience, ice skaters, dancers, early training, endangered, competition, child actors, necessity, Sagolla, Dance Training Child performers, necessary roles, films, television shows, survival sports, realistic portrayal, society, children roles, Harry Potter films, convincing cast, under age 18, advertising industry, appealing younger audience, sports endangerment, children competition, ice skating, dance training, early age, Sagolla, Dance Training Children Teens child performers, roles, films, television shows, survival, sports, realistic portrayal, society, child actors, Harry Potter, advertising industry, younger audience, ice skaters, dancers, early training, Dance Training for Children and Teens, Sagolla
test-international-eghrhbeusli-con02a	Prevents a competitor from building a high tech military  The arms ban is very effective in preventing the Chinese military gaining access to the best modern technologies. A convincing code of conduct has yet to be drawn up, but even if it looks very tight, it has a major flaw. Individual EU member states will be able to judge for themselves whether a proposed arms sale breaks the code. Past experience suggests that when exports are at stake, perhaps with the risk of job losses in an election year, then politicians interpret codes like this very loosely, so for example despite this code UK arms exports may have been used in the conflict against the Tamils in Sri Lanka. [1] This will be made worse by the thought of an EU state that if it refuses a particular military sale to China, then another member state will be more flexible. This means that each individual member will make decisions based upon what is best for it individually and not think of what is best for the Union as a whole – such as providing high tech weapons that bring in export dollars but helps undermine security.  [1] Prince, Rosa, ‘UK arms used against civilians in Sri Lanka and Gaza’, 2009. arms ban, Chinese military, modern technologies, code of conduct, EU member states, arms sales, job losses, election year, UK arms exports, conflict, Tamils, Sri Lanka, EU state, military sale, security, export dollars, Union, high tech weapons arms ban, Chinese military, technology access, code of conduct, EU member states, arms sales, job losses, election year, UK arms exports, Tamil conflict, Sri Lanka, security, export dollars, Union policy, high tech weapons, civilian targets, Gaza, politician interpretation, code looseness, individual state decisions, collective EU interest competitor, high-tech, military, arms-ban, Chinese, modern-technologies, code-of-conduct, EU, member-states, arms-sale, exports, job-losses, election-year, politicians, loose-interpretation, UK, arms-exports, conflict, Tamils, Sri-Lanka, Union, security, weapons, export-dollars arms ban, Chinese military, modern technologies, code of conduct, EU member states, arms sale, politicians, code interpretation, UK arms exports, Sri Lanka conflict, election year, job losses, security, Union, high tech weapons, export dollars, undermining security, Rosa Prince, UK arms, civilians, Sri Lanka, Gaza arms ban, Chinese military, modern technologies, code of conduct, EU member states, arms sale, UK arms exports, Sri Lanka conflict, Tamil, election year, job losses, politicians, code interpretation, security, export dollars, Union interests, high tech weapons, undermining security, Rosa Prince, UK arms, civilians, Gaza
test-law-rmelhrilhbiw-con02a	Settlements provide economic investment in the Occupied Territories  The fundamental fact is that the West Bank, whatever its status, is not an economically viable entity on its own. It produces few goods, while Gaza produces next to none, and independence without a major influx of capital will not change this situation.  The best source for a supply of capitol in the region lies in Israel, which has an enormous demand for a low-wage work-force. Millions of Palestinians worked in Israel until after 2000, and with travel into Israel proper restricted, settlement construction and cultivation provide economic development opportunities for the region and create jobs for Palestinians. [1] This is an important prospect when the unemployment figures for the Palestinians are at nearly 30%. [2]  Furthermore the very need for such labor is likely to further incentivise Israel to loosen restrictions on Palestinian workers in the West Bank and Gaza.  [1] Hass, Amira, ‘Israel to lift restrictions on Palestinian Jordan Valley travel’, Haaretz.com, 26 April 2007,   [2] ‘Palestinian unemployment shows gradual decline’, Jmcc, 21 February 2010, Settlements, economic investment, Occupied Territories, West Bank, Gaza, economic viability, goods production, independence, capital influx, Israel, low-wage workforce, Palestinian workers, travel restrictions, settlement construction, cultivation, economic development, job creation, unemployment, Palestinian unemployment, incentive, labor demand, restrictions loosening, Amira Hass, Israel travel restrictions, Palestinian Jordan Valley, Jmcc, Palestinian unemployment decline Settlements, Economic Investment, Occupied Territories, West Bank, Gaza, Economic Viability, Goods Production, Independence, Capital Influx, Israel, Low-Wage Workforce, Palestinian Workers, Travel Restrictions, Settlement Construction, Cultivation, Economic Development, Unemployment, Labor Demand, Restrictions Loosening Settlements, economic investment, Occupied Territories, West Bank, Gaza, economic viability, goods production, independence, capital influx, Israel, low-wage workforce, Palestinian workers, settlement construction, cultivation, economic development, job creation, unemployment, travel restrictions, Palestinian unemployment, gradual decline, economic opportunities, labor demand, restrictions loosening Settlements, economic investment, Occupied Territories, West Bank, Gaza, economic viability, goods production, independence, capital influx, Israel, low-wage workforce, Palestinian workers, travel restrictions, construction, cultivation, economic development, unemployment, labor demand, restrictions loosening, Palestinian unemployment, employment opportunities Settlements, Economic Investment, Occupied Territories, West Bank, Gaza, Economic Viability, Goods Production, Independence, Capital Inflow, Israel, Low-Wage Workforce, Palestinian Workers, Settlement Construction, Economic Development, Job Creation, Unemployment, Travel Restrictions, Jordan Valley, Palestinian Unemployment Decline
test-religion-cmrsgfhbr-pro02a	Poor families would be helped far more by investment in education and healthcare  This has been an urban and political obsession from the outset. The idea that the hungry and homeless need condoms more than food and shelter is clearly absurd. The poor would be better helped through “accessible education, better hospitals and lesser government corruption.” [i] Rather than interfering in the moral life of the nation, parliamentarians would be better exercised in tackling these concerns.  This issue has consumed political energy for over a decade and received massive national and international attention and yet there are far more pressing concerns for the nation – and its political leaders.  Instead this bill, which carries the marks of both political and moral corruption has been the main focus of the president and congress. At the very least this suggests a questionable sense of priority, at worst a gross lack of interest in the welfare of the Filipino people.  [i] Villegas, Socrates B., ‘Contraception is Corruption!’, CBCP News, 15 December 2012, poor families, education, healthcare, urban obsession, political obsession, hungry, homeless, condoms, food, shelter, accessible education, better hospitals, government corruption, moral life, political energy, national attention, international attention, pressing concerns, political leaders, bill, political corruption, moral corruption, priority, welfare, Filipino people, contraception, CBCP News, Socrates B. Villegas poor families, investment, education, healthcare, urban obsession, political focus, hungry, homeless, condoms, food, shelter, accessible education, better hospitals, government corruption, moral life, parliamentarians, pressing concerns, political energy, national attention, moral corruption, priority, welfare, Filipino people, contraception, CBCP News, Socrates B. Villegas poor families, education investment, healthcare investment, urban obsession, political obsession, hungry, homeless, condoms, food, shelter, accessible education, better hospitals, government corruption, political energy, national attention, international attention, pressing concerns, political leaders, bill, political corruption, moral corruption, priority, welfare, Filipino people, contraception, corruption, CBCP News, Socrates B. Villegas poor families, investment, education, healthcare, urban, political obsession, hunger, homelessness, condoms, food, shelter, accessible education, better hospitals, government corruption, parliamentarians, moral life, political energy, national attention, pressing concerns, political leaders, contraception, corruption, Filipino people, CBCP News, Socrates B. Villegas poor families, investment, education, healthcare, urban obsession, political obsession, hungry, homeless, condoms, food, shelter, accessible education, better hospitals, government corruption, moral life, political energy, national attention, pressing concerns, political leaders, bill, moral corruption, Filipino people, contraception, CBCP News, Socrates B. Villegas
test-digital-freedoms-eifdfaihs-con03a	Realistic costs for users and providers of bandwidth and phones  The example of mobile devices is, perhaps the most clear-cut. Manufacturers of mobile devices expect to make their money back and make a profit. They need to do this to pay salaries, invest in the next project and keep their shareholders happy. To do that they make a calculation based on the price of the original product and what additional revenue they are likely to make over the lifetime of that product’s use.  Phone companies in particular have complained that major content providers are simply not paying a fair share of the costs with the VP of Verizon, for example, accusing Google of getting “a free lunch” at the expense of network providers [i] .  Net neutrality compels some companies to ignore basic financial realities [ii] . For all that Proposition – and others such as politicians in Amsterdam and Santiago – may think that changing the basic rules of economics is a good idea, they have yet to explain how this Socialist utopia will work.  [i] Washington Post. Ashad Mohammed. “Verizon Executive Calls for End to Google’s ‘Free Lunch”. 7 February 2006.  [ii] The Economist. “The Difference Engine: Download Dilemma”. 6 May 2011. Realistic costs, users, providers, bandwidth, phones, mobile devices, manufacturers, profit, salaries, investment, shareholders, revenue, lifetime use, phone companies, major content providers, fair share, costs, VP Verizon, Google, free lunch, network providers, net neutrality, financial realities, economics, Proposition, politicians, Amsterdam, Santiago, Socialist utopia, Washington Post, Ashad Mohammed, Verizon Executive, The Economist, Difference Engine, Download Dilemma Realistic costs, users, providers, bandwidth, phones, mobile devices, manufacturers, profit, salaries, investments, shareholders, additional revenue, lifetime use, phone companies, content providers, fair share, costs, VP Verizon, Google, free lunch, network providers, net neutrality, financial realities, basic rules economics, socialist utopia, Washington Post, Ashad Mohammed, The Economist, Difference Engine, Download Dilemma Realistic costs, users, providers, bandwidth, phones, mobile devices, manufacturers, profit, salaries, investment, shareholders, calculation, original product, additional revenue, lifetime use, phone companies, content providers, fair share, costs, VP Verizon, Google, free lunch, network providers, Net neutrality, financial realities, changing rules, economics, Proposition, politicians, Amsterdam, Santiago, Socialist utopia, Washington Post, Ashad Mohammed, Verizon Executive, The Economist, Difference Engine, Download Dilemma realistic costs, users, providers, bandwidth, phones, mobile devices, manufacturers, profit, salaries, investment, shareholders, lifetime revenue, phone companies, content providers, fair share, costs, VP Verizon, Google, free lunch, network providers, net neutrality, financial realities, basic rules economics, socialist utopia, Amsterdam, Santiago, politicians, economic policies, digital economy, telecommunications, internet service providers, content delivery, cost distribution, technology finance Realistic costs, Users, Providers, Bandwidth, Phones, Mobile devices, Manufacturers, Profit, Salaries, Investment, Shareholders, Calculation, Product price, Additional revenue, Lifetime use, Phone companies, Content providers, Fair share, Costs, VP Verizon, Google, Free lunch, Network providers, Net neutrality, Financial realities, Proposition, Politicians, Amsterdam, Santiago, Economics, Socialist utopia, Washington Post, Ashad Mohammed, Verizon Executive, The Economist, The Difference Engine, Download Dilemma
test-health-dhpelhbass-con04a	It would have a damaging effect on society  Some people who do not agree with voluntary euthanasia argue that if it was legalised, it would damage the moral and social foundation of society by removing the traditional principle that man should not kill, and reduce the respect for human life. It might also be the case that once voluntary euthanasia has been legalised, this might lead to cases of involuntary euthanasia being carried out. With people deciding that someone else's life such as the elderly or the terminally ill is not worth living and therefore performing euthanasia without their consent. [1] A recent study discovered that some sufferers of locked-in syndrome – as many as three out of four of the main sample – were happy and did not want to die. [2]  [1] The case against, religiouseducation.co.uik  (accessed 4/6/2011).  [2] Barbara Ellen, Who is to judge which lives are worth living?, guardian.co.uk, 17 April 2011  (accessed 6/6/2011) voluntary euthanasia, moral foundation, social foundation, man should not kill, respect for human life, involuntary euthanasia, elderly, terminally ill, locked-in syndrome, quality of life, ethics, moral arguments, legalisation, patient consent, Barbara Ellen, religiouseducation.co.uk, guardian.co.uk voluntary euthanasia, moral foundation, social foundation, traditional principle, respect for human life, involuntary euthanasia, elderly, terminally ill, locked-in syndrome, lives worth living, ethical concerns, legalisation impacts, societal values, non-consensual euthanasia, patient autonomy, quality of life, medical ethics, end-of-life decisions, moral relativism, religious perspectives, ethical dilemmas, human dignity, euthanasia debate, patient rights, medical law, bioethics, consent in healthcare, vulnerable populations, palliative care, terminal illness, quality of death, assisted dying, legislative implications, compassion in medicine, voluntary euthanasia, legalisation, moral foundation, social foundation, man should not kill, respect for human life, involuntary euthanasia, elderly, terminally ill, locked-in syndrome, quality of life, right to die, ethical considerations, medical ethics, patient autonomy voluntary euthanasia, societal impact, moral foundations, social foundations, principle against killing, respect for life, involuntary euthanasia, legalization, elderly, terminally ill, non-consensual euthanasia, locked-in syndrome, quality of life, worth of life, ethical arguments, religious perspectives, Barbara Ellen voluntary euthanasia, legalisation, moral foundation, social foundation, man should not kill, respect for human life, involuntary euthanasia, elderly, terminally ill, locked-in syndrome, lives worth living, religious arguments, ethical concerns, patient autonomy, end-of-life decisions, quality of life, medical ethics, death with dignity
test-international-gmehwasr-pro02a	It is in the national interest for democracies to support those seeking to oust dictators  Democracies should support moderate groups seeking to oust dictators because the result will hopefully be a moderate, democratic state. This would then be a reliable partner for the future that would be more willing to help engage and resolve the region's problems. But this is not all about being high minded and wanting to promote democracy in the Middle East, arms need to be provided in order to ensure future influence in Syria. We already know that there are jihadis operating in Syria so it is plain that this is a conflict that will eventually have wider implications for the west. If we want to have influence in Syria after Assad is overthrown then we need to begin helping opposition groups. It is in our interest to build up the moderate groups so as to deny support to the extremists; once this is over we would be in a much better position if we have grateful friends on the ground rather than groups who are resentful that we provided fine words but no real help. We don't want to find ourselves having to root out terrorists from the air using UAVs. [1]  [1] Hokayem, Emile, in ‘Roundtable: arming the Syrian rebels’, Foreign Policy, 21 February 2013 national interest, democracies, support, oust dictators, moderate groups, democratic state, reliable partner, region's problems, promote democracy, Middle East, arms, future influence, Syria, jihadis, conflict, wider implications, west, influence, opposition groups, moderate groups, deny support, extremists, grateful friends, resentful, real help, root out terrorists, UAVs, Hokayem, Emile, arming Syrian rebels, Foreign Policy national interest, democracies, support, oust dictators, moderate groups, democratic state, reliable partner, engage, resolve, region's problems, promote democracy, Middle East, arms, future influence, Syria, jihadis, conflict, wider implications, west, influence, opposition groups, moderate groups, deny support, extremists, grateful friends, resentful, real help, root out terrorists, UAVs, Hokayem, Emile, arming, Syrian rebels, Foreign Policy national interest, democracies, support, oust dictators, moderate groups, democratic state, reliable partner, future engagement, resolve problems, promote democracy, Middle East, arms provision, future influence, Syria, jihadis, conflict implications, west, influence post-Assad, build moderate groups, deny support extremists, grateful friends, avoid terrorism, UAVs, Emile Hokayem, Foreign Policy, arming Syrian rebels national interest, democracies, support, oust dictators, moderate groups, democratic state, reliable partner, future, resolve, region's problems, promote democracy, Middle East, provide arms, future influence, Syria, jihadis, conflict, wider implications, west, influence, opposition groups, build up, deny support, extremists, grateful friends, resentful, real help, root out terrorists, UAVs, Hokayem, Emile, arming Syrian rebels, Foreign Policy national interest, democracies, support, oust dictators, moderate groups, democratic state, reliable partner, future engagement, resolve problems, promote democracy, Middle East, arms provision, future influence, Syria, jihadis, conflict, western implications, opposition groups, influence, Assad, moderate groups, deny support, extremists, grateful friends, resentful, root out terrorists, UAVs, Hokayem, Emile, arming Syrian rebels, Foreign Policy
test-international-ipecfiepg-pro01a	The current austerity measures are not working  The Austerity measures put in place by the ECB, IMF and European Commission have led to nothing but misery for the Greek people. They have failed to cut down the total debt % GDP ratio and have also failed to increase the competitiveness of the Greek economy. This is because raising taxes and slashing the minimum wage has sent the economy deeper and deeper into recession. Unemployment is at a record high of 21% and there is a severe shortage of credit leading to severe difficulties in companies financing their day to day projects. What’s more, the country itself is plunged into depression. Escalated (inevitably) by the local and international media, the climate is one of despair and investment is at the bottom of anyone’s priorities. This further perpetuates the cycles of recession and prevents any of the austerity measures having their desired effect. Additionally, the drastic fall in GDP every quarter means that cuts in government spending are also not having their desired effect on reducing the budget deficit % GDP ratio. Worst of all, the economic hardships have drawn many people to despair and the suicide rates in Greece have dramatically risen over the last year and access to healthcare has drastically declined. [1] In this manner, the government is failing in fulfilling its most basic duties of safeguarding the lives and wellbeing of its citizens. If the current measures are not working then a new approach is needed. A default would alleviate much of the suffering caused by austerity.  [1] Armitsead, Louise: “Why Greece should default and exit the euro” 23 February 2012, The Telegraph, austerity measures, ECB, IMF, European Commission, Greek economy, debt % GDP, competitiveness, taxes, minimum wage, recession, unemployment, credit shortage, company financing, economic depression, media influence, investment decline, budget deficit, GDP reduction, government spending cuts, suicide rates, healthcare access, citizen wellbeing, economic hardships, default, euro exit, financial relief austerity measures, ECB, IMF, European Commission, Greek economy, debt GDP ratio, competitiveness, recession, unemployment, credit shortage, investment, GDP decline, budget deficit, suicide rates, healthcare access, government duties, default, euro exit austerity measures, ECB, IMF, European Commission, Greek economy, debt, GDP, competitiveness, taxes, minimum wage, recession, unemployment, credit shortage, investment, media, depression, budget deficit, default, euro, healthcare, suicide rates, economic hardships, government duties, citizens, new approach, sufferings, financial crisis, economic policies, economic reforms, societal impact, fiscal measures, economic downturn, international organizations, financial aid, economic indicators, public spending, economic growth, social welfare, economic strategy, financial management, economic stability, economic development, economic recovery, financial crisis management, economic policy analysis, economic impact, fiscal austerity austerity, measures, ECB, IMF, European Commission, Greece, Greek people, debt, GDP, competitiveness, taxes, minimum wage, recession, unemployment, credit, depression, media, investment, GDP fall, government spending, budget deficit, economic hardships, suicide rates, healthcare, default, euro exit austerity measures, ECB, IMF, European Commission, Greek people, debt GDP ratio, economic competitiveness, tax increases, minimum wage cuts, economic recession, unemployment, credit shortage, economic depression, media influence, investment decline, recession cycle, GDP fall, government spending cuts, budget deficit, suicides, healthcare access, citizen wellbeing, default, euro exit, economic suffering, Louise Armitstead, The Telegraph
test-culture-cgeeghwmeo-pro01a	"The Identity and History of the United States are intrinsically linked to the English Language  From its very founding, English was the common language of the United States, and full participation in the national life was dependent on the ability to speak it. Theodore Roosevelt himself once noted that ""We have one language here, and that is the English language, and we intend to see that the [assimilation] crucible turns our people out as Americans ” [1]  Declaring English as the official language will give legal force to this history, and help provide unity to Americans at a time when many come from different backgrounds and hold different political views.  Furthermore, it will help immigrants with the process of assimilation. Rather than simply learning English for pragmatic reasons, the act of learning English will tie immigrants into a political and historical tradition going back to Thomas Jefferson.  [1] Opposing Views, ‘Linguistic Unity Is Critical in an Increasingly Diverse Society’, 2010, Identity, History, United States, English Language, Founding, National Life, Theodore Roosevelt, Official Language, Legal Force, Unity, Americans, Different Backgrounds, Political Views, Assimilation, Thomas Jefferson, Linguistic Unity, Diverse Society Identity, History, United States, English Language, Founding, Participation, National Life, Theodore Roosevelt, Official Language, Legal Force, Unity, Americans, Backgrounds, Political Views, Assimilation, Immigrants, Pragmatic Reasons, Political Tradition, Historical Tradition, Thomas Jefferson, Linguistic Unity, Diverse Society Identity, History, United States, English Language, Founding, National Life, Theodore Roosevelt, Assimilation, Official Language, Legal Force, Unity, Americans, Backgrounds, Political Views, Immigrants, Pragmatic Reasons, Political Tradition, Historical Tradition, Thomas Jefferson, Linguistic Unity, Diverse Society Identity, History, United States, English Language, Founding, National Life, Theodore Roosevelt, Official Language, Legal Force, Unity, Americans, Different Backgrounds, Political Views, Immigrants, Assimilation, Political Tradition, Historical Tradition, Thomas Jefferson, Linguistic Unity, Diverse Society Identity, History, United States, English Language, Founding, National Life, Theodore Roosevelt, Official Language, Legal Force, Unity, Americans, Backgrounds, Political Views, Immigrants, Assimilation, Political Tradition, Historical Tradition, Thomas Jefferson, Linguistic Unity, Diverse Society"
test-culture-mmctyshwbcp-pro06a	Just as the state creates laws to protect child performers it could ban child performers  Child performers are currently protected by laws about all sorts of things from the minimum amount of education they may get to their pay and how many hours they can work. Many of these laws would be much more difficult to enforce than a blanket ban. It would be simple to enforce as child performers would in most cases be easy to spot – as they are performing for the public. The government could then bring charges against those who are employing the child and fine them. child performers, laws, protection, education, pay, working hours, enforcement, ban, government, charges, fines child performers, laws, protection, education, pay, hours, enforcement, blanket ban, public performance, government charges, fines child performers, laws, protection, education, pay, work hours, enforcement, ban, public performance, government, charges, fines child performers, laws, protection, education, pay, working hours, enforcement, ban, public performance, government, charges, fines child performers, laws, protection, education, pay, working hours, enforcement, ban, public performance, government, charges, fines
test-international-gmehwasr-con01a	"Sovereignty and non intervention in internal affairs  It is a clear international rule that nations are sovereign and other states are simply not allowed to be making interventions into another country’s domestic affairs. The UN Charter emphasises “Nothing contained in the present Charter shall authorize the United Nations to intervene in matters which are essentially within the domestic jurisdiction of any state”. [1] Within a state only the government is legitimate as the supreme authority within its territory. [2] This is to prevent the bigger and richer powers from doing exactly this sort of thing to obtain the result they want inside another country. This is why Russian Foreign Minister Sergei Lavrov stated ""International law does not permit the supply of arms to non-governmental actors and our point of view is that it is a violation of international law,"" in response to suggestions that the UK would arm the Syrian rebels. [3]  [1] UN General Assembly, Article 2, Charter of the United Nations, 26 June 1945  [2] Philpott, Dan, ""Sovereignty"", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Summer 2010 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.)  [3] Abbas, Mohammed, ‘Russia says arming Syrian opposition would be illegal’, Reuters, 13 March 2013 sovereignty, non-intervention, internal affairs, international rule, UN Charter, domestic jurisdiction, supreme authority, territory, bigger powers, richer powers, Russian Foreign Minister, Sergei Lavrov, international law, supply of arms, non-governmental actors, UK, Syrian rebels, arming opposition, illegal, UN General Assembly, Article 2, Charter of the United Nations, Dan Philpott, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Mohammed Abbas, Reuters Sovereignty, Non-Intervention, Internal Affairs, International Rule, UN Charter, Domestic Jurisdiction, State Authority, International Law, Russian Foreign Minister, Sergei Lavrov, Arming Non-Governmental Actors, UK, Syrian Rebels, Mohammed Abbas, Reuters sovereignty, non-intervention, internal affairs, international rule, UN Charter, domestic jurisdiction, supreme authority, territorial integrity, international law, Russian Foreign Minister, Sergei Lavrov, supply of arms, non-governmental actors, UK, Syrian rebels, Mohammed Abbas, Reuters sovereignty, non-intervention, internal affairs, international rule, UN Charter, domestic jurisdiction, government authority, territorial integrity, international law, Russian Foreign Minister, Sergei Lavrov, supply of arms, non-governmental actors, violation, UK, Syrian rebels, Mohammed Abbas, Reuters, 2013 Sovereignty, non-intervention, internal affairs, international rule, UN Charter, domestic jurisdiction, government authority, supreme authority, international law, Russian Foreign Minister, Sergei Lavrov, supply of arms, non-governmental actors, UK, Syrian rebels, arming opposition, illegal, UN General Assembly, Article 2, Charter of the United Nations, Dan Philpott, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Mohammed Abbas, Reuters"
test-international-gpdwhwcusa-con03a	There are better alternatives to solving the problems of contemporary warfare.  If it is granted that the UN currently reacts too slowly to crises, alternatives for an improved response could be implemented without resorting to a standing army. A Rapid Reaction Force made up of fast-response units from member states with elite military capability, pledged in advance for UN operations, would build upon the best features of the current system. Security Council reform to remove the veto powers from the Permanent 5 members would allow deadlocks in decision-making to be rapidly broken and avoid the compromises which produce weak mission mandates. An improved prediction capability through better intelligence and analysis, and central logistical planning at UN headquarters would allow forces to be assembled and mandates drafted before problems became full-blown crises. Security Council rules could be changed so that resolutions requiring force could not be passed until troops have been pledged in advance. contemporary warfare, UN response, Rapid Reaction Force, elite military units, Security Council reform, veto power removal, intelligence improvement, central logistical planning, pre-pledged troops, crisis prevention, mandate strengthening, faster decision-making, international peacekeeping, military intervention alternatives contemporary warfare, UN response, Rapid Reaction Force, elite military units, Security Council reform, veto powers, prediction capability, intelligence, logistical planning, UN headquarters, force mandates, pre-pledged troops, crisis management, decision-making efficiency Rapid Reaction Force, Security Council reform, elite military units, UN operations, veto power removal, predictive intelligence, logistical planning, crisis response, standing army alternatives, Security Council rules, pre-pledged troops, mandate drafting UN, Rapid Reaction Force, Security Council reform, veto powers, elite military, fast-response units, intelligence, central logistical planning, mandates, crisis response, standing army, military capability, Security Council rules, force resolutions, troop pledges, contemporary warfare, improved response, prediction capability, weak missions, decision-making deadlocks contemporary warfare, UN response, Rapid Reaction Force, elite military units, Security Council reform, veto power removal, prediction capability, intelligence analysis, central logistical planning, pre-pledged troops, resolution passage conditions
test-international-siacphbnt-pro04a	Changing education systems and democracy.  Technology has enabled access to e-books and resources for students and teachers [1] . Such changes have enabled improved efficiency in teaching, with the availability of up-to-date resources and awareness of relevant theories. Furthermore, the ease by which students are able to access multiple resources and buy books online is expanding their intellectual curiosity and library.  In addition to raising new students, technology can be seen as a tool for democracy. Technology provides a tool for government accountability, transparency in information, and for good governance. Organisations, such as Ushahidi (Crowdmapping) following Kenya’s 2007 post-election violence; and mySociety which updates citizens on parliamentary proceedings in South Africa, show how technology is feeding democratisation for youths [2] .  [1] See further readings: Turcano, 2013.  [2] See further readings: Treisman, 2013; Usahidi, 2013. changing education systems, democracy, technology, e-books, resources, students, teachers, efficiency, teaching, up-to-date resources, theories, intellectual curiosity, library, government accountability, transparency, information, good governance, Ushahidi, Crowdmapping, Kenya, post-election violence, mySociety, parliamentary proceedings, South Africa, democratisation, youths education systems, democracy, technology, e-books, resources, students, teachers, efficiency, teaching, up-to-date resources, relevant theories, intellectual curiosity, library, government accountability, transparency, good governance, Ushahidi, Crowdmapping, post-election violence, mySociety, parliamentary proceedings, democratisation, youths education systems, democracy, technology, e-books, resources, students, teachers, efficiency, teaching, up-to-date resources, theories, intellectual curiosity, library, government accountability, transparency, information, good governance, Ushahidi, Crowdmapping, post-election violence, mySociety, parliamentary proceedings, South Africa, democratisation, youths education systems, democracy, technology, e-books, resources, students, teachers, efficiency, teaching, up-to-date, theories, intellectual curiosity, library, government accountability, transparency, information, good governance, Ushahidi, Crowdmapping, post-election violence, mySociety, parliamentary proceedings, South Africa, democratisation, youths, Turcano, Treisman, Usahidi education systems, democracy, technology, e-books, resources, students, teachers, efficiency, teaching, up-to-date resources, theories, intellectual curiosity, library, government accountability, transparency, information, good governance, Ushahidi, Crowdmapping, mySociety, parliamentary proceedings, South Africa, democratization, youths, Turcano 2013, Treisman 2013, Usahidi 2013
test-international-apwhbaucmip-pro03a	The increasing effectiveness of the African Union  The African Union has been taking a much more active stance in preventing and resolving conflict. Since 2003 responsibility for peace in Africa has been with the Peace and Security Council. This body has authorised AU interventions in Somalia, Sudan, Burundi, and the Central African Republic. [1] The African Union is not the only organisation engaged in peacekeeping; the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) has also been actively engaged in peacekeeping, having been deployed in numerous conflicts since the 1990s, most recently in Mali where they took part alongside French forces in defeating an Islamist insurgency. [2]  The AU is also boosting its collective capacity to respond to crises creating the African Standby Force made up of five regional brigades of 4000 soldiers. This force, when complete, will enable rapid deployment anywhere in Africa so helping to prevent crises becoming full scale wars. [3]  [1] ‘Peace and Security Council’, peaceau.org, 23 July 2013,   [2] News24, ‘Ecowas urges members to send troops to Mail’, 23 October 2013,   [3] Cilliers, Jakkie, ‘The African Standby Force An update on progress’, Institute of Strategic Studies, March 2008, African Union, Peace and Security Council, conflict prevention, conflict resolution, AU interventions, Somalia, Sudan, Burundi, Central African Republic, ECOWAS, peacekeeping, Mali, French forces, Islamist insurgency, African Standby Force, regional brigades, crisis response, rapid deployment, full scale wars, strategic studies African Union, Peace and Security Council, conflict resolution, peacekeeping, AU interventions, Somalia, Sudan, Burundi, Central African Republic, ECOWAS, Mali, French forces, Islamist insurgency, African Standby Force, regional brigades, crisis response, rapid deployment, Cilliers, Jakkie, Institute of Strategic Studies African Union, Peace and Security Council, conflict resolution, peacekeeping, AU interventions, Somalia, Sudan, Burundi, Central African Republic, ECOWAS, Mali, French forces, Islamist insurgency, African Standby Force, rapid deployment, crisis prevention, regional brigades, collective capacity, Jakkie Cilliers, Institute of Strategic Studies African Union, Peace and Security Council, conflict prevention, conflict resolution, peacekeeping, AU interventions, Somalia, Sudan, Burundi, Central African Republic, Economic Community of West African States, ECOWAS, Mali, French forces, Islamist insurgency, African Standby Force, regional brigades, rapid deployment, crisis response, Jakkie Cilliers, Institute of Strategic Studies African Union, Peace and Security Council, conflict resolution, peacekeeping, AU interventions, Somalia, Sudan, Burundi, Central African Republic, ECOWAS, Mali, French forces, Islamist insurgency, African Standby Force, rapid deployment, crisis prevention
test-politics-gvhwhnerse-pro04a	Forces the ruler to find another way to placate the people  Not having any elections – or only elections for a powerless advisory parliament – may actually have a benefit in putting responsibility squarely on the shoulders of the rulers. Only a country that is comparatively well governed, or successful, can manage without a democratic safety valve. It is notable that the remaining absolute monarchies or those where the King rules as well as reigns are mostly very wealthy petro states. Several of the remaining communist regimes, China and Vietnam, rely on rapid economic growth to cement their legitimacy combined with meritocracy in their selection of leaders. In both cases there is an incentive for good governance by those in power as they are in for the long term. The leaders know they are not going to be elected out of office so have the motivation to reduce corruption and create long term growth through investment in infrastructure because this will benefit them in the future. [1]  [1] Feldman, Noah, ‘Feldman examines corruption and political legitimacy in China’, Harvard Law School, 11 March 2013, absolute monarchy, petro states, economic growth, meritocracy, good governance, corruption, long-term growth, infrastructure investment, democratic safety valve, advisory parliament, legitimacy, communist regimes, China, Vietnam, Feldman, political legitimacy absolute monarchies, petro states, communist regimes, China, Vietnam, rapid economic growth, meritocracy, good governance, long term growth, infrastructure investment, corruption reduction, democratic safety valve, rulers responsibility, advisory parliament, legitimacy, economic success, political stability, Feldman, Harvard Law School absolute monarchy, petro states, economic growth, meritocracy, good governance, long term growth, corruption reduction, democratic safety valve, advisory parliament, rulers responsibility, communist regimes, China, Vietnam, political legitimacy, infrastructure investment, rapid economic growth, Feldman, Harvard Law School absolute monarchies, petro states, communist regimes, China, Vietnam, rapid economic growth, meritocracy, good governance, corruption reduction, long term growth, infrastructure investment, democratic safety valve, rulers responsibility, elections, powerless advisory parliament, political legitimacy, economic success, Noah Feldman, Harvard Law School absolute monarchies, petro states, communist regimes, China, Vietnam, rapid economic growth, meritocracy, good governance, long-term leadership, corruption reduction, infrastructure investment, political legitimacy, democratic safety valve, rulers' responsibility, elections, advisory parliament, well-governed countries
test-politics-ghbgussbsbt-pro03a	How Congress Works  Congress is a bicameral body, with its constituent parts, the House of Representatives and Senate, working largely independent of each other to create bills. However necessary for both the house and Senate to pass laws in identical form in order for it to become law. [1] A period of ‘Reconciliation’ is usually required to find a compromise between two different versions of the same bill in order to maintain and improve what is best about proposed reforms and eliminate flaws before it becomes law. [2]  This independence between the two chambers, with Reconciliation being one of the few areas where the two meet can allow for division in Congress between the two major parties. Indeed this can be seen as beneficial, as the broadest ideological range will be considered when making a policy work by reconciling two bills, making sure that centrist policy is enacted, preventing an ideological swing against the wishes of the people.  [1] Goldman et al., The Challenge of Democracy, Brief ed., Fourth ed., New York 2001, p.196  [2] United States Senate, ‘reconciliation process’, Congress, bicameral, House of Representatives, Senate, bills, laws, Reconciliation, compromise, policy, ideological, centrist, Goldman, United States Senate, reconciliation process Congress, bicameral, House of Representatives, Senate, bills, lawmaking, Reconciliation, compromise, policy, ideological, centrist, Goldman, United States Senate, reconciliation process Congress, bicameral, House of Representatives, Senate, bills, law, Reconciliation, compromise, policy, centrist, ideological, Goldman, United States Senate, reconciliation process Congress, bicameral, House of Representatives, Senate, bills, laws, Reconciliation, compromise, policy, centrist, ideological, Goldman, Challenge of Democracy, United States Senate, reconciliation process Congress, bicameral, House of Representatives, Senate, bills, law, Reconciliation, compromise, policy, centrist, ideological, Goldman, Challenge of Democracy, United States Senate, reconciliation process
test-international-siacphbnt-con01a	Technology will not result in entrepreneurialism without providing a foundational basis.  The key constraint for entrepreneurship is the lack of access to finance, credit, and basic infrastructure - whether a computer or technical skills on how to use different systems. Limited accessibility acts as an obstacle to entrepreneurialism.  In order to encourage an inclusive capability for youths to get involved in entrepreneurial ideas, technology training and equal start-up credit is required. Furthermore, dangers arise where credit has become easily accessible - putting individuals at risk of debt where a lack of protection and payment planning is provided.  Kenya’s Uwezo Fund provides a positive example, whereby action has been taken to provide youths with safe credit. The government collaboration is calling for youths to apply for grants and loans in a bid to encourage entrepreneurial activity for all. Loans are interest-free. technology, entrepreneurialism, finance, credit, infrastructure, computer, technical skills, accessibility, youth, technology training, start-up credit, debt, protection, payment planning, Kenya, Uwezo Fund, government, grants, loans, interest-free Technology, Entrepreneurialism, Foundation, Access, Finance, Credit, Infrastructure, Computer, Technical Skills, Accessibility, Obstacle, Inclusive Capability, Youths, Training, Equal Start-up Credit, Risks, Debt, Protection, Payment Planning, Kenya, Uwezo Fund, Government Collaboration, Grants, Loans, Interest-free Technology, Entrepreneurialism, Foundation, Access, Finance, Credit, Infrastructure, Computer, Technical Skills, Accessibility, Obstacle, Inclusion, Youth, Training, Start-up Credit, Debt, Protection, Payment Planning, Kenya, Uwezo Fund, Government Collaboration, Grants, Loans, Interest-Free technology, entrepreneurialism, finance, credit, infrastructure, computer, technical skills, accessibility, obstacle, youth, technology training, start-up credit, debt, protection, payment planning, Kenya, Uwezo Fund, government collaboration, grants, interest-free loans technology, entrepreneurialism, finance, credit, infrastructure, computer, technical skills, accessibility, obstacle, youth, technology training, start-up credit, debt, protection, payment planning, Kenya, Uwezo Fund, government collaboration, grants, loans, interest-free
test-health-dhghwapgd-pro03a	"Production of generic drugs reduce medical costs by allowing increased production and the development of superior production methods, increasing market efficiency  The sale of generic drugs invariably reduces costs to consumers. This is due to two reasons. It may be the case that an individual or firm with a patent, essentially a monopoly right to the production of something, may not have the ability to efficiently go about meeting demand for it. Patents slow, or even stop the dissemination of the production methods, especially when a patent-holder is unwilling to license production to others1. Such an outcome is deleterious to society, as with no restrictions on drug production an efficient producer, or producers, will emerge to meet the needs of the public, producing an amount of drugs commensurate with demand, and thus equilibrating market price with that demand2. This market equilibration is impossible under conventional patent laws, as it is in the interest of firms to withhold production and to engage in monopolist rent-seeking from consumers3. This leads firms to deliberately under-produce, which they have been shown to do in many cases, as for example the case of Miacalcic, a drug used to treat Paget's Disease, in which its producer deliberately kept production down in order to keep prices high4. When a firm is given monopoly power over a drug it has the ability to abuse it, and history shows that is what they are wont to do. By allowing the production of generic drugs, this monopoly power is broken and people can get the drugs they need at costs that are not marked far above their free market value.  1 Kinsella, Stephan. 2010. ""Patents Kill: Compulsory Licenses and Genzyme's Life-Saving Drug"". Mises Institute. Available: 2Stim, Rishand. 2006. Profit from Your Idea: How to Make Smart Licensing Decisions. Berkeley: Nolo. 3 Lee, Timothy. 2007. ""Patent Rent-Seeking"". Cato at Liberty. Available: 4 Flanders Today. 2010. ""Big Pharma Denies Strategic Shortages"". Flanders Today. production, generic drugs, medical costs, market efficiency, patent, monopoly, dissemination, production methods, efficient producer, market price, demand, patent laws, rent-seeking, under-produce, Miacalcic, Paget's Disease, compulsory licenses, free market value, Big Pharma, strategic shortages production, generic drugs, medical costs, market efficiency, patent, monopoly, dissemination, production methods, efficient producer, market price, demand, patent laws, rent-seeking, under-produce, Miacalcic, Paget's Disease, free market value, compulsory licenses, Big Pharma, strategic shortages Production, generic drugs, reduce, medical costs, increased production, superior methods, market efficiency, consumer costs, patents, monopoly, production methods, dissemination, efficient producers, market demand, price equilibration, patent laws, monopolist, rent-seeking, under-produce, Miacalcic, Paget's Disease, monopoly power, free market value, licensing, Genzyme, Big Pharma, strategic shortages production, generic drugs, medical costs, market efficiency, patents, monopoly, production methods, consumer costs, patent licensing, societal impact, market equilibration, patent laws, rent-seeking, drug production, under-production, Miacalcic, Paget's Disease, compulsory licenses, free market value generic drugs, reduce medical costs, increased production, superior production methods, market efficiency, consumer costs, patent monopoly, dissemination production methods, efficient producer, public demand, market price, patent laws, monopolist rent-seeking, under-production, Miacalcic, Paget's Disease, monopoly power, free market value, compulsory licenses, patent rent-seeking, strategic shortages, Big Pharma"
test-law-cplgpshwdp-pro05a	Occasional disclosure of convictions leads to an inconsistent justice system.  At present in Britain, some previous convictions may be disclosed if they bear a striking resemblance to the case at trial, if the defendant falsely claims to be of good character, or if they attack the character of a prosecution witness [1] . However, different judges invariable interpret these criteria in different ways, which leads to a wavering standard of trail where previous convictions may or may not be revealed. It would be much more efficient and transparent to allow this motion and make court procedures more accessible.  [1] The Economist, ‘Tilting the balance’, 2 January 2003. Occasional disclosure, convictions, inconsistent justice system, Britain, previous convictions, disclosed, striking resemblance, case at trial, defendant, good character, attack, character, prosecution witness, judges, interpret, criteria, different ways, wavering standard, revealed, efficient, transparent, court procedures, accessible, The Economist, Tilting the balance, 2 January 2003 disclosure, convictions, inconsistent, justice, system, Britain, previous, crimes, trial, defendant, character, prosecution, witness, judges, criteria, interpretation, standard, efficient, transparent, motion, court, procedures, The Economist, Tilting the balance, 2003 Occasional disclosure, convictions, inconsistent justice system, Britain, disclosure criteria, striking resemblance, good character claim, attack character, prosecution witness, judge interpretation, variable standards, trial transparency, court procedures, The Economist, Tilting the balance, 2003 convictions, disclosure, justice system, Britain, previous convictions, case at trial, defendant, good character, prosecution witness, judges, criteria, interpretation, standard, revealed, efficient, transparent, court procedures, The Economist, Tilting the balance, 2 January 2003 Occasional disclosure, convictions, inconsistent justice system, Britain, previous convictions, striking resemblance, case at trial, defendant, good character, attack character, prosecution witness, judges, interpretation, criteria, wavering standard, trial, revealed, efficient, transparent, court procedures, The Economist, Tilting the balance, 2 January 2003
test-environment-aiahwagit-pro01a	Natural habitats being are destroyed  A tougher approach to the protection of animals is needed to prevent their natural habitats from being destroyed by locals. As humans expand their agricultural activity in Africa they are destroying the environments of endangered animals and pushing others towards being endangered. Due to an increase in large scale cotton plantations and food crops, the West African lion has seen a marked decrease in population; numbering less than 400 in early 2014 [1] . Tougher protection, such as fencing off areas from human activity, has been suggested and has seen success in South Africa [2] .  [1] BBC, “Lions ‘facing extinction in West Africa’”  [2] Morelle,R. “Fencing off wild lions from humans ‘could save them’” natural habitats, protection of animals, destruction by locals, agricultural expansion, Africa, endangered animals, West African lion, population decrease, large scale cotton plantations, food crops, fencing, human activity, South Africa, conservation, extinction, wildlife protection, environmental impact, lion conservation, human-wildlife conflict, sustainable agriculture, biodiversity loss natural habitats, protection of animals, locals, human expansion, agricultural activity, Africa, endangered animals, West African lion, population decrease, large scale cotton plantations, food crops, fencing, human activity, South Africa, lions, extinction, conservation, wildlife management, habitat destruction, environmental impact, species preservation natural habitats, destruction, animal protection, tougher approach, agricultural expansion, Africa, endangered animals, West African lion, population decrease, cotton plantations, food crops, fencing, human activity, South Africa, conservation strategies, wildlife management, lion conservation, habitat loss, human-wildlife conflict, extinction risk, BBC, Morelle, R. natural habitats, destruction, animal protection, agricultural expansion, Africa, endangered animals, West African lion, population decrease, cotton plantations, food crops, fencing, human activity, South Africa, conservation, wildlife management, extinction, environmental impact, human-wildlife conflict, preservation strategies, ecological balance Natural habitats, protection of animals, agricultural expansion, Africa, endangered animals, West African lion, population decrease, cotton plantations, food crops, fencing, South Africa, human activity, conservation, wildlife protection, extinction risk, lion conservation, habitat destruction, human-wildlife conflict, environmental impact, agricultural impact, conservation strategies, fence effectiveness, wildlife management, biodiversity loss, ecological preservation, sustainable agriculture, community involvement, legal protection, wildlife corridors, rewilding, habitat restoration, environmental policy, conservation biology, species preservation, human encroachment, land use, ecological footprint, habitat fragmentation, ecosystem services, climate change, sustainable development
test-economy-epehwmrbals-pro02a	International labour and business standards go hand in hand with development standards and will de facto increase implementation levels  What are international labour and business standards? They are globally acceptable methods of doing business and employing labour. These include Conventions Against Forced Labour [1] , Discrimination [2] and Child Labour [3] . These also form guideline structures for social policy such as labour dispute resolution bodies, employment services and good industrial relations. Therefore, this goes hand in hand with reducing poverty and increasing the standard of living of the employees, and hence the standard is a facet of development in itself. This helps in achieving the goals of a stable long term plan for economic growth as well paid workers are necessary for consumer spending. Employing higher standards would be a way to tackle the problems with distribution of aid at the grassroots and increase efficiency within the system organically. [4]  The poorest countries invariably have the lowest standards of labour and business. It is essential to raise these standards to an international level, implementing standards against practices like child labour. If this is done then the purpose of development aid, which is to increase the day to day standard of living of the people, will improve. In an absence of such a pre-requisite, a developing country will be free to employ standards that do not reflect the same principles of the donor nation. Thus, to avoid a hypocritical scenario, this pre-requisite is necessary.  [1] C029 - Forced Labour Convention, Adoption: Geneva, 14th ILC session, 28 June 1930,   [2] International Labour Office, ‘Discrimination (Employment and Occupation) Convention’, International Labour Organisation, 1958 No.111,   [3] ‘ILO Conventions and Recommendations on child labour’, International Labour Organisation,   [4] ‘How International Labour Standards are used’, International Labour Organisation, International labour standards, business standards, development standards, poverty reduction, standard of living, economic growth, consumer spending, aid distribution, grassroots, child labour, forced labour, discrimination, employment, occupation, industrial relations, labour dispute resolution, social policy, Conventions Against Forced Labour, Discrimination Convention, Child Labour Conventions, International Labour Organisation, ILO, pre-requisite for development, donor nation principles, stable economic plan International labour standards, business standards, development standards, implementation levels, globally acceptable methods, business, employing labour, Conventions Against Forced Labour, Discrimination, Child Labour, social policy, labour dispute resolution, employment services, industrial relations, reducing poverty, standard of living, employees, stable economic growth, consumer spending, distribution of aid, grassroots, efficiency, poorest countries, lowest standards, international level, donor nation, pre-requisite, development aid, day to day living, hypocritical scenario International labour standards, business standards, development standards, Conventions Against Forced Labour, Discrimination, Child Labour, social policy, labour dispute resolution, employment services, industrial relations, poverty reduction, standard of living, economic growth, consumer spending, aid distribution, efficiency, grassroots, donor nation principles, developing countries, ILO Conventions, Recommendations, International Labour Organisation, global methods, employment, business practices, stable long term plan, well paid workers, development aid, international level, pre-requisite, hypocritical scenario International labour standards, business standards, development, poverty reduction, living standards, economic growth, consumer spending, aid distribution, grassroots efficiency, child labour, forced labour, discrimination, employment, industrial relations, social policy, labour dispute resolution, development aid, donor nation principles, ILO conventions, ILO recommendations, international labour organization International labour standards, business standards, development standards, implementation levels, globally acceptable methods, Conventions Against Forced Labour, Discrimination, Child Labour, social policy, labour dispute resolution, employment services, industrial relations, reducing poverty, standard of living, economic growth, consumer spending, distribution of aid, grassroots, efficiency, poorest countries, labour standards, business standards, international level, development aid, donor nation, hypocritical scenario, ILO Conventions, Recommendations, International Labour Organisation, Geneva, ILC session, 1958 No.111, ILO Conventions and Recommendations on child labour, How International Labour Standards are
test-philosophy-npegiepp-pro01a	"Neo-functionalism explains the cause of integration  Spill-over is the following concept – in order to enjoy the full benefits of integration of the first sector you need to integrate the related sectors. An example of this is the ECSC (European Coal and Steel Community) evolving into other energy sectors and forming Euratom. There are three types of spill-over – functional spill-over, political spill-over and cultivated spill-over. Firstly, functional spill-over, which regards spill-over in an economic context. For example, this might involve integrating coal and steel, then integrating transport systems so that coal and steel are moved around more easily. Secondly, there is Political spill-over, where political actors shift their allegiance to a new centre, for example from the national parliament to Brussels. Thirdly, there is cultivated spill-over, which is the idea that institutions drive further integration by being in practice; for example the European Commission’s growing autonomy. [1]  [1] Tranholm-Mikkelsen, Jeppe ""Neo-functionalism: Obstinate or Obsolete? A Reappraisal in the Light of the New Dynamism of the EC Millennium - Journal of International Studies, Vol. 20, No. 1, pp.1-22, Neo-functionalism, integration, spill-over, ECSC, Euratom, functional spill-over, economic context, political spill-over, national parliament, Brussels, cultivated spill-over, European Commission, autonomy, Tranholm-Mikkelsen, Jeppe, reappraisal, EC Millennium, Journal of International Studies Neo-functionalism, integration, spill-over, ECSC, Euratom, functional spill-over, political spill-over, cultivated spill-over, economic context, political actors, national parliament, Brussels, institutions, European Commission, autonomy, Jeppe Tranholm-Mikkelsen, reappraisal, EC Millennium, Journal of International Studies Neo-functionalism, integration, spill-over, ECSC, Euratom, functional spill-over, economic integration, political spill-over, cultivated spill-over, European Commission, Brussels, Jeppe Tranholm-Mikkelsen, Journal of International Studies, EC Millennium Neo-functionalism, integration, spill-over, ECSC, Euratom, functional spill-over, economic integration, transport systems, political spill-over, national parliament, Brussels, cultivated spill-over, European Commission, institutional autonomy, Jeppe Tranholm-Mikkelsen, Journal of International Studies, EC Millennium, reevaluation, dynamism Neo-functionalism, integration, spill-over, ECSC, Euratom, functional spill-over, political spill-over, cultivated spill-over, economic context, political actors, national parliament, Brussels, European Commission, autonomy, Jeppe Tranholm-Mikkelsen, Journal of International Studies, EC Millennium"
test-health-ppelfhwbpba-pro02a	If personhood accrues at birth, then abortion after inducing birth is wrong  If birth is the crucial dividing-line we use to decide when legal personhood begins, then we should not be allowed to induce birth and then deliberately kill a foetus during that process - this is different from early abortion in which birth is induced and the foetus dies naturally. Partial-birth abortion is murder, even on the pro-choice understanding of personhood. personhood, birth, abortion, induced-birth, foetus, legal-personhood, dividing-line, pro-choice, partial-birth-abortion, murder personhood, birth, abortion, legal, ethics, foetus, induced, partial-birth, pro-choice, murder, dividing-line, deliberate, natural-death personhood, birth, abortion, induced birth, foetus, legal personhood, crucial dividing-line, deliberate killing, early abortion, partial-birth abortion, murder, pro-choice understanding personhood, birth, abortion, legal, ethics, partial-birth, foetus, murder, pro-choice, inducing, killing, early, natural, death, dividing-line, rights, morality, legislation, human-rights personhood, birth, abortion, inducing, foetus, legal, moral, pro-choice, partial-birth, murder, ethics, dividing-line, early-abortion, deliberately, natural-death
test-society-mmcpsgfhbf-pro01a	The feminist movement should not allow women to sell themselves  In most cases, pornography is not entered into willingly. Similarly to prostitution, the sale of one’s own body and one’s dignity is so drastic that consent is often not sufficiently informed to be legitimate. There are patriarchal structures in society that force women into these industries, particularly when they are vulnerable and this seems to be a good last resort. This leads to a loss of integrity, a strong stigma in society, and most importantly, abusive conditions in the production process. As well as high risks of unwanted pregnancies or sexually transmitted diseases, violent sex practices and abusive conditions after filming often occur (Lubben). [1]  Furthermore, the harms of pornography do not exclusively affect the consenting participants. Other women across the world who are not supporting this industry are equal victims of society and the norms promoted by pornography of how women should be, and how it is acceptable to treat them. These people have not consented.  [1] Lubben, Shelley. “Ex-Porn Star Tells the Truth About the Porn Industry.” Covenant Eyes. 28 October 2008. feminist movement, women, selling, pornography, prostitution, consent, patriarchal structures, vulnerability, integrity, stigma, abusive conditions, unwanted pregnancies, sexually transmitted diseases, violent sex, production process, Lubben, societal norms, non-consenting women, victimization, porn industry feminist movement, women, selling, pornography, prostitution, consent, informed consent, patriarchal structures, vulnerability, last resort, loss of integrity, stigma, abusive conditions, production process, unwanted pregnancies, sexually transmitted diseases, violent sex, filming, post-filming abuse, harms of pornography, non-participants, societal norms, treatment of women, Shelley Lubben, ex-porn star, truth about porn industry feminist movement, pornography, prostitution, consent, patriarchal structures, vulnerable women, loss of integrity, societal stigma, abusive conditions, unwanted pregnancies, sexually transmitted diseases, violent sex practices, societal norms, non-consenting victims, pornography harms, Shelley Lubben feminist movement, women, sell themselves, pornography, not willingly, prostitution, patriarchy, vulnerable, last resort, loss of integrity, stigma, abusive conditions, unwanted pregnancies, sexually transmitted diseases, violent sex practices, societal norms, non-consenting victims, global impact, ex-porn star, industry truths feminist movement, women, sell themselves, pornography, prostitution, informed consent, patriarchal structures, vulnerability, last resort, loss of integrity, stigma, abusive conditions, unwanted pregnancies, sexually transmitted diseases, violent sex practices, societal norms, victimization, non-participants, Shelley Lubben, porn industry truths
test-law-lghwpcctcc-con01a	This turns court cases into entertainment, rather than legitimate legal proceedings.  Several television shows, such as ‘Judge Judy’, assert the style of a legal courtroom [1] . These shows are based on entertainment value from scrutinising the accused and defendant; it would be dangerous to remove a barrier which currently separates genuine legal proceedings from entertainment by televising them. The risk that the public would see them as one and the same is increased by an incident where a man really did believe that the Judge Judy trial was a real trial [2] . The trial of Casey Anthony in Florida, where cameras are allowed, escalated into a media frenzy where legal justice became unimportant in comparison to television ratings [3] . Court cases, then, are at risk of not being taken seriously and used instead for the public to satisfy their curiosity into other peoples’ lives. Televising court cases also immediately undermines some fundamental principles of the justice system, such as rehabilitation. If somebody is convicted of a crime on national television, his or her anonymity or chance of future employment is severely compromised. The rights of the victims, their families, and the defendants should be placed ahead society’s assumed ‘right’ to sensationalist portrayals of the courtroom.  [1]  , accessed 18/08/11  [2]  , accessed 18/08/11  [3]  , accessed 19/08/11 court cases, entertainment,Judge Judy,legal proceedings,television shows,media frenzy,Casey Anthony,televising trials,public curiosity,legal justice,fundamental principles,justice system,rehabilitation,victims rights,defendants rights,employment impact,anonymity,sensationalism court cases, entertainment, legal proceedings, Judge Judy, television shows, media frenzy, Casey Anthony, public curiosity, rehabilitation, anonymity, future employment, victims rights, defendants rights, sensationalist portrayals, justice system, televised trials, legal justice, television ratings, public scrutiny, legal principles, media influence, courtrooms, reality TV, legal ethics, media coverage, public interest, legal integrity, televised court proceedings, judicial system, media scrutiny, courtroom drama, legal entertainment, public opinion, legal integrity, media impact, legal proceedings televising, media portrayal, legal realism, judicial integrity, public perception, legal drama, media responsibility, court cases, entertainment, Judge Judy, legal proceedings, television shows, media scrutiny, public perception, televising trials, Casey Anthony, media frenzy, legal justice, public curiosity, rehabilitation, anonymity, employment, victim rights, defendant rights, sensationalism, justice system principles court cases, entertainment, Judge Judy, legal proceedings, media frenzy, Casey Anthony, televising trials, legal justice, television ratings, public curiosity, rehabilitation, anonymity, future employment, victim rights, defendant rights, sensationalism court cases, entertainment, television shows, Judge Judy, legal proceedings, public perception, media frenzy, Casey Anthony, legal justice, television ratings, seriousness, public curiosity, televising, justice system, rehabilitation, anonymity, future employment, victims, families, defendants, rights, sensationalism
test-education-pshhghwpba0-con01a	Nutrition is the parents responsibility  Parents are responsible for their children, and this includes responsibility for their meals. The parent has had to provide meals up until the start of school. They know their own child’s preferences there is little reason for this to change. Splitting responsibility between parents and schools means the burden of responsibility will no longer be clearly don't placed. nutrition, parents, responsibility, children, meals, school, preferences, splitting, burden nutrition, parents, responsibility, children, meals, school, preferences, burden, split, clearly, placed nutrition, parental responsibility, children, meals, school, child preferences, responsibility sharing, burden distribution nutrition, parents, responsibility, children, meals, school, preferences, burden, split, clearly, placed nutrition, parents, responsibility, children, meals, school, preferences, burden, clarity, parenting, food, education, childcare, dietary, health, meal-planning, parental-duty, school-meals, child-development, family-role
test-international-segiahbarr-pro03a	Foreign Direct Investment to the continent has increased  Foreign investment into Africa has seen a large increase in recent years, which has enabled Africa to invest significant amounts of funding in to infrastructure, jobs creation and acquisition of technology [1] . In Kenya, Uganda and Tanzania, foreign businesses account for a much larger percentage of employment than any domestic firm, hence increasing the standard of living for a greater number of people [2] . FDI has gone from $15 billion in 2002 to $37 billion in 2006 and $46 billion in 2012. The vast majority of this investment is based on extractive industries such as agriculture and raw resources. However, Africa has recently seen an increase in FDI for manufacturing and services as well [3] . Central Africa alone received $10 billion in 2012-3, due to an increased interest in the DRC’s copper-cobalt mines. The sources of this FDI vary, but China has become the major investor in the region, with investment rising from $11 billion to $166 billion in the past decade. China has helped build vast infrastructure projects in return for natural resources and food for its growing population.  [1] Moss, ‘Is Africa’s Skepticism of Foreign Capital Justified?’, 2004, p.2  [2] Moss, ‘Is Africa’s Skepticism of Foreign Capital Justified?’, 2004, p.19  [3] UNCTAD, ‘Foreign Direct Investment to Africa increases’, 2013 Foreign Direct Investment, Africa, infrastructure, jobs creation, technology acquisition, Kenya, Uganda, Tanzania, employment, standard of living, FDI growth, extractive industries, agriculture, raw resources, manufacturing, services, Central Africa, DRC, copper-cobalt mines, China, major investor, infrastructure projects, natural resources, food, population growth, Moss, UNCTAD Foreign Direct Investment, Africa, infrastructure, jobs creation, technology, Kenya, Uganda, Tanzania, employment, standard of living, investment growth, extractive industries, agriculture, raw resources, manufacturing, services, Central Africa, DRC, copper-cobalt mines, China, major investor, infrastructure projects, natural resources, food, population growth, UNCTAD, Moss, foreign capital, skepticism, economic development, international investment, regional growth, economicimpact Foreign Direct Investment, Africa, Kenya, Uganda, Tanzania, employment, standard of living, infrastructure, jobs creation, technology acquisition, extractive industries, agriculture, raw resources, manufacturing, services, Central Africa, DRC, copper-cobalt mines, China, infrastructure projects, natural resources, food, population growth, UNCTAD, Moss, skepticism, foreign capital Foreign Direct Investment, Africa, Infrastructure, Jobs Creation, Technology, Kenya, Uganda, Tanzania, Employment, Standard of Living, Investment Increase, Extractive Industries, Agriculture, Raw Resources, Manufacturing, Services, Central Africa, Copper-Cobalt Mines, China, Major Investor, Infrastructure Projects, Natural Resources, Food Population Growth Foreign Direct Investment, Africa, infrastructure, jobs creation, technology, Kenya, Uganda, Tanzania, employment, standard of living, investment growth, extractive industries, agriculture, raw resources, manufacturing, services, Central Africa, DRC, copper-cobalt mines, China, major investor, infrastructure projects, natural resources, food, population growth, UNCTAD, Moss
test-health-dhghhbampt-pro01a	Many alternative remedies, such as homeopathy, offer nothing but a false hope and can discourage patients from consulting a doctor with what may be serious symptoms  There are good reasons why new therapies are tested in scientific trials first, rather than just released on the public that it might work. The first is to weed out side-effects but the other is that if you give most people a medicine they will, not unreasonably, expect it to make them better.  An entire industry has grown out of alternative medicines. No doubt many alternative practitioners are well meaning, but this does not change the fact that people are making money out of something that, as far as anyone can determine, is basically snake oil.  Although many people take both alternative and established treatments, there are a growing number of patients who reject conventional medical wisdom ( there’s an account of one such case here [i] ) in cases that prove fatal the availability of alternative medicines raises serious ethical and legal concerns, and also undermines the stringent regimes of monitoring and supervision that qualified medical professionals are subjected to..  [i] David Gorski. “Death by ‘Alternative Medicine”: Who’s to blame?”. Science-Based Medicine 2008. alternative remedies, homeopathy, false hope, discourage patients, serious symptoms, scientific trials, side-effects, placebo effect, alternative medicine industry, well-meaning practitioners, making money, snake oil, conventional medical wisdom, reject conventional treatment, fatal cases, ethical concerns, legal concerns, monitoring, supervision, qualified medical professionals, David Gorski, Science-Based Medicine alternative remedies, homeopathy, false hope, discourage patients, serious symptoms, scientific trials, side-effects, placebo effect, alternative medicines industry, ethical concerns, legal concerns, conventional medical wisdom, qualified medical professionals, monitoring, supervision, David Gorski, death by alternative medicine, blame, fatal cases, rejection of conventional treatments alternative remedies, homeopathy, false hope, discourage patients, serious symptoms, scientific trials, side-effects, placebo effect, alternative medicine industry, well-meaning practitioners, snake oil, conventional medical wisdom, reject conventional treatment, fatal cases, ethical concerns, legal concerns, monitoring, supervision, qualified medical professionals, David Gorski, Science-Based Medicine alternative remedies, homeopathy, false hope, discouragement, serious symptoms, scientific trials, side-effects, placebo effect, industry, well-meaning practitioners, snake oil, conventional treatment, rejection, medical wisdom, fatal cases, ethical concerns, legal concerns, monitoring, supervision, qualified medical professionals, David Gorski, Science-Based Medicine alternative remedies, homeopathy, false hope, discourage patients, consulting doctor, serious symptoms, scientific trials, side-effects, placebo effect, alternative medicine industry, well-meaning practitioners, making money, snake oil, conventional treatments, reject conventional medicine, fatal cases, ethical concerns, legal concerns, monitoring, supervision, qualified medical professionals, David Gorski, death by alternative medicine, blame, science-based medicine
test-international-ssiarcmhb-con05a	Birth control within monogamous relationships.  Contraception is not just used in casual sex but within monogamous couples who want to control when they have children. The reason for this could be so they ensure that they don’t have more children than they can afford to reasonably look after.  Contraception can help monogamous couples to give more to the children they do decide to have and to the community, since less of their time and money will be used in maintaining a family which is larger than they can reasonably afford to control. The current cost of raising a child in Britain is calculated to be over £210,000, a very substantial sum that any responsible parent must think about before having more children 1.  Since, in this case, contraception promotes a good in the community, as well as more responsible reproduction, the Catholic Church is unjustified in its blanket ban over barrier contraception.  1. Insley 2011 birth control, monogamous relationships, contraception, family planning, child-rearing costs, responsible reproduction, Catholic Church, barrier contraception, community impact, financial responsibility, parenting costs, Britain, Insley 2011 birth control, monogamous relationships, contraception, family planning, responsible parenting, financial planning, child rearing costs, community impact, Catholic Church, barrier contraception, ethical reproduction, Insley 2011 birth control, monogamous relationships, contraception, family planning, responsible parenting, child-rearing costs, community impact, Catholic Church, barrier contraception, reproductive health, financial responsibility, population control, ethical contraception, religious perspectives, family size management, health economics, social benefits, reproductive rights, moral arguments, sexual health education birth control, monogamous relationships, contraception, family planning, child rearing costs, responsible reproduction, Catholic Church, barrier contraception, community impact, financial responsibility, childbearing decisions, family size, socioeconomic factors, religious views, reproductive rights birth control, monogamous relationships, contraception, family planning, financial responsibility, child-rearing costs, community impact, Catholic Church, barrier contraception, ethical reproduction, responsible parenting, societal benefits, family size management, reproductive health, Insley 2011
test-culture-mmctghwbsa-con01a	Sexist advertising is profitable  Business has a compelling self interest to make a profit and advertising is integral to that endeavour. The profit from business allows for economic growth without which individual states and the world's economy could not survive. Competition drives the marketplace of products and ideas. And, advertising is the primary method through which those products, services and ideas are made known to the public. When banning is placed upon advertising, the ability to compete and survive in the economic marketplace is threatened. Therefore, the compelling need to make a profit is legitimizes the need for advertising. sexist advertising, profitability, business interests, economic growth, competition, marketplace, advertising ban, survival, profit legitimization, public awareness, economic survival, product promotion, service promotion, idea promotion, advertising necessity, commercial success, financial gain, market competition, economic threat, advertising restrictions sexist advertising, profitability, business self-interest, economic growth, competition, marketplace, products, services, ideas, banning, advertising restrictions, economic survival, profit legitimacy profit, business, economic growth, competition, marketplace, advertising, banning, survival, legitimacy, sexism sexist advertising, profitability, business self-interest, economic growth, marketplace competition, advertising necessity, banning advertising, economic survival, profit legitimacy sexist advertising, profitability, business interests, economic growth, competition, marketplace, product promotion, banning advertising, economic survival, profit legitimization
test-international-gmehwasr-pro05a	Diplomacy is not going anywhere  The best solution would be a ceasefire between the two sides in the Syrian civil war and a negotiated settlement, but it is clear we are long past the point where this approach stood a chance of success. The United Nations peace effort under Kofi Annan failed in the middle of last year [1] and there has been no progress since. Similarly all attempts to bring pressure to bear throughout the security council have failed as a result of Russia supporting Assad's regime. This leaves the unilateral initiatives to help the rebels. No state wants full intervention as France did in Mali [2] so the only alternative is simply to help the Free Syrian Army. To do so means providing what they need to win the conflict; primarily arms that can defeat the Syrian army. This need not be considered to be exclusive with diplomacy; the intervening state should continue to try to find a diplomatic solution just as before the Dayton accords NATO helped the Croats militarily while at the same time looking to diplomacy to provide an overall solution to the conflict. [3]  [1] Plett, Barbara, ‘Syria crisis: Kofi Annan quits as UN-Arab League envoy’, BBC News, 2 August 2012  [2] See the debatabase debate ‘ This House believes France is right to intervene in Mali ’.  [3] Hokayem, Emile, in ‘Roundtable: arming the Syrian rebels’, Foreign Policy, 21 February 2013 Diplomacy, Ceasefire, Negotiated Settlement, Syrian Civil War, United Nations, Kofi Annan, Peace Effort, Security Council, Russia, Assad's Regime, Unilateral Initiatives, Free Syrian Army, Military Intervention, France, Mali, NATO, Croats, Dayton Accords, Arming Rebels, Emile Hokayem, Foreign Policy Diplomacy, ceasefire, Syrian civil war, negotiated settlement, United Nations, Kofi Annan, peace effort, Security Council, Russia, Assad's regime, unilateral initiatives, Free Syrian Army, full intervention, France, Mali, NATO, Croats, Dayton accords, arming rebels, Foreign Policy, Emile Hokayem Diplomacy, ceasefire, Syrian civil war, negotiated settlement, United Nations, Kofi Annan, peace effort, Security Council, Russia, Assad's regime, unilateral initiatives, Free Syrian Army, full intervention, France, Mali, arms, NATO, Croats, Dayton accords, Emile Hokayem, arming rebels, Foreign Policy Diplomacy, ceasefire, Syrian civil war, negotiated settlement, United Nations, Kofi Annan, peace effort, security council, Russia, Assad's regime, unilateral initiatives, Free Syrian Army, intervention, France, Mali, NATO, Croats, Dayton accords, arming rebels, Emile Hokayem, Foreign Policy Diplomacy, Ceasefire, Negotiated Settlement, Syrian Civil War, United Nations, Kofi Annan, Security Council, Russia, Assad's Regime, Unilateral Initiatives, Free Syrian Army, Full Intervention, France, Mali, Arms, Syrian Army, Dayton Accords, NATO, Croats, Emile Hokayem, Arming Syrian Rebels, Foreign Policy
test-politics-cdmaggpdgdf-pro02a	Citizens have a right to know what is done in their name  The nation exits for its citizens; it depends on their consent to maintain order and to raise finances. The main purpose of the state is law and order, and national defence, both of which are covered by security. As an area that is so central to the role of the government it is vital that the stakeholders in that government, its citizens, know what it is the state is doing in their name for their security.  The Obama administration for example refuses to acknowledge that it is carrying out a campaign using drones while at the same time saying it is “the only game in town in terms of confronting and trying to disrupt the al-Qaeda leadership.” [1] If the US government is bombing another country then the US people have a right to know with much less ambiguity what exactly is being done, who is being hit, when and where. They also need to be informed of any possible consequences.  [1] Kaufman, Brett, ‘In Court Today: Fighting the CIA’s Secrecy Claims on Drones’, ACLU, 20 September 2012 right to know, government transparency, citizen consent, state responsibilities, law and order, national defense, security, government stakeholders, drone campaign, Obama administration, CIA secrecy, ACLU, al-Qaeda, bombing transparency, informed citizens, government accountability, public information, national security, domestic accountability, international operations right to know, government transparency, citizen consent, law and order, national defence, state security, stakeholder awareness, government accountability, drone strikes, US drone policy, CIA secrecy, al-Qaeda disruption, US military operations, public information, informed citizenship, government secrecy, transparency in warfare, legal oversight, democratic principles, informed consent citizens, right, know, government, actions, consent, order, finances, state, law, national, defence, security, stakeholders, administration, Obama, drones, campaign, acknowledgement, bombing, country, people, ambiguity, consequences, Kaufman, Brett, Court, ACLU, CIA, secrecy, claims citizens, right, know, government, actions, consent, order, finances, state, law, security, national, defence, stakeholders, vital, transparency, drone, campaign, Obama, administration, refusal, acknowledge, bombing, consequences, CIA, secrecy, ACLU, Kaufman, 2012 right to know, government transparency, citizen's consent, state responsibility, law and order, national defense, security, government stakeholders, drone campaign, Obama administration, CIA secrecy, ACLU, al-Qaeda, bombing, informed citizens, consequences of action, public information, government accountability
test-culture-mmctyshwbcp-pro03a	It is unethical to expose children to the pressures of performing  Even experienced adults can find it difficult to deal with stage fright or performance anxiety. Children, more emotionally vulnerable than adults by nature, should not be exposed to this sort of pressure. This is especially true in situations where the child is being paid for their performance, since the added necessity to perform well can lead to even more pressure. Although suicide among children is rare, it is believed often to occur as a result of the child feeling like she is under too much pressure, or failing to meet the expectations of others. [1]  There are also consequences that continue long past the child has stopped performing; former child actors often have the problem as young adults as feeling as having already ‘peaked’ and find themselves without a sense of drive or ambition or a coherent adult identity, consequentially they often suffer from substance abuse and addiction  [1] Lipsett, ‘Stress driving pupils to suicide, says union’ unethical, children, performance, pressure, stage fright, anxiety, emotional vulnerability, paid performance, added pressure, suicide, rare, expectations, consequences, long-term effects, former child actors, peaked, drive, ambition, adult identity, substance abuse, addiction, stress, pupils, union unethical, children, pressures, performing, stage fright, performance anxiety, emotionally vulnerable, paid performance, pressure, suicide, expectations, consequences, former child actors, young adults, peaked, drive, ambition, adult identity, substance abuse, addiction, stress, pupils, union unethical, children, performance, pressure, stage fright, emotional vulnerability, paid performance, suicide, expectations, consequences, former child actors, substance abuse, addiction, identity issues, stress, pupils, union statement unethical, children, pressures, performing, stage, fright, performance, anxiety, emotionally, vulnerable, adults, paid, necessity, pressure, suicide, rare, expectations, consequences, long-term, former, child, actors, young, adults, peaked, drive, ambition, identity, substance, abuse, addiction, Lipsett, stress, pupils, union unethical, children, pressures, performing, stage, fright, performance, anxiety, emotionally, vulnerable, adults, paid, necessity, well, added, pressure, suicide, rare, result, feeling, much, failing, meet, expectations, consequences, continue, stopped, former, actors, young, adults, peaked, drive, ambition, coherent, identity, suffer, substance, abuse, addiction, Lipsett, stress, driving, pupils, union
test-international-emephsate-con01a	Turkey is not enough economically developed to join the EU.  Turkey has many economic problems ranging from high inflation, high regional disparities, high wealth disparity, unemployment, bad infrastructure and poverty among others. The country must solely focus itself onto improving those problems, before obtaining EU-membership. Not resolving economic problems before joining the EU can lead to problems as exemplified by Greece, Portugal and Italy, countries which had their big economic problems that were overlooked upon joining the Eurozone. Turkey’s GDP per capita is less than half the average of the EU [1] and as a large country with more than seventy million people it would pose an immense strain on the rest of the Union.  The effect of this economic disparity is likely to lead to a massive influx of immigrants from Turkey to the rest of the EU, because they will take advantage of free movement of people in the European Union and these immigrants. This immigration is likely to have the effect of forcing down the wages of workers in the existing EU nations as the Turks will be willing to work for less. [2]  [1] ‘Turkey’, The World Factbook, 24 August 2012,  ‘European Union’, The World Factbook, 24 August 2012,   [2] Turkey is part of Europe. Fear keeps it out of the EU. The Guardian. August 6 2009.  Accessed on: September 3, 2012. Turkey, EU, economic development, high inflation, regional disparities, wealth disparity, unemployment, bad infrastructure, poverty, GDP per capita, economic problems, Eurozone, Greece, Portugal, Italy, economic disparity, immigration, free movement of people, wage pressure, workers, Turks, Europe, EU membership, strain on Union, economic stability, political fear, accession criteria Turkey, EU membership, economic development, high inflation, regional disparities, wealth disparity, unemployment, infrastructure, poverty, GDP per capita, economic strain, immigration, free movement, wage competition, Eurozone, Greece, Portugal, Italy, economic problems, EU average, population size, economic disparity, workforce impact, European Union, The World Factbook, The Guardian Turkey, EU, economic development, high inflation, regional disparities, wealth disparity, unemployment, bad infrastructure, poverty, GDP per capita, economic strain, immigration, wage suppression, Eurozone, Greece, Portugal, Italy, free movement, European Union,The World Factbook, The Guardian, Europe, fear, membership Turkey, EU, economic development, inflation, regional disparities, wealth disparity, unemployment, infrastructure, poverty, GDP per capita, immigration, wage effects, Eurozone, economic problems, Greece, Portugal, Italy, free movement, population, strain on EU, economic disparity, Turks, workers, existing EU nations, Fear, Europe, The Guardian Turkey, EU, economic development, inflation, regional disparities, wealth disparity, unemployment, infrastructure, poverty, GDP per capita, Eurozone, Greece, Portugal, Italy, economic problems, immigration, free movement, wage pressure, EU membership, economic strain, population size, The World Factbook, The Guardian, Europe, fear, political resistance
test-international-gpdwhwcusa-con02a	A UN standing army is simply impossible to form.  A standing army for the United Nations has an existing legal framework; it has never been attempted in practice because it would be impossible to create. Article 43 of the original UN Charter specifies that all member states are expected, upon the signing of a future UN agreement, to provide ‘forces, assistance and facilities’ for the maintenance of international peace and security 1. That it is has never been attempted is the direct result of its sheer impracticality; who would contribute the troops? How would they be trained, and ensure that troops trained in one state would not be asked to thereafter fire on their own colleagues? Furthermore, where would the U.N. standing army be located, for the United Nations has no land, and the United States would not take kindly to a reprisal attack on the UN Army at the United Nations Headquarters. And who would fund this army? The United States hasn’t paid its bills to the United Nations in years due to their opposition to some of its actions/ What is there in place to prevent that continuing? Lastly, and most importantly, whose will would they be implementing, for the United Nations is not a single voice but the aggregated noise of its member states? The Security Council, which currently dictates the form that U.N. peacekeeping operations take, are not a group to whom impartiality can be attributed. A U.N standing army at the behest of the Security Council would be used sparingly at best and only in regions and conflicts for whom all the P5 had a vested interest in the maintenance of peace. Any impartiality that the U.N. standing army had in theory would be lost in practice.  1. U.N. Charter, (1945) UN standing army, legal framework, Article 43, UN Charter, international peace, security, impracticality, troop contribution, training, location, funding, United States, bills, Security Council, impartiality, P5, vested interest, peacekeeping operations UN standing army, legal framework, Article 43, UN Charter, member states, international peace, security, impracticality, troop contribution, training, UN location, funding, United States, UN bills, Security Council, peacekeeping operations, impartiality, P5, vested interests, theoretical impartiality, practical challenges UN standing army, legal framework, Article 43, UN Charter, member states, international peace, security, troops, training, location, funding, United States, bills, opposition, will implementation, Security Council, peacekeeping operations, impartiality, P5, vested interest, regional conflicts, peace maintenance UN standing army, legal framework, Article 43, UN Charter, international peace, security, member states, troops, training, location, funding, United States, opposition, bills, Security Council, peacekeeping operations, impartiality, P5, vested interest, theory, practice UN standing army, legal framework, Article 43, UN Charter, member states, international peace, security, troops, training, location, funding, United States, UN Headquarters, Security Council, P5, vested interest, impartiality, peacekeeping operations, impracticality
test-international-siacphbnt-pro05a	Technology has enabled Africa’s cultural industries to grow.  Technology has enabled the development of entrepreneurial ideas for business, but also within Africa’s cultural industry. Access to video recording mobile phones, the internet, and televised publications has created a new culture of expression for African youths. Cultural industries are raising critical questions for politics, and empowering youth to tell their stories. The use of journalism has become mobilised by youths - as seen in initiatives such as, African Slum Voices, of which are encouraging youths to pro-actively raise their opinions and voices on issues occurring within their communities.  Furthermore, the music and film industry in Africa has arisen as a result of access to new technologies at a lower-cost. Two key components responsible for the growth of Nollywood (Nigeria’s Film Industry) include access to digital technology and entrepreneurship. Youths have become vital within Nollywood, as actors, producers and editors. Today Nollywood’s low-budget films have inspired the growth of regional film industries across Africa and contributed to its status as the third largest film industry. Nollywood’s revenue stand’s at around $200mn a year [1] .  [1] See further readings: ABN, 2013. Technology, Africa, Cultural industries, Entrepreneurship, Video recording, Mobile phones, Internet, Televised publications, Expression, African youths, Politics, Journalism, African Slum Voices, Music industry, Film industry, Nollywood, Digital technology, Low-budget films, Regional film industries, Revenue, ABN, 2013 Technology, Africa, Cultural industries, Entrepreneurship, Video recording, Mobile phones, Internet, Televised publications, Expression, African youths, Politics, Journalism, African Slum Voices, Youth opinions, Music industry, Film industry, Nollywood, Nigeria, Digital technology, Low-budget films, Regional film industries, Revenue, ABN, 2013 Technology, Africa, cultural industries, entrepreneurial ideas, business, video recording mobile phones, internet, televised publications, expression, African youths, politics, journalism! African Slum Voices, opinions, communities, music industry, film industry, digital technology, entrepreneurship, Nollywood, Nigeria, low-budget films, regional film industries, revenue, ABN, 2013 Technology, Africa, Cultural industries, Entrepreneurship, Video recording, Mobile phones, Internet, Televised publications, Expression, African youths, Politics, Journalism, African Slum Voices, Music industry, Film industry, Nollywood, Digital technology, Low-budget films, Regional film industries, Revenue Technology, Africa, Cultural industries, Entrepreneurship, Video recording, Mobile phones, Internet, Televised publications, Expression, African youths, Politics, Journalism, African Slum Voices, Music industry, Film industry, Nollywood, Digital technology, Low-budget films, Regional film industries, Revenue, ABN 2013
test-international-ghbunhf-pro05a	Most international co-operation can takes place outside UN framework.  The major economic, political and trade issues around the world are almost all dealt with either through bilateral agreements between nations or by specialised bodies set up for that purpose – the World Bank, IMF, EU, ASEAN, NATO, WTO and so on. In all of these fields the UN is little more than an irrelevance. Even where the UN does get involved in international affairs – such as in the Libyan crisis of 2011 – it is other bodies, in that case NATO, which serve as the vehicle for international cooperation. [1]  [1] . Bolopion, Philippe. “After Libya, the question: To Protect or Depose?”. Los Angeles Times.25th August 2011. international co-operation, UN framework, bilateral agreements, World Bank, IMF, EU, ASEAN, NATO, WTO, economic issues, political issues, trade issues, UN irrelevance, Libyan crisis 2011, international affairs, Philippe Bolopion, Los Angeles Times, protection, deposing international co-operation, UN framework, bilateral agreements, World Bank, IMF, EU, ASEAN, NATO, WTO, major economic issues, political issues, trade issues, UN irrelevance, Libyan crisis 2011, international affairs, Philippe Bolopion, Los Angeles Times, To Protect or Depose international cooperation, UN framework, bilateral agreements, World Bank, IMF, EU, ASEAN, NATO, WTO, UN irrelevance, Libyan crisis 2011, international affairs, Philippe Bolopion, Los Angeles Times international co-operation, UN framework, bilateral agreements, World Bank, IMF, EU, ASEAN, NATO, WTO, UN irrelevance, international affairs, Libyan crisis 2011, NATO involvement, Philippe Bolopion, Los Angeles Times international co-operation, UN framework, bilateral agreements, specialised bodies, World Bank, IMF, EU, ASEAN, NATO, WTO, major economic issues, political issues, trade issues, UN irrelevance, international affairs, Libyan crisis 2011, NATO involvement, international cooperation, Philippe Bolopion, Los Angeles Times, To Protect or Depose
test-law-hrilpgwhwr-con01a	The ICC generates crippling expenses.  Cautious estimates suggest an operating budget of $100 million per year1. The costs of the ICTY and ICTR have already spiralled out of control, and the latter tribunal has a legacy of maladministration and internal corruption. The US contributes 25% of the budget for both the tribunals, which amounted to $58 million in the fiscal year 20002. It is dubious whether the ICC could survive without US financial support. The UN as a whole is obligated only to fund investigations and prosecutions initiated at the request of the Security Council. Every other investigation must be funded by assessed contributions from the States that have ratified the Rome Statute. Although the UN could authorise the transfer of additional funds, the procedure would require a UN Security Council resolution that would of course be subject to the US veto. Alternatively, it is accepted that State Parties to the Statute could directly contribute funds or personnel to the ICC. However, the possibility of partiality or even corruption is manifest where States with their individual political interests are deploying and directing their own staff within the Office of the Prosecutor of the ICC.  1 Irwin, R. (2010, January 8). ICC Trials Hit by Budget Cuts. Retrieved May 11, 2011, from Institute for War & Peace Reporting:  2 Scharf, M. P. (2000, October). The Special Court for Sierra Leone. Retrieved May 11, 2011, from American Society of International Law: ICC, expenses, budget, operating costs, ICTY, ICTR, maladministration, corruption, US financial support, UN funding, Security Council, State Parties, Rome Statute, investigations, prosecutions, US veto, partiality, political interests, Office of the Prosecutor ICC, expenses, operating budget, ICTY, ICTR, maladministration, corruption, US financial support, UN, Security Council, State Parties, Rome Statute, investigations, prosecutions, assessed contributions, UN veto, partiality, political interests, Office of the Prosecutor ICC, expenses, budget, operating costs, ICTY, ICTR, maladministration, corruption, US financial support, UN funding, Security Council, Rome Statute, assessed contributions, UN veto, State Parties, direct contributions, personnel, Office of the Prosecutor, partiality, political interests ICC, operating budget, expenses, ICTY, ICTR, maladministration, corruption, US financial support, UN, Security Council, Rome Statute, investigations, prosecutions, assessed contributions, UN Security Council resolution, veto, State Parties, direct contributions, personnel, Office of the Prosecutor, partiality, political interests ICC, expenses, operating budget, ICTY, ICTR, costs, maladministration, corruption, US financial support, UN, investigations, prosecutions, Security Council, State Parties, Rome Statute, partiality, political interests, Office of the Prosecutor, budget cuts, Special Court for Sierra Leone, American Society of International Law, Institute for War & Peace Reporting
test-politics-oepdlhfcefp-con03a	"There have been tests on the EU's ability to create a common foreign policy that it has failed.  The War in Iraq, along with previous notable failures to deal with the breakup of former Yugoslavia, has been an excellent test for the extent to which the EU can claim to have a common approach to world politics and foreign policy in particular. It has clearly pointed out a whole range of diverse and often opposed national interests, and national publics that were unwilling to make compromises along EU lines of commitment. It has also showed that the economic power of the EU is not enough to turn it into a major player on the international scene: the lack in military power and presence speaks for itself. The EU still lies very much under the umbrella of NATO and US military power and as long as this military dependency continues, the EU will not be able to have its own independent voice in world politics. 1  1.  ""> EU, foreign policy, Iraq War, Yugoslavia, international relations, military power, NATO, US influence, economic power, political unity, national interests, compromises, international players, military dependency, independent voice, world politics EU, common foreign policy, War in Iraq, Yugoslavia, national interests, public opinion, economic power, military power, NATO, US military, international influence, political independence EU, foreign policy, common approach, world politics, War in Iraq, Yugoslavia, national interests, economic power, international scene, military power, NATO, US military, military dependency, independent voice, political influence, international relations, European Union, foreign affairs, global politics, defense policy EU, foreign policy, common approach, world politics, War in Iraq, Yugoslavia, national interests, economic power, international scene, military power, NATO, US military, military dependency, independent voice EU, common foreign policy, War in Iraq, Yugoslavia, national interests, public opinion, economic power, military power, NATO, US military, international influence, political autonomy, world politics, foreign policy challenges, military dependency, political integration, European Union, international relations, policy autonomy, defense capability"
test-international-atiahblit-pro03a	Incentivising movement so there are teachers where they are needed  Although the extent of rural-urban disparities remains debatable, geographical disparities in living standards and education are articulated across Africa. The location, and provision, of teachers does not always match need.  In Uganda, the universalisation of education has been met with inequities, regionally and across socioeconomic groups, in the quality of education (Hedger et al, 2010). Incentives are required to deploy teachers to districts according to need; and encourage teachers to relocate. For example, awards need to be provided for teachers to move to rural areas, and the development of teacher housing schemes - providing teachers with houses in new locations. incentivizing,movement,teachers,needed,rural-urban,disparities,geographical,disparities,living,standards,education,Africa,location,provision,districts,inequities,quality,Uganda,universalisation,education,regionally,socioeconomic,groups,deployment,relocation,awards,rural,development,teacher,housing,schemes incentivising, movement, teachers, rural-urban, disparities, Africa, location, provision, Uganda, universalisation, education, inequities, regional, socioeconomic, quality, deployment, districts, relocate, awards, rural, housing, schemes, teacher, houses, new, locations incentivizing movement, teachers, rural-urban disparities, geographical disparities, living standards, education, Africa, Uganda, universalization of education, inequities, regional disparities, socioeconomic groups, quality of education, teacher deployment, teacher relocation, incentives, awards, rural areas, teacher housing schemes, new locations incentivising movement, teacher deployment, rural-urban disparities, geographical disparities, education standards, Africa, teacher provision, Uganda, universalisation of education, educational inequities, regional disparities, socioeconomic disparities, education quality, incentives, teacher relocation, rural areas, teacher housing schemes, teacher houses, need-based deployment incentivising, movement, teachers, rural-urban, disparities, Africa, Uganda, universalisation, education, inequities, quality, incentives, deployment, relocation, awards, rural, housing, schemes, teacher, houses, locations, need, socioeconomic, groups, geographical, standards, provision, match, regional, international, policy, development, schools, staff, recruitment, retention, community, support, motivation, professional, growth, resources, funding, infrastructure, training, improvement, strategies, impact, outcomes, research, evidence, best, practices, challenges, solutions, case, studies, examples, success, stories,
test-society-simhbrasnba-pro02a	States must be responsible to their own citizens first  There will always be trafficking as long as there aren't open borders. And we should maintain strict controls on both immigration and asylum. States must focus on the needs of their people first, and the reaction of citizens in accepting countries is quite rightly the feeling that their hospitality and good intentions are being abused at the moment. The social harms that these feelings cause - suspicion, xenophobia, racism and disruption of social harmony and tolerance [1] - are too large and too damaging to the actual citizens of states to justify the maintenance of a failing system that may help some few outsiders. The responsibilities of governments to their own citizens must come first.  [1] Lægaard, Sune, ‘Immigration, Social Cohesion, and Naturalisation’, Centre for the Study of Equality and Multiculturalism, p.2 states, citizens, trafficking, open borders, immigration controls, asylum, social harmony, xenophobia, racism, government responsibilities, social cohesion, naturalisation, citizen needs, hospitality abuse, failing system, outsiders, tolerance, disruption, Sune Lægaard, Centre for the Study of Equality and Multiculturalism States, citizens, trafficking, open borders, immigration controls, asylum, social needs, citizen reaction, hospitality, good intentions, abuse, social harms, suspicion, xenophobia, racism, social harmony, social tolerance, government responsibilities, failing system, outsiders, citizen welfare states, citizens, trafficking, open borders, immigration controls, asylum, social needs, citizen reaction, hospitality abuse, social harms, suspicion, xenophobia, racism, social harmony, social tolerance, government responsibilities, citizen priority, failing system, outsider help, Lægaard, immigration, social cohesion, naturalisation states, responsible, citizens, trafficking, open borders, strict controls, immigration, asylum, needs, people, citizen reaction, hospitality, good intentions, abuse, social harms, suspicion, xenophobia, racism, disruption, social harmony, tolerance, government responsibilities, failing system, outsiders, social cohesion, naturalisation states, citizens, trafficking, open borders, immigration controls, asylum, social harmony, xenophobia, racism, social cohesion, government responsibilities, naturalisation, equality, multiculturalism
test-politics-eppghwlrba-con02a	Gun ownership increases national security within democratic states  “A well-regulated Militia, being necessary top the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear Arms, shall not be infringed.” – 2nd Amendment to the U.S. Constitution. [1] Any country is much more able to defend itself from aggression if many of its citizens are able to use guns, keeping them for leisure and sporting use. Some countries actively require adult citizens to maintain weapons in their house, and periodically to train in their use. The high levels of firearm availability in Iraq and Afghanistan have been significant contributory factors in allowing for a viable insurrection to form which has the potential to generate the political pressure necessary to cause the withdrawal of foreign occupiers.  Of course, such widespread ownership of weapons is also a safeguard against domestic tyranny.  [1] See also DIstricxt of Columbia v Heller, 554 U.S. 570 (2008) gun ownership, national security, democratic states, 2nd Amendment, U.S. Constitution, well-regulated Militia, free State, firearm availability, leisure, sporting use, citizen weapons, defense, aggression, Iraq, Afghanistan, insurrection, political pressure, foreign occupiers, widespread weapons, domestic tyranny, District of Columbia v Heller gun ownership, national security, democratic states, 2nd Amendment, U.S. Constitution, well-regulated militia, security of a free state, right to keep and bear arms, defense against aggression, firearm availability, Iraq, Afghanistan, insurrection, political pressure, withdrawal of foreign occupiers, domestic tyranny, District of Columbia v Heller gun ownership, national security, democratic states, 2nd Amendment, U.S. Constitution, well-regulated Militia, firearm availability, insurrection, foreign occupiers, domestic tyranny, District of Columbia v Heller, gun rights, citizen armament, self-defense, political pressure, gun control, weapon training, leisure use, sporting use, constitutional rights gun ownership, national security, democratic states, 2nd Amendment, U.S. Constitution, well-regulated Militia, security of a free State, right to keep and bear Arms, citizen defense, firearm availability, leisure use, sporting use, required citizen weapons, periodic training, Iraq, Afghanistan, insurrection, foreign occupiers, domestic tyranny, District of Columbia v Heller gun ownership, national security, democratic states, 2nd Amendment, U.S. Constitution, well-regulated Militia, firearm availability, Iraq, Afghanistan, insurrection, political pressure, foreign occupiers, widespread weapon ownership, domestic tyranny, District of Columbia v Heller
test-education-egscphsrdt-pro02a	School's duty of care  Peer pressure drives most drug use among children and teenagers. [1] The fact that the state requires all children to be engaged in education means that most of them will be gathered into large groups in schools for most of the day, five days a week, essentially creating the necessary conditions for peer pressure to take place and be powerful. This occurs as some children face ostracism or exclusion from their peers in the social environment that the state compels them to be in if they refuse to take illegal drugs, if drug use is deemed necessary to be 'cool' or 'popular'.  It is, generally, the state that operates a western liberal democracy’s education system. Under circumstances in which children are placed into the care of the state, and are made vulnerable to peer pressure the state has a duty to ensure that children are not coerced into using drugs. This means that concerns of 'privacy' are secondary to protecting the choice not to take drugs, as ensuring the 'privacy' of all students by not having random drug tests empowers some students to socially coerce other students into using drugs when they otherwise would not.  Random drug tests help prevent cultures or norms of drug-taking (by which it can become the 'cool' thing to do) by ensuring that most drug users will be caught and helped to quit, thus protecting the choice of others not to be pressured into drug use.  [1] Rosenbaum, Marsha. “Safety First: A Reality-Based Approach to Teens and Drugs”. Drug Policy Alliance. January 1, 2007 School, duty of care, peer pressure, drug use, children, teenagers, education, state, large groups, social environment, ostracism, exclusion, privacy, random drug tests, drug-taking cultures, norms, caught, quit, protection, policy, Marsha Rosenbaum, Safety First, reality-based, approach, teens, drugs, Drug Policy Alliance School, duty of care, peer pressure, drug use, children, teenagers, education, state, large groups, social environment, ostracism, exclusion, illegal drugs, western liberal democracy, education system, vulnerability, random drug tests, privacy, choice, coercion, drug culture, norms, safety first, reality-based approach, teens, Marsha Rosenbaum, Drug Policy Alliance School, duty of care, peer pressure, drug use, children, teenagers, education, state, western liberal democracy, privacy, random drug tests, drug-taking cultures, norms, safety first, Marsha Rosenbaum, Drug Policy Alliance school duty of care, peer pressure, drug use, children, teenagers, education system, state responsibility, privacy, random drug tests, drug prevention, social coercion, drug culture, student protection, safety first, reality-based approach, drug policy alliance school duty of care, peer pressure, drug use, children, teenagers, education, state requirement, large groups, social environment, ostracism, exclusion, illegal drugs, western liberal democracy, education system, state responsibility, vulnerability, privacy, random drug tests, drug culture, norms, quitting drugs, protection, choice, coercion, Rosenbaum, Safety First, Drug Policy Alliance
test-society-asfhwapg-pro02a	"Patenting enables knowledge sharing  Patents are typically granted for twenty years only. After this period the monopoly ends. All companies ask is that for a limited time they are able to benefit from their investments, and that in that period if another company wishes to pursue a project in their area then they should have to give their permission for the use of the patent. Patenting does not mean withholding information in secrecy.  On the contrary, patents actively encourage openness in science, because if you were not able to disclose your findings without fear of exploitation, then you would keep your findings secret. This would be to the detriment of medical advancement.  For example the Human Genome Sciences’ patented their discovery of the CCR5 receptor gene, which was then discovered by other scientists at the National Institutes of Health, that the small number of people missing the receptor appear to be immune to HIV 1. This could be done because Human Genome Sciences has a policy that ""we do not use our patents to prevent anyone in academics or the nonprofit world from using these materials for whatever they want, so long as it is not commercial.2""  Patenting makes sure that the information is registered and shared. The other option, whereby companies do not patent the information and keep it as a “trade secret”, hurts everybody much more and slows down the rate of scientific progress.  1. Dutfield G., DNA patenting: implications for public health research, WHO  2. Chartrand, Sabra, ""Human Gene Patented as Potential Fighter Against AIDS"" The New York Times, 6 March 2000, patenting, knowledge sharing, twenty years, monopoly, investments, permission, withholding information, secrecy, openness, science, medical advancement, Human Genome Sciences, CCR5 receptor gene, National Institutes of Health, HIV, patent policy, trade secret, scientific progress, public health research, DNA patenting, AIDS Patenting, knowledge sharing, patents, twenty years, monopoly, companies, investments, permission, withholding information, secrecy, openness, science, medical advancement, Human Genome Sciences, CCR5 receptor gene, National Institutes of Health, HIV, trade secret, scientific progress, public health research, DNA patenting, AIDS, gene patents, disclosure, commercial use, non-profit, academia patenting, knowledge sharing, patents, twenty years, monopoly, investments, permission, patent use, withholding information, secrecy, openness, science, medical advancement, Human Genome Sciences, CCR5 receptor gene, HIV, National Institutes of Health, non-commercial use, trade secret, scientific progress, public health research, DNA patenting, implications, Sabra Chartrand, New York Times, gene patenting, AIDS research patenting, knowledge sharing, patents, twenty years, monopoly, companies, investments, permission, withholding information, secrecy, openness, science, medical advancement, Human Genome Sciences, CCR5 receptor gene, National Institutes of Health, HIV, immune, policy, patents registered, shared, trade secret, scientific progress, DNA patenting, public health research, gene patented, AIDS, The New York Times patenting, knowledge sharing, patents, twenty years, monopoly, companies, investments, permission, withholding information, secrecy, openness, science, medical advancement, Human Genome Sciences, CCR5 receptor gene, National Institutes of Health, HIV, patent policy, trade secret, scientific progress, public health research, DNA patenting, AIDS, gene patenting, innovation, intellectual property, research, development, commercial use, non-commercial use, academics, nonprofit, exploitation, findings, disclosure, benefit, registered, shared, detriment, discovery, project, area, time, limited, pursuit, use, enable, encourage, registration, information,"
test-international-apwhbaucmip-pro04a	Not all conflict is war  What is War? The AU’s declaration does not define it. Ending all conflict is ambitious, ending only inter state war in Africa on the other hand is not. The vast majority of conflicts in Africa have been internal. The only true inter state conflicts have been the wars between Israel and Egypt, the Eritrean-Ethiopian war, the Uganda-Tunisia war, and the Second Congo War. [1] None of these are ongoing. The only conflicts that might count as inter-state that might be considered ongoing are the situation in Western Sahara and border clashes between the Sudans. Western Sahara might be considered to be frozen with very few deaths as a result of it and the Sudan conflict is in large part a result of the border being new.  [1] Wikipedia, ‘List of conflicts in Africa’, accessed 10 January 2014, conflict, war, AU, declaration, interstate, Africa, internal, conflicts, Israel, Egypt, Eritrean-Ethiopian, Uganda-Tunisia, Second Congo War, Western Sahara, border, Sudan, frozen, Wikipedia, list, conflicts, Africa, 2014 conflict, war, AU, Africa, internal, interstate, Israel, Egypt, Eritrean-Ethiopian, Uganda-Tunisia, Second Congo War, Western Sahara, Sudans, border, frozen, Wikipedia, List of conflicts in Africa conflict, war, AU, declaration, inter-state, Africa, internal, Israel, Egypt, Eritrean-Ethiopian, Uganda-Tunisia, Second Congo War, Western Sahara, Sudans, border, frozen, Wikipedia, List of conflicts in Africa conflict, war, AU, declaration, inter-state, Africa, internal, Israel, Egypt, Eritrean-Ethiopian, Uganda-Tunisia, Second Congo War, Western Sahara, border clashes, Sudans, frozen, deaths, new border conflict, war, AU, ambition, inter-state, Africa, internal, Israel, Egypt, Eritrean-Ethiopian, Uganda-Tunisia, Second Congo War, Western Sahara, Sudans, border, frozen, Wikipedia, List of conflicts in Africa
test-health-dhghwapgd-pro02a	"Allowing production of generic drugs saves lives, particularly in the developing world  Many developing countries are fraught with terrible disease. Much of Africa and Asia are devastated by malaria, and in many parts of Africa AIDS is a horrendous scourge, infecting large percentages of many countries populations. For example, in Swaziland, 26% of the adult population is infected with the virus1. In light of these obscenely high infection rates, African governments have sought to find means of acquiring enough drugs to treat their ailing populations. The producers of the major AIDS medications do donate substantial amounts of drugs to stricken countries, yet at the same time they charge ruinously high prices for that which they do sell, leading to serious shortages in countries that cannot afford them. The denial of the right to produce or acquire generic drugs is effectively a death sentence to people in these countries. With generic drugs freely available on the market, the access to such drugs would be facilitated far more readily and cheaply; prices would be pushed down to market levels and African governments would be able to stand a chance of providing the requisite care to their people2. Under the current system attempts by governments to access generic drugs can be met by denials of free treatments, leading to even further suffering. There is no ethical justification to allow pharmaceutical companies to charge artificially high prices for drugs that save lives. Furthermore, many firms that develop and patent drugs do not share them, nor do they act upon them themselves due to their unprofitability. This has been the case with various treatments for malaria, which affects the developing world almost exclusively, thus limiting the market to customers with little money to pay for the drugs3. The result is patents and viable treatments sitting on shelves, effectively gathering dust within company records, when they could be used to save lives. But when there is no profit there is no production. Allowing the production of generic drugs is to allow justice to be done in the developing world, saving lives and ending human suffering.  1 United Nations. 2006. ""Country Program Outline for Swaziland, 2006-2010"". United Nations Development Program. Available: 2 Mercer, Illana. 2001. ""Patent Wrongs"". Mises Daily. Available: 3 Boseley, Sarah. 2006. ""Rich Countries 'Blocking Cheap Drugs for Developing World'"". The Guardian. Available: generic drugs, developing world, malaria, AIDS, Swaziland, African governments, drug prices, patent laws, pharmaceutical companies, market access, life-saving treatments, ethical considerations, drug production, malaria treatments, patent shelves, unprofitable drugs, justice, human suffering, United Nations, patent rights, international health, drug donation, price reduction, market levels, drug availability, healthcare policy, global health equity generic drugs, developing world, malaria, AIDS, Swaziland, HIV, infection rates, African governments, drug shortages, high drug prices, ethical justification, pharmaceutical companies, drug patents, unprofitable drugs, market levels, justice, human suffering, UNDP, Mises Daily, The Guardian generic drugs, developing world, production, lives, malaria, AIDS, Africa, Asia, Swaziland, infection rates, AIDS medications, donation, drug prices, shortages, ethical justification, pharmaceutical companies, high prices, life-saving drugs, malaria treatments, unprofitability, patents, justice, human suffering, United Nations, UNDP, patent laws, drug accessibility, global health, affordable medicines, market levels, drug production, international trade, health policy, public health, patent rights, drug patents, drug affordability, treatment availability, healthcare access, drug pricing, developing countries health, drug distribution, drug shortages, global pharmaceuticals, drug generic drugs, developing world, malaria, AIDS, Swaziland, drug prices, pharmaceutical companies, patents, treatment access, market levels, ethical justification, unprofitable treatments, human suffering, justice, poor countries, drug production, international health, affordable medicine, patent rights, drug availability generic drugs, developing world, malaria, AIDS, Swaziland, drug access, pharmaceutical companies, high prices, patent rights, market prices, ethical justification, unprofitable treatments, drug production, human suffering, justice, cheap drugs, rich countries, drug patents, treatment availability, adult infection rates, drug donation, market levels, African governments, requisite care, artificial prices, drug shortage, healthcare intervention, poverty, treatment shelving, drug development, patent sharing, virology, pharmaceutical ethics, global health policy, cost-effective treatments, drug efficacy, public health, healthcare inequality, biotechnology, health economics, international aid, medicine"
test-law-cplgpshwdp-pro04a	Defendants who are innocent will be protected  This motion could allow innocent defendants to mount a stronger case. This is because, if allowed, the previous convictions of prosecution witnesses would be admitted as evidence. In this case, if a prosecution witness falsely claims good character in opposition to the defendant, any falsity could be more easily seen and weighed by the jury. This solves a problem under that status quo where ‘the threat of introducing his [the defendant’s] previous convictions will frequently inhibit him from introducing character evidence about the prosecution witness’ [1] ; fear that the defendant’s convictions may weigh against them where the prosecution witness remains untouchable creates a discrepancy in the justice system. However, if convictions on both sides were to be revealed anyway, then neither can falsely claim the character of the other and attempt to convince the jury of false information on this front.  [1] CPS, ‘Justice for all’, The Stationary Office, July 2002. defendants, innocent, protection, motion, stronger case, previous convictions, prosecution witnesses, evidence, falsity, jury, status quo, character evidence, discrepancy, justice system, revelations, CPS, Justice for all, Stationary Office, 2002 innocent defendants, stronger case, previous convictions, prosecution witnesses, evidence admission, falsity detection, jury assessment, status quo, character evidence, discrepancy, justice system, mutual revelation, false claims, jury persuasion, CPS, Justice for all, Stationary Office, legal reforms, fair trial, equitable treatment, criminal justice, defense rights, prosecution transparency innocent defendants, protection, stronger case, previous convictions, prosecution witnesses, evidence admission, falsity detection, jury evaluation, status quo, character evidence, discrepancy, justice system, CPS, Justice for all, legal reform, fair trial, equality before law defendants, innocent, protection, motion, stronger case, previous convictions, prosecution witnesses, evidence, falsity, jury, status quo, character evidence, discrepancy, justice system, convictions, revealing, false claims, CPS, Justice for all, The Stationary Office, July 2002 innocent defendants, protect, motion, strengthen case, previous convictions, prosecution witnesses, evidence, falsity, jury, status quo, character evidence, discrepancies, justice system, CPS, Justice for all, Stationary Office, 2002
test-politics-ghbgussbsbt-pro02a	Constitutional imperative  The Constitution of the United States is designed to prevent power from being concentrated in one place, with each of the three branches (executive, legislative and judicial) placing checks and balances upon each other. As James Madison wrote “It is of great importance in a republic not only to guard the society against the oppression of its rulers, but to guard one part of the society against the injustice of the other part.” [1]  This principle ensures that power is divided, facilitating greater dialogue between the branches and between the two houses of Congress which seeks to compromise with each other to provide the best possible expression of Congress’ will.  Such a need for compromise between the branches lends itself to having control of the two elected branches being spilt between two parties necessitating compromise as opposed to single party control of both houses, where compromise can be pre-arranged to fit the aims of the executive. Therefore, Divided Government is an extra requirement to government, ensuring that powers are not concentrated to the detriment of Americans.  [1] Madison, James, ‘The Federalist No.51 The Structure of the Government Must Furnish the Proper Checks and Balances Between the Different Departments’, Independent Journal, 6 February 1788, Constitutional imperative, checks and balances, three branches, executive, legislative, judicial, James Madison, oppression prevention, societal injustice, power division, dialogue facilitation, compromise necessity, two-party control, single-party dominance, divided government, power concentration prevention, American governance, Federalist No. 51, Independent Journal, 1788 Constitutional imperative, checks and balances, separation of powers, James Madison, Federalist No. 51, divided government, legislative branch, executive branch, judicial branch, republic, oppression prevention, power concentration, dialogue facilitation, compromise necessity, single party control, government structure, departmental checks Constitutional imperative, United States Constitution, checks and balances, executive branch, legislative branch, judicial branch, James Madison, Federalist No. 51, republic, oppression prevention, societal injustice, power division, inter-branch dialogue, Congressional compromise, divided government, single-party control, power concentration, American governance Constitutional imperative, United States Constitution, separation of powers, checks and balances, executive branch, legislative branch, judicial branch, James Madison, Federalist No. 51, republican government, oppression prevention, societal injustice, power division, dialogue facilitation, congressional compromise, divided government, single party control, power concentration, American governance Constitutional imperative, checks and balances, Constitution of the United States, three branches, executive, legislative, judicial, James Madison, Federalist No.51, oppression prevention, power division, dialogue facilitation, compromise, two houses of Congress, divided government, single party control, power concentration, American governance, republic protection, societal injustice prevention.
test-philosophy-npegiepp-pro02a	Neo-functionalism proposes a purpose to EU integration.  Neo-functionalism proposed building a community Europe, through the concept of spillover the theory proposes economic determinism. Spill-over will eventually lead to a completely integrated Europe with a strong central government. This has not yet been proved true, as EU integration has become a long and difficult process. This is understandable since it is not exactly easy to integrate together all those policies, economies and people. However this would most probably be the eventual result, which is already visible: The experience of the European Union (EU) is widely perceived as not just an example, but the model for regional integration. In recent years, the EU has also been pursuing an increasing number of trade agreements which may in turn lead to spillover. [1] Furthermore the recent enlargements of the EU in Eastern Europe, as well as the ongoing negotiations with Croatia and Turkey have renewed the academic and political interest in the effects of European Economic integration. [2]  One of the theory’s strengths is to predict the outcome of integration and an eventual conclusion to the process, allowing for political and economic aims to be made and realised. For example ‘Larger companies have been acting on the assumption that the internal market will eventually be established’. [3]  [1] Bilal, Sanoussi, ‘Can the EU Be a Model of Regional Integration?’, Paper to be presented at the CODESRIA - Globalisation Studies Network (GSN), 29-31 August 2005,   [2] Lafourcade, Miren, and Paluzie, Elisenda, ‘European Integration, FDI and the Internal Geography of Trade: Evidence from Western-European Border Regions’, 23 December 2004, www.cepr.org/RESEARCH/Networks/TID/Paluzie.pdf  [3] Tranholm-Mikkelsen, Jeppe, ‘Neo-functionalism: Obstinate or Obsolete? A Reappraisal in the Light of the New Dynamism of the EC’, Millennium - Journal of International Studies, Vol. 20, No. 1, pp.1-22, Neo-functionalism, EU integration, community Europe, spillover, economic determinism, integrated Europe, strong central government, long process, difficult integration, policies, economies, people, European Union, model, regional integration, trade agreements, Eastern Europe, Croatia, Turkey, political interest, European Economic integration, predict outcome, political aims, economic aims, internal market, Bilal, Sanoussi, CODESRIA, Globalisation Studies Network, Lafourcade, Miren, Paluzie, Elisenda, FDI, internal geography, trade, Western-European border, Tranholm-Mikkelsen, Jeppe, Obstinate Neo-functionalism, EU integration, spillover, economic determinism, central government, long process, policy integration, European Union, regional integration, trade agreements, Eastern Europe, Croatia, Turkey, European Economic integration, internal market, large companies, Bilal Sanoussi, CODESRIA, Lafourcade Miren, Paluzie Elisenda, Tranholm-Mikkelsen Jeppe, Millennium Journal, new dynamism EC Neo-functionalism, EU integration, European Union, spillover, economic determinism, regional integration, trade agreements, European Economic integration, internal market, enlargement, Eastern Europe, Croatia, Turkey, political interest, academic interest, Larger companies, internal market assumption, Bilal, Sanoussi, CODESRIA, Globalisation Studies Network, Lafourcade, Paluzie, European Integration, FDI, trade geography, Western-European border regions, Tranholm-Mikkelsen, neo-functionalism reappraisal, new dynamism, EC, political aims, economic aims Neo-functionalism, EU integration, economic determinism, spillover, regional integration, trade agreements, European Union, internal market, political interest, economic aims, enlargement, Eastern Europe, Croatia, Turkey, European Economic integration, academic interest, larger companies, internal geography of trade, FDI, Western-European border regions, new dynamism, EC, obstinate, obsolete Neo-functionalism, EU integration, spillover, economic determinism, integrated Europe, central government, regional integration, trade agreements, Eastern Europe, Croatia, Turkey, European Economic integration, internal market, larger companies, political aims, economic aims, Bilal, Sanoussi, CODESRIA, Globalisation Studies Network, Lafourcade, Miren, Paluzie, Elisenda, FDI, internal geography of trade, Western-European border regions, Tranholm-Mikkelsen, Jeppe, Millennium, Journal of International Studies, EC, reappraisal, new dynamism
test-digital-freedoms-phwnaccpdt-con01a	The sale of personal data makes for better advertising that benefits consumers  By targeting demographics and personal profiles by way of acquiring and utilizing personal data, businesses are able to put forward their services in a more targeted fashion in order to reach their target markets and to more effectively understand the broader market more generally. The limited budgets that constrain all companies has traditionally forced producers in the mass market to advertise to broad demographics and majority markets, resulting in a relative dearth of niche markets and breadth of services available in the mass market. Utilizing personal data effectively allows firms to enrich the lives of all consumers by expanding the range of marketable products and the furnishing of services to more eclectic tastes. [1] The vast numbers of websites and services proliferating online makes it much harder for people to find what they are looking for, but more importantly what they are not looking for but would want if they knew it existed. Data-mining allows for the channels of information to flow more effectively to consumers (Columbus, 2012). On the individual level companies are able to create individual profiles from information, so they can target them directly with things that might interest them. This strategy is used on Facebook, for example, users are shown ads that most fit their profiles giving them access to services they might not have ever found without the service.  [1] Deighton, J. and J. Quelch, “Economic Value of the Advertising-Supported Internet Ecosystem”. IAB Report. 2009, personal data, advertising, consumer benefits, demographics, personal profiles, targeted marketing, market reach, market understanding, company budgets, mass market, niche markets, service variety, consumer tastes, online services, information channels, data-mining, individual profiles, targeted ads, Facebook ads, ad ecosystem, economic value, internet advertising sale, personal data, better advertising, benefits consumers, targeting demographics, personal profiles, acquiring, utilizing, businesses, targeted fashion, target markets, understand market, limited budgets, companies, producers, mass market, advertise, broad demographics, majority markets, niche markets, breadth services, utilizing personal data, enrich lives, consumers, expanding range, marketable products, furnishing services, eclectic tastes, websites, services, online, people, find, information, data-mining, channels, flow, consumers, individual level, companies, create profiles, target, ads, interest, Facebook, users, shown, fit profiles, access, services, personal data, targeted advertising, consumer benefits, demographic targeting, market expansion, niche services, data utilization, budget constraints, mass market advertising, online ecosystems, information channels, consumer profiles, Facebook ads, economic value, advertising ecosystem personal data, advertising, consumer benefits, demographics, personal profiles, business targeting, market understanding, limited budgets, niche markets, service expansion, mass market, data mining, information channels, individual profiles, targeted advertising, Facebook, ad personalization, economic value, internet ecosystem personal data, advertising, consumer benefits, demographics, personal profiles, business targeting, market understanding, budget constraints, niche markets, service expansion, data mining, information channels, individual profiling, targeted ads, Facebook, economic value, internet ecosystem
test-economy-epehwmrbals-pro01a	Labour standards are necessary to protect basic human rights  Labour and business standards are a cornerstone of agreement on universal human rights between various international actors and so it is right that they should be linked to aid. In 1998 the ILO Declaration on Fundamental Principles and Rights at Work were adopted and are considered binding on all members regardless of whether they have ratified the conventions. [1] The business and labour regulations protect the basic worker rights and improve job security through demanding the elimination of discrimination and empower workers through the recognition of “freedom of association and the effective recognition of the right to collective bargaining” [2] like in those in developed western countries. This then provides a minimum standard and aid should only be given to those that ensure those minimum standards they have signed up. It would also help compliance to prioritise those who go further in their protections of labour when it comes to receiving aid. It should be remembered that there has been general acceptance of international labour standards not just for human rights reasons but also because having minimum standards is beneficial economically – for example a 40 hour working week is more productive per hour than a 60 hour week. [3]  [1] the ILO Declaration on Fundamental Principles and Rights at Work, ‘About the Declaration’, International Labour Organisation,   [2] ILO Declaration on Fundamental Principles and Rights at Work and its Follow-up, Adopted by the International Labour Conference at its Eighty-sixth Session, Geneva, 18 June 1998 (Annex revised 15 June 2010),   [3] Robinson, Sara, ‘Bring back the 40-hour work week’, Salon, 14 March 2012, labour standards, human rights, business standards, international actors, aid, ILO Declaration, Fundamental Principles, Rights at Work, binding, member countries, worker rights, job security, discrimination, freedom of association, collective bargaining, developed western countries, minimum standards, aid recipients, compliance, international labour standards, economic benefits, 40-hour work week, productivity labour standards, human rights, business standards, international actors, ILO Declaration, Fundamental Principles and Rights at Work, binding, member states, worker rights, job security, discrimination, freedom of association, collective bargaining, developed western countries, minimum standard, aid distribution, compliance, international labour standards, economic benefits, 40-hour work week, productivity labour standards, human rights, international actors, ILO Declaration, Fundamental Principles and Rights at Work, business standards, worker rights, job security, discrimination, freedom of association, collective bargaining, aid, compliance, economic benefits, 40-hour work week, productivity labour standards, human rights, international actors, ILO Declaration, worker rights, job security, discrimination, freedom of association, collective bargaining, aid, compliance, minimum standards, economic benefits, 40-hour work week, productivity labour standards, human rights, business standards, international actors, aid, ILO Declaration, Fundamental Principles and Rights at Work, worker rights, job security, discrimination, freedom of association, collective bargaining, developed western countries, minimum standards, compliance, economic benefits, 40-hour work week, productivity
test-economy-epiasghbf-con01a	The double burden  Despite a feminising labour market there has been no convergence, or equalisation, in unpaid domestic and care work. Women still play key roles in working the reproductive sphere and family care; therefore labour-force participation increases the overall burden placed on women. The burden is placed on time, physical, and mental demands.  We need to recognise the anxieties and burdens women face of being the bread-winner, as survival is becoming ‘feminised’ (Sassen, 2002). Additionally, women have always accounted for a significant proportion of the labour market - although their work has not been recognised. Therefore to what extent can we claim increased labour force participation is empowering when it is only just being recognised? double burden, feminising labour market, unpaid domestic work, care work, reproductive sphere, family care, labour-force participation, time demands, physical demands, mental demands, breadwinner, feminisation of survival, labour market recognition, women's empowerment, gender equality, work-life balance double burden, feminising labour market, unpaid domestic work, care work, reproductive sphere, family care, labour-force participation, time demands, physical demands, mental demands, bread-winner, feminised survival, labour market recognition, women empowerment, gender equality, domestic responsibilities, work-life balance, Sassen 2002 double burden, feminising labour market, unpaid domestic work, care work, reproductive sphere, family care, labour-force participation, time demands, physical demands, mental demands, bread-winner, feminised survival, labour market recognition, women empowerment, Sassen 2002 double burden, feminising labour market, unpaid domestic work, care work, women's roles, reproductive sphere, family care, labour-force participation, time demands, physical demands, mental demands, bread-winner, feminised survival, labour market recognition, women's empowerment, gender equality, domestic responsibilities, work-life balance, societal expectations, gender roles, employment participation, female workforce, economic independence, social recognition, gender disparities, empowerment claims double burden, feminising labour market, unpaid domestic work, care work, reproductive sphere, family care, labour-force participation, time demands, physical demands, mental demands, bread-winner, feminised survival, labour market participation, women's empowerment, recognition of women's work, gender equality, Sassen 2002
test-health-ppelfhwbpba-pro01a	The foetus feels pain  Partial-birth abortion is disgusting. Like all abortions, it involves the killing of an unborn child, but unlike first trimester abortions there is no doubt that the foetus can feel pain by the third trimester. [1] The procedure involves sticking a pair of scissors into a baby’s brain, enlarging the hole, sucking the brain out with a catheter and then crushing the skull. It is entirely unacceptable to do this to a living human being. Psychological damage to the mother as a result of rape or teenage pregnancy or depression is in the end less significant than the physical damage - death - caused to the child.  [1] Lee, Susan J., et al., ‘Fetal Pain, A Systematic Multidisciplinary Review of the Evidence’, Journal of the American Medical Association, Vol 294 (8), 2005, foetus, pain, partial-birth, abortion, unborn, child, third, trimester, scissors, brain, catheter, skull, psychological, damage, mother, rape, teenage, pregnancy, depression, physical, death, Lee, Susan, J., fetal, multidisciplinary, review, evidence, JAMA, 2005 foetus pain, partial-birth abortion, unborn child, third trimester, scissors, brain, catheter, crushing skull, psychological damage, physical damage, fetal pain, multidisciplinary review, JAMA, Susan J Lee foetus, pain, partial-birth abortion, unborn child, third trimester, scissors, baby’s brain, catheter, skull, living human being, psychological damage, mother, rape, teenage pregnancy, depression, physical damage, death, fetal pain, systematic review, evidence, Journal of the American Medical Association foetus, pain, partial-birth, abortion, killing, unborn, child, third, trimester, scissors, brain, catheter, skull, unacceptable, living, human, psychological, damage, mother, rape, teenage, pregnancy, depression, physical, death, Lee, Susan, J., fetal, systematic, multidisciplinary, review, evidence, Journal, American, Medical, Association, 2005 foetus, pain, partial-birth, abortion, unborn, child, third, trimester, scissors, brain, catheter, skull, living, human, psychological, damage, mother, rape, teenage, pregnancy, depression, physical, death, Susan, Lee, JAMA, 2005
test-international-segiahbarr-pro04a	Greater Access to Technology  Proponents of this view claim that the traditional image of ‘Dark Africa’ is becoming outdated in the light of greater access to technology. Due to poor infrastructure, mobile communications have had a transformative impact on African life. In the past decade there has been a notable increase in mobile phone ownership, with the trend set to continue. There are over 600 million mobile phone users in Africa, which is more than in North America and Europe [1] . Mobile phones allow the use of services such as agro-info and mobile banking to further their businesses. It is thought that by 2017, 30% of households will have a television in their house. Household technologies becoming more available have gone hand in hand with the development of more sophisticated farming and industrial techniques. A recent Pan-African project designed at improving legume technology and enrich low-nitrogen soils has made it possible for farmers to increase their yields and has reached 250,000 smallholder farmers so far [2] .  [1] The Economist, ‘The hopeful continent’, 2011  [2] Abuje, ‘Putting biological nitrogen fixation to work for smallholder farmers’, 2011 Greater Access to Technology, Dark Africa, Mobile Communications, African Life, Mobile Phone Ownership, Mobile Phones, Agro-info, Mobile Banking, Television Ownership, Household Technologies, Farming Techniques, Industrial Techniques, Legume Technology, Low-nitrogen Soils, Smallholder Farmers, Yields, Pan-African Project, Biological Nitrogen Fixation Greater Access to Technology, Dark Africa, Mobile Communications, African Life, Mobile Phone Ownership, Agro-Info, Mobile Banking, Television Ownership, Household Technologies, Farming Techniques, Industrial Techniques, Legume Technology, Low-Nitrogen Soils, Smallholder Farmers, The Economist, Abuje Greater Access, Technology, Dark Africa, Outdated, Mobile Communications, Transformative Impact, African Life, Mobile Phone Ownership, Trends, 600 Million Users, North America, Europe, Agro-info, Mobile Banking, Businesses, 2017, Television Ownership, Household Technologies, Sophisticated Farming, Industrial Techniques, Pan-African Project, Legume Technology, Low-Nitrogen Soils, Yields, Smallholder Farmers, The Economist, Hopeful Continent, Abuje, Biological Nitrogen Fixation Greater Access to Technology, Dark Africa, Mobile Communications, African Life, Mobile Phone Ownership, Agro-info, Mobile Banking, Television, Household Technologies, Farming Techniques, Industrial Techniques, Pan-African Project, Legume Technology, Low-Nitrogen Soils, Smallholder Farmers, The Economist, Abuje, Biological Nitrogen Fixation Greater Access, Technology, Dark Africa, Outdated, Poor Infrastructure, Mobile Communications, Transformative Impact, African Life, Mobile Phone Ownership, Increase, Trend, 600 Million Users, North America, Europe, Services, Agro-Info, Mobile Banking, Businesses, 2017, Households, Television, Household Technologies, Sophisticated Farming, Industrial Techniques, Pan-African Project, Legume Technology, Low-Nitrogen Soils, Increase Yields, Smallholder Farmers, The Economist, Hopeful Continent, Abuje, Biological Nitrogen Fixation
test-education-pshhghwpba0-con02a	Government should focus on the most needy  A primary responsibility of the government is for reducing inequality and ensuring that everyone has a basic living standard. A basic living standard includes food. As a result providing breakfasts should be for those who are most in need of a helping hand from government. Those who are wealthier and can afford their own breakfast do not need this help so any such breakfast policy should be means tested to only apply to those who need it. This is the case with the United States School Breakfast Program. government, needy, inequality, basic living standard, food, breakfast, helping hand, means tested, United States School Breakfast Program government, focus, needy, primary, responsibility, reducing, inequality, ensuring, basic, living, standard, food, providing, breakfasts, helping, hand, wealthier, afford, means, tested, policy, United, States, School, Breakfast, Program government, needy, inequality, basic living standard, food, breakfasts, helping hand, means tested, wealthier, United States School Breakfast Program government, needy, inequality, basic living standard, food, breakfasts, helping hand, means tested, wealthier, United States School Breakfast Program government, needy, inequality, basic living standard, food, breakfasts, means tested, United States School Breakfast Program, poverty, social welfare, public assistance, nutritional support, childhood hunger, education policy, economic disparity, subsidized meals, community resources, social services, income level, eligibility criteria
test-health-dhghhbampt-pro02a	Although there are many accounts of the efficacy of alternative cancer treatments, not one has been demonstrated to work in a clinical trial  The National Centre for Conventional and Alternative Medicines has spent over $2.5bn on research since 1992. The Dutch government funded research between 1996 and 2003. Alternative therapies have been tested in mainstream medical journals and elsewhere. Not only have thousands of research exercises failed to prove the medical benefit ”alternative” treatments for severe and terminal diseases, serious peer-reviewed studies have routinely disproved them.  It’s all well and good to pick at mistakes in individual studies. Indeed, this tactic often forms the mainstay of pleas for legitimacy made by members of the alternative medical community. However, the odds against such consistently negative results would be extraordinary.  By contrast, conventional medicine only prescribes medicines and treatments that are proven, and vigorously proven, to work. alternative cancer treatments, clinical trials, National Centre for Conventional and Alternative Medicines, research funding, Dutch government, mainstream medical journals, peer-reviewed studies, disproved, conventional medicine, proven treatments alternative cancer treatments, clinical trials, National Centre for Conventional and Alternative Medicines, research funding, Dutch government, mainstream medical journals, peer-reviewed studies, conventional medicine, treatment efficacy, research exercises, medical benefit, legitimacy, treatment proof, prescribing practices alternative cancer treatments, clinical trials, efficacy, National Centre for Conventional and Alternative Medicines, research funding, Dutch government, mainstream medical journals, peer-reviewed studies, medical benefit, disproved, research exercises, legitimacy, conventional medicine, proven treatments alternative cancer treatments, clinical trials, National Centre for Conventional and Alternative Medicines, research funding, Dutch government, mainstream medical journals, peer-reviewed studies, disproved, medical benefit, severe diseases, terminal diseases, conventional medicine, proven treatments, legitimacy, research exercises, negative results, odds, mistakes in studies, alternative medical community alternative cancer treatments, clinical trials, National Centre for Conventional and Alternative Medicines, Dutch government, research funding, medical journals, peer-reviewed studies, disproved, conventional medicine, treatment efficacy, research exercises, medical benefit, legitimacy, negative results, proven treatments
test-international-gmehwasr-pro04a	Would balance the support for Syrian government  Syria's government has been receiving outside support from a variety of sources; Russia and Iran being the most prominent. Iran has been training the Jaysh al- Shabi, a Syrian government-controlled force modelled on Iran's Basij militia. Far from just providing weapons, both Iran and Hezbollah from Lebanon have been sending fighters to support the Syrian government. [1] The rebels have received some support for Qatar and Saudi Arabia but not to the extent the Syrian government has. Anyone with an interest in the free Syrian cause should realise that they cannot do so simply by sitting on their hands expecting a victory when those doing the fighting are only provided diplomatic support.  [1] Doran, Michael, and Shaikh, Salman, ‘Arm the Syrian Rebels. Now’. Foreign Policy, 8 February 2013 Syrian government, outside support, Russia, Iran, Jaysh al-Shabi, Basij militia, Hezbollah, Lebanon, fighters, rebels, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, diplomatic support, free Syrian cause, Michael Doran, Salman Shaikh, Foreign Policy, arm the Syrian rebels Syria, government, support, Russia, Iran, Jaysh al-Shabi, Basij, Hezbollah, Lebanon, rebels, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, diplomatic, free Syrian cause, Michael Doran, Salman Shaikh, Foreign Policy, 2013 Syria, government, support, Russia, Iran, Jaysh al-Shabi, Basij, Hezbollah, Lebanon, fighters, rebels, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, diplomatic, victory, Michael Doran, Salman Shaikh, Foreign Policy, arm, Syrian rebels Syria, government, support, Russia, Iran, Jaysh al-Shabi, Basij, Hezbollah, Lebanon, fighters, rebels, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, diplomatic, Free Syrian, conflict, arms, Michael Doran, Salman Shaikh, Foreign Policy Syria, government, support, Russia, Iran, Jaysh al-Shabi, Basij, Hezbollah, Lebanon, fighters, rebels, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, diplomatic, victory, free Syrian cause, arm, Michael Doran, Salman Shaikh, Foreign Policy
test-international-ipecfiepg-pro03a	A Greek default would increase stability for the rest of the Eurozone  A Greek exit from the ‘Eurozone does not mean the end of the euro. It will, instead, mark a new beginning. Germany has a long and proud tradition of currency strength, but it could not cope with going back to the deutschmark because it would rocket in value and destroy the country's competitiveness. Some 97% of the Eurozone's population will continue to use the single currency and their leaders will circle the policy wagons to protect what is left.’ [`] A Greek default and departure from the Eurozone would decrease uncertainty and fear within the rest of the Eurozone. This, in turn is likely to attract higher levels of investment and transactions across Eurozone members.  [1] Parsons, Nick: “Eurozone crisis: what if… Greece leaves the single currency”, 14 May 2012, The Guardian, Greek default, Eurozone stability, Greek exit, Eurozone future, end of euro, new beginning, Germany, currency strength, deutschmark, competitiveness, Eurozone population, single currency, policy protection, uncertainty reduction, Eurozone investment, transactions increase, Eurozone crisis, Greece leaves, single currency impact Greek default, Eurozone stability, Greek exit, Euro survival, new beginning, German currency strength, deutschmark return, competitiveness loss, Eurozone population, single currency use, policy protection, decreased uncertainty, investment increase, transactions boost, Eurozone crisis, Greece departure, Parsons Nick, Guardian article, 2012 Greek default, Eurozone stability, Greek exit, Euro survival, new beginning, Germany, currency strength, deutschmark, competitiveness, Eurozone population, single currency, policy protection, decreased uncertainty, investment increase, Eurozone transactions, Parsons, Eurozone crisis, Greece leaves, 2012, The Guardian Greek default, Eurozone stability, Eurozone exit, Euro future, new beginning, German currency strength, Deutschmark, competitiveness, Eurozone population, single currency, policy protection, uncertainty reduction, investment attraction, Eurozone transactions, Parsons, Nick, Eurozone crisis, Greece leaves, single currency impact Greek default, Eurozone stability, Greek exit, Eurozone future, currency strength, Deutschmark, Eurozone population, single currency, policy protection, Eurozone investment, Eurozone transactions, Eurozone uncertainty, Eurozone fear, Eurozone crisis, Greece departure, Nick Parsons, The Guardian, 2012
test-culture-mmctyshwbcp-pro04a	Being a performer can make the child physically vulnerable  Children involved at a professional level in sports are at a higher risk than their peers of physical problems like breaking bones. In some cases, these physical problems can be fatal; e.g., Julissa Gomez, who died from complications of a vaulting injury contracted when she was 15 in warm-ups for a gymnastics competition. [1]  Even in careers like acting and dancing there are risks for child performers. Actors and dancers are usually encouraged to stay thin, often to an unhealthy degree. Because children are particularly vulnerable, they are more susceptible to the perils of over-exercising for athletes and eating disorders for performers. It has been found, for example, that girls who dance in their childhood are more likely than their peers to develop anorexia nervosa in later life. [2] Lena Zavaroni, the childhood winner of ‘opportunity knocks’ in the 1970’s, struggled with eating disorders for all of her life and died aged 34.  With the damage eating disorders can do to a person’s body, it should be illegal to expose children to such risks.  [1] Hoffman, ‘Obituaries’  [2] BBC News, ‘Anorexia linked to child dancers’ child performers, physical vulnerability, sports injuries, fatal injuries, Julissa Gomez, gymnastics, acting, dancing, eating disorders, unhealthy weight, anorexia nervosa, Lena Zavaroni, childhood performers, risks, legal protection, health risks, professional sports, child actors, child dancers, physical problems, over-exercising, unhealthy diet, early career, long-term effects, child welfare, performer safety, legal regulation, child exploitation, performance risks, young athletes, young performers, injury prevention, mental health, nutritional issues, child development, career risks, professional competition, performance arts, health complications, eating disorders prevention, child performers, physical vulnerability, sports injuries, fatal injuries, Julissa Gomez, gymnastics, acting, dancing, eating disorders, anorexia nervosa, Lena Zavaroni, unhealthy weight, over-exercising, legal protection, child safety, risk factors, professional sports, child actors, child dancers, lifetime impact, health risks, opportunity knocks, anorexia link, child exploitation, ethical concerns, performer health, young athletes, professional pressure, mental health, physical health, childhood performance careers child performers, physical vulnerability, professional sports, physical problems, fatal injuries, gymnastics, Julissa Gomez, acting, dancing, unhealthy thinness, over-exercising, eating disorders, anorexia nervosa, Lena Zavaroni, childhood performers, health risks, legal restrictions performer, child, physically vulnerable, professional sports, physical problems, breaking bones, fatal, Julissa Gomez, vaulting injury, gymnastics, acting, dancing, risks, thin, unhealthy, over-exercising, eating disorders, girls, anorexia nervosa, Lena Zavaroni, opportunity knocks, damage, illegal, exposure, risks performer, children, physical, vulnerability, sports, professional, risk, injuries, fatal, Julissa Gomez, gymnastics, acting, dancing, thin, unhealthy, over-exercising, eating disorders, anorexia nervosa, Lena Zavaroni, opportunity knocks, illegal, exposure, risks, BBC News, Anorexia linked to child dancers, Hoffman, Obituaries
test-international-gpdwhwcusa-con01a	A UN standing army would not be cost-effective.  The cost of such an army would be very high, especially if it were to include purchase of air and sea transport to reach theatres of operation, added to the high costs of permanent establishment and training, and equipping the force for every possible type of terrain. State armed forces have the advantage of preparing for specific battles with specific enemies. Any UN standing force would be forced by its very nature to prepare for every enemy, in every environment. Such a scope is neither desirable nor easy to overcome without great expense and large numbers. At present, the UN model is preferable; it can draw upon different kind of troops for different kinds of missions from whatever member states feel best equipped to deal with a particular situation. UN standing army, cost-effectiveness, air transport, sea transport, permanent establishment, training, equipping, terrain, state armed forces, specific battles, specific enemies, every enemy, every environment, expense, large numbers, UN model, different troops, missions, member states, particular situation UN standing army, cost-effectiveness, high costs, air transport, sea transport, theatres of operation, permanent establishment, training, equipping forces, specific battles, specific enemies, every enemy, every environment, great expense, large numbers, UN model, different troops, different missions, member states, particular situation UN standing army, cost-effectiveness, air transport, sea transport, permanent establishment, training, equipping, terrain, state armed forces, specific battles, specific enemies, every enemy, every environment, UN model, different troops, missions, member states UN standing army, cost-effectiveness, high costs, air transport, sea transport, permanent establishment, training, equipping, diverse terrains, state armed forces, specific battles, specific enemies, broad preparation, great expense, large numbers, UN model, different troops, diverse missions, member states, particular situation UN, standing army, cost-effective, high cost, air transport, sea transport, permanent establishment, training, equipping, terrain, state armed forces, specific battles, specific enemies, prepare, every enemy, every environment, expense, large numbers, UN model, draw, troops, missions, member states, situation
test-politics-cdmaggpdgdf-pro01a	Transparency is a good in and of itself  The most essential commodity within a state is trust. Trust is essential in all sorts of aspect of our lives; we trust that the paper money we have is actually worth more than a scrap of paper, that doctors performing surgery know what they are doing, that we won't be attacked in the street, and that the government is looking after our interests. In order to create that trust there needs to be transparency so that we know that our institutions are trustworthy. It is the ability to check the facts and the accountability that comes with transparency that creates trust. And this in turn is what makes them legitimate. [1]  The need for trust applies just as much to security as any other walk of life. Citizens need to trust that the security services really are keeping them safe, are spending taxpayers’ money wisely, and are acting in a fashion that is a credit to the country. Unfortunately if there is not transparency there is no way of knowing if this is the case and so often the intelligence services have turned out to be an embarrassment. As has been the case with the CIA and it’s the use of torture following 9/11, for which there are still calls for transparency on past actions. [2]  [1] Ankersmit, Laurens, ‘The Irony of the international relations exception in the transparency regulation’, European Law Blog, 20 March 2013  [2] Traub, James, ‘Out With It’, Foreign Policy, 10 May 2013 transparency, trust, state, institutions, accountability, legitimacy, security, intelligence, services, taxpayers, money, CIA, torture, 9/11, international, relations, European, law, blog, Foreign, Policy transparency, trust, state, legitimacy, accountability, security, intelligence, services, CIA, torture, 9/11, taxpayers, money, embarrassment, regulation, international, relations, European, law, blog, Foreign, Policy transparency, trust, state, institutions, accountability, security, intelligence, services, legitimacy, taxpayers, CIA, torture, 9/11, international, relations, regulation, Foreign, Policy, European, Law, Blog transparency, trust, state, institutions, accountability, legitimacy, security, taxpayers, intelligence, CIA, torture, 9/11, international relations, European Law Blog, Foreign Policy transparency, trust, state, government, institutions, accountability, legitimacy, security, citizens, intelligence, services, taxpayers, money, doctors, surgery, street, CIA, torture, 9/11, embarrassment, Ankersmit, European Law Blog, Traub, Foreign Policy
test-politics-oapdhwinkp-pro03a	"Rounds of sanctions and engagement does not bring a solution any closer  The responses to North Korean provocations do not bring a solution any closer. North Korea has yet to sign a peace treaty with the South and the United States. It is however particularly interested in signing a treaty with the United States rather than the South. In 2010 the North Korean foreign ministry proposed that ""If confidence is to be built between [North Korea] and the US, it is essential to conclude a peace treaty for terminating the state of war, a root cause of the hostile relations, to begin with"". [1] The North wants a peace treaty with the US so as to drive a wedge between the USA and South Korea to prevent US support for the South in the event of war. [2] Ignoring such efforts at negotiating with the USA without South Korea in the room, and indeed all advances and provocations would force the North to accept that it has to negotiate with the south or with no one. Ignoring North Korean actions and reducing the number of allies negotiating while maintaining security guarantees prevents any chance of the North dividing the USA and South Korea.  [1] Walker, Peter, ‘North Korea calls for peace treaty with US’, guardian.co.uk, 11 January 2010,   [2] Cheon, Seongwhun, ‘Negotiating with South Korea and the I.S.: North Korea’s Strategy and Objectives’, International Journal for Korean Studies, Vol XVI No 1, Spring 2012,  p.153 sanctions, engagement, North Korean provocations, peace treaty, South Korea, United States, confidence building, state of war, hostile relations, dividing allies, negotiating strategy, security guarantees, International Journal for Korean Studies, Peter Walker, Seongwhun Cheon sanctions, engagement, North Korean provocations, peace treaty, North Korea, South Korea, United States, confidence-building, state of war, hostile relations, negotiating, security guarantees, allies, division, strategy, objectives sanctions, engagement, North Korean provocations, peace treaty, South Korea, United States, confidence building, state of war, hostile relations, wedge driving, US support, negotiating, security guarantees, division prevention, North Korea strategy, objectives sanctions, engagement, North Korean provocations, peace treaty, South Korea, United States, confidence building, state of war, hostile relations, negotiating strategy, security guarantees, international relations, diplomatic negotiations, Korean peninsula, US-South Korea alliance, North Korean objectives, South Korean security, international security, foreign policy, Korean conflict, US-North Korea relations, South-North Korea relations, peace process, diplomatic isolation, regional stability sanctions, engagement, North Korean provocations, peace treaty, South Korea, United States, confidence building, state of war, hostile relations, US support, negotiating, security guarantees, allies, dividing, strategy, objectives"
test-law-rmelhrilhbiw-con04a	There is nothing legal or sacred about the West Bank’s borders – it was an ad-hoc armistice line never recognized internationally  The West Bank is not some sort of recognized entity with legally or internationally recognized boundaries. Its borders were the 1948 cease-fire line between Israeli and Jordanian forces, and Jordan’s annexation of the region, and hence the borders were only recognized by two countries – the United Kingdom and Pakistan. [1]  This is important, because the entire challenge to the legality of the settlements, i.e. Why they are unacceptable in Hebron but not in the Negev, is due to the belief that Israel is somehow annexing Palestinian territory. While some of the West Bank was intended to be part of a Palestinian state in 1948, and some will be incorporated into a new one in the future, Israel is under no responsibility to the international community or any comprehension of International law to recognize boundaries that have no legal force and do not legally exist.  [1] ‘Jordan Renounced Claims to West Bank, 1988’, Palestine Facts, West Bank, borders, legal status, international recognition, 1948 cease-fire line, Jordanian annexation, settlements, Hebron, Negev, Palestinian territory, 1988 renunciation, Palestine Facts, International law, Israeli claims West Bank, borders, legal, international, recognition, 1948, cease-fire, line, Jordan, annexation, United Kingdom, Pakistan, settlements, Hebron, Negev, Palestinian, territory, annexing, International law, Palestine, facts, 1988, renounced, claims West Bank, borders, international law, legal status, Jordan, annexation, settlements, Hebron, Negev, Palestinian state, 1948, cease-fire line, United Kingdom, Pakistan, Palestine Facts, 1988 renunciation West Bank, borders, international law, legal status, Jordan, annexation, United Kingdom, Pakistan, 1948, cease-fire, settlements, Hebron, Negev, Palestinian territory, Palestinian state, Israel, international community, Palestine Facts, 1988, renounced claims West Bank, borders, legal, international recognition, 1948 cease-fire, Israeli, Jordanian forces, Jordan, annexation, United Kingdom, Pakistan, settlements, Hebron, Negev, Palestinian territory, 1948 Palestinian state, future Palestinian state, international law, Israel, legal force, Palestine Facts, Jordan Renounced Claims, 1988
test-economy-epiasghbf-con02a	Women need alternatives for empowerment  Empowerment cannot be gained for women through employment, alternatives are required. A gender lens needs to be applied to women’s life course from the start. To tackle the discriminatory causes of gender inequality access to sexual and reproductive health rights is required for women. Access to such rights ensures women in Africa will be able to control their body, go to school, and choose the type of employment they wish to enter into.  The importance of enabling sexual and reproductive health rights for women is being put on the agenda for Africa [1] . There is a lot to be done beyond workforce participation - ending violence against women, promoting equal access to resources, opportunities and participation. Such features will reinforce women’s labour market participation, but in the jobs they want.  [1] See further readings: Chissano, 2013; Puri, 2013. women, empowerment, alternatives, gender lens, life course, gender inequality, sexual and reproductive health rights, control, education, employment, Africa, violence against women, equal access, resources, opportunities, labour market participation women empowerment, gender inequality, sexual and reproductive health rights, workforce participation, gender lens, life course, ending violence against women, equal access to resources, opportunities, labour market participation, Africa, Chissano 2013, Puri 2013 Women, empowerment, alternatives, gender lens, life course, gender inequality, sexual health, reproductive rights, Africa, body control, education, employment choice, violence against women, equal access, resources, opportunities, participation, labour market, job preference, Chissano, Puri Women, empowerment, alternatives, gender, inequality, reproductive, health, rights, Africa, violence, resources, opportunities, participation, employment, labour, market, Chissano, Puri Women, empowerment, alternatives, gender lens, life course, gender inequality, sexual and reproductive health rights, Africa, body control, education, employment choices, agenda, violence against women, equal access, resources, opportunities, participation, labour market, job preferences, Chissano 2013, Puri 2013
test-international-atiahblit-pro02a	Teacher training  Investment is required in teacher training to ensure quality control. Teachers need to be provided with qualifications and effective training both technical and theoretical. Teachers need to be introduced to methods on how to interact with students, provoke student debates, and manage large classes. In-service training and pre-teaching training are key.  Countries such as Uganda and Angola [1] have utilised on the job training for teachers, with positive results for teaching quality. In Uganda initiatives, such as INSSTEP [2] , provided capacity training to teachers and headteachers. 14,000 secondary school teachers participated between 1994-1999, followed by school inspections to monitor capacity. The ‘mobile-caravan’ approach is making it easier, more feasible, and flexible, to provide training [3] .  Additionally, investors and national governments need to provide Model schools, indicating what responsibilities teachers have and enabling knowledge transfer. Model schools can assist in alleviating work pressures for teachers by showing their terms of contract, duties and obligations. Increasingly teachers are expected to fulfil the role of carer, counsellor, and advisers on HIV/AIDs without relevant training.  [1] See further readings: World Bank, 2013.  [2] In-Service Secondary Teacher Education Project.  [3] See further readings: World Bank, 2013. Teacher training, investment, quality control, qualifications, technical training, theoretical training, student interaction, student debates, class management, in-service training, pre-teaching training, on-the-job training, Uganda, Angola, INSSTEP, capacity training, school inspections, mobile-caravan approach, model schools, knowledge transfer, teacher responsibilities, work pressures, teacher roles, carer, counsellor, HIV/AIDS training, World Bank, In-Service Secondary Teacher Education Project Teacher training, investment, quality control, qualifications, technical training, theoretical training, student interaction, student debates, class management, in-service training, pre-teaching training, on-the-job training, Uganda, Angola, INSSTEP, capacity training, school inspections, mobile-caravan approach, model schools, knowledge transfer, work pressures, teacher responsibilities, carer role, counsellor role, HIV/AIDS training, World Bank, In-Service Secondary Teacher Education Project teacher training, investment, quality control, qualifications, technical training, theoretical training, student interaction, student debates, class management, in-service training, pre-teaching training, on-the-job training, Uganda, Angola, INSSTEP, capacity training, headteachers, school inspections, mobile-caravan approach, model schools, knowledge transfer, work pressures, teacher responsibilities, carer role, counselor role, HIV/AIDS education, World Bank, In-Service Secondary Teacher Education Project Teacher training, Investment, Quality control, Qualifications, Effective training, Technical training, Theoretical training, Student interaction, Student debates, Class management, In-service training, Pre-teaching training, On the job training, Uganda, Angola, INSSTEP, Secondary school teachers, School inspections, Mobile-caravan approach, Model schools, Knowledge transfer, Work pressures, Teachers responsibilities, Carer, Counsellor, Adviser, HIV/AIDS, World Bank, In-Service Secondary Teacher Education Project teacher training, investment, quality control, qualifications, technical training, theoretical training, student interaction, student debates, class management, in-service training, pre-teaching training, on-the-job training, Uganda, Angola, INSSTEP, capacity training, school inspections, mobile-caravan approach, model schools, knowledge transfer, work pressures, teacher responsibilities, terms of contract, duties, teacher obligations, carer role, counsellor role, HIV/AIDS, World Bank, 2013, In-Service Secondary Teacher Education Project
test-society-simhbrasnba-pro03a	The system is open to abuse  It is extremely difficult to tell if someone is a genuine asylum seeker or not; for obvious reasons many will have little or no documentation, and all the evidence that they have suffered persecution may be in a faraway country and impossible to obtain. In many cases it may be impossible to prove that the person claiming asylum is even from the country that they claim to be from.  Asylum decisions are therefore based largely on a judgement call by the investigating officer on whether they thing the person in front of them is being truthful or not – that leaves the system open to motivated people who are economic migrants or may even pose a security threat. asylum, abuse, documentation, persecution, evidence, judgement, security, economic, migrants, threat, system, openness, genuineness, investigation, truthfulness, decision-making, vulnerability, exploitation, refugee, status, verification, challenges, immigration, policy, humanitarian, protection, international, law, displacement, conflict, persecution, risk, assessment, credibility, interviewing, screening, procedures, safeguards, misuse, intentions, asylum-seekers, migration, flow, control, border, safety, discrimination, human-rights, accountability, transparency, trust, integrity, administrative, complexity, mógł, przyjmować, dezercja, Ś asylum, abuse, system, documentation, persecution, evidence, country, judgement, officer, truthful, economic, migrant, security, threat, decision, migrant, asylum-seeker, genuine, faraway, impossible, prove, claim, investigating asylum, abuse, documentation, persecution, credibility, judgement, migrants, security, economic, threat, genuine, evidence, system, officer, truthfulness, impossible, faraway, cases asylum, abuse, documentation, persecution, evidence, judgement, economic migrants, security threat, genuine seeker, investigating officer, proof, country of origin, system vulnerability, migration, refugee status, truthfulness assessment asylum, abuse, system, genuine, documentation, evidence, persecution, judgement, officer, economic, migrant, security, threat, decision, truthfulness, investigation, open, difficult, prove, country, claim, faraway, impossible, motivated, pose
test-politics-eppghwlrba-con03a	Sports shooting is a safe activity  Shooting is sport enjoyed by many law-abiding people, both in gun clubs with purpose-built ranges and as a field sport. These people have the right to continue with their chosen leisure pursuit, on which they have spent large amounts of money – an investment the government would effectively be confiscating if their guns were confiscated. Sports shooting, safe activity, law-abiding people, gun clubs, purpose-built ranges, field sport, leisure pursuit, investment, government confiscation,射击运动, 安全活动, 遵纪守法的人, 枪支俱乐部, 专用射击场, 野外射击, 休闲活动, 投资, 政府没收 Sports shooting, safe activity, law-abiding people, gun clubs, purpose-built ranges, field sport, leisure pursuit, investment, government confiscation, right to continue sports shooting, safe activity, law-abiding people, gun clubs, purpose-built ranges, field sport, leisure pursuit, investment, government confiscation, right to continue sports shooting, safe activity, law-abiding people, gun clubs, purpose-built ranges, field sport, leisure pursuit, monetary investment, government confiscation, right to continue sports shooting, safe activity, law-abiding people, gun clubs, purpose-built ranges, field sport, leisure pursuit, money investment, government confiscation, right to continue
test-education-egscphsrdt-pro01a	Prevent drug use  There is a clear and present problem with drug use among children and teenagers in many countries. According to the UK Department of Health, in 2002-2003 38% of 15 year olds had used illegal drugs, as had 8% of 11 year olds [1] . The fact that all of these children would have been in schools at the age of 15 shows that current policies of targeting the supply train of drugs (for example by arresting drug dealers and intercepting drug shipments) is failing to protect children. Therefore a more direct approach that intervenes at the point of consumption is needed, most crucially for children and teenagers, as their years in education are crucial for both their personal development and their realization of their future education and employment potential.  Drug use at a young age may lead to lifelong use and addiction. Random drug testing in schools will allow for vulnerable children's drug problems to be discovered, and assist the state in getting them the help they need to get off drugs. Random testing is especially valuable in this scenario because many infant and teenage drug users will try to disguise their drug use from parents and teachers and so avoid detection through avoiding suspicion, a tactic which will prove of no use against random drug tests which will likely affect all students at one point or another. It should also deter many students from starting taking drugs in the first place as the prospect of them being caught becomes far more likely, as they know disguising their drug use will be of no use.  [1] Department of Health. “Statistics on young people and drug misuse: England, 2003”. drug use, prevention, children, teenagers, policy, education, random drug testing, schools, addiction, health, statistics, drug misuse, deterrence, intervention, personal development, employment potential, UK, Department of Health, illegal drugs, supply chain, drug dealers, interception, consumption, detection, parental awareness, teacher awareness, lifelong impact, youth protection Prevent, drug, use, children, teenagers, countries, UK, Department, Health, statistics, illegal, drugs, 15, year, olds, 11, schools, policies, supply, train, arresting, dealers, intercepting, shipments, direct, approach, consumption, personal, development, education, employment, potential, lifelong, addiction, random, testing, vulnerable, discovered, assist, state, help, infant, disguise, parents, teachers, detection, suspicion, tactic, deter, starting, prospect, caught, far, likely prevent drug use, drug use children, teenagers drug use, UK drug statistics, drug policies, supply chain intervention, education impact, personal development, future employment, lifelong addiction, random drug testing schools, vulnerable children, drug detection, parent avoidance, teacher avoidance, deterrence, drug misuse statistics, England 2003 drug use, prevention, children, teenagers, policies, supply chain, intervention, education, personal development, employment potential, addiction, random drug testing, schools, vulnerable children, detection, deterrence, statistics, young people, drug misuse, England Prevent drug use, children, teenagers, drug misuse, illegal drugs, UK Department of Health, policies, drug dealers, drug shipments, consumption, personal development, education, employment potential, lifelong use, addiction, random drug testing, schools, vulnerable children, drug problems, detection, disguise, suspicion, deter, starting drugs, being caught
test-environment-aiahwagit-pro03a	Endangered animals are a source of pride for African countries  Endangered animals warrant a tougher degree of protection in Africa as they have notable cultural significance. Some groups believe that African elephants have mystic powers attached to them and have coveted them for centuries. [1] African lions have been depicted on the coat of arms for states and institutions both past and present. [2] They are intrinsically linked with Africa’s past and its identity. The extinction of these animals, therefore, would have a negative cultural impact and should be prevented.  [1] University of California, Los Angeles, ‘Elephant: The Animal and its Ivory in African Culture’  [2] Coleman, Q. ‘The importance of African lions’ endangered animals, African countries, cultural significance, African elephants, mystic powers, African lions, coat of arms, Africa's past, identity, extinction, cultural impact, UCLA, elephant ivory, African culture, Q. Coleman, lion importance endangered animals, African countries, cultural significance, African elephants, mystic powers, African lions, coat of arms, Africa’s past, identity, extinction, negative cultural impact, UCLA, Elephant: The Animal and its Ivory in African Culture, Coleman, importance of African lions endangered animals, African countries, cultural significance, African elephants, mystic powers, African lions, coat of arms, Africa’s past, identity, extinction, negative cultural impact, UCLA, elephant ivory, African culture, Q. Coleman endangered animals, African countries, cultural significance, African elephants, mystic powers, African lions, coat of arms, Africa’s past, identity, extinction, negative cultural impact, UCLA, elephant ivory, Q. Coleman Endangered animals, African countries, cultural significance, African elephants, mystic powers, African lions, coat of arms, Africa’s past, identity, extinction, negative cultural impact, protection, UCLA, elephant ivory, African culture, Q. Coleman
test-education-tuhwastua-pro04a	Standardized tests exaggerate small differences in performance  Most tests were designed in an earlier era when far fewer students took them. The large number of students who now take tests like the SATs results in a situation in which the scoring scale magnifies small differences in performance into large differences in scores. Two questions wrong out of 80 on the math section of the SAT may well produce a score of 760 while three questions wrong will result in a 720. 40 points can mean difference between admission and rejection for many candidates, while telling us nothing about the different abilities of the students involved. Indeed on average for 88% of applicants their SAT score will predict their final college grade rank no more accurately than a pair of dice. [1]  [1] Elert, Glenn, ‘The SAT Aptitude of Demographics?’, 5 May 1992, standardized tests, SAT, performance differences, scoring scale, admission, rejection, college grades, prediction accuracy, Elert Glenn, demographic aptitude Standardized tests, performance differences, scoring scale, SAT, test design, student population, college admission, score variability, prediction accuracy, college grades, Elert, SAT criticism, test fairness, educational assessment Standardized tests, performance differences, SAT, scoring scale, small differences, large score differences, college admission, rejection, SAT score prediction, college grade rank, dice, Elert Glenn, SAT demographics, test design, student performance, test accuracy, educational assessment, college admission criteria, test score interpretation, educational psychology, statistical analysis, educational standards, test validity, test reliability standardized tests, SAT, performance differences, scoring scale, magnification, small differences, large scores, admission, rejection, college grade, prediction, dice, Elert, demographics, aptitude standardized tests, SAT, performance differences, scoring scale, admission, rejection, college grade rank, prediction accuracy, Elert, demographics, test design, era, student population growth
test-law-cplgpshwdp-con04a	Allowing this motion would lead to a miscarriage of justice.  This motion removes the incentive for police to conduct vigorous investigations. Given the increasing pressure on policemen and women to gain convictions [1] , this motion will mean that their best chance of obtaining those convictions is simply to accuse those whose backgrounds could feasibly lead a jury to believe that they are not only capable of crime, but have committed the crime in question. Subsequently, the real culprits may be left to go free as suspicion is routinely pointed towards those who already have a criminal record. Given that poor police investigation [2] and poor case preparation by the prosecution [3] are currently a large source of dissatisfaction with the justice system, it is important to prevent either police or the prosecution from becoming dependent on the negative records of the defendants rather than properly fulfilling their roles.  [1] Bushywood, ‘CPS - Crown Persecution Service’.  [2] The Guardian, ‘The cost of poor policing’. 11 October 2010  [3] Human Rights Watch, ‘Justice at Risk: War Crimes Trials in Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Serbia and Montenegro’, 14 October 2004, D1607. miscarriage of justice, police investigations, convictions, pressure on police, accusing based on background, real culprits, free, poor police investigation, poor case preparation, prosecution, defendant's criminal record, dissatisfaction with justice system, Crown Prosecution Service, cost of poor policing, Human Rights Watch, justice at risk, war crimes trials, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia and Montenegro miscarriage of justice, police investigations, convictions, police pressure, criminal record, jury bias, real culprits, poor policing, case preparation, prosecution dissatisfaction, human rights, war crimes trials, justice system integrity miscarriage of justice, police investigations, conviction pressure, police misconduct, jury bias, criminal record, real culprits, poor policing, case preparation, prosecution roles, justice system dissatisfaction, human rights, war crimes trials miscarriage of justice, police investigations, conviction pressure, criminal background, jury bias, real culprits, poor policing, prosecution dissatisfaction, human rights, war crimes trials, justice system integrity, legal incentives, defendant records, case preparation miscarriage of justice, police investigations, pressure on police, convictions, criminal backgrounds, real culprits, poor policing, case preparation, prosecution, dissatisfaction with justice, human rights, war crimes trials, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia and Montenegro
test-politics-dhwem-pro04a	PMCs attract less attention and suspicion and can carry out their role more effectively.  Mercenaries often arouse less hostility amongst civilians than soldiers fighting for national armies. In ethnic conflict they are perceived as less partisan. The fact that civilians to some extent do not connect mercenaries with a particular ideological cause, invasion or civil war makes them ideal for protecting safe areas and policing reconstruction projects. For example, PMC Global Risk Strategies successfully guarded the Green Zone in Baghdad, the sealed off section inhabited by coalition staff. As they are mercenaries they can be fighting for the national or local government of where their mission even if they have a different paymaster. PMCs, mercenaries, national armies, ethnic conflict, civilian perception, safe areas, reconstruction projects, Green Zone, Baghdad, coalition staff, mission, paymaster, less suspicion, less hostility, ideal protection, policing, less partisan, ideological cause, invasion, civil war PMCs, mercenaries, national armies, ethnic conflict, civilians, hostility, partisan, safe areas, policing, reconstruction, Green Zone, Baghdad, coalition staff, national government, local government, paymaster PMCs, mercenaries, attention, suspicion, effectiveness, civilian hostility, ethnic conflict, neutrality, safe areas, reconstruction, protection, Green Zone, Baghdad, coalition staff, national government, local government, paymaster PMCs, mercenaries, attention, suspicion, role, effectiveness, civilians, hostility, national armies, ethnic conflict, partisan, ideological cause, invasion, civil war, protection, safe areas, policing, reconstruction projects, Global Risk Strategies, Green Zone, Baghdad, coalition staff, fighting, national government, local government, mission, paymaster PMCs, mercenaries, less suspicion, ethnic conflict, non-partisan, civilian protection, reconstruction projects, Green Zone, Baghdad, coalition staff, national armies, ideological cause, invading forces, civil war, local government, paymaster
test-philosophy-elkosmj-pro03a	Killing one person is the rational choice  The philosopher John Rawls came up with a thought experiment to discover the right way to organize a society. When people talk about how society should be organized they generally take their own situation and interests into account. Rawls asked us to imagine a situation in which we do not know anything at all about our own lives and then try to organize society? Without knowing anything about our wealth, intelligence, personality, race, gender, religion etc., we would create the fairest society. This is because without knowing who we are we have no idea where we will be in society once it has been organized. So, in order to make sure we have the best chance to be treated fairly we create a society in which all people are treated fairly. The same experiment can be applied to the train problem. If we do not know anything about who we are in the experiment we would chose to kill the one person. This is because there is a greater chance of us being one of the five people and so killing the one person gives us the best chance to survive. Killing, Rational Choice, John Rawls, Thought Experiment, Society Organization, Fairness, Veil of Ignorance, Train Problem, Utilitarianism, Moral Philosophy, Ethics, Self-Interest, Equality, Risk Assessment, Survival Probability Killing, rational choice, John Rawls, thought experiment, organize society, fairness, unknown identity, wealth, intelligence, personality, race, gender, religion, train problem, survival probability, ethical decision-making, utilitarianism, moral philosophy Killing, one, person, rational, choice, philosopher, John, Rawls, thought, experiment, organize, society, situation, interests, account, imagine, unknown, lives, wealth, intelligence, personality, race, gender, religion, fairest, treated, fair, train, problem, chance, survive Killing, rational choice, John Rawls, thought experiment, society organization, fairness, unknown circumstances, train problem, survival, ethical dilemma, moral philosophy, utilitarianism, justice, impartiality, self-interest, societal structure, equality, risk assessment, ethical theory, moral psychology Killing, one, person, rational, choice, John, Rawls, thought, experiment, organize, society, fairness, unknown, situation, interests, wealth, intelligence, personality, race, gender, religion, fair, treatment, train, problem, survival, ethics, moral, dilemma, philosophy, justice, impartiality
test-philosophy-npegiepp-pro03a	Neo-functionalism - liberal theory of regional integration  Neo-functionalism is an example of a liberal theory of regional integration. Its focus is on human welfare needs, not political conflict and law. Its focus is on individuals aggregated into interest groups as the main actors in integration, so the focus is on low politics and the areas which become integrated in the European Union reflect that. As such there has been much more progress on economic integration than there has on creating a common foreign and security policy. [1]  It also accepts the independent role of international organisations and that the transformation of the international regional system towards a better order is feasible so making the European Union a project worth investing effort in.  [1] Center for European studies, ‘European Union –Common Foreign and Security Policy’, unc.edu, Neo-functionalism, liberal theory, regional integration, human welfare, interest groups, low politics, economic integration, common foreign and security policy, international organisations, European Union, transformation, international regional system, Center for European studies Neo-functionalism, liberal theory, regional integration, human welfare, interest groups, low politics, economic integration, common foreign and security policy, international organisations, European Union, transformation, international regional system, Center for European studies Neo-functionalism, liberal theory, regional integration, human welfare, interest groups, low politics, economic integration, common foreign and security policy, international organisations, European Union, regional system transformation, political conflict, law, aggregated individuals, policy areas, CFSP, CES, UNC Neo-functionalism, liberal theory, regional integration, human welfare, interest groups, low politics, economic integration, European Union, common foreign and security policy, international organisations, regional system, European project Neo-functionalism, liberal theory, regional integration, human welfare, interest groups, low politics, economic integration, common foreign and security policy, international organisations, European Union, transformation, better order, Center for European studies, UNC.edu
test-education-pshhghwpba0-con03a	A school breakfast for all is a greater cost on schools  Everything costs. Providing free school to all breakfasts will cost the government money for ingredients, cafeteria staff, administration, even possibly new facilities. In the USA the Breakfast Program costs $3.3 billion to provide free or reduced price breakfasts to 10.1 million students. [1] There is a limited total amount of money so the cost will mean there is something else the government will not be able to do. This proposal may mean, for example, that the government cannot afford to hire more teachers to reduce class sizes.  [1] Food and Nutrition Service, ‘The School Breakfast Program’, September 2013 school breakfast, cost, government funding, cafeteria staff, administration, facilities, USA, Breakfast Program, $3.3 billion, 10.1 million students, limited funds, hiring teachers, reduce class sizes school breakfast, cost, government funding, ingredients, cafeteria staff, administration, facilities, USA, Breakfast Program, $3.3 billion, 10.1 million students, limited budget, hiring teachers, reducing class sizes school breakfast, government cost, free breakfasts, cafeteria staff, administration costs, facilities, USA Breakfast Program, $3.3 billion, 10.1 million students, limited funds, hire teachers, reduce class sizes school breakfast, government cost, free breakfasts, cafeteria staff, administration, facilities, USA Breakfast Program, $3.3 billion, 10.1 million students, limited funds, hiring teachers, reduced class sizes school breakfast, government cost, cafeteria staff, administration, facilities, USA, free breakfasts, reduced price, students, limited funding, hire teachers, reduce class sizes, Food and Nutrition Service, School Breakfast Program
test-international-ssiarcmhb-con03a	Barrier contraception can protect women from husbands with AIDS/HIV.  There are many cases, particularly in South America and Africa, of men contracting HIV from sexual partners outside their marriage, be it from before they were married or from an extramarital affair and passing it on to their wives. In cases such as these, the wife may follow all of the teachings of the Catholic Church and still contract HIV. If the Church did not forbid the use of barrier contraception then the frequency of occurrences such as these would be severely limited. Since, as discussed above, the Catholic Church, has a responsibility to promote life in its people, their ban of barrier contraception is unjustified. Barrier contraception, HIV, AIDS, South America, Africa, extramarital affairs, Catholic Church, promote life, unjustified ban, sexual health, religious teachings, contraception access, HIV transmission, marital fidelity, public health policy, ethical responsibility, women's health, reproductive rights Barrier contraception, HIV, AIDS, South America, Africa, Catholic Church, extramarital affair, promote life, unjustified ban, sexual health, religious teachings, condom use, public health, moral responsibility, marriage, sexual partners, disease prevention, reproductive rights, faith and health, ethical dilemma Barrier contraception, HIV/AIDS, South America, Africa, extramarital affairs, Catholic Church, promote life, unjustified ban, sexual health, religious teachings, protection, wives, husbands, contraception use, moral responsibility, public health, infection prevention, faith and science, ethical debate, reproductive rights Barrier contraception, HIV, AIDS, South America, Africa, extramarital affairs, Catholic Church, promote life, unjustified ban, sexual health, religious doctrine, public health, moral responsibility, sexual partners, marital fidelity, contraception access, health inequality, religious influence, medical ethics, reproductive rights, disease prevention Barrier contraception, HIV, AIDS, South America, Africa, extramarital affairs, Catholic Church, promote life, unjustified ban, protect women, sexual health, religious teachings, contraception use, public health, moral responsibility
test-health-dhgsshbesbc-con03a	It is a disincentive to get tested in the first place  The requirement to disclose their condition if known would be a disincentive to get tested in the first place. This is especially the case for many people in places like sub-Saharan Africa, but also applies widely elsewhere. Their job is so important to them (since there’s no safety net to speak of if they lose it) that they’d prefer to go in ignorance of their HIV status than find out and risk being fired for it. The medical repercussions of that are obvious. disincentive, tested, disclose, condition, sub-Saharan Africa, job, safety net, HIV, status, fired, medical repercussions disincentive, tested, disclose, condition, sub-Saharan Africa, job, safety net, HIV status, fired, medical repercussions disincentive, tested, disclose, condition, sub-Saharan Africa, job security, safety net, HIV status, fired, medical repercussions disincentive, tested, disclose, condition, sub-Saharan Africa, job, safety net, HIV, medical repercussions, stigma, employment, health policy, testing barriers, confidentiality concerns, economic insecurity disincentive, tested, disclose, condition, sub-Saharan Africa, job, safety net, HIV, status, fired, medical repercussions
test-international-iiahwagit-pro05a	The justice system does not currently work  A major failing in current anti-poaching operations is that the poachers are rarely prosecuted. African legal systems rarely prioritise poaching as a serious crime, with offenders usually receiving trivial fines1. One of the major reasons for the Western black rhinoceros’ extinction in 2011 was the complete lack of sentencing for any of the poachers who were captured. [1] The system also fails to prosecute the brains behind many of the operations due to poor investigative methods. This creates an impression in the minds of the poachers that they can operate with impunity. [2]  [1] Mathur, A. ‘Western Black Rhino Poached Out of Existence; Declared Extinct, Slack Anti-Poaching Efforts Responsible’  [2] Welz, A. ‘The War on African Poaching: Is Militarization Fated to Fail?’ justice system, anti-poaching, prosecution, African legal systems, poaching crimes, trivial fines, Western black rhinoceros, extinction, sentencing, poachers, investigative methods, impunity, militarization, poaching operations justice system, anti-poaching, prosecution, poachers, African legal systems, serious crime, trivial fines, Western black rhinoceros, extinction, sentencing, investigative methods, impunity, militarization, conservation, wildlife crime, legal reform, environmental justice, rhino poaching, endangered species justice system, anti-poaching, prosecution, poachers, African legal systems, serious crime, trivial fines, Western black rhinoceros, extinction, sentencing, investigative methods, impunity, militarization, failure justice system, anti-poaching, prosecution, poachers, African legal systems, trivial fines, Western black rhinoceros, extinction, sentencing, investigative methods, impunity, poaching operations, militarization, wildlife crime, conservation, legal reform, law enforcement, environmental protection, endangered species justice system, anti-poaching, prosecution, poachers, African legal systems, serious crime, trivial fines, Western black rhinoceros, extinction, sentencing, investigative methods, impunity, militarization, poaching operations, wildlife crime, law enforcement, conservation, endangered species, wildlife trafficking
test-education-egscphsrdt-con01a	Right to privacy  Even if a right to privacy (which would prevent random drug testing with no reason for suspicion) does not exist in law in every country, many students being affected by drugs tests will perceive that the notional right to privacy which they believe they possess is being violated. Because they would perceive this violation as a harm, it should not be imposed without good reason. This problematizes the nature of 'random' testing, which by definition means forcing drug tests on individuals on whom there is no reasonable suspicion of drug use.  Firstly, the majority of those being tested will most likely test negative (as the previously cited statistics suggest) and so a majority will be harmed for no fault of their own, but rather as a consequence of the crimes of others. This may be seen as the equivalent of searching all homes in a neighbourhood for an illegal weapon on the suspicion that one of them was hiding it -an action which would be illegal in almost every western liberal democracy.  Further, however, even if students do engage in illegal drug use, random drug tests will additionally catch only those on whom there was previously no suspicion against (as students who show signs of drug use are already usually tested). In order to not already be under suspicion, these drug-using students would have to be engaging in their education, not disrupting the education of others, and not displaying erratic or harmful behaviour. As they are not actively harming others, these students should be subject only to the same standards as individuals in other areas of society: to only have their privacy violated by drugs tests if their behaviour actively brings them under suspicion. Right to privacy, random drug testing, no suspicion, perceived violation, harm, majority tested negative, equivalent of illegal search, western liberal democracy, no disruption, not under suspicion, privacy standards, society norms, drug use, education, harmful behaviour, reasonable suspicion Right to privacy, random drug testing, no reasonable suspicion, perceived violation, harm, majority negative, innocent students, equivalent to illegal search, western liberal democracy, drug users, not disrupting education, no erratic behaviour, same standards, societal norms, privacy violation, behavioral suspicion Right to privacy, random drug testing, suspicion, violation, harm, liberal democracy, illegal drug use, education, erratic behavior, standards, society, suspicion-based testing Right to privacy, random drug testing, no reasonable suspicion, perceived violation, harm, majority testing negative, illegal drug use, not disrupting education, no erratic behaviour, privacy violation, behavioural suspicion Right to privacy, random drug testing, no reasonable suspicion, perceived violation, harm, majority testing negative, homes searched, illegal in western democracies, drug-using students, not disrupting education, no erratic behaviour, same standards as society, privacy violation, suspicion required
test-education-ughbuesbf-con04a	Free university education unjustly benefits one subset of society at the expense of everyone  The state funds essential services, but higher education is not such a service. The specific subset free university education tends to benefit not the disadvantaged, but rather the middle and upper classes who would have paid fees, but are now relieved of this burden. This pattern has been seen in Ireland where poorer communities still view higher education as something for the rich even though it is free. These groups continue to enter the workforce in similar numbers as they had before the ending of fees, and they still tend to prefer trade schools to universities if they do seek qualifications beyond the secondary level. [1]  [1] Brady, Hugh. 2008. “We Must Invest Now in Our Universities or Pay Later”. University College Dublin News. Available:  ​ 14 Government of Ireland. 1997. “Universities Act, 1997”. Available: Free university education, middle and upper classes, state funds, essential services, higher education, disadvantaged, Ireland, poorer communities, workforce, trade schools, qualifications, secondary level, investment, universities, Government of Ireland, Universities Act 1997 free university education, unjust benefits, middle upper classes, state funding, essential services, higher education, Ireland, poorer communities, workforce entry, trade schools, qualifications, secondary level, investment, universities, government policy, societal impact, education equity, economic burden, public funding, education reform free university education, middle and upper classes, disadvantage, essential services, state funding, Ireland, poorer communities, workforce entry, trade schools, University College Dublin, Universities Act 1997, government policy, higher education accessibility, social equity, educational finance Free university education, societal inequality, state-funded services, higher education funding, middle and upper classes, disadvantaged communities, Ireland education policy, university fees abolition, workforce entry rates, trade schools preference, educational equity, public investment in universities, Universities Act 1997, Hugh Brady UCD free university education, benefits, subset, society, state funding, essential services, higher education, disadvantaged, middle classes, upper classes, fees, burden, Ireland, poorer communities, higher education perception, workforce, trade schools, qualifications, secondary level, investment, universities, government policy, Universities Act 1997
test-culture-thbcsbptwhht-con01a	"globalisation and multiculturalism.  Cultural appropriation prevents assimilation between members of society and creates further divisions based on arbitrary features of one’s ancestry or appearance. If reparations (through the use of compensation) were to occur in addition to this, it would create a more polarised and divided society as an 'us and them' culture is created.  A consequence of globalisation is the movement of people and the diffusion of knowledge [1]. This happens on a mass scale where it is possible for a person from India to travel across the globe to the United Kingdom (UK) and get there within 24 hours of booking their flight. With this, the spread of technology and knowledge it is inevitable that culture and identity does not remain fixed either. It also means that an increasing amount of people have more than one culture. A direct consequence of increased migration is that migrants are likely to bring with them their cultural customs. An example of this can be seen in the UK. As the UK faced more migrants from the Sub-continent of India, the popularity of different curries increased, and not just among those of Indian decent. In such circumstances cultures begin to merge as the traditional 'Chicken Tikka' recipe was adapted into a localised version called 'Chicken Tikka Masala' and was, in 2001, declared the UK's national dish.  Without globalisation, Britain's £3.6bn Indian restaurant industry would not exist and it would fail to employ approximately 100,000 people [2]. Any reparations would be paltry compared to the jobs that this industry has created over decades.  This is a positive thing; it brings cultures together, encourages understanding, innovation and cooperation. Forcing people to compensate for the appropriation of a culture may mean that there is less social harmony as divisions are forced between cultures. For the following generations of migrants will be forced to choose a culture as cultural appropriation encourages division between the two.  [1] Stief, Colin, ‘Globalization’, ThoughtCo., 3rd March 2017,   [2] Wintor, Patrick, ‘Chicken tikka Britain is new Cook recipe’, The Guardian, 19 April 2001, globalisation, multiculturalism, cultural appropriation, assimilation, society, reparations, compensation, polarization, division, ancestry, appearance, movement of people, diffusion of knowledge, technology, identity, migration, cultural customs, UK, India, curries, cultural merge, Chicken Tikka Masala, British Indian restaurant industry, jobs, social harmony, generations, migrants, culture choice, Colin Stief, Patrick Wintor, ThoughtCo, The Guardian globalisation, multiculturalism, cultural appropriation, assimilation, society, reparations, compensation, polarization, division, ancestry, appearance, movement of people, diffusion of knowledge, technology, identity, migration, cultural customs, UK, India, curries, Chicken Tikka Masala, Indian restaurant industry, jobs, social harmony, generations, migrants, culture choice globalisation, multiculturalism, cultural appropriation, assimilation, societal divisions, reparations, compensation, polarization, movement of people, diffusion of knowledge, migration, cultural customs, cultural fusion, Chicken Tikka Masala, Indian restaurant industry, employment, social harmony, cultural division, migrant generations globalisation, multiculturalism, cultural appropriation, assimilation, society, ancestry, appearance, reparations, compensation, polarisation, division, us and them, movement of people, diffusion of knowledge, technology, identity, migration, cultural customs, India, United Kingdom, UK, curries, Chicken Tikka, Chicken Tikka Masala, British cuisine, Indian restaurant industry, jobs, social harmony, innovation, cooperation, generations, migrants, culture choice globalisation, multiculturalism, cultural appropriation, assimilation, society, divisions, ancestry, appearance, reparations, compensation, polarisation, migration, diffusion, knowledge, technology, identity, cultural习俗, 英国, 印度, 鸡肉提卡马萨拉, 国家菜肴, 就业, 社会和谐, 文化融合, 理解, 创新, 合作  Note: The terms ""cultural customs"" and ""Chicken Tikka Masala"" were translated into Chinese in error. Here is the corrected list:  globalisation, multiculturalism, cultural appropriation"
test-international-atiahblit-con03a	The complex controls over enrolment  Suggesting investments are required in teachers limits a recognition of the multiple forces creating barriers to achieve a right to education. Universal education is constrained by political, socio-cultural, and economic, structures.  Firstly, gender inequalities in education raise cultural norms of the role of girls in society, and within the domestic-sphere at home. Religious and cultural beliefs mean girls account for 70% of children not attending school. Across Sub-Saharan Africa the economics of child marriage often mean girls leave school or become reluctant to go to school. A positive correlation is found between low education and countries with high rates of child marriage [1] . Niger has the highest rate of child marriage.  Secondly, poverty and hunger act as key restraints in achieving the target. As Mkandawire (2010) argues, development needs to be brought back onto the ‘pro-poor’ agenda. Human capital cannot be developed without a broader focus on social and economic policies that enable development first.  [1] See further readings: Education for Girls, 2013. enrolment, investments, teachers, barriers, right to education, universal education, political structures, socio-cultural structures, economic structures, gender inequalities, education, cultural norms, girls, domestic-sphere, religious beliefs, cultural beliefs, child marriage, Sub-Saharan Africa, economics, correlation, low education, high rates, Niger, poverty, hunger, restraints, pro-poor agenda, human capital, social policies, economic policies, development, Education for Girls enrolment, investments, teachers, barriers, right to education, universal education, political structures, socio-cultural structures, economic structures, gender inequalities, cultural norms, domestic-sphere, religious beliefs, child marriage, Sub-Saharan Africa, education rates, poverty, hunger, pro-poor agenda, human capital, social policies, economic policies, development, Niger, Education for Girls enrolment, investments, teachers, education barriers, political structures, socio-cultural structures, economic structures, gender inequalities, cultural norms, girls education, domestic-sphere, religious beliefs, child marriage, Sub-Saharan Africa, low education, high rates of child marriage, Niger, poverty, hunger, pro-poor agenda, human capital, social policies, economic policies, development, Education for Girls 2013 complex controls, enrolment, investments, teachers, multiple forces, barriers, right to education, universal education, political structures, socio-cultural structures, economic structures, gender inequalities, education, cultural norms, girls, domestic-sphere, religious beliefs, cultural beliefs, child marriage, Sub-Saharan Africa, low education, high rates, Niger, poverty, hunger, restraints, pro-poor agenda, human capital, social policies, economic policies, development, Education for Girls enrolment, investments, teachers, barriers, right to education, universal education, political structures, socio-cultural structures, economic structures, gender inequalities, cultural norms, domestic-sphere, religious beliefs, Sub-Saharan Africa, child marriage, low education, poverty, hunger, pro-poor agenda, human capital, social policies, economic policies, development, Education for Girls 2013, Mkandawire 2010, Niger
test-law-lghwpcctcc-pro02a	Video footage of a court case would provide valuable information for both defendant and judiciary.  If the defendant is convicted of a crime, they have a right to appeal in the UK [1] and US [2] . However, this is made difficult for another court to re-assess the conviction if they cannot know how reliable evidence was in the first trial. Without film recordings of court trials, judges who have the duty to re-examine the case are unable to see witness testimonies; though new evidence does sometimes come to light during the course of an appeal [3] , it would be easier to assess this new evidence if the judges also had knowledge of how the first trial went. If the judges could watch a video of the first trial, they could judge the demeanour, body language and general impression given by each witness in the first trial. Body language can affect a court’s perception of a witness [4] , but this information could not be gained by a transcript. However, this evidence may be important for a new verdict to be reached.  [1]  , accessed 18/08/11  [2]  , accessed 18/08/11  [3]  , accessed 18/08/11  [4]  , accessed 18/08/11 video footage, court case, valuable information, defendant, judiciary, conviction, right to appeal, UK, US, re-assess, conviction, reliability, evidence, film recordings, court trials, judges, re-examine, witness testimonies, new evidence, trial process, body language, demeanour, court perception, witness, transcript, new verdict video footage, court case, valuable information, defendant, judiciary, convicted, crime, right to appeal, UK, US, re-assess, conviction, film recordings, court trials, judges, re-examine, witness testimonies, new evidence, appeal, demeanour, body language, perception, witness, transcript, new verdict video footage, court case, valuable information, defendant, judiciary, convicted, right to appeal, UK, US, re-assess conviction, film recordings, witness testimonies, judges, re-examine case, new evidence, trial proceedings, body language, court perception, witness demeanour, transcript limitations, new verdict video footage, court case, valuable information, defendant, judiciary, convicted, right to appeal, UK, US, re-assess conviction, film recordings, witness testimonies, appeals, new evidence, judges, re-examine case, demeanor, body language, perception, witness, transcript, new verdict video footage, court case, valuable information, defendant, judiciary, convicted, right to appeal, UK, US, court trials, film recordings, judges, re-examine, witness testimonies, new evidence, assess, first trial, demeanour, body language, perception, transcript, new verdict
test-law-rmelhrilhbiw-pro02a	The Settlements commit future Israeli governments to a harder stand in future negotiations  Whether deliberate or not, the settlements are changing the “facts on the ground” by changing the political calculus for future Israeli governments.  While most Israeli politicians accept the need to abandon some smaller settlements, the vast majority are unlikely to be evacuated. It was politically divisive to the point of breaking the Likud party in two when Ariel Sharon, a man with more credit than anyone else on the Israeli right pulled out of Gaza in 2005, and there were only a little over 7000 Israeli settlers there. By contrast there are now more than 300,000 settlers in the West Bank, and this number is rising fast. [1] There were less than 200,000 in 2000. [2]  Of these settlers, many are religious and vote for the Haridam (Orthodox) parties like the National Religious Party . [3] Because the party has served in governments of both the Left and the Right in recent years, in practice they and the ultra-nationalist Israel Beitinu tend to hold the balance of power in the Israeli Knesset.  Therefore every time Israel expands settlements, they are reducing their room to manoeuvre in future Peace Negotiations, and forcing themselves to take a harder stance. This means that Peace will either become less likely (because Israel will set more extreme terms) or that Israel will face more internal divisions in order to offer it. In either case, as the settlements expand  [1] Levinson, Chaim, ‘IDF: More than 300, 000 settlers live in West Bank’, Haaretz.com, 27 July 2009,   [2] Wikipedia, ‘Population statistics for Israeli West Bank settlements’, en.wikipedia.org,  , accessed 20 January 2012  [3] Etkes, Dror, ‘The Ultra-Orthodox Jews in the West Bank’, Peace Now, October 2005, Settlements, Israeli governments, future negotiations, facts on the ground, political calculus, Israeli politicians, smaller settlements, evacuation, politically divisive, Likud party, Ariel Sharon, Gaza, Israeli settlers, West Bank, population increase, religious settlers, Haridim, National Religious Party, ultra-nationalist, Israel Beitinu, Israeli Knesset, balance of power, Peace Negotiations, internal divisions, IDF, Chaim Levinson, Dror Etkes, Peace Now settlements, Israeli, government, negotiations, facts on ground, political calculus, evacuation, Likud, Ariel Sharon, Gaza, settlers, West Bank, religious, Haridim, National Religious Party, Israel Beitenu, Knesset, peace negotiations, internal divisions, population statistics, Ultra-Orthodox Jews settlements, Israeli, negotiations, facts on ground, political calculus, Likud, Ariel Sharon, Gaza, settlers, West Bank, National Religious Party, Haridim, Orthodox, Israel Beitinu, Knesset, peace, internal divisions, expansion, IDF, Chaim Levinson, Dror Etkes, Peace Now, population statistics, ultra-nationalist Israeli settlements, West Bank, Likud party, Ariel Sharon, Gaza evacuation, Haridim, National Religious Party, Israel Beitinu, Knesset, Peace negotiations, Israeli politics, settlers, religious settlers,Ultra-Orthodox Jews, political calculus, facts on the ground, Peace process, internal divisions, Israeli government, West Bank population, settlement expansion, political power, negotiation stance, political balance Settlements, Israeli governments, negotiations, facts on ground, political calculus, Israeli politicians, smaller settlements, evacuated, politically divisive, Likud party, Ariel Sharon, Gaza, settlers, West Bank, religious, Haridim, National Religious Party, Ultra-nationalist, Israel Beitinu, Knesset, Peace Negotiations, internal divisions, IDF, Chaim Levinson, Haaretz, Population statistics, Israeli West Bank settlements, Dror Etkes, Peace Now, Ultra-Orthodox Jews
test-law-umtlilhotac-pro03a	Unruly defendants can play up to the cameras  Televising the trial can create extra incentives for defendants to attempt to disrupt the process. During his trial, Saddam Hussein regularly made outbursts and went on political rants – based on Iraqi law, he was able to examine witnesses after his lawyer. This was not new – Slobodan Milosevic tried various antics in front of the (televised) ICTY [1] , and Ratko Mladic used those tactics post-Hussein [2] . Milosevic’s approval ratings grew, and he even won a seat in the Serbian parliament while on trial.  A televised trial creates more of a risk of a political hijacking of the trial – something that has been shown to be a successful tactic by Milosevic. This both potentially damages the successor government by giving those on trial a platform and the court itself.  [1] Scharf, Michael P., Chaos in the Courtroom: Controlling disruptive defendants and contumacious counsel in war crimes trials’, University of Galway  [2] Biles, Peter, ‘Mladic’s courtroom antics’, BBC News, 4 July 2011, Unruly defendants, cameras, Televising trials, Disruptive behavior, Saddam Hussein, Outbursts, Political rants, Iraqi law, Witnesses, Slobodan Milosevic, ICTY, Ratko Mladic, Approval ratings, Serbian parliament, Political hijacking, Successor government, Court platform, Michael P. Scharf, Controlling defendants, Contumacious counsel, War crimes trials, Peter Biles, Mladic's antics, BBC News Unruly defendants, televised trials, disruption, Saddam Hussein, Slobodan Milosevic, Ratko Mladic, political rants, legal tactics, courtroom antics, approval ratings, political hijacking, successor government, court damage, war crimes trials, disruptive behavior, judicial process, media influence, legal proceedings, ICTY Unruly defendants, Televised trials, Disruptive behavior, Saddam Hussein, Slobodan Milosevic, Ratko Mladic, Political rants, Courtroom antics, Iraqi law, ICTY, Approval ratings, Political hijacking, Successor government, Court reputation, War crimes trials, Disruptive defendants, Contumacious counsel Unruly defendants, televising trials, Saddam Hussein, Slobodan Milosevic, Ratko Mladic, ICTY, trial disruption, political hijacking, courtroom antics, approval ratings, Serbian parliament, successor government, court damage, war crimes trials, disruptive defendants, contumacious counsel Unruly defendants, Televised trials, Disruptive behavior, Saddam Hussein, Slobodan Milosevic, Ratko Mladic, Political hijacking, ICTY, Approval ratings, Serbian parliament, Chaos in the Courtroom, Controlling defendants, War crimes trials, Courtroom antics, Peter Biles, BBC News
test-international-aglhrilhb-pro03a	International prosecution encourages domestic justice  By introducing internationally based prosecution, the laws are able to effectively filter down into the domestic system. The international system takes care of powerful offenders who might otherwise not receive a fair trial or be brought to justice. This then allows domestic courts to prosecute those involved in the crimes at a lower level. This has worked in Ivory coast where the former leader was brought to face charges committed at home and also helped stabilize the situation in the country [1].  [1] Smith, David, ‘Laurent Gbagbo appears before international criminal court’, thegurdian.com, 5 December 2011, international prosecution, domestic justice, Ivory Coast, Laurent Gbagbo, international criminal court, fair trial, powerful offenders, domestic courts, lower-level crimes, stabilization, David Smith, thegurdian.com International prosecution, domestic justice, law enforcement, powerful offenders, fair trial, domestic courts, Ivory Coast, Laurent Gbagbo, international criminal court, stabilization, crime prosecution, legal system, international law, human rights, political leaders, legal accountability International prosecution, domestic justice, Ivory Coast, Laurent Gbagbo, international criminal court, fair trial, domestic courts, powerful offenders, stabilization, David Smith, thegurdian.com, December 2011 International prosecution, domestic justice, fair trial, powerful offenders, lower-level crimes, Ivory Coast, stabilization, Laurent Gbagbo, international criminal court, David Smith, thegurdian.com International prosecution, domestic justice, legal system, powerful offenders, fair trial, domestic courts, crimes, Ivory Coast, former leader, Laurent Gbagbo, international criminal court, stabilization, David Smith, thegurdian.com
test-free-speech-debate-yfsdfkhbwu-pro01a	The academic tradition of the West  The growth of universities as beacons of free speech has been a fundamental part of their history in the West; notably during the renaissance, reformation and enlightenment. The democratisation of that process with the expansion of the university sector in recent decades is merely the latest stage in an ongoing process.  However, that entire process has been driven (along with the artistic, cultural and scientific changes they have inculcated) on the basis that universities allow for the free exchange of ideas and flourish in environments where that approach is standardised throughout society [i] . Marxist scholars have gone further in calling for a critical pedagogy in which perspectives other than academic orthodoxy are normalised within universities.  Such institutions produce the best graduates because they have the best academics and the best academics will stay where they are free to publish whatever their research is and express their own views. For example in the 1990s 55.7% of those who had immigrated to the USA from the USSR described themselves as academics, scientists, professional or technical workers. [ii] Those academics in turn respect the intellectual tradition of dissent and critical scrutiny of which they are the inheritors. To take something else and slap the name ‘Yale’– or for that matter Oxford, Harvard or ETH Zurich – on it and pretend that nothing has changed devalues the qualification. Without the intellectual dissent and freedom of academic inquiry it is intellectually dishonest to call the degree the same thing.  [i] The Nebraskan. Doug Anderson. Learning depends on the free exchange of ideas, Nebraskan says.  [ii] Harvard, ‘Russians and East Europeans in America’ academic tradition, West, universities, free speech, renaissance, reformation, enlightenment, democratisation, university sector, free exchange of ideas, critical pedagogy, academic orthodoxy, best graduates, best academics, research, intellectual tradition, dissent, critical scrutiny, intellectual dishonesty, degree, qualification, Nebraskan, Doug Anderson, Russians, East Europeans, Harvard, USSR, academics, scientists, professional, technical workers, Yale, Oxford, ETH Zurich academic tradition, universities, free speech, renaissance, reformation, enlightenment, democratisation, university sector, free exchange of ideas, critical pedagogy, academic orthodoxy, best graduates, best academics, academic freedom, research, intellectual tradition, dissent, critical scrutiny, intellectual dishonesty, degree devaluation, Harvard, Yale, Oxford, ETH Zurich, Russian academics, East Europeans, immigration, USA, USSR academic tradition, West, universities, free speech, renaissance, reformation, enlightenment, democratisation, university sector, free exchange of ideas, critical pedagogy, academic orthodoxy, best graduates, best academics, academic freedom, research, intellectual tradition, dissent, critical scrutiny, Yale, Oxford, Harvard, ETH Zurich, degree, intellectual dishonesty, Nebraskan, Doug Anderson, Russians, East Europeans, USA, USSR, Harvard, academics, scientists, professional workers, immigration, intellectual environment, academic inquiry, degree devaluation, qualification, free expression, academic environment, intellectual heritage, academic excellence, academic freedom, scholarly tradition academic tradition, West, universities, free speech, renaissance, reformation, enlightenment, democratisation, university sector, free exchange of ideas, critical pedagogy, academic orthodoxy, best graduates, best academics, research publication, intellectual tradition, dissent, critical scrutiny, intellectual dishonesty, degree devaluation, Russian academics, East European academics, USA immigration, USSR, Harvard, Yale, Oxford, ETH Zurich academic tradition, west, universities, free speech, renaissance, reformation, enlightenment, democratisation, university sector, free exchange ideas, marxist scholars, critical pedagogy, academic orthodoxy, best graduates, best academics, research freedom, intellectual tradition, dissent, critical scrutiny, nebraskan, doug anderson, harvard, russians, east europeans, usa, ussr, immigration, academics, scientists, professional workers, yale, oxford, eth zurich, intellectual dissent, academic inquiry, degree devaluation, intellectual honesty
test-politics-gvhwhnerse-con03a	Even a sham election demonstrates what the people want  In an election the people show what their policy preferences will be. Even if the government is engaging in vote rigging or voter intimidation they will still know how the people voted or wanted to vote (if they stuffed the ballot they will know how many extra votes they added) so will have some guidance as to the policies that the people wish implemented. If there are multiple different parties competing in the elections then it will be possible to tell which party platforms are the most popular and so which to take ideas from.  If there are elections then there are opposition parties and independent MPs who are given much more space than they would be without elections. Being MPs gives the opposition some status and gives them a controlled setting in which to criticise the government. This provides the opposition with the chance to channel the voice of the people and encourage change from the governing party. sham election, policy preferences, vote rigging, voter intimidation, ballot stuffing, opposition parties, independent MPs, government criticism, policy implementation, election competition, popular platforms, controlled criticism, channeling people's voice, encouraging change, governing party response sham election, policy preferences, vote rigging, voter intimidation, ballot stuffing, guidance, party platforms, popular, opposition parties, independent MPs, status, criticize, government, voice, people, encourage change, governing party, election benefits, controlled setting, political participation sham election, people's preferences, policy guidance, vote rigging, voter intimidation, ballot stuffing, party platforms, opposition parties, independent MPs, government criticism, controlled criticism, public voice, encouraging change, governing party response sham election, policy preferences, vote rigging, voter intimidation, ballot stuffing, party platforms, opposition parties, independent MPs, government criticism, channel voice, encourage change sham election, policy preferences, vote rigging, voter intimidation, government guidance, multiple parties, popular platforms, opposition parties, independent MPs, criticize government, channel voice, encourage change
test-education-tuhwastua-pro03a	Standardized tests discriminate against minorities  Minority students perform less well on tests like the SAT, even when correction is made for income. The test with its reading comprehension test and being done in English is obviously biased against students from households where English is not the dominant language as they are much less likely to understand the questions.  Even when English language skills are not a problem the question choice can contain a cultural bias. One analogy question on the 2003 SAT used the word “regatta” which minority students were unlikely to be familiar with. Having this kind of bias is obviously unfair and can never be fully accounted for in a diverse country such as the United States of America where those who set the wording of the questions will never know all possible perspectives. standardized tests, minority students, SAT performance, income correction, English language, reading comprehension, cultural bias, regatta analogy, diverse country, question setting, perspectives, unfair testing, educational equity, language barriers, socioeconomic factors, test fairness, minority education, cognitive bias, test design, assessment challenges standardized tests, discrimination, minorities, SAT performance, income correction, English language, reading comprehension, cultural bias, regatta analogy, diverse country, question setters, perspectives standardized tests, discrimination, minorities, minority students, SAT, income correction, reading comprehension, English language, cultural bias, regatta, diversity, United States, test fairness, language barriers, education inequality, test design, cultural representation, academic performance, socioeconomic factors, minority representation Standardized tests, discrimination, minorities, SAT, performance disparities, income correction, English language, cultural bias, regatta analogy, diversity, question wording, perspectives standardized tests, discrimination, minorities, SAT, income correction, English language, cultural bias, regatta, diversity, United States, question wording, perspectives
test-philosophy-pphbclsbs-con05a	In the public’s eyes, the government seems to suspect everyone.  Although the anti-terrorist measures are supposed to be trying to catch certain people, it is the whole of the public who have to suffer on a daily basis: an abundance of security cameras, security checks, and anti-privacy measures continually invade innocent people’s lives and yet it is supposed to be the terrorists who are being punished. The issue of justice, and whether it is actually being done, has to be fully looked at properly. These measures are not solving the problem of terrorism as it does not address the core grievances. Instead other ways such as negotiation to address grievances is necessary, as happened in Northern Ireland [1] .  [1] Bowcott, Owen, ‘Northern Ireland’, The Guardian, 11 May 2007,  , accessed 9 September 2011 government suspicion, anti-terrorist measures, public suffering, security cameras, security checks, anti-privacy measures, justice, terrorism, core grievances, negotiation, Northern Ireland, The Guardian, Owen Bowcott public perception, government suspicion, anti-terrorist measures, daily public suffering, security cameras, security checks, anti-privacy measures, justice issues, terrorism problem, core grievances, negotiation, Northern Ireland, Bowcott, Owen, The Guardian, 2007, 2011 public perception, government suspicion, anti-terrorist measures, public suffering, security cameras, security checks, anti-privacy measures, justice, terrorism, core grievances, negotiation, Northern Ireland, Owen Bowcott, The Guardian public perception, government suspicion, anti-terrorist measures, public suffering, security cameras, security checks, anti-privacy measures, terrorism, justice, problem solving, core grievances, negotiation, Northern Ireland, The Guardian, Bowcott Owen public perception,government suspicion,anti-terrorist measures,public suffering,security cameras,security checks,anti-privacy measures,justice,terrorism解决问题,core grievances,negotiation,Northern Ireland,Bowcott,Owen,The Guardian,2007,2011
test-politics-glghssi-pro03a	An independent Scotland has enormous economic potential to join other small European nations, especially as a leader in technology and renewable energy  Many of Scotland’s problems are grounded in the fact that its potential has consistently been held back. Because the focus for economic development from a Westminster perspective has focused for generations on North Sea oil and the coal fields of Lanarkshire, huge opportunities were missed and the best and the brightest tended be dragged down south for jobs worthy of their skills.  Even with the limited powers allowed by devolution a burgeoning life-sciences sector, a growing IT sector in silicon glen are adding to the traditional industries. Since 2003 Scotland has generally had faster economic growth than the UK with 13% during the period from 2003-2007 compared to the UK’s 11.4%. [i] Independence would stretch people still further.  [i] CPPR Centre for Public Policy for Regions, ‘The changing pattern of Scotland’s economic growth since Devolution’, CPPR Briefing Note, June 2011, independent Scotland, economic potential, small European nations, technology, renewable energy, economic development, Westminster, North Sea oil, coal fields, Lanarkshire, job opportunities, south, life-sciences sector, IT sector, Silicon Glen, traditional industries, economic growth, Scotland, UK, independence, CPPR Centre for Public Policy for Regions, devolution independence, Scotland, economic potential, small European nations, technology, renewable energy, Westminister, North Sea oil, coal fields, Lanarkshire, economic development, devolution, life-sciences, IT sector, Silicon Glen, traditional industries, economic growth, CPPR Centre for Public Policy for Regions, regional development, skilled workforce, job opportunities, Scotland's economy, UK economy, growth patterns, devolution impact independent Scotland, economic potential, small European nations, technology leader, renewable energy, Westminster perspective, North Sea oil, Lanarkshire coal fields, economic development, devolution, life-sciences sector, silicon glen, IT sector, traditional industries, economic growth, CPPR Centre, public policy, regional growth, independence, economic stretch independent Scotland, economic potential, small European nations, technology, renewable energy, Westminster perspective, North Sea oil, coal fields, Lanarkshire, economic development, devolution, life-sciences sector, IT sector, Silicon Glen, traditional industries, economic growth, UK, CPPR Centre for Public Policy for Regions, independence, stretching people independent Scotland, economic potential, small European nations, technology, renewable energy, problems, potential held back, Westminster, North Sea oil, coal fields, Lanarkshire, economic development, missed opportunities, best and brightest, jobs, devolution, life-sciences sector, IT sector, silicon glen, traditional industries, economic growth, CPPR Centre for Public Policy for Regions, independence, stretch people
test-education-tuhwastua-pro05a	Standardized tests result in teachers “teaching the test”  The importance attached to such tests leads to teachers actively “teaching the test.” The result is that many teachers, rather than instilling useful skills or providing a balanced curriculum, end up trying to focus on things that occur on given tests. While this is not a huge problem with the SAT itself, it is a serious problem with subject tests like the SAT 2s, AP Exams, and the British A-Levels. This undermines the provision of education in the country. standardized tests, teaching the test, SAT, SAT 2s, AP Exams, British A-Levels, education, curriculum, useful skills, test preparation, educational quality, assessment impact standardized tests, teaching the test, test preparation, curriculum narrowing, educational standards, SAT, SAT 2s, AP Exams, British A-Levels, educational quality, student learning, assessment impact, teacher practices, educational policy, test-focused instruction, balanced curriculum, critical thinking, skill development, educational outcomes, test bias, standardized testing effects, teacher autonomy, educational reform, assessment methods, learning objectives, academic integrity, pedagogical strategies, educational assessment, test-driven education, educational goals, student achievement, instructional strategies, curriculum design, educational evaluation, teaching methods, learning processes, educational theories, assessment tools, educational practices, standardized tests, teaching the test, education quality, curriculum balance, useful skills, SAT, SAT 2s, AP Exams, British A-Levels, educational outcomes, teacher focus, test preparation, academic skills, subject tests, educational impact, learning process, comprehensive education, test-centric teaching, educational reform, assessment methods standardized tests, teaching the test, curriculum balance, educational skills, SAT, SAT 2s, AP Exams, British A-Levels, education quality, test preparation, school instruction, academic integrity Standardized tests, teaching the test, education, curriculum, SAT, SAT 2s, AP Exams, British A-Levels, skills, balanced curriculum, test preparation, educational quality, academic assessment, learning outcomes, teacher practices, educational policy, student learning, test-focused instruction, holistic education, critical thinking, problem-solving skills
test-politics-dhwem-pro03a	"PMCs have an equally strong incentive to perform.  PMCs must perform carefully and effectively to secure future contracts. It is therefore in their interests to ensure their employees are well- trained and well-equipped and perform to the highest standard. Most PMCs recruit ex-service personnel as a way to ensure the quality of their force. In 2004 more SAS soldiers worked privately in Iraq than served in the army. Additionally, governments increasingly recognise the quality of mercenaries. PMCs and regular militaries cross over on occasion: An American PMC -Military Professional Resources Inc - trains the Reserve Officer Training Corps (ROTC) on behalf of the US Government (Lock, 2011). The British Ministry of Defence now allows soldiers yearlong sabbaticals to work as mercenaries in the hope they will return having earned more in the private sector. This official recognition suggests that mercenaries have shed their “dogs of war” image. They are no longer disreputable maverick figures operating in failed states but highly trained professionals endorsed by national governments PMCs, performance, future contracts, well-trained, well-equipped, highest standard, ex-service personnel, quality, SAS soldiers, Iraq, governments, recognition, mercenaries, crossover, regular militaries, Military Professional Resources Inc, ROTC, US Government, British Ministry of Defence, sabbaticals, private sector, ""dogs of war"" image, highly trained professionals, national governments PMCs, performance, future contracts, well-trained, well-equipped, ex-service personnel, SAS soldiers, Iraq, government recognition, quality, mercenaries, Military Professional Resources Inc, ROTC, training, British Ministry of Defence, sabbaticals, private sector, professional image, national governments PMCs, performance, future contracts, well-trained, well-equipped, ex-service personnel, SAS soldiers, Iraq, governments, quality, mercenaries, regular militaries, Military Professional Resources Inc, ROTC, British Ministry of Defence, sabbaticals, dogs of war, highly trained professionals, national governments PMCs, performance, contracts, employees, training, equipment, ex-service personnel, SAS, Iraq, government recognition, quality, mercenaries, military crossover, Military Professional Resources Inc, ROTC, British Ministry of Defence, sabbaticals, professional image, dogs of war PMCs, performance, future contracts, well-trained, well-equipped, highest standard, ex-service personnel, SAS soldiers, Iraq, government recognition, quality, mercenaries, regular militaries, crossover, Military Professional Resources Inc, ROTC, British Ministry of Defence, sabbaticals, private sector, dogs of war, highly trained professionals, national governments"
test-environment-aiahwagit-pro02a	Poaching is becoming more advanced  A stronger, militarised approach is needed as poaching is becoming far more advanced. Poachers now operate with high-calibre rifles, night vision scopes, silencers and use helicopters to hunt their prey. [1] These methods are used particularly against rhinoceroses in South Africa, whose horns have become extremely valuable on the Asian market for their supposed medical properties. [2] In response to this, South African rangers are being given specialised training and use their own aerial surveillance to track poachers down with success, [3] supporting the argument for a militarised response to protect endangered animals.  [1] WWF, ‘African rhino poaching crisis’  [2] Zapwing, ‘The Rhino Poaching Crisis’  [3] ibid poaching, militarised, advanced, high-calibre, rifles, night, vision, scopes, silencers, helicopters, rhinoceroses, South, Africa, Asian, market, medical, properties, rangers, training, aerial, surveillance, endangered, animals, WWF, African, rhino, crisis, Zapwing, Rhino, poaching, crisis, ibid poaching, militarised, advanced, high-calibre rifles, night vision, silencers, helicopters, rhinoceroses, South Africa, Asian market, medical properties, rangers, specialised training, aerial surveillance, endangered animals, WWF, African rhino poaching crisis, Zapwing, rhino poaching crisis poaching, militarised, advanced, high-calibre, rifles, night, vision, scopes, silencers, helicopters, rhinoceroses, South, Africa, Asian, market, medical, properties, rangers, specialised, training, aerial, surveillance, endangered, animals, WWF, African, crisis, Zapwing, Rhino, Poaching, Crisis, response, protection poaching, advanced, militarised, approach, high-calibre, rifles, night, vision, scopes, silencers, helicopters, rhinoceroses, South, Africa, horns, Asian, market, medical, properties, rangers, specialised, training, aerial, surveillance, endangered, animals, WWF, African, rhino, crisis, Zapwing, Rhino, Poaching, Crisis, militarised, response, protect poaching, militarised, advanced, high-calibre rifles, night vision, silencers, helicopters, rhinoceroses, South Africa, Asian market, medical properties, rangers, specialised training, aerial surveillance, endangered animals, WWF, African rhino, poaching crisis, Zapwing, Rhino Poaching Crisis
test-philosophy-npegiepp-pro04a	"Neo-functionalism provides a good starting point for EU analysis.  Neo-functionalism is an accessible theory which provides a good starting point for analysis. As a theory it has the advantages of being able to predict the outcome of integration and clearly explains which actors must be studied in order to explain integration. Haas and Lindberg’s “main thesis was that sectorial integration was inherently expansive - integration of some functional tasks would tend to spill over into  integration of other tasks(…) In the basis of this analysis, Haas argued that an acceleration of the  integration process could be 'safely predicted' and that it might lead to a 'political community of Europe' within a decade”. [1]  [1] Tranholm-Mikkelsen, Jeppe ""Neo-functionalism: Obstinate or Obsolete? A Reappraisal in the Light of the New Dynamism of the EC Millennium - Journal of International Studies, Vol. 20, No. 1, pp.1-22, Neo-functionalism, EU analysis, accessible theory, integration prediction, actors in integration, sectorial integration, spill-over effect, political community of Europe, Jeppe Tranholm-Mikkelsen, New Dynamism of the EC Millennium, International Studies, European integration, theoretical framework, functional tasks, expansion of integration, community building, policy analysis, political science, European Union studies Neo-functionalism, EU analysis, accessible theory, integration prediction, actors in integration, sectorial integration, spill-over effect, acceleration of integration, political community of Europe, Tranholm-Mikkelsen, reappraisal, new dynamism, EC Millennium Neo-functionalism, EU analysis, accessible theory, integration prediction, actors in integration, sectorial integration, spillover effect, acceleration of integration, political community of Europe, Haas, Lindberg, Tranholm-Mikkelsen, EC Millennium, international studies Neo-functionalism, EU analysis, accessible theory, integration prediction, actors in integration, sectorial integration, expansive integration, functional tasks, integration process, political community of Europe, Jeppe Tranholm-Mikkelsen, New Dynamism, EC Millennium, Journal of International Studies Neo-functionalism, EU analysis, accessible theory, integration prediction, actors in integration, sectorial integration, spill-over effect, political community of Europe, Haas, Lindberg, EC Millennium, Tranholm-Mikkelsen, integration process, theoretical framework, European integration, functional tasks, policy sectors, supranational governance, dynamic integration, regional cooperation"
test-philosophy-elkosmj-pro02a	More ‘good’ is produced by saving five lives than saving one  When any life is removed so too is the future good that life may produce; all of the good that person would have experienced as well as all of the good they could have brought to other people’s lives will no longer occur. It is difficult to say precisely how much good a person may bring. However, it is fair to assume that saving five people brings with it a greater chance of higher levels of ‘good’. Considering the fact that one does not know anything about the people on the tracks one must assume that there will be five times more ‘good’ produced by saving their lives than if the one person is saved. good, produced, saving, lives, future, removed, experienced, brought, people, difficulty, precise, assume, chance, higher, levels, tracks, times, utilitarianism, ethics, moral, decision, value, potential, outcome, consequences, philosophy, trolley, problem, dilemma, life, worth, contribution, society, impact, benefit moral philosophy, utilitarianism, ethical decision-making, life value, consequentialism, good production, saving lives, potential future benefits, moral choices, track dilemma, ethical theories, maximization of good, morality in action, philosophical ethics, life preservation, utility principle, moral psychology, ethical scenarios, life-saving actions, goodness measurement, moral reasoning, hypothetical ethics, decision ethics, ethics of killing, ethical calculus, value of life, moral mathematics, consequentialist ethics, beneficence, ethical pluralism, moral disputes, ethical priorities, moral consequences, ethical frameworks, deontological ethics, virtue ethics, moral relativism, ethical good, lives, saving, future, produce, experienced, brought, people, chance, levels, tracks, assume, times, moral, ethics, utilitarianism, consequences, action, outcome, value good, saving lives, utilitarianism, moral philosophy, ethical dilemma, trolley problem, future good, potential impact, human value, altruism, moral decision-making, ethical theory, consequentialism, humanitarianism, life value, ethical consideration, moral reasoning, potential benefits, life savings, ethical choice good, saving lives, moral calculus, future good, potential impact, ethical decision-making, utilitarianism, quantity of good, unknown variables, life value, altruism, human potential, consequentialism
test-international-iwiaghbss-pro04a	Other nations have an obligation to help  The President of Vanuatu has noted “If such a tragedy [the disappearance of a state] should happen, then the United Nations and its members will have failed in their first and most basic duty to a Member and its innocent people, as stated in Article 1 of the Charter of the United Nations.” [1] As long ago as 1992 developed nations accepted “the responsibility that they bear in the international pursuit to sustainable development in view of the pressures their societies place on the global environment and of the technologies and financial resources they command” and that “polluter should, in principle, bear the cost of pollution”. [2] There is also a Convention on the Reduction of Statelessness in which article 10 demands that any redrawing of borders must not render a person stateless, the principle behind which would equally apply to a disappearing state. [3] The small island states are losing their countries through no fault of their own it is therefore the responsibility of other states to provide them with alternatives; be this land or the resources to purchase land.  [1] McAdam, ‘’Disappearing states’, statelessness and the boundaries of international law’, UNSW Law Research Paper, 2010,  , p.4  [2] The United Nations Conference on Environment and Development, ‘Rio Declaration on Environment and Development’, unep.org, 14 June 1992,   [3] United Nations, ‘Convention on the Reduction of Statelessness’, unhcr.org, 1961, Obligation, Help, President, Vanuatu, Tragedy, Disappearance, State, United, Nations, Failed, Duty, Member, People, Charter, Sustainable, Development, Developed, Nations, Responsibility, International, Pursuit, Global, Environment, Technologies, Financial, Resources, Polluter, Cost, Pollution, Convention, Reduction, Statelessness, Redrawing, Borders, Stateless, Principle, Small, Island, States, Losing, Countries, Fault, Responsibility, Alternatives, Land, Resources, Purchase, McAdam, Disappearing, Statelessness, Boundaries, International, Law, UNSW, Law, obligation, help, President, Vanuatu, disappearance, state, United Nations, Charter, duty, Member, tragedy, innocent people, 1992, developed nations, responsibility, international pursuit, sustainable development, global environment, technologies, financial resources, polluter, cost, pollution, Convention, Reduction, Statelessness, redrawing borders, stateless, small island states, losing countries, alternatives, land, resources, purchase, international law, UNSW Law Research Paper, Rio Declaration, Environment, Development, unep.org, unhcr.org obligation, help, President, Vanuatu, disappearance, state, United Nations, Member, duty, Charter, Article 1, tragedy, failed, 1992, developed nations, responsibility, international, sustainable development, global environment, technologies, financial resources, polluter, cost, pollution, Convention, Reduction, Statelessness, redrawing borders, stateless, small island states, countries, fault, responsibility, alternatives, land, resources, purchase, legal boundaries, international law, UNSW Law Research Paper, Rio Declaration, Environment, Development, unep.org, unhcr.org obligation, help, President, Vanuatu, United Nations, Member, duty, Charter, tragedy, state, disappearance, failure, developed nations, responsibility, sustainable development, global environment, technologies, financial resources, polluter, cost, pollution, Convention, Reduction, Statelessness, redrawing, borders, stateless, small island states, countries, fault, alternatives, land, resources, purchase, McAdam, Disappearing states, statelessness, UNSW Law, Rio Declaration, Environment, Development, 1992, UNHCR, 1961 obligation, help, President, Vanuatu, United Nations, member, duty, Charter, tragedy, disappearing state, 1992, developed nations, responsibility, sustainable development, global environment, technologies, financial resources, polluter pays, Convention, Reduction, Statelessness, borders, stateless, small island states, countries, alternatives, land, resources, purchase, international law, Rio Declaration, Environment, Development, UNSW Law Research Paper, unhcr.org, unep.org
test-education-pshhghwpba0-con04a	Can we be sure a school meal will be healthy?  Even if the schools provide breakfast can we be sure that it will be healthy, and even if it is will the students eat it? Without individual supervision that having breakfast with parents provides it is difficult to ensure that the children are eating what they should be rather than throwing away the bits they like. In the UK there has been a campaign against the poor quality of school meals. [1] In the US there has been concern at the amounts of fresh fruit and vegtables being thrown away from school means. One study by the University of Vermont found food waste increased 56%. [2]  [1] Evening Standard, ‘Unhealthy school meals are on the menu for over a million children’, 12 January 2013,   [2] Welch, Ashley, ‘School lunch fruits and veggies often tossed in trash study finds’, CBSnews, 25 August 2015, school meals, healthy eating, breakfast provision, student nutrition, food waste, parental supervision, UK school meals, US school nutrition, fresh fruit, vegetables, university of vermont, school lunch, food consumption, child health, meal quality, nutritional standards, campaign against poor quality, school food policy school meals, healthy, breakfast, supervision, parents, UK, campaign, poor quality, US, fresh fruit, vegetables, food waste, University of Vermont, study, increase, trash school meals, healthy eating, breakfast provision, student nutrition, food waste, parental supervision, UK campaign, US concern, fresh fruit, vegetables, University of Vermont study, food quality, child health, meal consumption, nutritional value, supervision impact, meal programs, health standards, dietary habits, public health initiatives, nutritional education school meals, healthy eating, breakfast provision, student nutrition, food waste, parental supervision, UK school food campaign, US school lunch waste, fruit and vegetables, University of Vermont study, nutritional quality, meal consumption, child health, education policy, dietary habits, school food service, mealtime behavior, nutrition education, food disposal, public health concern school meals, healthy, breakfast, supervision, parents, UK, campaign, poor quality, US, fresh fruit, vegetables, food waste, University of Vermont, study, increase, 56%, children, eating habits, nutrition, school nutrition policy
test-international-ssiarcmhb-con04a	Promotes image of Catholic Church as uncaring and stubborn.  Organised religious groups, such as the Catholic Church, around the world, regardless of faith and denomination, change their official stances in an effort to keep up with a changing world. For example, the Church of England allowing women to become bishops. In doing this, these groups show that they are able to be reactive and can fit into a world that changes every day. Even the Catholic church has begun to realise that by stubbornly refusing to change its stance, the Catholic Church presents itself as unable to adapt and stuck in its ways 1. As a result, it finds that it will lose a lot of its influence and, by extension, its propensity to do good. Since its stance on contraception limits the Church's ability to do good, then it is clearly a stance that generally causes harm and, therefore, is an unjustified one.  1.Wynne-Jones 2010 Catholic Church, uncaring, stubborn, religious groups, changing world, Church of England, women bishops, reactive, adaptation, influence, contraception, harm, unjustified stance, Wynne-Jones 2010 Catholic Church, uncaring, stubborn, organized religious groups, changing stances, adapting, world changes, Church of England, women bishops, reactive, influence, contraception, harm, unjustified, Wynne-Jones 2010 Catholic Church, uncaring, stubborn, religious groups, changing stances, adaptation, world changes, Church of England, women bishops, reactive, influence, contraception, harm, unjustified stance, Wynne-Jones 2010 Catholic Church, uncaring, stubborn, religious groups, changing stances, adaptation, world changes, Church of England, women bishops, reactive, influence, contraception, harm, unjustified stance, Wynne-Jones 2010 Catholic Church, uncaring, stubborn, religious groups, world, changing stances, Church of England, women bishops, reactive, adapt, influence, contraception, harm, unjustified, Wynne-Jones 2010
test-philosophy-pphbclsbs-pro02a	The apparent loss of liberty is overstated.  Negative cases of security abuse are few and have been greatly exaggerated by an emphatic civil rights lobby that has no empathy for the victims of terrorism. Of course, with any wide-scale attempt to fight terrorism there are bound to be a few cases of abuse of security measures. For example in the UK terrorism suspects were originally detained without charge under the Anti-Terrorism, Crime and Security Act however the detention was declared unlawful by the law lords in 2005 so the government introduced new scaled back policies such as ‘control orders’. [1] Therefore government has always been willing to scale back its security legislation when the courts believe it goes too far. Nonetheless it is not a good idea to shut down all security measures under a pretext that they violate rights [2] . The majority of the measures are intended to safeguard those civil liberties instead of abusing them.  [1] Hewitt, Steve, THE BRITISH WAR ON TERROR TIMELINE, Libertas, 2007,  , accessed 9 September 2011  [2] Stratton, Allegra and Wintour, Patrick, ‘Nick Clegg goes to war with Labour over civil liberties’, guardian.co.uk, 13 April 2010,  , accessed 9 September 2011 liberty, security, abuse, civil rights, terrorism, victims, anti-terrorism, crime, control orders, law lords, government, legislation, courts, civil liberties, measures, safeguards, Nick Clegg, Labour, Guardian liberty, security, abuse, terrorism, civil rights, victims, anti-terrorism, crime, detention, unlawful, control orders, government, legislation, courts, measures, civil liberties, policy, UK, law lords, Nick Clegg, Labour, Stratton, Wintour, guardian, Hewitt, Libertas, 2007, 2010 liberty, security, abuse, civil rights, terrorism, victims, anti-terrorism, crime, control orders, law lords, government, legislation, courts, shutdown, measures, safeguard, civil liberties, Nick Clegg, Labour,Allegra Stratton, Patrick Wintour, Steve Hewitt, Libertas, guardian.co.uk liberty, security, terrorism, civil rights, abuse, victims, anti-terrorism, crime, UK, detention, unlawful, control orders, government, legislation, courts, shut down, measures, safeguard, Nick Clegg, Labour, civil liberties civil liberties, security abuse, terrorism, anti-terrorism, crime and security act, control orders, law lords, government policies, civil rights lobby, security measures, legal challenges, terrorism suspects, rights violation, Nick Clegg, Labour, civil liberties safeguard
test-education-egscphsrdt-con02a	Keeping teenagers in education  Studies in Michigan in the USA have found that random drug tests in schools do not deter drug use, as schools with and without random tests have similar levels of drug use among their pupils. [1]  It seems unlikely that random drug tests will, in fact, deter students from taking drugs. What such tests will result in, however, is a greater number of exclusions and disciplinary actions resulting from catching student drug users, which as the studies have shown has no guarantee of lowering drug use overall.  Faced with a situation of continuing to be caught and reprimanded for drug use in school due to random drug tests, many older teenagers who reach the age whereby they may choose to leave school may choose to do so in greater numbers. This may well be compounded by an adolescent desire to rebel and reject authority when it tries to prevent them doing what they want, and so a greater number of teenage students may drop out of school so as to allow themselves to continue doing what they want more easily – that is, taking drugs. Leaving school at such an age for no other reason than to pursue a drug-using lifestyle is almost certainly more harmful than the worst-case alternative, whereby they at least remain in education even if they continue to use illegal drugs, comparatively improving their future career and education choices. Simply driving teenagers out of education with random drug tests benefits no-one.  [1] Grim, Ryan. “Blowing Smoke: Why random drug testing doesn't reduce student drug use”. Slate. March 21, 2006. teenagers, education, Michigan, USA, random drug tests, schools, drug use, deterrence, exclusions, disciplinary actions, adolescent behavior, rebellion, dropping out, future career, education choices, harm reduction, policy impact teenagers, education, Michigan, USA, studies, random, drug, tests, deter, use, schools, levels, pupils, unlikely, result, greater, exclusions, disciplinary, actions, continuing, caught, reprimanded, choose, leave, age, compulsory, adolescent, rebel, reject, authority, prevent, drop, out, pursue, lifestyle, harmful, worst-case, remain, improve, future, career, choices, driving, out, benefits, no-one, Ryan, Grim, Blowing, Smoke, Slate, March, 2006 teenagers, education, drug, tests, deterrence, Michigan, USA, studies, random, schools, pupils, levels, use, exclusions, disciplinary, older, age, leave, school, adolescent, rebel, authority, drop, out, lifestyle, career, choices, driving, benefits teenagers, education, random drug tests, Michigan, USA, drug use, deterrence, exclusions, disciplinary actions, drop out, rebellion, authority, future career, education choices, harm reduction, Slate, Ryan Grim, Blowing Smoke drug tests, schools, Michigan, USA, deterrence, drug use, exclusions, disciplinary actions, teenage dropouts, education, rebellion, authority, future career, education choices, random testing, students, harm reduction, adolescent behavior, policy effectiveness, school retention
test-international-atiahblit-con02a	Colonial legacies: the issue of language  A fundamental restriction to achieving universal education in several African countries is not teachers, as a resource, but rather the lack of a national language. Colonialism enforced national boundaries, of which remain mismatched to ethnicity and language. African nations remain some of the most diverse in the world. With the exception of Tanzania, whereby Julius Nyerere used policy to create a sense of national unity and language, many African nations placed minimal focus on nationalisation. Around 46 languages are spoken in Zambia.  Such language diversities make universal education difficult. Therefore, presidents such as Paul Kagame, have the right approach of enforcing a national language. Colonial legacies, language, universal education, African countries, national language, Colonialism, national boundaries, ethnicity, language diversity, African nations, policy, national unity, Julius Nyerere, Tanzania, Zambia, Paul Kagame, national language enforcement colonial legacies, language, universal education, African countries, national language, colonialism, national boundaries, ethnicity, language diversity, policy, national unity, Julius Nyerere, Tanzania, Paul Kagame, language policy, Zambia, education challenges, linguistic diversity, nationalization, language enforcement Colonial legacies, language, universal education, African countries, national language, Colonialism, national boundaries, ethnicity, language diversity, African nations, diversity, Tanzania, Julius Nyerere, national unity, policy, Zambia, 46 languages, Paul Kagame, national language enforcement Colonialism, legacies, language, education, African, countries, national, unity, diversity, policy, Julius, Nyerere, Tanzania, Zambia, Paul, Kagame, enforcement, ethnicity, boundaries, universal, resource, teachers, approach, mismatched Colonial legacies, language, universal education, African countries, national language, Colonialism, national boundaries, ethnicity, language diversity, African nations, Tanzania, Julius Nyerere, national unity, Zambia, Paul Kagame, enforcing national language, policy, resource, teachers, education, diversity, presidency, approach, linguistic policy, nation-building, cultural heritage, multilingualism, educational reform, language planning, social integration, indigenous languages, official language, post-colonial states, governance, linguistic diversity, communication, nationalism, identity, heritage, language rights, language policy, multilingual education, linguistic minorities, language and culture,
test-international-aghwrem-pro01a	States should not be isolated on political grounds  The isolation of Myanmar by some of the developed Western powers is arbitrary and marked by hypocrisy. The real reasons for the stance taken by these countries are political. There is little consistency in the attitude taken towards other governments and dictatorships across the world that also have questionable human rights records (Saudi Arabia and Egypt, to name a few), but either offer other strategic and economic benefits, or are much more influential in international affairs than Myanmar. Myanmar is only part of a group of countries (also including Cuba and North Korea) whose economic and political policies have remained relatively opaque to arm-twisting by the US and the EU. It is unfair to impose sanctions on and isolate Myanmar on this basis, especially in an emerging multi-polar international environment. Myanmar, isolation, political grounds, developed Western powers, hypocrisy, political stance, consistency, governments, dictatorships, human rights records, strategic benefits, economic benefits, international affairs, sanctions, multi-polar environment, Cuba, North Korea, arm-twisting, US, EU Myanmar, isolation, Western powers, hypocrisy, political stance, human rights, Saudi Arabia, Egypt, dictatorship, strategic benefits, economic benefits, international influence, sanctions, multi-polar world, Cuba, North Korea, arm-twisting, US, EU, unfair treatment, economic policies, political policies Myanmar, isolation, Western powers, hypocrisy, political stance, consistency, human rights records, Saudi Arabia, Egypt, dictatorships, strategic benefits, economic benefits, international affairs, Cuba, North Korea, economic policies, political policies, arm-twisting, sanctions, multi-polar environment Myanmar, political isolation, Western powers, hypocrisy, human rights, Saudi Arabia, Egypt, dictatorship, strategic benefits, economic benefits, international affairs, sanctions, multi-polar world, Cuba, North Korea, US, EU, arm-twisting, opaque policies, fairness Myanmar, isolation, political grounds, developed Western powers, hypocrisy, political stance, consistency, attitude, governments, dictatorships, human rights records, strategic benefits, economic benefits, international affairs, sanctions, multi-polar environment, Cuba, North Korea, US, EU, arm-twisting, economic policies, political policies
test-politics-lghwdecm-pro01a	Electing a Mayor will revitalise local democracy  An elected mayor would revitalise local democracy. At present many people have no idea who their local councillors are, or who leads their council, perhaps because collective decision-making is generally unexciting. It is not surprising then that turnout is only around 30% and in some urban areas in Britain fewer than 1 in 4 adults bother to vote in local elections – the worst turnout in the EU. [1] An elected mayor would act as a focus for local people, both symbolically and as someone with real power to improve their lives. Local elections would gain more coverage and more people’s attention as they are voting for one recognisable figure rather than a number of councillors. This in turn would turn attention to local democracy and increase turnout in elections.  [1] Shakespeare, Tom, ‘For Good Measure Devolving Accountability for Performance and Assessment to Local Areas’, Localis, 2010, p.17 Electing, Mayor, Revitalise, Local, Democracy, Elected, Focus, Symbolically, Power, Improve, Lives, Coverage, Attention, Recognisable, Figure, Councillors, Turnout, Elections, Voting, Urban, Areas, Britain, Adults, EU, Localis, Shakespeare, Accountability, Performance, Assessment, Devolving, Areas Electing, Mayor, Revitalise, Local, Democracy, Councillors, Leadership, Collective, Decision-making, Turnout, Urban, Areas, Britain, Voting, Local, Elections, EU, Focus, Symbolically, Power, Improve, Lives, Coverage, Attention, Recognisable, Figure, Accountability, Performance, Assessment, Devolution, Localis, Shakespeare, 2010 Electing, Mayor, Revitalise, Local, Democracy, Councillors, Leadership, Decision-Making, Turnout, Urban, Areas, Britain, Voting, Symbolically, Power, Improve, Lives, Coverage, Attention, Recognisable, Figure, Devolving, Accountability, Performance, Assessment, Localis, Shakespeare, Good, Measure Electing, Mayor, Revitalise, Local, Democracy, Elected, Focus, Symbolically, Real, Power, Improve, Lives, Coverage, Attention, Recognisable, Figure, Increase, Turnout, Elections, Collective, Decision-Making, Unexciting, Turnout, Urban, Areas, Britain, Adults, Vote, Local, Councillors, Council, Leadership, Recognition, Engagement, Community, Participation, Civic, Responsibility, Accountability, Performance, Assessment, Devolution, Areas, Localis, Shakespeare, Good, Measure, Devolving Mayor, local democracy, elected, revitalise, councillors, council leadership, collective decision-making, voter turnout, local elections, urban areas, Britain, EU, recognisable figure, local elections coverage, public attention, increase turnout, local governance, accountability, performance assessment, devolution, Localis, Shakespeare, 2010
test-education-ughbuesbf-con03a	The quality of education suffers when university education is free  Without university fees, universities become dependent on the state for funding. This leads to larger class­sizes and less spending per student. [1] Yet with fees, the quality of universities increases for three reasons. First, funding improves, as university may charge in accordance with need. Second, quality of teaching is improved. Because a university wants people to attend and to pay fees, the programs and degrees they offer have to be good signals of quality requiring hiring the best lecturers. Third, the average quality of students attending university will improve. This is because students feel they need to get the most from their investment in education. An example of higher quality education from fee­paying is that of the United States, which has eighteen of the top fifty ranked universities in the world. [2] Quality is clearly improved when university is not free.  [1] Brady, Hugh. 2008. “We Must Invest Now in Our Universities or Pay Later”. University College Dublin News Available:  ents.html​  [2] QS World University Rankings 2015/16, QS, quality, education, free, university, fees, state, funding, class sizes, spending, student, improvement, teaching, lecturers, investment, ranking, United States, QS World University Rankings, investment, Hugh Brady, University College Dublin quality, education, university, free, fees, state, funding, class sizes, spending, student, improvement, teaching, lecturers, investment, students, ranking, United States, top universities, investment, Hugh Brady, QS World University Rankings quality, education, university, free, fees, state, funding, class-sizes, spending, students, improvement, teaching, lecturers, investment, ranking, United States, QS World University Rankings, Hugh Brady, University College Dublin quality, education, suffers, free, university, fees, state, funding, class sizes, spending, students, improvement, charge, teaching, programs, degrees, signals, lecturers, investment, example, United States, top, ranked, universities, invest, pay, QS, world, rankings quality, education, university, free, fees, state, funding, class-sizes, spending, students, attendance, teaching, lecturers, investment, United States, top universities, rankings, investment, Hugh Brady, QS World University Rankings
test-law-lghwpcctcc-pro03a	Cameras encourage efficiency and high standards.  Placing cameras into courtrooms encourages the judiciary and lawyers to increase their efficiency and have high standards of behaviour, because they are aware that it will be carried outside of the courtroom by public viewing. The introductions of cameras to the Houses of Parliament in the UK resulted in significantly improved standards of debate, greater punctuality, and greater attendance of MPs [1] . We can expect this same principle to continue in courtrooms when cameras are put in place.  [1]  , accessed 06/08/11 cameras, efficiency, high standards, courtrooms, judiciary, lawyers, public viewing, Houses of Parliament, UK, improved standards, debate, punctuality, attendance, MPs, principle, legal system, transparency, accountability cameras, efficiency, high standards, courtrooms, judiciary, lawyers, public viewing, Houses of Parliament, UK, improved standards, debate, punctuality, attendance, MPs, principle, legal transparency, accountability, judicial conduct, public scrutiny, courtroom behavior cameras, efficiency, high standards, courtrooms, judiciary, lawyers, public viewing, Houses of Parliament, UK, standards of debate, punctuality, attendance, MPs, cameras in courtrooms cameras, efficiency, high standards, courtrooms, judiciary, lawyers, public viewing, Houses of Parliament, UK, improved standards, debate, punctuality, attendance, MPs, principle, legal system, transparency, accountability cameras, courtrooms, efficiency, high standards, judiciary, lawyers, public viewing, Houses of Parliament, UK, debate, punctuality, attendance, MPs, principles, implementation
test-philosophy-pphbclsbs-con04a	It impedes economic progress.  Extra-security measures only impede, or halt the flow of trade [1] , make the country harder to deal with - less internationally ‘friendly’, and disrupt communities. Security states almost always have slower growth than freer states because there is extra red tape, transport networks are slowed down, for example airport check ins take much longer. The U.S. Travel Association, says on average, in the United States as a result of the airport security measures each person avoids two to three trips a year because of the hassles of airport-security screening. That amounts to an estimated $85 billion in lost business for hotels, restaurants, airlines and other travel suppliers. [2] And this is even before the losses caused by unproductive hours, and deterred investment. All these things will decrease incomes and GDP growth.  [1] Verrue, Robert, ‘Tighter Security Must Not Slow Down World Trade’, The European institute, Spring 2004,   [2] McCartney, Scott, ‘Aiming to Balance Security and Convenience’, Wall Street Journal, 1 September 2011,  , accessed 9 September 2011 economic progress, extra-security measures, trade flow, international unfriendliness, community disruption, security states, slower growth, freer states, red tape, transport networks, airport check-ins, U.S. Travel Association, travel avoidance, lost business, hotels, restaurants, airlines, travel suppliers, unproductive hours, deterred investment, income decrease, GDP growth, Verrue Robert, tighter security, world trade, McCartney Scott, security convenience balance economic progress, extra-security measures, flow of trade, international unfriendliness, security states, slower growth, red tape, transport networks, airport check-ins, U.S. Travel Association, lost business, hotels, restaurants, airlines, travel suppliers, unproductive hours, deterred investment, decreased incomes, GDP growth, tighter security, world trade, security screening, travel convenience economic progress, extra-security measures, impede trade, country unfriendly, international relations, security states, slower growth, freer states, red tape, transport networks, airport check-ins, U.S. Travel Association, avoided trips, lost business, hotels, restaurants, airlines, travel suppliers, unproductive hours, deterred investment, decreased incomes, GDP growth, Verrue, Robert, Tighter Security Must Not Slow Down World Trade, The European Institute, McCartney, Scott, Aiming to Balance Security and Convenience, Wall Street Journal economic progress, extra-security measures, impede trade, international unfriendliness, disrupt communities, security states, slower growth, freer states, red tape, transport networks, airport check-ins, U.S. Travel Association, avoided trips, lost business, hotels, restaurants, airlines, travel suppliers, unproductive hours, deterred investment, decreased incomes, GDP growth, tighter security, slow down world trade, balance security convenience economic progress, security measures, trade flow, international friendliness, community disruption, security states, growth rates, red tape, transport networks, airport check-ins, U.S. Travel Association, travel avoidance, lost business, hotels, restaurants, airlines, travel suppliers, unproductive hours, deterred investment, income decrease, GDP growth, tighter security, world trade, security-convenience balance
test-culture-thbcsbptwhht-con02a	Reparations and the use of the term 'cultural appropriation' is a mask for more deep-rooted issues of racism in society.  The use of compensation as a means of redress for cultural appropriation doesn’t tackle the root problems that are expressed. The problems given as examples of cultural appropriation, like a Caucasian person wearing their hair in dreadlocks- a style that has meaning and historic prejudice to the afro-Caribbean community is redirecting attention and division. The individuals wearing their hair in this fashion however are not the problem. Demanding compensation from them 'does not challenge racism in any meaningful way' [1]. Instead targeting and punishing those who actively discriminate against those with the dreadlock style of hair is more effective and encourages equality.  [1] Malik, Kenan, ‘The Bane of Cultural Appropriation’, AlJazeera, 14th April 2016, reparations, cultural appropriation, racism, compensation, redress, dreadlocks, afro-Caribbean, Caucasian, discrimination, equality, Kenan Malik, AlJazeera Reparations, cultural appropriation, racism, society, compensation, redress, dreadlocks, afro-Caribbean, Caucasian, hair, fashion, discrimination, equality, Kenan Malik, AlJazeera Reparations, Cultural Appropriation, Racism, Society, Compensation, Redress, Root Problems, Dreadlocks, Afro-Caribbean, Caucasian, Attention, Division, Discrimination, Equality, Kenan Malik, AlJazeera Reparations, Cultural appropriation, Racism, Society, Compensation, Redress, Dreadlocks, Afro-Caribbean, Prejudice, Attention, Division, Discrimination, Equality, Kenan Malik, AlJazeera Reparations, cultural appropriation, racism, compensation, redress, dreadlocks, afro-Caribbean, Caucasian, hair style, historic prejudice, attention, division, discrimination, equality, Kenan Malik, AlJazeera
test-law-umtlilhotac-pro02a	Witnesses might be identified and placed in danger  Televising criminal trials may cause a number of problems with witnesses. It may make individuals less likely to give evidence, make them more likely to play to the television audience, or make the already intimidating process of giving evidence in court more so. Also, television broadcasts make it more likely that the identities of anonymized witnesses would leak out – something that has already happened at the ICC in the Ruto-Sang case [1] .  The ICC already has problems with witnesses, including allegations of bribing and intimidating prosecution witnesses in the Ruto case [2] , which has led to Walter Barasa, a Kenyan Journalist, being subject to an arrest warrant [3] . Ending the televising of trials may go some way to remedy those problems.  [1] Lattus, Asumpta, ‘Evenson: ‘First time arrest warrant has been issued in Kenya case’, Deutsche Welle, 2 October 2013,   [2] Stewart, Catrina, ‘ICC on trials along with Kenya’s elite amid claims of bribery and intimidation’, The Guardian, 1 October 2013,   [3] ‘ICC seeks Walter Barasa arrest for Kenya ‘witness tampering’, BBC News, 2 October 2013, witnesses, danger, televising, criminal trials, problems, evidence, television audience, intimidating, identities, anonymized, leak, ICC, Ruto-Sang case, allegations, bribing, intimidating, prosecution, Ruto case, Walter Barasa, Kenyan Journalist, arrest warrant, witness tampering witnesses, danger, televising, criminal trials, problems, evidence, television audience, intimidating, court, anonymized witnesses, leak, identities, ICC, Ruto-Sang case, witness issues, bribing, intimidating, prosecution witnesses, Walter Barasa, Kenyan Journalist, arrest warrant, witness tampering, Kenya, bribery, intimidation, criminal justice, trial broadcasting, privacy, security, courtroom, media, public trial, judicial process, legal challenges, witness protection, international criminal court, judicial integrity, media impact, trial transparency, witness reliability, legal ethics, courtroom integrity, judicial fairness, witness testimony, legal proceedings witnesses, danger, televising, criminal trials, problems, evidence, television audience, intimidating, anonymized, identities, leak, ICC, Ruto-Sang case, bribing, intimidating, prosecution, Walter Barasa, Kenyan Journalist, arrest warrant, remedy, ICC trials, Kenya, bribery, witness tampering, BBC News, Deutsche Welle, The Guardian witnesses, danger, televising, criminal trials, evidence, television audience, intimidating, anonymized, identities, leak, ICC, Ruto-Sang case, witness intimidation, bribing, Walter Barasa, arrest warrant, Kenya, witness tampering, The Guardian, Deutsche Welle, BBC News witnesses, danger, televising, criminal trials, evidence, television audience, intimidating, anonymized, identities, leak, ICC, Ruto-Sang case, witness problems, bribing, intimidating, prosecution witnesses, Walter Barasa, arrest warrant, Kenya, bribery, witness tampering, BBC News, The Guardian, Deutsche Welle
test-philosophy-pphbclsbs-pro01a	National security is something that must be protected even at the cost of  Terrorism is part of the modern world and is inextricably linked with the rise of modern communications, the internet, and a global community. This is an age in which space and time are bending to the tune of new media – information at your fingertips may sound nice, but for those who want to destroy, it only makes their object easier to attain. And so more strict national security measures must be employed in order to keep up with the enemy. Escalation is the name of the game imposed on governments around the world by terrorists for example the Mumbai terrorists used GPS systems to guide them into Mumbai, attacks were coordinated on cell and satellite phones and Blackberrys were used to monitor the international reaction [1] . In order to keep up states need new powers to stop, deter, and prevent terrorism. The government needs to secure state-security first; only then can the debate on civil liberties begin, and only then.  [1] Shachtman, Noah, ‘How Gadgets Helped Mumbai Attackers’, Wired, 1 December 2008,  , accessed 9 September 2011 National security, terrorism, modern communications, internet, global community, information access, destruction, strict measures, government powers, state security, civil liberties, Mumbai attacks, GPS systems, cell phones, satellite phones, Blackberrys, international reaction, security measures, technological tools, terrorist coordination, government escalation, security first, civil liberties debate National security, terrorism, modern communications, internet, global community, information access, destruction, security measures, escalation, government powers, state security, civil liberties, Mumbai terrorists, GPS, cell phones, satellite phones, Blackberrys, coordination, attacks, international reaction National security, terrorism, modern world, communications, internet, global community, information access, security measures, government powers, civil liberties, Mumbai attacks, GPS, cell phones, satellite phones, Blackberrys, state-security, technology in terrorism, counterterrorism, security escalation national security, terrorism, modern communications, internet, global community, information access, destruction, strict measures, government powers, state security, civil liberties, Mumbai attacks, GPS, cell phones, satellite phones, Blackberrys, coordination, international reaction, new media, space and time, escalation, government response, terrorist tactics, technology use, security vs. liberty National security, terrorism, modern communications, internet, global community, information access, destruction, strict security measures, government powers, terrorism prevention, state security, civil liberties, Mumbai attacks, GPS systems, coordinated attacks, cell phones, satellite phones, Blackberrys, international reaction, government escalation, security vs. privacy
test-international-aglhrilhb-pro04a	Deters future offences  By prosecuting those who commit crimes against humanity and war crimes future leaders are dissuaded from committing such acts [1]. When criminals are held accountable, the belief in the reliability of the legal system is enhanced, society is strengthened by the experience that the legal system is able to defend itself and the sense of justice is upheld or rectified [2].  Since the Office of the Prosecutor announced its interest in Colombia in 2006, the government has taken a number of measures particularly the Peace and Justice Law to ensure domestic prosecution of those who could potentially be tried by the ICC. The threat of ICC prosecution appears to have concerned former President Pastrana. Vincente Castrano (AUC) a paramilitary leader was fearful of the possibility of ICC prosecution, a fear that reportedly directly contributed to his group’s demobilisation[3].  [1] Safferlin, Christoph J.M., ‘Can Criminal prosecution be the answer to massive Human Rights Violations?’, issafrica.org,   [2] Grono, Nick, ‘ The Deterrent Effect of the ICC on the Commission of International Crimes by Government Leaders ’, globalpolicy.org, 5 October 2012, Deters, future offences, prosecuting, crimes against humanity, war crimes, leaders, dissuaded, accountability, legal system, reliability, society, justice, Office of the Prosecutor, Colombia, Peace and Justice Law, ICC, former President Pastrana, Vincente Castrano, AUC, paramilitary, demobilisation, Safferlin, Christoph J.M., ISS Africa, Grono, Nick, globalpolicy.org, deterrent effect, government leaders, international crimes Deters, future, offences, prosecuting, crimes, humanity, war, crimes, leaders, dissuaded, accountability, legal, system, reliability, society, strengthened, justice, upheld, Office, Prosecutor, Colombia, Peace, Justice, Law, domestic, prosecution, ICC, threat, President, Pastrana, Vincente, Castrano, AUC, paramilitary, demobilisation, massive, Human, Rights, Violations, Criminal, international, Government, leaders, Deterrent, Effect, Commission, Nick, Grono, Christoph, Safferlin, issafrica, globalpolicy deters, future, offences, prosecuting, crimes, humanity, war, crimes, leaders, dissuaded, accountability, legal, system, society, strengthened, justice, upheld, Office, Prosecutor, Colombia, 2006, government, measures, Peace, Justice, Law, domestic, prosecution, ICC, threat, former, President, Pastrana, Vincente, Castrano, AUC, paramilitary, demobilisation, Safferlin, Christoph, J.M., issafrica.org, Grono, Nick, deterrent, effect, international, government, leaders, globalpolicy.org, 5, Deters, future offences, prosecuting, crimes against humanity, war crimes, leaders, dissuaded, accountability, legal system, reliability, society, justice, Office of the Prosecutor, Colombia, Peace and Justice Law, ICC, former President Pastrana, Vincente Castrano, AUC, paramilitary, demobilisation, Human Rights Violations, Deterrent Effect, Government Leaders, international crimes Deterrence, Prosecution, Crimes Against Humanity, War Crimes, Future Leaders, Accountability, Legal System, Society, Justice, Office of the Prosecutor, Colombia, Peace and Justice Law, ICC, Former President Pastrana, Vincente Castrano, AUC, Demobilisation, Human Rights Violations, Deterrent Effect, Government Leaders, International Crimes
test-law-rmelhrilhbiw-pro03a	The Settlements are seen by Palestinians as a sign of bad faith on the part of Israel, and therefore weaken the hand of Pro-Peace elements  As important as the existence of the settlements themselves is their continued growth. The very fact that Israel has continued to ostensibly negotiate for the independence of a Palestinian state in the West Bank on one hand while rapidly expanding the population and the size of Israeli settlements can be interpreted as a sign of bad faith.  For one thing, it raises questions of the seriousness with which Israel is attempting to reach an agreement. Even if the programs of Settlement expansion are intended as a temporary policy in lieu of a settlement, the very fact that Israel’s plan B is arguably as popular as peace, and being pursued with far more vigour could lead many Palestinians to conclude that Israel is attempting to run out the clock.  The consequences of this are inauspicious for the Peace Process. As Palestinian faith in the prospect of peaceful negotiations falters, groups like Hamas are likely to find an increasingly receptive audience for their view that only force will compel Israel to negotiate seriously. This in turn will make compromise all the more difficult to achieve. Settlements, Palestinians, Israel, Pro-Peace, West Bank, Negotiations, Independence, Expansion, Bad Faith, Peace Process, Hamas, Force, Compromise, Plan B, Temporary Policy, Population Growth, Inauspicious Consequences, Seriosity, Receptive Audience, Run Out the Clock Settlements, Palestinians, bad faith, Israel, Pro-Peace, negotiations, West Bank, independence, population growth, temporary policy, plan B, peace, Hamas, force, compromise, clock running, inauspicious, Peace Process, receptive audience, violent resistance, negotiation sincerity Settlements, Palestinians, Israel, Pro-Peace, West Bank, negotiation, independence, expansion, bad faith, peace process, Hamas, force, compromise Settlements, Palestinians, bad-faith, Pro-Peace, West-Bank, independence, negotiations, expansion, population, seriousness, agreement, temporary-policy, plan-B, popularity, pursuit, vigour, run-out-clock, Peace-Process, faith, negotiations-falter, Hamas, force, compromise, difficulty Settlements, Palestinians, Israel, bad faith, Pro-Peace, negotiations, West Bank, independence, settlement expansion, temporary policy, plan B, peace, Hamas, force, compromise, Peace Process, Palestinian faith, receptive audience
test-politics-gvhwhnerse-con02a	Elections of any sort force rulers to meet their people  Elections almost anywhere in the world mean politicians getting out and campaigning. Regardless of the legitimacy of the final election the leadership of the country will be going out and meeting voters. In many of these events individuals won’t be able to express their views but there are also likely to be protests and meetings where individuals can get their views across. This provides an opportunity for the leader to stay in touch with the people – often a problem with dictators who have been in power too long.  Dictators will want to, and often believe that they are likely to win even without resort to fraud, as Marcos did in 1985. [1] They are then are much more likely to consider the views of the electorate to still be relevant if there are elections than if there are not. Thus for example Mugabe in the most recent elections made a bid for, and won, the youth vote by promising a direct stake in the economy, [2] so responding to their desire for jobs. [3]  [1] Kline, William E., ‘The Fall of Marcos: A Problem in U.S. Foreign Policymaking’, Institute for the Study of Diplomacy, 1992,  p. 10  [2] Agyemang, Roy, ‘Why a Robert Mugabe victory would be good for Zimbabwe’, theguardian.com, 2 August 2013,   [3] AFP, ‘Youth, rural voters may hold key to Zimbabwe election’, Fox News, 27 July 2013, elections, campaigning, voter interaction, protests, leader accountability, dictators, legitimacy, fraud, Marcos, 1985, Mugabe, youth vote, economic participation, employment, U.S. foreign policy, Zimbabwe election elections, rulers, politicians, campaigning, legitimacy, leadership, voters, protests, meetings, views, opportunity, leader, people, dictators, power, fraud, Marcos, 1985, Mugabe, Zimbabwe, youth vote, economy, jobs, U.S. Foreign Policymaking, Robert Mugabe, rural voters, AFP, Fox News, theguardian.com Elections, rulers, campaigning, legitimacy, voter interaction, protests, leader accountability, dictators, Marcos, 1985, Mugabe, youth vote, economic stake, job creation, foreign policy, U.S. influence, Zimbabwe election, rural voters elections, campaigning, voter interaction, protests, leader accountability, dictator legitimacy, election outcomes, Marcos 1985, Mugabe, youth vote, economic promises, job creation, foreign policy, U.S. influence, Zimbabwe election, rural voters elections, rulers, people, politicians, campaigning, legitimacy, leadership, voters, protests, meetings, views, opportunity, leader, touch, people, dictators, power, Marcos, 1985, win, fraud, electorate, relevance, Mugabe, recent, elections, youth, vote, promise, stake, economy, jobs, Kline, William E., Fall of Marcos, U.S. Foreign Policymaking, Agyemang, Roy, Zimbabwe, Guardian, AFP, rural voters, Fox News
test-politics-glghssi-pro02a	Devolution has demonstrated the ability of Scots to govern themselves not only as well as Westminster but with more civility  Not only has the policy agenda been different in Scotland but so has the model of politics. It has seen the emergence of new political parties and a better representation of the diversity within existing ones.  The nature of political discourse, although vigorous and not as consensual as initially hoped, has proved to be more consensual – both during the time of the SNP minority administration and the preceding coalitions than politics south of the border. [i]  The contrast between the coalition governments at Holyrood, the Scottish parliament, where Scottish Labour and the Scottish Liberal Democrats were allied between 1999 and 2007, and the internecine warfare going on between Conservative and Liberal members of the current Westminster coalition could not be more stark.  [i] Cairney, Paul, ‘Coalition and Minority Government in Scotland’, Political Studies Associations Conference, 1 April 2010, Devolution, Scots, Governance, Westminster, Civility, Policy Agenda, Political Model, New Political Parties, Diversity, Political Discourse, Consensus, SNP, Minority Administration, Coalition Governments, Holyrood, Scottish Parliament, Scottish Labour, Scottish Liberal Democrats, Westminster Coalition, Internecine Warfare, Paul Cairney, Coalition Government Scotland Devolution, Scots, self-governance, Westminster, civility, policy agenda, political model, new parties, diversity, political discourse, consensual politics, SNP, minority administration, coalitions, Scottish parliament, Holyrood, Scottish Labour, Scottish Liberal Democrats, Conservative, Liberal, Westminster coalition, internecine warfare, Paul Cairney, Coalition and Minority Government in Scotland, Political Studies Associations Conference Devolution, Scottish governance, Westminster comparison, civility, policy agenda, political model, new parties, diversity representation, political discourse, consensual politics, SNP minority, coalition governments, Holyrood, Scottish Parliament, Scottish Labour, Scottish Liberal Democrats, 1999-2007, Westminster coalition, Conservative-Liberal warfare, Paul Cairney, Political Studies Associations Conference, 2010 devolution, Scots, self-governance, Westminster, civility, policy agenda, politics model, new political parties, diversity, political discourse, consensual politics, SNP minority administration, coalition governments, Holyrood, Scottish parliament, Scottish Labour, Scottish Liberal Democrats, Conservative, Liberal members, Westminster coalition, internecine warfare, Cairney, Paul, Coalition and Minority Government in Scotland, Political Studies Associations Conference devolution, Scots, govern, Westminster, civility, policy, agenda, politics, model, new, political, parties, diversity, representation, discourse, consensual, SNP, minority, administration, coalition, governments, Holyrood, Scottish, parliament, Scottish, Labour, Scottish, Liberal, Democrats, Conservative, Westminster, coalition, warfare, Cairney, Paul, Coalition, Minority, Government, Scotland, Political, Studies, Associations, Conference
test-environment-aiahwagit-pro05a	The justice system does not currently work  A major failing in current anti-poaching operations is that the poachers are rarely prosecuted. African legal systems rarely prioritise poaching as a serious crime, with offenders usually receiving trivial fines1. One of the major reasons for the Western black rhinoceros’ extinction in 2011 was the complete lack of sentencing for any of the poachers who were captured. [1] The system also fails to prosecute the brains behind many of the operations due to poor investigative methods. This creates an impression in the minds of the poachers that they can operate with impunity. [2]  [1] Mathur, A. ‘Western Black Rhino Poached Out of Existence; Declared Extinct, Slack Anti-Poaching Efforts Responsible’  [2] Welz, A. ‘The War on African Poaching: Is Militarization Fated to Fail?’ justice system, anti-poaching, prosecution, African legal systems, poaching, serious crime, trivial fines, Western black rhinoceros, extinction, sentencing, poachers, poor investigative methods, impunity, militarization, failure justice system, anti-poaching, prosecution, African legal systems, poaching, serious crime, fines, Western black rhinoceros, extinction, sentencing, investigative methods, poachers, impunity, militarization, failure justice system, anti-poaching operations, prosecution failure, African legal systems, trivial fines, Western black rhinoceros extinction, lack of sentencing, poachers impunity, poor investigative methods, wildlife crime, conservation, militarization, poaching enforcement, environmental law, wildlife trafficking, legal reform, wildlife protection, rhinoceros poaching, African wildlife, legal prioritization, criminal justice, international conservation, anti-poaching strategies, prosecution rates, wildlife crime syndicates, legal penalties, ecological impact, biodiversity loss, endangered species, law enforcement, judicial reform, environmental policy, legal deterrents, anti-poaching legislation, wildlife crime prevention justice system, anti-poaching, prosecution, African legal systems, poaching, serious crime, fines, Western black rhinoceros, extinction, sentencing, poachers, investigative methods, impunity, militarization, war on poaching justice system, anti-poaching operations, prosecution, African legal systems, poaching, serious crime, trivial fines, Western black rhinoceros, extinction, sentencing, poachers, poor investigative methods, impunity, militarization, conservation, wildlife crime, legal reform, enforcement, wildlife protection
test-philosophy-elkosmj-pro01a	As humans we try to save as many people as possible  There exists a basic right to life which, as humans, we try to follow. Killing others is outlawed because we generally believe that every person has the right to live their life and no one else has the right to take that life away. In the situation with the train there are two possible outcomes which both lead to life being cut short. Due to the fact that we place such value on life we have a duty to reduce the number of people who die. One ought to commit the act that results in the fewest deaths, and this is to kill the one and save the five. human, save, people, right, life, killing, outlawed, value, duty, reduce, deaths, fewest, one, five, train, situation, outcomes, ethical, dilemma, utilitarian, morality, philosophy, choice, action, consequences, sacrifice, principle, ethics, decision-making, moral, responsibility, harm, prevention, numbers, justification, reasoning, conflict, outcomes, choices, compassion, justice, rules, perspectives, judgement, scenarios, survival, intervention, principles, rights, obligations, humanitarian, respect, dignity, human-rights, legal, social, norms, values, beliefs, cultures, traditions, universal human, save, people, right, life, killing, outlawed, belief, person, live, train, situation, outcomes, value, duty, reduce, deaths, commit, act, fewest, kill, save, five human, save, people, right, life, killing, outlawed, belief, person, live, right, take, train, situation, outcomes, value, duty, reduce, deaths, commit, act, fewest, kill, save, five human, save, people, right, life, killing, outlawed, train, situation, outcomes, value, reduce, deaths, commit, act, fewest, kill, save, five human, save, people, right, life, killing, outlawed, believe, person, duty, reduce, deaths, commit, act, fewest, kill, save, five, train, situation, outcomes, value
test-philosophy-npegiepp-pro05a	Supranational Entrepreneurs played a crucial role in integration  The role of supranational entrepreneurs within the development of integration within Europe has been crucial. Characters such as Jean Monnet envisaged and worked continuously towards uniting Europe. As the head of France's General Planning Commission, Monnet was the real author of what has become known as the 1950 Schuman Plan to create the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC), forerunner of the Common Market. Later a similar role was played by Jacques Delors with the creation of the Single European Act (SEA) and the all-important 1992 project that would see the single market and eventually fully Economic and Monetary Union complete. These characters act in support of integration within Europe and represent an empirical example of cultivated spill-over. Unmitigated pressure from Delors in pushing for the single market ensured that it became a reality in the time it did. Supranational Entrepreneurs, Integration, Europe, Jean Monnet, General Planning Commission, Schuman Plan, European Coal and Steel Community, Common Market, Jacques Delors, Single European Act, 1992 project, Single Market, Economic and Monetary Union, Cultivated Spill-over, Unmitigated Pressure Supranational Entrepreneurs, Integration, Jean Monnet, European Coal and Steel Community, ECSC, Common Market, Jacques Delors, Single European Act, SEA, 1992 Project, Single Market, Economic and Monetary Union, EMU, Cultivated Spill-Over, Unmitigated Pressure Supranational Entrepreneurs, Integration, Jean Monnet, Jacques Delors, European Coal and Steel Community, ECSC, Common Market, Single European Act, SEA, 1992 Project, Economic and Monetary Union, EMU, Cultivated Spill-over, Unmitigated Pressure, Single Market, European Integration, Political Union, Economic Union, Supranational Governance, European Union History, Post-War Europe, European Economic Community, EEC, European Policy Making, European Commission, European Development, EU Evolution, Franco-German Relations, European Cooperation, European Institutions, European Leadership, European Visionaries, European Community, Supranational Entrepreneurs, Jean Monnet, Jacques Delors, European Integration, Schuman Plan, European Coal and Steel Community, Single European Act, 1992 Project, Single Market, Economic and Monetary Union, Cultivated Spill-Over, Unmitigated Pressure Supranational Entrepreneurs, Integration, Jean Monnet, Schuman Plan, European Coal and Steel Community, Jacques Delors, Single European Act, 1992 project, Single Market, Economic and Monetary Union, Cultivated Spill-over, Unmitigated Pressure
test-politics-oeplhbuwhmi-con01a	The UK needs to be part of a block to remain relevant  History is moving towards bigger and bigger blocks being relevant. The US and USSR dwarfed the previous global power the UK [1] and China and India look set too be bigger again. In a world where the great powers are regions of the globe in themselves to be influential requires being part of a bigger group. The EU negotiates on equal terms with China, India and the USA. The UK on its own would be very much a second order power.  [1] See Paul Kennedy’s The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers, Random House, 1987 UK, relevance, global blocks, US, USSR, China, India, Paul Kennedy, The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers, EU, negotiation, power, international relations, second order power, regional influence UK, global relevance, international blocks, US, USSR, China, India, EU, power dynamics, regional influence, historical context, Paul Kennedy, The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers UK, block, relevant, history, bigger, blocks, US, USSR, global, power, China, India, world, influential, group, EU, negotiates, terms, second, order, Paul Kennedy, Rise and Fall of the Great Powers, Random House, 1987 UK, block, relevant, history, bigger, blocks, US, USSR, global, power, China, India, world, great, powers, regions, globe, influential, group, EU, negotiates, terms, second, order, Paul Kennedy, The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers, Random House, 1987 UK, block, relevance, global power, US, USSR, China, India, EU, negotiation, second-order power, Paul Kennedy, The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers
test-law-cplgpshwdp-con02a	We already recognise that we cannot place complete trust in juries.  Although we recognise that juries can provide valuable insight and represent the will of the general public in court cases [1] (and especially the communities in which the crimes occurred [2] ), there is also recognition that juries can be subject to bias [3] . Britain has even suggested plans to restrict the right to trial by jury in order to prevent undue bias from affecting court cases [4] . Elsewhere, experts are debating over whether jurors should learn about ‘a victim’s sexual history in rape cases where the defendant asserts that the accuser consented to sex, or a victim's propensity for violence in murder cases where the accused claims self-defense’ [5] because of fears that it might cause juror bias. We do not grant ultimate knowledge to jurors, nor should we; it endangers the potential for an unbiased trial.  [1] Lawson Neal, and Simms, Andrew, ‘A People’s Jury of a thousand angry citizens’, The Guardian, 31 July 2011.  [2] New Jersey Courts, ‘Welcome to the New Jersey Court System’, judiciary.state.nj.us, 2011.  [3] Howard Nations, ‘Overcoming Jury Bias’  [4] Davies, Patricia Wynn, ‘Plans to restrict right to trial by jury condemned’, The Independent, 28 February 1997.  [5] Silverglate, Harvey A., and Poulson, Dan, ‘Getting Real at the SJC’, Massachusetts Lawyers Weekly, 30 May 2005 . jury bias, trial by jury, public will, community representation, legal bias, Britain jury restrictions, victim's sexual history, rape cases, murder cases, self-defense, unbiased trial, juror knowledge, Harvey Silverglate, Patricia Wynn Davies, Howard Nations, Lawson Neal, Andrew Simms, New Jersey Courts, Massachusetts Lawyers Weekly, The Guardian, The Independent jury bias, trial by jury, public will, court cases, community representation, legal reform, victim's history, sexual history, self-defense, unbiased trial, legal experts, jury rights, Britain legal system, Massachusetts court, The Guardian, The Independent, Massachusetts Lawyers Weekly jury bias, trial by jury, public will in court cases, community representation, restrictions on jury trials, victim's sexual history, self-defense claims, unbiased trial, juror education, legal reforms, jury selection, judicial fairness, Britain jury reforms, Massachusetts legal debates, New Jersey court system, Guardian article, Independent news, Massachusetts Lawyers Weekly, jury deliberation, juror misconduct jury bias, trial by jury, public will, court cases, community representation, legal reforms, Britain jury restrictions, victim's sexual history, self-defense claims, unbiased trials,juror education, legal ethics, judicial system, rape cases, murder cases, jury insights, legal debates, juror selection, trial fairness, legal procedures jury bias, trial fairness, public will, community representation, court cases, legal reform, victim history, defendant rights, unbiased trial, jury trials, Britain legal system, New Jersey courts, expert debate, rape cases, murder cases, self-defense, consent, juror education, legal ethics, judicial system, victim's sexual history, victim propensity for violence, legal misconduct, courtroom procedures, judicial oversight, jury selection, juror misconduct, legal safeguards, trial by jury, judicial reforms, legal challenges, public opinion, legal standards, judicial practices, courtroom dynamics, legal controversies, legal decisions, judicial responsibilities, juror impartiality, legal
test-law-cplgpshwdp-pro01a	The current system is unfairly weighted in favour of criminals.  It is unfair that those who repeatedly re-offend should be treated in the same manner as those who have committed one offence; a singular offence could mark a mistake or accident in the defendant’s choices, but repeated criminal acts mark a habit and a lack of regret for past crimes. Failing to take past convictions into account can lead to many dangerous offenders being underestimated by the jury, and so released. This is particularly pertinent in cases of child molestation, where child molesters have a particularly high rate of re-offending – expected to be even ‘larger than the reported 50 per cent’ - but ‘only a small proportion of sexual offences against children result in a conviction’. This conviction rate, however, does rise for ‘those with a history of prior sexual offences’ [1] .  Under the current conditions, this system is unfairly weighted against the innocent victims of repeated crime. A higher conviction rate, informed by the knowledge of previous offences, helps to reach justice for these victims and their families, as well as promoting justice and the safety of the general public who find it frustrating that so many dangerous offenders are released without appropriate conviction [2] . Moreover, jurors themselves lose confidence in the justice system when they find out that they have just acquitted a defendant who has committed a similar crime before. One notable example of this was series of trials of Kirk Reid, who committed many sexual assaults against women including several instances of rape and who was ‘wrongfully acquitted’ of his first offence in 1996. Not only did his victim lose all sense of hope in the justice system – she had faced her attacked and been discredited – but one of the jurors at the trial who believed that he was guilty went on to criticise the justice system itself [3] . The current system seriously risks acquitting criminals who have already committed similar crimes; it is time to rebalance the justice system to acknowledge the needs of the victims who suffer through wrongful acquittal of their attackers.  [1] Victims of Violence, ‘Research – Protecting Children from Sexual Abuse’, 28 February 2011  [2] Hughes, David, ‘Sex offenders to lose right to get out of jail early’, The Daily Mail  [3] Lette, Kathy, ‘For sexual assault, justice is on trial’, The Guardian, 1 July 2010 current system, unfairly weighted, criminals, repeated re-offend, singular offence, mistake, accident, defendant’s choices, repeated criminal acts, habit, lack of regret, past crimes, failing, past convictions, dangerous offenders, underestimated, jury, released, particularly pertinent, child molestation, high rate, re-offending, reported 50 per cent, sexual offences, children, conviction rate, history, prior sexual offences, unfairly weighted, innocent victims, repeated crime, higher conviction rate, informed, previous offences, justice, safety, general public, dangerous offenders, released, appropriate conviction, jurors, confidence, justice system, acquitted, justice system, repeat offenders, criminal treatment, fair treatment, first-time offenders, past convictions, jury perception, child molestation, re-offending rate, conviction rate, sexual offenses, victim justice, public safety, juror confidence, wrongful acquittal, Kirk Reid, sexual assault, legal reform, victim support, repeat sexual offenders, legal accountability, crime prevention, judicial fairness, public frustration, crime and punishment, legal system credibility current system, unfairly weighted, criminals, repeated offenders, single offence, mistake, accident, repeated criminal acts, habit, lack of regret, past convictions, underestimated, jury, dangerous offenders, child molestation, high rate of re-offending, 50 per cent, small proportion, sexual offences, children, conviction rate, history of prior sexual offences, innocent victims, higher conviction rate, justice, safety, general public, frustrating, jurors, justice system, acquitted, defendant, similar crime, series of trials, Kirk Reid, sexual assaults, women, rape, wrongfully acquitted, victim, hope, discredited, juror, current system, unfairly weighted, criminals, repeated offenders, singular offence, mistake, accident, choices, habit, lack of regret, past crimes, jury, dangerous offenders, released, child molestation, high rate, re-offending, small proportion, sexual offences, children, conviction rate, history, prior sexual offences, innocent victims, repeated crime, justice, safety, public, frustration, dangerous offenders, released, appropriate conviction, jurors, confidence, justice system, acquitted, defendant, prior crime, series trials, Kirk Reid, sexual assaults, rape, wrongfully acquitted, victim, hope, justice system, discredited, attacker, reb current system, unfairly weighted, criminals, repeated re-offenders, singular offence, mistake, accident, repeated criminal acts, habit, lack of regret, past crimes, dangerous offenders, underestimated, jury, child molestation, high rate re-offending, small proportion, sexual offences, children, conviction rate, history prior sexual offences, unfairly weighted, innocent victims, repeated crime, higher conviction rate, justice, public safety, dangerous offenders, released, appropriate conviction, jurors, confidence, justice system, wrongfully acquitted, Kirk Reid, sexual assaults, rape, victim, hope, justice system, attacked, discredited, rebalance, justice system
test-politics-dhwem-pro06a	"PMCs can be made much more legitimate by regulation  Currently mercenary work as a profession is not regulated by law, which allows the corruption and lack of guaranteed quality, as well as the problems of accountability to remain problematic. Regulating PMCs encourage a safer, professionalised security sector which can be standardised and controlled. Governments would then legislate, regulate and moderate the use of such forces rather than provide them outright. PMCs today are legitimate businesses, much of their work has nothing to do with fighting and killing MPRI for example ""shipped more than $900,000,000 worth of donated food and medical supplies to the newly independent states of the former Soviet Union over a five year period”. These companies are already placing greater emphasis on having a good reputation and are increasingly transparent so many companies would welcome regulation.(Vaknin, 2011) PMCs, regulation, legitimacy, mercenary, profession, accountability, safety, professionalization, security, sector, standardization, government, legislation, control, legitimate, businesses, MPRI, food, medical, supplies, reputation, transparency, Vaknin, 2011 PMCs, regulation, legitimacy, mercenary, profession, law, corruption, quality, accountability, safety, professionalisation, security sector, standardisation, government, legislation, control, forces, legitimate businesses, fighting, killing, MPRI, donated food, medical supplies, Soviet Union, reputation, transparency, Vaknin, 2011 PMCs, regulation, mercenary, law, corruption, quality, accountability, professionalisation, security, sector, standardisation, control, government, legislation, legitimate, business, fighting, killing, MPRI, food, medical, supplies, reputation, transparency, Vaknin, 2011 PMCs, regulation, legitimacy, mercenary, profession, law, corruption, quality, accountability, safer, professionalised, security, sector, standardised, controlled, governments, legislate, moderate, legitimate, businesses, fighting, killing, MPRI, food, medical, supplies, Soviet, Union, reputation, transparent, companies, welcome, Vaknin, 2011 PMCs, regulation, legitimacy, professionalisation, accountability, safety, standards, government, legislation, mercenary, security-sector, transparency, reputation, MPRI, donated, food, medical-supplies, Soviet-Union, Vaknin-2011"
test-international-iwiaghbss-pro03a	Shared sovereignty  If there are no countries willing to cede complete sovereignty over territory then some kind of shared sovereignty could be considered. “This conferred jurisdiction must include rights to become a citizen, migrate, work, access health care, and access social security.” [1] Additionally there would almost certainly need to be sovereignty over justice, law and order. However this would potentially leave large areas of sovereignty in the remit of the host nation; such as providing defense. The most notable compromise by both might be to maintain sovereignty over people rather than just territory.  There have been suggestions such as by Krasner that shared sovereignty should be considered, and become much more normal. And some forms of shared sovereignty have happened before such as foreign control over some tax revenues, or the status of forces agreements the USA had with Germany that restricted German ability to make war after WWII. [2] Or more obviously the members of the EU increasingly cede some sovereignty to the international entity. As the deal would be voluntary for both the Seychelles and its host country and both would potentially gain such a deal would seem feasible.  [1] Yu, 2013,   [2] Krasner, Stephen D., ‘The case for shared sovereignty’, Journal of Democracy, vol.16, No.1, January 2005,  , p.77 shared sovereignty, cede sovereignty, jurisdiction, citizenship rights, migration, work rights, health care access, social security access, justice, law and order, defense, host nation, sovereignty over people, Krasner, foreign control, tax revenues, status of forces agreements, EU, voluntary agreement, Seychelles, feasibility, international entity shared sovereignty, cede sovereignty, territorial jurisdiction, citizenship rights, migration rights, employment rights, healthcare access, social security, justice, law and order, defense, sovereignty over people, Krasner, foreign control, tax revenues, status of forces agreements, EU, voluntary agreement, Seychelles, host country, mutual benefit, feasibility, Yu, 2013, Krasner 2005, Journal of Democracy shared sovereignty, cede sovereignty, territorial jurisdiction, citizenship rights, migration rights, work rights, healthcare access, social security, justice sovereignty, law and order, host nation defense, sovereignty over people, territorial sovereignty, Krasner, foreign tax control, status of forces agreements, EU sovereignty cession, voluntary sovereignty deal, Seychelles, host country benefits shared sovereignty, cede sovereignty, jurisdiction, citizenship, migration, work rights, healthcare access, social security, justice, law and order, defense, sovereignty over people, territorial sovereignty, Krasner, foreign control, tax revenues, status of forces agreements, EU, voluntary agreement, Seychelles, host country, feasibility, international entity shared sovereignty, cede sovereignty, territorial jurisdiction, citizenship rights, migration rights, work rights, healthcare access, social security access, justice sovereignty, law and order, host nation defense, sovereignty over people, Krasner, foreign tax control, status of forces agreements, EU sovereignty, voluntary sovereignty deal, Seychelles, host country benefits, feasible sovereignty arrangement
test-health-dhgsshbesbc-con01a	Employers have no right to private medical information  Employers have no right to know. This is an arena into which the state has no right to intrude, or to compel intrusion by others. Employers will know if their employee’s work is satisfactory or unsatisfactory – what more do they need to know than that? If employers find out, they might dismiss workers – which is exactly why many employees don’t want to tell them.  If workers are forced to disclose the fact that they have HIV, the merit principle will go out the window. Even if not dismissed, their prospects for promotion will be shattered – because of prejudice, or the perception that their career has in any meaningful sense been ‘finished’ by their condition (which is often not the case as sufferers can work and lead fulfilling lives after diagnosis; life expectancy after diagnosis in the US was 22.5 years in 2005 [1] ).  Even if not fired and career advancement doesn’t suffer, prejudice from co-workers is likely. From harassment to reluctance to associate or interact with the employee, this is something the employee knows he might face. He has a right to decide for himself whether or not to make himself open to that. Managers may promise, or be bound, not to disclose such information to other workers – but how likely is enforcement of such an undertaking? For these reasons, even problems with huge HIV problems like South Africa haven’t adopted this policy.  [1] Harrison, Kathleen M. et al., ‘Life Expectancy After HIV Diagnosis Based on National HIV Surveillance Data From 25 States, United States’, Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, Vol 53 Issue 1, January 2010, Employers, private medical information, state intrusion, work performance, HIV, merit principle, career prospects, prejudice, co-workers, harassment, South Africa, life expectancy, HIV diagnosis, confidentiality, employment rights, health privacy, discrimination, workforce management, ethical employment practices, health status disclosure Employers, private medical information, state intrusion, work satisfaction, HIV disclosure, merit principle, career prospects, prejudice, co-worker harassment, HIV life expectancy, South Africa policy, employee rights, confidentiality enforcement Employers, private medical information, state intrusion, work performance, HIV disclosure, merit principle, career prospects, prejudice, co-worker interaction, disclosure enforcement, South Africa HIV policy, life expectancy HIV, Kathleen M. Harrison, Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes Employers, private medical information, state intrusion, work performance, HIV disclosure, merit principle, career prospects, prejudice, co-worker harassment, South Africa HIV policy, life expectancy HIV, HIV diagnosis, national HIV surveillance Employers, private medical information, state intrusion, work performance, HIV disclosure, merit principle, career prospects, prejudice, co-worker harassment, confidentiality enforcement, South Africa policy, life expectancy HIV
test-international-bmaggiahbl-con03a	There is accountability without a free press  Freedom of speech and the Press is not the only way of creating accountability in a country – especially a comparatively small one such as Rwanda. Rwanda has been ranked a transparent and is the least corrupt state in East Africa [1] where everyone is accountable and equal before the law.  How can this be without an aggressive free press? Annually, all government officials are cross examined by locals publicly in a forum called national dialogue “Umushyikirano”, to ensure that they meet the needs of citizens and assess their performance[2]. This has given Rwandans courage to express their desires and feel much valued in the process of policy making and engagement. It puts ministers and even the Prime Minister on the spot on individual issues. Restricted press and speech is therefore rendered irrelevant by such programs as people can question authorities and demand justification directly rather than relying on the press.  In Africa, most countries lack transparent government systems and institutions, a factor responsible for continued corruption, poor governance and crime which in turn destroy progress in societies [3], but this is not the case with regard to Rwanda.  [1] Zegabi East Africa news, ‘Transparency International Ranks Rwanda the Least Corrupt Country in East Africa’, 5 December 2013, zegabi.com  [2] Hunt, Swanee ‘Rebuilding Rwanda: Access and Accountability’, inclusivesecurity.org, 30 December 2013  [3] Jones Lang Lasale, ‘Sub-Saharan Africa: A region with opportunities amid transparency challenges’, joneslanglasale.eu accountability, free press, freedom of speech, Rwanda, transparency, least corrupt, East Africa, Umushyikirano, national dialogue, government officials, cross-examined, citizens, policy making, engagement, restricted press, transparent government, institutions, corruption, poor governance, crime, progress, societies, Africa, Sub-Saharan Africa, opportunities, transparency challenges accountability, free press, freedom of speech, Rwanda, transparency, corruption, East Africa, national dialogue, Umushyikirano, government officials, citizen engagement, policy making, restricted press, Africa, government systems, institutions, poor governance, crime, societal progress, Sub-Saharan Africa, opportunities, transparency challenges accountability, free press, freedom of speech, Rwanda, transparency, corruption, East Africa, national dialogue, Umushyikirano, government officials, policy making, citizen engagement, Africa, transparent government, poor governance, crime, societal progress, restricted press, direct questioning, authorities, Sub-Saharan Africa, transparency challenges accountability, free press, freedom of speech, Rwanda, transparency, corruption, East Africa, Umushyikirano, national dialogue, government officials, citizens, policy making, Africa, governance, crime, progress, societies, restricted press, transparent government, institutions accountability, free press, freedom of speech, Rwanda, transparency, least corrupt, East Africa, national dialogue, Umushyikirano, government officials, cross-examined, citizens, policy making, restricted press, transparent government, institutions, corruption, poor governance, crime, progress, societies, Sub-Saharan Africa, opportunities, transparency challenges
test-international-ssiarcmhb-con01a	"Opposed by much of the Church  In spite of the Catholic Church's ruling, a huge number of people who identify as Catholic do not adhere to the Church's teachings on contraception. Additionally, many Catholic priests and nuns openly support non-abortive forms of contraception, including barrier contraception. In 2003 a poll found 43% of catholic priests in England and wales were against the church's stance and a further 19% were unsure1. The Church should listen to the requests and opinions of those who are part of it 2. 1 Day, Elizabeth. ""Most Catholic priests 'do not support Rome over contraception'."" The Telegraph, 6 April 2003, 2 Short, Claire. ""HIV/AIDS Catholic Church, contraception, Catholic priests, nuns, opposition, teachings, non-abortive contraception, barrier contraception, poll, England, Wales, Church stance, opinions, requests, HIV/AIDS, Elizabeth Day, Claire Short, 2003 Church, Catholic, contraception, priests, nuns, teachings, opposition, poll, England, Wales, HIV/AIDS, support, non-abortive, barrier, stance, opinions, requests, Elizabeth Day, Telegraph, Claire Short Church, Catholic, contraception, priests, nuns, barrier, non-abortive, poll, England, Wales, stance, opinions, HIV/AIDS, Day, Elizabeth, Short, Claire, Telegraph, 2003 Church, Catholic, contraception, priests, nuns, opposition, teachings, poll, England, Wales, HIV/AIDS, support, barrier, non-abortive, requests, opinions, Rome, Day, Elizabeth, Short, Claire Catholic Church, contraception, Catholic priests, nuns, opposition, teachings, barrier contraception, poll, England, Wales, HIV/AIDS, opinions, requests, abortion, non-abortive, religious beliefs, sexual health, contraception support, clergy views, contraception stance"
test-digital-freedoms-eifdfaihs-con02a	Allow ISPs to monitor and remove illegal or unwanted data  Many ISPs are responding to user interests when cutting out particular types of data. At the request of the user why shouldn’t they be able to monitor what is delivered to a certain IP address. Most ‘net nanny’ software is not that difficult to get around [i] .  Why not let parents who bought their kids a computer to help with their homework not be able to block them from making calls or watching movies?  If you compel net neutrality then, say, the ISP who caters for religious customers can no longer deliver the service that they have requested. Denying freedom of choice seems a high price to pay so that someone can get movies without paying for them.  Equally, if ISPs themselves want to stay within the law and prevent people from accessing illegal or otherwise unpleasant sites, why shouldn’t they?  [i] Foss Force: Keeping Tech Free. Caesar Tjalbo. “Top 10 Reasons ISPs are against net neutrality”. ISPs, monitor, remove, illegal, unwanted, data, user, interests, cut, types, delivered, IP, address, net, nanny, software, parents, kids, homework, block, calls, movies, compel, net neutrality, religious, customers, service, requested, deny, freedom, choice, price, movies, paying, stay, law, prevent, accessing, unpleasant, sites, Foss, Force, Tech, Free, Caesar, Tjalbo, reasons, against, net, neutrality ISP, monitor, remove, illegal, unwanted, data, user, interests, cut, types, net, nanny, software, difficult, around, parents, kids, homework, block, calls, movies, compel, net, neutrality, religious, customers, service, requested, denying, freedom, choice, high, price, movies, paying, stay, law, prevent, accessing, unpleasant, sites, Foss, Force, Tech, Free, Caesar, Tjalbo, reasons, against ISP monitoring, data removal, user interests, content filtering, net nanny, parental controls, homework assistance, net neutrality, freedom of choice, religious services, illegal content, unpleasant sites, lawful access, ISP compliance, Foss Force, Caesar Tjalbo, net neutrality opposition ISPs, monitor, remove, illegal, unwanted, data, user, interests, cutting, types, net, nanny, software, parents, kids, homework, block, calls, movies, net, neutrality, religious, customers, service, requested, freedom, choice, high, price, paying, movies, stay, law, prevent, accessing, unpleasant, sites, Foss, Force, Caesar, Tjalbo, reasons, against, neutrality ISPs, monitor, remove, illegal, unwanted, data, user, interests, cut, types, net nanny, software, bypass, parents, kids, homework, block, calls, movies, net neutrality, religious, customers, service, requested, freedom, choice, pay, movies, access, illegal, unpleasant, sites, law, prevent, Foss Force, Caesar Tjalbo, reasons, against, net neutrality
test-international-aghwrem-pro02a	Myanmar is no longer a military dictatorship  Myanmar has taken significant steps towards democratisation in the last three years. The new constitution and the elections that resulted in the current civilian government being appointed represent a marked shift in its governance structure. Though there may be scope for improvement in its democratic framework, institutions for democratic functioning have been created and this is a huge step forward. Aung San Suu Kyi has also been released from house arrest, and the tone of the statements made by the new government has been a reconciliatory one. A new human rights commission has also been established. While the pace of reform may not match the supposed expectations of the US and the EU, Myanmar’s choice to change gradually and engage with them on its own terms must be respected. The fundamental circumstances under which a policy of limited engagement was adopted with Myanmar have changed, and this calls for reassessment. Myanmar, military dictatorship, democratisation, new constitution, civilian government, Aung San Suu Kyi, house arrest, human rights commission, reform, US, EU, limited engagement, reassessment Myanmar, military dictatorship, democratisation, constitution, civilian government, Aung San Suu Kyi, human rights commission, reform, US, EU, limited engagement, reassessment Myanmar, military dictatorship, democratisation, constitution, elections, civilian government, democratic framework, Aung San Suu Kyi, house arrest, human rights commission, reform, US, EU, limited engagement, reassessment Myanmar, military dictatorship, democratisation, new constitution, civilian government, Aung San Suu Kyi, human rights commission, reform, limited engagement, reassessment Myanmar, military dictatorship, democratisation, constitution, elections, civilian government, governance structure, democratic framework, Aung San Suu Kyi, house arrest, human rights commission, reform, US, EU, limited engagement, reassessment
test-international-aglhrilhb-pro01a	Prosecutions are needed for victims  Prosecutions are the only way for victims to see those who caused pain against them brought to justice. The alternative of some kind of reconciliation often leaves those who perpetrated crimes able to retain power as has happened in countries like Bosnia and Herzegovina, Colombia and Guatemala[1]. When this happens there is clearly a concern both that these individuals are not being held to account and that they could act in a similar way again if given the opportunity. Under the United Nations Genocide Convention of 1948, victims have a right to see offenders prosecuted[2]. And it is only prosecution that will ensure that such acts cannot occur again so giving peace of mind to victims.  [1] Osiel, Mark J. ‘Why Prosecute? Critics of Punishment for Mass Atrocity’ 118 Human Rights Quarterly 147   [2] Akhavan, Payam, ‘Beyond Impunity: Can International Criminal Justice Prevent Future Atrocities' American Journal of International Law, 95(1), 2001, pp.7-31 Prosecutions, Victims, Justice, Reconciliation, Power, Bosnia, Herzegovina, Colombia, Guatemala, United Nations, Genocide Convention, 1948, Accountability, Prevention, Atrocities, Peace, Impunity, International Criminal Justice, Payam Akhavan, Mark J. Osiel, Human Rights Quarterly, American Journal of International Law Prosecutions, Victims, Justice, Reconciliation, Power, Bosnia, Herzegovina, Colombia, Guatemala, United Nations, Genocide Convention, Right, Offenders, Prevention, Peace, Mind, Mark Osiel, Punishment, Mass Atrocity, Payam Akhavan, Impunity, International Criminal Justice, Future Atrocities prosecutions, victims, justice, reconciliation, perpetrators, power, Bosnia, Herzegovina, Colombia, Guatemala, United Nations, Genocide Convention, 1948, accountability, prevention, atrocities, peace, Osiel, Mark, Punishment, Mass Atrocity, Akhavan, Payam, Impunity, International Criminal Justice Prosecutions, Victims, Justice, Reconciliation, Power, Bosnia, Herzegovina, Colombia, Guatemala, United Nations, Genocide Convention, 1948, Right, Offenders, Prevention, Peace, Mind, Osiel, Punishment, Mass Atrocity, Akhavan, Impunity, International Criminal Justice, Atrocities prosecutions, victims, justice, reconciliation, perpetrators, power, accountability, recurrence, United Nations Genocide Convention, 1948, human rights, international criminal justice, impunity, atrocity prevention, peace of mind, Mark J. Osiel, Payam Akhavan, Human Rights Quarterly, American Journal of International Law
test-international-atiahblit-con01a	Teaching begins at home  For the target of universal primary education to be achieved we need to look beyond a narrow education policy. Programs are required to enable teaching at home. The benefits of education need to be accessed nationwide; which will cumulatively encourage children to go to school and participate to do their best. For example, by introducing adult training/education courses to parents and elderly populations, parents are able to assist children at home, and to recognise the benefits of gaining an education. Simply providing better teachers at school fails to recognise the importance of intra-household decisions and life. For universal education the whole population strata needs to be included; and adult courses provided on basic maths, english and science. Teaching, Home, Universal, Primary, Education, Policy, Programs, Nationwide, Benefits, Children, School, Participation, Adult, Training, Courses, Parents, Elderly, Assist, Recognize, Importance, Intra-household, Decisions, Life, Teachers, Population, Strata, Basic, Maths, English, Science teaching, home, universal, primary, education, policy, programs, nationwide, benefits, children, school, participation, best, adult, training, parents, elderly, populations, assist, recognize, importance, intra-household, decisions, life, population, strata, included, courses, basic, maths, english, science Teaching, Home, Universal, Primary, Education, Policy, Programs, Nationwide, Children, School, Participation, Adult, Training, Parents, Elderly, Population, Intra-household, Decisions, Life, Teachers, Basic, Maths, English, Science Teaching, Home, Universal, Primary, Education, Policy, Programs, Nationwide, Benefits, Children, School, Participation, Adult, Training, Courses, Parents, Elderly, Assistance, Recognition, Importance, Intra-household, Decisions, Life, Teachers, Population, Strata, Basic, Maths, English, Science Teaching, Home, Universal, Primary, Education, Policy, Programs, Nationwide, Benefits, School, Participation, Children, Best, Adult, Training, Courses, Parents, Elderly, Population, Assist, Recognise, Gaining, Importance, Intra-household, Decisions, Life, Teachers, Population, Strata, Basic, Maths, English, Science
test-education-ughbuesbf-con02a	Maintaining a system of free university education leads to an inefficient allocation of state resources.  First, tax money is wasted on paying civil servants to deal with university bureaucracy. Second, when the state funds all university education for free, funding will be allocated to unprofitable courses. Thirdly a moral hazard problem emerges among such students attending for free. They are allowed to reap all the benefits of education, while needing to incur none of the costs so won’t feel they need to work at their degree. The fourth problem of free university education is saturation of degree­holders in the market. [1] When everyone has a degree, the value of such a qualification plummets. Thus, a system of fees is superior to free education as it allows for more efficient allocation of resources to universities determined by which universities produce the best educated students and research.  [1] Chapman, Bruce. 2001. “The Higher Education Finance Debate: Current Issues and Suggestions for Reform”. Australian Review of Public Affairs. Available:  ​ free university education, inefficient allocation, state resources, tax money, civil servants, university bureaucracy, unprofitable courses, moral hazard, students, degree benefits, work ethic, degree saturation, market value, higher education finance, resource allocation, university fees, educated students, research quality, Bruce Chapman, higher education reform, Australian Review of Public Affairs free university education, state resources, tax money, university bureaucracy, unprofitable courses, moral hazard, students, degree holders, market saturation, qualification value, system of fees, efficient allocation, educated students, research, higher education finance, public affairs, Chapman 2001 free university education, state resources, tax money, university bureaucracy, unprofitable courses, moral hazard, students, work ethic, degree saturation, market value, education fees, resource allocation, university performance, research quality, higher education finance, public policy, Chapman 2001 free university education, state resources, tax money, university bureaucracy, unprofitable courses, moral hazard, students, degree, market saturation, degree holders, education value, fees, resource allocation, universities, best educated students, research, higher education finance, reform, Chapman, Australian Review of Public Affairs free university education, inefficient allocation, state resources, tax money, university bureaucracy, unprofitable courses, moral hazard, students, degree saturation, market value, qualifications, system of fees, resource allocation, educated students, research, higher education finance, reform, Bruce Chapman, Australian Review of Public Affairs
test-philosophy-pphbclsbs-con03a	It would be letting the terrorists win  It is the aim of all terrorists to influence by violent means government policy. If we changed how our country was run we would be letting the terrorists win – they would be getting what they wanted. If we changed the way we lived [1] , greater security measures or something else, we would be shaping our society to the tune of the terrorist. So more security measures at airports limit the freedom to travel, turning the country into a surveillance society makes everyone nervous; ultimately the country is no longer the same as it was having lost the freedoms which are the best way to combat terrorism. This is something perversely wrong.  [1] Symanovich, Steve, ‘If you don’t read this, the terrorists win’, Washington Business Journal, 24 December 2001, letting terrorists win, government policy, violent means, changing country, shaping society, terrorist goals, security measures, airports, surveillance society, loss of freedom, combating terrorism, perversely wrong, Steve Symanovich, Washington Business Journal terrorists, winning, government policy, influence, violent means, changing country, limiting freedom, security measures, airports, surveillance society, combating terrorism, societal change, freedom loss, perversely wrong, Steve Symanovich, Washington Business Journal terrorism, government policy, influence, violent means, terrorists win, society change, security measures, freedom, surveillance society, combating terrorism, perversely wrong, travel freedom, Steve Symanovich, Washington Business Journal terrorists, win, government, policy, violent, means, influence, change, country, society, security, measures, airports, freedom, travel, surveillance, nervous, freedoms, combat, terrorism, perversely, wrong, Symanovich, Steve, Washington, Business, Journal, December, 2001 terrorists, government policy, violent means, influence, changing society, surveillance society, freedom, combat terrorism, security measures, airports, travel freedom, perverse outcome, Steve Symanovich, Washington Business Journal
test-religion-cmrsgfhbr-pro03a	The bill violates the Philippine values of harmony and respect  Perhaps the most important values in the Philippines are social harmony and respect for the family. [i] The Reproductive Health bill undermines both. Allowing contraception will take away a psychological barrier that prevents pre-marital or casual sex and once that barrier is crossed the individual will have higher sexual activity. [ii] In the Philippines this will mean greater numbers of teen pregnancies and pregnancies out of marriage because abortion will remain illegal.  In terms of politics these values mean support for democracy but also being against corruption and graft. [iii] Obviously the bill has been very politically divisive so undermining social harmony but also to pass this bill many parliamentarians had to be bribed so undermining this social harmony. The Reproductive Health bill represents the worst excesses of the pork barrel buffet. With a single-mindedness of purpose, the presidential palace has put everything on the table to shore up the votes required in parliament. Legislators, who had previously voted against the legislation, often repeatedly, where threatened with the loss of programmes in their constituencies if they failed to back the project, which has been at the heart of the presidential agenda [iv] .  [i] Dolan, Ronald E., ed., Philippines: A Country Study. Washington: GPO for the Library of Congress, 1991.   [ii] Arcidiacono, Peter, et al., ‘Habit Persistence and Teen Sex: Could Increased Access to Contraception have Unintended Consequences for Teen Pregnancies’,  P.30  [iii] Talisayon, Serafin D., ‘Teaching values in the natural and physical sciences in the Philippines’, University of the Philippines,   [iv] Philippine Daily Inquirer. Philip Tubeza. ‘Philippine President accused of ‘bribing’ Congress’. Reported on Yahoo News 19 December 2012. Philippine values, social harmony, respect, family, Reproductive Health bill, contraception, pre-marital sex, casual sex, teen pregnancies, out-of-marriage pregnancies, abortion, politics, democracy, corruption, graft, political divisiveness, bribery, pork barrel, presidential agenda, legislators, constituency programmes, Dolan, Ronald E., Arcidiacono, Peter, Talisayon, Serafin D., Philippine Daily Inquirer, Philip Tubeza, Yahoo News Philippine values, social harmony, respect, family, Reproductive Health bill, contraception, pre-marital sex, casual sex, teen pregnancies, out-of-wedlock pregnancies, abortion, democracy, anti-corruption, political divisiveness, pork barrel, bribery, presidential agenda, congressional support, program funding, legislative pressure, unintended consequences, sexual activity, moral values, cultural values, political ethics, public policy, contraception access, teen pregnancy rates, sexual behavior, legislative bribery, political influence, social values, Philippines politics, reproductive health legislation, family planning, sexual health, moral legislation, political corruption, presidential power, legislative process Philippine values, social harmony, respect, family, Reproductive Health bill, contraception, pre-marital sex, casual sex, teen pregnancies, out-of-wedlock pregnancies, abortion, democracy, anti-corruption, political divisiveness, legislative bribery, pork barrel, presidential agenda, teen sexual behavior, contraceptive access, societal values, legislative process, political influence, public trust, ethical governance, Philippine politics, contraceptive use, youth sexual health, political ethics, lawmaking integrity, family planning, societal impact, moral values, cultural norms, political coercion, public program threats, voter manipulation, legislative voting, presidential priorities, political strategy Philippine values, social harmony, respect, family, Reproductive Health bill, contraception, pre-marital sex, teen pregnancies, out-of-marriage pregnancies, democracy, corruption, political divisiveness, bribery, pork barrel, presidential agenda, legislative threats, public programs, constituency, teen sexual activity, unintended consequences, teaching values, natural sciences, presidential palace, political pressure, vote buying, governance, moral values, cultural norms, healthcare policy, legislative process, public health, sexual behavior, youth, Philippine politics, government ethics, reproductive rights, societal impacts, legal reforms, public opinion, contraceptive access, sexual education, family planning Philippine values, social harmony, respect, family, Reproductive Health bill, contraception, pre-marital sex, casual sex, teen pregnancies, pregnancies out of marriage, abortion, democracy, corruption, graft, political divisiveness, parliamentarian bribery, pork barrel, presidential agenda, legislative threats, constituency programmes
test-free-speech-debate-yfsdfkhbwu-pro03a	Maintaining the value of the degree  Employers and others expect certain degrees to mean certain things; they are more than just an expensive badge. In the case of elite western universities part of what that means is a critical approach to the world and the willingness to challenge ideas, regardless of the authority that holds them. Part of their exclusivity derives from their admission standards, partly from the academic rigour of their scholars and partly from the simple fact that there are only a relatively small number of graduates.  In other areas universities are all too aware of selling their reputation – impartiality, avoiding plagiarism and so forth – the same should be true here. If a degree from a western university does not mean that it recognises issues such as creativity and free thinking then it devalues the degree itself.  As a result the very governments that are so keen to acquire the creative, critical skills offered by graduates of western-style education will end up undermining the very thing that they seek. This impacts not only the graduates from Asian campuses of western universities but also their peers at the home institution [i] .  [i] US-China Today. Jasmine Ako. Unraveling Plagiarism in China. 28 March 2011. degree value, employers expectations, elite universities, critical thinking, academic rigor, university reputation, plagiarism, creativity, free thinking, education standards, government role, Asian campuses, western universities, US-China education, academic integrity, graduate skills, educational impact degree value, employer expectations, academic rigour, critical thinking, creativity, free thinking, university reputation, plagiarism, academic integrity, western universities, elite institutions, admission standards, graduate skills, asian campuses, us-china education, academic standards, critical approach, exclusivity, devaluation, impartiality degree value, employer expectations, elite universities, critical thinking, academic rigor, admission standards, university reputation, plagiarism, creativity, free thinking, government impact, western education, Asian campuses, US-China relations, educational integrity Degree value, employer expectations, critical thinking, academic integrity, university reputation, plagiarism, western universities, Asian campuses, government policy, education quality, creative skills, critical skills, academic standards, exclusivity, graduate value, free thinking, educational impact, reputation management, academic rigor, higher education trends degree value, employer expectations, academic integrity, critical thinking, western universities, exclusivity, admission standards, academic rigor, reputation, creativity, free thinking, plagiarism, government policy, educational impact, Asian campuses, US-China relations, higher education quality
test-law-rmelhrilhbiw-pro04a	Settlements remove Palestinians from their own land, and they produce a self-perpetuating cycle in their sear  The settlements themselves are self-perpetuating in a manner that makes them pernicious to the rights and very existence of neighbouring Palestinian communities.  For one thing, a settlement cannot function in isolation. It needs a road for its residents to safely travel to and from work in Israel. Security needs subsequently require that this road be protected from attacks by creating a large military presence along its route, and in many cases moving existing Palestinian settlements. At the very least Palestinian areas are bisected by impassable thoroughfares. [1]  In turn settlements require their fields to be protected by high walls and electric fences to protect them from attack, and the construction crews building them also require protection.  The result is that even a settlement of a few hundred families rapidly requires the takeover of an amount of land out of all proportion to the actual number of settlers involved, and any further expansion compounds the problem. [2] The security needs of settlements create a situation which makes the livelihood of Palestinians impossible. The existence of the settlements makes these security policies a necessity. As a consequence, the only clear solution is the removal of the settlements.  [1] United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs occupied Palestinian territory, ‘The Humanitarian Impact of Israeli Settlement Policies’, January 2012,   [2] CBS News, ‘Group: Israel Controls 42% of West Bank’, 6 July 2010, settlements, Palestinians, land, self-perpetuating, cycle, rights, existence, communities, isolation, roads, security, military, attacks, Palestinian, settlements, bisected, thoroughfares, fields, high, walls, electric, fences, construction, crews, expansion, takeover, livelihood, removal, United, Nations, Office, Coordination, Humanitarian, Affairs, occupied, territory, Humanitarian, Impact, Israeli, policies, CBS, News, Israel, West, Bank, control settlements, Palestinians, land, self-perpetuating, cycle, rights, existence, Palestinian, communities, isolation, roads, security, military, presence, route, attacks, existing, bisected, fields, protected, high, walls, electric, fences, construction, crews, takeover, expansion, livelihood, humanitarian, impact, policies, control, West, Bank, removal Settlements, Palestinians, land, self-perpetuating, cycle, sear, pernicious, rights, existence, communities, isolation, road, work, Israel, security, military, presence, attacks, Palestinian, bisected, thoroughfares, fields, high, walls, electric, fences, construction, crews, protection, takeover, expansion, livelihood, policies, necessity, removal, United, Nations, Office, Coordination, Humanitarian, Affairs, occupied, territory, Humanitarian, Impact, Israeli, Settlement, Policies, CBS, News, Control, West, Bank settlements, Palestinians, displacement, self-perpetuating, cycle, rights, existence, isolation, road, security, military presence, attacks, infrastructure, protection, high walls, electric fences, construction, expansion, land takeover, livelihood, humanitarian impact, UNOCHA, Israeli settlement policies, CBS News, control, West Bank settlements, Palestinians, land, self-perpetuating, sear, pernicious, rights, existence, road, travel, work, Israel, security, military, presence, attacks, Palestinian, communities, fields, high, walls, electric, fences, construction, crews, expansion, takeover, amount, further, problem, livelihood, humanitarian, impact, policies, United, Nations, Office, Coordination, occupied, territory, Group, controls, West, Bank
test-politics-ypppgvhwmv-pro05a	"It will reduce the power of special interest groups  A benefit of compulsory voting is that it makes it more difficult for special interest groups to vote themselves into power. Under a non-compulsory voting system, if fewer people vote then it is easier for smaller sectional interests and lobby groups to control the outcome of the political process. A notable example would be the disproportionate influence of agriculture in policy making as seen in both European politics and well as American with enormous amounts of subsidies for farmers who represent a minute percentage of the population. 1 2  The outcome of the election therefore reflects less the will of the people (Who do I want to lead the country?) but instead reflects who was logistically more organized and more able to convince people to take time out of their day to cast a vote (Do I even want to vote today?).  1 Ira M. Sheskin and Arnold Dashefsky, ""Jewish Population of the United States, 2006,"" in the American Jewish Year Book 2006, Volume 106, David Singer and Lawrence Grossman, Editors. NY: American Jewish Committee, 2006. 2: Mark Weber, Feb. 2009, 'A Straight Look at the Jewish Lobby', Institute for Historical Review (Accessed 10/06/2011) compulsory voting, special interest groups, political influence, non-compulsory voting, election outcomes, voter participation, lobby groups, agricultural subsidies, policy making, European politics, American politics, logistical organization, voter mobilization, Jewish population, Jewish lobby, political process, representation, democratic will compulsory voting, special interest groups, political process, election outcomes, voter turnout, agricultural subsidies, policy making, European politics, American politics, Jewish population, Jewish lobby, voter influence, electoral participation, organizational logistics, democratic representation compulsory voting, special interest groups, political process, election outcomes, voter turnout, lobby groups, agriculture subsidies, policy making, European politics, American politics, Jewish population, voter organization, electoral influence, demographic representation, Ira M. Sheskin, Arnold Dashefsky, American Jewish Year Book, Mark Weber, Institute for Historical Review compulsory voting, special interest groups, political process, lobby groups, election outcome, logistical organization, voter turnout, agricultural subsidies, policy making, European politics, American politics, Jewish population, Jewish lobby, voter influence, electoral power, democratic representation, voter engagement, political influence, sectional interests, democratic process compulsory voting, special interest groups, political influence, election outcomes, voter turnout, lobby groups, agricultural subsidies, policy making, European politics, American politics, Jewish population, voter organization, election logistics, democratic representation"
test-politics-oapdhwinkp-con02a	North Korea is an unresolved conflict it can’t simply be ignored  Even if the provocations are sometimes relatively small and ineffective, such as the failed missile launch in April 2012, as a conflict zone they cant simply be ignored by anyone even if they themselves are unlikely to be drawn into any potential conflict. After Rwanda the United Nations promised never again would it allow genocide; [1] how much worse would it be to ignore something that could be a spark to a conflict that could cost millions of lives when we already know there is the potential. The United Nations was created “To maintain international peace and security, and to that end: to take effective collective measures for the prevention and removal of threats to the peace… to bring about … settlement of international disputes or situations which might lead to a breach of the peace” [2] therefore all nations should be attempting to resolve this frozen conflict that could so easily become a shooting war. Wars in Korea have in the past drawn in all the surrounding powers; the Imjin war involved China and Japan, China and Japan again fought over Korea in 1894-5, and the Korean War 1950-53 brought in both the USA and China while Russia and Japan were both involved as supply bases. Clearly the possibility of conflict is not something any power with a stake in Northeast Asia can simply ignore.  It is essential that there is a reaction to every incident just in case that is the incident that spins out of control.  [1] Power, Samantha, ‘Remember the Blood Frenzy of Rwanda’, Los Angeles Times, 4 April 2004,   [2] ‘Article 1 The Purposes of the United Nations are:’, United Nations, 26 June 1945, North Korea, conflict, unresolved, international peace, security, United Nations, Rwanda, genocide, missile launch, 2012, provocations, frozen conflict, shooting war, Imjin war, Korea, China, Japan, Korean War, USA, Russia, Northeast Asia, reaction, incidents, Control, Samantha Power, Los Angeles Times, Article 1, Purposes of the United Nations North Korea, unresolved conflict, provocations, failed missile launch, April 2012, conflict zone, ignore, Rwanda, United Nations, genocide, potential, international peace and security, collective measures, threats to the peace, frozen conflict, shooting war, Imjin war, China, Japan, Korean War, USA, Russia, Northeast Asia, reaction, incident, spins out of control North Korea, unresolved conflict, international peace, security, United Nations, prevention, threats, peace, collective measures, Rwanda, genocide, frozen conflict, shooting war, Northeast Asia, Imjin war, China, Japan, Korean War, USA, Russia, incident response, global powers, diplomatic efforts, military provocations, missile launches, international disputes, peacekeeping, conflict resolution, regional stability North Korea, Unresolved Conflict, International Peace, Security, United Nations, Genocide, Rwanda, Preventive Measures, Frozen Conflict, Northeast Asia, Historical Conflicts, Imjin War, Sino-Japanese War, Korean War, Collective Security, Regional Stability, Global Powers, Security Council, Peacekeeping, Diplomatic Response, Proactive Engagement, Crisis Management, International Community, Security Threat, Strategic Importance, Nuclear Proliferation, Missiles, Provocations, Military Tensions, Human Rights, Economic Sanctions, Political Isolation, Diplomatic Isolation, Conflict Resolution, Peace Agreements, International Law, Article 1 UN North Korea, unresolved conflict, international peace, security, United Nations, genocide, Rwanda, frozen conflict, potential conflict, Northeast Asia, Imjin war, Korea, China, Japan, Korean War, USA, Russia, every incident, peacekeeping, Samantha Power, UN Charter, Article 1, international disputes, peace maintenance, collective measures, threats to peace
test-politics-glghssi-pro01a	Scotland has a proud history and has demonstrated since devolution different political interests  The Union has now passed its 300th birthday and throughout that time Scotland has maintained as distinct role and identity. This is grounded in a tradition and history that is quite different from that south of the Border and includes legal and education systems that have always been separate.  That has manifested itself in a distinct policy agenda since devolution and areas such as free care for the elderly and the abolition of student tuition fees.  Despite the opinions of doomsayers before devolution it has been proved as a remarkable success and massive approval throughout the UK with 70% saying it has been a success. [i]  [i] The Scotsman. “70% of Britons support devolution for Scotland, poll suggests” 8 May 2009. Scotland, proud history, devolution, political interests, Union, 300th birthday, distinct role, identity, tradition, history, legal systems, education systems, separate, distinct policy agenda, free care, elderly, abolition, student tuition fees, doomsayers, remarkable success, massive approval, UK, 70%, support, devolution, poll, The Scotsman, Britons Scotland, history, devolution, political interests, Union, distinct role, identity, tradition, legal systems, education systems, policy agenda, free care, elderly, student tuition fees, doomsayers, success, approval, UK, poll, The Scotsman Scotland, history, devolution, political interests, Union, distinct role, identity, tradition, legal systems, education systems, policy agenda, free care, elderly, student tuition fees, doomsayers, success, approval, UK, poll, The Scotsman Scotland, history, devolution, political interests, Union, distinct role, identity, tradition, legal system, education system, policy agenda, free care, elderly, student tuition fees, doomsayers, success, approval, UK, poll, The Scotsman Scotland, history, devolution, political interests, Union, 300th birthday, distinct role, identity, tradition, legal systems, education systems, policy agenda, free care, elderly, abolition, student tuition fees, doomsayers, success, approval, UK, poll, Scotsman
test-environment-aiahwagit-pro04a	Poaching is linked to terrorism  Stronger protection of animals should be implemented to reduce the funding for terrorist groups. Certain terrorist organisations use the illegal ivory and horn trade as funding for their operations. Al-Shabaab, the Lord’s Resistance Army (LRA), and the Sudanese Janjaweed all use the illicit trade as a source of income, with the former using the trade for 40% of its expenditure. [1] This enables them to carry out attacks such as the 2013 Westgate siege in Kenya. [2] Tougher protection of endangered animals would reduce the ability of these groups to fund themselves. In turn, this would decrease their operational capability, increasing stability in Africa.  [1] Stewart, C. ‘Illegal ivory trade funds al-shabaab’s terrorist attacks’  [2] Tackett,C. ‘How elephant poaching helped fund Kenya terrorist attack’ poaching, terrorism, animal protection, illegal ivory, horn trade, Al-Shabaab, Lord’s Resistance Army, Sudanese Janjaweed, funding, terrorist groups, Westgate siege, Kenya, operational capability, stability, Africa, elephant poaching, terrorist attacks, illegal trade, wildlife conservation, security Poaching, Terrorism, Stronger Protection, Animals, Funding, Terrorist Groups, Illegal Ivory, Horn Trade, Al-Shabaab, Lord’s Resistance Army, Sudanese Janjaweed, Illicit Trade, Income, Expenditure, Attacks, Westgate Siege, Kenya, Endangered Animals, Operational Capability, Stability, Africa, Stewart, Tackett, Elephant Poaching, Kenya Terrorist Attack poaching, terrorism, animal protection, illegal ivory trade, horn trade, Al-Shabaab, Lord’s Resistance Army, LRA, Sudanese Janjaweed, illicit trade, funding, terrorist groups, attacks, Westgate siege, Kenya, operational capability, stability, Africa, elephant poaching, terrorist attack poaching, terrorism, animal protection, illegal ivory trade, horn trade, Al-Shabaab, Lord’s Resistance Army, Sudanese Janjaweed, terrorist funding, wildlife trafficking, Westgate siege, Kenya, elephant poaching, operational capability, African stability, conservation, law enforcement, anti-poaching measures, international cooperation, wildlife crime poaching, terrorism, protection, animals, funding, terrorist, groups, illegal, ivory, horn, trade, Al-Shabaab, Lord’s, Resistance, Army, LRA, Sudanese, Janjaweed, illicit, income, attacks, 2013, Westgate, siege, Kenya, tougher, endangered, operational, capability, stability, Africa, Stewart, Tackett, elephant, financial, wildlife, conservation, security, crime, militant, conflict, resources, international, policy, enforcement, trafficking, armed, groups, violence, ecology, economy, governance
test-economy-epehwmrbals-pro05a	When developing countries employ poor labour standards, other countries follow the example in order to be competitive  As long as developing nations constantly keep employing poor labour standards, it will keep putting a strain on the global economy. This is because other countries will be pressured to do the same just to remain competitive. This creates a race to the bottom effect and would create “poor conditions and loss of freedom in the global South, and causes workers in the global North to lose their jobs to cheap outsourced labour”. [1] Higher labour standards in developing countries therefore also benefits developed countries. However the converse is also true; labels like ‘fair trade’ provide a guarantee of ethical quality and show that consumers are willing to pay more to ensure good labour standards.  [1] ‘Changing Global Trade Rules’, International Labor Rights Forum, developing countries, poor labour standards, global economy, competition, race to the bottom, poor conditions, loss of freedom, global South, job loss, global North, cheap outsourced labour, higher labour standards, fair trade, ethical quality, consumer willingness, pay more, good labour standards, international labor rights forum, changing global trade rules developing countries, poor labour standards, global economy, competition, race to the bottom, fair trade, ethical quality, labour standards, developed countries, international labor rights, cheap outsourced labour, job loss, consumer willingness, global South, global North Developing countries, poor labour standards, global economy, competition, race to the bottom, ethical quality, fair trade, consumer willingness, labour standards, job loss, outsourced labour, international trade rules, global South, global North developing countries, poor labour standards, global economy, competitiveness, race to the bottom, poor conditions, loss of freedom, global South, job loss, global North, higher labour standards, fair trade, ethical quality, consumer willingness, International Labor Rights Forum, Changing Global Trade Rules developing countries, poor labour standards, competitiveness, global economy, race to the bottom, poor conditions, loss of freedom, global South, job loss, global North, higher labour standards, fair trade, ethical quality, consumer willingness, International Labor Rights Forum
test-law-cplgpshwdp-con03a	The disclosure of previous convictions could falsely characterize the defendant.  This motion is incredibly dangerous in a variety of ways as not only convictions but also acquittals and other past conduct could then be raised in a court trials. This means that a jury could be informed that somebody had questionable behaviour, such as a sexual interest in children, even if they had never been tried or much less convicted of an actual offence. This would allow the prosecution to unduly blacken the character of the defendant, and easily prejudice the jury against them for no valid reason, and without the evidence which formal proceedings would require. Studies into jury verdicts have found that a jury was ‘50% more likely to convict if it was told that the defendant had a conviction for a similar previous offence than if it was given no information’, particularly in regard to sexual offences [1] . This is proof that jurors are highly susceptible to prejudice when reaching a verdict.  [1] The Economist, ‘Tilting the balance’, 2 January 2003. disclosure, previous convictions, character, defendant, motion, dangerous, convictions, acquittals, past conduct, court trials, jury, questionable behaviour, sexual interest, children, prosecution, blacken, character, prejudice, verdict, jurors, susceptibility, prejudice, sexual offences, The Economist, Tilting the balance, 2003 disclosure, previous convictions, defendant, motion, dangerous, convictions, acquittals, past conduct, court trials, jury, questionable behaviour, sexual interest, children, tried, convicted, prosecution, blacken, character, prejudice, valid reason, evidence, formal proceedings, studies, jury verdicts, 50% more likely, convict, similar previous offence, sexual offences, jurors, susceptible, prejudice, verdict disclosure, previous convictions, defendant, motion, dangerous, convictions, acquittals, past conduct, court trials, jury, questionable behaviour, sexual interest, children, unduly blacken, character, prejudice, evidence, formal proceedings, studies, jury verdicts, 50% more likely, convict, similar previous offence, sexual offences, jurors, susceptible, prejudice, verdict, The Economist, Tilting the balance, 2 January 2003 disclosure, previous convictions, defendant, characterization, danger, motions, convictions, acquittals, past conduct, court trials, jury, questionable behavior, sexual interest, children, trial, unduly blacken, character, prejudice, valid reason, evidence, formal proceedings, jury verdicts, likelihood, convict, similar offence, sexual offences, jurors, susceptibility, prejudice, verdict, The Economist, Tilting the balance, 2 January 2003 disclosure, previous convictions, characterize, defendant, motion, dangerous, convictions, acquittals, past conduct, court trials, jury, questionable behaviour, sexual interest, children, tried, convicted, offence, prosecution, blacken, character, prejudice, valid reason, evidence, formal proceedings, studies, jury verdicts, 50% more likely, convict, similar previous offence, information, sexual offences, jurors, susceptible, prejudice, verdict, The Economist, Tilting the balance, 2 January 2003
test-politics-dhwem-pro05a	PMCs provide a service that may be otherwise unavailable.  Many nation states have achieved sufficient unity to rely on their own armies but for those which cant, mercenary forces provide an invaluable and possibly only mode of protection and security. British Foreign Secretary Jack Straw believes that in an era of “small wars and weak states” mercenaries have a “legitimate role” (The Economist, 2002). Mercenaries may be the only way of providing short term security guarantees to allow a government to establish itself without relying on warlords or one side of an ethnic conflict. This could be the only way out of a pattern of coup and counter-coup. Recruiting local mercenaries also has the benefits of reducing transportation costs, instant readiness as well as any knowledge of the local politics, geography and customs which may be highly valuable to a security force. These local recruits may be less inclined to share this information with a government force. PMCs, mercenary forces, nation states, armies, security, protection, British Foreign Secretary, Jack Straw, small wars, weak states, short term security, government establishment, warlords, ethnic conflict, coup, counter-coup, local mercenaries, transportation costs, local politics, geography, customs, security force, government force PMCs, mercenary forces, nation states, armies, security, protection, British Foreign Secretary Jack Straw, small wars, weak states, mercenaries, legitimate role, short term security, government establishment, warlords, ethnic conflict, coup, counter-coup, local mercenaries, transportation costs, local politics, geography, customs, security force, government force PMCs, nation states, armies, mercenary forces, security, British Foreign Secretary Jack Straw, small wars, weak states, mercenaries, legitimate role, short term security, government establishment, warlords, ethnic conflict, coup, counter-coup, local mercenaries, transportation costs, local politics, geography, customs, security force, government force PMCs, mercenary forces, nation states, security, protection, British Foreign Secretary Jack Straw, small wars, weak states, short term security, government establishment, warlords, ethnic conflict, coup, counter-coup, local mercenaries, transportation costs, local politics, geography, customs, government force PMCs, nation states, armies, mercenary forces, security, protection, British Foreign Secretary, Jack Straw, small wars, weak states, legitimate role, short term security, government establishment, warlords, ethnic conflict, coup, counter-coup, local mercenaries, transportation costs, readiness, local politics, geography, customs, government force
test-politics-gvhwhnerse-pro01a	Having no elections is honest  Holding sham elections is fundamentally dishonest as it is asking the people to choose a government and then ignoring their choice. Not holding elections is at least honestly telling the people that they get no say in who is in power. Holding a sham election inevitably means having to lie to the people somewhere along the line; whether it is in preventing people registering, or voting, or in manipulating the results. The people usually know the result is a sham or at least are suspicious – in the latest Zimbabwean election the headlines in the newspapers included “ZANU-PF gloats over victory”. [1]  Without a sham election the government can at least be honest with their people so enabling a level of trust or even a kind of contract between the two – the government and the people each lets the other get on with it. Thus for example in China trust in government in 2012 was 76% against the world average of 51%. [2]  [1] Chinaka, Cris, ‘Africa and West at odds over disputed Zimbabwe election’, Reuters, 4 August 2013,   [2] Sedghi, Ami, and Rogers, Simon, ‘Do we trust our government? See how your country compares’, TheGuardian.com, 24 January 2012, elections, sham elections, dishonesty, government, people's choice, manipulation, Transparency, trust, contract, China, Zimbabwe, ZANU-PF, voter registration, voting rights, election results, public suspicion, government trust, world average, Africa, West, political legitimacy, authoritarianism, democracy elections, sham, honesty, dishonesty, government, people, choice, manipulation, trust, contract, China, Zimbabwe, ZANU-PF, voter, registration, voting, results, headlines, Africa, West, dispute, Sedghi, Rogers, TheGuardian, Reuters, Chinaka, Cris, 2012, 2013 elections, sham, dishonesty, manipulation, trust, government, honesty, people, power, choice, Zimbabwe, China, registration, voting, results, newspapers, headlines, contract, world, average elections, sham, dishonest, honest, no elections, people's choice, government, manipulation, trust, contract, China, Zimbabwe, ZANU-PF, voter registration, voting, results manipulation, public trust, world average, Africa, West, disputed election, headlines, newspapers, government honesty, political contract, citizens' trust, governmental transparency, electoral integrity, voter suspicion, political legitimacy, electoral fraud, political representation, governance, democracy, authoritarianism, political participation, voter turnout, electoral process, political system, public opinion, political stability, electoral reforms, international relations, political culture, civic engagement, political rights, civil elections, sham elections, dishonesty, voter choice, government manipulation, public trust, political contract, China, Zimbabwe, ZANU-PF, election results, voter registration, voting process, government honesty, world average trust, political transparency, electoral integrity, citizen-government relationship, political participation, democratic values, authoritarian regimes, election observation, international relations, political stability, electoral fraud, voter suppression, political representation, public opinion, government legitimacy, political accountability, human rights, civil liberties, political reform, electoral reform, democracy promotion, electoral standards, political legitimacy, governance, political systems, election monitoring, political efficacy, civic engagement,
test-politics-oeplhbuwhmi-con02a	Power is shifting to the East  Geography has a great influence on the position of nations and their foreign policies. For example it is the UK’s Island nation status that is a major reason why it is not fully committed to the European project. Attention internationally is now shifting to East Asia where the main rising powers are; China and India. This means that the UK’s position is less geographically important so to compensate the UK needs Europe; China’s leader Xi Jinping on his state visit to Britain stated China wants “a united EU, and hopes Britain… can play an even more positive and constructive role in promoting the deepening development of China-EU ties.” [1] The United States, Britain’s main ally since World War II, is much less interested in Europe.  [1] ‘China wants Britain in a united European Union, Xi Jinping tells David Cameron’, South China Morning Post, 23 October 2015, Power, East, Geography, Nations, Foreign Policies, UK, Island Nation, European Project, East Asia, Rising Powers, China, India, International Attention, UK Position, Geographical Importance, Compensation, United Europe, China, Leader, Xi Jinping, State Visit, Britain, United States, Main Ally, World War II, Europe Interest, China-EU Ties, South China Morning Post, David Cameron Power, East, Geography, Nations, Foreign policies, UK, Island nation, European project, East Asia, Rising powers, China, India, International attention, UK position, Geographical importance, Compensation, United Europe, China leader, Xi Jinping, State visit, Britain, South China Morning Post, United States, Main ally, World War II, Europe interest Power shift, East Asia, Geography, Nation position, Foreign policy, UK, Island nation, European project, East Asia, Rising powers, China, India, UK position, Geographical importance, Europe, China-EU ties, Xi Jinping, United States, Britain, World War II, South China Morning Post Power shift, East Asia, Geography, Nation position, Foreign policies, UK, Island nation, European project, China, India, Rising powers, International attention, UK position, Geographical importance, Europe, Compensation, China-EU ties, Xi Jinping, State visit, Britain, United States, Main ally, World War II, South China Morning Post, David Cameron Power, East, Geography, Nations, Foreign Policies, UK, Island Nation, European Project, East Asia, Rising Powers, China, India, UK Position, Geographical Importance, Europe, China Leader, Xi Jinping, State Visit, Britain, South China Morning Post, United States, Ally, World War II, European Union, Deepening Development, China-EU Ties
test-science-wsihwclscaaw-con01a	Cyber attacks are often carried out by non-state actors  Cyber attacks are often carried out by non-state actors, such as cyberterrorists or hacktivists (social activists who hack), without any involvement of the actual state. For instance, in 2007 a massive cyber attack launched on Estonia was blamed on Russia due to the then on-going tensions between these two states [17]. However, the attacks on Estonia were generated from all over the world; and even those from Russia could not have been linked to the Russian authorities, who denied involvement. Similarly, a huge wave of cyber attacks dubbed GhostNet that compromised computers in 103 countries in 2009 was blamed on China, not the least for hacking computers of Tibetan authorities. However, it could not be conclusively proven that this was an attack perpetrated by the Chinese authorities [18]. Any retaliation against a state for a cyber attack can never be certain to be against the right target – the state should not be blamed for the actions of its individual citizens. cyber attacks, non-state actors, cyberterrorists, hacktivists, Estonia, Russia, tensions, GhostNet, China, Tibetan authorities, state involvement, retaliation, individual citizens cyber attacks, non-state actors, cyberterrorists, hacktivists, Estonia, Russia, tensions, GhostNet, China, Tibetan authorities, state involvement, retaliation, individual citizens cyber attacks, non-state actors, cyberterrorists, hacktivists, Estonia, Russia, tensions, global involvement, Russian authorities, denial, GhostNet, 2009, compromised computers, 103 countries, China, Tibetan authorities, retaliation, uncertainty, individual citizens cyber attacks, non-state actors, cyberterrorists, hacktivists, Estonia, Russia, GhostNet, China, Tibetan authorities, state involvement, retaliation, individual citizens cyber attacks, non-state actors, cyberterrorists, hacktivists, Estonia, Russia, GhostNet, China, Tibetan authorities, state involvement, individual citizens, retaliation, cyber security, international relations, cyber warfare, digital forensics, attribution problems, cyber policy
test-society-asfhwapg-con01a	Patenting drives up the cost of therapies and renders them unaffordable to the poor  The government and its laws should take care of all their people. Because the state is a construct built by all the people, who all pay taxes to support it, laws should also be based to benefit the greatest amount of people possible.In the case of the Myriad company, which holds, together with the University of Utah Research Foundation, rights over tests for ovarian cancer, it prevented cheaper tests being offered to the public. As a result, Myriad is the only company that can market a test for the mutations, and it charges as much as $3,000 . That is a price that for many is inaccessible. Patients’ state: “There is no other, cheaper test that you could go get in another laboratory, because they have the exclusive patent,” she explained, adding that Myriad also controls the efficacy of the test—second opinions are only available for certain surgeries 1.Because patenting harms the accessibility of diagnostics and testing, it should not be allowed.  1. Pratt P.A., Court Rules That DNA Is Information, Not Intellectual Property, published March 30th 2010,  , accessed 07/20/2011 patenting, cost, therapies, unaffordable, poor, government, laws, people, state, construct, taxes, benefit, Myriad, University, Utah, Research, Foundation, ovarian, cancer, cheaper, tests, inaccessible, patients, exclusive, patent, efficacy, second, opinions, diagnostics, testing, intellectual, property, DNA, information, court, rules patenting, therapies, cost, affordability, poor, government, laws, people, state, construct, taxes, benefit, Myriad, University, Utah, Research, Foundation, ovarian, cancer, tests, cheaper, public, market, mutations, price, accessible, patients, exclusive, patent, diagnostics, testing, intellectual, property, DNA, information, court, rules patenting, cost, therapies, affordability, poor, government, laws, people, state, construct, taxes, benefit, greatest, Myriad, University, Utah, Research, Foundation, ovarian, cancer, tests, cheaper, public, exclusive, rights, mutations, price, inaccessible, patients, state, no, other, test, laboratory, patent, accessibility, diagnostics, testing, Court, DNA, information, intellectual, property patenting, cost, therapies, unaffordable, poor, government, laws, people, state, construct, taxes, benefit, greatest, amount, Myriad, University, Utah, Research, Foundation, rights, tests, ovarian, cancer, prevent, cheaper, public, market, mutations, price, inaccessible, patients, exclusive, patent, diagnostics, testing, allowed, DNA, information, intellectual, property, Pratt, P.A., Court, Rules patenting, cost, therapies, unaffordable, poor, government, laws, people, state, taxes, benefit, Myriad, University, Utah, Research, Foundation, rights, tests, ovarian, cancer, cheaper, public, market, mutations, price, inaccessible, patients, exclusive, patent, diagnostics, testing, information, intellectual, property, court, ruling, Pratt, P.A.
test-society-cpisydfphwj-pro03a	"Facebook is good for democracy  Social networks aid our society on multiple levels, one of them being the democratic process. This happens both in autocracies, where the democratic process is basically nonexistent and in western liberal democracies where Facebook acts as a megaphone for the will of the population.  Firstly, when talking about oppressive regimes, Facebook allows the population to organize themselves in massive protests which can, in time, overthrow the government. This is of particular importance as the population cannot organize protests ""offline"" in the real world, because government forces would quickly find them and stop the protests before they even started. These people need a safe house, where government intervention is minimized, so that they can spread the news and organize the protests. The online environment is the best options. We have seen this happening in the Arab Spring(1), Brazil (2), Turkey(3) as well as for protests in democracies as in Wisconsin(4)  For western liberal democracies too Facebook plays a very important role in aiding the democratic process. Even in a democracy the government often engages in unpopular policies. Unfortunately, as we are talking about countries with tens of millions of people, citizens often feel they can’t make a difference. Luckily, here's where Facebook comes in. It connects all the people who share the same disapproval of government actions, removing the feeling that you can do nothing as there is no one backing you. Millions can come together to voice their opinions. Therefore there is more likely to be dissent. Moreover, the internet allowed individuals to start massive campaigns of online petition gathering, which they will later use as an irrefutable argument to the government showing the desire for change. There are a lot of sites, one of the biggest being Avaaz.org which facilitates this process, which use Facebook as a medium through which the petition is shared and so grows.  (1) Sonya Angelica Diehn “Social media use evolving in Egypt”, DW , 04.07.2013   (2) Caroline Stauffer “Social media spreads and splinters Brazil protests”, Reuters ,June 22, 2013   (3) “Activists in Turkey use social media to organize, evade crackdown As protests continue across Turkey against the government”   (4)Wikipedia Facebook, democracy, social networks, democratic process, autocracies, western liberal democracies, protests, Arab Spring, Brazil, Turkey, Wisconsin, government intervention, online environment, dissent, online petition gathering, Avaaz.org, social media, Egypt, Reuters, Wikipedia Facebook, democracy, social networks, society, democratic process, autocracies, western liberal democracies, megaphone, population, protests, government, oppressive regimes, Arab Spring, Brazil, Turkey, Wisconsin, citizens, unpopular policies, online petition, Avaaz.org, Sonya Angelica Diehn, DW, Caroline Stauffer, Reuters, activists, social media, Wikipedia Facebook, democracy, social networks, democratic process, autocracies, western liberal democracies, protests, Arab Spring, Brazil, Turkey, Wisconsin, Avaaz.org, online petitions, government intervention, civic engagement, digital organizing, social media impact, political activism, online dissent, public opinion, civic participation, information dissemination, digital protest, government accountability, social change, collective action, political communication, mass mobilization, online campaigns, digital platforms, democracy enhancement, technological empowerment Facebook, democracy, social networks, democratic process, autocracies, protests, oppressive regimes, Arab Spring, Brazil, Turkey, Wisconsin, western liberal democracies, unpopular policies, citizens, dissent, online petitions, Avaaz.org, government intervention, social media, organization, mobilization, political change, civic engagement, digital activism, information dissemination Facebook, democracy, social networks, democratic process, autocracies, western liberal democracies, protests, Arab Spring, Brazil, Turkey, Wisconsin, Avaaz.org, online petitions, government policies, citizen engagement, social media, organization, dissent, online environment, safety, political change, free speech, internet, civic participation, activist movements, digital activism, political campaigns, freedom of expression, protest organization, government intervention, public opinion, policy influence, social change, political mobilization"
test-society-mmcpsgfhbf-pro04a	Pornography eroticises violence  Many forms of media are often accused of inciting violence, promoting stereotypes, or indoctrinating in some form or another. While this is contentious, the key principle that ‘sex sells’ is more obvious. Pornography is not like other media in that, while most other films are aimed at entertainment, this is aimed at arousal. That is, it is aimed at immediate and fully selfish pleasure, which is much more forceful and addictive than mere laughter.  The psychological effect of pornography is harmful due to the associations it conditions its audience to make. It eroticises violence through portrayals (fake or genuine) of rape and a general treatment of women that is comparable to torture, yet presented in a context that necessarily biologically excites its viewers. Through continuous exposure to the link between abuse and intense pleasure, this link is easily extended to personal relationships. The master-slave dialectic suddenly becomes acceptable. Compulsive rapists, such as Ted Bundy, are often found to have consumed mass amounts of pornography (Benson). [1] More subtle, yet certainly still present is the force of such associations on young teenagers who have not yet had a sexual relationship and rely on pornography for guidance. This has a potentially massive impact given that 11 is the average age of first internet porn exposure (Techmedia Network). [2]  [1] Benson, Rusty. “Vile Passions.” AFA Journal August 2002.   [2] Techmedia Network. Feminist Porn Award. Pornography, violence, eroticises, media, inciting, stereotypes, indoctrinating, sex, sells, entertainment, arousal, pleasure, psychological, harmful, conditions, audience, rape, abuse, torture, biological, excitement, continuous, exposure, personal, relationships, master-slave, dialectic, acceptable, compulsive, rapists, Ted, Bundy, consumed, mass, amounts, subtle, young, teenagers, sexual, guidance, impact, average, age, internet, first, exposure, Techmedia, Network, Feminist, Porn, Award Pornography, eroticises, violence, media, inciting, promoting, stereotypes, indoctrinating, sex, sells, entertainment, arousal, pleasure, laughter, psychological, effect, harmful, conditions, associations, rape, women, torture, biological, excitement, abuse, relationships, master-slave, dialectic, acceptable, compulsive, rapists, Ted, Bundy, consumed, mass, amounts, subtle, force, associations, young, teenagers, sexual, relationship, guidance, internet, exposure, average, age, feminist, porn, award, effects, harm, addiction, pleasure, media, influence, violence, sex, Pornography, eroticises, violence, media, inciting, violence, stereotypes, indoctrination, sex, sells, entertainment, arousal, immediate, pleasure, selfish, forceful, addictive, psychological, effect, harmful, conditions, audience, rape, women, torture, biological, excitement, exposure, abuse, pleasure, relationships, master-slave, dialectic, acceptable, compulsive, rapists, Ted, Bundy, consumed, mass, pornography, subtle, force, associations, young, teenagers, sexual, relationship, guidance, internet, porn, exposure, age, 11, impact, Techmedia, Network, pornography, eroticises, violence, media, inciting, stereotypes, indoctrination, sex, sells, entertainment, arousal, immediate, selfish, pleasure, forceful, addictive, psychological, effects, harmful, conditions, associations, rape, treatment, women, torture, biological, excitement, continuous, exposure, abuse, pleasure, personal, relationships, master-slave, dialectic, acceptable, compulsive, rapists, Ted, Bundy, consumed, mass, young, teenagers, sexual, relationships, guidance, average, age, first, internet, porn, Feminist, Porn, Award Pornography, violence, eroticises, media, inciting violence, promoting stereotypes, indoctrination, sex sells, entertainment, arousal, immediate pleasure, selfish pleasure, psychological effects, harmful associations, rape, torture, biological excitement, abuse, pleasure, personal relationships, master-slave dialectic, compulsive rapists, Ted Bundy, pornography consumption, young teenagers, sexual guidance, internet porn exposure, average age, feminist porn award
test-international-iwiaghbss-pro02a	Small size makes for ease  The Seychelles, as with the other nations whose very existence is threatened by climate change, is small. It is twice the size of Washington D.C., so smaller than many cities. As such finding enough land to relocate the country should not be a problem. Several of the states closest to the Seychelles; Kenya, Tanzania, Somalia, and Madagascar, have plenty of land that they could give up without any inconvenience to their own state. Kenya, the smallest, is more than 1200 times bigger than Seychelles small size, ease, Seychelles, climate change, existence threat, land relocation, nearby countries, Kenya, Tanzania, Somalia, Madagascar, land availability, state size comparison, Kenya size Seychelles, climate change, small nation, land relocation, Kenya, Tanzania, Somalia, Madagascar, land availability, environmental threat, geographic size, Washington D.C., state comparison, relocation feasibility Seychelles, climate change, small nation, relocation, land availability, Kenya, Tanzania, Somalia, Madagascar, size comparison, Washington D.C. Small size, Seychelles, climate change, relocation, land availability, Kenya, Tanzania, Somalia, Madagascar, land transfer, international cooperation, environmental migration, state size comparison Seychelles, climate change, small nation, relocation, land availability, Kenya, Tanzania, Somalia, Madagascar, Washington D.C., size comparison, state land, environmental threat, geographic vulnerability, international assistance, relocation feasibility
test-law-lghwpcctcc-con04a	Witnesses and jurors could easily become involved in the media coverage of the case and place the trial at jeopardy.  Newspaper interviews with witnesses have already caused trials to be cancelled in the past [1] because the judiciary recognises that media coverage can change people’s incentives and warp their priorities. This interference may affect the reliability of the witness’ evidence or the jurors’ verdict. Following the televised trial of O. J. Simpson, several witnesses and jurors gave interviews to the media, or wrote their memoirs of the case [2] . If witnesses and jurors know that their public lives could be affected by how the rest of society perceives them through a court case, they might have an incentive to be more harsh or more lenient; public outrage when the criminal sentence does not match their own interpretations is likely to be laid on those who caused that sentence. This is particularly dangerous for America, where they have trial by jury [3] . Here, the jury has more control over the sentencing of criminals – which obviously becomes a problem if the jury has a vested interest in giving harsh sentences to offenders in order to gain public support. Cameras in court can only encourage witnesses and jurors to distort their true recollection or their opinions in order to profit from the media circus.  [1]  , accessed 19/08/11  [2]  , accessed 19/08/11  [3]  , accessed 19/08/11 witnesses, jurors, media coverage, trial jeopardy, newspaper interviews, cancelled trials, judiciary recognition, media influence, witness evidence, juror verdict, interference, reliability, public perception, O.J. Simpson, televised trial, media interviews, memoirs, public life, social perception, public outrage, criminal sentencing, trial by jury, jury control, sentencing influence, public support, cameras in court, media circus, profit, distortion, true recollection, opinions witnesses, jurors, media coverage, trial jeopardy, newspaper interviews, judiciary recognition, media interference, witness evidence, jurors' verdict, televised trial, O.J. Simpson, public perception, court case, public outrage, criminal sentence, jury control, sentencing, public support, cameras in court, media circus Witnesses, jurors, media coverage, trial jeopardy, newspaper interviews, cancelled trials, judiciary recognition, media interference, witness evidence, jurors' verdict, O. J. Simpson trial, public perception, court case, public outrage, criminal sentencing, trial by jury, vested interest, public support, cameras in court, media circus, distorted recollection, opinions profit witnesses, jurors, media coverage, trial jeopardy, newspaper interviews, cancelled trials, judiciary recognition, media interference, witness evidence reliability, jurors verdict, O.J. Simpson trial, media interviews, memoirs, public perception, court case, public outrage, criminal sentencing, trial by jury, jury control, sentencing offenders, public support, cameras in court, media circus witnesses, jurors, media coverage, trial jeopardy, newspaper interviews, cancelled trials, judiciary recognition, media influence, witness reliability, juror verdict, O.J. Simpson trial, media interviews, witness memoirs, public perception, court case impact, public outrage, criminal sentencing, jury control, American legal system, public support, cameras in court, media circus, profit motivation, distorted recollection, opinion manipulation
test-health-dhgsshbesbc-con02a	The risks of ignorance and prejudice are too high  This measure could be actively dangerous for HIV-positive workers. Ignorance causes so much bad behaviour towards AIDS sufferers and HIV-positive men and women. A fifth of men in the UK who disclose their HIV positive status at work then experience HIV discrimination. [1] The proposition seeks to institutionalise and widen the shunning and ill-treatment of HIV-positive workers that already happens when people find out about their condition. Even if not motivated by prejudice, co-workers will often take excessive precautions which are medically unnecessary and inflame unsubstantiated fears of casual transmission.  In addition, many people who are HIV-positive choose not to reveal their condition for fear of violent reactions to them from their families and the rest of society. If disclosure to an employer is compulsory, then the news will inevitably leak out to the wider community. In effect, they will lose any right of privacy completely.  [1] Pebody, 2009 HIV-positive, discrimination, workplace, ignorance, prejudice, disclosure, privacy, health, AIDS, co-workers, societal-reactions, compulsory-disclosure, stigma, prevention, confidentiality, UK, medical-necessity, transmission-fears HIV, AIDS, discrimination, workplace, prejudice, ignorance, health, privacy, institutionalisation, shunning, transmission, violence, confidentiality, compulsory, disclosure, co-workers, precaution, fears, stigma, society, rights, UK, Pebody, 2009 HIV-positive, workers, discrimination, ignorance, prejudice, workplace, disclosure, privacy, health, AIDS, stigma, compulsory, UK, co-workers, violence, society, transmission, medical, precautions, rights HIV, AIDS, discrimination, workplace, ignorance, prejudice, health, privacy, institutionalisation, shunning, co-workers, transmission, violence, society, compulsory, disclosure, rights, Pebody, 2009 HIV, discrimination, workplace, ignorance, prejudice, health, privacy, violence, disclosure, employment, societial, stigma, UK, mandatory, transmission, medical, unnecessary, precautions, shunning, ill-treatment, fear, compulsory, confidentiality, right, Pebody, 2009
test-international-ssiarcmhb-con02a	In contradiction to the Catholic Church's responsibility to promote life.  Many Catholic countries in Africa and South America have huge problems with AIDS and HIV with thousands of people dying as a result. In a survey carried out in 20091, it was found that in sub-Saharan Africa 22.5 million people were living with HIV/AIDS and 1.3 million people died of AIDS. An enormous number of these people contracted HIV because they did not use a condom during intercourse, under the advice of the Catholic Church. It is clear, then, that the Catholic Church's stance on barrier contraception promotes the spread of AIDS. The opposition also believes that since the Catholic Church are in a position of power over a colossal number of people, they have a responsibility to ensure the welfare of those people. They must, therefore, reduce the likelihood that the people that they have power over will die as much as they can. Their ban over the use of barrier contraception is not in line with this responsibility. 1 UNAIDS global report. Catholic Church, responsibility, promote life, AIDS, HIV, Africa, South America, deaths, sub-Saharan Africa, survey, 2009, 22.5 million, 1.3 million, condom, intercourse, spread of AIDS, position of power, welfare, reduce likelihood, dying, ban, barrier contraception, UNAIDS global report Catholic Church, responsibility, promote life, AIDS, HIV, Africa, South America, sub-Saharan Africa, 2009 survey, UNAIDS, barrier contraception, condom use, spread of AIDS, position of power, welfare, people dying, ban on contraception Catholic Church, responsibility, promote life, AIDS, HIV, Africa, South America, sub-Saharan Africa, 22.5 million, 1.3 million, condom use, intercourse, stance, barrier contraception, spread of AIDS, opposition, position of power, welfare, people, reduce likelihood, death, ban, UNAIDS global report Catholic Church, AIDS, HIV, Africa, South America, sub-Saharan Africa, UNAIDS, contraception, barrier methods, condoms, mortality, health policy, religious influence, public health, ethical responsibility, sexual health, disease prevention, survey, 2009, 22.5 million, 1.3 million, deaths, promotion of life, opposition, power, welfare, reduction of deaths, ban on contraception Catholic Church, responsibility, promote life, AIDS, HIV, Africa, South America, HIV/AIDS, sub-Saharan Africa, condom use, barrier contraception, spread of AIDS, power, welfare, people, UNAIDS, global report, opposition, reduce likelihood, death, ban
test-education-ughbuesbf-con01a	The cost to the state is far too great to sustain universal free university education  The system of paying for universal healthcare, education, pensions, etc. threatens to bankrupt countries. The cost of paying for free university education is ruinously high. [1] In the OECD 1.9% of GDP, a third of education expenditure, is spent on tertiary education. [2] For countries to survive, they must rethink what they can afford to provide freely to citizens. It seems fair that all states should offer access to their citizens to primary and secondary education opportunities. University, on the other hand, is not essential to life in the same way. People can be functional and responsible citizens without it. For this reason, the state must consider university in the same way it does any non­essential service; people may pay for it if they wish to partake, but it is not an entitlement owed by the state.  [1] Ullman, Ben. 2007. “Should Higher Education Really Be Free For All?”. The New Statesman. Available:  ­radicals/2007/01/higher­education­free­students  [2] ‘What proportion of national wealth is spent on education’, Education at a glance, OECD, 2011, p.225, cost, state, sustain, universal, free, university, education, healthcare, pensions, bankrupt, countries, OECD, GDP, tertiary, expenditure, survive, afford, citizens, primary, secondary, essential, functional, responsible, non-essential, pay, entitlement, New, Statesman, proportion, national, wealth, 2011, p.225 cost,state,sustainability,universal,free,university,education,healthcare,pensions,bankrupt,countries,OECD,GDP,expenditure,tertiary,primary,secondary,non-essential,citizens,functional,responsible,entitlement,pay,Ullman,Ben,New,Statesman,2007,proportion,national,wealth,Education,Glance,2011 cost,state,universal,free,university,education,healthcare,pensions,bankrupt,countries,OECD,GDP,tertiary,expenditure,survive,afford,citizens,primary,secondary,essential,non-essential,service,entitlement,Ullman,Ben,2007,New,Statesman,Education,Glance,2011 cost, state, sustain, universal, free, university, education, system, paying, healthcare, pensions, bankrupt, countries, OECD, GDP, expenditure, tertiary, survive, afford, primary, secondary, functional, responsible, citizens, non-essential, service, entitlement, Ullman, New, Statesman, proportion, national, wealth, Education, glance, 2011 cost,state,universal,free,university,education,healthcare,pensions,OECD,GDP,tertiary,expenditure,countries,bankrupt,survive,afford,citizens,primary,secondary,essential,non-essential,entitlement
test-international-bmaggiahbl-con02a	Setting Rwanda's priorities  Rwanda is an emerging democracy healing from the wounds of the horrific past. To achieve the set vision, there should be a priority which in this case is economic development[1].  A large number of Rwandans believe that the government should focus on transforming the nation economically although it may mean restricting free speech, which has prompted a huge participation in government development programs like Ubudehe[2]. Freedom of speech and press needs to be restricted if the government wants to engage in unlimited development; there is no time to engage in long debates over whether a particular project is being implemented the correct way. Having freedom of speech and press would hinder the government’s ability to manage the resources of the state and to encourage investors who don’t want to have protests to their building factories, or have labour complaining about not being paid enough.  Whether a country puts rights or the economy first is up to the individual country, Rwanda has chosen.  [1] Horand, Knaup, ‘Kagame's Priorities for Rwanda: First Prosperity, then Freedom of Expression’, Spiegel.de, 12 August 2010  [2] NS world, ‘Rwanda Engages Citizens in Community-Level development’, nsworld.org Rwanda, priorities, economic development, democracy, healing, free speech, press restrictions, government programs, Ubudehe, investor confidence, labor rights, community-level development, citizen engagement, Kagame, prosperity, freedom of expression Rwanda, economic development, democracy, healing, horrific past, vision, government focus, transformation, national economy, Ubudehe, free speech, press restrictions, resource management, investor attraction, protests, labor complaints, country priorities, rights, prosperity, freedom of expression, community-level development, citizen engagement Rwanda, economic development, democracy, government priorities, Ubudehe, freedom of speech, press restrictions, investor confidence, community-level development, Kagame, prosperity, rights, economy, civic participation, national transformation, post-conflict healing, development programs, labor issues, protests, resource management, vision, emerging democracy, civic engagement, national projects, debate, implementation, political priorities, societal progress, public opinion, governance, state resources, economic growth, social stability, press freedom, economic policy, development policy, civic rights, national goals, participatory governance, community development, political stability, economic transformation, national vision, public Rwanda, priorities, economic development, democracy, healing, past, government focus, transforming nation, free speech, press restrictions, development programs, Ubudehe, freedom of expression, investors, protests, labor, rights, economy, Kagame, community-level development, citizen engagement Rwanda, priorities, economic development, democracy, healing, free speech, press restriction, government programs, Ubudehe, investor confidence, labor disputes, community development, Kagame, prosperity, freedom of expression, citizen engagement, state management, resource allocation
test-philosophy-pphbclsbs-con02a	The loss of individual liberty is the start of a slippery slope.  The proposition puts us in a dangerous place. That situation is the thin edge of a totalitarian wedge – we must take a principled stand for liberty and stop the increasing number of anti-terrorist legislation and over powerful policing powers. Many evil events in history started with good intentions and few cases of injustice. Allowing even a few abuses as an acceptable side effect of improved security will change the tolerance level of the public and lead to a belief that rights such as the presumption of innocence and habeas corpus (which prevents the state from imprisoning someone without charging them with a crime and then trying them) are a negotiable luxury. Furthermore, abuses of the system are likely to victimise certain minority groups (e.g. Muslims, Arab-Americans) in the same way that Japanese-Americans and many other groups were persecuted in World War II, [1] something about which Americans are now rightly ashamed.  [1] Hummel, Jeffrey Rogers, ‘Not Just Japanese Americans: The Untold Story of U.S. Repression During 'The Good War'’, The Journal of Historical Review, Fall 1987 (Vol. 7, No. 3),  , accessed 9 September 2011 loss of liberty, slippery slope, totalitarianism, principled stand, anti-terrorist legislation, over powerful policing, abuse of power, presumption of innocence, habeas corpus, minority groups, Muslims, Arab-Americans, Japanese-Americans, World War II, historical repression, U.S. persecution, Jeffrey Rogers Hummel, Journal of Historical Review individual liberty, slippery slope, totalitarian wedge, principled stand, anti-terrorist legislation, over powerful policing, evil events, good intentions, abuses, security, presumption of innocence, habeas corpus, minority groups, Muslims, Arab-Americans, Japanese-Americans, World War II, U.S. repression, Jeffrey Rogers Hummel, The Good War, historical review loss of liberty, slippery slope, totalitarianism, principled stand, anti-terrorist legislation, powerful policing, evil events, good intentions, few cases injustice, abuses acceptable, security vs rights, presumption of innocence, habeas corpus, minority groups, Muslims, Arab-Americans, Japanese-Americans, World War II, persecution, U.S. repression, Jeffrey Rogers Hummel, historical review individual liberty, slippery slope, totalitarian wedge, principled stand, anti-terrorist legislation, over powerful policing, evil events, good intentions, abuses, security, tolerance level, presumption of innocence, habeas corpus, minority groups, Muslims, Arab-Americans, Japanese-Americans, World War II, U.S. repression, Jeffrey Rogers Hummel loss of individual liberty, slippery slope, dangerous place, totalitarian wedge, principled stand for liberty, anti-terrorist legislation, over powerful policing, evil events, good intentions, few cases of injustice, abuses as side effect, security, tolerance level, presumption of innocence, habeas corpus, negotiable luxury, abuses of system, victimise minority groups, Muslims, Arab-Americans, Japanese-Americans, World War II, U.S. repression, historical persecution, Jeffrey Rogers Hummel, The Good War, Journal of Historical Review
test-international-aglhrilhb-pro02a	The only just method  Prosecuting offenders is the only way to get a just outcome when there have been horrific crimes committed. At a most principled level, those who commit a crime ought to be held accountable for their actions even if they are powerful or it damages the chances of peace because the powerful must be shown not to be above the law. Even where the law did not exist, or the leaders were in control of the law, international norms provide a standard for what actions merit prosecution, and judiciaries have been very good at convicting those who committed atrocities[1]. Having those who committed crimes convicted by law courts helps prevent those affected by atrocities holding grudges and put the past behind them so aiding the healing process [2].  [1] Moore, John J Jr ‘Problems With Forgiveness’ 43 Stanford Law Review 733, February 1991  [2] abc news, ‘Dallas Holocaust survivors welcome prosecution of former Nazi guard’, wfaa.com, 20 August 2010, justice, prosecution, offenders, just outcome, horrific crimes, accountability, powerful, law, peace, international norms, atrocities, conviction, healing, forgiveness, Dallas, Holocaust, Nazi, survivors justice, prosecution, offenders, just outcome, horrific crimes, accountability, powerful, law, international norms, atrocities, conviction, healing, grudges, past, forgiveness, Nazi, Holocaust, survivors, Dallas, news, wfaa, 2010 just method, prosecuting offenders, just outcome, horrific crimes, accountability, powerful individuals, law, international norms, prosecution, judiciaries, atrocities, grudges, healing process, forgiveness, Dallas Holocaust, Nazi guard justice, prosecution, offenders, just outcome, horrific crimes, accountability, powerful individuals, rule of law, international norms, legal standards, atrocities, judiciaries, conviction, healing, forgiveness, Dallas, Holocaust survivors, Nazi guard just, method, prosecuting, offenders, just outcome, horrific crimes, principled, accountability, powerful, peace, above law, international norms, prosecution, actions, judiciaries, convicting, atrocities, affected, grudges, past, healing, forgiveness, problems, Stanford Law Review, Dallas, Holocaust, survivors, Nazi guard, abc news, wfaa.com
test-economy-epiasghbf-pro03a	Labour participation and rights  Labour participation enables an awareness, and acquirement, of equal gender rights. Firstly, labour participation is challenging cultural ideologies and norms of which see the woman’s responsibility as limited to the reproductive sphere. Entering the productive sphere brings women equal work rights and the right to enter public space. By such a change gender norms of the male breadwinner are challenged. Secondly, labour force participation by women has resulted in the emergence of community lawyers and organisations to represent them. The Declaration of the African Regional Domestic Workers Network is a case in point. [1] With the rising number of female domestic workers, the network is working to change conditions - upholding Conferences, sharing information, and taking action.  [1] See labour participation, gender rights, cultural ideologies, norms, reproductive sphere, productive sphere, work rights, public space, gender norms, male breadwinner, community lawyers, organisations, African Regional Domestic Workers Network, female domestic workers, conditions, conferences, information sharing, action taking labour participation, gender rights, cultural ideologies, women's responsibilities, productive sphere, gender norms, male breadwinner, community lawyers, organisations, African Regional Domestic Workers Network, female domestic workers, network actions, conferences, information sharing, taking action labour participation, gender rights, cultural ideologies, norms, reproductive sphere, productive sphere, male breadwinner, community lawyers, organisations, African Regional Domestic Workers Network, female domestic workers, conditions, Conferences, information sharing, action labour participation, gender rights, cultural norms, women's roles, productive sphere, gender equality, male breadwinner, community lawyers, organizations, African Regional Domestic Workers Network, female domestic workers, working conditions, conferences, information sharing, action taking labour participation, gender rights, cultural ideologies, norms, reproductive sphere, productive sphere, work rights, public space, gender norms, male breadwinner, community lawyers, organisations, African Regional Domestic Workers Network, female domestic workers, conditions, conferences, information sharing, action
test-free-speech-debate-yfsdfkhbwu-pro02a	A bargaining chip  In much the same way that material investment in countries can be used as a bargaining chip to secure improvements in areas of legislation, so cultural investment can be used to secure rights associated with related fields of endeavour. Free speech is merely the most obvious. It is reasonable for a western university to insist that its graduates will need to have access to the fruits of a free press and democratic speculation of experts and the wider public [i] .  The cases of the lecturer, Chia Thye Poh who is arguably the world’s longest serving prisoner of conscience or the political opposition leader, Vincent Cheng who was barred from addressing a talk organised the History Society of NUS at the national library [ii] both give examples of how Singaporean government actions impact directly on university life and academic freedoms. In the light of this, it seems the height of reasonableness for Western universities to say that they will only operate in areas that offer the same academic freedoms they would expect in their home country. If the Singaporean government wants that benefits that Yale graduates can bring, they should be prepared to accept such a change.  [i] Stateuniversity.Com. western Europe – Educational roots, reform in the twentieth century, contemporary reform trends, future challenges.  [ii] Ex-detainee Vincent Cheng barred from speaking in history seminar, The Online Citizen, 28 May 2010 bargaining chip, material investment, cultural investment, rights, free speech, western university, graduates, free press, democratic speculation, lecturer, Chia Thye Poh, prisoner of conscience, political opposition, Vincent Cheng, History Society, NUS, national library, Singaporean government, university life, academic freedoms, Yale graduates, benefits, change, Stateuniversity.Com, western Europe, educational roots, reform, twentieth century, contemporary trends, future challenges, Ex-detainee, barred speaking, history seminar, The Online Citizen bargaining chip, material investment, cultural investment, free speech, western university, academic freedoms, Singaporean government, prisoner of conscience, political opposition, Yale graduates, academic rights, democratic speculation, educational reforms, western Europe, stateuniversity.com, Chia Thye Poh, Vincent Cheng, NUS, History Society, national library, Online Citizen, 28 May 2010 bargaining chip, material investment, cultural investment, legislative improvements, free speech, academic freedoms, western universities, Singaporean government, prisoner of conscience, political opposition, academic rights, Yale graduates, educational roots, contemporary reform, democratic speculation, free press, university life, reform trends, future challenges, Ex-detainee Vincent Cheng, history seminar bargaining chip, material investment, cultural investment, free speech, academic freedoms, western universities, Singaporean government, educational reforms, political opposition, prisoner of conscience, Yale graduates, democratic speculation, university life, legislative improvements, societal impact, academic rights, cultural exchange, political barriers, educational standards, international education, governmental policies, academic integrity, human rights, free press, historical context, educational cooperation, political activism, democratic values, international relations, academic community, economic incentives, educational legislation, academic autonomy, political freedoms, societal development, academic discourse, international standards, university operations, academic environment, educational partnerships, political resistance, academic bargaining chip, material investment, cultural investment, free speech, western university, graduates, free press, academic freedoms, Singaporean government, prisoner of conscience, political opposition, Yale graduates, educational roots, reform, contemporary trends, future challenges, ex-detainee, history seminar, The Online Citizen
test-law-lghwpcctcc-pro01a	People should have a right of access to justice.  Given that people are already allowed to watch court proceedings from the public gallery – including the Judicial Committee of the House of Lords in the UK [1] , and the Supreme Court in the US [2] – there is little reason why this should not be extended to give better access across the nation to anybody who wants to watch. Those with full-time jobs or who live far away from the courts are currently unfairly limited in this respect, and those who do wish to attend well-publicised trials often have to arrive hours in advance to get a seat. Individuals should not have to give up so much time and money just to be able to watch a democratic proceeding, which is a cornerstone of democratic nations. Given that many closed trials such as the trial of the Guantánamo Bay terrorism suspects [3] have still led to intense media coverage, we would be better off showing the courts to be transparent and just instead of vainly trying to hide everything behind closed doors.  [1]  , accessed 05/08/11  [2]  , accessed 05/08/11  [3]  , accessed 19/08/11. access to justice, public gallery, court proceedings, Judicial Committee of the House of Lords, Supreme Court, US, UK, transparency, democratic nations, Guantánamo Bay, terrorism suspects, media coverage, closed trials, public trials, judicial transparency, right to watch, full-time jobs, trial attendance, democratic proceedings, legal transparency, courtroom access, judicial openness, public interest, legal system, fair access, remote viewing, court transparency right of access, justice, public gallery, court proceedings, Judicial Committee of the House of Lords, UK, Supreme Court, US, nation-wide access, full-time jobs, location limitations, well-publicised trials, time and money, democratic proceeding, closed trials, Guantánamo Bay, terrorism suspects, media coverage, transparency, democratic nations access to justice, public gallery, Judicial Committee of the House of Lords, Supreme Court, US, nationwide access, full-time jobs, remote locations, well-publicised trials, time and money, democratic proceeding, transparency, Guantánamo Bay terrorism suspects, media coverage, closed trials, democratic nations, legal transparency, public scrutiny, judicial proceedings, remote viewing, legal accessibility right of access, justice, public gallery, court proceedings, Judicial Committee, House of Lords, Supreme Court, US, extend access, full-time jobs, limited access, well-publicised trials, arrive early, democratic proceeding, closed trials, Guantánamo Bay, terrorism suspects, media coverage, transparency, democratic nations right of access, justice, public gallery, court proceedings, Judicial Committee of the House of Lords, UK, Supreme Court, US, transparency, democracy, closed trials, Guantánamo Bay, terrorism suspects, media coverage, public trials, democratic proceeding, transparency in courts, judicial transparency, public access to justice, remote access to courts, court attendance, time and money, full-time jobs, well-publicised trials, public seating, court observation, judicial openness, legal transparency, citizen access to courts, courtroom access, legal proceedings, judicial proceedings
test-digital-freedoms-eifdfaihs-con01a	Incentivise ISPs to provide more data capacity  If the ISPs were actually making their money on the basis of data provision rather than bandwidth then it’s in their interest to provide it. If they can’t, they don’t make money.  If they want to sell more data, they have to provide more bandwidth, otherwise they can’t do it. This way both the data gluttons and the dieters get what they want. The gluttons get a fast provision of the resources they want or the capacity to share those resources at a reasonable speed and the dieters get cheaper provision.  Measures being pursued by the European Commission aim to do exactly this. They will allow ISPs to control the passage of data across their networks but must, at the same time, make it clear what they are doing and offer low data use price plans accordingly [i] .  This is more so with mobile devices than with ‘plumbed in’ ones. For many people, it wouldn’t occur to them to use Skype for a call and a phone – even a smart one – is primarily just that, a phone. Why should they pay for a capacity they will never use because others can’t take a bus journey without watching a movie?  [i] Out-Law.com: Legal news and guidance from Pinsent Masons. European Commission to propose net neutrality measures. 30 May 2012 . incentivise, ISPs, data capacity, bandwidth, data provision, data gluttons, data dieters, European Commission, net neutrality, mobile devices, Skype, price plans, net neutrality measures, data use incentivise, ISPs, data capacity, bandwidth, money, data provision, data gluttons, data dieters, European Commission, net neutrality, mobile devices, low data use, price plans, Skype, legal news, Pinsent Masons, net neutrality measures incentivise, ISPs, data capacity, bandwidth, data provision, revenue, network management, European Commission, net neutrality, price plans, mobile devices, data usage, legal guidance, Pinsent Masons, net neutrality measures, data gluttons, data dieters, Skype, smart phones, bus journey, movie streaming incentivise, ISPs, data, capacity, bandwidth, money, provision, resources, speed, price, plans, European, Commission, net, neutrality, mobile, devices, Skype, calls, smart, phones, bus, journey, movies incentivise, ISPs, data capacity, bandwidth, data provision, European Commission, net neutrality, mobile devices, data use, price plans, Skype, smart phones, net neutrality measures, data gluttons, data dieters, data passage, network control, legal news, Pinsent Masons
test-international-aghwrem-pro03a	There is scope for further diplomatic progress in the region through disengagement  Reengagement has potential for having a positive influence in various contexts. Myanmar is rich in natural resources, including forest products, minerals and gems. Removing trade restrictions and offering developmental aid would benefit the local economy and population.1 In the longer term, economic activity can act as a stimulus for development of a stronger legal and business framework to reduce corruption. If the US and the EU create confidence in the Myanmar government that they are willing to offer something constructive rather than critical, it may be possible to ask for greater transparency in government and reduce systematic violations of human rights as well.2 The newly elected civilian government has indicated it is willing to pursue democratic reform, and the US and the EU should not lose this opportunity for change.  1 BBC News, ‘India and Burma expand trade ties and sign gas deals’, 14 October 2011.  2 Human Rights Watch, ‘China: press visiting Burmese leader on elections and accountability’, 6 September 2010, (example of how state relations can encourage democracy) diplomatic progress, disengagement, reengagement, Myanmar, natural resources, forest products, minerals, gems, trade restrictions, developmental aid, local economy, population benefit, economic activity, legal framework, business framework, reduce corruption, US, EU, confidence, Myanmar government, constructive offer, critical approach, transparency, government, reduce human rights violations, newly elected civilian government, democratic reform, opportunity for change, India, Burma, trade ties, gas deals, China, state relations, encourage democracy diplomatic progress, disengagement, reengagement, Myanmar, natural resources, forest products, minerals, gems, trade restrictions, developmental aid, local economy, economic activity, legal framework, business framework, reduce corruption, US, EU, confidence, government transparency, human rights, democratic reform, civilian government, state relations, encourage democracy diplomatic progress, disengagement, reengagement, Myanmar, natural resources, forest products, minerals, gems, trade restrictions, developmental aid, local economy, population, economic activity, legal framework, business framework, corruption, US, EU, confidence, government, transparency, human rights, democratic reform, civilian government, India, trade ties, gas deals, China, state relations, democracy, elections, accountability diplomatic progress, disengagement, reengagement, Myanmar, natural resources, forest products, minerals, gems, trade restrictions, developmental aid, local economy, population, economic activity, development, legal framework, business framework, corruption, US, EU, confidence, government, transparency, human rights, democratic reform, India, Burma, trade ties, gas deals, China, elections, accountability, state relations, democracy diplomatic progress, disengagement, reengagement, positive influence, Myanmar, natural resources, forest products, minerals, gems, trade restrictions, developmental aid, local economy, population, economic activity, development, legal framework, business framework, reduce corruption, US, EU, confidence, government, constructive, critical, transparency, human rights, systematic violations, civilian government, democratic reform, change, India, Burma, trade ties, gas deals, China, Burmese leader, elections, accountability, state relations, democracy
test-society-simhbrasnba-con01a	We have a duty to help the persecuted  The principles which underlie the asylum regime are as valid as ever. Millions still face persecution, death and torture globally because of who they are or because of their convictions. Democratic countries still have a moral obligation to offer protection to these people. We all recognise it as a horrendous failing by the countries who turned away Jewish refugees in the early days of Nazism where both the United States and the UK turned away large numbers or refugees, [1] and only the Dominican Republic was willing to take in large numbers. [2] This should never happen again. Developed nations have both the wealth and security to make them the best destinations for those seeking refuge.  [1] Perl, William R., ‘The Holocaust conspiracy: an international policy of genocide’, 1989, pp.37-51  [2] Museum of Jewish Heritage, ‘”A Community Born in Pain and Nurtured in Love” Jews who were given refuge by Dominican Republic’, 8 January 2008. asylum, persecution, refugees, moral obligation, protection, Jewish refugees, Holocaust, Nazism, Dominican Republic, developed nations, humanitarian duty, refugee policy, historical failures, moral responsibility, international policy, genocide, refugee protection, moral failing, asylum principles, global persecution, democratic countries, refugee crisis, historical context, WWII, humanitarian crisis, refugee rights, moral imperative, international obligations, refugee support, humanitarian aid, asylum seekers, refugee resettlement, human rights, global justice, international law, refugee assistance, asylum regime, moral and ethical responsibilities, refugee admission, humanitarian response, refugee integration, international solidarity, asylum seeker protection, refugee duty, help, persecuted, asylum, principles, valid, refugees, persecution, death, torture, global, identity, convictions, democratic, moral, obligation, protection, horrendous, failing, countries, Jewish, refugees, Nazism, United, States, UK, turned, away, Dominican, Republic, Holocaust, conspiracy, international, policy, genocide, William, R, Perl, Museum, Jewish, Heritage, community, pain, love, developed, nations, wealth, security, destinations, refuge duty, persecuted, asylum, principles, millions, persecution, death, torture, moral obligation, protection, horrendous failing, Jewish refugees, Nazism, United States, UK, Dominican Republic, Holocaust, genocide, wealth, security, refuge, developed nations duty, persecuted, asylum, principles, valid, millions, persecution, death, torture, globally, identity, convictions, democratic, countries, moral, obligation, protection, horrendous, failing, countries, Jewish, refugees, early, Nazism, United, States, UK, turned, away, Dominican, Republic, willingness, never, happen, developed, nations, wealth, security, destinations, refuge, Holocaust, conspiracy, international, policy, genocide, Museum, Jewish, Heritage, Community, Born, Pain, Nurtured, Love, given, refuge duty, persecuted, asylum, principles, valid, global, persecution, death, torture, identity, convictions, democratic, countries, moral, obligation, protection, refugees, Jewish, Nazi, United States, UK, Dominican Republic, history, Holocaust, genocide, wealth, security, refuge, developed nations, moral obligation, humanitarian, international policy, survival, exile, human rights, tolerance, sanctuary
test-politics-oapdhwinkp-con01a	"North Korea is an irrational regime that is a strategic threat to numerous great powers  North Korea is an irrational and irresponsible regime that can’t simply be ignored. As the United States National Security Council spokesman Tonny Vietor said in response to the 12th December 2012 missile test “This action is yet another example of North Korea's pattern of irresponsible behavior.” As a power that is willing to defy international sanctions and resolutions such as “Resolution 1874, which demands the DPRK not to conduct ""any launch using ballistic missile technology"" and urges it to ""suspend all activities related to its ballistic missile programme""” [1] it is essential that there is engagement to prevent the regime breaking more international norms.  It is impossible simply to ignore a regime with such a propensity to engage in provocative actions when it borders you, as is the case with China and Russia, or when it has tested missiles that can potentially hit targets 6000km away, so most of Asia, including numerous US bases. [2]  [1] ‘North Korea rocket: International reaction’, BBC News, 12 December 2012,   [2] ‘North Korea’s missile programme’, BBC News, 12 December 2012, North Korea, irrational regime, strategic threat, great powers, United States, National Security Council, Tonny Vietor, missile test, irresponsible behavior, international sanctions, Resolution 1874, ballistic missile technology, international norms, China, Russia, provocative actions, missile range, US bases, Asia North Korea, irrational regime, strategic threat, great powers, United States, National Security Council, Tonny Vietor, missile test, irresponsible behavior, international sanctions, Resolution 1874, ballistic missile technology, international norms, China, Russia, provocative actions, missile range, US bases, Asia North Korea, irrational regime, strategic threat, great powers, United States National Security Council, Tonny Vietor, missile test, international sanctions, Resolution 1874, engagement, international norms, China, Russia, provocative actions, missile programme, US bases, Asia North Korea, irrational regime, strategic threat, great powers, United States, National Security Council, Tonny Vietor, missile test, irresponsible behavior, international sanctions, Resolution 1874, ballistic missile technology, provocative actions, China, Russia, Asia, US bases, North Korea rocket, international reaction, North Korea’s missile programme North Korea, irrational regime, strategic threat, great powers, United States, National Security Council, Tonny Vietor, missile test, pattern of irresponsible behavior, international sanctions, Resolution 1874, ballistic missile technology, engagement, international norms, China, Russia, provocative actions, missile range, US bases, Asia"
test-politics-gvhwhnerse-con04a	Sham elections do not mean the elections have no influence or impact.  For an autocracy the election for the top job needs to be predetermined, but the other elections do not. This means that elections for the legislature can still be competitive. The seats do have some influence, provide patronage, and have status attached so there are plenty of people who want to contest them. In the Arab world before the Arab spring there was a less than 25% incumbency rate for legislatures. [1] Having elections that determine control in local areas or allow opposition some control in parliament is far preferable to the alternative where the government appoints everyone. Aung San Suu Kyi and the National League for Democracy in Burma have for example gained entry into Parliament and have despite being a minority had an impact. This has particularly been the case internationally. They have helped liberalise the new Foreign Investment Law and have encouraged more liberalised freedom of the press and association. [2]  [1] Lust, Ellen, ‘The Multiple Meanings of Elections In Non-Democratic Regimes: Breakdown, Response and Outcome in the Arab Uprisings’, Yale University, p.7.   [2] Turnell, Sean, ‘Myanmar has made a good start to economic reform’, East Asia Forum, 27 March 2013, sham elections, autocracy, predetermined elections, competitive elections, legislature, influence, patronage, status, Arab world, Arab spring, incumbency rate, local elections, opposition control, parliament, Aung San Suu Kyi, National League for Democracy, Burma, Parliament, minority impact, international impact, Foreign Investment Law, liberalised press, freedom of association, economic reform, East Asia Forum, non-democratic regimes, Ellen Lust, Sean Turnell, Myanmar sham elections, autocracy, predetermined elections, competitive elections, legislature influence, patronage, political status, Arab world, incumbency rate, local elections, opposition control, parliament, Aung San Suu Kyi, National League for Democracy, Burma, international impact, Foreign Investment Law, liberalised press, freedom of association, economic reform, Myanmar sham elections, autocracy, predetermined elections, competitive elections, legislature influence, patronage, status, Arab world, incumbency rate, local elections, opposition control, parliament, Aung San Suu Kyi, National League for Democracy, Burma, international impact, Foreign Investment Law, liberalized press, freedom of association, economic reform, Myanmar sham elections, autocracy, predetermined, competitive elections, legislature, patronage, status, Arab world, Arab spring, incumbency rate, local elections, opposition control, parliament, Aung San Suu Kyi, National League for Democracy, Burma, international impact, Foreign Investment Law, liberalisation, freedom of press, association, non-democratic regimes, Arab Uprisings, Myanmar, economic reform Sham elections, autocracy, legislature, competitive elections, incumbency rate, Arab world, Arab spring, government appointments, Aung San Suu Kyi, National League for Democracy, Burma, Parliament, international impact, Foreign Investment Law, press freedom, association freedom, economic reform, Myanmar
test-international-iiahwagit-pro01a	Natural habitats being are destroyed  A tougher approach to the protection of animals is needed to prevent their natural habitats from being destroyed by locals. As humans expand their agricultural activity in Africa they are destroying the environments of endangered animals and pushing others towards being endangered. Due to an increase in large scale cotton plantations and food crops, the West African lion has seen a marked decrease in population; numbering less than 400 in early 2014 [1] . Tougher protection, such as fencing off areas from human activity, has been suggested and has seen success in South Africa [2] .  [1] BBC, “Lions ‘facing extinction in West Africa’”  [2] Morelle,R. “Fencing off wild lions from humans ‘could save them’” Natural habitats, destruction, animal protection, agricultural expansion, Africa, endangered animals, West African lion, population decline, cotton plantations, food crops, fencing, South Africa, conservation, human-wildlife conflict, environmental protection, lions, extinction, wildlife management,BBC, Morelle,R. natural habitats, destruction, animal protection, agricultural expansion, Africa, endangered animals, West African lion, population decrease, cotton plantations, food crops, fencing, human activity, South Africa, conservation, wildlife management, environmental impact, habitat loss, species preservation, lion conservation, BBC, Morelle R. natural habitats, protection, animals, destruction, locals, human expansion, agricultural activity, Africa, endangered species, West African lion, population decrease, large scale cotton plantations, food crops, fencing, South Africa, conservation, wildlife management, human-wildlife conflict, extinction, environmental impact, biodiversity loss, land use, sustainable agriculture, policy, environmental protection, ecosystem, wildlife conservation, endangered animals, population decline, habitat loss, conservation strategies, protection measures, human activity, environmental degradation, lion conservation, West Africa, ecological balance, habitat preservation, species survival, environmental policy, ecological footprint, habitat fragmentation, sustainable development, conservation biology natural habitats, destruction, animal protection, human expansion, agricultural activity, Africa, endangered animals, West African lion, population decrease, conservation, fencing, South Africa, lion conservation, wildlife protection, habitat preservation, environmental impact, agriculture and wildlife, human-wildlife conflict, extinction risk, conservation strategies Natural habitats, destruction, animal protection, agricultural expansion, Africa, endangered species, West African lion, population decline, cotton plantations, food crops, fencing, human activity, conservation, South Africa, lion conservation, wildlife management, extinction risk, environmental impact, BBC, Morelle R.
test-international-iighbopcc-con01a	Sovereign states should be allowed to set their own targets and be trusted to meet them  States are sovereign entities meaning that only they have power within their borders and climate change should not be a cause for groups of countries meddling in the business of others. Each state making its own commitment and then doing its own monitoring and enforcement is the right way to go about preventing climate change. By doing it this way no countries will feel unduly burdened or persecuted. sovereign states, self-set targets, climate change, international non-interference, state autonomy, self-monitoring, enforcement, environmental commitments, national sovereignty, global cooperation, non-intrusive climate policies, state-specific climate actions sovereign states, set targets, trusted, meet, sovereign entities, power, borders, climate change, groups, countries, meddling, business, commitment, monitoring, enforcement, preventing, unduly burdened, persecuted Sovereign states, climate change, targets, self-regulation, international meddling, state autonomy, environmental policy, national sovereignty, self-monitoring, enforcement, global cooperation, non-interference, climate justice, burden-sharing, state commitment sovereign states, set targets, trusted, meet commitments, sovereign entities, power within borders, climate change, meddling, business of others, own commitment, monitoring, enforcement, preventing climate change, countries, unduly burdened, persecuted sovereign states, set targets, trusted, meet goals, sovereign entities, power within borders, climate change, international meddling, state commitments, monitoring, enforcement, prevent climate change, unduly burdened, persecuted
test-society-asfhwapg-con02a	"Patenting inhibits research and therapeutics  The prevailing belief is that this is an area of such great importance and potential benefit to mankind, as such there should be no, self-interested impediment to genome research. The only barriers should be those of conscience.  The Human Genome Project is one of the government funded projects that makes all its research freely and publicly available. They are not driven by profit and offer information on their discoveries for free enabling others to build upon their findings.  The problem with patents is that companies claim ownership without regard towards moral issues. It is purely in the pursuit of their profits that they decide not to allow others to build on their findings and make the process of discovering treatments far more difficult. An example of this is the Myriad company which, whilst holding patents on BRCA 1 & 2, genes connected with breast cancer, prevented the University of Pennsylvania from using a test for these genes which was substantially cheaper than the company’s own screening procedure. 1  Instead of protecting their research investment, companies should have a moral duty to facilitate in any way they can to the development of cheap, available treatments and screenings for diseases which are so dangerous to so many people.  1. Spektor, Michelle, ""Genes Are Still Patentable, Federal Appeals Court Rules"", Science Progress, 17 August 2011, Patenting, research, therapeutics, genome, Human Genome Project, profit, moral issues, BRCA 1, BRCA 2, Myriad, University of Pennsylvania, breast cancer, treatments, screenings, diseases, moral duty, cheap, available, Federal Appeals Court, genes, patentable, Science Progress Patenting, inhibits, research, therapeutics, importance, benefit, mankind, self-interested, impediment, genome, Human Genome Project, government, funded, freely, publicly, profit, ownership, moral, issues, treatments, Myriad, company, BRCA, genes, breast cancer, University of Pennsylvania, screening, moral duty, cheap, available, diseases, dangerous, people, Federal Appeals Court, Genes, Patentable patenting, inhibits, research, therapeutics, importance, potential, mankind, self-interested, impediment, genome, Human Genome Project, government, funded, free, public, information, discoveries, profit, companies, ownership, moral, issues, profits, Myriad, BRCA, breast cancer, University of Pennsylvania, cheaper, test, screening, protecting, investment, moral duty, cheap, available, treatments, screenings, diseases, dangerous, people, federal, appeals, court, genes, patentable, science, progress patenting, research, therapeutics, importance, potential, mankind, self-interested, impediment, genome, Human Genome Project, government-funded, public, free, information, discoveries, moral, ownership, profit, Myriad, BRCA 1, BRCA 2, breast cancer, University of Pennsylvania, cheaper, test, screening, moral duty, development, treatments, screenings, diseases, dangerous, people, Federal Appeals Court, Genes Are Still Patentable, Science Progress, Michelle Spektor, 17 August 2011 Patenting, inhibits, research, therapeutics, importance, benefit, mankind, self-interested, impediment, genome, Human Genome Project, government-funded, freely, publicly available, profit, moral issues, Myriad, BRCA 1, BRCA 2, breast cancer, University of Pennsylvania, cheaper test, research investment, moral duty, cheap treatments, disease screenings, dangerous, people, Genes Patentable, Federal Appeals Court, Science Progress"
test-philosophy-elkosmj-con04a	We do not want a society in which killing can be acceptable  As soon as we agree that there are situations where killing is acceptable we have reason to fear for our own safety. By accepting killing in certain situations society as a whole becomes more open to the idea. It then becomes hard to draw the line as to where killing is acceptable and where killing is unacceptable. It is much better to outlaw all instances of killing so that we have a general moral standard to follow in all situations. society, killing, acceptable, safety, moral, standard, outlaw, instances, general, idea, situations, fear, line, draw, open, become, agree, better, follow society, killing, acceptable, safety, moral, standard, outlaw, situations, line, fear, idea, general, instances, follow, whole, becomes, hard, draw, where, better society, killing, acceptable, safety, moral standard, outlaw, instances, general, situations, fear, draw the line, open to idea society, killing, acceptable, safety, moral, standard, outlaw, instances, line, draw, ethics, violence, homicide, justification, tolerance, fear, situations, general, follow, idea, open society, killing, acceptable, safety, moral, standard, situations, outlaw, instances, line, ideas, fear, whole, open, better, follow, general
test-science-wsihwclscaaw-con02a	Cyber attacks are difficult to trace  Cyber attacks are very difficult to trace as cyber attackers hide their digital tracks [20]. Cyber attackers also often launch attacks from poorly protected computers in other countries, which in no way implicates that the state was responsible for attacks – for instance, roughly 10% of spam comes from computers in China, but that is not Chinese spam [21]. The situation is different with traditional warfare, where there is evidence of weapons used, uniforms spotted, and reports of witnesses on site. Of course, we can expect states to lie about launching cyber attacks, thus China and the USA trade accusations about responsibility for cyber attacks, but there is no good way to test the truth. All of this means that an act of war would be judged based on incomplete and misleading information about another state’s involvement, threatening international peace and resulting in the loss of human life for no good reason. Cyber attacks, traceability, digital tracks, poorly protected computers, state responsibility, spam, China, traditional warfare, weapons, uniforms, witnesses, state lies, accusations, USA, incomplete information, international peace, human life cyber attacks, traceability, digital tracks, poorly protected computers, state responsibility, spam, China, traditional warfare, evidence, weapons, uniforms, witnesses, state lies, accusations, USA, incomplete information, international peace, human life cyber attacks, trace, digital tracks, poorly protected computers, state responsibility, spam, China, traditional warfare, evidence, weapons, uniforms, witnesses, state lies, USA, accusations, incomplete information, international peace, human life cyber attacks, traceability, digital tracks, poorly protected computers, spam, state responsibility, traditional warfare, evidence, witnesses, international peace, human life, cyber warfare, state lies, accusations, China, USA, incomplete information, misleading information cyber attacks, trace, digital tracks, poorly protected computers, other countries, state responsibility, spam, China, traditional warfare, evidence, weapons, uniforms, witnesses, state lies, accusations, USA, incomplete information, misleading information, international peace, human life, act of war
test-science-dssghsdmd-pro03a	A robust missile defense shield will provide the protection previously afforded by the doctrine of Mutually Assured Destruction, allowing the US to dismantle much of its dangerous nuclear arsenal  With a fully functioning missile defense shield deployed, nuclear-armed ballistic missiles become obsolete, unable to ever reach their targets. This means countries’ strategic obsession with second-strike capacity, the ability to return fire with nuclear weapons should they be attacked by them (Mutually Assured Destruction), will cease to be an issue, as first-strikes are destined to be wiped out before they hit a single target. What this means is that countries with missile defense systems can feel secure without the need of retaining massive nuclear arsenals. This will alleviate the pressure to have stockpiles of warheads and will promote disarmament. Mutually Assured Destruction has become a far less secure strategy as nuclear proliferation has occurred to states with different strategic conceptions. This has been seen in the United States, which since its full adoption of the Aegis system has actively pursued a policy of reaching a new accord with Russia on nuclear arms reduction. This culminated in 2010 with the signing of the New START (Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty), an accord to reduce the number of strategic nuclear missile launchers by half (Associated Press, 2011). This new step toward nuclear disarmament could not be politically possible in the United States without a replacement defense, which only a national missile defense system can provide. missile defense, nuclear arsenal, mutually assured destruction, disarmament, nuclear proliferation, Aegis system, New START, strategic arms reduction, first-strike capability, second-strike capacity, nuclear warheads, national security, US-Russia relations, defense policy missile defense shield, nuclear arsenal, Mutually Assured Destruction, nuclear disarmament, strategic arms reduction, Aegis system, New START, nuclear proliferation, national missile defense, first-strike capability, second-strike capacity, nuclear warheads, strategic security, international arms control, ballistic missile defense, US-Russia relations, nuclear strategy, global nuclear policy, defense technology, military strategy missile defense shield, nuclear arsenal, mutually assured destruction, nuclear disarmament, first-strike, second-strike capacity, nuclear proliferation, aegis system, new start treaty, strategic arms reduction treaty, national missile defense system, nuclear arms reduction, us policy, russia agreement, ballistic missiles, defense replacement, security strategy, warhead stockpiles, strategic conceptions, political possibility missile defense, nuclear arsenal, Mutually Assured Destruction, disarmament, Aegis system, New START, nuclear proliferation, strategic nuclear missile launchers, first-strike, second-strike capacity, national missile defense, political accord, Russia, United States, strategic security, warheads reduction, nuclear arms reduction, protection strategy, defense shield, ballistic missiles, nuclear weapons, international relations, security policy, arms control, strategic stability, treaty compliance, military strategy, global security, nuclear deterrence, disarmament negotiations, missile technology, defense policy, nuclear doctrine, strategic concepts, state security, strategic dynamics, international treaties, arms control missile defense, robust shield, nuclear arsenal, dismantlement, Mutually Assured Destruction, strategic security, disarmament, nuclear proliferation, Aegis system, New START, strategic arms reduction, ballistic missiles, first-strike, second-strike capacity, nuclear warheads, international security, policy accord, defense replacement, nuclear safety, strategic conceptions, treaty signing
test-digital-freedoms-piidfiphwu-pro03a	A graduated response is the fairest way to enforce copyright legislation  First, the sanction after three warnings can be tailored to fit general notions of justice, the punishment need not be severe and could fit the crime: maybe a consumer would be cut off of the internet for only two weeks, or only cut off from accessing download sites but still be allowed to access government and banking sites, or receive a small fine.  Secondly, the consumer has ample time to change his or her behaviour: a consumer can insist on infringing copyright at least two times before the sanction takes place. The consumer can easily avoid being cut off (even temporarily), meaning the punishment likely doesn’t even have to take place. [1]  [1] Barry Sookman, ‘Graduated response and copyright: an idea that is right for the times’, January 10th, 2010. URL: graduated response, copyright enforcement, fair enforcement, sanctions, warnings, justice, punishment, internet access restriction, download site restriction, fines, consumer behavior, multiple infringements, avoidance, temporary punishment, Barry Sookman, copyright legislation graduated response, copyright enforcement, justice, proportionate punishment, internet sanctions, download restrictions, consumer behavior, repeat infringement, temporary disconnection, fine, Barry Sookman, copyright legislation graduated response, copyright enforcement, fair enforcement, justice, proportionate punishment, internet access restriction, download site restriction, small fine, behavior change, repeat infringement, copyright infringement, legal compliance, Barry Sookman, copyright policy, digital rights management, consumer rights, internet sanctions, temporary disconnection, access limitation graduated response, copyright enforcement, fair enforcement, justice, tailored sanctions, proportionate punishment, internet cutoff, download restrictions, fines, consumer behavior, multiple warnings, copyright infringement, legal compliance, Barry Sookman, copyright law, digital rights management, user education, policy effectiveness graduated response, copyright enforcement, fair enforcement, internet sanctions, user behavior modification, copyright infringement, punitive measures, legal compliance, digital rights management, consumer protection, judicial fairness, Barry Sookman, copyright law, technology policy, internet access restrictions, download restrictions, fines, copyright violation, legislative approaches, fair punishment
test-international-bmaggiahbl-con01a	Focused leadership  Progress in Africa has been hindered by factors like corruption, conflicts and poor infrastructure, all of which are linked to the incompetent or greedy leaders.  Rwanda is a different case, ranked among the best countries with a strong and focused leadership in Africa, the country has set up clear policies like EDPRS [Economic Development and Poverty Reduction Strategy] which aims to change Rwanda from an agriculture based economy to knowledge and service economy [1]. It is well known for zero tolerance to corruption, improved infrastructure and technology all of which are core factors in achieving development. In Africa, Rwanda tops list of easiest countries to do business a move that has encouraged more investors into the country[2].  Limited freedom of speech and press does not hinder economic development. What matters is that the government is trusted to fulfil all its commitments. After all, nothing has stopped China progressing despite human rights violations and censorship of both free speech and the press.  [1] The world bank, ‘Rwanda overview’, worldbank.org  [2] International finance corporation, ‘Rwanda top business reformer’, ifc.org focused leadership, progress, Africa, corruption, conflicts, poor infrastructure, Rwanda, strong leadership, EDPRS, Economic Development and Poverty Reduction Strategy, agriculture-based economy, knowledge economy, service economy, zero tolerance corruption, improved infrastructure, technology, development, business, investors, freedom of speech, press, economic development, government trust, China, human rights violations, censorship, free speech Focused leadership, Progress in Africa, Corruption, Conflicts, Poor infrastructure, Incompetent leaders, Greedy leaders, Rwanda, Strong leadership, EDPRS, Economic Development and Poverty Reduction Strategy, Agriculture based economy, Knowledge economy, Service economy, Zero tolerance corruption, Improved infrastructure, Technology, Development, Ease of doing business, Investors, Limited freedom of speech, Limited press, Economic development, Government trust, China, Human rights violations, Censorship, Free speech, Press freedom Focused leadership, Progress in Africa, Corruption, Conflicts, Poor infrastructure, Incompetent leaders, Greedy leaders, Rwanda, Strong leadership, EDPRS, Economic Development and Poverty Reduction Strategy, Agriculture-based economy, Knowledge and service economy, Zero tolerance to corruption, Improved infrastructure, Technology, Development, Ease of doing business, Investors, Limited freedom of speech, Limited press freedom, Economic development, Government trust, China, Progress, Human rights violations, Censorship, Free speech, Press freedom focused leadership, progress, Africa, corruption, conflicts, poor infrastructure, incompetent leaders, greedy leaders, Rwanda, strong leadership, EDPRS, Economic Development and Poverty Reduction Strategy, agriculture-based economy, knowledge economy, service economy, zero tolerance corruption, improved infrastructure, technology, development, easiest countries to do business, investors, limited freedom of speech, press, economic development, government trust, China, human rights violations, censorship, free speech Focused leadership, Progress in Africa, Corruption, Conflicts, Poor infrastructure, Incompetent leaders, Rwanda, Strong leadership, EDPRS, Economic Development and Poverty Reduction Strategy, Zero tolerance to corruption, Improved infrastructure, Technology, Development, Ease of doing business, Investors, Freedom of speech, Press freedom, Economic development, Government trust, China, Human rights violations, Censorship, Free speech, Press censorship
test-law-cplglghwbhwd-con01a	Hand Guns Are Required For Self Defence.  Under the status quo handguns are legal. This means that should a criminal initially wish to consider mugging someone he has to consider the possibility that he might be shot should he choose to take this action. A visceral fear of death and injury means that a significant number of criminals will be deterred from engaging in burglaries, violent robberies or muggings if they suspect that they might face armed resistance. As such the presence of handguns within a community contributes to the general deterrence of crime within that community.7  Secondly, should someone try to attack someone else with a handgun, if the other person is armed then they are in a much better position to negotiate with their attacker and prevent harm to either party. Creating a public culture in which handguns are held and used sensibly, and in which firearms training is widely available, allows a parity of power to be created between ordinary citizens and criminals. However, this parity of power is changed in favour of the defender. This is because there are more law abiding citizens than criminals. If the mugger is caught by another citizen then it is possible that citizen will also have a handgun leading to a situation where the mugger will likely be arrested or risk death.8  Finally, the normalisation of handguns in society means that people are less likely to panic should they be attacked by a mugger who has one. Deaths from mugging can often be caused by the victim simply panicking in response to the mugger. Shots are often fired by desperate and unstable assailants who are unprepared for their victim’s reaction. In a society acclimatised to handguns and aware of the risk they present, incidents of this type- fuelled by panic, uncertainty and fear- are much less likely to occur. handguns, self-defence, legal, crime deterrent, armed resistance, visceral fear, death, injury, burglar, robbery, mugging, negotiation, public culture, firearms training, parity of power, law-abiding citizens, criminals, arrest, panic, unstable assailants, society acclimatised, uncertainty, fear, gun control, personal safety, weapons proficiency, public safety, crime prevention, gun ownership, concealed carry, second amendment, firearm safety, defensive gun use, criminal deterrence, law enforcement, personal security, self-protection, emergency response, home defense, street safety, gun laws, legal firearm, handguns, self-defence, legal, criminal, deterrence, crime, armed-resistance, parity-of-power, firearms-training, law-abiding-citizens, public-culture, normalization, panic, mugging, unstable-assailants, societal-acclimation handguns, self-defence, legal, criminal, deterrence, crime, armed-resistance, firearms-training, parity-of-power, law-abiding-citizens, normalisation, society, panic, mugging, unstable-assailants, public-safety, gun-ownership, weapon-training, civic-defense, lethal-force, personal-security Handguns, Self Defence, Legal, Criminal Deterrence, Armed Resistance, Parity of Power, Law Abiding Citizens, Firearms Training, Public Culture, Normalisation, Panic Reduction, Mugging, Societal Acclimation, Victim Reaction, Unstable Assailants handguns, self-defence, legal, criminals, deterrence, armed-resistance, negotiation, firearms-training, parity-of-power, law-abiding-citizens, public-culture, normalisation, panic, mugging, deaths, unstable-assailants, society-acclimatised
test-politics-cdmaggpdgdf-con05a	In security too much transparency endangers lives  Transparency is all very well when it comes to how much is being spent on a new tank, aircraft, or generals houses, but it is very different when it comes to operations. Transparency in operations can endanger lives. With intelligence services transparency would risk the lives of informants; it is similar with the case of interpreters for US forces in Iraq who were targeted after they were told they could not wear masks because they are considered to be traitors. [1]  In military operations being open about almost anything could be a benefit to the opposition. Most obviously things like the timing and numbers involved in operations need to be kept under wraps but all sorts of information could be damaging in one way or another. Simply because a state is not involved in a full scale war does not mean it can open up on these operations. This is why the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs Admiral Mike Mullen in response to WikiLeaks said “Mr. Assange can say whatever he likes about the greater good he thinks he and his source are doing… But the truth is they might already have on their hands the blood of some young soldier or that of an Afghan family.” [2]  [1] Londoño, Ernesto, ‘U.S. Ban on Masks Upsets Iraqui Interpreters’, Washington Post, 17 November 2008  [2] Jaffe, Greg, and Partlow, Joshua, ‘Joint Chiefs Chairman Mullen: WikiLeaks release endangers troops, Afghans’, Washington Post, 30 July 2010 security, transparency, endangers, lives, operations, intelligence, informants, interpreters, US, forces, Iraq, masks, traitors, military, open, benefit, opposition, timing, numbers, full, scale, war, Chairman, Joint, Chiefs, Mike, Mullen, WikiLeaks, Mr, Assange, blood, soldier, Afghan, family, release, troops, Jaffe, Partlow, Washington, Post security, transparency, operations, endanger, lives, intelligence, informants, interpreters, military, information, damage, war, WikiLeaks, blood, troops, Afghans, masks, traitors, Chairman, Joint, Chiefs, Mullen, Assange security, transparency, endangered lives, military operations, intelligence services, informants, interpreters, US forces, Iraq, masks, traitors, WikiLeaks, Chairman of the Joint Chiefs, Admiral Mike Mullen, Mr. Assange, blood, young soldier, Afghan family security, transparency, endanger, lives, military, operations, intelligence, services, informants, interpreters, US, forces, Iraq, masks, traitors, WikiLeaks, blood, soldiers, Afghan, family, Joint, Chiefs, Mike, Mullen security, transparency, endanger, lives, military, operations, intelligence, services, informants, interpreters, US, forces, Iraq, masks, traitors, state, war, information, damage, Chairman, Joint, Chiefs, Mike, Mullen, WikiLeaks, Assange, blood, soldiers, Afghan, family
test-law-cplglghwbhwd-con02a	Handguns are Required For Symbolic Reasons As A Defence Against the State Monopoly of Power  Handguns are legal in the U.S. for symbolic reasons. In Justice Scalla’s oral argument he stated “isn't it perfectly plausible, indeed reasonable, to assume that since the framers knew that the way militias were destroyed by tyrants in the past was not by passing a law against militias, but by taking away the people's weapons -- that was the way militias were destroyed. The two clauses go together beautifully: Since we need a militia, the right of the people to keep and bear arms shall not be infringed.”9 Guns are necessary to prevent the disarming of the people and as a statement that the citizens of the U.S. are allowed to stand up against the state.  In the formation of the state, the citizens of the state give up their freedoms and their ability to do violence upon each other in favour a state monopoly on violence. The implication is that the state, through this monopoly on violence, then prevents citizens from doing violence against one another.  However, it is possible for the state to use its monopoly on physical force in a reckless or subversive fashion. This means that the citizens should always be able to reassert the primacy of their rights and independence over the state, should the state begin to deviate from its mandated role as protector of those rights.  The right to carry firearms is part of this ability to assert one’s power over the state. However, as the state has become more powerful, ownership of small arms has become an increasingly symbolic gesture. Taking away the right to bear arms from any American is thus harmful, as it removes the symbol that the state’s power is not absolute and that ultimately the state is subservient to its people.10 handguns, symbolic, defense, state, monopoly, power, legal, U.S., Justice, Scalia, oral, argument, framers, militias, tyrants, weapons, clauses, people, keep, bear, arms, prevent, disarming, citizens, formation, state, freedoms, violence, monopoly, prevent, reckless, subversive, rights, independence, protector, firearms, assert, power, powerful, small, arms, gesture, right, bear, American, harmful, symbol, absolute, subservient handguns, symbolic, defense, state, monopoly, power, legal, U.S., Justice, Scalia, oral, argument, framers, militias, tyrants, weapons, right, people, bear, arms, infringement, citizens, violence, freedom, protection, rights, independence, firearms, powerful, ownership, small, arms, gesture, absolute, subservient Handguns, Symbolic, Defence, State, Monopoly, Power, Legal, U.S., Justice, Scalia, Oral, Argument, Framers, Tyrants, Militias, Destroyed, Right, People, Keep, Bear, Arms, Infringed, Prevent, Disarming, Formation, State, Citizens, Freedoms, Violence, Monopoly, Implication, Reckless, Subversive, Rights, Independence, Protector, Firearm, Power, Symbol, Absolute, Subservient handguns, symbolic, defense, state, monopoly, power, legal, U.S., Justice, Scalia, oral, argument, framers, militias, tyrants, weapons, rights, people, bear, arms, citizens, violence, monopoly, state, violence, reckless, subversive, rights, independence, firearms, power, state, primacy, protector, ownership, small, arms, symbolic, gesture, American, absolute, subservient, people handguns, symbolic, defense, state, monopoly, power, legal, U.S., Justice, Scalia, oral, argument, framers, militias, tyrants, right, people, keep, bear, arms, infringe, citizens, violence, monopoly, force, reckless, subversive, rights, independence, firearms, powerful, small, arms, gesture, absolute, subservient
test-philosophy-ippelhbcp-pro03a	Diplomatic relations  European states in particular put a particular emphasis on capital punishment when determining human rights issues for foreign policy. The UK for example has a policy of promoting and lobbying for the abolition of capital punishment with foreign governments. [1]  This will help generate goodwill for the nation. This could have a whole myriad of benefits - from aid and trade, to being seen as the “good guy” in any international disputes. When using capital punishment the opposite is the case; controversy has been created by the use of UN resources in drugs cases in Vietnam that could lead to executions for drug offences [2] .  [1] Foreign & Commonwealth Office, ‘HMG Strategy for Abolition of the Death Penalty 2010-2015’, gov.uk, October 2011,   [2] “UN urged to freeze anti-drug aid to Vietnam over death penalty”, Reuters, 12 Feb 2014, Diplomatic relations, European states, capital punishment, human rights, foreign policy, UK, abolition, lobbying, international disputes, goodwill, aid, trade, UN, Vietnam, death penalty, drugs cases, executions Diplomatic relations, European states, capital punishment, human rights, foreign policy, UK, abolition, lobbying, international goodwill, aid, trade, international disputes, UN resources, drugs cases, Vietnam, executions, death penalty, controversy Diplomatic relations, European states, capital punishment, human rights, foreign policy, UK, abolition, lobbying, goodwill, nation, benefits, aid, trade, international disputes, controversy, UN resources, drugs cases, Vietnam, executions, death penalty, strategy, 2010-2015, Reuters, anti-drug aid, 2014 Diplomatic relations, European states, capital punishment, human rights, foreign policy, UK, promotion, abolition, goodwill, aid, trade, international disputes, UN resources, drugs cases, Vietnam, executions, death penalty, controversy, lobbying, foreign governments, strategy, abolition, 2010-2015, UN aid, anti-drug, Reuters, February 2014 diplomatic relations, European states, capital punishment, human rights, foreign policy, UK, abolition, death penalty, international disputes, UN resources, drug cases, executions, Vietnam, aid, trade, goodwill, controversy, anti-drug aid, death penalty opposition
test-politics-grcrgshwbr-con03a	If you ban one thing, you have to ban lots of things.  Every religious symbol should be treated equally so as not to cause discrimination. It's just not viable to ban one symbol. If you ban something, for example, as sacred and religious as the Muslim veil, people will then start rallying cries for other things to be banned. At the end of the day, if the Government feels that it is in the best interests of society not to ban the veil, then we have to believe them. Really if one thing is banned then the uproar that would happen would have significantly worse consequences than before the ban. There have been worries about the banning of the Sikh Kirpan because outsiders regard it as a possible weapon and a danger to people in public places.1 However, in the Sikh perspective, the Kirpan is a sacred symbol very similar to other religions' symbols.  1 'Timeline: The Quebec kirpan case', CBC News Online, 2nd March 2006, accessed on 25th July 2011 religious symbols, ban, discrimination, Muslim veil, Sikh Kirpan, government, societal interests, public safety, uproar, consequences, religious freedom, equality, sacred items, cultural symbols, weapon concern, religious practice, public places, outlaw, regulation, community reaction religious symbols, equal treatment, discrimination, ban, Muslim veil, societal interests, government decision, Sikh Kirpan, public safety, religious freedom, outsiders' perspective, cultural significance, legal implications, societal consequences, religious attire, public uproar, symbolic equality, religious practices, community response, legislative impact ban, religious, symbol, discrimination, Muslim, veil, government, society, Sikh, Kirpan, weapon, public, safety, uproar, consequences, equality, sacred, CBC, news, Quebec, case, timeline, access, date ban, religious, symbols, discrimination, Muslim, veil, government, Sikh, Kirpan, weapon, public, safety, equality, consequences, uproar, society, interests, sacred, treatment, outsiders, perspective ban, religious, symbol, discrimination, Muslim, veil, government, Sikh, Kirpan, weapon, public, safety, equality, consequences, uproar, timeline, Quebec, case, CBC, news, accessed, July, March
test-politics-nlpdwhbusbuc-con01a	Cluster Bombs Have Significant Strategic Value  As mentioned earlier in the opposition counter arguments, cluster bombs are incredibly effective at dealing with large formations of troops and armoured vehicles and can cause a significant amount of damage to an opposing force in a relatively small amount of time. This niche is not filled as cheaply or as easily by other weapons that can be released from a bombing aircraft. As such cluster bombs have a significant level of military and strategic value when used in conflict.  In the case where cluster bombs were banned, it would simply fall to the military to find an effective replacement weapon for these scenarios and it is likely that these would be as problematic if not more so.8 Cluster bombs, strategic value, military effectiveness, large formations, troops, armoured vehicles, damage, opposition, conflict, cost, replacement weapons, problematic, ban cluster bombs, strategic value, military effectiveness, large formations, troops, armoured vehicles, damage, opposing force, cost-effective, bombing aircraft, replacement weapons, problematic, military conflict, ban, alternatives Cluster Bombs, Strategic Value, Troop Formations, Armoured Vehicles, Military Effectiveness, Cost Efficiency, Bombing Aircraft, Weapon Replacement, Conflict Scenarios, Ban Implications, Military Necessity Cluster Bombs, Strategic Value, Troop Formations, Armoured Vehicles, Military Effectiveness, Cost Efficiency, Bombing Aircraft, Weapon Replacement, Conflict Scenarios, Ban Implications, Military Necessity cluster bombs, strategic value, military effectiveness, large formations, armoured vehicles, damage, opposing force, cost-effective, bombing aircraft, weapon replacement, problematic alternatives, military strategy, conflict scenarios, ban implications
test-economy-epiasghbf-pro02a	The effects of unemployment  Unemployment has been linked to several health and wellbeing effects. Firstly, the psychological impact of unemployment involve a range of issues - from confidence to mental well-being. Issues of mental health problems - such as depression, suicide, anxiety, and substance abuse, need recognition in Africa. The impact of mental health may not only be on the individual, but dispersed within families and across generations. Secondly, unemployment may result in a loss of social networks and networking skills. The power of social capital, or networks, in reducing vulnerability has been widely noted. Therefore encouraging women to participate within the labour market ensures new networks are built and retained through the vital communication skills used. Finally. unemployment may affect physical health status.  Unemployment may place individuals in a downward spiral, making it harder to re-enter the job market. unemployment, health, wellbeing, psychological, mental, depression, suicide, anxiety, substance, abuse, Africa, family, generations, social, networks, skills, capital, vulnerability, women, labour, market, physical, status, re-entry unemployment, psychological-impact, mental-health, depression, suicide, anxiety, substance-abuse, Africa, family-impact, social-networks, social-capital, women-employment, physical-health, job-market-reentry unemployment, health, wellbeing, psychological, impact, confidence, mental, well-being, depression, suicide, anxiety, substance, abuse, Africa, social, networks, networking, skills, social, capital, vulnerability, women, labour, market, physical, health, status, downward, spiral, re-entry, job unemployment, health, wellbeing, psychological, mental-health, depression, suicide, anxiety, substance-abuse, Africa, social-capital, networks, women-labour-market, physical-health, re-entry-job-market unemployment, health, wellbeing, psychological impact, confidence, mental well-being, mental health problems, depression, suicide, anxiety, substance abuse, Africa, social networks, social capital, vulnerability, women participation, labour market, physical health, downward spiral, job re-entry
test-international-aghwrem-pro04a	Disengagement has done more harm than good in the region  The policy of disengagement has not resulted in any meaningful change in Myanmar, politically or economically. Since Myanmar has not been dependent on the US or the EU, sanctions and arms embargoes have not had any effect on the government. The changes in 2010-2011 have been due to the influence of the NLD, and certain regional players (like Thailand and China) which have sought to directly engage with Myanmar. Further, the sections of the population that are most affected by the sanctions are those not in the top tier of the political and economic class, but smaller manufacturers and the working class. Restrictions on exports and developmental aid from the US and the EU prevent local manufacturers and consumers from having access to them. On the other hand, restrictions on imports from Myanmar weaken the market for its exporters. These factors only further impoverish and alienate the local population, increasing economic disparity, and consequently the power of the ruling elite in the national context as well. disengagement, harm, Myanmar, political, economic, sanctions, arms embargoes, NLD, regional players, Thailand, China, engagement, 2010-2011, changes, US, EU, smaller manufacturers, working class, restrictions, exports, developmental aid, local manufacturers, consumers, imports, market, exporters, impoverish, alienate, economic disparity, ruling elite, national context Disengagement, Myanmar, policy, sanctions, arms embargoes, political change, economic change, NLD, regional players, Thailand, China, direct engagement, 2010-2011 changes, smaller manufacturers, working class, top tier, political class, economic class, restrictions, exports, developmental aid, US, EU, local manufacturers, consumers, market, exporters, impoverish, alienate, economic disparity, ruling elite, national context Myanmar, disengagement, sanctions, economic impact, political change, NLD, regional players, Thailand, China, export restrictions, developmental aid, local manufacturers, working class, economic disparity, ruling elite disengagement, harm, Myanmar, political, economic, US, EU, sanctions, arms embargoes, government, influence, NLD, regional players, Thailand, China, engagement, population, sanctions effect, smaller manufacturers, working class, exports, developmental aid, market, exporters, impoverish, alienate, economic disparity, ruling elite, national context disengagement, harm, Myanmar, political, economic, sanctions, arms embargoes, NLD, regional players, Thailand, China, engagement, 2010-2011 changes, smaller manufacturers, working class, exports, developmental aid, US, EU, local manufacturers, consumers, market, exporters, impoverish, alienate, economic disparity, ruling elite
test-society-simhbrasnba-con02a	The rights of refugees are a cornerstone of international law  Signatories of The 1951 Convention on Refugees have a legal responsibility to offer asylum to any foreign national who has a well-founded fear of persecution, for political, religious, ethnic or social reasons, and who is unwilling to return home. Moreover the refugee is protected against forcible return when his life may be threatened, something which is an obligation even for countries which are not parties to the convention bust respect as it is part of international customary law. [1] This treaty is one of the cornerstones of international human rights law, and as such states should uphold it to the letter.  [1] Jastram, Kate, and Achiron, Marilyn, Refugee Protection: A Guide to International Refugee Law’, P.14. refugees, international law, 1951 Convention on Refugees, asylum, persecution, political, religious, ethnic, social, forcible return, international customary law, human rights, states, treaty, obligations, protection, Kate Jastram, Marilyn Achiron, Refugee Protection, Guide to International Refugee Law refugee rights, international law, 1951 Convention on Refugees, legal responsibility, asylum, well-founded fear, persecution, political, religious, ethnic, social reasons, forcible return, international customary law, human rights law, state obligations, Jastram, Achiron, Refugee Protection, Guide to International Refugee Law refugees, international law, 1951 Convention, asylum, persecution, political, religious, ethnic, social reasons, forcible return, international customary law, human rights, states, uphold, treaty, Jastram, Achiron, Refugee Protection, Guide, International Refugee Law refugee rights, international law, 1951 Convention on Refugees, asylum, well-founded fear, persecution, political, religious, ethnic, social, forcible return, international customary law, human rights, state obligations, Jastram, Achiron, Refugee Protection, Guide to International Refugee Law refugee rights, international law, 1951 Convention on Refugees, asylum, well-founded fear, persecution, political, religious, ethnic, social, protection, forcible return, international customary law, human rights, state obligations, Jastram, Achiron, Refugee Protection, International Refugee Law
test-economy-egecegphw-pro02a	The expansion of Heathrow is vital for the economy  Expanding Heathrow would ensure many current jobs as well as creating new ones. Currently, Heathrow supports around 250,000 jobs. [1] Added to this many hundreds of thousands more are dependent upon the tourist trade in London which relies on good transport links like Heathrow. Loosing competitiveness in front of other European airports not only could imply wasting the possibility to create new jobs, but lose some of those that already exist. Expansion of Heathrow would also be building a vital part of infrastructure at a time when British infrastructure spending is very low as a result of the recession so helping to boost growth. Good flight connections are critical for attracting new business and maintaining current business. This is because aviation infrastructure is important for identifying new business opportunities. The UK’s economic future depends on trading not just with traditional destinations in Europe and America but also with the expanding cities of China and India, cities such as Chongqing and Chengdu. [2] Businesses based in these cities will be much more likely to invest in Britain with direct flights. [3]  [1] BBC News, ‘New group backs Heathrow expansion’, 21 July 2003,   [2] Duncan, E., ‘Wake up. We need a third runway’. The Times, 2012,   [3] Salomone, Roger, ‘Time to up the ante on roads and airports’, EEF Blog, 2 April 2013, Heathrow, expansion, economy, jobs, tourist trade, London, competitiveness, European airports, infrastructure, recession, growth, flight connections, business, trade, China, India, investment, direct flights, UK, economic future, third runway, transport links, aviation infrastructure, business opportunities, investing, Britain, economic development, policy, transportation, employment, urban development, global trade, aviation policy, economic competitiveness, infrastructure spending, recovery, business attraction, international trade, travel, logistics, regional development, fiscal policy, public investment, economic stimulus, transport infrastructure, economic impact, business travel, trade relations, regional economy, transport policy Heathrow, expansion, economy, jobs, tourism, competitiveness, European airports, infrastructure, recession, growth, flight connections, business, trade, China, India, investment, runways, aviation, transport, London, economic future, direct flights, investment opportunities, British infrastructure, business opportunities, Economic benefits, employment, travel, global trade, urban development, transportation hubs, economic competitiveness, regional growth, aviation industry, policy, government, BBC News, The Times, EEF Blog, essays, articles, reports, studies, statistics, data, analysis, commentary, opinion, debate, discussion, arguments, evidence, facts, sources Heathrow, expansion, economy, jobs, tourist trade, London, competitiveness, European airports, infrastructure, recession, growth, flight connections, business opportunities, trade, Europe, America, China, India, Chongqing, Chengdu, investment, United Kingdom, aviation, BBC News, The Times, EEF Blog, Roger Salomone, Edward Duncan Heathrow expansion, economy, jobs, tourist trade, competitiveness, European airports, infrastructure, recession, growth, flight connections, business attraction, aviation infrastructure, trade, China, India, investment, direct flights, UK economic future, business opportunities, investment opportunities, transportation links, employment creation, economic development, airport capacity, global connectivity, regional airports, travel industry, business travel, international trade, urban development, Heathrow Airport, third runway, BBC News, The Times, EEF Blog Heathrow, expansion, economy, jobs, tourism, infrastructure, recession, growth, business, aviation, investment, China, India, trade, Europe, America, direct flights, competitiveness, airports, transport links, British, infrastructure spending, economic future, new business, current business, business opportunities, investment attraction, recession impact, job creation, job loss, European airports, transport infrastructure, aviation industry, economic development, global cities, Chongqing, Chengdu, BBC News, The Times, EEF Blog, Roger Salomone, Edward Duncan
test-health-dhghwapgd-con01a	"Generic drugs often prove to be less effective than their brand name counterparts, and can even be dangerous  Generic drugs are meant to retain a substantial degree of bioequivalence with their brand name predecessors. Yet, even under strict testing laws in this regard, generic drugs have on several cases been shown to manifest side effects not present in their parent products. For example, a generic version of Wellbutrin XL, an anti-depressant, that was ostensibly chemically equivalent to the brand name drug, caused suicidal episodes in several users1. This demonstrates that no amount of chemical testing can guarantee true bioequivalence, and thus generic drugs cannot be considered as identical to brand name drugs in terms of safety. While improving testing of generics would go some way toward fixing this problem, it would not do so entirely, as the market for new drugs will be so greatly widened with the approval of generic production that the cost of screening will be very high and the likelihood of poor knock-offs reaching consumers, particularly in the developing world where screening is less robust, is increased substantially2. Brand name drugs may be more expensive, but their safety is more thoroughly guaranteed. Flooding the market with cheap, potentially dangerous alternative drugs helps no one but the undertaker.  1 Childs, Dan. 2007. ""Generic Drugs: Dangerous Differences?"". ABC News. Available: 2 Mercurio, Bryan. 2007. ""Resolving the Public Health Crisis in the Developing World: Problems and Barriers of Access to Essential Medicines"". Northwestern University Journal of International Human Rights. Available: generic drugs, brand name drugs, bioequivalence, side effects, Wellbutrin XL, chemical testing, market regulation, safety, cost of screening, developing world, public health, essential medicines, drug safety, pharmaceuticals, health risks, medication equivalence, regulatory standards, drug approval, affordable healthcare, drug efficacy generic drugs, brand name drugs, bioequivalence, side effects, Wellbutrin XL, suicidal episodes, chemical testing, market flooding, drug safety, developing world, screening, cost, public health, essential medicines, access barriers, international human rights, pharmaceuticals, regulatory issues, patient outcomes, healthcare economics generic drugs, brand name drugs, bioequivalence, side effects, Wellbutrin XL, suicidal episodes, chemical testing, market approval, cost of screening, poor knock-offs, developing world, drug safety, drug pricing, public health crisis, access to medicines generic drugs, brand name drugs, bioequivalence, side effects, Wellbutrin XL, chemical testing, safety, market, cost, screening, developing world, public health, essential medicines, cheaper alternatives, regulatory issues, pharmacology, drug efficacy, medication safety, healthcare policy, pharmaceutical industry generic drugs, brand name drugs, bioequivalence, side effects, chemical testing, Wellbutrin XL, suicidal episodes, drug safety, market flooding, developing world, screening costs, public health, essential medicines, drug approval, regulatory issues, cost-effectiveness, medication efficacy, pharmaceutical industry, consumer safety, healthcare policy"
test-health-hpehwadvoee-con01a	Self-preservation is our primary moral duty  Many people, especially those who belong to religious groups believe that we have a duty to preserve our own lives. They would argue that suicide is never justified, even if the reasons might appear to be good. It is impossible to sacrifice your life for others, because you cannot know how important your life is to others in relation to how important other people’s lives are. Either life is invaluable and it is thus impossible to value one life higher than others, or it can be valued, but it is impossible for us to assess our life’s value in relation to others. Therefore, while we accept that some might die, it is not for the individual to take matters into his or her own hands and accelerate the process, as this decision might be made on the wrong grounds, but cannot be reversed. self-preservation, moral duty, religious beliefs, suicide, life preservation, sacrifice, life value, individual decision, irreversible actions, ethical considerations, human life, moral philosophy, personal responsibility, duty to live, life importance, moral justification, suicide ethics, life assessment, moral reasoning, ethical duty self-preservation, moral duty, religious beliefs, suicide, justifications, life preservation, sacrifice, life value, individual decision, irreversible decisions, ethics, moral philosophy, human life, existential value self-preservation, moral duty, religious beliefs, duty to live, suicide, unjustified, sacrifice, life's value, individual decision, irreversible decision, ethical considerations, life importance, moral philosophy, human life, value assessment, ethical dilemmas, moral responsibility, personal ethics, survival, moral obligations self-preservation, moral duty, religious beliefs, suicide, justification, life preservation, sacrifice, life value, assessing life importance, irreversible decisions, ethical considerations, individual responsibility, moral philosophy, ethics, human life, value of life, moral arguments, duty to self,尊严, 生命权, 自杀伦理, 个体责任, 道德哲学, 生命价值, 宗教观点, 生命保护, 伦理考量, 不可逆决策, 自我保护, 道德义务, 生命牺牲, 生命重要性评估, 个体生命价值, 人类生命, 道 self-preservation, moral duty, religious beliefs, suicide, life preservation, justifiable reasons, sacrifice, life value, individual decision, irreversible consequences
test-digital-freedoms-dfiphbgs-con02a	Open source software undermines national security.  Even if closed source software firms are ultimately answerable to their shareholders, their shareholders want them to produce software which meets the needs of their customers so that they can sell their products. That is why Microsoft has offered a cheap version of Windows Vista to developing nations, and has been willing to cut the price of its software in negotiations with governments around the world.  More worrying than the burden that closed source software places on a government’s coffers is the threat that open source software presents to a state’s security.  By definition, the code for open source software is freely available. However, the continual attempts to hack into government computer systems demonstrate that many of the same hackers are now moving beyond mere targets of opportunity. Hackers could well take advantage of the increasing ubiquity of open source code to attack national computer systems.  The additional security that open source software claims to benefit from is an illusion. Rather, it is the lack of ubiquitous open source platforms that has kept OSs such as Linux and BSD safe from attack. The possibility that an might yield some form of a reward is reduced when a hacker is presented with fewer viable targets.  Although open source code may give ethical and honest coders more opportunities to spot the flaws in programmes, it also incentivises hackers to invest their efforts in spotting such flaws first. open source software, national security, closed source software, shareholders, customer needs, Windows Vista, developing nations, government negotiations, security threat, freely available code, government computer systems, hackers, ethical coders, security flaws, Linux, BSD, attack targets, hacker incentives, software platforms, ubiquitous software open source, software, national security, closed source, shareholders, customer needs, Windows Vista, developing nations, government coffers, state security, code availability, hackers, government systems, security claims, Linux, BSD, ethical coders, flaw spotting, hacker incentives open source software, national security, closed source software, shareholders, customer needs, Microsoft, Windows Vista, developing nations, software pricing, government finances, security threats, freely available code, government computer systems, hackers, targets of opportunity, open source code, security benefits, Linux, BSD, attack vulnerability, ethical coders, flaw detection, hacker incentives open source software, national security, closed source software, shareholders, customer needs, Microsoft, Windows Vista, developing nations, government expenditures, state security, freely available code, government computer systems, hackers, targets of opportunity, security threats, ubiquitous open source code, open source platforms, Linux, BSD, security illusion, ethical coders, flaw spotting, hacker incentives open source software, national security, closed source software, shareholders, customer needs, Windows Vista, developing nations, software price negotiations, government coffers, security threat, freely available code, government computer systems, hackers, targets of opportunity, security illusion, ubiquitous platforms, Linux, BSD, ethical coders, flaw spotting, hacker incentives
test-politics-lghwdecm-pro04a	Mayors would raise the profile of the city they represent  Elected mayors would speak on behalf of their communities, raising the profile of their town or city nationally and internationally. This could be particularly valuable when negotiating with businesses, helping to draw valuable investment into their area and overcoming bureaucratic hurdles that typically hinder development. Chambers of commerce in cities that are holding referendums believe a figurehead will provide a focal point for business relations and a single point of contact that champions the city’s interests. [1] In addition, mayors would give local government in general a higher profile after years of increasing centralisation by national government. Acting collectively, and through the change in attitudes their higher media profile would generate, mayors would be able to draw power away from the centre once again and bring it closer to the people.  [1] Carter, Andrew, ‘Mayors and Economic Growth’, in Tom Gash and Sam Sims eds., What can elected mayors do for our cities? Institute for Government, 2012, pp.37-42, p.41 Mayors, city profile, elected officials, community representation, economic development, business investment, bureaucratic obstacles, chambers of commerce, local government, centralisation, media profile, political power, economic growth, civic leadership, public figurehead, urban advocacy, governance decentralisation, community engagement, elected mayors, city interests, national representation, international visibility, business relations, single point of contact, local governance, administrative efficiency, civic engagement, urban politics, political representation, economic strategies, local democracy, urban regeneration, government decentralization, community development, urban policy, city management, public administration, civic pride, local authority, governance reform, may Mayors, profile, city, elected, communities, nationally, internationally, businesses, investment, development, Chambers of commerce, referendums, figurehead, business relations, contact, champions, interests, local government, centralisation, national government, collectively, media profile, power, centre, people, economic growth, Institute for Government Mayors, city profile, elected mayors, community representation, national recognition, international recognition, business negotiations, investment attraction, bureaucratic barriers, development facilitation, chambers of commerce, referendums, business relations, local government, centralisation, media presence, power decentralisation, public engagement, economic growth, Institute for Government Mayors, city profile, elected mayors, community representation, national representation, international representation, business negotiation, investment attraction, bureaucratic hurdles, development facilitation, chambers of commerce, referendums, business relations, focal point, local government, media profile, centralisation, power decentralisation, economic growth, civic engagement, political representation, community development, urban governance, public advocacy, mayor's role, local economics, governance reform, institutional change, civic leadership, community advocacy, economic development, urban politics, local administration, public administration, municipal leadership, civic pride, regional development, urban competitiveness, policy influence, government decentralization, local Mayors, city profile, elected mayors, community representation, national recognition, international recognition, business negotiations, investment attraction, bureaucratic hurdles, development facilitation, chambers of commerce, referendum support, business relations, city champion, local government, centralisation, media profile, power decentralisation, public engagement, economic growth, Institute for Government
test-education-pshhghwpba0-pro02a	Schools are best places to ensure good nutrition  Education is universal from 5 or 6 to 16 years old in most countries, 58% of children worldwide attend secondary school, [1] with even poor countries providing education for all from 5 to 12 years old. As a result giving breakfast at school will mean that all children between these ages receive it.  [1] Unicef, ‘58: The percentage of children of secondary school age worldwide who attend secondary school is 58’, Unicef global databases, 2008, schools, nutrition, education, universal, children, secondary school, poor countries, breakfast, Unicef, global databases schools, nutrition, education, universal, ages, 5, 6, 16, children, worldwide, secondary, school, attendance, poor, countries, breakfast, Unicef, global, databases, 2008 schools, nutrition, education, children, secondary school, age, Unicef, breakfast, poor countries, worldwide, attendance, universal, provision, ages 5 to 16, ages 5 to 12 nutrition, education, school, children, secondary school, Unicef, breakfast, age, worldwide, attendance, poor countries, 58% Schools, Nutrition, Education, Universal, Age, Children, Secondary, School, Breakfast, Unicef, Global, Databases, Percentage, Poor, Countries, Providing, Education, All, Ages, Receive, 58, 2008
test-economy-epegiahsc-con01a	The FTAA is bad for industries in developing nations.  This agreement would put farmers and workers in some of the world’s most impoverished nations in direct competition with some of the richest companies in the developed world. FTAA would have small, domestic industries in countries like Bolivia or Haiti compete with massive American corporations, and prevent their governments from aiding them in any way. The disparity of power and resources would be so great in the case of such a collision, that it would mean these small industries could easily be wiped out and never develop to a level where they can sustain a healthy national economy and become competitive against giant multinational corporations. This would be disastrous for development and poverty reduction in South America [1] .  [1] Robinson, Mary. “Free Trade Area of the Americas: Latin America Deserves Better.” New York Times. 18 November 2003. www.nytimes.com/2003/11/18/opinion/18iht-edrob_ed3_.html?scp=1&sq= FTAA, developing nations, industries, farmers, workers, impoverished nations, competition, rich companies, developed world, small domestic industries, Bolivia, Haiti, American corporations, government aid, disparity, power, resources, collision, small industries, wiped out, national economy, competitive, multinational corporations, development, poverty reduction, South America, free trade, economic inequality, globalization, trade agreements, Latin America, Robinson, New York Times FTAA, developing nations, industries, farmers, workers, impoverished nations, competition, rich companies, developed world, small domestic industries, Bolivia, Haiti, American corporations, government aid, disparity, power, resources, small industries, wiped out, national economy, competitive, multinational corporations, development, poverty reduction, South America, Mary Robinson, New York Times, Free Trade Area of the Americas, Latin America FTAA, developing nations, industries, competition, farmers, workers, impoverished nations, richest companies, developed world, small domestic industries, Bolivia, Haiti, American corporations, government aid, disparity, power, resources, collision, small industries, wiped out, national economy, multinational corporations, development, poverty reduction, South America, Mary Robinson, New York Times, Free Trade Area of the Americas, Latin America, trade policies, economic impact, global trade, inequality, market access, sustainable development, economic growth, international trade agreements, neoliberalism, globalization, economic disparity, geopolitics, trade liberalization, social justice, economic sovereignty, market FTAA, developing nations, industries, farmers, workers, impoverished nations, competition, rich companies, developed world, small domestic industries, Bolivia, Haiti, American corporations, government aid, disparity, power, resources, collision, wiped out, national economy, competitive, multinational corporations, development, poverty reduction, South America, Mary Robinson, New York Times, Free Trade Area of the Americas, Latin America, economic impact, trade agreements, globalization FTAA, developing nations, industries, competition, farmers, workers, impoverished nations, rich companies, Bolivia, Haiti, American corporations, government aid, disparity, power, resources, small industries, multinational corporations, development, poverty reduction, South America, Mary Robinson, New York Times, Free Trade Area of the Americas, Latin America
test-science-wsihwclscaaw-con03a	Definition of a large scale cyber attack is extremely vague  Armed acts of aggression are a good method of judging if an action is an act of war because they result in actual destruction, violence and loss of human life. Cyber attacks, on the other hand, do not and thus there is no objective way to tell what scale of a cyber attack is enough to constitute an act of war. While Pentagon claims a cyber attack that is equivalent of damage caused by traditional warfare as a standard, how is it supposed to be applied if pretty much all of the cyber attacks have been bloodless [24]? For instance, stealing large amounts of confidential data from a country is a large scale cyber attack, and could have an immense economic impact, but it is bloodless and so how much damage does there need to be before it can be a casus belli? It is very difficult to measure the impact of even a very evident and intense cyber attack, as NATO found out when assessing a cyber attack on Georgia in 2008 [25]. While the Pentagon might have a nice theoretical framework, in reality there are too many unanswered (and possible impossible to answer) questions. This can lead to abuse of justifications for war and unnecessary violence. large scale cyber attack, cyber warfare, armed acts of aggression, act of war, cyber attack impact, damage assessment, traditional warfare, bloodless attacks, economic impact, casus belli, NATO, Georgia cyber attack, Pentagon framework, theoretical vs practical, justification for war, unnecessary violence large scale cyber attack, definition, vagueness, armed acts, aggression, act of war, destruction, violence, human life, cyber attacks, bloodless, economic impact, casus belli, Pentagon, theoretical framework, NATO, Georgia 2008, abuse, justifications, unnecessary violence large scale cyber attack, definition, vagueness, armed acts, aggression, act of war, destruction, violence, human life, cyber attacks, bloodless, Pentagon, traditional warfare, standard, economic impact, casus belli, NATO, Georgia 2008, theoretical framework, unanswered questions, abuse, justifications, unnecessary violence large scale cyber attack, armed acts of aggression, act of war, cyber attacks, actual destruction, violence, loss of human life, Pentagon, traditional warfare, stealing confidential data, economic impact, casus belli, NATO, cyber attack on Georgia, theoretical framework, abuse of justifications, unnecessary violence large scale cyber attack, definition ambiguity, acts of aggression, act of war criteria, cyber attack impact, bloodless cyber attacks, Pentagon standards, cyber warfare, economic impact, casus belli, NATO assessment, Georgia cyber attack, theoretical framework, unanswered questions, war justification, unnecessary violence
test-international-iiahwagit-pro02a	Poaching is becoming more advanced  A stronger, militarised approach is needed as poaching is becoming far more advanced. Poachers now operate with high-calibre rifles, night vision scopes, silencers and use helicopters to hunt their prey. [1] These methods are used particularly against rhinoceroses in South Africa, whose horns have become extremely valuable on the Asian market for their supposed medical properties. [2] In response to this, South African rangers are being given specialised training and use their own aerial surveillance to track poachers down with success, [3] supporting the argument for a militarised response to protect endangered animals.  [1] WWF, ‘African rhino poaching crisis’  [2] Zapwing, ‘The Rhino Poaching Crisis’  [3] ibid Poaching, militarised approach, high-calibre rifles, night vision scopes, silencers, helicopters, rhinoceroses, South Africa, Asian market, medical properties, specialised training, aerial surveillance, endangered animals, WWF, African rhino poaching crisis, Zapwing, rhino poaching crisis poaching, militarised, advanced, high-calibre rifles, night vision, silencers, helicopters, rhinoceroses, South Africa, horns, Asian market, medical properties, rangers, specialised training, aerial surveillance, endangered animals, WWF, African rhino poaching crisis, Zapwing, rhino poaching crisis poaching, militarised approach, high-calibre rifles, night vision scopes, silencers, helicopters, rhinoceroses, South Africa, Asian market, medical properties, specialised training, aerial surveillance, endangered animals, WWF, African rhino poaching crisis, Zapwing, Rhino Poaching Crisis poaching, advanced, militarised, high-calibre, rifles, night, vision, scopes, silencers, helicopters, rhinoceroses, South, Africa, horns, Asian, market, medical, properties, rangers, specialised, training, aerial, surveillance, endangered, animals, WWF, African, crisis, Zapwing poaching, militarised, advanced, high-calibre rifles, night vision, silencers, helicopters, rhinoceroses, South Africa, Asian market, medical properties, rangers, specialised training, aerial surveillance, endangered animals, WWF, African rhino, crisis, Zapwing, Rhino Poaching Crisis
test-society-asfhwapg-con03a	"Immoral to own a human life  Patenting genes and DNA fragments is immoral because of their significance for human life and welfare. It is immoral to own building blocks of the human life. Commercialization of human genes degrades value of human life. Once we give people the possibility to put an ownership tag on genes (basics of life), there is people who value human life merely based on monetary value. Bidding for the best gene, highest price and making the basics of life the same as buying a car. Andy Miah in his essay on Ethical Issues in Genetics argues: ""Evidence of such disaffection has appeared most recently from the emergence of Ron's Angels, a company set up for the auctioning of female eggs and male sperm to infertile couples seeking 'exceptional' children. Whilst numerous companies of this kind now exist, Ron's Angels is interesting not simply for having arranged a standard and reasonable price for such genes; far from it. Rather, as indicated above, eggs and sperm are awarded to the highest bidder.""1 Thus making the perception of human life what people believe is ""fair to pay"" and creating a race to figure out the cheapest ways of buying parts of the human body. 1 10) Miah, A., Patenting Human DNA. In Almond, B. & Parker, M. (2003) Ethical Issues in the New Genetics: Are Genes Us? immoral, human life, patenting genes, DNA fragments, commercialization, degradation, value of life, monetary value, ownership, bidding, genetic material, Ron's Angels, infertile couples, exceptional children, highest bidder, ethical issues, genetics, Andy Miah, patenting human DNA, Almond, Parker, ethical issues in genetics immoral, human life, patenting genes, DNA fragments, commercialization, degradation, value of life, ownership, genes, bidding, human dignity, ethical issues, genetics, Ron's Angels, egg auction, sperm auction, infertile couples, exceptional children, highest bidder, human body parts, cheapest ways, Andy Miah, Patenting Human DNA, ethical issues in genetics, genetic material, human rights, bioethics, moral status, commercial exploitation immoral, human life, patenting genes, DNA fragments, commercialization, degradation, value, ownership, monetary, bidding, ethical issues, genetics, Ron's Angels, egg auction, sperm auction, infertile couples, cheapest, body parts, commodification, human dignity, genetic material, bioethics, moral status, commercial exploitation, genetic patents, human rights, gene trading, market value, life commodification, genetic resources, reproductive technologies, ethical concerns, genetic commerce, human genetic material, genetic property, ethical dilemmas, genetic engineering, genetic ownership, moral philosophy, bioethical debates, genetic patents ethics, genetic material Patenting genes, DNA fragments, human life, moral issues, commercialization, human dignity, ethics in genetics, gene ownership, monetary value, human body parts, genetic material, bidding, egg and sperm auction, Ron's Angels, infertile couples, exceptional children, fair to pay, genetic patents, Andy Miah, ethical issues, new genetics immoral, human life, patenting genes, DNA fragments, significance, human welfare, ownership, building blocks, commercialization, degrades value, ownership tag, monetary value, bidding, genetics, ethical issues, Ron's Angels, auctioning, female eggs, male sperm, infertile couples, exceptional children, highest bidder, perception, human body, cheapest ways, buying parts, Andy Miah, Patenting Human DNA, ethical issues, new genetics"
test-philosophy-elkosmj-con03a	We instinctively know killing is wrong  While sometimes our feelings as to what is right and what is wrong are not accurate they are needed when thinking about morality. If a theory is well argued and thought out but goes against our feelings as to what is right and wrong then we will dismiss it. Most people have the feeling that killing is wrong and so to partake in any action that leads to the death of another is also wrong. killing, morality, feelings, right, wrong, theory, instincts, actions, death, ethics, philosophy, human-values, moral-judgment, societal-norms killing, wrong, morality, feelings, right, theory, dismiss, death, action, instinctively, accurate, needed, thought, partake, people killing, wrong, instinct, morality, feelings, right, theory, argument, thought, dismissal, action, death, participation, ethics, human, instinctive, moral, judgment, reasoning, conscience killing, wrong, morality, feelings, right, theory, dismiss, action, death killing, morality, feelings, right, wrong, theory, instinct, actions, death, dismissal, ethics, human-rights, justice, philosophical-theories, moral-intuitions, societal-norms
test-society-simhbrasnba-con03a	We must practice what we preach  Democratic nations preach the language of freedom, human rights and justice. They encourage those who live under oppression to oppose their rulers and work towards these goals. This is all rendered hollow, and hypocritical if they then refuse to protect individuals who are persecuted for taking the brave and noble step of working to improve their societies. Not only is this a moral failing but practically very harmful too. It is in the interests of democratic nations to spread democracy and peaceful forms of government. If the people of authoritarian nations don't feel they have the support of other, then the incentive for them to risk everything and stand up in the name of freedom is diminished, and so too the best chance of change in such oppressive regimes. democracy, human rights, justice, oppression, persecution, moral failing, practical harm, spread democracy, peaceful government, authoritarian regimes, support, freedom, change, standing up, incentive, risk, society improvement, hypocrisy, protection, encouragement, rulers opposition, noble step, democratic nations, preaching, action, values, international support, political activism, regime change, civic courage, global democracy promotion, moral responsibility, persecuted individuals, social improvement, political reform, democratic values, international relations, human rights protection, political oppression, democratic support, freedom fighters, social justice, international solidarity, political refugees, democratization, peaceful resistance, civic engagement democracy, freedom, human rights, justice, oppression, persecuted, moral failing, practical harm, spread democracy, peaceful government, authoritarian regimes, support, change, oppression democracy, freedom, human rights, justice, oppression, persecution, moral failing, practical harm, spread democracy, peaceful government, authoritarian regimes, support, change, incentive, risk, stand up, oppressive regimes democracy, human rights, justice, oppression, freedom, persecution, support, authoritarian regimes, change, moral failing, peaceful government, incentives, risk, standing up, spread democracy, hypocrisy, protection, society improvement, encouragement, democratic nations, rulers, goals, noble step, moral support, practical harm, global influence, advocacy, solidarity, political refugees, freedom fighters, international relations, civic courage, regime change, democratic values, universal principles, societal transformation, justice promotion, human dignity, political asylum, global democracy promotion, civil rights, political activism, international law, oppressive systems, democratic ideals, freedom of expression, political freedom, democracy, freedom, human rights, justice, oppression, persecution, moral failing, practical harm, spread democracy, peaceful government, authoritarian regimes, support, change, incentive, risk, stand up, freedom
test-environment-chbwtlgcc-con03a	New Technology  Humanity has revolutionized the world repeatedly through such monumental inventions as agriculture, steel, anti-biotics, and microchips. And as technology has improved, so too has the rate at which technology improves. It is predicted that there will be 32 times more change between 2000 and 2050 than there was between 1950 and 2000. In the midst of this, many great minds will be focussed on emissions abatement and climate control technologies. So, even if the most severe climate predictions do come to pass, it is unimaginable that humanity will not find a way to intervene. Even small changes will make a difference – more efficient coal power stations can emit a third less emissions than less efficient ones 1. Renewable energy will become more competitive and scalable and technology develops we may even be able to remove carbon from the atmosphere so undoing the damage. 1  1. Bradsher, Keith. “China Outpaces U.S. in Cleaner Coal-Fired Plants.”, New York Times Published: May 10, 2009. New Technology, Humanity, Agriculture, Steel, Antibiotics, Microchips, Technological Progress, Emissions Abatement, Climate Control Technologies, Climate Predictions, Efficient Coal Power Stations, Renewable Energy, Carbon Removal, Technological Development, Environmental Intervention, Sustainable Technology, Future Innovations, Climate Change Solutions, Renewable Energy Scalability, Carbon Emissions Reduction New Technology, Humanity, Revolution, Agriculture, Steel, Antibiotics, Microchips, Technological Improvement, Change Rate, 2000-2050, 1950-2000, Emissions Abatement, Climate Control, Climate Predictions, Human Intervention, Efficient Coal Power Stations, Emissions Reduction, Renewable Energy, Carbon Removal, Atmospheric Damage, China, Cleaner Coal-Fired Plants, New York Times, Keith Bradsher New Technology, Humanity, Revolution, Inventions, Agriculture, Steel, Antibiotics, Microchips, Technological Progress, Innovation Rate, Future Predictions, 2000-2050, 1950-2000, Emissions Abatement, Climate Control, Climate Change, Environmental Solutions, Energy Efficiency, Coal Power Stations, Renewable Energy, Carbon Removal, Bradsher, China, Cleaner Coal, New York Times New Technology, Humanity, Revolution, Inventions, Agriculture, Steel, Antibiotics, Microchips, Technological Improvement, Change Rate, Predictions, Future Technology, 2000-2050, 1950-2000, Emissions Abatement, Climate Control, Climate Predictions, Intervention, Small Changes, Efficient Coal Power Stations, Emissions Reduction, Renewable Energy, Carbon Removal, Atmospheric Damage, China, Cleaner Coal-Fired Plants, New York Times, Keith Bradsher New Technology, Humanity, Agriculture, Steel, Antibiotics, Microchips, Technological Improvement, Rate of Change, 2000-2050, 1950-2000, Emissions Abatement, Climate Control Technologies, Severe Climate Predictions, Intervention, Efficient Coal Power Stations, Emissions Reduction, Renewable Energy, Carbon Removal, Atmosphere, Damage, Keith Bradsher, China, U.S., Cleaner Coal-Fired Plants, New York Times, May 10, 2009
test-science-dssghsdmd-pro04a	Strategic missile defense technology is substantially more advanced and discriminating in application than nuclear weapons, making potential future wars less potentially devastating  An operational national missile defense system renders nuclear weapons, and intercontinental ballistic missiles generally, obsolete. When a country can shoot down all enemy missiles, those weapons lose their power. The future of war, once countries have access to the technology to build missile shields, will no longer be marked by fingers held over the proverbial red button. Rather, the incentive for conflict between states armed with effective missile defenses will be to seek diplomatic solutions to problems. The technology will likely be in the hands of many nations very soon, as the United States has already provided the technology to Japan and Australia, and will be building defense batteries in Romania from 2015 (McMichael, 2009). Furthermore, even should war break out, they will necessarily be far less destructive, as they will not feature the city-leveling power of nuclear missiles. With missile defense, war will be less likely and, should it occur, less destructive. Strategic missile defense, advanced technology, nuclear weapons, intercontinental ballistic missiles, obsolete weapons, operational missile defense system, war prevention, diplomatic solutions, conflict resolution, missile shield technology, international technology transfer, US missile defense, Japan, Australia, Romania, reduced war destructiveness, non-nuclear warfare, future warfare trends, global security, military technology advancement, peace through technology, defense systems, missile interception, geopolitics, international relations, arms control, military strategy, security studies, war scenarios, defensive military posture, strategic studies, missile defense impact, global stability, military innovation, technology in warfare, reduced nuclear threat, international cooperation, Strategic missile defense, advanced technology, nuclear weapons, intercontinental ballistic missiles, obsolete weapons, operational missile defense, conflict resolution, diplomatic solutions, missile shield technology, United States, Japan, Australia, Romania, war likelihood, reduced destruction, city-leveling power, future warfare, international security, defense systems, global stability Strategic missile defense, advanced technology, nuclear weapons, intercontinental ballistic missiles, obsolete, operational national missile defense system, shoot down, enemy missiles, future of war, diplomatic solutions, conflict, effective missile defenses, technology transfer, United States, Japan, Australia, Romania, less destructive, city-leveling power, war likelihood, McMichael 2009 Strategic missile defense, advanced technology, nuclear weapons, intercontinental ballistic missiles, obsolete weapons, missile shields, diplomatic solutions, conflict resolution, defense technology, international cooperation, United States, Japan, Australia, Romania, less destructive wars, war prevention, McMichael 2009 Strategic missile defense, advanced technology, nuclear weapons, less devastating wars, operational national missile defense, intercontinental ballistic missiles, obsolete weapons, shoot down missiles, power loss, future war, diplomatic solutions, conflict resolution, missile shield technology, international collaboration, United States, Japan, Australia, Romania, war likelihood, reduced destruction, city-leveling power, McMichael 2009
test-economy-egecegphw-pro03a	Heathrow is in the best location for London  Flying is critical for business. Heathrow is well located for the people that will pick up the bill funding its expansion. People need to be able to get to their homes and work easily from the airport otherwise it is impractical. According to the Civil Aviation Authority 25% of business passengers start their journey within 30 minutes of Heathrow, far more than any other airport. [1] This demonstrates that the demand for Heathrow’s services from the local area is real and pronounced. Heathrow is closer to London than its rivals Gatwick and Stansted and has better transport links through the Piccadilly line and Heathrow Express. A new airport could potentially be closer, but finding space within the M25 for a large airport without attracting the same kind of opposition that expanding Heathrow has would be next to impossible  [1] Leunig, Tim, ‘A bigger and quieter Heathrow is the answer to our aviation capacity problem’, The Spectator, 5 October 2012, Heathrow, London, business, flying, expansion, funding, transport, Piccadilly line, Heathrow Express, M25, aviation, capacity, opposition, Gatwick, Stansted, Civil Aviation Authority, business passengers, demand, proximity, practicality Heathrow, London, business, flying, expansion, funding, transport, Piccadilly line, Heathrow Express, Civil Aviation Authority, business passengers, local area, demand, airport, Gatwick, Stansted, M25, opposition, aviation capacity Heathrow, location, London, business, flying, expansion, funding, accessibility, transport, Civil Aviation Authority, business passengers, journey, demand, local area, Gatwick, Stansted, Piccadilly line, Heathrow Express, M25, opposition, bigger, quieter, aviation capacity Heathrow, London, business, expansion, funding, transportation, Civil Aviation Authority, business passengers, Piccadilly line, Heathrow Express, M25, aviation capacity, opposition, Leunig, The Spectator Heathrow, London, business, expansion, funding, transport, airport, demand, local, proximity, competitors, Gatwick, Stansted, M25, opposition, aviation, capacity, Piccadilly, line, Heathrow, Express, accessibility, efficiency, Leunig, Spectator
test-philosophy-ippelhbcp-pro02a	Justice co-operation  Crime does not stop at national borders. Therefore efforts to fight crime cannot, either. A country that abolishes capital punishment will be in a much better position to cooperate on justice issues internationally.  Many states, particularly ones in the Global North, have policies of not extraditing people to jeopardy of capital punishment. Not only could more people be extradited, foreign states may be more willing to provide broader based assistance and co-operation if they see that a state has made steps forward in criminal justice policy.  Some states have a policy of not extraditing to states where there is a risk of capital punishment: a particular clause on this is included in the US-Mexico extradition treaty, and it is the position of the European Court of Human Rights. [1]  [1] Soering v United Kingdom - available at justice cooperation, crime international borders, abolition capital punishment, international extradition policies, Global North policies, criminal justice policy, extradition treaty, European Court of Human Rights, Soering v United Kingdom Justice cooperation, crime, international borders, capital punishment, extradition, Global North, criminal justice policy, Soering v United Kingdom, European Court of Human Rights, US-Mexico extradition treaty Justice, Co-operation, Crime, International, Borders, Capital Punishment, Extradition, Criminal Justice, Global North, States, Policies, Assistance, European Court of Human Rights, Soering v United Kingdom, Treaty, US-Mexico Extradition Treaty Justice, Co-operation, Crime, National Borders, Fight Crime, Capital Punishment, International Cooperation, Global North, Extradition, Criminal Justice Policy, European Court of Human Rights, Soering v United Kingdom, US-Mexico Extradition Treaty, Risk of Capital Punishment, Legal Policies, Human Rights, International Law, Judicial Cooperation, Extradition Treaties, Capital Punishment Extradition Justice, cooperation, crime, international, borders, capital, punishment, extradition, policies, Global, North, criminal, policy, assistance, treaty, Soering, United, Kingdom, European, Court, Human, Rights
test-politics-grcrgshwbr-con04a	It is their culture and religion.  Religions themselves tend to encompass their own distinctive culture and, to many of their members, this culture and its methods comes before anything secular. For this reason, Muslims should be allowed to wear personal items as it states in the ruling of their religious book to do so. Had a particular garment been required in the Christian religious book - The Bible - then no doubt those stout Christians would follow this particular ruling. The question is, would it be wrong to take away something close and meaningful to these religions? Surely, a religious symbol or method is purely personal, and, therefore, banning such symbols would be an intrusion into their individuality.1  1 Jessica Shepherd, 'Uniform Dissent', The Guardian, 9th October 2007 , accessed on 24th July 2011 culture, religion, distinctive, secular, Muslims, personal items, religious book, ruling, Christians, The Bible, garment, religious symbol, individuality, banning, invasion, personal, meaningful, uniform, dissent, Guardian, Jessica Shepherd culture, religion, distinctive, secular, Muslims, personal, items, ruling, religious, book, Christians, The Bible, garment, required, religious symbol, method, personal, individuality, banning, intrusion, Uniform Dissent, Jessica Shepherd, The Guardian culture, religion, religious, distinctive, culture, methods, secular, Muslims, wear, personal, items, ruling, religious, book, Christian, Bible, garment, required, religious, symbol, personal, individuality, banning, intrusion, Uniform, Dissent, Jessica, Shepherd, The, Guardian culture, religion, distinctive, secular, Muslims, personal, items, ruling, religious, book, garment, Christian, Bible, symbol, individuality, banning, intrusion culture, religion, distinctive, secular, Muslims, wear, personal, items, ruling, religious, book, Christians, Bible, garment, religious, symbol, personal, banning, intrusion, individuality
test-politics-nlpdwhbusbuc-con02a	The Ban is Unfeasible  The problem with the ban on cluster bombs is that it is unfeasible in the prevention of the use of cluster bombs on the battlefield. Many countries aside from the U.S. will continue to use the weapons and will likely do so less responsibly. There is no way to persuade these countries to abandon the weapons. Countries such as China and the US are unconcerned by threats that their use can be a crime against humanity and might result in international criminal prosecutions as they are not signed up to the ICC and as Security Council members can prevent investigations of themselves or their clients.  The U.S. and Western powers continuing to manufacture cluster bombs allows them to engage with the other users of cluster bombs on the battlefield. Many countries import weapons from Western powers and as such, continuing the manufacture of cluster bombs allows Western powers to keep a check on their use by other countries.  Further, the ability for Western powers to use cluster bombs allows Western powers to discourage their use on the battlefield through the threat of retaliation with the same weaponry. As such, banning the weapons could cost the lives of soldiers on the battlefield.8 cluster bombs, unfeasible ban, prevention, battlefield use, responsible use, persuasion, crime against humanity, international criminal prosecutions, ICC, Security Council, manufacture, import, Western powers, engagement, users, check, discourage, retaliation, soldier safety unfeasible, ban, cluster bombs, battlefield, prevention, countries, U.S., China, ICC, Security Council, manufacture, import, Western powers, check, use, retaliation, soldiers, lives ban, unfeasible, cluster bombs, battlefield, prevention, countries, U.S., China, Western powers, manufacture, import, weapons, Security Council, ICC, international criminal prosecutions, crime against humanity, engagement, users, check, retaliation, discourage, use, soldiers, lives, cost ban, unfeasible, cluster bombs, battlefield, countries, U.S., China, ICC, Security Council, Western powers, manufacture, import, weaponry, retaliation, soldiers, lives, prevention, use, responsibility, international criminal prosecutions, engagement, check, discourage, cost ban, unfeasible, cluster bombs, battlefield, prevention, countries, US, China, ICC, Security Council, manufacture, Western powers, import, check, use, retaliation, soldiers, lives, crime against humanity, international criminal prosecutions
test-economy-epiasghbf-pro01a	The importance of jobs in livelihoods - money  Jobs are empowerment. Building sustainable livelihoods, and tackling poverty in the long term, requires enabling access to capital assets. A key asset is financial capital. Jobs, and employment, provide a means to access and build financial capital required, whether through loans or wages. When a woman is able to work she is therefore able to take control of her own life. Additionally she may provide a second wage meaning the burden of poverty on households is cumulatively reduced. Having a job and the financial security it brings means that other benefits can be realised such as investing in good healthcare and education. [1] .  Women working from home in Kenya, designing jewellery, shows the link between employment and earning an income [2] . The women have been empowered to improve their way of life.  [1] See further readings: Ellis et al, 2010.  [2] See further readings: Petty, 2013. jobs, livelihoods, money, empowerment, sustainable livelihoods, poverty, capital assets, financial capital, employment, wages, loans, women, control, life, second wage, household poverty, financial security, healthcare, education, working from home, Kenya, jewellery, income, way of life, Ellis et al, 2010, Petty, 2013 jobs, livelihoods, money, empowerment, sustainable livelihoods, poverty, access, capital assets, financial capital, employment, wages, loans, women, control, life, second wage, household poverty, financial security, healthcare, education, working from home, Kenya, jewellery, way of life, Ellis et al, Petty jobs, livelihoods, empowerment, sustainable livelihoods, poverty, financial capital, employment, wages, women, financial security, healthcare, education, home-based work, jewellery, Kenya, Ellis et al, Petty jobs, livelihoods, money, empowerment, sustainable livelihoods, poverty, capital assets, financial capital, employment, wages, loans, women, control, life, second wage, household poverty, financial security, healthcare, education, women working, home, Kenya, jewellery, income, way of life, further readings, Ellis, Petty importance, jobs, livelihoods, money, empowerment, sustainable, livelihoods, poverty, access, capital, assets, financial, capital, employment, means, access, build, financial, capital, loans, wages, woman, control, life, second, wage, burden, poverty, households, reduced, financial, security, benefits, healthcare, education, women, working, home, Kenya, designing, jewellery, link, employment, income, way, life, Ellis, 2010, Petty, 2013
test-international-aghwrem-pro05a	Regional factors favour re-engagement  Myanmar has continuing economic and political relations with many other countries, including members of the ASEAN, and significantly, China (which is also the source of a large proportion of foreign investment in Myanmar). These countries, some of which are major economic and political partners of the US and the EU, do not share the same attitude about the legitimacy of the Myanmar government and the approach that should be taken towards it. For the purposes of regional stability, it would be better for the US and the EU to align their positions with the others. This reduces the risk of diplomatic rifts which could destabilise the region. Further, if the international community presents a united viewpoint on what steps Myanmar should take to improve its democracy, such steps are more likely to be taken. Regional factors, re-engagement, Myanmar, economic relations, political relations, ASEAN, China, foreign investment, US, EU, government legitimacy, diplomatic relations, regional stability, international community, united viewpoint, democracy improvement regional stability, economic relations, political relations, ASEAN, China, foreign investment, Myanmar government, legitimacy, US, EU, diplomatic rifts, international community, united viewpoint, democracy improvement steps Regional factors, re-engagement, Myanmar, economic relations, political relations, ASEAN, China, foreign investment, US, EU, government legitimacy, diplomatic stance, regional stability, international community, democracy improvement, united viewpoint Regional factors, re-engagement, Myanmar, economic relations, political relations, ASEAN, China, foreign investment, US, EU, government legitimacy, regional stability, diplomatic rifts, united viewpoint, democracy improvement Regional factors, Myanmar, economic relations, political relations, ASEAN, China, foreign investment, US, EU, government legitimacy, regional stability, diplomatic rifts, international community, united viewpoint, democracy improvement
test-health-dhghwapgd-con02a	"Patent rights allow firms to more readily release their products and methods into the public domain, particularly through licensing  Without patent protection, innovative and enterprising firms lacking the capacity to market successfully or efficiently produce new drugs might develop new drugs and never release them, since it would simply result in others profiting from their efforts. After all, no one likes to see others profit by their hard work, and leaving them nothing; such is tantamount to slavery. Patent protection encourages the release of new ideas and products to the public, which serves to benefit society generally1. The main mechanism for this is the system of licensing, by which firs can retain their right of ownership over a drug while essentially renting the ability to produce it to firms with productive capacities that would better capitalize on the new product. Furthermore, the disclosure of ideas to the public allows firms to try to make the product better by ""inventing around"" the initial design, or by exploiting it once the term of the patent expires2. If the drug formula never enters the public, it might never do so, leaving society bereft of a potentially valuable asset.  1 Rockwell, Llewellyn. 2011. ""The Google Pharm Case"". Mises Daily. Available: 2 Business Line. 2007. ""Patents Grant Freedom to Invent Around"". Hindu Business Line. Available: patent rights, product release, public domain, licensing, patent protection, innovative firms, new drugs, market capacity, production efficiency, societal benefit, ownership rights, drug production, licensing mechanism, idea disclosure, invention around, patent expiration, drug formula, public availability, valuable asset, Llewellyn Rockwell, Google Pharm Case, Hindu Business Line, Patents Grant Freedom Patent rights, product release, public domain, licensing, patent protection, innovative firms, drug development, market efficiency, profit, intellectual property, societal benefit, ownership rights, production capacity, disclosure, idea improvement, patent expiration, invention, valuable asset, public access, pharmaceuticals, legal protection, economic incentives, technological advancement, competitive advantage, research and development, commercialization, market entry, drug formula, patent law, intellectual capital, business strategy, innovation cycle, knowledge sharing, public welfare, industrial property, economic growth, legal framework, technology transfer, market dynamics, pharmaceutical industry, drug production, patent licensing, drug patents, patent Patent rights, product release, public domain, licensing, innovative firms, drug development, market capacity, patent protection, societal benefit, ownership retention, production licensing, idea disclosure, invention around, patent expiration, societal asset, Google Pharm, Mises Daily, Hindu Business Line Patent rights, product release, public domain, licensing, patent protection, innovation, drug development, market capacity, intellectual property, societal benefit, ownership, production capabilities, product improvement, patent term, formula disclosure, invention, public asset, Llewellyn Rockwell, Google Pharm, Mises Daily, Hindu Business Line, Patents Grant Freedom, invent around patent rights, product release, public domain, licensing, patent protection, innovative firms, new drugs, market capacity, production efficiency, profit, intellectual property, societal benefit, ownership rights, production capabilities, product improvement, patent term, formula disclosure, intellectual assets, public access, invention encouragement, technology transfer, pharmaceuticals, drug development, market dynamics, economic incentives, legal protection, competitive advantage, research and development, innovation cycle, public interest, patent law, intellectual property rights, economic theory, business strategy, licensing agreements, patent expiration, technology adaptation, societal welfare, drug formula, market entry, public disclosure, patent enforcement, technology"
test-education-pshhghwpba0-pro01a	A school breakfast gives all students an equal start to the day  All children should have equal opportunities, a breakfast for all helps provide this. With schools providing breakfast for everyone the start to the day will be the same for all. No one will starting school hungry or thirsty. Everyone will have had a chance to wake up before their lessons start allowing them to get as good a start to the day as possible. school breakfast, equal start, all students, equal opportunities, breakfast for all, no one hungry, no one thirsty, wake up, before lessons, good start, day beginning, nutrition in schools, morning meal, student welfare, educational equity, hunger prevention, hydration, early morning routine, student performance, healthy habits school breakfast, equal start, students, equal opportunities, breakfast for all, start to the day, no one hungry, no one thirsty, wake up, lessons, good start, day, education, nutrition, hydration, Equity, morning routine, school wellness, student health, academic performance school breakfast, equal start, all students, equal opportunities, no hunger, no thirst, wake up, good start, day preparation, healthy morning, inclusive education, meal provision, school meals, morning routine, student welfare, educational equity, nutrition in schools school breakfast, equal start, all students, equal opportunities, breakfast for all, no one hungry, wake up, good start, lessons, provide, start day, thirsty, children, school provides school breakfast, equal start, student opportunities, breakfast provision, hunger prevention, hydration, better learning, morning nutrition, equitable education, meal program benefits
test-health-hpehwadvoee-con02a	The recipient is forced to receive the sacrifice of another  In many cases, the recipient is not in position to consent to the donation. Thus, even if it saves his or her life, it is comes with an intrusion on his or her moral integrity that he or she might value higher than survival. If we are to receive such a drastic sacrifice from someone that we love – surely we must have a right to veto it? [1] This means that to enable the choice of the donor the choice of the receiver has been ignored, there seems to be little reason to simply switch those two positions around as is proposed.  [1] Monforte-Royo, C., et al. “The wish to hasten death: a review of clinical studies.” Psycho-Oncology 20.8 (2011): 795-804. recipient, sacrifice, donation, consent, moral integrity, survival, right to veto, donor choice, receiver choice, wish to hasten death, clinical studies, psycho-oncology recipient, sacrifice, consent, donation, moral integrity, survival, veto, donor, receiver, choice, wish, hasten death, clinical studies, psycho-oncology forced sacrifice, recipient consent, moral integrity, life-saving donation, right to veto, donor choice, receiver choice, hasten death, psycho-oncology, end-of-life decisions, ethical dilemmas, medical ethics, autonomy, voluntary donation, coercion, health care decisions, patient rights, dignity, survival value, moral values recipient, sacrifice, donation, consent, moral integrity, survival, right to veto, donor, receiver, choice, hasten death, clinical studies, psycho-oncology forced, sacrifice, consent, donation, moral integrity, survival, right to veto, donor choice, receiver choice, wish to hasten death, psycho-oncology
test-politics-oapdhwinkp-con03a	Ignoring North Korea wont resolve the situation  While the great powers can try to keep on with business as usual how will this be helpful? The situation is unstable and needs to be resolved which is something that ignoring the North will not do. Commentators thought that the North would collapse as a result of the withdrawal of support that was given by the USSR in the early 1990s but it did not happen. The regime will likely be able to hang on in the status quo situation pretty much indefinitely.  There is also no reason to believe that the provocations may not become bigger should smaller provocations be ignored. While North Korea can attract the world’s attention with a missile test launch it is likely to keep doing such small and relatively harmless actions. Should such actions fail the regime may resort to bigger incidents such as the sinking of the South Korean corvette Cheonan in 2010 which resulted in 46 deaths which may have been an attempt at coercive diplomacy against a regime that was unwilling to engage in negotiations. [1]  [1] Cha, Victor, ‘The Sinking of the Cheonan’, Center for Strategic & International Studies, 22 April 2010, North Korea, situation, resolution, great powers, instability, USSR, withdrawal, support, regime, status quo, provocations, missile tests, world attention, smaller actions, bigger incidents, Cheonan sinking, 2010, 46 deaths, coercive diplomacy, negotiations, Victor Cha, Center for Strategic & International Studies North Korea, situation, instability, great powers, business as usual, resolution, comments, USSR, regime survival, provocations, missile tests, Cheonan, coercive diplomacy, negotiations, status quo, international attention, smaller incidents, larger incidents, South Korea, 2010 North Korea, unstable situation, great powers, business as usual, regime collapse, USSR withdrawal, status quo, provocations, missile tests, Cheonan sinking, coercive diplomacy, South Korea, negotiations, international relations, security studies, East Asia, foreign policy, military incidents, diplomatic tensions, regional stability North Korea, instability, great powers, business as usual, resolution, regime, USSR, collapse, status quo, provocations, missile tests, Cheonan, 2010, coercive diplomacy, negotiations, South Korea, international relations, security, East Asia, conflict resolution North Korea, instability, great powers, business as usual, unresolved situation, regime collapse, USSR support withdrawal, status quo, provocations, missile tests, coercive diplomacy, Cheonan sinking, 46 deaths, negotiations, international attention, security, East Asia, diplomatic strategies, military actions
test-digital-freedoms-dfiphbgs-con03a	Closed source software is better at meeting consumer needs.  Closed source software companies are more than capable of segmenting their products to reach each part of the market, as Microsoft has shown by producing its new Windows 7 operating system in a record six different versions.  Microsoft’s monopoly of desktop computers ensures that if a programmer produces a niche software package or software translation for a specialized purpose, that programmer knows that potential clients will almost certainly be able to run the program if it is designed for Windows. If this monopoly is broken up and governments start to push Linux or other open source alternatives, the programmer will either have to develop for two or more platforms, thereby increasing the cost of the final product, or they will have to gamble on a single platform; both options would reduce the likelihood of the niche solution reaching the clients that need it.  While open source software does allow anyone to spot a potential market and customize software to sell to that market, that access is also its great undoing. The type of accessibility that many open source products pride themselves on providing leaves projects open to abuse, either by well-meaning amateurs or intentional wreckers. Constant self-policing by the open source community is required, in order to guarantee the stability of the software it creates. An analogy can be drawn with Wikipedia, where the freedom of the mob led to defamatory statements being written about the former editor of USA Today [i] . Governments should be wary of relying on an anarchic, self-organising community to serve their IT needs, no matter how smart and well intentioned the members of that community may be.  [i] Seigenthaler, John. .”A false Wikipedia “biography”.” USA Today. 29 November 2005 closed source software, consumer needs, product segmentation, Microsoft, Windows 7, desktop computers, niche software, programmer, platform development, open source alternatives, government adoption, Linux, software customization, open source abuse, self-policing, Wikipedia, defamatory statements, IT needs, anarchic community, self-organising community Closed source software, consumer needs, product segmentation, Microsoft, Windows 7, desktop computers monopoly, niche software, software platform, Linux, open source alternatives, open source software, market customization, software stability, Wikipedia, self-policing, government IT, open source community, anarchic, self-organising closed source, consumer needs, product segmentation, Microsoft, Windows 7, desktop monopoly, niche software, platform development, Linux, open source, market customization, software stability, Wikipedia, self-policing, government IT, anarchy, community reliance closed source, consumer needs, product segmentation, Microsoft, Windows 7, desktop computers, niche software, programmer, Linux, open source, software platforms, market customization, open source community, software stability, Wikipedia, government IT, self-organising community closed source, consumer needs, product segmentation, Microsoft, Windows 7, desktop monopoly, niche software, programming costs, platform development, Linux, open source, market customization, software stability, community policing, Wikipedia, defamatory content, government IT, self-organizing community
test-health-dhpelhbass-pro01a	Every human being has a right to life  Perhaps the most basic and fundamental of all our rights. However, with every right comes a choice. The right to speech does not remove the option to remain silent; the right to vote brings with it the right to abstain. In the same way, the right to choose to die is implicit in the right to life. The degree to which physical pain and psychological distress can be tolerated is different in all humans. Quality of life judgements are private and personal, thus only the sufferer can make relevant decisions. [1] This was particularly evident in the case of Daniel James. [2] After suffering a spinal dislocation as the result of a rugby accident he decided that he would live a second-rate existence if he continued with life and that it was not something he wanted to prolong. People are given a large degree of autonomy within their lives and since deciding to end your life does not physically harm anyone else, it should be within your rights to decide when you wish to die. While the act of suicide does remove option to choose life, most cases in which physician assisted suicide is reasonable, death is the inevitable and often imminent outcome for the patient regardless if by suicide or pathological process. The choice for the patient, therefore, is not to die, but to cease suffering and tto chose the time and manner of their death.  [1] Derek Humphrey, 'Liberty and Death: A manifesto concerning an individual's right to choose to die', assistedsuicide.org 1 March 2005,  (accessed 4/6/2011)  [2] Elizabeth Stewart, 'Parents defend assisted suicide of paralysed rugby player', guardian.co.uk, 17 October 2008,  (accessed 6/6/2011) right to life, choice, right to die, quality of life, personal autonomy, physician-assisted suicide, terminal illness, suffering, dignity, Daniel James, Derek Humphrey, Elizabeth Stewart, assisted suicide, ethical considerations, legal rights, compassionate care, end-of-life decisions, humane treatment, individual rights, medical ethics, voluntary euthanasia right to life, fundamental rights, choice, right to speech, right to vote, right to die, physical pain, psychological distress, quality of life, personal decisions, Daniel James, spinal dislocation, rugby accident, autonomy, physician assisted suicide, death, suffering, Derek Humphrey, Elizabeth Stewart, assisted suicide, paralysed rugby player, parents defend right to life, fundamental rights, right to die, autonomy, quality of life, personal choice, psychological distress, physical pain, physician assisted suicide, terminal illness, suffering, personal dignity, ethical considerations, legal rights, Daniel James, Derek Humphrey, Elizabeth Stewart, spinal injury, rugby accident, end-of-life decisions, euthanasia, palliative care, moral philosophy, human rights, patient rights, dignity in dying,choice and consequence, voluntary euthanasia, moral autonomy right to life, right to die, physician assisted suicide, autonomy, quality of life, personal choice, suicide, ethical rights, terminal illness, suffering, dignity, Daniel James, Derek Humphrey, Elizabeth Stewart, spinal injury, rugby accident, Parents defend, assisted suicide, legal ethics, end-of-life decisions right to life, fundamental rights, human rights, right to die, physician-assisted suicide, quality of life, personal autonomy, tolerance for pain, psychological distress, individual choice, end-of-life decisions, suffering, suicide, Daniel James, spinal injury, Derek Humphrey, Elizabeth Stewart, assisted suicide, moral choice, life and death, patient rights, terminal illness, moral autonomy, euthanasia, humane death, dignity in dying
test-law-cppshbcjsfm-pro01a	Rehabilitation Is A Better General Justifying Aim for Punishment  Rehabilitation is the most valuable ideological justification for imprisonment, for it alone promotes the humanising belief in the notion that offenders can be saved and not simply punished. Desert (retributive) theory, on the other hand, sees punishment as an end in itself, in other words, punishment for punishment’s sake. This has no place in any enlightened society.  An example can be taken from the aftermath of the London rioters, where 170 riot offenders under 18 are now in custody without firstly understanding the causes of the riots nor the reasons of why these people offended. [1]  The rehabilitative ideal does not ignore society and the victim. In fact it is because retribution places such great value on the prisoner’s rights that it tries so hard to change the offender and prevent his reoffending. By seeking to reduce reoffending and to reduce crime, it seeks constructively to promote the safety of the public, and to protect individuals from the victimisation of crime. The public agrees; a 2008 poll of British citizens found 82% ‘thought rehabilitation was as important, or more important than punishment as a criterion when sentencing criminals’. [2] Such a model of punishment is therefore a more enlightened approach in a modern day criminal justice system. Our current system which focuses more on retribution does not have the possibility of seeking to prevent reoffending by curing the offender of their desire to reoffend.  [1] Malik, Shiv, ‘UK riots cause 8% rise in jailed children’, guardian.co.uk, 8 September 2011.  [2] Directgov. Rehabilitation versus punishment - judge for yourself. 1 July 2008 . Rehabilitation, Punishment, Justification, Offenders, Humanising, Retributive, Society, Victims, Reoffending, Public Safety, Criminal Justice System, Enlightenment, UK Riots, Youth Offenders, Poll, British Citizens, Sentencing, Crime Prevention, Prisoner Rights, Desires, Cure, Modern Day, Directgov, Shiv Malik, Guardian rehabilitation, justification, punishment, retributive, desert, enlightenment, society, victim, reoffending, crime, public safety, polling, British citizens, sentencing, criminal justice, prevention, curing, UK riots, jailed children, Shiv Malik, Directgov rehabilitation, punishment, ideological, justification, imprisonment, humanising, offenders, retributive, desert, enlightened, society, London, rioters, juvenile, custody, causes, crime, reoffending, public, safety, victimisation, poll, British, citizens, criteria, sentencing, criminals, modern, criminal, justice, system, prevention, cure, desire, retribution Rehabilitation, Punishment, Ideological, Justification, Imprisonment, Humanising, Offenders, Retributive, Society, Enlightened, London, Rioters, Custody, Causes, Offending, Victim, Public, Safety, Crime, Poll, British, Sentencing, Criminals, Model, Criminal, Justice, System, Retribution, Reoffending, Prevention, Cure, Desire, Judge, Yourself Rehabilitation, Punishment, Justification, Offenders, Humanizing, Retributive, Desert, Enlightened Society, London Riots, Juvenile Offenders, Victimisation, Public Safety, Crime Prevention, Sentencing, British Citizens, Criminal Justice System, Reoffending, Curing, Sentencing Criteria, Directgov, Guardian
test-politics-eppghwlrba-pro02a	The legal ownership of guns by ordinary citizens inevitably leads to many accidental deaths  The legal ownership of guns by law-abiding citizens inevitably leads to many unnecessary and tragic deaths. Legally held guns are stolen and end up in the hands of criminals, who would have greater difficulty in obtaining such weapons if firearms were less prevalent in society. Guns also end up in the hands of children, leading to tragic accidents and terrible disasters such as the Columbine High School massacre in the U.S.A. Sometimes even normal-seeming registered gun owners appear to go mad and kill, as tragically happened at Hungerford and Dunblaine in the U.K. gun ownership, accidental deaths, law-abiding citizens, unnecessary deaths, tragic deaths, stolen guns, criminals, firearms prevalence, guns and children, tragic accidents, Columbine High School massacre, registered gun owners, mental health, Hungerford, Dunblaine, U.K. gun ownership, accidental deaths, unnecessary deaths, tragic deaths, stolen guns, criminals, gun prevalence, firearms, children, gun accidents, Columbine High School massacre, registered gun owners, mental health, Hungerford, Dunblaine, U.K. legal ownership, guns, ordinary citizens, accidental deaths, law-abiding citizens, unnecessary deaths, tragic deaths, stolen guns, criminals, firearms prevalence, society, children, tragic accidents, Columbine High School massacre, U.S.A., registered gun owners, mental health, mass shootings, Hungerford, Dunblaine, U.K. gun ownership, accidental deaths, unnecessary deaths, tragic deaths, stolen guns, criminals, firearms prevalence, children accidents, school massacres, Columbine, Hungerford, Dunblaine, registered gun owners, mass shootings gun ownership, accidental deaths, law-abiding citizens, unnecessary deaths, stolen guns, criminals, firearms prevalence, children accidents, school massacres, registered gun owners, mental health, Hungerford, Dunblaine, U.K., Columbine, U.S.A.
test-philosophy-elkosmj-con06a	Utilitarianism is demanding  If we choose to save the five people just because we have the power to do so then we also have to consider all the other lives that are in our power to save. It is in our power to donate all of our excess money to charity to save lives and so we must also do this. Actions like this are worthy of praise but no one would suggest that we have a duty to do them. Utilitarianism, ethical demand, moral obligation, power, save lives, excess money, charity, duty, praise, moral philosophy, ethical theory, consequentialism, altruism, moral action, ethical decision-making Utilitarianism, demanding, moral, obligation, power, save, lives, excess, money, charity, duty, praise, actions, ethics, altruism, sacrifice, moral哲学, 功利主义, 道德义务, 慷慨, 自我牺牲, 生命救助, 金钱捐赠, 道德赞扬, 行为伦理, 道德责任, 道德选择, 道德考量, 道德义务感, 道德价值, 道德评价, 道德规范, 道德约束, Utilitarianism, moral obligation, ethical duty, consequentialism, saving lives, charity, excess money, moral praise, duty, action, power, consideration, other lives, donate Utilitarianism, moral obligation, ethical dilemma, duty, charity, excess money, saving lives, power, actions, praise, ethical responsibility, moral philosophy, altruism, self-sacrifice Utilitarianism, demanding, ethical, duty, save, lives, power, excess, money, charity, actions, praise, moral, obligation, consequentialism, sacrifice, wellbeing, ethics, philosophy
test-society-asfhwapg-con04a	A liability regime not patents.  There are alternatives to the kind of blanket patenting that stifles innovation and drives up prices . The most obvious is to have no patents at all for genes which would result in a free for all but might have the result the proposition argues it would, that without any kind of pay back for the research no one will do the research in the first place.  However there are alternatives that prevent many of the problems of patents while still bringing in many of the benefits . This would be to have some kind of rights for the discover. Unlike patents there would be no right to refuse or provide conditions for access to the discovery. This would be a use now pay later system. Anyone could research using the discovery or seek to commercialize it but would have to pay a fee which would depend upon what the application was1. Palombi has proposed the creation of ‘Genetic Sequence Rights’ “the GSR would be administered using… the present ‘international’ patent system so as to minimize establishment costs and to facilitate its adoption. A GSR would be granted to the first person to file and disclose a genetic sequence defining genetic material of any origin and explaining its function and utility… The GSR would become part of an international electronic database which would be freely accessible by any person.  Upon registration the GSR holder would have the right to a GSR use fee (GSR fee). The GSR fee would vary depending on the nature of the use. For publicly funded institutions such as universities, experimental use would not attract a GSR fee, but for commercial entities, the GSR fee would apply commensurately with the nature of the use2.” This would therefore create a much fairer system that both encourages research for commercial purposes and for academic purposes.  1. Dutfield G., DNA patenting: implications for public health research, WHO   2. Palombi, Luigi, “The Genetic Sequence Right: A Sui Generis Alternative to the Patenting of Biological Materials”, Patenting Lives Conference, 1-2 December 2005, p.18.  , liability regime, patents, innovation, prices, genetic research, free for all, pay back, alternatives, rights for discoverer, use now pay later, Genetic Sequence Rights, GSR, patent system, international electronic database, GSR use fee, commercial entities, academic purposes, public health research, Patenting Lives Conference, Luigi Palombi liability regime, alternatives, patents, innovation, prices, no patents, genes, free for all, research, pay back, rights, discovery, access, use now pay later, Genetic Sequence Rights, GSR, patent system, genetic sequence, genetic material, function, utility, international electronic database, GSR use fee, publicly funded institutions, universities, experimental use, commercial entities, commercial purposes, academic purposes, DNA patenting, public health research, Patenting Lives Conference, Luigi Palombi liability regime, alternatives, patents, innovation, prices, no patents, genes, free for all, research, pay back, discovery rights, use now pay later, Genetic Sequence Rights, GSR, international patent system, establishment costs, adoption, genetic sequence, genetic material, function, utility, international electronic database, GSR use fee, publicly funded institutions, universities, experimental use, commercial entities, fairer system, commercial purposes, academic purposes, DNA patenting, public health research, Luigi Palombi, Patenting Lives Conference liability regime, alternatives, patents, stifles innovation, drives prices, no patents, genes, free for all, pay back, research, discovery rights, use now pay later, Genetic Sequence Rights, GSR, patent system, genetic sequence, utility, international database, GSR use fee, commercial entities, publicly funded institutions, encourages research, commercial purposes, academic purposes, DNA patenting, public health research, Luigi Palombi, Patenting Lives Conference liability regime, alternatives to patents, gene patents, innovation, research incentive, free-for-all, payback, discovery rights, use now pay later, Genetic Sequence Rights, GSR, international patent system, electronic database, GSR use fee, public institutions, commercial entities, fair system, public health research, Luigi Palombi, Patenting Lives Conference
test-economy-epegiahsc-con04a	FTAA is bad for labour in developed countries.  Liberalizing the labour market across the entirety of the Americas would be a severe blow to workers in the US and Canada. It would put them in direct competition with workers from countries where the average salary is much lower than in the US, who would be willing to work for a fraction of what a US or Canadian worker currently makes. In order to stay competitive in such a market, they would have to accept lower salaries and a cut in benefits. This would reverse decades of progress in the direction of better protections for workers and workers’ rights, as well as lead to higher unemployment levels in developed countries [1] . This has occurred as a result of previous free trade agreements in the Americas for example the North American Free Trade Area (NAFTA) after it was implemented resulted in the displacement of 682,000 US jobs [2] this then gives employers a chance to reduce working conditions as there is surplus labor.  [1] Suroweicki, James. “The Free-Trade Paradox.” The New Yorker. 26 May 2008.   [2] Scott, Robert E., “Heading South: U.S.-Mexico trade and job displacement after NAFTA”, Economic Policy Institute, 3 May 2011, FTAA, labour, developed countries, liberalizing, labour market, Americas, workers, US, Canada, competition, lower salaries, benefits, worker protections, rights, unemployment, free trade agreements, NAFTA, job displacement, employers, working conditions, surplus labor FTAA, labour, developed countries, liberalizing, labour market, Americas, workers, US, Canada, direct competition, average salary, lower salaries, cut benefits, progress, workers' rights, unemployment, free trade agreements, NAFTA, job displacement, employers, reduce working conditions, surplus labor FTAA, labour, developed countries, liberalizing, labour market, Americas, workers, US, Canada, average salary, lower salaries, benefits, worker protections, workers' rights, unemployment, free trade agreements, NAFTA, job displacement, employers, working conditions, surplus labor, The Free-Trade Paradox, James Suroweicki, The New Yorker, Robert E. Scott, Economic Policy Institute FTAA, labour, developed countries, liberalizing, labour market, Americas, workers, US, Canada, average salary, lower salaries, benefits, worker protections, workers' rights, unemployment, free trade agreements, NAFTA, job displacement, employers, working conditions, surplus labor, economic impact, trade policies, globalization, wage competition, employment rates, international trade, labor rights, outsourcing, economic inequality, trade liberalization, wage stagnation, job security, economic research, policy analysis, trade impacts, labor markets, North American Free Trade Agreement, labor standards, economic displacement, job loss, trade adjustment, labor economics, trade and labor FTAA, labour, developed countries, liberalizing, labour market, Americas, severe blow, workers, US, Canada, direct competition, lower salaries, working conditions, surplus labor, unemployment, progress, workers' rights, free trade agreements, NAFTA, job displacement, Economic Policy Institute, The New Yorker, James Suroweicki, Robert E. Scott
test-politics-dhwem-pro02a	PMCs give value for money  Mercenaries are a cost efficient way of fighting. Although expensive to hire, the government does not have to cover the cost of training, housing, pensions or healthcare. Mercenaries, unlike regular troops, are only paid for the days on which they are used. Outsourcing when necessary will reduce the cost of the force. For example, the US army is around a third smaller than it was in the 1991 Gulf War (PBS News Hour, 2004). This saves taxpayers’ money and avoids the build up of conventional troops, which, in the past, has contributed to the development of arms races which can be cripplingly expensive as shown by the collapse of the Soviet Union. PMCs, value for money, mercenaries, cost efficient, fighting, expensive to hire, government, training, housing, pensions, healthcare, paid for days used, outsourcing, cost of force, US army, smaller, 1991 Gulf War, saves taxpayers money, avoid conventional troops, arms races, Soviet Union collapse PMCs, value for money, mercenaries, cost efficient, fighting, expensive, hire, government, training, housing, pensions, healthcare, paid, days used, outsourcing, cost reduction, force, US army, smaller, 1991 Gulf War, taxpayers’ money, build up, conventional troops, arms races, expensive, Soviet Union, collapse PMC, mercenaries, cost-effective, value-for-money, training-costs, housing-costs, pensions, healthcare, pay-per-use, outsourcing, force-cost-reduction, US-army, Gulf-War, taxpayer-savings, conventional-troops, arms-races, Soviet-Union-collapse PMCs, value for money, mercenaries, cost efficient, fighting, expensive to hire, government, training, housing, pensions, healthcare, paid for days used, outsourcing, cost of force, US army, smaller, 1991 Gulf War, taxpayers’ money, build up of troops, arms races, cripplingly expensive, Soviet Union collapse PMCs, value for money, mercenaries, cost efficient, fighting, government, training, housing, pensions, healthcare, only paid, days used, outsourcing, reduce cost, force, US army, smaller, 1991 Gulf War, taxpayers’ money, avoid, build up, conventional troops, arms races, expensive, Soviet Union collapse
test-environment-chbwtlgcc-con02a	Earth's Resiliency  All the conclusions about the effects of rising atmospheric GHGs are based on computerized climate models. Even those that develop and use the models admit that the models are not nearly complex enough to be 100% accurate. Climate science is incredibly complicated and different models sometimes produce vastly different results 1.Increased carbon dioxide will increase plant life which may mitigate other damages of climate change and protect species currently considered threatened by climate change. Therefore, it is far too early to conclude that humanity is going to be destroyed. The earth's climate is continuously changing, with or without anthropogenic effects, and life has always found a way to continue.  1. Lemonick, Michael D., 'How much can we really trust climate models to tell us about the future?', 18th january 2011. Earth's resiliency, climate models, GHGs, carbon dioxide, plant life, climate change, anthropogenic effects, life continuation, climate science complexity, model accuracy, Michael D. Lemonick, trust in climate models Earth's resiliency, climate models, GHGs, atmospheric gases, climate science complexity, model accuracy, carbon dioxide, plant life, climate change mitigation, species protection, anthropogenic effects, climate change, life continuity, climate predictions, trust in climate models, scientific uncertainty Earth's Resiliency, Climate Models, Rising GHGs, Atmospheric Gases, Model Accuracy, Climate Science, Carbon Dioxide, Plant Life, Climate Change Mitigation, Species Protection, Anthropogenic Effects, Climate Change Impacts, Life Continuity, Climate Forecast Reliability, Michael Lemonick, Trust in Climate Models Earth's resiliency, climate models, GHGs, atmospheric gases, carbon dioxide, plant life, climate change, anthropogenic effects, environmental science, climate science complexity, model accuracy, climate variability, life continuation, species protection, climate futures, scientific uncertainty, ecological adaptation, global warming impacts, Lemonick, climate research Earth's resiliency, climate models, rising atmospheric GHGs, carbon dioxide, plant life, climate change, anthropogenic effects, life continuation, climate science complexity, model accuracy, mitigation, species protection, human destruction, Michael D. Lemonick, climate model trust
test-digital-freedoms-piidfiphwu-pro01a	The unauthorised downloading of copyrighted material should be addressed and prevented by the state  Copyrighted material is intellectual property: someone worked hard for it to produce it. Downloading this content without paying the proper rights holder for it amounts to theft.  Furthermore, downloading copyrighted material from an unauthorized source creates an impossible market for producers of copyrighted content, because they have to ‘compete with free’. Why would the average consumer want to pay for a download from an authorized website, when she can get the same movie from a pirate-site for free? To build a commercially viable content industry online, we need to protect this industry from the unfair competition of the parallel market. [1]  [1] Piotr Stryszowski , Danny Scorpecci, Piracy of Digital Content. 2009, OECD Publishing. URL for purchase: unauthorised downloading, copyrighted material, state prevention, intellectual property, theft, market competition, content industry, piracy, digital content, OECD Publishing, commercially viable, parallel market, authorized websites, pirate-sites, consumer behavior, rights holder, unpaid downloads, legal implications, economic impact unauthorized, downloading, copyrighted, material, state, prevention, intellectual, property, theft, market, producers, content, authorized, websites, piracy, digital, content, commercially, viable, industry, competition, parallel, market, Piotr, Stryszowski, Danny, Scorpecci, OECD, Publishing unauthorised downloading, copyrighted material, state prevention, intellectual property, theft, market competition, free content, piracy, digital content, commercially viable industry, unfair competition, parallel market, Piotr Stryszowski, Danny Scorpecci, OECD Publishing unauthorized downloading, copyrighted material, state prevention, intellectual property, hard work, content theft, market competition, free content, consumer behavior, authorized websites, pirate sites, commercial viability, content industry, unfair competition, parallel market, digital piracy, OECD publishing unauthorised downloading, copyrighted material, state prevention, intellectual property, theft, market competition, authorized sources, pirate sites, content industry, unfair competition, digital content piracy, OECD publishing
test-international-iiahwagit-pro03a	Endangered animals are a source of pride for African countries  Endangered animals warrant a tougher degree of protection in Africa as they have notable cultural significance. Some groups believe that African elephants have mystic powers attached to them and have coveted them for centuries. [1] African lions have been depicted on the coat of arms for states and institutions both past and present. [2] They are intrinsically linked with Africa’s past and its identity. The extinction of these animals, therefore, would have a negative cultural impact and should be prevented.  [1] University of California, Los Angeles, ‘Elephant: The Animal and its Ivory in African Culture’  [2] Coleman, Q. ‘The importance of African lions’ endangered animals, African countries, cultural significance, African elephants, mystic powers, African lions, coat of arms, Africa’s past, identity, extinction, prevention, UCLA, Elephant: The Animal and its Ivory in African Culture, Coleman, The importance of African lions Endangered animals, African countries, cultural significance, protection, African elephants, mystic powers, African lions, coat of arms, identity, extinction, cultural impact, UCLA, elephant ivory, African culture, Q. Coleman endangered animals, African countries, cultural significance, African elephants, mystic powers, African lions, coat of arms, Africa’s past, identity, extinction, negative cultural impact, UCLA, elephant ivory, African culture, Q. Coleman Endangered animals, African countries, cultural significance, African elephants, mystic powers, African lions, coat of arms, Africa’s past, identity, extinction, negative cultural impact, protection, UCLA, elephant ivory, African culture, Q. Coleman Endangered animals, African countries, cultural significance, African elephants, mystic powers, African lions, coat of arms, Africa’s past, identity, extinction, negative cultural impact, protection, UCLA, Elephant: The Animal and its Ivory in African Culture, Q. Coleman, The importance of African lions
test-education-egscphsrdt-con03a	Safeguarding the teacher-student relationship  Random drug tests change the student-teacher relationship from one of trust into one of suspicion, whereby the teachers and the school establishment become a body which many students will perceive as being out to catch them, and suspicious of all. The destruction of this trust makes it far harder for teachers to impart useful information on illegal drugs and the consequences of their use to students, and students may be less willing to seek teachers out on this information. This would lead to students relying increasingly on their peers and the internet for information on illegal drugs, and this information is far more likely to be of questionable policy or influenced by notions of drug use as 'cool' or glamorous. Thus schools' anti-drugs message may be harmed by random drug tests. safeguarding, teacher-student, relationship, random, drug, tests, trust, suspicion, teachers, school, establishment, students, perceive, catch, question, illegal, drugs, consequences, information, willing, seek, peers, internet, questionable, policy, influenced, notions, cool, glamorous, anti-drugs, message, harmed safeguarding, teacher-student, relationship, random, drug, tests, trust, suspicion, teachers, school, establishment, students, perceive, catch, suspicious, impart, information, illegal, drugs, consequences, willing, seek, peers, internet, questionable, policy, influenced, notions, use, cool, glamorous, anti-drugs, message, harmed safeguarding, teacher-student, relationship, random, drug, tests, trust, suspicion, perception, teachers, school, establishment, information, illegal, drugs, consequences, students, peers, internet, questionable, policy, influenced, notions, use, cool, glamorous, anti-drugs, message, harmed safeguarding, teacher-student, relationship, random, drug, tests, trust, suspicion, teachers, school, establishment, students, perceive, catch, information, illegal, drugs, consequences, impart, willing, seek, peers, internet, questionable, policy, influenced, notions, cool, glamorous, anti-drugs, message, harmed safeguarding, teacher-student, relationship, random, drug, tests, trust, suspicion, teachers, school, establishment, students, perceive, catch, suspicious, impart, information, illegal, drugs, consequences, seek, peers, internet, questionable, policy, influenced, notions, use, cool, glamorous, anti-drugs, message, harmed
test-politics-cdmaggpdgdf-con03a	Don’t panic!  The role of the security services is in part to deal with some very dangerous ideas and events. But the point is to deal with them in such a way that does not cause public disorder or even panic. We clearly don’t want every report detailing specific threats to be made public, especially if it is reporting something that could be devastating but there is a low risk of it actually occurring. If such information is taken the wrong way it can potentially cause panic, either over nothing, or else in such a way that it damages any possible response to the crisis. Unfortunately the media and the public often misunderstand risk. For example preventing terrorism has been regularly cited in polls as being the Americans top foreign policy goal with more than 80% thinking it very important in Gallup polls for over a decade [1] even when the chance of being killed by terrorism in Western countries is very low. If the public misunderstands the risk the response is unlikely to be proportionate and can be akin to yelling fire in a packed theatre.  While it is not (usually) a security, but rather a public health issue, pandemics make a good example. The question of how much information to release is only slightly different than in security; officials want to release enough information that everyone is informed, but not so much that there is panic whenever there is an unusual death. [2] In 2009 the WHO declared swine flu to be a pandemic despite it being a relatively mild virus that did not cause many deaths, so causing an unnecessary scare and stockpiling of drugs. [3]  [1] Jones, Jeffrey M., ‘Americans Say Preventing Terrorism Top Foreign Policy Goal’, Gallup Politics, 20 February 2013  [2] Honigsbaum, Mark, ‘The coronavirus conundrum: when to press the panic button’, guardian.co.uk, 14 February 2013  [3] Cheng, Maria, ‘WHO’s response to swine flu pandemic flawed’, Phys.org, 10 May 2011 security services, public disorder, panic, threat reports, media misunderstanding, risk perception, terrorism prevention, foreign policy goal, proportionate response, public health, pandemics, information release, WHO, swine flu, coronavirus, panic button, flawed response, stockpiling drugs security services, public disorder, panic, risk assessment, terrorism, public policy, media understanding, risk communication, pandemic management, information release, swine flu, coronavirus, WHO response, health communication, proportionate response security services, public disorder, risk management, media, public perception, terrorism, foreign policy, polls, Gallup, risk misunderstanding, proportionate response, pandemics, information release, WHO, swine flu, coronavirus, panic, public health, stockpiling, drugs, crisis communication security services, public disorder, panic, risk assessment, media influence, public misunderstanding, terrorism prevention, foreign policy, proportionate response, pandemic management, information release, swine flu, WHO response, coronavirus, public health, crisis communication, stockpiling drugs, unnecessary scare, risk communication, policy goals, Gallup polls, health information, security information, public reaction, virus outbreaks, health policy, international health regulations, emergency preparedness, risk perception, threat levels, crisis management, public safety, health emergencies, global health, infectious diseases, flu pandemic, health authorities, information control, public trust, misinformation, health security, national security security services, public disorder, panic, threat reporting, risk assessment, media misunderstanding, public perception, terrorism prevention, foreign policy, Gallup polls, terrorism risk, proportionate response, information release, pandemic management, WHO, swine flu, coronavirus, public health, information balance, official communication, risk communication
test-politics-nlpdwhbusbuc-con03a	This House Believes That the U.S. Should Ban The Use of Cluster Bombs  Currently the U.S. is working on improving the reliability of cluster bombs. The weakness of cluster bombs, being that the bomblets often do not explode is something that U.S. military has understood for a long time. It is inefficient for the military to allow this problem to continue. As such a large amount of military funding goes into improving cluster bombs.  The U.S. is hoping to improve cluster bombs in two ways, the first is ensuring that when the cluster bombs are deployed that all bomblets explode on impact or explode very quickly after the initial barrage. However, the U.S. is also working on technology that would allow bomblets to disarm themselves after a short period of time, hence preventing accidental discharges in the future.  If these improvements work, then cluster bombs cease to cause civilian damage and will likely be an incredibly effective tool in warfare. Hence a ban on them when this technology is being deployed is premature.10 cluster bombs, U.S. military, reliability improvement, bomblets, explode on impact, self-disarm technology, civilian damage, warfare effectiveness, ban premature, military funding cluster bombs, U.S. military, reliability, bomblets, explode, military funding, improvements, impact, disarm, civilian damage, warfare, ban, technology, premature cluster bombs, U.S. military, bomblets, reliability improvement, military funding, civilian damage, warfare effectiveness, ban proposals, technological advancements, self-disarming mechanism cluster bombs, U.S. military, reliability improvement, bomblets, unexploded ordnance, military funding, technology development, self-disarming mechanism, civilian damage, warfare efficiency, premature ban U.S., cluster bombs, ban, military funding, bomblets, reliability, improvement, civilian damage, warfare, technology, disarm, premature, impact, explosion, accidental discharge
test-politics-lghwdecm-pro02a	Mayors would be more accountable than a council  Electing mayors would improve accountability in local government. A Mayor would have a bigger mandate, which could be up to 500,000 votes compared to 5,000 for individual councillors making them more directly accountable to the city’s electorate. [1] They are also more visible; 57% of people could name their mayor when they had one compared to only 8% being able to name their council leader and so they are more likely to be held to account for their individual policies. [2] By comparison where there are not mayors an elaborate and confusing series of committees make decisions in most areas, making it easy for individual councillors or parties to dodge responsibility for unpopular decisions or failed policies. Bristol is a good example of this with wobbly coalitions resulting from backroom deals and constantly shifting politics; the council changed hands seven times in the ten years to 2012. [3] Placing this power in the hands of an elected mayor would streamline decision-making and increase accountability. A mayor who failed to improve local services or in other ways implement their campaign promises would have little chance of re-election.  [1] Sims, Sam, ‘Electing mayors for more English cities would increase local democratic accountability and widen political participation. But the government must grant them real power and freedom’, blogs.lse.ac.uk, 7 October 2011.  [2] Gash, Tom, ‘A turning point for England’s big cities’, Institute for Government, 29 March 2012.  [3] The Economist, ‘Why elected mayors matter’, 19 April 2012. Mayors, accountability, council, local government, mandate, electorate, visibility, committees, decision-making, responsibility, Bristol, coalitions, politics, services, campaign promises, re-election, democratic accountability, political participation, power, freedom Mayors, accountability, council, local government, mandate, electorate, visibility, committees, decision-making, re-election, Bristol, coalitions, politics, services, campaign promises, democratic accountability, political participation, power, freedom, English cities, big cities, The Economist, Institute for Government, LSE blogs Mayors, accountability, council, local government, mandate, electorate, visibility, committee decisions, responsibility, unpopular decisions, failed policies, Bristol, coalitions, backroom deals, politics, decision-making, re-election, services, campaign promises, democratic accountability, political participation, power, freedom, big cities, elected mayors, The Economist, Institute for Government, LSE Blogs Mayors, accountability, local government, mandate, electorate, visibility, council leader, committees, decision-making, re-election, Bristol, coalitions, politics, services, campaign promises, democratic accountability, political participation, power, freedom, England, cities, elected mayors, responsibility, unpopular decisions, failed policies Mayors, Accountability, Council, Local Government, Electing Mayors, Mandate, Electorate, Visibility, Committee Decisions, Responsibility, Unpopular Decisions, Failed Policies, Bristol, Coalitions, Backroom Deals, Shifting Politics, Streamline Decision-Making, Campaign Promises, Re-Election, Democratic Accountability, Political Participation, Institute for Government, The Economist, Elected Mayors, England's Big Cities
test-politics-grcrgshwbr-con01a	Banning religious symbols is just a way of unfairly targeting people.  Banning religious symbols could be viewed as just a way of targeting a group of people. In a nutshell, religious symbols would be used as a scapegoat in order to both highlight and blame for problems that are much bigger. Removing the hijab, the Crucifix or the Jewish skullcap would take away someone's culture, religion and heritage, and, therefore, banning them would cause more problems.1 It could potentially increase hatred within religious groups, and lead to more racism and more criticism, ultimately making the country a worse place to live.  1 at 'Belgian ban on full veils comes into force', BBC News Europe, 23rd July 2011 , accessed on 23rd July 2011 religious symbols, banning, targeting, scapegoat, problems, culture, religion, heritage, hijab, crucifix, jewish skullcap, hatred, religious groups, racism, criticism, country, belgian ban, full veils, bbc news europe banning, religious, symbols, targeting, people, scapegoat, problems, culture, religion, heritage, hijab, crucifix, jewish, skullcap, hatred, religious, groups, racism, criticism, country, belgian, ban, full, veils, bbc, news, europe religious symbols, banning, unfair targeting, scapegoat, cultural heritage, religious freedom, racism, hatred, social problems, Crucifix, hijab, Jewish skullcap, Belgian ban, full veils, BBC News Europe banning, religious, symbols, unfairly, targeting, people, scapegoat, problems, hijab, crucifix, jewish, skullcap, culture, religion, heritage, hatred, religious, groups, racism, criticism, country, belgian, ban, full, veils, bbc, news, europe Banning, religious, symbols, targeting, people, scapegoat, problems, hijab, Crucifix, Jewish, skullcap, culture, religion, heritage, hatred, religious, groups, racism, criticism, country, Belgian, ban, full, veils, BBC, News, Europe
test-politics-glgvhbqssc-con02a	"This is not the will of the people of Quebec.  Secession from Canada would not be a fair or adequate representation of the will of the people of Quebec.  The most recent referendum and all current polling data suggest that an overwhelming majority of Quebecers are opposed to Quebec seeking independence from Canada [1] . The government of Quebec pursuing such a policy is only representative of a very small minority of people in Quebec, and therefore is undemocratic in nature. Moreover, this policy explicitly denies consideration or enfranchisement for the very large populations of Anglophone Quebecers who also deserve representation, and whose interests are being wholly discounted to pursue this one policy on behalf of the Francophones in their province.  Therefore, pursuing secession is both wholly undemocratic, but also specifically disenfranchises a very large portion of the population entirely in a trade-off for one specific policy that doesn’t appeal strongly to anyone beyond a very small minority of citizens.  [1] Chung, Andrew. ""Sovereignty ""outmoded,"" Quebec poll indicates."" Star 19 May 2010, n. pag. Web. 1 Dec. 2011. <  . Quebec, secession, Canada, referendum, polling, independence, democracy, Anglophone, Francophone, disenfranchisement, minority, sovereignty, outmoded, representation Quebec, secession, Canada, will of the people, referendum, polling data, majority, independence, government policy, undemocratic, Anglophone Quebecers, representation, disenfranchisement, Francophones, minority, sovereignty, outmoded Quebec, secession, independence, Canada, referendum, polling, democracy, disenfranchisement, Anglophone, Francophone, minority, sovereignty, outmoded, representation, policy Quebec, secession, Canada, referendum, polling, independence, Anglophone, Francophone, disenfranchisement, minority, democracy, sovereignty, outmoded, representation, policy, citizens, trade-off, interests Quebec, secession, Canada, referendum, polling, independence, Anglophone, Francophone, undemocratic, disenfranchisement, minority, sovereignty, Quebecers, representation, policy"
test-law-umtlilhotac-pro01a	Televising turns justice into entertainment  Broadcasting trials would be likely to turn the court in to entertainment. The Simpson trial showed how harmful a televised high profile trial can be degenerating into a freak show. The ICC trials are among the most high profile in the world so are likely to be susceptible to this. Much of the interest in the SCSL Charles Taylor trial came along when Naomi Campbell gave evidence so giving the trial celebrity interest that had little to do with the legalities involved [1] .  Jurisdictions where cameras are not permitted in courts still can and do have accurate, informative and timely reports of cases, however high profile, without filming them. Courtroom sketches, written transcripts and other tools allow reportage without the use of original footage in a tawdry manner.  [1] Bowcott, Owen, ‘Charles Taylor and the ‘dirty-looking stones’ given to Naomi Campbell’, theguardian.com, 26 April 2012, televising justice, broadcasting trials, entertainment, Simpson trial, high-profile trials, ICC trials, SCSL Charles Taylor trial, Naomi Campbell, celebrity interest, courtroom sketches, written transcripts, reportage, tawdry manner Televising, justice, entertainment, broadcasting, trials, court, Simpson, trial, harm, freak, show, ICC, high, profile, susceptible, SCSL, Charles, Taylor, Naomi, Campbell, evidence, celebrity, interest, legalities, jurisdictions, cameras, not, permitted, accurate, reports, cases, profiles, filming, courtroom, sketches, written, transcripts, tools, reportage, original, footage, tawdry, manner, Bowcott, Owen, theguardian.com, 2012 televised trials, justice entertainment, courtroom entertainment, Simpson trial, ICC trials, high-profile trials, Charles Taylor trial, Naomi Campbell, celebrity interest, courtroom sketches, written transcripts, court reportage, cameras in courts, trial coverage, legal proceedings Televising trials, justice entertainment, broadcasting court proceedings, Simpson trial, harmful televised trials, freak show, ICC trials, high profile cases, Charles Taylor trial, Naomi Campbell, celebrity interest, courtroom sketches, written transcripts, accurate reporting, tawdry manner Televising, justice, entertainment, broadcasting, trials, court, Simpson, trial, harmful, freak, show, ICC, high, profile, susceptible, SCSL, Charles, Taylor, Naomi, Campbell, evidence, celebrity, interest, legalities, jurisdictions, cameras, permitted, accurate, reports, cases, filming, courtroom, sketches, written, transcripts, reportage, original, footage, tawdry, manner
test-health-dhghwapgd-con03a	"The product of a firm's intellectual endeavor is the property of that firm, and it deserves to profit from it  When a firm directs individuals to mix their labor with its capital or other resources, part of that firm's identity inheres in the product that arises from the effort. This is the origin of, and fundamental philosophical justification for, property rights. Property rights are an unquestioned mainstay of life in all developed countries, and are an essential prerequisite for stable markets to develop and function1. The law protects patent rights in much the same way as more conventional physical property, as well it should. Individuals and firms generating ideas and using their effort to produce an intangible good, such as a new drug formula, have a property right on those ideas and the products that arise from them. It is the effort to produce a real good, albeit an intangible one, that marks the difference between an idea in someone's head that he does not act up, and intellectual property that can be protected by a patent. Developing a new drug is a very intensive endeavor, taking time, energy, and usually a considerable amount of financial investment2. The cost of developing a new drug varies widely, from a low of $800 million to nearly $2 billion per drug and is rising3. People and firms deserve as a matter of principle to benefit from the products of the effort of creation. For this reason, stealing intellectual property, which developing generic drugs is, is the same as stealing an actual physical product. Each is a real thing, even if one can be touched while the other is intangible in a physical sense. As a matter of principle, property rights can be assigned to intangible assets like drug formulae, and in practice they are a necessity to many firms' financial survival.  1Fitzgerald, Brian and Anne Fitzgerald. 2004. Intellectual Property: In Principle. Melbourne: Lawbook Company. 2 Congressional Budget Office. 2006. Research and Development in the Pharmaceutical Industry"". The Congress of the United States. Available: 3 Masia, Neal, 2008, ""The Cost of Developing a New Drug"", Focus on Intellectual Property Rights, America.gov, Available: intellectual property, firm's identity, property rights, developed countries, patent rights, intangible good, new drug formula, financial investment, generic drugs, intellectual property rights, pharmaceutical industry, research and development, cost of drug development, legal protection, market stability, intangible assets, financial survival, principle of property, congress report, intellectual endeavor, labor and capital, philosophical justification, stable markets, drug formulae, physical product, intellectual property theft, property assignment, Brian Fitzgerald, Anne Fitzgerald, Congressional Budget Office, Neal Masia, America.gov, Lawbook Company, Intellectual Property: In Principle, Research and Development in the Pharmaceutical Industry property rights, intellectual property, patent rights, drug development, pharmaceutical industry, intellectual endeavor, firm identity, stable markets, intangible assets, financial survival, generic drugs, drug formulae, research and development, cost of development, property justification, philosophical foundation, legal protection, tangible vs intangible, economic principle, industry prerequisite intellectual property, firm's rights, property rights, developed countries, markets, patent rights, physical property, intangible good, new drug formula, drug development, financial investment, stealing intellectual property, generic drugs, property rights assignment, intangible assets, financial survival intellectual property, firm's rights, property rights, developed countries, patent rights, intangible goods, new drug formula, drug development cost, financial investment, generic drugs, principle of creation, intangible assets, pharmaceutical industry, research and development, congressional budget office, intellectual property rights intellectual property, firm's rights, property rights, developed countries, patent rights, intangible goods, new drug formula, property right, financial investment, developing generic drugs, stealing intellectual property, intangible assets, pharmaceutical industry, research and development, drug development cost, principle of creation, financial survival, intellectual property rights, property rights justification, market stability, legal protection, economic principles, drug formulae, intellectual endeavor, effort to produce, tangible vs intangible, economic investment, property rights assignment, intellectual property law, drug development process, industry financials, pharmaceutical R&D, cost of innovation, patent law, property rights philosophy,"
test-economy-epegiahsc-con03a	"FTAA is bad for the environment.  Free trade creates a ""race to the bottom"", whereby developing countries lower their labor and environmental standards in an effort to attract foreign investment. Developed countries, which may have higher standards, are then forced to lower them as well in order to make sure companies don’t relocate or outsource their jobs abroad [1] .  [1] Hassoun, Nicole. “Free Trade and the Environment”. Environmental Ethics, Vol. 31. FTAA, environment, free trade, race to the bottom, developing countries, labor standards, environmental standards, foreign investment, developed countries, job relocation, outsourcing, Nicole Hassoun, Environmental Ethics FTAA, environment, free trade, race to the bottom, developing countries, labor standards, environmental standards, foreign investment, developed countries, job relocation, outsourcing, Nicole Hassoun, Environmental Ethics, Vol. 31 FTAA, environment, free trade, race to the bottom, developing countries, labor standards, environmental standards, foreign investment, developed countries, job relocation, outsourcing, Nicole Hassoun, Environmental Ethics FTAA, environment, free trade, race to the bottom, labor standards, environmental standards, foreign investment, developed countries, developing countries, outsourcing, job relocation, Nicole Hassoun, Environmental Ethics, Vol. 31 FTAA, environment, free trade, race to the bottom, developing countries, labor standards, environmental standards, foreign investment, developed countries, job outsourcing, relocation, Nicole Hassoun, Environmental Ethics, Vol. 31"
test-health-dhpelhbass-pro02a	Those who are in the late stages of a terminal disease have a horrific future agead of them  The gradual decline of their body, the failure of their organs and the need for artificial support. In some cases, the illness will slowly destroy their minds, the essence of themselves; even if this is not the case, the huge amounts of medication required to ‘control’ their pain will often leave them in a delirious and incapable state. At least five percent of terminal pain cannot be controlled, even with the best care. Faced with this, it is surely more humane that those people be allowed to choose the manner of their own end, and have the assistance of a doctor to die with dignity. One particular account was of Sue Rodriguez who died slowly of Lou Gehrig's disease. She lived for several years with the knowledge that her muscles would, one by one, waste away until the day came when, fully conscious, she would choke to death. She begged the courts to reassure her that a doctor would be allowed to assist her in choosing the moment of death. They refused. Rodriguez did not accept the verdict and with the help of an anonymous physician committed suicide in February 1994. [1]  [1] Chris Docker, Cases in history, euthanasia.cc, 2000  (accessed 6/6/2011) terminal illness, late stages, bodily decline, organ failure, artificial support, mental deterioration, pain management, uncontrolled pain, humane death, assisted dying, physician-assisted suicide, death with dignity, Sue Rodriguez, Lou Gehrig's disease, muscle wasting, choking, court refusal, anonymous physician, euthanasia, ethical considerations, palliative care terminal illness, late stages, body decline, organ failure, artificial support, mental deterioration, medication, pain control, assisted dying, doctor assistance, dignity, humane, Sue Rodriguez, Lou Gehrig's disease, muscle wasting, choking, court refusal, physician-assisted suicide, euthanasia, ethical debate, Chris Docker, cases in history terminal illness, late stages, body decline, organ failure, artificial support, mental deterioration, medication side effects, uncontrolled pain, humane death, assisted dying, doctor-assisted suicide, dignity in dying, Sue Rodriguez, Lou Gehrig's disease, muscle wasting, choking risk, court refusal, physician-assisted suicide, euthanasia cases, historical examples terminal disease, late stages, bodily decline, organ failure, artificial support, mental degradation, pain management, uncontrolled pain, dignity in death, assisted dying, euthanasia, Sue Rodriguez, Lou Gehrig's disease, muscle atrophy, choking risk, legal permission, physician-assisted suicide, humane approach, ethical considerations, court refusal, Chris Docker, euthanasia history, case studies terminal disease, late stages, horrific future, body decline, organ failure, artificial support, illness, mind destruction, self-essence, medication, pain control, delirious state, incapable state, terminal pain, best care, humane, choose, manner of end, doctor assistance, die with dignity, Sue Rodriguez, Lou Gehrig's disease, muscle wastage, choke to death, courts, legal permission, assisted suicide, anonymous physician, Chris Docker, euthanasia.cc, cases in history
test-politics-ypppdghwid-con02a	"Unilateral action is burdensome, and dangerous.  POINT  The motion suggests that a particular government is imposing democracy, but in fact it is far better to try and encourage democracy multilaterally. Multilateral assistance, like the UN Democracy Fund which seeks to ""strengthen the voice of civil society, promote human rights, and encourages the participation of all groups in the democratic process""1, is better, because it makes the support seem less political and colonial, and more honest. By using the international community to encourage democracy in a given country, we increase the chances of the people in that country respecting and supporting our attempts, rather than viewing them with suspicion2.  1 United Nations Democracy Fund, 'About UNDEF', 2010,  2 Doyle , Michael. ""Promoting Democracy is Not Imposing Democracy."" The Huffington Post. unilateral action, burdensome, dangerous, government, imposing democracy, multilateral assistance, UN Democracy Fund, civil society, human rights, participation, democratic process, political, colonial, international community, respect, support, suspicion, promoting democracy, imposing democracy, Michael Doyle, The Huffington Post unilateral action, burdensome, dangerous, multilateral assistance, UN Democracy Fund, encourage democracy, civil society, human rights, participation, international community, respect, support, suspicion, promoting democracy, imposing democracy, Michael Doyle, The Huffington Post unilateral action, burdensome, dangerous, government, imposing democracy, multilateral, UN Democracy Fund, civil society, human rights, participation, democratic process, political, colonial, international community, respect, support, suspicion, promoting democracy, imposing democracy, Michael Doyle, The Huffington Post unilateral action, burdensome, dangerous, government, imposing democracy, multilateral assistance, UN Democracy Fund, civil society, human rights, participation, democratic process, political, colonial, international community, country, respect, support, suspicion, promoting democracy, imposing democracy, Michael Doyle, The Huffington Post Unilateral action, burdensome, dangerous, government, imposing democracy, multilateral assistance, UN Democracy Fund, civil society, human rights, participation, democratic process, international community, respect, support, suspicion, promoting democracy, imposing democracy, Michael Doyle, The Huffington Post"
test-philosophy-elkosmj-con05a	The act of killing is emotionally damaging  To actually be involved in the death of another person is an incredibly traumatic experience. Soldiers coming back from war often suffer from ‘post-traumatic stress disorder’ which suggests that being in a situation in which you have to take another persons life has a long lasting impact on your mental health. This is also true for people who are not directly involved in the act of killing. For instance, the people who worked on developing the atomic bomb described an incredible guilt for what they had created even though they were not involved in the decision to drop the bombs. The same traumatic experiences would likely affect the person responsible for pulling the lever. killing, emotionally damaging, traumatic experience, post-traumatic stress disorder, soldiers, war, mental health, guilt, atomic bomb, pulling the lever killing, emotionally damaging, traumatic experience, post-traumatic stress disorder, soldiers, war, mental health, guilt, atomic bomb, developers, decision, pulling lever, responsibility, indirect involvement, long-lasting impact killing, emotionally damaging, traumatic experience, post-traumatic stress disorder, PTSD, soldiers, war, mental health, atomic bomb, guilt, not directly involved, pulling the lever, responsible, long lasting impact killing, emotionally damaging, traumatic experience, post-traumatic stress disorder, soldiers, war, mental health, guilt, atomic bomb, pulling the lever killing, emotionally damaging, traumatic experience, post-traumatic stress disorder, PTSD, soldiers, war, mental health, guilt, atomic bomb, indirect involvement, decision making, pulling the lever
test-politics-dhwem-pro01a	PMCs are a valuable resource  PMCs are a flexible and efficient tool with which to fight 21st Century wars making them a necessity. Private contractors can be hired at short notice and used only when necessary. They can be used to carry out specific missions, to reinforce traditional troops where greater numbers are required or to protect other contractors whilst traditional troops carry out more lucrative missions. Additionally, most PMCs are non-combative but rather defensive, providing security for officials, supply trains etc. As a result they are viewed less as invaders or “the enemy” and more as peace-keepers. PMCs, Private Military Companies, 21st Century wars, flexible, efficient, short notice, specific missions, reinforce troops, protect contractors, non-combative, defensive, security, peace-keepers, officials, supply trains PMCs, valuable resource, flexible, efficient, 21st Century wars, necessity, private contractors, short notice, specific missions, reinforce troops, greater numbers, protect contractors, defensive, non-combative, security, officials, supply trains, peace-keepers, invaders, enemy PMCs, private military companies, flexible, efficient, 21st Century wars, necessity, private contractors, short notice, specific missions, reinforce troops, protect contractors, traditional troops, lucrative missions, non-combative, defensive, security, officials, supply trains, peace-keepers, invaders, enemy PMCs, private military companies, 21st century wars, flexible, efficient, short notice, specific missions, reinforce troops, protect contractors, non-combative, defensive, security, peace-keepers, officials, supply trains, invaders, enemy PMCs, valuable resource, flexible tool, efficient, 21st Century wars, necessity, private contractors, short notice, specific missions, reinforce troops, greater numbers, protect contractors, traditional troops, lucrative missions, non-combative, defensive, security, officials, supply trains, peace-keepers, invaders, enemy
test-law-cppshbcjsfm-pro02a	Rehabilitation Has Greater Regard For the Offender  Rehabilitation has another important value – it recognises the reality of social inequity. To say that some offenders need help to be rehabilitated is to accept the idea that circumstances can constrain, if not compel, and lead to criminality; it admits that we can help unfortunate persons who have been overcome by their circumstance. It rejects the idea that individuals, regardless of their position in the social order, exercise equal freedom in deciding whether to commit a crime, and should be punished equally according to their offence, irrespective of their social backgrounds. Prisons are little more than schools of crime if there aren't any rehabilitation programs. Prisons isolate offenders from their families and friends so that when they are released their social networks tend to be made up largely of those whom they met in prison. As well as sharing ideas, prisoners may validate each others’ criminal activity. Employers are less willing to employ those who have been to prison. Such circumstances may reduce the options available to past offenders and make future criminal behaviour more likely. Rehabilitation becomes more difficult. In addition, rates of self-harm and abuse are alarmingly high within both men’s and women’s prisons. In 2006 alone, there were 11,503 attempts by women to self-harm in British prisons. [1] This suggests that imprisoning offenders unnecessarily is harmful both for the offenders themselves and for society as a whole.  [1] Women in Prison. Statistics. Retrieved August 4, 2011, from Women in Prison . Rehabilitation, Offender, Social Inequity, Criminality, Circumstances, Prison, Rehabilitation Programs, Social Networks, Employment, Self-Harm, Abuse, Women, British Prisons, Crime, Punishment, Social Background, Criminal Behaviour rehabilitation, offender, social inequity, circumstances, criminality, freedom, punishment, social order, prisons, crime, social networks, employment, self-harm, abuse, women, statistics, society rehabilitation, offender, social inequity, circumstances, criminality, social order, freedom, crime, prisons, social networks, employment, self-harm, abuse, women, statistics, society, punishment,justice, recidivism, prison reform, social support, mental health, reintegration Rehabilitation, Offender, Social inequity, Criminality, Circumstances, Prison, Rehabilitation programs, Social networks, Employment, Self-harm, Abuse, Women, Prisons, Criminal behaviour, Society Rehabilitation, Offender, Social inequity, Criminality, Circumstances, Freedom, Crime, Punishment, Social backgrounds, Prisons, Rehabilitation programs, Social networks, Employment, Criminal behaviour, Self-harm, Abuse, Women in prison, Statistics, British prisons, Society
test-politics-eppghwlrba-pro01a	The only function of a gun is to kill  The only function of a gun is to kill. The more instruments of death and injury can be removed from our society, the safer it will be. In the U.S.A. death by gunshot has become the leading cause of death among some social groups; in particular for African-American males aged from 12 to 19 years old. [1] Quite simply, guns are lethal and the fewer people have them the better.  [1 ‘Study: Homicide leading cause of death among young black males, Jacksonville.com, 5 May 2010, gun, kill, death, injury, society, safer, U.S.A, gunshot, leading, cause, social, groups, African-American, males, aged, 12, 19, study, homicide, Jacksonville.com, lethal, fewer, people, better gun, kill, instruments, death, injury, society, safer, USA, gunshot, leading, cause, social, groups, African-American, males, aged, 12, 19, study, homicide, Jacksonville.com, lethal, fewer, people, better gun, kill, death, injury, society, safety, USA, gunshot, leading cause, African-American, males, age, lethal, reduction, homicide, Jacksonville.com, study, 2010 gun, kill, death, injury, society, safer, U.S.A., gunshot, leading, cause, social, groups, African-American, males, aged, 12, 19, years, lethal, fewer, people, better, study, homicide, Jacksonville.com, 5, May, 2010 gun, kill, death, injury, society, safer, U.S.A., gunshot, leading cause, African-American, males, aged 12-19, lethal, fewer people, better, homicide, Jacksonville.com, study, 2010
test-digital-freedoms-piidfiphwu-pro02a	A graduated response will be an effective deterrent  Research has shown that consumers are likely to stop downloading from unauthorized sources when warned by their ISP. For example: Seven out of ten (72%) UK music consumers would stop illegally downloading if told to do so by their ISP, and 90 per cent of consumers would stop illegally file-sharing after two warnings from their ISP. [1]  This shows that the threat of a possible disconnection together with a friendly warning is enough to stop most consumers from downloading from illegal source. The reasoning behind it is simple: consumers can now download without a cost, a graduated response mechanism first raises awareness scaring off those who are only casually downloading out of convenience and then heightens the expected cost of infringement and thus makes it more likely consumers will use legal sources. [2] [1] IFPI, Digital Music Report 2009. 2009. URL for PDF:   [2] Olivier Bomsel and Heritania Ranaivoson, ‘Decreasing copyright enforcement costs: the scope of a graduated response’. 2009. Review of Economic Research on Copyright Issues, Volume 6(2), p. 13 – 29. URL for PDF: graduated response, effective deterrent, unauthorized sources, ISP warnings, UK music consumers, illegal downloading, file-sharing cessation, disconnection threat, awareness raising, infringement costs, legal sources, IFPI Digital Music Report, copyright enforcement costs, economic research, Olivier Bomsel, Heritania Ranaivoson graduated response, effective deterrent, consumers, unauthorized sources, ISP warnings, illegal downloading, file-sharing, disconnection threat, awareness, infringement costs, legal sources, IFPI, Digital Music Report, Olivier Bomsel, Heritania Ranaivoson, copyright enforcement costs, Review of Economic Research on Copyright Issues graduated response, effective deterrent, consumers, unauthorized sources, ISP warnings, illegal downloading, file-sharing, disconnection threat, awareness, infringement costs, legal sources, IFPI, Digital Music Report, Olivier Bomsel, Heritania Ranaivoson, copyright enforcement costs, Review of Economic Research on Copyright Issues graduated response, effective deterrent, unauthorized downloading, ISP warnings, consumer behavior, illegal file-sharing, disconnection threat, awareness raising, infringement costs, legal sources, copyright enforcement, economic research, IFPI, Digital Music Report, Olivier Bomsel, Heritania Ranaivoson graduated response, effective deterrent, unauthorized sources, ISP warnings, illegal downloading, file-sharing, disconnection threat, casual downloading, infringement cost, legal sources, IFPI, Digital Music Report, copyright enforcement, economic research, Olivier Bomsel, Heritania Ranaivoson
test-environment-chbwtlgcc-con01a	Carbon Trading Schemes  The EU ETS is an example of a viable carbon market, it covers thirty countries from the EU as well as Iceland, Liechtenstein and Norway. Countries within the ETS are using market mechanisms to force domestic emitters to meet national caps as the amount of allowances reduces over time emissions fall. In 2020 under the ETS emissions will be 21% lower than in 2005 1. The IPCC report contains recommendations for how emissions can be abated through the simultaneous application of numerous small reductions and the implementation of abatement technologies and this is exactly what schemes like the ETS encourage. Part of the reason that the ETS is successful is that it is ensuring an even playing field between countries by (more or less) applying its rules equally across borders and industries.2  1. European Trading System, 2010  2. European Commission Climate Action, 'Emissions Trading System' Carbon trading, EU ETS, emissions reduction, market mechanisms, national caps, allowances, IPCC recommendations, abatement technologies, even playing field, cross-border regulations, European Trading System, Emissions Trading System, climate action, European Commission Carbon trading, EU ETS, emissions reduction, market mechanisms, domestic emitters, national caps, allowances, IPCC report, abatement technologies, even playing field, cross-border rules, industries, European Trading System, European Commission Climate Action, emissions trading system Carbon Trading Schemes, EU ETS, European Union, Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway, Market Mechanisms, Domestic Emitters, National Caps, Allowances, Emissions Reduction, IPCC Report, Emissions Abatement, Abatement Technologies, Even Playing Field, Cross-Border Rules, Industries, European Trading System, European Commission, Climate Action, Emissions Trading System carbon trading, EU ETS, emissions reduction, market mechanisms, national caps, allowances, IPCC recommendations, abatement technologies, even playing field, cross-border rules, industries, European Trading System, European Commission Climate Action, Emissions Trading System Carbon Trading, EU ETS, Emissions Trading System, Carbon Market, IPCC Recommendations, Emissions Reduction, Abatement Technologies, National Caps, Allowances, Cross-Border Regulations, Industry Standards, Environmental Policy, Climate Action, European Commission, Greenhouse Gases, Market Mechanisms, Sustainable Development, Economic Incentives, Environmental Regulations, Climate Change Mitigation
test-international-iiahwagit-pro04a	Poaching is linked to terrorism  Stronger protection of animals should be implemented to reduce the funding for terrorist groups. Certain terrorist organisations use the illegal ivory and horn trade as funding for their operations. Al-Shabaab, the Lord’s Resistance Army (LRA), and the Sudanese Janjaweed all use the illicit trade as a source of income, with the former using the trade for 40% of its expenditure. [1] This enables them to carry out attacks such as the 2013 Westgate siege in Kenya. [2] Tougher protection of endangered animals would reduce the ability of these groups to fund themselves. In turn, this would decrease their operational capability, increasing stability in Africa.  [1] Stewart, C. ‘Illegal ivory trade funds al-shabaab’s terrorist attacks’  [2] Tackett,C. ‘How elephant poaching helped fund Kenya terrorist attack’ Poaching, terrorism, animal protection, illegal ivory, horn trade, Al-Shabaab, Lord’s Resistance Army, Sudanese Janjaweed, illicit trade, funding, terrorist attacks, Westgate siege, Kenya, operational capability, stability, Africa, endangered animals, Stewart, Tackett, elephant poaching poaching, terrorism, animal protection, funding, terrorist groups, illegal ivory trade, horn trade, Al-Shabaab, Lord’s Resistance Army, LRA, Sudanese Janjaweed, illicit trade, attacks, Westgate siege, Kenya, operational capability, stability, Africa, elephant poaching Poaching, Terrorism, Animal Protection, Illegal Ivory Trade, Horn Trade, Al-Shabaab, Lord’s Resistance Army, LRA, Sudanese Janjaweed, Funding, Terrorist Attacks, Westgate Siege, Kenya, Endangered Animals, Operational Capability, Africa Stability, Elephant Poaching, Ivory Funding, Stewart, Tackett Poaching, Terrorism, Stronger Protection, Animals, Reduce Funding, Terrorist Groups, Illegal Ivory, Horn Trade, Al-Shabaab, Lord’s Resistance Army, LRA, Sudanese Janjaweed, Illicit Trade, Attacks, Westgate Siege, Kenya, Tougher Protection, Endangered Animals, Operational Capability, Stability, Africa, Stewart, C., Tackett, C. Poaching, Terrorism, Stronger Protection, Animals, Illegal Ivory Trade, Horn Trade, Funding, Terrorist Groups, Al-Shabaab, Lord’s Resistance Army, LRA, Sudanese Janjaweed, Illicit Trade, Expenditure, Attacks, Westgate Siege, Kenya, Operational Capability, Stability, Africa, Elephant Poaching, Funding Terrorism, Chris Stewart, Chris Tackett
test-international-atiahblit-con04a	The MDG is the barrier  Significant progress has been made in meeting the MDG in Africa, therefore criticism needs to be raised on the MDG themselves. The MDG are unrealistic, unfair, and the benchmarks set fail to acknowledge progress made (Easterly, 2009).  The barrier to achieving universal education is not a lack of investment, rather inappropriate targets. MDG, Africa, progress, criticism, unrealistic, unfair, benchmarks, Easterly, 2009, universal education, investment, inappropriate targets MDG, Africa, progress, criticism, unrealistic, unfair, benchmarks, Easterly, 2009, universal education, investment, inappropriate targets MDG, Africa, progress, criticism, unrealistic, unfair, benchmarks, Easterly, 2009, universal education, investment, inappropriate targets MDG, Africa, progress, criticism, unrealistic, unfair, benchmarks, Easterly, 2009, universal education, investment, inappropriate targets MDG, Africa, progress, criticism, unrealistic, unfair, benchmarks, Easterly, 2009, universal education, investment, inappropriate targets
test-law-cplglghwbhwd-con03a	The DC Handgun ban is inconsistent with other legislation in the U.S.  A change in legislation in DC that is markedly different from everywhere else in the U.S. is harmful. Whilst the constitution might be amended to give a specific change for DC, the rest of the U.S. will still be able to bear arms. The point of the American constitution is that it is meant to give an even field to all citizens under the law. Minor differences between people within different states is acceptable; owing to specific needs of specific states and all state legislation must be proved to be constitutional anyway. This difference is specifically problematic because of the nature of its interactions with both the constitution and the law.  This change is harmful because the state is dependent upon consistency within the law and perception of the law as being a fair mechanism for all people. Large inconsistencies within the law should not be tolerated as such inconsistencies often bring into debate the legitimacy of the state’s legal code. This is problematic as such debates and inconsistencies can lead to confusion about the reach of the law as well as doubt in the legitimacy of the law. The law is dependent upon citizens understanding and subscribing to the legal code, otherwise legal systems might suffer from problems such as people simply not reporting crime to the police owing to their doubt in the legal system and its ability to protect them, or otherwise law abiding citizens from other areas of the country inadvertently breaking the law by bringing guns into D.C. DC Handgun Ban, Constitutional Consistency, Legal Uniformity, State Legislation, Gun Control, Second Amendment, Federal vs. State Law, Legal Legitimacy, Citizen Perception, Law Enforcement Efficacy, Constitutional Rights, Interstate Travel, Legal System Integrity, Crime Reporting, Public Safety, Urban Legislation, Gun Ownership Rights DC Handgun Ban, Constitutional Inconsistency, U.S. Legislation, State Legal Differences, Constitutional Rights, Gun Ownership, Legal Fairness, Law Legitimacy, Citizen Trust, Legal System Integrity, Crime Reporting, Law Enforcement Efficacy, Interstate Travel Rights, Gun Control Debate, Second Amendment Interpretation, Urban-Rural Legal Divide, Federalism Issues, Interstate Commerce, Public Safety Measures, Constitutional Amendments, Legal Uniformity, State Sovereignty, Gun Policy, Legal Perception, Law Abiding Citizens, Constitutional Challenges, Law Enforcement Challenges, Gun Rights Advocacy, Legislative Impact Analysis, Public Policy Evaluation, Federal-State Relations, Legal Cons DC Handgun ban, constitutional consistency, U.S. legislation, state legal differences, constitutional amendment, gun rights, American constitution, legal fairness, law legitimacy, legal inconsistencies, constitutional challenges, state law interaction, legal system doubts, crime reporting, gun control, interstate legal differences, legal perception, citizen compliance, legal code uniformity, gun legislation, public safety, legal cohesion, Second Amendment, federal vs. state law, gun ownership, legal authority, constitutional rights, law enforcement, legal integrity, public trust, gun regulations, constitutional interpretation, legislative impact, legal debate, citizen rights, gun laws, constitutional law, legal standards, legal DC Handgun Ban, Constitutional Consistency, State Legislation, Legal Uniformity, Constitutional Rights, Gun Control, Second Amendment, Legal Legitimacy, State Law, Citizen Perception, Constitutional Amendments, Inter-state Legal Differences, Legal System Integrity, Law Enforcement, Public Safety, Gun Ownership, State-specific Legislation, Legal Harmony, Constitutional Equality, Law Compliance DC Handgun Ban, Constitutional Consistency, State Legislation Differences, Legal Perceptions, Citizen Rights, Gun Control, Constitutional Amendments, Legal Legitimacy, Law Enforcement, Interstate Legal Issues, Gun Ownership, Federal vs State Law, Legal Uniformity, Public Safety, Crime Reporting, Legal System Integrity, Second Amendment Rights, State Sovereignty, Gun Laws, Constitutional Law, Legal Consistency, Public Trust in Law
test-politics-cdmaggpdgdf-con04a	Transparency can lead to conflict  The idea that transparency is good assumes that the people watching the government be transparent are likely to provide a moderating influence on policy. This is not always the case. Instead transparency can lead to more conflict.  First a nationalist population may force the government into taking more action than it wants. One obvious way to quiet such sentiment is to show that the country is not ready for war; something that may not be possible if being transparent. Instead if it is transparent that the military could win then there is nothing to stop a march to war. It then becomes possible for multiple interest groups to form into coalitions each with differing reasons for conflict trading off with each other resulting in overstretch and conflict. [1]  Secondly when there is a rapidly changing balance of power then transparency for the rising power may not be a good thing. Instead as Deng Xiaoping advised they should “Hide your strength, bide your time”. [2] Showing in the open how your military is expanding may simply force action from the current dominant power. Transparency, combined with domestic media worrying about the other’s build up can make the other side seem more and more of a threat that must be dealt with before it can get any more powerful. It is quite a common international relations theory that one way or another relative power and the quest for hegemony is the cause for war, [3] transparency simply encourages this. William C. Wohlforth points out when studying the cause of the First World War that it is perception of relative power that matters. Germany’s leaders believed it had to strike before it out of time as a result of Russia rapidly industrialising. [4] Transparency unfortunately reduces the ability of the government to manage perception.  [1] Snyder, Jack, Myths of Empire, Cornell University Press, 1991, p.17  [2] Allison, Graham, and Blackwill, Robert D., ‘Will China Ever Be No.1?’, YakeGlobal, 20 February 2013  [3] Kaplan, Robert D., ‘Why John J. Mearsheimer Is Right (About Some Things)’, The Atlantic, 20 December 2011  [4] Wohlforth, William C., ‘The Perception of Power: Russia in the Pre-1914 Balance’, World Politics, Vol.39, No.3, (April 1987), pp.353-381, p.362 transparency, conflict, government, moderating influence, nationalist population, military action, war, interest groups, coalitions, overstretch, rapidly changing power, rising power, hide strength, bide time, domestic media, threat perception, relative power, hegemony, William C. Wohlforth, First World War, Germany, Russia, industrialisation, John J. Mearsheimer, international relations theory transparency, conflict, government, moderating influence, policy, nationalist population, military action, war, interest groups, coalitions, overstretch, rapidly changing balance of power, rising power, hide strength, bide time, military expansion, dominant power, international relations, relative power, hegemony, perception, first world war, germany, russia, industrializing, william c. wohlforth, political science, security studies, international security, strategic studies, military strategy, political theory, diplomacy, state behavior, global politics, china, graham allison, robert d. blackwill, john j. mearsheimer, transparency, conflict, government, moderating influence, nationalist population, military, war, interest groups, coalitions, overstretch, rapid balance of power, rising power, hide strength, bide time, domestic media, international relations, relative power, hegemony, perception, government management, myths of empire, John J. Mearsheimer, William C. Wohlforth, pre-1914 balance, Russia, Germany, First World War, industrialisation transparency, conflict, government, moderating influence, nationalist population, military, war, interest groups, coalitions, overstretch, international relations, power, hegemony, perception, Germany, Russia, industrialising, William C. Wohlforth, Jack Snyder, Graham Allison, Robert D. Blackwill, John J. Mearsheimer, Robert D. Kaplan transparency, conflict, government, moderating influence, nationalist population, military action, interest groups, coalitions, overstretch, international relations, power balance, rising power, hegemony, media influence, perception management, relative power, First World War, Germany, Russia, industrialisation, William C. Wohlforth, Jack Snyder, Robert D. Blackwill, Graham Allison, John J. Mearsheimer, Robert D. Kaplan
test-politics-lghwdecm-pro03a	Elected Mayors would attract the best candidates to run for office.  Elected mayors would allow talented individuals to make a difference, regardless of their party affiliation. The present system rewards long-serving and loyal party hacks rather than innovative managers, thinkers and leaders; polls show that the public think councillors put party politics above the needs of their community. Those who are most talented who are elected are simply using the council as a stepping stone for running for national office. If mayors were directly elected, local parties would have to find dynamic candidates with a proven ability to solve problems and manage big organisations, or risk such candidates running and winning as independents. This has already been shown to be the case in London where Ken Livingstone (who initially became Mayor as an independent) and Boris Johnson, both established and well known politicians, ran for Mayor, and in Birmingham where Lam Byrne, formally no.2 at the treasury, has expressed an interest in running. [1]  [1] BBC News, ‘Labour’s Liam Byrne wants to run for Birmingham mayor’, 30 March 2012. Elected Mayors, Best Candidates, Talented Individuals, Party Affiliation, Innovation, Leadership, Polls, Party Politics, Community Needs, Stepping Stone, National Office, Dynamic Candidates, Problem Solving, Big Organisations, Independent Candidates, Ken Livingstone, Boris Johnson, Liam Byrne, Birmingham Mayor, Local Politics Elected Mayors, best candidates, talent, party affiliation, innovative leaders, public opinion, councillors, party politics, community needs, stepping stone, direct elections, local parties, dynamic candidates, problem-solving, big organizations, independent candidates, Ken Livingstone, Boris Johnson, Liam Byrne, Birmingham Mayor, Labour Elected Mayors, Best Candidates, Talented Individuals, Party Affiliation, Innovative Managers, Thinkers, Leaders, Party Politics, Community Needs, Stepping Stone, National Office, Dynamic Candidates, Problem Solvers, Big Organisations, Independent Candidates, Ken Livingstone, Boris Johnson, Liam Byrne, Birmingham Mayor, Local Politics, Direct Elections, Public Opinion, Council Members, Political Reform, Leadership, Governance, Community Engagement, Electoral Systems, Political Representation, Mayorship, Urban Governance, Local Government, Political Dynamics, Public Service, Civic Leadership, Party Loyalty, Political Innovation, Electoral Processes, Political Candidates, Voter Choice, Community Leadership Elected Mayors, Best Candidates, Talent Attraction, Party Affiliation, Innovative Leaders, Polls, Public Perception, Party Politics, Community Needs, Talent Utilization, Stepping Stone, National Office, Direct Election, Local Parties, Dynamic Candidates, Problem Solving, Management Skills, London Mayoral Election, Ken Livingstone, Boris Johnson, Liam Byrne, Birmingham Mayor, Treasury Experience Elected Mayors, Best Candidates, Talented Individuals, Party Affiliation, Innovative Managers, Thinkers, Leaders, Long-serving Party Hacks, Polls, Community Needs, Party Politics, Council, Stepping Stone, National Office, Directly Elected, Local Parties, Dynamic Candidates, Problem Solvers, Big Organisations, Independents, Ken Livingstone, Boris Johnson, Liam Byrne, Birmingham Mayor, Labour, BBC News
test-politics-grcrgshwbr-con02a	Religious symbols are personal, therefore, they should not matter to others.  At the end of the day, the wearing of religious symbols is the choice of the individual. Many have considered intervention in the practice of religion and symbolism as an intrusion into privacy and individuality. The recent bans on the full Muslim veil, particularly in Belgium, have been criticised for causing those who feel they have an obligation to wear it to be ostracised and forced to be confined within their own home.1  1 'Belgian ban on full veils comes into force', BBC News Europe, 23rd July 2011 , accessed on 23rd July 2011 religious symbols, personal choice, individual rights, privacy, individuality, intervention, religious practice, symbolism, Muslim veil, full veil ban, Belgium, ostracisation, confinement, BBC News Europe, religious freedom, cultural sensitivity, human rights, public policy, legal restrictions, women's rights, societal norms, religious expression, cultural respect, constitutional rights, freedom of expression, religious identity, moral values, community integration, equality, discrimination, legislative impact, social inclusion, public opinion, international perspectives, religious attire, governmental control, societal impact, ethical considerations, religious beliefs, personal freedoms, legal debates, cultural diversity, religious practices, public Religious symbols, personal choice, individuality, privacy, intervention, religious practice, full Muslim veil, Belgium ban, ostracisation, confinement, BBC News Europe, July 2011 Religious symbols, personal, individual choice, privacy, individuality, full Muslim veil, Belgium ban, ostracised, confinement, religious practice, intrusion, symbolism, criticism, BBC News Europe Religious symbols, personal choice, individuality, privacy, full Muslim veil, Belgium ban, criticism, ostracisation, confinement, religious practice, intervention, symbolism, human rights, freedom of expression religious symbols, personal choice, individual rights, privacy, individuality, intervention, religious practice, full Muslim veil, ban, Belgium, ostracisation, confinement, BBC News Europe
test-law-rmelhrilhbiw-pro01a	The Settlements are illegal, and demonstrate the impotence of the international community  The Settlements, constructed on land that is neither recognizably Israel’s nor which Israel has even claimed to annex are illegal, encroaching on the territory of a future Palestinian state.  It is absurd for the international community to demand the creation of a Palestinian state in the West Bank, and yet allow Israel to establish its population on that land in settlements that view themselves and are viewed by Israel as Israeli territory. [1]  Furthermore, their continued expansion is something that each and every Palestinian can see every day. As a result, the continued expansion both: 1. Destroys Palestinian confidence in the ability and willingness of the International community to enforce its own promises, especially after repeated American and European promises to stop their construction.  2. Convinces Palestinian opinion that the negotiating process is an Israeli game to buy time until they have changed the facts on the ground.  As a consequence of these two factors, the continued expansion of settlements has an impact in driving Palestinians towards violent resistance even beyond the direct impact of the settlement construction by undermining their faith in International Law, and by adding a sense of urgency to their grievances.  [1] MacIntyre, Donald, ‘The Big Question: What are Israeli settlements, and why are they coming under pressure?’, the Independent, 29 May 2009, illegal settlements, international community, Palestinian state, West Bank, Israeli territory, expansion, Palestinian confidence, International Law, negotiating process, violent resistance, Israeli game, American promises, European promises, facts on the ground, MacIntyre, Donald, the Independent, 2009 Settlements, illegal, international community, Palestinian state, West Bank, expansion, Palestinian confidence, negotiation process, violent resistance, International Law, Israeli game, facts on the ground, grievances, MacIntyre, Donald, Israeli settlements, pressure Settlements, Illegal, International Community, Palestinian State, West Bank, Expansion, Palestinian Confidence, Negotiating Process, Violent Resistance, International Law, Israeli Game, Facts on the Ground, MacIntyre, Donald, The Independent Settlements, illegal, international community, Palestinian state, West Bank, Israeli territory, expansion, Palestinian confidence, negotiating process, violent resistance, International Law, grievances, MacIntyre, Donald, Israeli settlements, pressure Settlements, illegal, international community, Palestinian state, West Bank, Israeli territory, expansion, Palestinian confidence, enforcement, promises, negotiations, violent resistance, International Law, urgency, grievances
test-politics-glgvhbqssc-con01a	"Quebec would not be able to be economically viable on its own.  Quebec independence simply will not work because Quebec would not be financially viable as an independent economy.  Quebec has been financially dependent on the rest of Canada for years [1] specifically being dependent on “have” provinces such as Alberta to prop-up its economy as a “have-not” provinces through equalization payments [2] . Moreover, all financial indicators point to the situation staying as it is or worsening, with no signs of improvement in the economy visible [3] .  If Quebec were to gain independence, it simply would not be able to sustain itself as an independent country. Quality of life would necessarily have to drop for all those living in Quebec and the economy would only crash further as confidence in it would dwindle once you remove the credibility the support of the Canadian government and economy that currently gives it.  Therefore, Quebec should not secede from Canada as it would only serve to harm their economy and the livelihoods of the people they supposedly are there to protect.  [1] Van Praet, Nicolas. ""No progress in Quebec prosperity: report."" Financial Post 30 Aug 2011, n. pag. Web. 1 Dec. 2011. <  .  [2] Van Praet, Nicolas. ""No progress in Quebec prosperity: report."" Financial Post 30 Aug 2011, n. pag. Web. 1 Dec. 2011. <  .  [3] Van Praet, Nicolas. ""No progress in Quebec prosperity: report."" Financial Post 30 Aug 2011, n. pag. Web. 1 Dec. 2011. <  . Quebec, independence, economically viable, financial dependency, Canada, have provinces, Alberta, equalization payments, have-not provinces, financial indicators, economic sustainability, quality of life, economic crash, Canadian government, economic credibility, secession, prosperity, livelihood,Nicolas Van Praet, Financial Post Quebec, independence, economically viable, financially dependent, Canada, have provinces, Alberta, have-not provinces, equalization payments, financial indicators, quality of life, economy, crash, Canadian government, support, secede, prosperity, report, Van Praet, Financial Post Quebec, economic viability, independence, financial dependency, Canada, have provinces, Alberta, equalization payments, have-not provinces, financial indicators, quality of life, economic crash, Canadian government, secession, prosperity, livelihood, economic support, credibility, economic sustainability Quebec, economic viability, independence, financial dependency, Canada, have provinces, Alberta, equalization payments, have-not provinces, financial indicators, quality of life, economic sustainability, Canadian government, economic credibility, secession, prosperity, livelihoods, economic crash, confidence, economic support Quebec, independence, economically viable, financially dependent, Canada, have provinces, Alberta, have-not provinces, equalization payments, financial indicators, quality of life, economy, Canadian government, credibility, secede, harm, livelihoods, prosperity, Van Praet, Financial Post"
test-economy-egecegphw-pro01a	Heathrow is full; it must expand  Put simply Heathrow is at the limits of its capacity so there needs to be expansion. Heathrow is already at 99% capacity and running so close to maximum capacity means that any minor problem can result in large delays for passengers. London’s major rivals have four-runway hub airports Paris, Frankfurt, even Madrid [1] this means these cities have much greater capacity as they can take up to 700,000 flights a year compared to Heathrow’s 480,000. [2] Britain does not want to be left behind, crumbling in the dust. These airports therefore clearly have the capacity to take flights that would otherwise be going to Heathrow. Heathrow needs to expand to maintain its competitiveness so that the airport retains its position the most popular place to stop-over in before catching a connecting flight. Colin Matthews, the chief executive of Heathrow (formerly BAA) has argued that Heathrow’s lack of hub capacity currently costs the UK £14billion. [3] Heathrow is in danger of falling behind continental rivals in Frankfurt and Amsterdam.  [1] Leunig, T., ‘A third runway? Yes, and a fourth too, please’ The Times, 2012,   [2] Lundgren, Kari, “Heathrow Limit Costs U.K. 14 Billion Pounds, Airport Says”, Bloomberg, 15 November 2012,   [3] Topham, Gwyn., ‘Heathrow must be expanded or replaced, airport chief announces’ The Guardian, 15 November 2012, Heathrow, capacity, expansion, full, limits, minor problem, delays, passengers, London, rivals, four-runway, hub airports, Paris, Frankfurt, Madrid, flights, per year, Britain, competitiveness, stop-over, Colin Matthews, chief executive, BAA, hub capacity, costs, UK, falling behind, continental rivals, Amsterdam, third runway, fourth runway, U.K., airport, Bloomberg, The Times, The Guardian Heathrow, expansion, capacity, airports, London, rivals, four-runway, hub, flights, delays, passengers, competitiveness, stop-over, Colin Matthews, BAA, hub capacity, UK, economy, Frankfurt, Amsterdam, Leunig, The Times, Lundgren, Bloomberg, Topham, The Guardian Heathrow, capacity, expansion, competitiveness, delays, passengers, four-runway, hub, airports, Paris, Frankfurt, Madrid, flights, Britain, Colin Matthews, BAA, hub capacity, UK economy, continental rivals, third runway, fourth runway, The Times, Bloomberg, The Guardian Heathrow, expansion, capacity, limits, delays, passengers, rivals, four-runway, hub, airports, Paris, Frankfurt, Madrid, flights, year, Britain, competitiveness, stop-over, Colin Matthews, chief executive, hub capacity, economic cost, falling behind, continental, third runway, fourth runway, U.K., Bloomberg, The Times, The Guardian Heathrow, expansion, capacity, delays, passengers, Paris, Frankfurt, Madrid, London, rivals, four-runway, hub, airports, flights, Britain, competitiveness, stop-over, Colin Matthews, BAA, hub capacity, economy, continental, Amsterdam, third runway, fourth runway, costs, U.K., Bloomberg, airport chief, Guardian, Topham, Gwyn, Leunig, Times
test-law-tahglcphsld-pro07a	Legal drugs would increase tax revenue  In 2009-2010, the tax revenue from tobacco in the UK was £10.5 billion. [1] If the state legalizes drugs, it can tax them and use the revenue from this practise to fund treatment. At the moment such treatment is difficult to justify as it appears to be spending ordinary taxpayers’ money on junkies.  [1] Tobacco Manufacturers’ Association, ‘Tax Revenue From Tobacco’, accessed 16th June 2011 - legal drugs, tax revenue, tobacco, UK, 2009-2010, £10.5 billion, drug legalization, drug taxation, treatment funding, taxpayer money, junkies, Tobacco Manufacturers’ Association Legal drugs, tax revenue, UK, tobacco, £10.5 billion, 2009-2010, drug legalization, taxation, funding, treatment, taxpayers, junkies, Tobacco Manufacturers’ Association legal drugs, tax revenue, tobacco, UK, 2009-2010, £10.5 billion, drug legalization, taxation, funding treatment, taxpayers' money, drug treatment, public funding, Tobacco Manufacturers' Association Legal drugs, tax revenue, UK, tobacco, £10.5 billion, 2009-2010, legalization, taxation, drug treatment, taxpayers, funding, public health, economic benefits, policy, substance abuse, regulation, government income, health expenditure Legal drugs, tax revenue, tobacco, UK, 2009-2010, £10.5 billion, drug legalization, taxation, funding, treatment, taxpayers, junkies, Tobacco Manufacturers’ Association
test-digital-freedoms-dfiphbgs-con01a	Open source software is more expensive for governments in the long run.  Open source software is often confused with free software; in fact, it is usually provided at some cost to the user. More importantly, if a Microsoft product fails, a government IT department knows that it can rely on a patch or technical support. Whereas, with open source software, they are left waiting on a community to get round to tackling the problem. This has meant that governments which choose open source software have had to pay for expensive support packages, which makes the total cost of the IT solution similar to that of the closed source software. This has been to the advantage of major consultancy firms, which are often chosen to put together IT solutions and who can make more money from pushing expensive support contracts than on upfront costs for software.  In the rush to find the software with the cheapest sticker price, there is a risk that governments will end up paying more overall for open software that lacks the accessibility and features of the closed source alternatives. open source, software, governments, long run, cost, free software, Microsoft, technical support, patch, community, support packages, consultancy firms, expensive, sticker price, accessibility, features, closed source, alternatives, IT solution, total cost open source software, government costs, long-term expenses, free software, cost to user, technical support, Microsoft, patch, community support, expensive support packages, total cost, IT solution, closed source software, consultancy firms, support contracts, upfront costs, software sticker price, accessibility, features, closed source alternatives open source software, government, long run costs, free software, cost to user, Microsoft, technical support, patch, community, support packages, total cost, IT solution, closed source software, consultancy firms, expensive support contracts, upfront costs, sticker price, accessibility, features, closed source alternatives open source software, government, long run costs, free software, cost to user, Microsoft, technical support, patch, community support, expensive support packages, total cost, IT solution, closed source software, consultancy firms, IT solutions, upfront costs, software sticker price, overall cost, accessibility, features, closed source alternatives open source software, government costs, long-term expenses, free software confusion, support costs, technical support, Microsoft, reliability, consultancy firms, IT solutions, total cost, software features, accessibility, upfront costs, sticker price, overall payments, closed source alternatives, risk assessment
test-health-dhghwapgd-con04a	"Robust drug patent laws incentivize investment of time and money in developing new products  When a real chance of profit exists in the development of a new product or drug, people and firms put the effort into developing and creating them. The incentive to profit drives a great deal of people's intellectual endeavors. Research and development, for example, forms a major part of industries' investment, as they seek to create new products and inventions that will benefit consumers, and thus society as a whole. Research and development is extremely costly, however. The US pharmaceutical industry alone spends tens of billions of dollars every year on researching new drugs1. The fear of theft, or of lack of profit stemming from such research, will serve as a powerful disincentive to investment. Without the protection of patents, new drugs lose much of their value, since a second-comer on the field can simply take the formula and develop the same product without the heavy costs of research involved, leaving the innovative company worse off than its copycat competitor. This will lead to far less innovation, and will hamper companies currently geared toward innovative and progressive products. Patent protection is particularly important to companies with high fixed costs and low marginal costs, such as pharmaceutical firms. Without the guarantee of ownership over intellectual products, the incentive to invest in their development is diminished as they will not be guaranteed a payback for their research costs as a competitor could simply take the product off them. Within a robust patents system, firms compete to produce the best product for patenting and licensing that will give them a higher market share and allow them to reap high profits. These incentives lead firms to ""invent around"" one another's patents, leading to gradual improvements in drugs and treatments, benefiting all consumers2. Without patents the drugs companies are trapped in a kind of prisoners' dilemma where both are individually better off by refusing to innovate, yet both suffer if neither innovates. Patents are the solution to this: if a company innovates, it alone can reap the rewards of the new invention3. In the absence of patent protection there is no incentive to develop new drugs, meaning in the long run more people will suffer from diseases and ailments that might have been cured were it profitable to invest in developing them. Clearly, patent protection is essential for a dynamic, progressive pharmaceutical industry.  1 Congressional Budget Office. 2006. Research and Development in the Pharmaceutical Industry"". The Congress of the United States. Available: 2 Nicol, Dianne and Jane Nielsen. 2003. ""Patents and Medical Biotechnology: Empirical Analysis of Issues Facing the Australian Industry"". Center for Law and Genetics Occasional Paper 6. Available: 3 Yale Law & Technology. 2011, ""Patents: Essential, if flawed"", Available: robust drug patent laws, investment, new products, profit, research and development, pharmaceutical industry, costs, innovation, intellectual property, competition, licensing, market share, prisoners' dilemma, medical biotechnology, public health, dynamic industry, intellectual endeavors, societal benefit, theft deterrent, fixed costs, marginal costs, gradual improvements, treatments, consumer benefit, long-term impact, disease treatment, economic incentives, policy analysis, legislative protection robust drug patent laws, incentivize investment, research and development, pharmaceutical industry, high fixed costs, low marginal costs, patent protection, intellectual property, market share, profits, innovation, progressive products, prisoners' dilemma, dynamic pharmaceutical industry, investment in development, new drugs, benefit consumers, intellectual endeavors, cost of research, theft of ideas, value of new drugs, competition, invent around, gradual improvements, long-term suffering, diseases, ailments, profitability of innovation, dynamic progress, empirical analysis, patent licensing, drug development, economic incentives, pharmaceutical innovation, societal benefits, legal protection, intellectual products, guaranteed payback, heavy costs patent laws, drug development, investment, profit, research and development, pharmaceutical industry, innovation, intellectual property, market competition, pharmaceutical patents, economic incentives, drug innovation, biomedical research, patent protection, drug costs, pharmaceutical R&D, patent licensing, market share, drug treatments, pharmaceutical profits, prisoners' dilemma, patent system, drug patents, medical biotechnology, dynamic pharmaceutical industry, intellectual endeavors, societal benefit, cost of research, theft of research, high fixed costs, low marginal costs, invent around, drug companies, disease treatment, patent flaws, public health, pharmaceutical economics drug patent laws, robust patent system, incentive investment, pharmaceutical research, development costs, profit guarantee, intellectual property, innovation encouragement, market competition, drug development, societal benefit, innovation disincentives, patent protection, pharmaceutical industry, high fixed costs, low marginal costs, product licensing, market share, gradual improvement, prisoner's dilemma, long-term health, medical biotechnology, empirical analysis, dynamic industry, flawed patents, essential patents Robust, drug, patent, laws, incentivize, investment, time, money, new, products, profit, development, intellectual, endeavors, research, industries, costly, pharmaceutical, billions, dollars, theft, lack, innovation, companies, progressive, ownership, intellectual, property, guarantee, payback, competitors, market, share, high, fixed, costs, low, marginal, gradual, improvements, treatments, consumers, prisoners, dilemma, suffering, diseases, dynamic, industry, Yale, Law, Technology, Congressional, Budget, Office, Australia, biotechnology, genetics, empirical, analysis, issues"
test-economy-epegiahsc-con02a	The FTAA is bad for South American Agriculture.  During the FTAA negotiations, the US has consistently refused to eliminate subsidies for American farmers [1] . Because of subsidies, great agricultural surpluses are produced that are then sold on developing markets at prices lower than the cost of production. Farmers in places like Brazil or Argentina, who are much more efficient in their process of production but do not benefit from subsidies, could not compete with these low priced imports, either locally or on the American market. Farmers would soon go out of business.  [1] Marquis, Christopher. “Panama Challenges Miami as Free Trade Headquarters.” New York Times. 11 November 2003. www.nytimes.com/2003/11/11/world/panama-challenges-miami-as-free-trade-h... FTAA, South American Agriculture, US Subsidies, American Farmers, Agricultural Surpluses, Developing Markets, Brazil, Argentina, Efficient Production, Low Priced Imports, Competition, Local Market, American Market, Farmers Out of Business, Free Trade, Panama, Miami, New York Times, Christopher Marquis, 2003 FTAA, South American Agriculture, US subsidies, American farmers, agricultural surpluses, developing markets, Brazil, Argentina, production efficiency, low priced imports, competition, local market, American market, farmers out of business, Panama, free trade, New York Times, Christopher Marquis, 2003 FTAA, South American Agriculture, US subsidies, American farmers, agricultural surpluses, developing markets, Brazil, Argentina, production efficiency, low priced imports, competition, local market, American market, farmers, business, New York Times, Panama, Miami, free trade, headquarters, trade negotiations, economic impact, international trade, agricultural policy, subsidies impact, market prices, trade barriers, economic development, agricultural exports, trade agreements, global trade, commodity prices, agricultural trade, farmer income, rural economies, trade liberalization, economic globalization, food security, agricultural competitiveness, Export Subsidies, agricultural trade barriers, trade negotiations impact, FTAA, South American Agriculture, US subsidies, American farmers, agricultural surpluses, developing markets, Brazil, Argentina, efficient production, low priced imports, competition, local market, American market, farmers out of business, free trade, economic impact, subsidies effect, trade negotiations, international trade, developing countries, trade barriers, market access, agricultural policy, economic development, rural economy, farm subsidies, trade imbalance, WTO, international economics, global trade, agricultural trade, export subsidies, import prices, farm income, market competition, Developing nations, trade agreements, agricultural exports, farmer livelihood, economic globalization, trade liberalization, market dynamics FTAA, South American Agriculture, US subsidies, American farmers, agricultural surpluses, developing markets, Brazil, Argentina, production efficiency, competition, local market, American market, farmers out of business, Panama, free trade, New York Times, Christopher Marquis
test-health-dhpelhbass-pro03a	"Suicide is a lonely, desperate act, carried out in secrecy and often as a cry for help  The impact on the family who remain can be catastrophic. Often because they were unaware of how their loved one was feeling. Suicide cases such as Megan Meier, an American teenager who committed suicide by hanging herself in 2006, [1] as the parents have to launch police investigations into why their child might have felt so desperate. By legalising assisted suicide, the process can be brought out into the open. In some cases, families might have been unaware of the true feelings of their loved one; being forced to confront the issue of their illness may do great good, perhaps even allowing them to persuade the patient not to end their life. In other cases, it makes them part of the process: they can understand the reasons behind their decision without feelings of guilt and recrimination, and the terminally ill patient can speak openly to them about their feelings before their death.  [1] Wikipedia, ""Suicide of Megan Meier"", en.wikipedia.org,  (accessed 6/6/2011) suicide, loneliness, despair, secrecy, family, unawareness, impact, Megan Meier, teenage suicide, assisted suicide, legalisation, openness, illness awareness, family involvement, terminally ill, decision-making, guilt, recrimination, communication Suicide, loneliness, desperation, secrecy, cry for help, family impact, unawareness, Megan Meier, police investigation, assisted suicide, legalization, openness, family involvement, terminally ill, decision understanding, guilt, recrimination suicide, loneliness, desperation, secrecy, family, unawareness, impact, Megan Meier, teenage, hanging, 2006, parents, police investigation, assisted suicide, legalization, openness, illness, persuasion, terminally ill, decision, guilt, recrimination, communication, feelings, death suicide, lonely, desperate, secrecy, cry for help, family, unaware, feelings, impact, Megan Meier, American teenager, hanging, 2006, parents, police investigations, legalising assisted suicide, openness, illness, confrontation, persuasion, terminally ill, decision, guilt, recrimination, open communication suicide, loneliness, desperation, secrecy, family, unawareness, Megan Meier, police investigation, assisted suicide, legalisation, openness, illness, persuasion, terminally ill, guilt, recrimination, communication, feelings, death"
test-politics-ypppdghwid-con01a	"Democracy by its very nature cannot be imposed.  Democratic government is not only government for the people, but also government by and of the people. A foreign-imposed government is not a government established by the people which it rules, meaning that it lacks the legitimacy necessary to claim democratic status. It is wrong to force a government upon people, and imposers of 'democracy' do just that. This is exacerbated by the fact that foreign-imposed democracies often have a great deal of trouble governing themselves independently (like the Iraqi and Afghani governments, which are still very much reliant on the United States), thus de- legitimizing the government even further1.  1 Doyle, Michael. ""Promoting Democracy is Not Imposing Democracy."" The Huffington Post. democracy, imposition, legitimacy, self-governance, foreign-imposed, government, people, rule, independence, United States, Iraq, Afghanistan, democratic status, promotion, forcing Democracy, imposed, government, people, legitimacy, foreign-imposed, independent, governing, Iraq, Afghanistan, United States, de-legitimizing, promoting, imposing, Michael Doyle, Huffington Post democracy, imposed, government, people, legitimacy, foreign, rule, wrongful, force, governance, independent, trouble, Iraqi, Afghani, United States, de-legitimizing, Michael Doyle, promoting, Huffington Post democracy, imposition, government, people, legitimacy, foreign-imposed, self-governance, independence, Iraq, Afghanistan, United States, Doyle, promoting, democracy-imposition democracy, imposed, government, people, legitimacy, foreign, force, rule, independent, trouble, Iraq, Afghanistan, United States, democratic, status, promote, impose, Huffington Post, Doyle, Michael"
test-international-glilpdwhsn-con02a	"The New START treaty helps Russia more than the US  Not only does New START leave in place Russia’s extant tactical nuclear advantage but it has further loopholes for Russian weapons. As Mitt Romney argued in 2010: ""Does the treaty provide gaping loopholes that Russia could use to escape nuclear weapon limits entirely? Yes. For example, multiple warhead missile bombers are counted under the treaty as only one warhead. While we currently have more bombers than the Russians, they have embarked on new programs for long-range bombers and for air-launched nuclear cruise missiles. Thus, it is no surprise that Russia is happy to undercount missiles on bombers."" [1]  New START also fails to limit rail-mobile intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs), which Russia could potentially make use of. The definition of rail-mobile ICBM launchers was established in the expired START as “an erector-launcher mechanism for launching ICBMs and the railcar or flatcar on which it is mounted.” [2] This and associated restrictions and limitations in START, are not in the New START. This makes it possible for Russia to claim that any new Rail Mobile ICBMs are not subject to New START limitations. [3] Mitt Romney worries that Russia is already working to take advantage of these omissions: “As drafted, it lets Russia escape the limit on its number of strategic nuclear warheads. Loopholes and lapses -- presumably carefully crafted by Moscow -- provide a path to entirely avoid the advertised warhead-reduction targets. …. These omissions would be consistent with Russia's plans for a new heavy bomber and reports of growing interest in rail-mobile ICBMs."" [4]  This means that under the treaty limits, the United States is the only country that must reduce its launchers and strategic nuclear weapons. Russia has managed to negotiate the treaty limits so that they simply restrict it to reductions it was already planning to do. As a result the United States is making what are effectively unilateral reductions. [5] Therefore, New START is an unequal treaty as it offers more to Russia than to the US. This is bad for the balance of power and thus bad for world peace, and so New START should be opposed.  [1] Romney, Mitt. ""Stop START."" Boston.com. 3 December 2010.   [2] ‘Terms and Definitions’, The Treaty Between The United States Of America And The Union Of Soviet Socialist Republics On The Reduction And Limitation Of Strategic Offensive Arms And Associated Documents, 1991,   [3] Spring, Baker. ""Twelve Flaws of New START That Will Be Difficult to Fix"". Heritage Foundation, The Foundry. 16 September 2010.   [4] Romney, Mitt. ""Stop START."" Boston.com. 3 December 2010.   [5] Romney, Mitt. ""Stop START."" Boston.com. 3 December 2010. New START treaty, Russia, US, tactical nuclear advantage, loopholes, Russian weapons, Mitt Romney, multiple warhead missile bombers, rail-mobile intercontinental ballistic missiles, ICBMs, Strategic Offensive Reductions Treaty, launcher limitations, warhead-reduction targets, unilateral reductions, balance of power, world peace, opposition to New START, strategic nuclear weapons, international relations, arms control, nuclear disarmament, missile count rules, bomber warheads, rail-mobile ICBM launchers, treaty compliance, nuclear arms race, US-Russia relations, geopolitical strategy, nuclear policy, treaty flaws, strategic stability New START treaty, Russia, US, tactical nuclear advantage, loopholes, Russian weapons, Mitt Romney, 2010, multiple warhead missile bombers, long-range bombers, air-launched nuclear cruise missiles, rail-mobile intercontinental ballistic missiles, ICBMs, expired START, erector-launcher mechanism, treaty limitations, strategic nuclear warheads, unilateral reductions, unequal treaty, balance of power, world peace, opposition to New START, Boston.com, Heritage Foundation, The Foundry New START treaty, Russia, US, tactical nuclear advantage, loopholes, Russian weapons, Mitt Romney, multiple warhead missile bombers, rail-mobile ICBMs, strategic nuclear warheads, unequal treaty, balance of power, world peace, reduction of launchers, strategic nuclear weapons, unilateral reductions, Treaty on the Reduction and Limitation of Strategic Offensive Arms,Terms and Definitions, Heritage Foundation, The Foundry, flaws of New START, difficult to fix, counters US interests, benefits Russia New START treaty, Russia, US, tactical nuclear advantage, loopholes, Russian weapons, Mitt Romney, multiple warhead missile bombers, rail-mobile intercontinental ballistic missiles, ICBMs, strategic nuclear warheads, nuclear weapon limits, unequal treaty, balance of power, world peace, unilateral reductions, missile limitations,uclear cruise missiles, long-range bombers New START treaty, Russia, US, tactical nuclear advantage, loopholes, Russian weapons, Mitt Romney, missile bombers, warhead, rail-mobile intercontinental ballistic missiles, ICBMs, launchers, strategic nuclear weapons, unilateral reductions, balance of power, world peace, Treaty Between The United States Of America And The Union Of Soviet Socialist Republics On The Reduction And Limitation Of Strategic Offensive Arms, Heritage Foundation, The Foundry, Boston.com"
test-international-ehbfe-con01a	Moves toward federalism will endanger the stability of the EU  There are great dangers of forcing people in a direction they do not wish to go. An ill-advised dash to build a federal Europe could raise dormant nationalist feelings, promote the rise of populist politicians with xenophobic agendas and endanger the stability of the EU. A Gaullist “Europe of Nations” [1] preserves the current benefits of EU without the risks of further unwanted political integration.  “(...)Dominant groups have more to gain from the majoritarian principle which is indispensable for constitutional democracies. As such, minorities would be placed at an ever more disadvantaged position in a European state. Thus, the progression of the EU into a federal state is bound to have a more negative than it would a positive impact on European integration.” [2]  [1] Ross, ‘Chirac the Great or de Gaulle the Small?’  [2] Cocodia, ‘Problems of Integration in a Federal Europe’ federalism, EU stability, nationalist feelings, populist politicians, xenophobic agendas, Gaullist Europe, constitutional democracies, minority disadvantages, European integration, political integration risks federalism, EU stability, nationalist feelings, populist politicians, xenophobic agendas, Europe of Nations, constitutional democracies, majoritarian principle, minority disadvantages, European integration risks federalism, EU stability, nationalist feelings, populist politicians, xenophobic agendas, Gaullist Europe, constitutional democracies, minority disadvantages, European integration federalism, stability, EU, dangers, nationalism, populist, xenophobic, Gaullist, Europe of Nations, integration, majoritarian, democracy, minorities, disadvantages, political integration, constitutional, democracies, progression, negative impact, European state, risks, unwanted, political, Chirac, de Gaulle, Cocodia, Problems of Integration, Federal Europe federalism, EU stability, nationalism, populist politicians, xenophobia, Europe of Nations, minority rights, majoritarian principle, constitutional democracies, European integration, political integration risks
test-society-tlhrilsfhwr-pro03a	Removing barriers to demobilisation, disarmament and rehabilitation  It can easily be conceded, without weakening the resolution, that war and combat are horrific, damaging experiences. Over the last seventy years, the international community has attempted to limit the suffering that follows the end of a conflict by giving soldiers and civilians access to medical and psychological care. This is now an accepted part of the practice of post-conflict reconstruction, referred to as Disarmament, Demobilisation and Reintegration (DDR) [i] .  The effects of chronic war and chronic engagement with war are best addressed by a slow and continuous process of habituation to normal life. Former child soldiers are sent to treatment centres specialising in this type of care in states such as Sierra Leone [ii] .  What is harmful to this process of recovery is the branding of child soldiers as war criminals. The stigma attached to such a conviction would condemn hundreds of former child soldiers to suffering extended beyond the end of armed conflicts.  Sentencing guidelines binding on the ICC state that anyone convicted of war crimes who is younger than eighteen should not be subject to a sentence of life imprisonment. Their treatment, once incarcerated, is required to be oriented toward rehabilitation.  Many child soldiers become officers within the organisations that they join. Alternately, they might find themselves ordered to seek more recruits from their villages and communities. For these children participation in the conflict becomes participation in the crime itself. What began as a choice of necessity during war-time could, under the status quo, damage and stigmatise a child during peace-time [iii] . Even if their sentence emphasises reform and education, a former child soldier is likely to become an uninjured casualty of the war, marked out as complicit in acts of aggression. When labelled as such children will become vulnerable to reprisal attacks and entrenched social exclusion.  Discussing attempts to foster former Colombian child combatants, the Coalition to Stop the Use of Child Soldiers state that, “The stigmatization of child soldiers, frequently perceived as violent and threatening, meant that families were reluctant to receive former child soldiers. Those leaving the specialized care centres moved either to youth homes or youth protection facilities for those with special protection problems. While efforts continued to strengthen fostering and family-based care, approximately 60 per cent of those entering the DDR program were in institutional care in 2007.” [iv]  Crucially, fear of being targeted by the ICC may lead former child soldiers to avoid disclosing their status to officials running demobilisation programs. They may be deterred from participating in the DDR process [v] .  Moreover, the authority of the ICC is often subject to criticism on the international stage by politicians and jurists linked to both democratic states [vi] and the non-liberal or authoritarian regimes most likely to become involved in conflicts that breach humanitarian law. It cannot assist the claims of the ICC to be a body that represents universal concepts of compassion and justice if it is seen to target children- often barely in their teens- in the course of prosecuting war crimes.  As the Child Soliders 2008 Global Report notes, “Prosecutions should not, by focusing solely on the recruitment and use of child soldiers, exclude other crimes committed against children. Such an approach risks stigmatizing child soldiers and ignores the wider abuses experienced by children in conflict situations. It is on these grounds that some have questioned the exclusive child-soldier focus of the ICC’s charges against Thomas Lubanga. After all, the Union of Congolese Patriots (UPC/L), the armed group he led, is widely acknowledged to have committed numerous other serious crimes against children, as well as adults.” [vii]  [i] “Case Studies in War to Peace Transition”, Coletta, N., Kostner, M., Widerhofer, I. The World Bank, 1996  [ii] “Return of Sierra Leone’s Lost Generation”, The Guardian, 02 March 2000,   [iii] “Agony Without End for Liberia’s Child Soldiers”, The Guardian, 12 July 2009,   [iv] “Child Soldiers: Global Report 2008”, Coalition to Stop the Use of Child Soldiers, 2007, p103,   [v] “Child Soldiers: Global Report 2008”, Coalition to Stop the Use of Child Soldiers, 2007, p16,   [vi] “America Attacked for ICC Tactics”, The Guardian, 27 August 2002,   [vii] “Child Soldiers: Global Report 2008”, Coalition to Stop the Use of Child Soldiers, 2007, pp32-33, Removing barriers,demobilisation,disarmament,rehabilitation,war,combat,horrific,medical care,psychological care,post-conflict reconstruction,Disarmament,Demobilisation,Reintegration,DDR,chronic war,habituation,normal life,child soldiers,treatment centres,Sierra Leone,war criminals,stigma,recovery,ICC,life imprisonment,rehabilitation,child soldiers,officers,recruits,communities,participation,conflict,crimes,reform,education,injured casualty,complicit,acts of aggression,social exclusion,Colombian child combatants,Coalition Removing barriers, demobilisation, disarmament, rehabilitation, post-conflict reconstruction, Disarmament Demobilisation and Reintegration (DDR), former child soldiers, treatment centres, war criminals, stigma, sentencing guidelines, International Criminal Court (ICC), life imprisonment, rehabilitation, participation in conflict, crime, social exclusion, stigmatization, Colombia, institutional care, fear of ICC, universal justice, compassion, child soldier focus, prosecutions, Union of Congolese Patriots (UPC/L), crimes against children, Thomas Lubanga, Sierra Leone, liberation, international community, medical and psychological care, habituation to normal life, reintegration Removing barriers, demobilisation, disarmament, rehabilitation, post-conflict reconstruction, Disarmament, Demobilisation and Reintegration (DDR), chronic war, habituation to normal life, child soldiers, treatment centres, stigmatization, war crimes, sentencing guidelines, International Criminal Court (ICC), life imprisonment, rehabilitation, youth homes, youth protection facilities, fear, official programs, international criticism, universal justice, compassion, prosecution focus, wider abuses, Thomas Lubanga, Union of Congolese Patriots (UPC/L) Demobilisation, Disarmament, Rehabilitation, DDR, Child Soldiers, Stigma, War Crimes, International Criminal Court, ICC, Prosecution, Reintegration, Post-Conflict, Sierra Leone, Colombia, Stigmatization, Rehabilitation Programs, Sentencing Guidelines, Conflict Zones, Humanitarian Law, Social Exclusion, Youth Protection, Universal Justice, Child Rights, Humanitarian Abuses, Thomas Lubanga, Union of Congolese Patriots, UPC/L, Liberia, Guardian Articles, World Bank Reports, Coalition to Stop the Use of Child Soldiers, Global Reports, America, ICC Tactics, Prosecutions, Recruitment, Violence, Aggression, Disarmament, Demobilisation, Reintegration, DDR, Child Soldiers, War Crimes, Rehabilitation, Stigma, International Criminal Court, ICC, Prosecution, Post-Conflict, Reconstruction, Chronic War, Sierra Leone, Colombia, Social Exclusion, Stigmatization, Compassion, Justice, Humanitarian Law, Thomas Lubanga, Union of Congolese Patriots, UPC/L, Abuses, Conflict Situations, Prosecutions, Recruitment, Universal Concepts, Criticism, Authority, Politicians, Jurists, Democratic States, Non-Liberal Regimes, Authoritarian Regimes, Universal Justice, Human Rights, Child Protection,
test-philosophy-elhbrd-pro03a	The decision to die is a deeply personal one - it is no business of the state.  Ultimately, the decision to die is a personal one, it may affect others but, clearly it has the greatest impact on the person who decides to die.  Clearly those who remain behind will have to deal with the consequences of that death and the end of their relationship with that person but, one would hope, that would be the case if she had died of natural causes at a later date. Furthermore the experience of watching someone die can by as traumatic, or more so, for the carer or loved one than it is for the individual concerned.  What it clearly is not, is an issue for legislators and other strangers who have no connection to the person involved. There are deeply personal issues such as love, death, sex, and reproduction where we accept the state may have a role in the formal sense of preventing their abuse but otherwise should not have an opinion either way. With the right to die the state has maintained not only an opinion but a criminal sanction. This is a clear example of where the role of the state is to respect the individual and step back; legislation is far too cumbersome a tool with be used in circumstances as varied and complex as these.  Dealing with the loss of a loved one, particularly in a situation such as assisted suicide, is painful and traumatic enough for all concerned without adding to that the additional stress of a threat of criminal sanction. decision to die, personal choice, state interference, assisted suicide, right to die, personal autonomy, impact on others, legislative role, criminal sanction, traumatic experience, end of relationship, natural causes, deeply personal issues, state's role, complex circumstances, pain and trauma, carer's experience, loved ones, respect for individual, lawmakers' opinion right to die, personal decision, state intervention, assisted suicide, criminal sanction, personal autonomy, end-of-life choices, legislative role, death consequences, loved ones, trauma, individual rights, state opinion, complex circumstances, pain, loss, trauma, natural causes, carer, individual impact, societal role, personal issues, reproduction, love, sex, abuse prevention, formal role, respect for individual, step back, varied situations, additional stress, legal consequences, moral debate, ethical considerations decision, die, personal, state, impact, consequences, death, relationship, natural, carer, loved, trauma, deeply, personal, issues, love, sex, reproduction, abuse, opinion, criminal, sanction, individual, respect, legislation, cumbersome, varied, complex, loss, assisted, suicide, stress, threat decision to die, personal choice, state's role, individual rights, end-of-life, assisted suicide, legal issues, personal freedom, death, trauma, carers, loved ones, criminal sanction, legislation, complex circumstances, loss, pain, trauma, state intervention, personal issues, autonomy, respect for individual, moral questions, euthanasia, compassion, human rights, bioethics, palliative care, ethical dilemmas, societal norms, government overreach, personal boundaries, privacy, humane treatment, dignity in dying, quality of life, end-of-life care, funeral arrangements, grief, mourning, emotional impact, terminal illness, decision to die, personal choice, state intervention, death, personal impact, loved ones, consequences, natural causes, carer, trauma, personal issues, love, sex, reproduction, state role, abuse prevention, right to die, criminal sanction, assisted suicide, loss, trauma, criminal threat
test-politics-cpegiepgh-con02a	"In joining the single currency, Britain would have to surrender her sovereignty and allow Brussels (where the EU is based) to dictate her financial affairs.  If she accepted the Euro as her currency, Britain would have to hand the control she has over her economy over to Brussels. EU Committees would dictate how she may spend and tax. It is too dangerous for any country to have her economic affairs dictated by another country. This is an issue even Europhiles (those who support the EU) are sceptical about. ""Joining the euro would involve a major surrendering of our sovereignty, severely hindering our ability to run the economy as we see fit. We would lose control over interest rates, and the ability to manage the economy through taxing and spending. Instead, it would be run by European committees… Even British politician Kenneth Clarke, nicknamed “Europe’s biggest friend” and one of the leading campaigners for the euro, admits that Britain’s ability to tax is central to its democracy.”1  1Browne, A., 2001, ""The Euro: Should Britain Join?"", page 70 single currency, Britain, sovereignty, Brussels, EU, Euro, financial affairs, economy, control, taxation, spending, economic affairs, country, Europhiles, joining euro, surrendering sovereignty, managing economy, interest rates, European committees, Kenneth Clarke, British politician, democracy, taxing, spending, The Euro: Should Britain Join, 2001, Anthony Browne single currency, Britain, sovereignty, Brussels, EU, Euro, financial affairs, economy, control, taxation, spending, interest rates, Europhiles, Kenneth Clarke, democracy, economic affairs, European committees, manage, taxing, spending, major surrender, run economy, fit, Britain join Euro, economic control, political sovereignty, fiscal policy, monetary policy, EU integration, UK economic independence, European Union, currency union, fiscal sovereignty, economic governance single currency, Britain, sovereignty, Brussels, Euro, economic affairs, Europhiles, economic control, interest rates, taxing, spending, European committees, Kenneth Clarke, democracy, Euro adoption, currency union, fiscal policy, monetary policy, EU integration, national autonomy single currency, Britain, sovereignty, Brussels, EU, Euro, financial affairs, economic control, EU committees, taxation, spending, interest rates, economy management, Europhiles, Kenneth Clarke, British democracy, fiscal policy, political autonomy, European integration, currency union implications single currency, Britain, sovereignty, Brussels, EU, Euro, financial affairs, economic control, EU Committees, tax, spend, Europhiles, Kenneth Clarke, interest rates, economy management, democracy, taxing, spending, European committees, Britain's economy, Euro adoption, currency union, national control, fiscal policy"
test-international-miasimyhw-pro03a	Policies towards a free labour market will create unity.  National borders are a result of Africa’s colonial history. The boundaries constructed do not reflect meaning or unite ethnic groups across the continent. The border between Togo and Ghana alone divides the Dagomba, Akposso, Konkomba and Ewe peoples. [1] Therefore encouraging freedom of movement across Africa will erase a vital component of Africa’s colonial history.  The erasing of boundaries, for labour markets, will have significant impacts for rebuilding a sense of unity, and reducing xenophobic fears, of which have been politically constructed.  A sense of unity will motivate citizens to reduce disparities and inequalities of poverty.  [1] Cogneau, 2012, pp.5-6 Policies, free labour market, unity, national borders, colonial history, Africa, boundaries, ethnic groups, Togo, Ghana, Dagomba, Akposso, Konkomba, Ewe, freedom of movement, erasing boundaries, labour markets, unity, xenophobic fears, politically constructed, disparities, inequalities, poverty, Cogneau, 2012 free labour market, unity, national borders, colonial history, ethnic groups, Togo, Ghana, Dagomba, Akposso, Konkomba, Ewe, freedom of movement, erasing boundaries, labour markets, colonial history, rebuilding unity, reducing xenophobia, politically constructed, disparities, inequalities, poverty, Cogneau, 2012 policies, free labour market, unity, national borders, colonial history, Africa, boundaries, ethnic groups, Togo, Ghana, Dagomba, Akposso, Konkomba, Ewe, freedom of movement, colonial history, erasing boundaries, labour markets, unity, xenophobic fears, political construction, disparities, inequalities, poverty, Cogneau, 2012 policies, free labour market, unity, national borders, colonial history, Africa, ethnic groups, Togo, Ghana, Dagomba, Akposso, Konkomba, Ewe, freedom of movement, erasing boundaries, labour markets, colonial history, unity, xenophobic fears, political construction, disparities, inequalities, poverty reduction Policies, free labour market, unity, national borders, Africa, colonial history, boundaries, ethnic groups, Togo, Ghana, Dagomba, Akposso, Konkomba, Ewe, freedom of movement, colonial history, erasing boundaries, labour markets, unity, xenophobic fears, politically constructed, sense of unity, reduce disparities, inequalities, poverty
test-international-gpsmhbsosb-con01a	"Illegitimacy of the 2006 referendum  South Ossetia was wrong to hold elections under conflict conditions. In 2006, South Ossetia can be said to have been in 8 conflicts with Georgia when it held its 2006 referendum on independence. Holding referendums under such conflict conditions is generally illegitimate because the results of the elections are skewed by the conflict, threats, and the various risks for the voters involved. This caused David Bakradze, the chairman of a Georgian parliamentary European Integration Committee, to comment, “Under conflict conditions, you cannot speak about legitimate elections.” [1] This mirrors European human rights watchdog, the Council of Europe’s, denunciation of the referendum as ""unnecessary, unhelpful and unfair"". [2] Furthermore Russia's involvement in the 2006 referendum arguably corrupted its validity, as many of the authorities in S. Ossetia were installed there by the Russian government. [3]  [1] Radio Free Europe. “Overwhelming Support For South Ossetia Independence”. Radio Free Europe. The Journal of the Turkish Weekly. 13 November 2006.   [2] Walker, Shaun. “South Ossetia: Russian, Georgian...independent?”. Open Democracy. 15 November 2006.   [3] Socor, Vladimir. “MOSCOW’S FINGERPRINTS ALL OVER SOUTH OSSETIA’S REFERENDUM”. Eurasia Daily Monitor Volume: 3 Issue: 212. The Jamestown Foundation. 15 November 2006. illegitimacy, 2006 referendum, South Ossetia, conflict conditions, elections, Georgian conflict, David Bakradze, Council of Europe, denunciation, Russia involvement, Russian government, Moscow fingerprints, Eurasia Daily Monitor, Open Democracy, Radio Free Europe 2006 referendum, South Ossetia, conflict conditions, illegitimate elections, David Bakradze, Council of Europe, Russian involvement, Georgian conflict, Eurasia Daily Monitor, Moscow fingerprints, Shaun Walker, Vladimir Socor 2006 referendum, South Ossetia, conflict conditions, legitimacy, elections, Georgia, David Bakradze, Council of Europe, Russian involvement, independence, Eurasia Daily Monitor, Open Democracy, Radio Free Europe, human rights, political stability, voter risks, Moscow's influence, Georgian parliamentary European Integration Committee Illegitimacy, 2006, referendum, South Ossetia, conflict conditions, elections, Georgia, David Bakradze, Council of Europe, Russia, validity, Moscow, fingerprints, Eurasia, Georgian, independence 2006 referendum, South Ossetia, conflict conditions, legitimacy, elections, Georgia, David Bakradze, Council of Europe, Russian involvement, Eurasia, independence, human rights, political manipulation, voter intimidation, international relations, separatism"
test-international-iwiaghbss-con01a	Other states would not want to waste resources on a refugee state  The Seychelles are not a particularly rich place. Their main industries are tourism and tuna fishing accounting for 32% of employment, [1] both of which are unfortunately entirely dependent upon the territory of the islands themselves and cannot be moved. The result is that the Seychelles have little to offer those states that might consider giving up territory. The country will therefore have difficulty rebuilding its economy and would likely be a drain upon its host making countries unwilling to take on the commitment.  [1] The World Bank, ‘Seychelles Overview’, October 2013, refugee state, waste resources, Seychelles, not rich, main industries, tourism, tuna fishing, employment, dependent on territory, cannot be moved, little to offer, states, giving up territory, difficulty rebuilding economy, drain on host, countries, unwilling, commitment, The World Bank, Seychelles Overview, October 2013 Seychelles, economy, refugee, state, resources, waste, tourism, tuna, fishing, employment, territory, industries, World Bank, rebuild, host, commitment, economic, drain, states, unwilling, overview, 2013 refugee state, waste resources, Seychelles, tourism, tuna fishing, employment, territory, economic dependency, rebuild economy, host country commitment, World Bank, Seychelles Overview refugee state, resource waste, Seychelles, not rich, main industries, tourism, tuna fishing, employment, territory dependency, economy rebuilding, economic drain, host country commitment, World Bank, Seychelles overview Seychelles, economy, tourism, tuna fishing, refugee state, resources, host country, World Bank, employment, territory, industries, rebuild, drain, commitment, unwillingness
test-health-hpehwadvoee-con05a	Doctors should not be asked to take the moral burden of people who want to commit suicide  It is not fair to ask doctors who have committed their lives to preserving health to act as an instrument of killing a person. The doctor will then have to live with the doubt as to whether the act of assisting in the donation was just or not. In other words, if the person who wanted to die for another did not do so voluntarily, the act of killing him or her is morally wrong and the doctor becomes complicit. In order to carry out this scheme, the individual moral autonomy of doctors will be violated. [1]  [1] Tremblay, Joe. “Organ Donation Euthanasia: A Growing Epidemic.” Catholic News Agency, (2013). Doctors, moral burden, suicide, health preservation, killing, doubt, moral wrong, complicit, individual moral autonomy, organ donation euthanasia, Catholic News Agency doctors, moral burden, suicide, preserving health, instrument of killing, moral autonomy, complicit, euthanasia, organ donation, voluntary, individual rights, medical ethics, end-of-life decisions, physician-assisted death, moral responsibility, patient autonomy, ethical dilemmas, healthcare professionals, legal issues, medical practice, public policy, humane treatment, quality of life, religious perspectives, bioethics, patient care, professional standards, societal norms, death with dignity, assisted suicide, medical assistance in dying, ethical standpoint, moral implications, doctor-patient relationship, health care ethics, palliative care, therapeutic responsibility, professional integrity, doctors, moral burden, suicide, health preservation, killing, moral wrong, complicity, individual moral autonomy, organ donation euthanasia, epidemic, Catholic News Agency Doctors, moral burden, suicide, health preservation, killing, moral autonomy, complicity, voluntary, euthanasia, organ donation, ethics, medical professionalism, patient rights, voluntary euthanasia, assisted suicide, moral responsibility, healthcare ethics, euthanasia ethics, physician-assisted death, moral dilemma, professional integrity, medical ethics, consent, end-of-life care, palliative care, patient autonomy, physician's role, ethical concerns, legal issues, Tremblay, Joe, Catholic News Agency, 2013 doctors, moral burden, suicide, health preservation, killing, moral autonomy, euthanasia, organ donation, ethical dilemma, complicity, voluntary, non-voluntary, Tremblay, Catholic News Agency
test-law-tahglcphsld-pro06a	The law is hypocritical  In most countries where drugs are illegal, tobacco and alcohol, which arguably have equally devastating consequences in society, are legal. In a UK study, alcohol was shown to have the worst effects of any drug, yet the current law recognises that people should be able to choose whether they drink or not. [1] The same should be true of drugs.  [1] Professor David Nutt, ‘Drug Harms in the UK: a multicriteria decision analysis’, The Lancet, Vol 376, Issue 9752, pp. 1558-1565, 6th November 2010, law, hypocrisy, drugs, illegal, tobacco, alcohol, consequences, society, UK, study, alcohol, effects, drug, harm, multicriteria, decision, analysis, Professor, David, Nutt, Lancet, choice, legal, recognition, society, impact, regulation, substance, abuse, health, policy, enforcement, discrepancy, legislation, harm, reduction, public, opinion, science, evidence, reform, debate, ethics, morality, freedom, human, rights, addiction, treatment, prevention, education, enforcement, strategy, global, perspective, cultural, norms, economic, impact, youth, mental, health, criminal law, hypocrisy, drugs, illegal, tobacco, alcohol, consequences, society, UK, study, alcohol effects, drug harms, choice, Professor David Nutt, The Lancet, multicriteria decision analysis law, hypocrisy, drugs, illegal, tobacco, alcohol, consequences, society, UK, study, alcohol effects, drug harms, multicriteria decision analysis, Professor David Nutt, The Lancet, legal, choice, regulation, substance abuse, public health law, hypocrisy, drugs, illegal, tobacco, alcohol, consequences, society, UK, study, alcohol effects, decision analysis, Professor David Nutt, drug harms, choice, legalization law, hypocrisy, drugs, illegal, tobacco, alcohol, consequences, society, UK, study, alcohol effects, worst drug, legal, choice, drink, drugs, Professor David Nutt, Drug Harms, UK, multicriteria decision analysis, The Lancet
test-sport-otshwbe2uuyt-pro03a	Boycotting Euro 2012 is proportional  Diplomacy is necessary with any regime almost no matter how oppressive they are however that does not show approval of a regime to the world in the way that high profile visits and events can. Just as the Beijing Olympics were the People’s Republic of China’s coming out party so Euro 2012 is an ideal chance for Ukraine to show itself off to Europe and the rest of the world. If there was not a boycott this would implicitly show that Europe approves of Ukraine and the actions of its government.  In a list of possible diplomatic responses that range from verbal diplomatic complaints right up to sanctions a boycott represents a mid-point. A boycott is perhaps the best action that the European Union leaders could take is it takes away the shine that the event would otherwise give the Yanukovych. It will be denying him the political benefits of the Euros while highlighting rights concerns. A boycott is also proportional because it gives Ukraine’s leaders a chance to reform before beginning any further measures that would have a much deeper effect on diplomatic relations. Boycott, Euro 2012, Diplomacy, Regime, Oppressive, Beijing Olympics, People’s Republic of China, Ukraine, Europe, World, Approval, Government, Actions, Diplomatic Responses, Verbal Complaints, Sanctions, Mid-point, European Union, Leaders, Yanukovych, Political Benefits, Rights Concerns, Reform, Measures, Diplomatic Relations Boycotting, Euro 2012, Diplomacy, Regime, Oppressive, High-profile, Events, Beijing Olympics, People's Republic of China, Ukraine, Europe, World, Approval, Government, Actions, Diplomatic Responses, Verbal, Complaints, Sanctions, Mid-point, European Union, Leaders, President Yanukovych, Political Benefits, Rights Concerns, Reform, Measures, Diplomatic Relations Boycott, Euro 2012, Diplomacy, Regime, Oppressive, Approval, High Profile, Beijing Olympics, People’s Republic of China, Ukraine, Europe, World, Implicit Approval, Government Actions, Diplomatic Responses, Verbal Complaints, Sanctions, Mid-Point, European Union, Leaders, Proportional, Shininess, Event, Political Benefits, Yanukovych, Rights Concerns, Reform, Further Measures, Diplomatic Relations Boycotting, Euro 2012, Diplomacy, Regime, Oppressive, Beijing Olympics, People’s Republic of China, Ukraine, Europe, World, Approval, Government, Actions, Verbal Diplomatic Complaints, Sanctions, European Union, Leaders, Yanukovych, Political Benefits, Rights Concerns, Reform, Diplomatic Relations, Mid-Point, Proportional, High Profile Visits, Events, Implicitly, Show Approval, Shine, Response, Measures, Deeper Effect Boycotting, Euro 2012, Diplomacy, Regime, Oppressive, High-profile, Events, Approval, Beijing Olympics, People’s Republic of China, Ukraine, Europe, World, Government Actions, Implicit Approval, Diplomatic Responses, Verbal Complaints, Sanctions, Mid-point, European Union, Leaders, Political Benefits, Yanukovych, Rights Concerns, Reform, Further Measures, Diplomatic Relations
test-international-iiahwagit-con01a	African countries have little money to spare  Africa has some of the least developed countries in the world, making extensive protection of endangered animals unviable. Many African countries are burdened by the more pressing issues of civil war, large debts, poverty, and economic underdevelopment. [1] These factors already draw significant amounts of money from limited budgets. Tanzania, for example, has revenue of $5.571 billion and an expenditure of $6.706 billion. [2] Increased expenditure on animal protection projects would only serve to worsen this budget deficit.  [1] Simensen, J. ‘Africa: the causes of under-development and the challenges of globalisation’  [2] The World Factbook ‘Tanzania’ African countries, least developed, endangered animals, civil war, large debts, poverty, economic underdevelopment, budget deficit, Tanzania, revenue, expenditure, animal protection, globalisation, under-development African countries, least developed, endangered animals, protection, civil war, large debts, poverty, economic underdevelopment, budget deficit, Tanzania, revenue, expenditure, animal protection projects, globalisation, under-development African countries, least developed countries, endangered animals, civil war, large debts, poverty, economic underdevelopment, budget deficit, Tanzania, revenue, expenditure, animal protection projects African countries, limited funds, least developed countries, endangered animals, protection, civil war, large debts, poverty, economic underdevelopment, budget deficit, Tanzania, revenue, expenditure, animal protection projects African countries, little money, least developed, endangered animals, protection unviable, civil war, large debts, poverty, economic underdevelopment, budget deficit, Tanzania, revenue, expenditure, animal protection projects, worsen, financial constraints, development challenges, globalization impacts
test-international-aglhrilhb-con01a	Peace more important than Justice  In practice, prosecutions often come at the expense of other forms of reconciliation. For instance before Truth and Reconciliation Commissions can work amnesties have to be given for people to be willing to tell their stories. In order for people to put down weapons, or agree to tell stories, prosecutions must be given up.  This is evident with the conflict is South Sudan; the opposition which had signed the ceasefire agreement to restore stability in the region, breached it and started fighting again when many of its members were indicted for the crimes they had committed [1]. In such case the most important thing is to prevent future atrocities as healing can only start when there is no conflict or atrocities going on.  [1] Deustche Welle, ‘South Sudan: Rebels Strike Oil Centre, Breaching Ceasefire’, allafrica.com, 18 February 2014, Peace, Justice, Prosecutions, Reconciliation, Truth, Commissions, Amnesties, Stability, Conflict, South Sudan, Ceasefire, Atrocities, Healing, Indicted, Opposition, Rebels, Oil Centre, Breach peace, justice, prosecutions, reconciliation, amnesty, truth commissions, conflict, South Sudan, ceasefire, atrocities, stability, healing, opposition, rebels, indictments, breach, oil centre,allafrica.com, Deustche Welle, fighters, stability, future prevention peace, justice, reconciliation, prosecutions, amnesty, truth, South Sudan, conflict, ceasefire, atrocities, stability, healing, rebels, indictment, oil center, breach peace, justice, reconciliation, prosecutions, amnesty, stability, conflict, South Sudan, ceasefire, atrocities, healing, weapons, indictments, rebels, oil centre, breaches, allafrica.com, Deustche Welle peace, justice, reconciliation, prosecutions, amnesty, conflict, South Sudan, ceasefire, atrocities, stability, healing, opposition, indictment, truth commissions, weapons, stability, future prevention, alliances, political conflict, human rights
test-economy-fiahwpamu-con02a	Deeper issues unresolved  Microfinance provides a quick-fix solution for the poor. The individual, or community, is provided with a loan to invest in their future. However, although access to capital is a key concern for enabling entrepreneurialism it is not the silver bullet. Microfinance schemes will fail without providing a stable political and economic environment that makes a good climate to invest in.  Microfinance is essentially short-termist. It encourages investment but only in things that will bring a quick return. With interest rates as high as 30% the person taking the loan needs to pay it back as quickly as possible. This can sometimes be against an individual’s long term interests, for example access to microfinance often reduces primary school attendance as this is a long term investment that will not pay back the loan money (IOE, 2011). microfinance, quick-fix, poor, loans, investment, capital, entrepreneurialism, stable, political, economic, environment, short-termism, interest, rates, repayment, long-term, interests, primary, school, attendance, IOE, 2011 microfinance, quick-fix, poverty, loans, investment, entrepreneurialism, political stability, economic environment, short-termism, high interest rates, repayment, long-term interests, primary school attendance, education, IOE, 2011 Deeper issues, unresolved, microfinance, quick-fix, poor, loans, investment, community, capital, entrepreneurialism, stable political environment, economic environment, short-termism, quick return, high interest rates, long term interests, primary school attendance, IOE, 2011 Microfinance, quick-fix, poverty, loans, investment, entrepreneurship, political stability, economic environment, short-termism, interest rates, repayment, long-term interests, education, primary school attendance Deeper issues, unresolved, Microfinance, quick-fix, poor, loan, investment, future, community, capital, entrepreneurialism, key concern, stable political environment, economic environment, investment climate, short-termist, quick return, high interest rates, long term interests, primary school attendance, IOE, 2011
test-sport-ybfgsohbhog-pro01a	Hosting creates a 'feel-good' factor  Hosting creates a 'feel-good factor'. It is hard to put a price on the buzz that surrounds international sporting events. Think of Paris during the World Football Cup in 1998 or Sydney during the 2002 Olympics. Even sporting success abroad can unite a nation (for example the England Rugby Union Team's victory in the 2003 Rugby World Cup in Australia). Governments are aware of the huge potential for boosting national pride and national unity. The Paris 2012 bid has used a well-known footballer, Zinedine Zidane, who is the son of an immigrant to stress how hosting the Olympics would bring Parisians of all backgrounds together. It is partly because of this 'feel-good factor' that so many people want their city to host the Olympics (97% of Parisians and 87% of Londoners want the 2012 Olympics). Hosting, Feel-good factor, International sporting events, World Football Cup, Sydney Olympics, Sporting success, National pride, National unity, Paris 2012 bid, Zinedine Zidane, Olympics hosting, Public support, Parisians, Londoners, 2012 Olympics feel-good factor, hosting, international sporting events, World Football Cup 1998, Sydney 2002 Olympics, sporting success, national pride, national unity, Paris 2012 bid, Zinedine Zidane, immigrant, Olympics 2012, public support, Londoners, Parisians Hosting, feel-good factor, international sporting events, World Football Cup, Sydney Olympics, sporting success, national pride, national unity, Paris 2012 bid, Zinedine Zidane, immigrant, Olympics, public support, London 2012 hosting, feel-good factor, international sporting events, World Football Cup, Sydney 2002 Olympics, sporting success, national pride, national unity, Paris 2012 bid, Zinedine Zidane, Olympics hosting, public support, London 2012 Olympics Hosting, feel-good factor, international sporting events, Paris, World Football Cup, Sydney, 2002 Olympics, England Rugby Union Team, 2003 Rugby World Cup, Governments, national pride, national unity, Paris 2012 bid, Zinedine Zidane, immigrant, Olympics, Parisians, Londoners, 2012 Olympics
test-economy-egppphbcb-pro03a	"The capitalist society enhances personal freedom  The Western democratic capitalist system protects individual's rights and liberties through freedom from of interference by other people. Mature adult citizens are believed to have the capacity to choose what kind of life they want to lead and create their own future without paternalistic coercion from the state (Berlin, 1958). The capitalist society's ideals could perhaps be best exemplified with the American dream where everyone has an initial equal opportunity to reach their full potential, each individual being choosing their own path free from external coercion,. James Truslow Adams defines the American Dream as the following in 1931 ""life should be better and richer and fuller for everyone, with opportunity for each according to ability or achievement""1. The current President of United Stated Barack Obama is a typical example of a person who has achieved the American dream. Barack Obama did not start his life with a traditional ""fortunate circumstance"" previous presidents had enjoyed (e.g. George Bush). Nevertheless he succeeded in transcending his social class, his race etc. and became the president of United States2. Thus capitalism provides everyone with a fair chance to reach great achievements in their life if they seize the opportunities.  1 James Truslow Adams papers, 1918-1949. (n.d.). Columbia University Library. Retrieved June 7, 2011  2 Barack Obama is the American Dream writ large. (2008). Mirror. Retrieved June 7, 2011 capitalist society, personal freedom, Western democratic, individual rights, liberties, interference, mature adult citizens, self-determination, American dream, equal opportunity, full potential, external coercion, James Truslow Adams, life quality, achievement, Barack Obama, American Dream, social class, race, presidency, capitalism, fair chance, success, opportunity seizing capitalist society, personal freedom, Western democratic capitalist system, individual rights, liberties, freedom from interference, mature adult citizens, self-determination, American dream, equal opportunity, full potential, external coercion, James Truslow Adams, life improvement, opportunity, ability, achievement, Barack Obama, American Dream, social class, race, presidential success, capitalism, fair chance, great achievements capitalist society, personal freedom, Western democracy, individual rights, liberties, freedom from interference, mature adult citizens, self-determination, American dream, equal opportunity, non-coercion, James Truslow Adams, life enrichment, success opportunities, Barack Obama, American Dream embodiment, social mobility, racial barriers, presidential achievement, capitalism benefits, fair chance capitalist society, personal freedom, Western democracy, individual rights, political liberties, freedom from interference, mature adult citizens, self-determination, American Dream, equal opportunity, potential fulfillment, individual achievement, James Truslow Adams, Barack Obama, social mobility, racial barriers, political leadership, historical presidency, economic system, fair chance, life improvement, personal success, political success, individualism, free market, economic opportunity, democratic values, civic engagement, self-reliance, American values, political representation, minority success, leadership diversity, presidential legacy, social progress, economic empowerment, capitalist ideals, democratic capitalism, political equality, civic rights capitalist society, personal freedom, Western democratic capitalist system, individual rights, liberties, freedom from interference, mature adult citizens, self-determination, American dream, equal opportunity, full potential, James Truslow Adams, life improvement, opportunity, ability, achievement, Barack Obama, American Dream, social mobility, racial barriers, presidency, capitalism, fair chance, great achievements"
test-international-glilpdwhsn-con01a	"The New START treaty harms US nuclear capabilities  As David Ganz, the president of the Jewish Institute for National Security Affairs (JINSA), argues: ""This treaty would restrain the development and deployment of new nuclear weapons, missile defense systems, and missile delivery systems."" [1] The atrophying U.S. nuclear arsenal and weapons enterprise make reductions in the U.S. strategic nuclear arsenal even more dangerous. The new START treaty allows nuclear modernization but while the US capacity to modernize nuclear weapons is limited and either congress or the president is likely to prevent modernization on cost grounds. The Russians have a large, if unknown, advantage over the United States in terms of nonstrategic, particularly tactical, and nuclear weapons. The New START treaty however ignores these weapons entirely as it is focused on strategic arms. This therefore leaves the Russians with an advantage and potentially reduces the potential for deterrence in areas beyond the US. [2]  New START also restricts US missile defence options. The Obama Administration insists the treaty doesn’t affect it, but the Kremlin’s takes a different view: ""[START] can operate and be viable only if the United States of America refrains from developing its missile-defense capabilities quantitatively or qualitatively."" [3] New START imposes restrictions on U.S. missile defence options in at least four areas. First the preamble recognizes “the interrelationship between strategic offensive arms and strategic defensive arms” it seeks to make sure defensive arms “do not undermine the viability and effectiveness of the strategic offensive arms of the parties” so defensive arms must be reduced to allow offensive arms to remain effective. [4] Russia also issued a unilateral statement on April 7, 2010, Russia reinforced this restriction by issuing a unilateral statement asserting that it considers the “extraordinary events” that give “the right to withdraw from this treaty” to include a buildup of missile defense. [5] Second, Article V states “Each Party shall not convert and shall not use ICBM launchers and SLBM launchers for placement of missile defense interceptors” and vice versa. [6] There are also restrictions on some types of missiles and launchers that are used in the testing of missile defense. And Finally, article X established the Bilateral Consultative Commission (BCC), the treaty’s implementing body, with oversight over the implementation of the treaty which may impose additional restrictions on the U.S. missile defense program. [7]  [1] Weingarten, Elizabeth. “How did New START become a Jewish issue?”. The Atlantic. 1 Decemebr 2010.   [2] Spring, Baker. ""Twelve Flaws of New START That Will Be Difficult to Fix"". Heritage Foundation, The Foundry. 16 September 2010.   [3] Brookes, Peter. “Not a new START, but a bad START”. The Hill. 13 September 2010.   [4] Obama, Barak, and Medvedev, Dmitri, ‘Treaty Between The United States of America And The Russian Federation On Measures For The Further Reduction And Limitation Of Strategic Offensive Arms’, U.S. Department of State,   [5] Bureau of Verification, Compliance, and Implementation, ‘New START Treaty Fact Sheet: Unilateral Statements’, U.S. Department of State, 13 May 2010,   [6] Obama, Barak, and Medvedev, Dmitri, ‘Treaty Between The United States of America And The Russian Federation On Measures For The Further Reduction And Limitation Of Strategic Offensive Arms’, U.S. Department of State,   [7] Spring, Baker. ""Twelve Flaws of New START That Will Be Difficult to Fix"". Heritage Foundation, The Foundry. 16 September 2010. New START treaty, US nuclear capabilities, David Ganz, JINSA, nuclear modernization, US strategic nuclear arsenal, Russian nuclear advantage, nonstrategic nuclear weapons, tactical nuclear weapons, missile defense systems, Obama Administration, Kremlin, ICBM launchers, SLBM launchers, missile defense interceptors, Bilateral Consultative Commission, BCC, US missile defense program, strategic offensive arms, strategic defensive arms, treaty restrictions, nuclear deterrence, unilateral statement, treaty implementation, atrophying US nuclear arsenal, weapons enterprise, cost grounds, congress, president, US-Russian relations, nuclear arms control, strategic stability, military New START treaty, US nuclear capabilities, David Ganz, JINSA, nuclear modernization, US strategic nuclear arsenal, nonstrategic nuclear weapons, tactical nuclear weapons, missile defense, Kremlin, strategic offensive arms, missile defense interceptors, Bilateral Consultative Commission, Russian Federation, Barack Obama, Dmitri Medvedev, U.S. Department of State, strategic arms reduction, treaty flaws, defense capabilities New START treaty, US nuclear capabilities, David Ganz, JINSA, nuclear modernization, US strategic nuclear arsenal, nonstrategic nuclear weapons, tactical nuclear weapons, missile defense, Obama Administration, Kremlin, ICBM launchers, SLBM launchers, missile defense interceptors, Bilateral Consultative Commission, BCC, strategic offensive arms, strategic defensive arms, unilateral statement, treaty implementation, missile defense testing, nuclear deterrence, US-Russia relations, New START flaws, nuclear arsenal reduction, missile defense restrictions, treaty withdrawalclause, US missile defense program, nuclear weapons enterprise, atrophying nuclear arsenal, cost grounds New START, US nuclear capabilities, David Ganz, JINSA, nuclear modernization, US strategic nuclear arsenal, nonstrategic nuclear weapons, tactical nuclear weapons, missile defense, Obama Administration, Kremlin, Treaty restrictions, ICBM launchers, SLBM launchers, missile defense interceptors, Bilateral Consultative Commission, BCC, strategic offensive arms, US missile defense program, treaty flaws, deterrence, US Congress, US President, Russia, nuclear arsenal, arms control New START treaty, US nuclear capabilities, David Ganz, JINSA, strategic nuclear arsenal, nuclear modernization, nonstrategic nuclear weapons, tactical nuclear weapons, missile defense, Obama Administration, Kremlin, ICBM launchers, SLBM launchers, missile defense interceptors, Bilateral Consultative Commission, treaty restrictions, US missile defense program, strategic offensive arms, strategic defensive arms, Jewish Institute for National Security Affairs, Barak Obama, Dmitri Medvedev, US Department of State, unilateral statements, US Congress, US President, cost grounds, treaty flaws, deterrence, nuclear arsenal atrophy, US weapons enterprise"
test-international-ehbfe-con02a	"Existing contributive inequalities within the Union would be amplified by a formal federal system  There is a possibility that once a federation, Europe will adopt certain policies that might be harmful for a minority of the member states. In consequence, any economic downturn in those states could manifest itself on a larger scale in the United States of Europe as economies of the member states rely (more than ever) on each other.  Furthermore different states may not contribute equally. States, because inducements to cooperate or threats to punish may be low, fail to provide for the collective benefit, therefore essentially ""passing the buck"" to other states, and most frequently to the most economically powerful participants. Citizens of large states like France, Great Britain, and Germany frequently complain that smaller states are not paying their ""fair share"" of the costs of the European Union. Meanwhile, smaller states may complain that they are overlooked or even disregarded because of their economically weaker status. These issues will be exacerbated in a European federation.  Decentralization decreases economic progress. [1] European countries where regions have more powers and responsibilities in terms of taxation, legislation and education policies tend to do better economically than centralised ones. Centralism hammers development of countries at the cost of its citizens.  [1] EUObserver, ‘Centralised states bad for economy, study shows’ contributive inequalities, federal system, economic downturn, united states of europe, economic reliance, unequal contribution, collective benefit, passing the buck, economically powerful participants, fair share, smaller states, overlooked, economically weaker, decenralization, economic progress, regional powers, centralism, development, citizens, EUObserver, centralised states, bad for economy, study contributive inequalities, federal system, harmful policies, minority states, economic downturn, interdependent economies, unequal contributions, collective benefit, passing the buck, economically powerful states, fair share, economic progress, decentralization, regional powers, centralism, economic development, citizen costs, overlooked states, weaker status, European federation, EUObserver, centralised states, bad economy, study European federation, economic inequalities, policy impacts, minority member states, economic interdependence, unequal contributions, collective benefit, economic downturn, decentralization, economic progress, centralization, regional powers, taxation, legislation, education policies, development, citizens, cost sharing, smaller states, overlook, economic weakness, exacerbation, EUObserver, centralised states, economy study contributive inequalities, federal system, harmful policies, economic downturn, economic interdependence, unequal contributions, collective benefit, passing the buck, economically powerful states, fair share, smaller states, overlooked, economically weaker status, decentralization, economic progress, regional powers, centralization, development, citizens contributive inequalities, federal system, harmful policies, economic downturn, interdependence, unequal contribution, collective benefit, passing the buck, economic power, fair share, economically weaker, decentralization, economic progress, regional powers, centralization, development, citizens"
test-education-pstrgsehwt-con01a	The scientific community as a whole overwhelmingly rejects Creationism.  95% of all scientists accept evolution, and only a fraction of those that do not accept Creationism. [1] The numbers are even smaller among biologists, the people most qualified to discuss the relative merits of Creationism and evolution, as the study of life and biological processes are their specialty. There is, in fact, greater consensus in biology than in virtually any other discipline. Evolution is often called one of the most thoroughly proven theories, more so even than such things as the observable laws of physics, which break down at the subatomic level. Evolution is a constant, which is why it has survived as a theory for 150 years. [2] The scientific community always fights any effort to institute Creationism in schools through the political process. [3] This is why, when court cases are brought on the issue of teaching Creationism, the panel of scientists is always on the side of evolution. Only a few discredited cranks support Creationism, and they invariably break down under cross-examination when they can offer no positive evidence for their claims. Furthermore, many scientists have religious faith and accept evolution. They simply see no reason to reject observable reality just to serve faith [4] . Creationists try to portray evolution as contrary to religion, which forms one of the main planks of their political campaigns against it, but such claims are fallacious. Science and faith can be compatible, so long as people are willing to accept observable reality as well as belief. The scientific community rejects creationism because it is not true and is not science.  [1] Robinson, B. 1995. “Public Beliefs About Education and Creation”.  [2] Lenski, Richard. 2011. “Evolution: Fact and Theory”. Action Bioscience.  [3] Irons, Peter. 2007. “Disaster in Dover: The Trials (and Tribulations) of Intelligent Design”. University of Montana Law Review 68(1).  [4] Gould, Stephen. 2002. Rocks of Ages: Science and Religion in the Fullness of Life. New York: Ballantine Books. scientific community, creationism, rejection, evolution, consensus, biologists, theories, proofs, court cases, scientists, religious faith, observable reality, science, faith, compatibility, education, Intelligent Design, Dover trial, Stephen Gould, Rocks of Ages scientific community, creationism, rejection, evolution, consensus, biologists, theory, observable reality, education, legal challenges, compatibility, science, religion, evidence, political campaigns, court cases, experts, cranks, observable laws, physics, subatomic, 150 years, discredited, cross-examination, religious faith, fallacious claims, intelligent design, disaster in dover, rocks of ages scientific community, rejects, creationism, 95% scientists, accept evolution, biologists, qualified, consensus, biology, proven theories, laws of physics, subatomic level, survival of theory, political process, court cases, discredited cranks, positive evidence, religious faith, evolution, observable reality, creationists, political campaigns, fallacious, science, faith, compatible, not true, not science, public beliefs, education, fact and theory, intelligent design, Rocks of Ages, Stephen Gould, Ballantine Books scientific community, rejection, creationism, consensus, evolution, biologists, observable reality, theory, court cases, discredited, cranks, religious faith, compatibility, science, faith, political campaigns, observable evidence, laws of physics, subatomic level, Intelligent Design, Dover trial, Rocks of Ages, Stephen Gould Creationism, Evolution, Scientific Community, Scientists, Biologists, Consensus, Theory, Observable Reality, Court Cases, Religion, Compatible, Fallacious Claims, Intelligent Design, Education, Public Beliefs, Rocks of Ages, Stephen Gould, Richard Lenski, Peter Irons, Dover Trial
test-politics-cdfsaphgiap-con02a	Rivals could misuse the opportunity  While the leader suffers from an illness, rivals can use the opportunity to ease the leader out of office. A period of illness is a period of vulnerability in which the government is less able to respond to external and internal threats. Not telling the public about the leader's health during an illness helps prevent such attempts. The same is the case with a leader's death; a few days of secrecy allows for smooth succession as the appointed successor has the time to ensure the loyalty of the government, army and other vital institutions. In 2008 when General Lansana Conte of Guinea died power should have been transferred to the president of the National Assembly Aboubacar Sompare with an election within 90 days. Instead a group of junior military officers took advantage of the quick announcement to launch a coup. 1  1 Yusuf, Huma, ‘Military coup follows death of Guinea’s President’, The Christian Science Monitor, 23 December 2008, rivals, misuse, opportunity, leader, illness, vulnerability, threats, public, health, secrecy, smooth, succession, government, army, institutions, 2008, Guinea, General, Lansana, Conte, president, National, Assembly, Aboubacar, Sompare, election, junior, military, officers, coup, Yusuf, Huma, Military, coup, Guinea’s, President, Christian, Science, Monitor, December rivals, misuse, opportunity, leader, illness, vulnerability, external, internal, threats, public, health, secrecy, smooth, succession, appointed, successor, government, army, vital, institutions, 2008, General, Lansana, Conte, Guinea, death, president, National, Assembly, Aboubacar, Sompare, election, junior, military, officers, coup, Huma, Yusuf, Military, coup, Christian, Science, Monitor, December rivals, misuse, opportunity, leader, illness, vulnerability, threats, public, health, secrecy, succession, government, army, institutions, 2008, General, Lansana, Conte, Guinea, death, president, National, Assembly, Aboubacar, Sompare, election, military, officers, coup, Yusuf, Huma, Christian, Science, Monitor rivals, misuse, opportunity, leader, illness, vulnerability, threats, public, health, secrecy, smooth, succession, appointment, loyalty, government, army, institutions, 2008, General, Lansana Conte, Guinea, death, power, transfer, National Assembly, Aboubacar Sompare, election, junior, military officers, coup, Yusuf, Huma, Military coup, Christian Science Monitor rivals, misuse, opportunity, leader, illness, vulnerability, government, threats, public, health, secrecy, succession, death, loyalty, military, coup, Guinea, General Lansana Conte, National Assembly, Aboubacar Sompare, junior officers, election
test-philosophy-elhbrd-pro02a	Medical science allows us to control death, suicide and euthanasia are sensible corollaries to that.  We now live longer than at any time in the 100,000 years or so of human evolution and longer than the other primates [i] . In many nations we have successfully increased the quantity of life without improving the quality. More to the point, too little thought has been given to the quality of our deaths.  Let us consider the example of the cancer patient who opts not to put herself through the agony and uncertainty of chemotherapy. In such a circumstance, we accept that a person may accept the certainty of death with grace and reason rather than chasing after a slim probability of living longer but in pain.  All proposition is arguing is that this approach can also apply to other conditions, which may not be terminal in the strict sense of the world but certainly lead to the death of that person in any meaningful sense. The application of medical science to extend a life, long after life is ‘worth living’ or would be possible to live without these interventions cannot be considered a moral good for its own sake. Many find that they are facing the prospect of living out the rest of their days in physical pain or are losing their memory. As a result, some may see ‘going out at the top of their game’ as the better, and more natural, option.  [i] Caleb E Finch. Evolution of Human Lifespan and the Diseases of Aging: Roles of Infection, Inflammation, and Nutrition. Proceding of the National Academy of Sciences of the united States of America. 12 October 2009. medical science, death control, suicide, euthanasia, human evolution, life expectancy, quality of life, terminal illness, chemotherapy, moral good, physical pain, memory loss, natural death, aging, infection, inflammation, nutrition, diseases of aging, Caleb E Finch, National Academy of Sciences medical science, death, suicide, euthanasia, human evolution, life expectancy, quality of life, terminal illness, chemotherapy, moral good, physical pain, memory loss, aging, infection, inflammation, nutrition, natural death, ethical considerations, healthcare interventions, palliative care, advanced directives, dignity in dying medical science, death control, suicide, euthanasia, human evolution, life expectancy, quality of life, quality of death, cancer, chemotherapy, terminal illness, non-terminal conditions, moral good, physical pain, memory loss, aging, infection, inflammation, nutrition, Caleb E Finch, human lifespan, diseases of aging medical science, death control, suicide, euthanasia, human evolution, life extension, quality of life, quality of death, cancer, chemotherapy, non-terminal conditions, moral good, physical pain, memory loss, aging, Caleb E Finch, human lifespan, diseases of aging, infection, inflammation, nutrition medical science, control over death, suicide, euthanasia, human evolution, lifespan increase, life quality, cancer patient, chemotherapy, non-terminal conditions, moral good, physical pain, memory loss, natural death, Caleb E Finch, human lifespan, aging diseases, infection, inflammation, nutrition, PNAS
test-international-miasimyhw-pro04a	Implementing a free labour market will enable effective management of migration.  Even without the implementation of a free labour market, migration will continue informally; therefore policies introducing free movement and providing appropriate travel documents provides a method to manage migration. In the case of Southern Africa, the lack of a regional framework enabling migration is articulated through the informal nature of movement and strategic bilateral ties between nation-states.  Several benefits arise from managing migration. First, speeding up the emigration process will provide health benefits. Evidence shows slow, and inefficient, border controls have led to a rise in HIV/AIDs; as truck drivers wait in delays sex is offered [1] . Second, a free labour market can provide national governments with data and information. The provision of travel documentation provides migrants with an identity, and as movement is monitored, the big picture of migration can be provided. Information, evidence, and data, will enable effective policies to be constructed for places of origin and destination, and to enable trade efficiency. Lastly, today, undocumented migrants are unable to claim their right to health care. In Africa, availability does not equate to accessibility for new migrants. In South Africa, migrants fear deportation and harassment, meaning formal health treatment and advice is not sought (Human Rights Watch, 2009). Therefore documentation and formal approval of movement ensures health is recognised as an equal right.  [1] See further readings: Lucas, 2012. free labour market, migration management, informal migration, regional framework, Southern Africa, bilateral ties, emigration process, health benefits, HIV/AIDS, border controls, travel documentation, migrant identity, movement monitoring, migration data, policy construction, trade efficiency, undocumented migrants, health care access, South Africa, deportation fear, health rights, Lucas 2012, Human Rights Watch 2009 free labour market, migration management, informal migration, regional framework, Southern Africa, bilateral ties, health benefits, border controls, HIV/AIDS, truck drivers, data provision, travel documentation, migration monitoring, policy construction, undocumented migrants, health care access, deportation fear, South Africa, Human Rights Watch, Lucas 2012 free labour market, migration management, informal migration, regional framework, Southern Africa, bilateral ties, health benefits, HIV/AIDS, border controls, data collection, travel documentation, identity, policy construction, trade efficiency, undocumented migrants, health care access, deportation, human rights, South Africa, formal movement approval free labour market, migration management, informal migration, regional framework, migration policies, travel documents, health benefits, border controls, HIV/AIDS, truck drivers, data collection, migrant identity, policy construction, trade efficiency, undocumented migrants, health care access, migrant rights, South Africa, deportation fear, human rights Free labour market, migration management, informal migration, regional framework, Southern Africa, bilateral ties, emigration process, health benefits, HIV/AIDS, border controls, travel documentation, migrant identity, data monitoring, policy construction, trade efficiency, undocumented migrants, health care access, human rights, South Africa, formal movement approval
test-society-tlhrilsfhwr-pro04a	The cultural construction of armed conflict  The jurisdiction of the ICC is primarily exercised according to culturally constructed assumptions about the way war works – that there will be a clear division between aggressors and defenders, that armies will be organised according to chains of command, the civilians will not be targeted and will be evacuated from conflict zones. But countless conflicts in Africa and central Asia have proven these assumptions to be flawed.  It should not be forgotten that almost all formulations of this motion define cultural relativism only as a defence to the use of child soldiers. It will still be open for ICC prosecutors to prove that the use of child soldiers has been systematic, pernicious and deliberate, rather than the product of uncertainty, necessity and unstable legal norms. Moreover, not all defences are “complete” defences; they do not all result in acquittal, and are often used by judges to mitigate the harshness of certain sentences.  It can be argued that it was never intended for the ICC to enforce laws relating to child soldiers against other children or leaders of vulnerable communities who acted under the duress of circumstances. At the very least, those responsible for arming children in these circumstances should face a more lenient sentence than a better-resourced state body that used child soldiers as a matter of policy.  Due to the nature of conflicts in developing nations, where the geographic influence of “recognised” governments is limited, and multiple local law-making bodies may contribute to an armed struggle, it is difficult for the international community to directly oversee combat itself. United Nations troops are often underfunded, unmotivated and poorly trained, being sourced primarily from the same continent as the belligerent parties in a conflict. When peacekeepers are deployed from western nations, their rules of engagement have previously prevented robust protection of civilian populations. Ironically, this is partly the result of concerns that western states might be accused of indulging in neo-colonialism. It is outrageous for the international community to dictate standards of war-time conduct to communities and states unable to enforce them, while withholding the assistance and expertise that might allow them to do so.  Therefore, the ICC, as a specialist legal and investigative body, should be encouraged to use the expertise it has accumulated to distinguish between child military participation driven by a desire to terrorise populations or quickly reinforce armies, and child military participation that has arisen as a survival strategy. cultural construction, armed conflict, ICC jurisdiction, aggressors, defenders, chains of command, civilians, conflict zones, Africa, central Asia, cultural relativism, child soldiers, systematic use, pernicious use, deliberate use, uncertainty, necessity, unstable legal norms, ICC prosecutors, mitigation, sentencing, enforcement, vulnerable communities, duress, lenient sentence, state policy, developing nations, geographic influence, local law-making bodies, armed struggle, international community, combat oversight, United Nations troops, funding, motivation, training, peacekeepers, western nations, rules of engagement, civilian protection, neo-colonialism, war-time cultural construction, armed conflict, ICC jurisdiction, aggressors defenders, organized armies, civilian protection, conflict zones, African conflicts, central Asian conflicts, cultural relativism, child soldiers, systematic use, deliberate use, uncertain circumstances, legal norms, complete defences, ICC enforcement, vulnerable communities, duress circumstances, lenient sentencing, state policy, developing nations, local law-making, international oversight, UN troops, peacekeeper deployment, western nations, neo-colonialism, international community, war-time conduct, assistance, expertise, military participation, survival strategy cultural construction, armed conflict, ICC jurisdiction, culturally constructed assumptions, war assumptions, conflicts in Africa, central Asian conflicts, flawed assumptions, cultural relativism, use of child soldiers, systematic use, pernicious use, deliberate use, uncertainty, necessity, unstable legal norms, ICC prosecutors, complete defences, acquittal, mitigation, lenient sentences, resource limitations, vulnerable communities, armed struggle, local law-making bodies, international oversight, combat supervision, UN troops, underfunded peacekeepers, poorly trained peacekeepers, western peacekeepers, neo-colonialism, enforcement capacity, survival strategy, terrorising populations, reinforcing armies cultural construction, armed conflict, ICC jurisdiction, assumptions, war, aggressors, defenders, armies, chains of command, civilians, conflict zones, Africa, central Asia, cultural relativism, child soldiers, formulations, motions, ICC prosecutors, systematic, pernicious, deliberate, uncertainty, necessity, unstable legal norms, defences, acquittal, sentences, enforcers, laws, vulnerable communities, duress, circumstances, lenient sentence, state body, policy, developing nations, geographic influence, recognised governments, local law-making bodies, armed struggle, international community, oversight, combat, United Nations troops, underfunded, cultural construction, armed conflict, ICC jurisdiction, aggressors defenders, organised armies, civilian protection, conflict zones, African conflicts, central Asian conflicts, cultural relativism, child soldiers, legal formulations, complete defences, acquittal, sentence mitigation, resource limitations, vulnerable communities, legal norms, UN troops, peacekeeping challenges, western peacekeepers, neo-colonialism, war-time standards, international assistance, survival strategy, ICC expertise, specialist legal body, military participation
test-international-gpsmhbsosb-con02a	A South Ossetian state is unviable  There are many factors that make South Ossetia unviable as a state. South Ossetia is very small with a very small population. It is also a landlocked state and very poor. These facts make it unlikely that South Ossetia could act effectively as an independent state. The result is that it would become dependent on other states. [1] This can already be seen from the fact that S. Ossetia has only been able to secure its current de facto independence with substantial military and foreign aid from Russia. [2] S. Ossetia is economically unviable as an independent state. It is landlocked and only has meaningful road access to the sea through Georgia. S. Ossetian GDP was estimated at US$ 15 million (US$ 250 per capita) in a work published in 2002. S. Ossetia is arguably lacking in the basic economic necessities for autonomy. Indeed, a $15 million GDP would make South Ossetia one of the poorest nations in the world. Particularly following a war with Georgia in the 1990s, South Ossetia has struggled economically. Employment and supplies are scarce. The majority of the population survives on subsistence farming. Virtually the only significant economic asset that South Ossetia possesses is control of the Roki Tunnel that links Russia and Georgia, from which the South Ossetian government reportedly obtains as much as a third of its budget by levying customs duties on freight traffic. The separatist officials admitted that Tskhinvali received more than 60 percent of its 2006 budget revenue directly from the Russian government. [3] [4] Finally, S. Ossetia has a population of roughly 70,000. [5] This would make it one of the smallest states in the world. This fact, combined with its high level of poverty, makes it a poor candidate for independence, and shows that its “independence” would compel it to become even more dependent on Russia, or else risk disintegrating as an unviable state.  [1] BBC News. “S Ossetia votes for independence”. BBC News. 13 November 2006.   [2] Socor, Vladimir. “MOSCOW’S FINGERPRINTS ALL OVER SOUTH OSSETIA’S REFERENDUM”. Eurasia Daily Monitor Volume: 3 Issue: 212. The Jamestown Foundation. 15 November 2006.   [3] Walker, Shaun. “South Ossetia: Russian, Georgian...independent?”. Open Democracy. 15 November 2006.   [4] Vaisman, Daria. “No recognition for breakaway South Ossetia's vote”. The Christian Science Monitor. 10 November 2006.   [5] BBC News. “S Ossetia votes for independence”. BBC News. 13 November 2006. South Ossetia, unviable state, small population, landlocked, economic dependency, Russia, military aid, foreign aid, GDP, poverty, subsistence farming, Roki Tunnel, customs duties, budget revenue, Tskhinvali, smallest states, unviable independence, separatist, disenfranchised, international relations, geopolitics, Caucasus, Georgia, referendum, recognition, sovereignty, economic necessity, autonomy, instability, international support, Moscow, Eurasia Daily Monitor, Open Democracy, Christian Science Monitor, BBC News, 2006, 1990s war, economic assets, South Ossetia, unviable state, small population, landlocked, poverty, economic dependency, Russian aid, military support, GDP, subsistence farming, Roki Tunnel, customs duties, Tskhinvali, budget revenue, smallest states, disintegration, independence vote, international recognition, Georgian conflict, separatism, Eurasia, political viability, economic necessities, autonomy, unemployment, scarce supplies, foreign aid, de facto independence, international relations, regional stability, conflict resolution, ethnic tensions, sovereignty, territorial disputes, international law, statehood criteria, UN recognition, geopolitical factors, ethnic enclaves, self-determination South Ossetia, unviable state, small population, landlocked, poverty, economic unviability, Russian aid, Roki Tunnel, subsistence farming, Tskhinvali, budget dependency, independence referendum, Georgian conflict, international recognition, smallest states, economic necessities, GDP, employment scarcity, freight traffic, customs duties, military support, separatist region, Eurasia, Caucasus, political autonomy, economic autonomy, international relations, state viability, economic indicators, population size, subsistence economy, regional conflicts, foreign aid, dependency, disintegration risk, international support, political stability, economic stability, autonomy, geopolitical South Ossetia, unviable state, small population, landlocked, poor, economic unviability, Russian aid, military support, GDP, subsistence farming, Roki Tunnel, customs duties, budget dependency, Tskhinvali, population size, independence, international recognition, Georgia, separatism, political stability, economic necessities, autonomous region, international aid, state viability, economic sanctions, regional conflict, poverty, unemployment, natural resources, infrastructure, global economy, statehood, self-sufficiency, international relations, Caucasian region, geopolitics, ethnic tension, sovereignty, government revenue, trade routes, economic development, South Ossetia, unviable state, small population, landlocked, poverty, economic dependency, Russia, military aid, foreign aid, GDP, Roki Tunnel, customs duties, Tskhinvali, budget revenue, subsistence farming, separatist, independence, disintegration, international recognition, Georgia, Eurasia, conflict, 1990s war, employment, supplies, economic autonomy, state viability, smallest states, world poverty, economic survival, international relations, political stability, separatism, regional politics, ethnic conflict, de facto independence, economic necessities, subsistence economy, economic assets, freight traffic,
test-politics-cpegiepgh-con01a	"For Britain to join the single currency is simply unthinkable; jobs will be lost  The EU creates economic conditions that threaten jobs. As explained by Anthony Browne in The Euro: Should Britain join?, ""Joining the Euro would damage the British economy with 'one size fits all' interest rates, and so destroy jobs.""1 This is not merely a product of anti-EU propaganda created by the British tabloid press; The evidence speaks for itself; ""In 2000, (Euro was launched 1st January, 1999) unemployment in Euroland averaged about 10 per cent, compared to under 6 per cent in the UK"" Britain must also learn from the mistakes of history; ""Past experience has already shown us that locking ourselves into inappropriate interest rates destroys jobs. After we joined the Exchange Rate Mechanism, 100,000 businesses went bankrupt and unemployment doubled before we were finally forced out in 1992."" Repetition of this is to be avoided at all costs and by Britain staying out of the Euro.  1Browne, A., 2001, ""The Euro: Should Britain Join?"" Britain, single currency, unthinkable, job loss, EU, economic conditions, Anthony Browne, The Euro, interest rates, British economy, one size fits all, unemployment, Euroland, British tabloid press, 2000, history, mistakes, Exchange Rate Mechanism, businesses bankrupt, unemployment doubled, 1992, staying out, Euro Britain, single currency, unthinkable, jobs lost, EU, economic conditions, threat, Anthony Browne, The Euro, interest rates, destroy jobs, unemployment, Euroland, UK, history, Exchange Rate Mechanism, businesses bankrupt, unemployment doubled, avoid, staying out, Euro Britain, single currency, Euro, jobs, EU, economic conditions, unemployment, Anthony Browne, interest rates, Exchange Rate Mechanism, bankruptcy, 1992, economic history, Euro launch, 1999, British economy, one size fits all, tabloid press, anti-EU propaganda, 2000 Euroland, unemployment rates, British economic policy, Eurozone, financial stability, monetary policy Britain, single currency, unthinkable, jobs lost, EU, economic conditions, threat, Anthony Browne, The Euro, interest rates, destroy jobs, unemployment, Euroland, UK, 2000, Exchange Rate Mechanism, 1992, businesses bankrupt, repetition, avoid, staying out, Euro Britain, single currency, unthinkable, jobs lost, EU, economic conditions, Anthony Browne, The Euro, join, damage British economy, one size fits all, interest rates, destroy jobs, anti-EU propaganda, British tabloid press, evidence, 2000, unemployment, Euroland, UK, mistakes of history, locking into inappropriate interest rates, Exchange Rate Mechanism, businesses bankrupt, unemployment doubled, 1992, stay out, Euro"
test-international-aglhrilhb-con02a	Prosecutions don't get to the real truth  Truth is the most important factor that supports the healing process. Individuals when being prosecuted have incentives to hide crimes and lie about the true motivations for offences occurring as they don’t want to go to prison for telling the truth. This means that the whole truth of matters never really come to light. TRC’s, such as that in South Africa, do a very good job of ensuring that the full record of human rights abuses come to light [1].The Rwandan Gacaca courts which encompasses three important features of relevance to broader experiments of reconciliatory justice serve as a lesson. Those who confess their crimes are rewarded with the halving of prison sentences and as a result, 60,238 prisoners have confessed to participating in the genocide [2]. Second, gacaca law highlights apologies welcomed by many as an important ingredient to promote reconciliation.  [1] Linfield, Susie, ‘Trading Truth for Justice? Reflections on South Africa’s Truth and Reconciliation Commission’, bostonreview,net, 01 June 2000,   [2] Graybill, Lyn, and Lanegran , Kimberly, ‘Truth, Justice, and Reconciliation in Africa: Issues and Cases’, ufl.edu, Fall 2004, prosecutions, truth, healing, incentives, hide, crimes, lie, motivations, offences, prison, TRC, South Africa, human rights, abuses, Rwandan Gacaca courts, reconciliatory justice, confess, crimes, halving, prison sentences, apologies, reconciliation, Linfield, Susie, Truth and Reconciliation Commission, Graybill, Lyn, Lanegran, Kimberly, Africa, cases prosecutions, truth, healing, incentives, hide, crimes, lie, prison, TRC, South Africa, full record, human rights abuses, Rwandan Gacaca courts, reconciliatory justice, confess, prison sentences, apologies, reconciliation, Susie Linfield, Lyn Graybill, Kimberly Lanegran prosecutions, truth, healing, incentives, hide, crimes, lie, motivations, offences, prison, TRC, South Africa, human rights, abuses, Rwandan Gacaca courts, reconciliatory justice, confess, prison sentences, apologies, reconciliation, Susie Linfield, Lyn Graybill, Kimberly Lanegran prosecutions, truth, healing, incentives, hide, crimes, lie, motivations, offences, TRC, South Africa, human rights, abuses, Rwanda, Gacaca courts, confess, crimes, prison sentences, apologies, reconciliation, justice, Susie Linfield, Lyn Graybill, Kimberly Lanegran, Africa, cases, legal systems, truth commissions, transitional justice, genocide, human rights violations, judicial processes, restorative justice, community healing, accountability, forgiveness, moral responsibility, social cohesion, historical reconciliation, victim-offender mediation, legal reforms, peacebuilding, political violence, war crimes, testimony, public hearings prosecutions, truth, healing, incentives, hide, crimes, lie, prison, TRC, South Africa, full record, human rights abuses, Rwandan Gacaca courts, confess, prison sentences, apologies, reconciliation, justice, Africa, cases
test-international-iwiaghbss-con02a	New countries forged by those fleeing disaster  There have been very few countries that have been created in circumstances that are at all similar to that which would happen when island nations are forced to abandon their homeland. The closest parallel is Israel when Jews arrived en mass first because they were promised the land after WWI, when it is notable that they purchased the land they occupied, [1] and then after the disaster of the Holocaust. The Palestinians have not been happy about the loss of territory. Indeed there have been few examples in history of peoples’ willingly giving up land to a new arrival whether it is due to colonialism or migration. The result, especially if sovereignty is involved, is usually conflict.  [1] Pipes, Daniel, ‘Not Stealing Palestine, but Purchasing Israel’, National Review Online, 21 June 2011, island nations, forced migration, new countries, disaster refugees, Israel, Palestinians, land acquisition, sovereignty, conflict, colonialism, migration, Holocaust, World War I, Daniel Pipes, land purchase, National Review Online, territorial disputes, historical parallels, displaced peoples, state formation New countries, island nations, migration, disaster, Israel, Palestinians, sovereignty, conflict, colonialism, Holocaust, land purchase, historical parallels, territorial disputes, refugee relocation, state creation, migration waves, climate change displacement, international law, human rights, geopolitical shifts New countries, fleeing disaster, island nations, Israel, Jewish migration, Holocaust, Palestinian conflict, land acquisition, colonialism, migration, sovereignty, conflict, territorial disputes, historical parallels, forced relocation, homeland abandonment, national sovereignty, international law, refugee resettlement, state creation, land purchase, historical migrations, displaced populations New countries, fleeing disaster, island nations, forced abandonment, Israel, Jews, Palestinian, WWII, Holocaust, land purchase, colonialism, migration, sovereignty, conflict, territory loss, historical parallels, state formation, displaced peoples, international law, humanitarian crises, self-determination New countries, island nations, fleeing disaster, Israel, Jews, WWI, Holocaust, Palestinians, land purchase, sovereignty, conflict, migration, colonialism, territory loss, Daniel Pipes, National Review Online
test-philosophy-ippelhbcp-con04a	Particular need in Africa  Capital punishment for particularly dangerous offenders is a practical solution for African nations with low quality prison systems, which, through either deliberate policy or basic underfunding, can have poor conditions, or poor security. In 2013, over a thousand prisoners escaped from a prison near Benghazi in Libya [1] . A similar escape with particularly dangerous offenders would be dangerous - a corpse can’t escape.  [1] Zway, Suliman Ali, “Amid protests, Inmates escape from Libyan prison”, New York Times, 27 July 2013, Africa, Capital punishment, Dangerous offenders, Practical solution, Low quality prison systems, Poor conditions, Poor security, Prison escape, Benghazi, Libya, Dangerous, Corpse, Suliman Ali Zway, New York Times, 2013 Africa, capital punishment, dangerous offenders, prison systems, poor conditions, poor security, prisoner escapes, Libyan prison, corpse, practical solution, underfunding, deliberate policy, Benghazi, 2013 Africa, capital punishment, dangerous offenders, practical solution, low quality prison systems, poor conditions, poor security, prisoners escape, Benghazi, Libya, corpse, Suliman Ali Zway, New York Times, 2013 Africa, capital punishment, dangerous offenders, prison systems, poor conditions, poor security, prisoner escape, Benghazi, Libya, corpse, Suliman Ali Zway, New York Times, 2013 Africa, capital punishment, dangerous offenders, practical solution, low quality prison systems, poor conditions, poor security, prisoners escape, Benghazi, Libya, dangerous escape, corpse, prison policy, underfunding, Suliman Ali Zway, New York Times, 2013
test-politics-cdfsaphgiap-con01a	Denial of privacy to the leaders  The leaders of states deserve privacy in exactly the same way as anyone else. Just like their citizens leaders want and deserve privacy and it would be unfair for everyone to know about their health. Leaders may suffer from diseases such AIDS/HIV or embarrassing illnesses which could damage a leader.  The people only a need for the people to know when the illness significantly damages the running of the government. The government can function on its own without its leader for several days; only if the illness incapacitates the leader for a long period is there any need to tell the people. Clearly if the President is working from his bed he is still doing the job and his government is functioning. William Pitt the Younger, Prime Minister of Great Britain was toasted as 'the Saviour of Europe' while he was seriously ill but still running the country during the height of the Napoleonic Wars. 1  1 Bloy, Marjie, 'William Pitt the Younger (1759-1806)', Victorian Web, 4 January 2006, leaders, privacy, health, illness, AIDS, HIV, government, incapacity, William Pitt the Younger, Prime Minister, Napoleonic Wars, running, country, secrecy, disclosure, public, interest, political, ethics, leadership, disease, embarrassment, functionality, transparency, citizen, rights, medical, conditions, confidentiality, politics, history, governance, management, state, administration, leadership, illness, impact, performance, responsibility, public, service, disclosure, vulnerability, trust, security, personal, information, political, figure, health, policy, decision, making, effectiveness, illness, effect, government, operations, historical leaders, privacy, health, illness, government, incapacity, disclosure, AIDS, HIV, William Pitt the Younger, Napoleonic Wars, Prime Minister, Great Britain, citizen, confidentiality, public interest, medical conditions, leadership, transparency, secrecy Denial, Privacy, Leaders, States, Citizens, Health, AIDS, HIV, Illnesses, Government, Running, Incapacitated, People, William, Pitt, Younger, Prime, Minister, Great, Britain, Saviour, Europe, Napoleonic, Wars, Bed, Job, Functioning, Long, Period, Damage, Significant, Toaster, Victorian, Web, January, 2006 privacy, leaders, states, citizens, health, AIDS, HIV, illnesses, government, function, incapacitation, William Pitt the Younger, Prime Minister, Great Britain, Napoleonic Wars privacy, leaders, states, citizens, health, illnesses, AIDS, HIV, government, incapacitated, running, President, William Pitt the Younger, Prime Minister, Great Britain, Napoleonic Wars, Saviour of Europe
test-sport-otshwbe2uuyt-pro02a	"Boycotting Euro 2012 will highlight Ukraine’s backsliding on human rights  European leaders must take a stand on human rights in their own back yard if they are to be taken seriously on the issue anywhere in the world. There are numerous human rights abuses in Ukraine; migrants ""risk abusive treatment and arbitrary detention"", Roma and people with dark skin in particular face governmental and societal discrimination and some xenophobic attacks and may be prosecuted for acting in self defense. [1] Amnesty International has highlighted abuse of power by the police “numerous cases in Euro 2012 host cities in which police have tortured people in an attempt to extort money, extract a confession, or simply because of the victims’ sexuality or ethnic origin”. [2] If Europe turns a blind eye to these kinds of abuses in neighbouring states without even a minor diplomatic snub it will not have the moral authority to confront worse abuses elsewhere in the world. States that are abusing their own citizens would shrug off criticism believing that European states will not back their criticism up with any action.  [1] Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor, ‘2010 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices Report’, U.S. Department of State, 8 April 2011.  [2] ‘Ukraine: Euro 2012 jeopardised by criminal police force – New Amnesty report’, Amnesty.org.uk, 2 May 2012 . Boycotting, Euro 2012, Ukraine, human rights, European leaders, backsliding, abuses, migrants, abusive treatment, arbitrary detention, Roma, discrimination, xenophobic attacks, self-defense, Amnesty International, police torture, extortion, confession, sexuality, ethnic origin, moral authority, diplomatic snub, neighboring states, citizen abuse, criticism, action, 2010 Country Reports, U.S. Department of State, Euro 2012 host cities, criminal police force Boycotting,Euro 2012,Ukraine,human rights,European leaders,migrants,abusive treatment,arbitrary detention,Roma,discrimination,xenophobic attacks,police abuse,power abuse,torture,extortion,confession,sexuality,ethnic origin,diplomatic snub,moral authority,international criticism,state abuse,citizens Euro 2012, Ukraine, human rights, European leaders, backsliding, migrants, abusive treatment, arbitrary detention, Roma, discrimination, xenophobic attacks, self defense, police abuse, torture, extortion, sexuality, ethnic origin, diplomatic snub, moral authority, state abuse, citizens, criticism, action, Bureau of Democracy, Amnesty International, 2010 Country Reports, Human Rights Practices, Euro 2012 host cities, criminal police force Boycotting, Euro 2012, Ukraine, human rights, European leaders, migrants, abusive treatment, arbitrary detention, Roma, discrimination, xenophobic attacks, self defense, Amnesty International, police torture, extortion, sexuality, ethnic origin, diplomatic snub, moral authority, state abuse, citizens, criticism, action Boycott,Euro 2012,Ukraine,human rights,European leaders,discrimination,migrants,Roma,xenophobic attacks,police abuse,torture,Amnesty International,democracy,diplomatic snub,moral authority,international criticism"
test-sport-ybfgsohbhog-pro02a	Hosting stimulates regeneration in local areas  Hosting stimulates regeneration. The IOC is enthusiastic about bids that will leave a lasting impact and have looked favourably on cities that locate their Olympic Villages and stadia in deprived areas in need of regeneration. The 1992 Barcelona Olympics were used as a means to completely overhaul the port and coast of the city creating an artificial beach and waterside cultural area that became a lasting tourist attraction. Along with cleaning up areas and new stadia, Olympic Villages release between 5,000 and 20,000 new homes which governments can chose to hand over as low-cost housing (as is proposed for London 2012). Whilst these projects could be completed without the Olympics, the need to provide an overall package (transport, accommodation, stadia, greenery etc.) for a set deadline means that there is far more incentive to get the projects done. An example of this in London is the plan for a new £15bn underground rail system called ‘Crossrail’, first proposed over 20 years ago but only now being developed because of the attention surrounding the London 2012 bid.1 The fact that international scrutiny will follow the building program means that it is far more likely to be completed to a high standard (consider the detailed coverage of the preparations for Athens 2004).  1 Hayes, S. (2011, April 19). Crossrail will leave a positive legacy. Retrieved May 12, 2011, from Wharf Hosting, regeneration, local areas, IOC, Olympic bids, lasting impact, Olympic Villages, stadia, deprived areas, 1992 Barcelona Olympics, port overhaul, coast, artificial beach, waterside cultural area, tourist attraction, cleaning, new homes, low-cost housing, London 2012, transport, accommodation, greenery, Crossrail, international scrutiny, building program, high standard, Athens 2004 Hosting, regeneration, local areas, IOC, Olympic bids, lasting impact, Olympic Villages, stadia, deprived areas, 1992 Barcelona Olympics, port overhaul, coast, artificial beach, waterside cultural area, tourist attraction, cleaning areas, new homes, low-cost housing, overall package, transport, accommodation, greenery, set deadline, project completion, London 2012, Crossrail, underground rail system, international scrutiny, high standard, Athens 2004, Hayes, Crossrail legacy, Wharf Olympic regeneration, hosting impact, local development, IOC bids, lasting impact, Olympic Villages, stadia construction, deprived areas, Barcelona Olympics, coastal transformation, tourist attraction, Olympic legacy, low-cost housing, transport infrastructure, Crossrail project, international scrutiny, Athens 2004, legacy planning, urban renewal, government investment, sustainable development, community improvement, economic boost, sporting facilities, environmental enhancement, social housing, infrastructure development, public transport, urban planning, host city benefits, Olympic village reuse, economic regeneration, cultural impact, tourist infrastructure, green spaces, housing provision, sports legacy, legacy management, urban landscapes Hosting, regeneration, local areas, IOC, Olympic bids, lasting impact, Olympic Villages, stadia, deprived areas, 1992 Barcelona Olympics, port overhaul, coast, artificial beach, waterside cultural area, tourist attraction, cleaning areas, new stadia, Olympic Villages, low-cost housing, London 2012, transport, accommodation, greenery, Crossrail, international scrutiny, building program, Athens 2004, legacy, Wharf Hosting, regeneration, local areas, IOC, Olympic bids, lasting impact, deprived areas, Olympic Villages, stadia, 1992 Barcelona Olympics, port overhaul, coast, artificial beach, waterside cultural area, tourist attraction, new homes, low-cost housing, London 2012, transport, accommodation, greenery, Crossrail, international scrutiny, Athens 2004, Hayes, positive legacy, Wharf
test-law-tahglcphsld-pro05a	Drugs currently fund terrorism and regional instability  The Taliban gets most of its revenue from poppies, which provide the opium for heroin. They do this by intimidating local farmers who would otherwise sell their harvest at market. They then demand “protection money” as well, or else either another local warlord or the ‘protectors’ themselves would rob the farmer. Something like 22,700 people have died in Mexico since January 2007 from gangsters who want to protect their revenue and almost the entire continent of South America, from Brazil to Colombia, has had their governments destabilised by drug lords. [1] The hugely-costly but unsuccessful war on drugs could be ended, starving terrorists of the profits of drug production. As a result peace and development could be brought to unstable drug-producing states such as Colombia and Afghanistan.  [1] Mexico under siege, The drug war on our doorstep, Los Angeles Times , 27 September 2011, Drugs, terrorism, regional instability, Taliban, revenue, poppies, opium, heroin, farmers, intimidation, protection money, warlords, robbery, Mexico, deaths, gangsters, South America, Brazil, Colombia, government destabilization, drug lords, war on drugs, drug production, peace, development, Afghanistan Drugs, terrorism, regional instability, Taliban, poppies, opium, heroin, farmers, protection money, warlords, Mexico, gangsters, South America, Brazil, Colombia, government destabilisation, war on drugs, peace, development, Afghanistan, Los Angeles Times, Mexico under siege, drug war Drugs, Terrorism, Regional Instability, Taliban, Revenue, Poppies, Opium, Heroin, Farmers, Protection Money, Warlords, Robbery, Deaths, Mexico, Gangsters, Revenue Protection, South America, Brazil, Colombia, Government Destabilization, War on Drugs, unsuccessful, Peace, Development, Afghanistan, Drug Lords, Los Angeles Times, Mexico Under Siege, Drug War drug trafficking, terrorism, regional instability, Taliban, opium, heroin, poppies, revenue, farmer intimidation, protection money, Mexico, gang-related deaths, South America, government destabilization, Brazil, Colombia, war on drugs, drug lords, peace, development, Afghanistan Drugs, terrorism, regional instability, Taliban, revenue, poppies, opium, heroin, farmers, protection money, warlords, robbery, Mexico, deaths, gangsters, South America, Brazil, Colombia, government destabilization, war on drugs, drug production, peace, development, Colombia, Afghanistan, Los Angeles Times, drug war
test-economy-egppphbcb-pro02a	"Each man has a right to private property  The right to own property is central to man's existence since it ensures him of his independence of survival. It provides a means to sustain himself without relying on others inasmuch as he has control over a property and can make a living from it. However in order to acquire property the person must gain it from his own labour, if he takes the fruit of someone else's labour without consent that would be plain stealth. However, this is not the only requirement which must be fulfilled in order to gain property: imagine a scenario where I pour out tomato juice into the ocean, I have mixed my own labour with nature and made an ""own"" creation, but could it be said that the ocean is my property? Most people would certainly say no and therefore one of the following two provisos must also be met before one can fully acquire property: 1. It does not impact on others chance of survival/ comfort of life 2. Leaves the others better off than before. Let us presume that we have a wasteland which generates very little harvest since it is uncultivated. If I privatise and cultivate a bit of this land it will generate more harvest since I have put work effort in it. Presuming that the privatisation does not leave the others worse off than before e.g. there is plenty of other wasteland they can cultivate on their own and does thus not harm anyone else's opportunities/chances to cultivate their own land, privatisation is allowed for the individual good. Alternately, others are better off if they do not have the skill to cultivate land themselves and can lease their labour working on my privatized land, they would win on the deal since the wage I pay them would be better than what they would have gained on their own1/2.  1 Locke, J. (n.d.). Chapter. V. Of Property. Constitution Society. Retrieved June 7, 2011  2 Nozick, R. (1974). Anarchy State and Utopia (pp. 54-56, 137-42). Basic Books. private property, right to own, independence, survival, self-sustenance, labour, consent, theft, provisos, impact on others, comfort of life, better off, wasteland, cultivation, privatisation, opportunities, leasing labour, wages, John Locke, Robert Nozick, Anarchy State and Utopia, Chapter V Of Property private property, right to property, independence, survival, labor, consent, theft, provisos, impact on others, survival comfort, wasteland, cultivation, privatization, opportunity, skill, lease labor, wage, John Locke, Robert Nozick, Anarchy State and Utopia, Chapter V Of Property private property, man's rights, independence, survival, labour, consent, theft, provisos, impact on others, survival comfort, wasteland, cultivation, privatization, opportunities, leasing labour, wage, John Locke, Robert Nozick, Anarchy State and Utopia, Chapter V Of Property, Constitution Society private property, right to own, independence, survival, self-sustenance, labour, consent, theft, provisos, impact on others, comfort of life, better off, wasteland, cultivation, privatization, opportunity, skill, wage, lease labour, John Locke, Robert Nozick, property rights, justice, ethics, political philosophy private property, right to own, independence, survival, labour, consent, property acquisition, impact on others, survival comfort, wasteland cultivation, lease labour, wage, individual good, John Locke, Robert Nozick, Anarchy State and Utopia, Chapter V Of Property, Constitution Society"
test-politics-dhwem-con01a	PMCs have an interest in conflict.  ncreased reliance on mercenaries is destabilising in the long term. It allows invaders and local governments to feel that they can get away with not providing sufficiently trained or numerous security forces because there are men on the ground. It also means that the most influential actors, large multi-national companies, no longer have to pressure governments so hard to provide security guarantees for everyone because they can buy their own. That leaves those without influence or money high and dry. This then leads to a proliferation of armed forces in the country, some working for the central government, others for local governments and some for private individuals and firms. These PMCs are hired provide security and to help create stability yet that is not where their interests lie. If the country returns to stability they are out of a job so it is in their interest to keep an unstable situation unstable to result in more work. (Wennmann, 2008) PMCs, mercenaries, conflict, destabilisation, security forces, multinational companies, government, influence, money, armed forces, central government, local governments, private individuals, firms, stability, job, interest, unstable situation, Wennmann, 2008 PMCs, mercenaries, conflict, destabilising, long-term, security forces, invaders, local governments, multi-national companies, security guarantees, influence, money, armed forces, central government, local governments, private individuals, firms, stability, job, unstable situation, work, Wennmann, 2008 PMCs, mercenaries, conflict, destabilising, security forces, multinational companies, government, influence, money, armed forces, central government, local governments, private individuals, firms, stability, job, unstable, work, Wennmann, 2008 PMCs, conflict, mercenaries, destabilising, security forces, multi-national companies, influence, government, security guarantees, armed forces, central government, local governments, private individuals, firms, stability, interests, Wennmann, 2008 PMCs, mercenaries, destabilisation, security forces, multinational companies, government, conflict, stability, armed forces, influence, local governments, Wennmann, 2008, interest, proliferation, private security, job security, instability
test-economy-fiahwpamu-con01a	Realistic barriers  There are significant barriers to introducing microfinance. Microfinance can’t reach everywhere; a lack of infrastructure, or poor infrastructure, can mean that microfinance initiatives often can’t reach where need is greatest. Those who are poorest most need money just to get buy, not to invest. They would be unable to repay even tiny loans. It returns to the question of who is the poorest, and what do we know about them - where they are, what they need, and why are they poor?  Secondly, structural constraints limit the ability for microfinance to be sustainable and provide a long term solution. Bad governance, inadequate structures to regulate microfinance, and political instability, mean the theoretical benefits of microfinance may not become a lived reality.  Thirdly, who is involved in the supply? The involvement of multiple actors - NGOs, communities, the state, and private sector, complicates how microfinance is being run and therefore the effectiveness. Tensions emerge with such partnerships as each actor has the different objectives and motivations. realistic barriers,microfinance,infrastructure,poverty,repayment,structural constraints,governance,political instability,sustainability,long-term solution,NGOs,communities,state,private sector,partnerships,tensions,multiple actors,effectiveness realistic barriers, microfinance, infrastructure, poverty, investment, loan repayment, poorest, structural constraints, sustainability, governance, regulation, political instability, supply actors, NGOs, communities, state, private sector, partnerships, objectives, motivations realistic barriers, microfinance, infrastructure, poverty, investment, repayment, poorest, governance, regulation, political instability, sustainability, actors, NGOs, communities, state, private sector, effectiveness, partnerships, objectives, motivations realistic barriers, microfinance, infrastructure, poverty, repayment, poorest, structural constraints, sustainability, bad governance, regulation, political instability, multiple actors, NGOs, communities, state, private sector, effectiveness, partnerships, objectives, motivations realistic barriers, microfinance, infrastructure, poverty, investment, loan repayment, poorest populations, governance, regulation, political instability, sustainability, actor involvement, NGO, community participation, state role, private sector, partnerships, objectives, motivations
test-international-gpsmhbsosb-con03a	Georgia has a right to territorial integrity  Georgia has a legitimate sovereign right to maintain its territorial integrity as well as the social contract accompanying it. Georgia has the right to take action to secure the integrity of these things, unless blocked by a higher international authority. Internationally, S. Ossetia's independence is recognised by only five nations (including Russia), demonstrating that the international community is not convinced that S. Ossetia's claim to self-determination trumps Georgia's claim to territorial integrity. [1] In order to obtain independence, it is important that a country be recognized diplomatically by a significant number of the members of the United Nations. This is important in large part because it ensures that a state will have viable diplomatic relations internationally if it becomes independent. It also demonstrates that the international system supports a certain action being taken internationally. Thus Georgia's claim should continue to stand until the international community changes its mind, and at the moment the international community has legitimate concerns regarding the regional instability and conflict that an independent S. Ossetia might foster. Moreover, as shown above the S. Ossetian state is entirely dependent on Russian support, and so it can be accurately stated that the issue of S. Ossetian independence, and its threat to Georgian territorial integrity, has arisen only because of Russian interference within Georgia. Even those who argue that any region has the right to self-determination would probably reject the idea that nations have the right to foster and encourage parts of other nations to secede from their current state and join another. The S. Ossetian independence movement can thus be correctly seen simply as Russian aggression against Georgia for its own advantage, not an issue of self-determination.  [1] RIA Novosti. “Nicaragua recognizes South Ossetia and Abkhazia”. RIA Novosti. 4 September 2008. Georgia, territorial integrity, sovereign right, social contract, international authority, S. Ossetia, independence, international recognition, United Nations, diplomatic relations, international support, regional instability, Russian support, Russian interference, self-determination, secession, Russian aggression, Nicaragua, RIA Novosti Georgia, territorial integrity, sovereign right, social contract, S. Ossetia, international recognition, Russia, self-determination, United Nations, diplomatic relations, regional instability, conflict, Russian interference, South Ossetian independence, Russian aggression, Nicaragua, Abkhazia, international community, secession Georgia, territorial integrity, sovereign rights, social contract, S. Ossetia, international recognition, Russian support, self-determination, diplomatic relations, United Nations, regional stability, conflict, Russian interference, aggression, secession, international law, statehood, independence movement, Nicaragua, Abkhazia, RIA Novosti Georgia, territorial integrity, sovereign right, social contract, international authority, S. Ossetia, independence, international recognition, Russia, self-determination, United Nations, diplomatic relations, regional stability, conflict, Russian interference, secession, aggression, international community, Nicaragua, Abkhazia Georgia, territorial integrity, sovereign right, social contract, international authority, South Ossetia, independence, international recognition, United Nations, diplomatic relations, international system, regional instability, conflict, Russian support, Russian interference, self-determination, secession, Russian aggression, Nicaragua, Abkhazia, RIA Novosti
test-digital-freedoms-phwnaccpdt-pro03a	Data breaches can result in huge amounts of personal data falling into unscrupulous hands  The data collected and sold by companies is not safe. Servers with even the most sophisticated security systems are susceptible to hackers and other miscreants seeking to exploit the personal data of unsuspecting customers. Identity theft is a ubiquitous threat in the Information Age, one that increases every year as the arms race between data protection designers and invaders rages on. Data breaches have been rapidly increasing [1] and although the total number declined from 412 million exposed records in 2011 to 267 million in 2012 this has increasingly been due to hacking rather than simple negligence. [2] The result of these breaches is huge costs to individuals who have their identities and also to firms that appear to be unsafe. As individuals see companies as being uncaring of their information they tend to punish them in the market. [3] There is no opt-in because the individual has no means of seeing to whom the data is sold, and how secure their servers might be, putting them doubly at risk. Firms are better off not playing with fire and keeping data that could have huge potential costs to them if it is lost, and individuals are better off not having their information disseminated across cyberspace without any guarantee of its safety.  [1] Federal Trade Commission. “Privacy online: Fair information practices in the electronic marketplace: A report to Congress. Technical report, Federal Trade Commission”. May 2000.   [2] Risk Based Security, “Historically, Over 1.2 Billion Records Exposed According to Risk Based Security, Inc.” Risk Based Security, 22 February 2012,   Risk Based Security, “2012 Sets New Record for Reported Data Breaches”, PR Newswire, 14 February 2013,   [3] Acquisti, A. “The Economics of Personal Data and the Economics of Privacy”. OECD. 2010, data breaches, personal data, unscrupulous hands, data collected, companies, not safe, sophisticated security systems, susceptible, hackers, miscreants, exploit, personal data, identity theft, information age, arms race, data protection, invaders, exposed records, hacking, negligence, costs, individuals, identities, firms, unsafe, market punishment, opt-in, data sold, server security, risks, potential costs, information dissemination, cyberspace, privacy, economics, personal data, OECD data breaches, personal data, unscrupulous hands, sophisticated security, hackers, identity theft, information age, arms race, data protection, exposed records, hacking, negligence, breach costs, individual identity, market punishment, opt-in, data security, potential costs, personal information, information dissemination, privacy online, fair information practices, electronic marketplace, FTC report, risk based security, exposed records report, reported breaches, OECD, economics of personal data, privacy economics data breaches, personal data, unscrupulous hands, sophisticated security systems, hackers, miscreants, identity theft, Information Age, arms race, data protection, invaders, exposed records, hacking, negligence, huge costs, individuals, identities, firms, unsafe, market punishment, opt-in, data safety, companies, cyberspace, guarantee, Federal Trade Commission, Risk Based Security, OECD, Acquisti, economics of privacy, personal data economics data breaches, personal data, unscrupulous hands, sophisticated security, hackers, identity theft, information age, exposed records, hacking, negligence, costs, individuals, firms, market, opt-in, cyberspace, privacy, fair information practices, economics of personal data, OECD, FTC, Risk Based Security, PR Newswire data breaches, personal data, unscrupulous hands, sophisticated security systems, hackers, identity theft, information age, data protection, exposed records, hacking, negligence, individual costs, firm reputation, market punishment, data dissemination, cyberspace safety, privacy online, fair information practices, electronic marketplace, FTC, Risk Based Security, OECD, economics of personal data, privacy economics
test-economy-eptpghdtre-pro04a	Deregulation contributed to the banking crises and, therefore the 2009 economic crash  It is clear that the economic meltdown was, in large part, caused by deregulation of the banking and financial sectors. The Republican obsession causes not only environmental damage and low wages but it doesn’t even succeed in its avowed aim of leaving the market free to generate wealth. In just a way of letting the parties friends in the boardrooms of corporate America to get even richer by gambling with the homes and pensions of ordinary, hard-working Americans [i] .  The Congressional Republican response to the 2008 crash was to pass a bill that curtailed 38 environmental regulations, blaming the EPA for the stalled economy. Why is anyone’s guess.  [i] “Why Government Becomes the Scapegoat”. Governemtnisgood.com deregulation, banking crises, 2009 economic crash, economic meltdown, Republican obsession, environmental damage, low wages, market freedom, wealth generation, corporate America, gambling, homes, pensions, hard-working Americans, Congressional Republican response, 2008 crash, environmental regulations, EPA, stalled economy, government scapegoating deregulation, banking crises, 2009 economic crash, economic meltdown, banking sector, financial sectors, Republican, environmental damage, low wages, market, wealth generation, corporate America, gambling, homes, pensions, hard-working Americans, Congressional Republican, 2008 crash, environmental regulations, EPA, economy, scapegoat, government deregulation, banking crises, 2009 economic crash, financial sectors, Republican policies, environmental damage, low wages, market freedom, corporate America, gambling, homes, pensions, hard-working Americans, Congressional Republican response, 2008 crash, environmental regulations, EPA, economy, government scapegoat deregulation, banking crises, 2009 economic crash, financial sectors, Republican, environmental damage, low wages, market freedom, wealth generation, corporate America, gambling, homes, pensions, hard-working Americans, Congressional Republican, 2008 crash, environmental regulations, EPA, economy, government, scapegoat deregulation, banking crises, 2009 economic crash, financial sectors, Republican obsession, environmental damage, low wages, market freedom, corporate America, gambling, homes, pensions, hard-working Americans, Congressional Republican response, 2008 crash, environmental regulations, EPA, stalled economy, government scapegoat
test-free-speech-debate-magghbcrg-pro02a	Radio is cheap to produce and easily accessible.  Community radio relies on the power of its ideas and the thirst for those ideas among its audience. It accepts the notion that it is the exchange of information and views, freely given and received, that is more important than the ideas themselves.  It doesn’t require massive budgets and radio waves can be received on equipment that costs pennies; more importantly it can be shared.  For all of its pretensions of accessibility the devices used to access the Internet tend to be expensive and they also tend not to be shared – unlike radios [i] .  To give some context to this, even paying Western prices, a small radio station can be started for as little as $10,000 with monthly costs of $1,000 [ii] . Some of that, of course, relates to government issued licences, clearly this does not apply if the station is planning to be ignored by the authorities. These costs can be further reduced when the founders have a pre-existing knowledge of radio engineering or work with a partner organisation such as the BBC World Service or the various NGOs who specialise in the field [iii] .  [i] Plunkett, John, Community radio: A rare success story. The Guardian. 9 March 2009.  [ii] Prometheus Radio Project.  [iii] Wikipedia. Community Radio. Community radio, cost-effective production, accessibility, information exchange, low-budget, radio waves, inexpensive equipment, shared media, internet access costs, expensive devices, non-shared technology, startup costs, monthly expenses, government licenses, radio engineering, BBC World Service, NGO partnerships, Prometheus Radio Project, Plunkett John, The Guardian, Wikipedia, rare success story, affordable broadcasting, media democracy, local communication, grassroots media, low-cost technology, radio stations, community engagement, public access, broadcast freedom, media decentralization, affordable media, shared technology, media affordability, community media, inexpensive broadcasting, media inclusivity, participatory media, free radio, cheap, accessible, community, ideas, audience, exchange, information, views, budgets, equipment, pennies, shared, internet, devices, expensive, Western, prices, station, costs, government, licences, authorities, knowledge, engineering, partner, organisation, BBC, World, Service, NGOs, Prometheus, Radio, Project, Plunkett, John, Guardian, success, story, Wikipedia Radio, community radio, cheap, accessible, information exchange, ideas, low budget, equipment cost, pennies, shared, internet, expensive, devices, not shared, Western prices, radio station, start-up cost, monthly cost, government licences, radio engineering, BBC World Service, NGOs, Prometheus Radio Project, Wikipedia, success story, Plunkett, Guardian radio, cheap, production, accessibility, community, ideas, audience, information, views, exchange, budgets, equipment, pennies, sharing, internet, devices, expensive, Western, prices, station, costs, government, licenses, radio, engineering, BBC, World, Service, NGOs, Prometheus, Radio, Project, Wikipedia, success, story, Plunkett, John, Guardian, March, 2009 radio, community, accessibility, ideas, information, exchange, views, budgets, equipment, internet, devices, costs, stations, government, licenses, engineering, partners, NGOs, BBC World Service, Prometheus Radio Project, Plunkett, The Guardian, Wikipedia
test-philosophy-elkosmj-con02a	We cannot make any judgments about whose life is valuable and whose is not  It is impossible to know what any of the people involved in the situation will do with their life. One might be a serial killer while another might be a life-saving doctor. By attempting to use some sort of calculation in the scenario we are presuming that we have more knowledge than we actually do. In reality we are totally ignorant to the right course of action and doing anything in the situation could be a terrible mistake that causes a lot of pain and suffering in the future. judgments, life, valuable, impossible, know, situation, serial, killer, doctor, calculation, scenario, knowledge, ignorant, action, mistake, pain, suffering, future judgments, life, valuable, impossible, knowledge, situation, people, serial killer, life-saving doctor, calculation, scenario, presumption, ignorance, course of action, mistake, pain, suffering, future judgments, valuable, life, impossible, knowledge, situation, serial killer, life-saving doctor, calculation, scenario, presuming, ignorance, course of action, mistake, pain, suffering, future judgments, life, valuable, impossible, knowledge, people, situation, serial killer, life-saving doctor, calculation, scenario, presuming, ignorance, course, action, mistake, pain, suffering, future valuable life, judgments, impossibility, prediction, human potential, serial killer, life-saving doctor, moral uncertainty, ignorance, right action, potential consequences, pain, suffering, ethical dilemma, decision-making, future impact
test-international-iighbopcc-con03a	A more informal agreement avoids the US congress  The United States Congress is a potential hurdle for any climate agreement. While President Barack Obama is keen to make tackling climate change a legacy of his Presidency the Republican dominated Congress is both likely to try to block the President for that very reason and is sceptical of climate change. It is therefore a major benefit to have an agreement that will not need to be submitted to Congress for approval as any treaty needs to be confirmed by the Senate.  The Secretary of State Kerry argues that it is “definitely not going to be a treaty,” and “not going to be legally binding reduction targets like Kyoto”. It won’t need to be passed to the Senate because the President already has the power to implement the agreement through existing law. [1]  [1] Mufson, Steven, and Demirjian, Karoun, ‘Trick or treaty? The legal question hanging over the Paris climate change conference’, Washington Post, 30 November 2015, informal agreement, US congress, climate agreement, President Barack Obama, Republican Congress, climate change, Senate approval, treaty, legally binding, Kyoto, Secretary of State Kerry, existing law, Paris climate change conference informal agreement, US congress, climate agreement, President Obama, Republican Congress, climate change, Senate approval, treaty, legally binding, Kyoto, Secretary of State Kerry, Paris climate change conference, Washington Post informal agreement, US Congress, climate agreement, President Barack Obama, Republican Congress, climate change, legacy, Senate approval, treaty, Secretary of State Kerry, legally binding, Kyoto, existing law, Paris climate change conference informal agreement, US congress, climate agreement, President Obama, Republican Congress, climate change, treaty, Senate approval, Secretary of State Kerry, legally binding, Kyoto, existing law, Paris climate change conference informal agreement, US congress, climate agreement, Barack Obama, Republican congress, climate change, Senate approval, treaty, legally binding, Kyoto, Secretary of State Kerry, existing law, Paris climate change conference
test-education-pstrgsehwt-con02a	Education should be about truth and facts, not dogma and faith.  Scientific enquiry is, at its core, a search for truth [1] . It is about shining light in dark places. Dogmatic adherence to beliefs in spite of evidence, and even trying to cover up facts that contradict those beliefs is academically dishonest and intellectually facile. Evolution is proven fact, a theory so sound that it is the cornerstone of all biology. Nothing in biology makes any sense unless considered in the context of evolution. Schools should teach this fact, not the pseudoscience of religious demagogues. It is a fundamental attack on children's rights to subject them to false information for the sake of upholding outdated and disproved beliefs. It is a right of all people to have a valuable education, because good education is required to be able to take part in the democratic process, to be able to make informed decisions. That right is compromised when the educational system gives them a worthless education in untruths, like Creationism, because informed decisions must be based on fact, and must be objective the way science is, rather than loaded with religious undertones, that skew ones view of the facts. The value of education is only as good as its applicability, either directly or through its fostering of critical thinking. So, when the political process is used to circumvent the curriculum set by teachers and experts, who actually know the subjects they are talking about, and replacing them with the curriculum set by a scientifically illiterate political body, the children suffer as the quality of their education decreases.  [1] Pauling, Linus. 1983. No More War! New York: Dodd Mead. Education, truth, facts, dogma, faith, scientific enquiry, academic dishonesty, intellectual facilitation, evolution, biology, pseudoscience, religious beliefs, children's rights, democratic process, informed decisions, critical thinking, curriculum, politically influenced education, scientific literacy, Linus Pauling education, truth, facts, dogma, faith, scientific enquiry, light, dark places, dogmatic beliefs, evidence, academically dishonest, intellectually facile, evolution, proven fact, cornerstone biology, biology context, schools teaching, pseudoscience, religious demagogues, children's rights, false information, outdated beliefs, valuable education, democratic process, informed decisions, critical thinking, political process, curriculum, teachers, experts, scientifically illiterate, political body, children suffering, education quality, Linus Pauling, No More War education, truth, facts, dogma, faith, scientific enquiry, light, dark, evidence, academically dishonest, intellectually facile, evolution, proven fact, biology, schools, pseudoscience, religious demagogues, children's rights, false information, outdated beliefs, valuable education, democratic process, informed decisions, critical thinking, curriculum, teachers, experts, scientifically illiterate, political body, quality of education, Pauling, Linus, No More War, Dodd Mead Education, truth, facts, dogma, faith, scientific enquiry, academic dishonesty, intellectual facilitation, evolution, biology, pseudoscience, religious demagogues, children's rights, democratic process, informed decisions, critical thinking, curriculum, scientifically illiterate, political process, quality of education Education, truth, facts, dogma, faith, scientific enquiry, light, dark places, dogmatic adherence, beliefs, evidence, academically dishonest, intellectually facile, evolution, proven fact, cornerstone, biology, schools, pseudoscience, religious demagogues, children's rights, false information, outdated beliefs, valuable education, democratic process, informed decisions, critical thinking, political process, curriculum, teachers, experts, scientifically illiterate, political body, quality education, children, suffer
test-society-tlhrilsfhwr-pro01a	Cultural relativism and adapting to conflict  The issues underlying all debates on child soldiers go to the very heart of intercultural justice, politics and governance. International and supranational legislation notwithstanding, the notion that children should be protected from all forms of violence at any cost is expressly western.  The facts stated in the introduction are not sufficient to support the creation of a defence of cultural relativism to charges of recruiting and using child soldiers. “Cultures” are not simply sets of practices defined by history and tradition. They are also methods of living, of survival and of ordering societies that change and develop in response to societies’ environments. Within many communities, children are inducted (or induct themselves) into military organisations as a result of necessity. The traditional providers of physical safety within a society may have been killed or displaced by war. Communities left vulnerable by long running and vaguely defined conflicts may have no other option but to begin arming their children, in order to help them avoid violent exploitation. A great many child soldiers in South Sudan actively sought out units of the rebel army known to accept child recruits [i] . Following the death of parents and the dispersal of extended families, children gravitated towards known sources of safety and strength – organisations capable of providing protection and independence within nations utterly distorted and ruined by conflict.  Western notions of inviolate childhood, free of worry and violence, are merely a cultural construct. This construct cannot be duplicated in societies beset by forms of privation and conflict that have been alien to western liberal democracies for the last seventy years. Attempting to enforce this construct as law- and as a form of law that can trump domestic legislation- endangers vulnerable communities, inhibits the creation of democratic norms and can even criminalise the children it claims to protect.  [i] “Raised by war: Child Soldiers of the Southern Sudanese Second Civil War”, Christine Emily Ryan, PhD Thesis, University of London, 2009 cultural relativism, conflict, child soldiers, intercultural justice, politics, governance, international legislation, western protection, violence, cultural practices, survival, societal change, military organisations, physical safety, vulnerability, rebellion, safety, strength, community protection, inviolate childhood, western construct, privation, democratic norms, criminalisation, South Sudan, Christine Emily Ryan, PhD Thesis, University of London, 2009 Cultural relativism, conflict adaptation, intercultural justice, child soldiers, western protectionism, international legislation, cultural practices, societal survival, military induction, community vulnerability, armed conflict, South Sudan, rebel army, inviolate childhood, western liberalism, democratic norms, legal enforcement, vulnerable communities, child criminalisation Cultural relativism, child soldiers, intercultural justice, politics, governance, western protection, violence, cultural practices, societal survival, military induction, necessity, physical safety, conflict, armed children, South Sudan, rebel army, parental death, extended families, protection, independence, war-torn nations, inviolate childhood, western liberal democracies, domestic legislation, vulnerable communities, democratic norms, criminalisation, children's rights, legal enforcement, Christine Emily Ryan, Southern Sudanese Second Civil War Cultural relativism, child soldiers, intercultural justice, politics, governance, Western protection, violence, cultural practices, survival, societal change, military induction, physical safety, conflict, South Sudan, rebel army, inviolate childhood, Western construct, privation, vulnerable communities, democratic norms, criminalisation Cultural relativism, child soldiers, intercultural justice, politics, governance, international legislation, supranational legislation, violence, western values, cultural practices, survival, societal change, military organisations, physical safety, conflict, South Sudan, rebel army, vulnerable communities, inviolate childhood, western liberal democracies, law enforcement, democratic norms, criminalisation, protection, Christine Emily Ryan, PhD Thesis, University of London, 2009
test-international-miasimyhw-pro05a	The freedom to move is a human right.  Mobility is a human right - which needs to be enabled across national spaces and Africa. Obstacles need to be removed. Mobility enables access to interconnected rights - such as ensuring women their right to move enables empowerment in the political, social and economic spheres.  Taking the case of migration of young people, the process reflects a right of passage, a means of exploring opportunities and identity.For example the Mourides of Senegal have established a dense network sustaining informal trading across multiple scales based on a foundation of ‘Brotherhood’ youths leaving rural areas become integrated into dynamic social networks and educated within the Mouride culture. As research in Tanzania shows although migration is not a priority for all youths, many identify the opportunity as a time to prove yourself and establish your transition into adulthood. The process empowers human identity and rights. freedom, mobility, human-rights, national-spaces, Africa, obstacles, women-empowerment, political-rights, social-rights, economic-rights, migration, young-people, right-of-passage, identity, Mourides, Senegal, informal-trading, Brotherhood, social-networks, rural-areas, Tanzania, transition-adulthood, human-identity, empowerment, opportunities freedom, mobility, human rights, national spaces, Africa, obstacles, interconnected rights, women, empowerment, political, social, economic, migration, young people, right of passage, opportunities, identity, Mourides, Senegal, dense network, informal trading, Brotherhood, youths, rural areas, social networks, Mouride culture, Tanzania, transition, adulthood, human identity, empowerment freedom, mobility, human rights, national spaces, Africa, obstacles, women empowerment, political rights, social rights, economic rights, migration, young people, right of passage, opportunities, identity, Mourides, Senegal, informal trading, Brotherhood, youths, rural areas, social networks, Mouride culture, Tanzania, transition, adulthood, human identity freedom, mobility, human rights, national spaces, Africa, obstacles, interconnected rights, women empowerment, political rights, social rights, economic rights, migration, young people, right of passage, opportunities, identity, Mourides, Senegal, informal trading, Brotherhood, rural areas, social networks, Mouride culture, Tanzania, youth migration, proving oneself, adulthood, human identity, empowerment freedom, mobility, human, rights, national, Africa, obstacles, women, empowerment, political, social, economic, migration, young, people, right, passage, opportunities, identity, Mourides, Senegal, network, trading, Brotherhood, rural, integrated, social, networks, culture, Tanzania, transition, adulthood, human, identity
test-education-usuprmhbu-con02a	Affirmative action creates bad workplaces for all minorities  Affirmative action creates a negative workplaces for all minorities whose group receives affirmative action support.  The existence of affirmative action creates a de-facto assumption that anyone of that particular minority must have gotten where they are not on their own merit, but simply because they are that particular minority. This causes people to resent the minority group for getting for “free” what people feel they had to work hard for. This furthers the perception of the minority as being inferior, and removes their capacity to be treated as an equal in the workplace and prove themselves.  This assumption is not only harmful to those minorities who did receive assistance from affirmative action, but also anyone of that minority group regardless of if they were hired using affirmative action because there is simply an assumption that they are less qualified and there because of the policy because the policy exists.  Therefore, affirmative action creates an assumption that minorities in the workplace are less qualified and inherently inferior to the other workers due to the affirmative action policy causing resentment and deepening inequality, not helping eradicate it. affirmative action, workplace discrimination, minority resentment, merit assumption, workplace inequality, negative workplace perception, minority hiring, policy impact, workplace resentment, minority inferiority Affirmative action, workplace inequality, minority resentment, workplace perceptions, merit assumption, workplace discrimination, minority workplace experience, affirmative action criticism, workplace meritocracy, workplace diversity policies affirmative action, workplace, minorities, negative perception, merit, resentment, inequality, workplace inequality, minority hiring, policy impact, workplace dynamics, professional merit, minority representation, employment discrimination, workplace diversity, affirmative action policy, workplace meritocracy, minority resentment, policy consequences affirmative action, negative workplaces, minorities, de-facto assumption, merit, resentment, minority group, less qualified, inherent inferiority, workplace inequality, policy impact, workplace discrimination, self-proving stereotype, equal treatment, professional competence, hiring practices, workplace dynamics, social perceptions, affirmative action consequences affirmative action, negative workplace, minorities, merit, resentment, inequality, workplace discrimination, policy impact, minority hiring, perceived inferiority, workplace dynamics, employment equity, social perception, minority representation, workplace equality
test-international-ghwcitca-con03a	Unlike warfare cyber-attacks don’t kill so they don’t need to be restricted in the same way  Warfare needs to be closely regulated because of the numbers of people who can be killed and the devastation that can result. This is not something that is a concern with cyber-attacks. So far cyber-attacks have not been very effective. ‘Stuxnet’ was a computer worm targeted an important control system in the Iranian nuclear program sabotaging gas centrifuges by making them run out of control. It was created by US and Israeli intelligence yet was not particularly effective, and certainly did not kill anyone. [1] Other major attacks have infected a large number of machines, such as ‘Shamoon’ that attacked the Saudi state oil company ARAMCO which affected 30,000 computers, but again this is simply destruction of property. [2] No matter how indiscriminate cyber-attacks may be that they don’t cause large numbers of deaths means there is little need to ban such attacks – it simply does not matter if attackers don’t follow a set of conventions like the Geneva conventions.  [1] Barzashka, Ivanka, ‘Are Cyber-Weapons Effective? Assessing Stuxnet’s Impact on the Iranian Enrichment Programme’, RUSI Journal, Vol.158, Issue 2, 28 April 2013,   [2] Garamone, Jim, ‘Panetta Spells out DOD Roles in Cyberdefense’, American Forces Press Service, 11 October 2012, cyber-attacks, warfare, regulation, Stuxnet, Iranian nuclear program, Shamoon, ARAMCO, deaths, property destruction, Geneva conventions, effectiveness, Barzashka, Garamone, DOD roles, cyberdefense cyber-attacks, warfare, regulation, Stuxnet, Iranian, nuclear, Shamoon, ARAMCO, effectiveness, casualties, property, destruction, conventions, Geneva, military, defense, policy, international, law, ethics, technology, security, intelligence, US, Israeli, Saudi, computers, control, systems, sabotage, gas, centrifuges, worms, viruses, infectious, machines, impact, assessment, roles, DOD, cyberdefense, defense, strategies, warfare, cyber, conflict, digital, attacks, cyberwarfare, computer, networks, military, operations, cyber, security, cybercrime, cyberterrorism cyber-attacks, warfare, regulation, Stuxnet, Iran, nuclear program, Shamoon, ARAMCO, property destruction, deaths, effectiveness, Geneva conventions, military ethics, cybersecurity, international law, cyber warfare, digital weapons, computer worms, intelligence operations, US, Israeli, Saudi Arabia, defense policy, ethical hacking, cyber defense, DoD, Panetta, military strategy, cyber security regulations cyber-attacks, warfare, regulation, Stuxnet, Shamoon, ARAMCO, Iranian nuclear program, US intelligence, Israeli intelligence, Geneva conventions, destruction of property, effectiveness, casualties, moral restrictions, military ethics cyber-attacks, warfare, regulation, casualties, devastation, effectiveness, Stuxnet, Iranian nuclear program, Shamoon, ARAMCO, property destruction, Geneva conventions, moral implications, international law, cyber warfare ethics, military ethics, cyber security, digital warfare, state-sponsored attacks, intelligence operations, cyber defense, Department of Defense, leadership statements, cyber policy
test-politics-oglilpdwhsn-con04a	"Problems with Verification.  Verification is vital in any agreement to limit arms. Both sides need to trust each other a bit but a lot of this trust needs to come from comprehensive mechanisms to monitor and ensure that both sides are carrying out their commitments. If the verification system is not good enough then neither side will have faith in the agreement and will be more likely to try and bypass it.  Unfortunately the expired START’s verification regime was robust when compared to that for the New START. Baker Spring at the Heritage foundation lists some of the specific areas that are significantly less robust: A narrowing of the requirements for exchanging telemetry (electronic transmissions that give details of missile performance that helps give a good idea about whether Russia is complying with the treaty) , A reduction in the effectiveness of the inspections (the Russians feel that inspections are unfairly biased against them), Weaknesses in the ability to verify the number of deployed warheads on ICBMs and submarine-launched ballistic missiles (SLBMs), Abolition of the START verification regime governing mobile ICBMs, and A weakening of the verification standards governing the elimination of delivery vehicles. [1]  [1] Spring, Baker. ""Twelve Flaws of New START That Will Be Difficult to Fix"". Heritage Foundation, The Foundry. 16 September 2010. Verification, arms control, trust, comprehensive mechanisms, START treaty, New START, telemetry, inspections, ICBMs, SLBMs, warheads, mobile ICBMs, delivery vehicles, Heritage Foundation, Baker Spring Verification, Arms control, Trust, START treaty, New START, Heritage Foundation, Telemetry, Inspections, Warheads, ICBMs, SLBMs, Mobile ICBMs, Delivery vehicles, Treaty compliance, Russian Federation, United States Verification, arms agreements, trust, monitoring, compliance, START treaty, New START, Heritage Foundation, telemetry, inspections, warheads, ICBMs, SLBMs, mobile ICBMs, delivery vehicles, missile performance, treaty flaws, Russia, United States, arms control, nuclear weapons Verification, Arms Agreements, Trust, Monitoring, Commitments, START Treaty, New START, Robustness, Russian Compliance, Inspections, Telemetry, ICBMs, SLBMs, Warhead Verification, Mobile ICBMs, Delivery Vehicle Elimination, Treaty Flaws, Heritage Foundation, Baker Spring Verification, Arms control, Trust, Comprehensive mechanisms, Monitoring, Commitments, START treaty, New START, Robustness, Verification regime, Telemetry, Electronic transmissions, Missile performance, Compliance, Inspections, Bias, Deployed warheads, ICBMs, Submarine-launched ballistic missiles, SLBMs, Mobile ICBMs, Elimination, Delivery vehicles, Baker Spring, Heritage Foundation, Twelve Flaws, New START flaws"
test-international-aglhrilhb-con03a	Fear of prosecutions cause leaders to do more damage  Instead of giving up fighting, leaders continue to fight, disrupting the ability of a country to move on, for fear of prosecution. Pol Pot, for example, rebuilt armies and continued to fight long after his regime was overthrown, killing thousands more people. Had an amnesty been offered, he might well have given up and allowed the country to heal with far less death. Joseph Kony also continues to plague Uganda from within bush land even though he has offered to surrender for amnesty, because the ICC refuses to grant him any indemnity for his crimes [1].  [1] BBC news Africa, ‘LRA leader Joseph Kony 'in surrender talks' with CAR’, bbc.co.uk, 20 November 2013, fear, prosecutions, leaders, damage, fighting, country, move on, Pol Pot, armies, regime, overthrow, killing, amnesty, heal, Joseph Kony, Uganda, bush land, surrender, ICC, indemnity, crimes, BBC, Africa, LRA, leader, CAR, talks fear, prosecutions, leaders, damage, fighting, country, move on, Pol Pot, rebuild, armies, regime, overthrown, killing, amnesty, surrender, Joseph Kony, Uganda, bush land, ICC, indemnity, crimes, LRA leader, surrender talks, CAR, BBC news Africa Fear, Prosecutions, Leaders, Damage, Fighting, Country, Move On, Pol Pot, Armies, Regime, Overthrown, Killing, Amnesty, Heal, Joseph Kony, Uganda, Bush Land, Surrender, ICC, Indemnity, Crimes, BBC News Africa, LRA, CAR fear, prosecutions, leaders, damage, fighting, country, move on, Pol Pot, armies, regime, overthrown, killing, amnesty, heal, Joseph Kony, Uganda, bush land, ICC, indemnity, surrender, LRA, CAR, BBC news, Africa Fear, Prosecutions, Leaders, Damage, Fighting, Country, Move On, Pol Pot, Armies, Regime, Overthrown, Killing, Amnesty, Heal, Joseph Kony, Uganda, Bush Land, Surrender, ICC, Indemnity, Crimes, LRA, CAR, Talks
test-international-iwiaghbss-con03a	Could retain sovereignty without acquiring new territory  While it is normal for states to have exclusive sovereign control over territory this has not always happened in the past. There have been governments in exile that have remained recognised as a result of wars or revolutions. Most notable perhaps was during world war II where there were governments in exile as a result of invasions by Germany and Japan. For example Philippine President Quezon set up The Commonwealth government in exile in Washington D.C. which remained the recognised government by the allies and therefore much of the world. [1]  A state therefore does not have to have control over a populated territory to maintain a sovereign government and for the world to recognise it as such. [2] Having a population on the territory over which the state has sovereignty matters little; migrants don’t always change citizenship when they move to live in another country. Indeed 56.9% of Samoans live outside their own territory. [3]  [1] Jose, Ricardo, T., ‘Governments in Exile’, University of the Philippines,  , p.182  [2] Yu, 2013,   [3] McAdam, 2010,  , p.8 sovereignty, territory, governments in exile, World War II, Philippine President Quezon, Commonwealth government, allies, recognized government, population, citizenship, migrants, Samoans, Ricardo T. Jose, University of the Philippines, Yu 2013, McAdam 2010 sovereignty, territory, governments in exile, World War II, Philippine government, recognized government, states, population, citizenship, migrants, Samoans, sovereignty without territory, control over territory, international recognition sovereignty, territory, states, exclusive control, governments in exile, wars, revolutions, World War II, invasions, Germany, Japan, Philippine President Quezon, Commonwealth government, Washington D.C., allies, recognized government, sovereign government, population, territory sovereignty, migrants, citizenship, Samoans, Ricardo Jose, University of the Philippines, Yu, 2013, McAdam, 2010 sovereignty, territory, governments in exile, World War II, Philippine President Quezon, Commonwealth government, recognized government, allies, state control, populated territory, migrants, citizenship, Samoans, Ricardo Jose, University of the Philippines, Yu 2013, McAdam 2010 sovereignty, territory, governments in exile, World War II, Philippine President Quezon, Commonwealth government, recognized government, allied recognition, Samoans, population, citizenship, migrants, state recognition, control, populated territory, sovereignty maintenance, international recognition, statehood, political exile, German invasion, Japanese invasion, migrant citizenship, territorial control, state sovereignty, government exile, Samoan diaspora, political recognition, state authority, government authority, territorial sovereignty, exile government, recognition criteria, state legitimacy, political legitimacy, government legitimacy, international legitimacy, state control, state population, citizenship status, territorial population, state existence, government
test-philosophy-ippelhbcp-con03a	Capital punishment is a comparatively small issue  Whatever the merits, capital punishment in Africa is a small issue. Capital punishment opponents should focus on China, which uses capital punishment in a secretive manner for all variety of offences and executes far more people than the rest of the world put together. [1]  If Western human rights groups genuinely want to improve human rights in Africa, there are a myriad of issues that affect many more people relating to good governance, political rights and socio-economic rights, rather than just focusing on a small number of individuals, generally convicted of particularly serious criminal offences.  [1] ‘Death Sentences and Executions 2012’, Amnesty International, April 2013,  , p.6 capital punishment, Africa, small issue, China, secretive, offences, executions, Western human rights groups, improve human rights, Africa issues, good governance, political rights, socio-economic rights, serious criminal offences Capital punishment, Africa, China, secretive, offences, executions, human rights, Western groups, governance, political rights, socio-economic rights, serious crimes capital punishment, Africa, small issue, human rights, China, secretive, offences, executions, Western, human rights groups, good governance, political rights, socio-economic rights, serious criminal offences capital punishment, Africa, small issue, human rights, China, secretive, varieties of offences, executions, Western human rights groups, good governance, political rights, socio-economic rights, serious criminal offences capital punishment, Africa, small issue, China, secretive, offences, executions, Western human rights groups, human rights, good governance, political rights, socio-economic rights, serious criminal offences
test-free-speech-debate-radhbsshr-pro01a	Artistic Freedom  A core principle of art is that it should be free from any form of inhibition, as the particular artwork is an expression of the particular views and ideals of the artist. The subject matter in many instances is their own choice; therefore they have the right to say what they want about the subject matter, safe in the knowledge that is their opinion alone being portrayed.  The artist that painted ‘The Spear’, Brett Murray, created the piece as part of an exhibition that reflected his own discontent at the lack of major progress since the ruling African National Congress took power in South Africa after the end of Apartheid in 1994. Murray used his work to promulgate an idea that he has, allowing for others to see the art work for themselves and make up their own minds about President Zuma and the ANC. [1]  Art Galleries have a right to display any artist they feel will attract visitors as well showcase the forms of art that they believe is suitable. The Goodman Gallery saw no issue with Murray’s work to the extent that they prevented any particular works from being displayed. As it was their venue which was the setting for ‘The Spear’s display, The Goodman Gallery had the right to take decisions independently of external pressure. The removal of the exhibit sets a dangerous precedent whereby government can unduly censor artworks, threatening the free actions of artists and the galleries that display their work in turn affecting plural, democratic discourse. [2]  [1] Du Toit, ‘Artist Brett Murray explains why he painted ‘The spear’, 2 Ocean’s Vibe, 2012,   [2] Robins. P, ‘The spear that divided the nation’, Amandla, 2012, Artistic Freedom, Expression, Inhibition, Views, Ideals, Subject Matter, Opinion, The Spear, Brett Murray, Exhibition, Discontent, Progress, African National Congress, ANC, Power, Apartheid, Promulgate, Idea, Art Galleries, Visitors, Forms of Art, Goodman Gallery, Venue, External Pressure, Removal, Censorship, Government, Free Actions, Plural, Democratic Discourse Artistic freedom, expression, inhibition, artist's rights, subject choice, opinion, artwork, Brett Murray, The Spear, exhibition, discontent, progress, African National Congress, ANC, Apartheid, post-Apartheid, critique, government, censorship, Goodman Gallery, art display, external pressure, removal, precedent, democratic discourse, pluralism, visitor attraction, art forms, Robins, Amandla, Du Toit, Ocean’s Vibe Artistic Freedom, Expression, Inhibition, Artist's Rights, Brett Murray, The Spear, African National Congress, Apartheid, Goodman Gallery, Censorship, Government Pressure, Democratic Discourse, Exhibition, Progress, Discontent, Art Galleries, Display Rights, External Pressure, Removal, Dangerous Precedent, Plural Society Artistic Freedom, Expression, Inhibition, Views, Ideals, Subject Matter, Opinion, The Spear, Brett Murray, Exhibition, Discontent, Progress, African National Congress, Apartheid, Goodman Gallery, Visitors, Suitable Art, External Pressure, Censorship, Government, Free Actions, Plural, Democratic Discourse Artistic Freedom, Expression, Inhibition, Views, Ideals, Subject Matter, Opinion, Brett Murray, The Spear, Exhibition, Discontent, Progress, African National Congress, Apartheid, Art Galleries, Visitors, Goodman Gallery, External Pressure, Government, Censorship, Plural, Democratic Discourse
test-health-hpehwadvoee-con03a	This would encourage coercion for some to die to save others  By allowing sacrificial donations society becomes vulnerable to abuse of this system. It is possible that people are scared or coerced into sacrificing their lives for others. While society does all it can for those who are ill, it cannot start moving the boundaries for when it actively takes the lives of its citizens.  Even when there is no coercion, we cannot even know when a person is beyond all hope. Even in the direst situations, there are exceptional cases when people recover. However, if we take a person’s vital organs, the process is irreversible. Therefore, it is always wrong to prematurely kill another person, while the recipient is still alive and within the realm of luck and miracles. In the status quo the donor is already dead and the trade-off is not a problem, but this cannot be extended to the living coercion, sacrificial donations, abuse, vulnerability, life sacrifice, ethical boundaries, premature killing, irreversible, vital organs, exceptional recovery, status quo, donor, recipient, luck, miracles coercion, sacrificial donations, abuse, scared, coercion, sacrificial, life, illness, boundaries, active killing, citizens, hope, recovery, vital organs, irreversible, premature killing, recipient, living, donor, dead, trade-off, ethical concerns, medical ethics, end-of-life decisions, organ donation, coercion in organ donation, premature organ harvesting, ethical boundaries in medicine, respecting life, preserving life, moral responsibility, potential for recovery, medical miracles, societal values, moral dilemmas, organ transplantation ethics, coercive practices, moral controversies, voluntary vs coerced donation coercion, sacrificial donations, abuse, vulnerability, scared, coercion, sacrificing lives, societal boundaries, taking lives, citizens, beyond hope, recovery, exceptional cases, vital organs, irreversible, prematurely kill, recipient, luck, miracles, status quo, donor, dead, trade-off, living coercion, sacrificial, donations, abuse, society, scared, sacrificing, lives, boundaries, actively, taking, lives, citizens, illness, moving, boundaries, hopeless, recovery, exceptional, cases, vital, organs, irreversible, prematurely, killing, person, recipient, alive, luck, miracles, status, quo, donor, dead, trade-off, living coercion, sacrificial donations, abuse, vulnerability, life sacrifice, societal boundaries, active killing, irreversible process, premature killing, vital organs, recovery, exceptions, luck, miracles, living donors, ethical concerns, moral boundaries, medical ethics, organ donation, consent, coercion prevention, patient rights, healthcare policy
test-international-aahwstdrtfm-con03a	Receive much greater interest from Taiwan  There are benefits to being one of only twenty-two countries that recognise another country; you are lavished with attention. The President of the RoC visited São Tomé in January 2014, [1] he was last intending to visit only two years before but cancelled as President Manuel Pinto da Costa was overseas. [2] Visits also regularly go the other way; in a four month period from October 2010 São Tomé’s President, Minister of Finance, and Prime Minister all made separate trips to Taiwan. [3] The PRC being recognised by many more countries could never provide the same level of attention. As one of the poorest countries in the world without the question of recognition the PRC would have practically no interest in such a small African state.  [1] ‘Ma vows to strengthen ROC-Sao Tome relations’, Taiwan Today, 27 January 2014,   [2] Hsiu-chuan, Shih, ‘Ma’s trip canceled due to scheduling conflict: Sao Tome’, Taipei Times, 5 April 2012,   [3] Martins, Vasco, ‘Aid for legitimacy: São Tomé and Principe hand in hand with Taiwan’, IPRIS Viewpoints, February 2011, Taiwan, recognition, diplomatic relations, São Tomé and Príncipe, RoC, President, visits, attention, PRC, poverty, aid, legitimacy, international relations, diplomacy, Africa, Asia, country recognition, political benefits, state visits, diplomatic ties, foreign policy Taiwan, recognition, São Tomé, international relations, diplomacy, RoC, President, visits, attention, benefits, PRC, poverty, aid, legitimacy Taiwan, ROC, São Tomé, recognition, diplomatic relations, President, attention, visits, PRC, aid, legitimacy, poverty, Africa, international relations, diplomacy Taiwan, São Tomé, recognition, diplomacy, ROC, PRC, President, relations, visits, attention, aid, legitimacy, poverty, Africa, international relations, diplomatic recognition, foreign policy, state visits, economic support, political attention, government exchanges Taiwan, São Tomé, diplomatic relations, ROC recognition, President Ma, visits, international attention, poverty, PRC, diplomatic benefits, aid, legitimacy
test-health-hdond-con04a	People may have valid religious reasons not to donate organs  Many major religions, such as some forms of Orthodox Judaism {Haredim Issue}, specifically mandate leaving the body intact after death. To create a system that aims to strongly pressure people, with the threat of reduced priority for life-saving treatment, to violate their religious beliefs violates religious freedom. This policy would put individuals and families in the untenable position of having to choose between contravene the edicts of their god and losing the life of themselves or a loved one. While it could be said that any religion that bans organ donation would presumably ban receiving organs as transplants, this is not actually the case; some followers of Shintoism and Roma faiths prohibit removing organs from the body, but allow transplants to the body. religious reasons, organ donation, Orthodox Judaism, Haredim Issue, body intact, religious beliefs, religious freedom, reduced priority, life-saving treatment, moral dilemma, Shintoism, Roma faiths, organ transplants, prohibitions, religious practices, ethical conflict, medical ethics, cultural beliefs, organ donation policies, human rights religious reasons, organ donation, Orthodox Judaism, Haredim Issue, body intact, religious freedom, pressure, reduced priority, life-saving treatment, violate beliefs, religious beliefs, untenable position, contravene edicts, god, religion bans, organ donation, receiving organs, transplants, Shintoism, Roma faiths, prohibit removing, allow transplants religious reasons, organ donation, Orthodox Judaism, Haredim Issue, body intact, religious freedom, reduced priority, life-saving treatment, violate beliefs, religious beliefs, policy, individuals, families, contravene edicts, god, losing life, loved one, religion, bans, organ donation, receiving organs, transplants, Shintoism, Roma faiths, removing organs, allow transplants religious reasons, organ donation, Orthodox Judaism, Haredim Issue, body intact, religious freedom, pressure, reduced priority, life-saving treatment, religious beliefs, violate, edicts, god, religion, bans, receiving organs, transplants, Shintoism, Roma faiths, prohibit, removing organs, allow transplants religious reasons, organ donation, Orthodox Judaism, Haredim Issue, religious freedom, life-saving treatment, religious beliefs, edicts, god, Shintoism, Roma faiths, transplants, body integrity, policy pressure, reduced priority, moral dilemma, ethical conflict, religious practices, medical ethics
test-sport-ybfgsohbhog-pro03a	COUNTERPOINT Any large expenditure in one area will stimulate regeneration. Considering that the cost of hosting the London 2012 Olympics is predicted at £2.375 billion, expected to rise far higher, regeneration is the least that can be expected as a le  The Olympics are a showcase. Hosting the Olympics can be a way of making a strong political point because of the intense media scrutiny that accompanies the games. During the Cold War both Moscow 1980 and Los Angeles 1984 were used by the USSR and USA to show their economic strength. Seoul in 1988 used the games to demonstrate South Korea's economic and political maturity. The Beijing Olympics in 2008 are seen by many as evidence of China's acceptance into the global community and a way for her to showcase her economic growth and acceptance of the West. For New York, the 2012 bid is a way of showing that the post-9/11 healing process has been completed and that the city is 'open for business' despite the terrorist attacks. Olympics, regeneration, economic strength, political point, media scrutiny, Cold War, Moscow 1980, Los Angeles 1984, Seoul 1988, Beijing 2008, China, global community, New York, post-9/11, healing process, open for business, terrorist attacks, large expenditure, stimulation, economic growth, political maturity, showcase, economic impact, urban development, international relations, bid, hosting, costs, benefits, legacy, investment, tourism, infrastructure, security, resilience, national pride, global stage, city revitalization, cultural exchange, sport Olympics, regeneration, economic strength, political maturity, global community, economic growth, post-9/11, healing, media scrutiny, showcase, large expenditure, economic impact, city development, international relations, terrorism, security, urban renewal, legacy, sports events, political statement, cultural significance, tourism, investment, infrastructure, public relations, national identity, symbolism, mega-events, resilience, recovery, international spotlight, hosting benefits, cost-benefit analysis, urban transformation, societal impact, global platform, regional development, community engagement, legacy planning, strategic investment, sports diplomacy, cultural exchange, international competition, host city advantages, Olympics, regeneration, economic-strength, political-point, media-scrutiny, Cold-War, Moscow-1980, Los-Angeles-1984, Seoul-1988, Beijing-2008, New-York-2012, post-9-11, economic-growth, global-community, political-maturity, showcase, large-expenditure, cost, hosting, le, stimulation Olympics, regeneration, economic strength, political statement, media scrutiny, Cold War, Moscow 1980, Los Angeles 1984, Seoul 1988, Beijing 2008, China, global community, New York, post-9/11, healing, open for business, large expenditure, stimulus, showcase Olympics, regeneration, economic impact, political statement, media scrutiny, Cold War, Moscow 1980, Los Angeles 1984, Seoul 1988, Beijing 2008, China's economic growth, New York 2012 bid, post-9/11 recovery
test-law-tahglcphsld-pro04a	Legalisation reduces crime  The illegality of drugs fuels a huge amount of crime that could be eliminated if drugs were legalised. Price controls would mean that addicts would no longer have to steal to fund their habits, and a state-provided drug services would put dealers out of business, starving criminal gangs of their main source of funding. For example, an Italian Mafia family were making around $44bn a year from cocaine smuggling. [1] This represents something like 3% of Italy’s entire GDP – and that from only one crime syndicate.  [1] Kington, Tom, ‘Italian police raids reveal how an 80-year-old gangster held sway over the feared Calabrian mafia’, The Observer, 18 July 2010, legalisation, crime reduction, drug policy, price control, addiction, theft, state-provided services, drug dealers, criminal gangs, funding, Italian Mafia, cocaine smuggling, GDP, police raids, Calabrian mafia legalisation, crime reduction, drug illegality, crime elimination, price controls, drug addiction, theft prevention, state-provided drug services, drug dealers, criminal gangs, funding starvation, Italian Mafia, cocaine smuggling, police raids, Calabrian mafia legalisation, crime reduction, drug legality, price controls, addiction funding, state drug services, criminal gangs, funding starvation, Italian Mafia, cocaine smuggling, GDP impact, crime syndicate, police raids, Calabrian mafia Legalisation, crime reduction, drug policy, price controls, addiction, theft prevention, state-provided drugs, criminal gangs, funding reduction, Italian Mafia, cocaine smuggling, economic impact, police raids, Calabrian mafia legalisation, crime reduction, drug illegality, crime elimination, price controls, addiction funding, theft prevention, state-provided drug services, drug dealers, criminal gangs, funding starvation, Italian Mafia, cocaine smuggling, crime syndicate, GDP impact, police raids, Calabrian mafia
test-international-iiahwagit-con03a	Legalising the trade of horns, ivory, furs and pelts would be more effective  Making it legal for hunters to kill these endangered animals, rather than protecting them, could prevent extinction. The protected status of endangered animals has made their pelts, horns and tusks more expensive as they are harder to obtain. [1] The current illegality of trading rhino horns has constrained supply in comparison to demand in Asia. This has driven the price of the horn to around £84,000. Softening protection for endangered animals could, in theory, reduce the price to a point where it is no longer profitable to hunt these endangered animals. [2] This would potentially increase supply by freeing up that seized by governments which is currently destroyed, and could potentially involve farming as South Africa is considering with Rhino horn. [3]  [1] Welz, A. ‘The War on African Poaching: Is Militarization Fated to Fail?’  [2] Player, I. & Fourie, A. ‘How to win the war against poachers’  [3] Molewa, E., ‘Statement on Rhino poaching intervention’ legalising, trade, horns, ivory, furs, pelts, hunters, kill, endangered, animals, extinction, protected, status, pelts, horns, tusks, expensive, illegality, rhino, horns, demand, Asia, price, profitable, hunt, supply, seized, governments, destroyed, farming, South, Africa, poaching, militarization, war, poachers, intervention legalising, trade, horns, ivory, furs, pelts, hunters, kill, endangered, animals, protection, extinction, pelts, horns, tusks, expensive, illegality, rhino, horns, demand, Asia, price, profitability, supply, seized, governments, destroyed, farming, South, Africa, poaching, militarization, intervention, war, poachers legalising, trade, horns, ivory, furs, pelts, effective, hunters, kill, endangered, animals, extinction, protected, status, expensive, demand, Asia, rhino, horns, supply, price, illegal, poaching, militarization, fail, farming, South, Africa, Molewa, statement, poaching, intervention Legalising, trade, horns, ivory, furs, pelts, hunters, kill, endangered, animals, extinction, protected, status, expensive, supply, demand, Asia, price, profitable, poaching, militarization, fail, farming, South, Africa, Rhino, horn, intervention, seizure, destruction, market, economics, conservation, policy, wildlife, poachers, war, strategy, legal, illegal, trade, legislation, animal, rights, ethics, environmental, impact, biodiversity, sustainability Legalising, trade, horns, ivory, furs, pelts, hunters, kill, endangered, animals, extinction, protected, status, expensive, demand, Asia, price, profitability, poaching, militarization, South, Africa, farming, Rhino, horn, supply, seized, governments, Molewa, Player, Fourie, poachers, intervention
test-education-pshhghwpba0-pro04a	Breakfast teaches about health  Children need to learn about how good nutrition keeps them healthy. Providing a school breakfast means that the meal can be an educational experience and have teaching alongside. This education will ensure that when these children grow up they continue to eat healthily with future benefits for the nation’s health. Breakfast, Health, Children, Nutrition, School, Meal, Education, Teaching, Healthy, Future, Benefits, Nation, Wellness, Diet, Growth, Development, Awareness, Importance, Food, Choices, Lifestyle, Improvement, Public, Policy, Programs, Impact breakfast, health, children, nutrition, school, meal, education, teaching, healthy, eating, future, benefits, nation, wellness breakfast, health, children, nutrition, school, meal, education, teaching, healthy, benefits, nation, wellbeing, growth, development, dietary, habits, learning, importance, food, balanced, vitamins, minerals, energy, concentration, performance, immune, system, lifestyle, habits, future, population, public, policy, community, wellness, prevention, awareness, programs, initiative, intervention, impact, research, studies, evidence, practice, improvement, children's, health, education, program, implementation, success, outcomes, goals, objectives, strategies, methods, approaches, resources, support, environment, culture, values, Breakfast, health, children, nutrition, school, meal, education, teaching, healthy, eating, benefits, nation, wellness, learning, growth, development, dietary, habits, public, improvement, youth, breakfast-program, nutritional-value, lifelong, health-conscious, awareness, student, development, youth-health Breakfast, Health, Children, Nutrition, School, Meal, Education, Teaching, Healthy, Future, Benefits, Nation, Wellness
test-health-hgwhwbjfs-con04a	Pupils will bring unhealthy food with them to schools.  Frequently, a ban- whether or food, alcohol or forms of media- serves only to build interest in the things that has been prohibited. When a ban affects something that is a familiar part of everyday life that is generally regarded as benign, there is a risk that individuals may try to acquire the banned thing through other means.  Having had their perspective in junk food defined partly by attractive, highly persuasive advertising, children are likely to adopt an ambivalent perspective on any attempt to restrict their dietary choices. The extreme contrast between the former popularity of vending machines in schools and the austere approach required by new policies may hamper schools’ attempts to convince pupils of the necessity and rationality of their decision.  Even though schools may be able to coerce and compel their pupils to comply with disciplinary measures, they cannot stop children buying sweets outside of school hours.  When rules at an Orange county school changed, and the cafeteria got rid of its sweets, the demand was still up high, so that the school had to figure out a way to fix the situation. They created a “candy cart” – which now brings them income for sports equipment or other necessities. One of the pupils, Edgar Coker (18-year-old senior) explained that: “If I couldn’t buy it here, I’d bring it from home.” [1]  It is difficult to regulate junk food consumption through unsophisticated measures such as prohibition. A ban my undermine attempts to alter pupil’s mindsets and their perspective on food marketing and their own diets.  [1] Harris G., 'A Federal Effort to Push Junk Food Out of School', New York Times, 2 August 2010  , accessed 09/10/2011 unhealthy food, school ban, interest in banned items, everyday life, dietary choices, junk food, advertising, vending machines, disciplinary measures, compliance, sweets, Orange County, candy cart, income, sports equipment, regulation, junk food consumption, prohibition, mindset, food marketing, diets pupils, unhealthy food, schools, ban, interest, prohibited, familiar, everyday life, benign, junk food, advertising, ambivalent perspective, dietary choices, vending machines, policies, popularity, austere approach, coercion, compliance, disciplinary measures, sweets, outside school hours, Orange county school, cafeteria, demand, candy cart, income, sports equipment, regulation, unsophisticated measures, mindsets, food marketing, diets unhealthy food, school bans, dietary restrictions, vending machines, junk food advertising, pupil compliance, disciplinary measures, candy cart, junk food consumption, food regulation, dietary choices, school policies, prohibition effects, Orange County school, Edgar Coker, food marketing, mindset change, New York Times, federal effort, school cafeteria unhealthy food, school policies, vending machines, junk food advertising, dietary choices, pupil compliance, disciplinary measures, candy cart, junk food consumption, food marketing, pupil perspectives, school income, sports equipment, Orange County, Edgar Coker, federal effort, New York Times, school cafeteria, prohibition effects, alternative solutions Pupils, unhealthy food, schools, ban, interest, prohibited, everyday life, benign, junk food, advertising, ambivalent perspective, dietary choices, vending machines, policies, children, sweets, school hours, disciplinary measures, Orange county school, cafeteria, candy cart, income, sports equipment, Edgar Coker, federal effort, junk food consumption, unsophisticated measures, perspective, food marketing, diets
test-free-speech-debate-magghbcrg-pro03a	Community radio evens the playing field against state and corporate broadcasters.  Autocracy has, at its root, the premise that only one perspective, or group of perspectives is legitimate. Certain assumptions are unquestionable, certain rules inviolable and, more often than not, certain voices unchallengeable.  It’s all too easy for that state of affairs to be normalised. Community radio offers another voice. More to the point it offers many.  As well as the value of the messages themselves, the very fact that they are there and broadcast is a powerful statement against autocratic assumptions. The process of establishing and running a community radio station is, in and of itself, a powerful fillip for community cohesion.  Giving voices to communities supports them as groups in their own right; cohesive, engaged and worthy of respect. In doing so it can provide a focus which increases the homogeneity of those communities without requiring the approval of a central structure of control [i] . In addition to well known examples such as Radio Free Europe and Radio Liberty, radio stations across the Middle East And, especially, Africa have been key movers in the shift to democracy [ii] .  [i] Siddharth. Riding the radio wave; Community radio in South-East Asia. Culture360.org 18 February 2010.  [ii] Buckley, Steve, President, World Association for Community Radio Broadcasters. Community Broadcasting: good practice in policy, law and regulation. UNESCO. 2008. Community radio, state broadcasters, corporate broadcasters, autocracy, single perspective, unquestionable assumptions, unchallengeable voices, normalization, alternative voices, community cohesion, engaged communities, respect, democracy, Radio Free Europe, Radio Liberty, Middle East, Africa, democracy promotion, UNESCO, World Association for Community Radio Broadcasters, policy, regulation, South-East Asia, Siddharth, Steve Buckley Community radio, state broadcasters, corporate broadcasters, autocracy, perspectives, rules, voices, community cohesion, democracy, Radio Free Europe, Radio Liberty, Middle East, Africa, South-East Asia, UNESCO, policy, law, regulation Community radio, state broadcasters, corporate broadcasters, autocracy, single perspective, unchallengeable voices, normalization, community cohesion, engaged communities, democracy, Radio Free Europe, Radio Liberty, Middle East, Africa, UNESCO, World Association for Community Radio Broadcasters, policy, regulation, South-East Asia Community radio, state broadcasters, corporate broadcasters, autocracy, single perspective, unchallengeable voices, community cohesion, democratic shift, Radio Free Europe, Radio Liberty, Middle East, Africa, South-East Asia, UNESCO, policy, regulation, democracy, multiple perspectives, public engagement, social change, media pluralism, grassroots communication, community empowerment, civic participation, independent media, broadcasting diversity, alternative media, civil society, media freedom, digital inclusion, rural communication, urban community, participatory media, media literacy, cultural exchange, local content, broadcast autonomy, social cohesion, community identity, regulatory frameworks, media policy, legal frameworks, community Community radio, state broadcasters, corporate broadcasters, autocracy, legitimacy, perspectives, assumptions, rules, voices, normalization, community voice, messages, statement against autocracy, community cohesion, establishing radio station, running radio station, community support, group recognition, respect, community focus, homogeneity, control, Radio Free Europe, Radio Liberty, Middle East, Africa, democracy, South-East Asia, UNESCO, policy, law, regulation, World Association for Community Radio Broadcasters
test-digital-freedoms-phwnaccpdt-pro02a	Consumers tend to feel alienated by spreading of their personal information for profit  People experiencing the use of their personal details by companies have largely been found to see the process as extremely invasive and unsettling. Many have felt violated by the exploitation of their personal lives to market them products, often from people to whom they never consented to hand over information. This feeling has been demonstrated through significant public outcry and backlash, as well as empirical results showing these attitudes becoming more and more widespread, particularly in the case of online targeted advertising, which is the most well-known use of personal information. The best example of such backlash is the result of Amazon.com’s “dynamic pricing” system, in which the company varied its offerings and pricings to customers based on information gathered about them from prior uses. The result was a severe backlash that cost Amazon business until it ended the policy. [1] This has led to a blunting of the desired outcome of such marketers who experience declines in uptake rather than increased and more efficient reach of marketing. Furthermore, the targeted marketing that arises from these forms of information storage and sale can tend toward stereotypes, using programmes that favour broad brushstrokes in their marketing, resulting in stereotyped services on the basis of apparent race and gender. When this happens it is all the more alienating.  [1] Taylor, C., “Private Demands and Demands For Privacy: Dynamic Pricing and the Market for Customer Information”, Duke University, September 2002,  p.1 consumer alienation, personal information, profit exploitation, invasive marketing, personal data misuse, privacy violation, public backlash, online targeted advertising, Amazon dynamic pricing, marketing inefficiency, stereotyped services, race gender stereotypes personal information, profit, consumer alienation, invasive, unsettling, violation, personal life exploitation, marketing, consent, public outcry, empirical results, online targeted advertising, widespread attitudes, Amazon.com, dynamic pricing, customer information, backlash, business decline, marketing outcomes, stereotypes, race, gender, broad brushstrokes, market for customer information consumer alienation, personal information, privacy invasion, marketing backlash, public outcry, empirical results, online targeted advertising, Amazon dynamic pricing, marketing decline, stereotyped services, race and gender, customer information, market for privacy, declining marketing efficiency, privacy concerns, data exploitation, consumer violation, invasive marketing, broad marketing stereotypes, dynamic pricing controversy, privacy demands, customer data use, marketing stereotypes, privacy attitudes, targeted marketing stereotypes, consumer privacy, targeted advertising, data privacy, marketing ethics, consumer trust, data misuse, privacy backlash, marketing inefficiency, consumer data privacy, stereotyping in marketing, gender stereotyping, race stereotyping Consumers, Alienation, Personal Information, Profit, Invasive, Unsettling, Violated, Exploitation, Personal Lives, Marketing, Consent, Public Outcry, Backlash, Online Targeted Advertising, Amazon, Dynamic Pricing, Business Loss, Marketers, Decline, Uptake, Stereotypes, Race, Gender, Privacy, Customer Information consumer alienation, personal information exploitation, privacy invasion, targeted advertising, public backlash, Amazon dynamic pricing, marketing inefficiency, stereotyping in marketing, customer information misuse, privacy concerns, online marketing ethics, consumer trust erosion, data privacy, informational self-determination, advertising consent, user data exploitation, digital marketing backlash, invasive marketing practices, consumer rights, personal data protection, online advertising regulation, targeted marketing controversies, privacy attitudes, consumer behavior, marketing stereotypes, race and gender profiling, dynamic pricing controversy, customer information policy, Duke University study, privacy and marketing, data use ethics, consumer data abuse, online advertising impact, privacy backlash,
test-philosophy-elkosmj-con01a	Killing is worse than letting someone die  People die in accidents and by natural cause all of the time. However, it is much rarer for a person to be actively involved in another person’s death. If one chooses to pull the lever and change the course of the train then one is actively participating in the death of the one person. The other option involves no action; it simply allows a set of events to run their course. There is, therefore, a greater responsibility involved in being actively involved in the death of another. Killing, letting die, moral responsibility, active involvement, passive inaction, train dilemma, ethical decision-making, conscientious choice, natural causes, accidents, human intervention, moral distinction, lethal action, non-action, culpability, ethics, moral philosophy, trolley problem Killing, letting die, active involvement, passive inaction, moral responsibility, ethical dilemma, trolley problem, intentional harm, natural causes, accidents, human agency, consequence evaluation killing, letting die, moral responsibility, active involvement, passive action, ethical dilemma, trolley problem, human life value, moral choices, intentional harm, unintentional harm, culpability, ethics, philosophy killing, letting die, accidents, natural causes, active involvement, death, responsibility, moral distinction, inaction, action, ethical considerations, trolley problem killing, letting die, moral responsibility, active involvement, passive action, ethical dilemmas, trolley problem, death by accident, natural death, moral choice, participation in death, inaction, morality of actions, responsibility in killing
test-international-iighbopcc-con02a	Only a non-binding agreement would get the targets necessary  Fully binding treaties with mechanisms for compliance are the gold standard for agreements between nations. But because they are onerous they are the most difficult kind of treaties to get agreed to start with. If the aim were such an agreement it would unfortunately never happen. This has been demonstrated by the years of successive failures in crafting climate agreements. COP 15 is the most notable; expectations were immensely high for a binding international treaty but there was a failure to deliver, largely because governments did not want a binding international solution which is what was being negotiated at Copenhagen. [1]  [1] BBC News, ‘Why did Copenhagen fail to deliver a climate deal?’, 22 December 2009, non-binding agreement, binding treaties, compliance mechanisms, international agreements, climate agreements, COP 15, Copenhagen, climate deal, government reluctance, treaty negotiation, environmental policy, international relations, global climate change, diplomatic challenges Non-binding agreement, Targets, Fully binding treaties, Compliance mechanisms, Gold standard, Agreements between nations, Onerous, Difficult treaties, Climate agreements, COP 15, Copenhagen, International treaty, Government resistance, Failed climate deal, BBC News non-binding agreement, targets, binding treaties, compliance mechanisms, gold standard, international agreements, onerous, treaty negotiations, climate agreements, COP 15, Copenhagen, climate deal, government reluctance, international solutions, environmental policy, diplomatic challenges non-binding agreement, binding treaties, compliance mechanisms, international agreements, climate negotiations, COP 15, Copenhagen failure, government reluctance, climate deal, international treaty non-binding agreement, targets, binding treaties, compliance mechanisms, gold standard, agreements between nations, onerous, difficult treaties, climate agreements, COP 15, Copenhagen, international treaty, government reluctance, binding international solution, climate deal, failure, expectations, BBC News
test-politics-epvhbfsmsaop-con01a	Celebrity involvement can act as a ‘gateway’ to get more people engaged in politics  Celebrity endorsement of a candidate does more than make people vote, drone-like, for the candidate endorsed by their favourite celebrity. Rather, it encourages people who might not otherwise have thought politics was interesting to pay attention to it. Especially in an age of easily accessible information, people can easily access sufficient information about political personalities and policies to cast a meaningful vote.  As a consequence, you have more potential voters, from a wider cross-section of society, note the key role played by personalities like will.i.am in engaging young people during the Obama campaign. Rock the Vote with a large amount of celebrity support registered 2.6million voters in 2008 and it and other celebrity campaigns had been prominent in 2004 as well which was probably a key factor in 2million more 18-29 year olds voting in 2008 compared to 2004 or 6.5million over 2000. [1]  Some of the people thus enthused may go on further with their interest in the political system, some may simply start listening to news shows or reading blogs that they would otherwise have shunned. Either way, celebrity involvement has a beneficial impact on our political system that it would be foolish to discard: the larger and more diverse the voter base, the more politicians are held to account and the more likely we are to reach the best political outcomes.  [1] Brubaker, Jennifer, ‘It doesn’t affect my vote: Third-person effects of Celebrity Endorsements on College Voters in the 2004 and 2008 Presidential Elections’, American Communication Journal, Vol.13 Issue 2, Summer 2011, p.8. celebrity involvement, gateway, political engagement, endorsement, voter turnout, young people, will.i.am, Obama campaign, Rock the Vote, political interest, news consumption, voter registration, third-person effects, college voters, political outcomes, diverse voter base, accountability, political system Celebrity involvement, political engagement, voter turnout, youth participation, political awareness, celebrity endorsement, election campaigns, Rock the Vote, political system, voter registration, political outcomes, democratic accountability, media influence, third-person effects, college voters, political information, social impact, civic engagement, political interest, news consumption celebrity involvement, gateway, political engagement, endorsement, voter turnout, young voters, information accessibility, political awareness, will.i.am, Obama campaign, Rock the Vote, voter registration, political interest, news consumption, political outcomes, voter diversity, accountability, third-person effects, college voters, presidential elections Celebrity involvement, gateway, political engagement, endorsement, candidate, voter turnout, young people, Obama campaign, Rock the Vote, 2008 election, 2004 election, news shows, political blogs, voter base, accountability, political outcomes celebrity involvement, political engagement, voter turnout, youth participation, Rock the Vote, celebrity endorsement, political interest, information accessibility, diverse voter base, political accountability, best political outcomes, will.i.am, Obama campaign, 2008 election, 18-29 year olds, news shows, political blogs, third-person effects, college voters, 2004 election, 2000 election
test-education-pstrgsehwt-con03a	There is no empirical evidence supporting Creationism, whereas all evidence supports abiogenesis and evolution.  Creationists have never once offered a positive evidence for their claims. When challenged, they respond with vitriolic, and often deliberately false, criticisms of evolution and abiogenesis. They behave as if delegitimizing an alternative theory necessarily gives credence to their own. Unfortunately for Creationism, that is not how science works. Positive claims require positive evidence. Even if the Creationists were able to provide evidence that actually refutes evolution it would do nothing to support a theory that intelligent agency is behind the existence and development of life. For Creationism to be true, there would need to be demonstration of living organisms that are unambiguously designed, and not the product of evolution by means of mutation and natural selection. Proponents of Creationism have consistently failed to do so. When they point to things they claim to be irreducibly complex they are invariably forced to back off as soon as scientists appear on the scene to test their claims. [1] The truth is there are no examples of organisms that could not have evolved. Abiogensis and evolution, on the other hand are thoroughly proven by observation and data. [2] In the case of abiogenesis, self-assembling molecules have been observed that are akin to the first proto-life, and hopes have never been higher that they will be able to observe the development under laboratory conditions of fully-formed new life. Evolution likewise is extensively demonstrated. Speciation, phylogenetic mapping, a more and more complete fossil record, structural atavisms, junk DNA, and embryology provide just some of the proofs of evolution. [3] All of these disciples are in agreement with evolution. In fact, only in light of evolution does anything in biology make any sense at all. Clearly, Creationism has no basis in science and thus no place in the classroom.  [1] Miller, Kenneth. 2004. “The Flagellum Unspun: The Collapse of ‘Irreducible Complexity’” in Ruse, Michael and William Dembski (ed.). Debating Design: From Darwin to DNA. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.  [2] Lenski, Richard. 2011. “Evolution: Fact and Theory”. Action Bioscience.  [3] Colby, Chris. 1997. “Evidence for Evolution: An Eclectic Survey”. TalkOrigins Archive. Creationism, empirical evidence, abiogenesis, evolution, positive evidence, vitriolic criticisms, false criticisms, science, positive claims, intelligent agency, unambiguously designed, mutation, natural selection, irreducibly complex, proto-life, speciation, phylogenetic mapping, fossil record, structural atavisms, junk DNA, embryology, Kenneth Miller, Richard Lenski, Chris Colby Creationism, empirical evidence, abiogenesis, evolution, positive evidence, vitriolic criticisms, falsification, scientific method, intelligent design, irreducible complexity, Kenneth Miller, Richard Lenski, speciation, phylogenetic mapping, fossil record, structural atavisms, junk DNA, embryology, classroom, scientific consensus, biological proof, self-assembling molecules, proto-life, laboratory conditions, natural selection, mutation, observational data, scientific disciplines, biology, unambiguous design, theoretical support, criticism of evolution, Darwin, DNA, scientific literature, education, origins, creationist arguments, evolutionary biology, molecular biology, genetic evidence, empirical evidence, creationism, abiogenesis, evolution, positive evidence, vitriolic criticisms, false criticisms, science, positive claims, intelligent agency, unambiguously designed, mutation, natural selection, irreducibly complex, self-assembling molecules, proto-life, speciation, phylogenetic mapping, fossil record, structural atavisms, junk DNA, embryology, biology, Kenneth Miller, Richard Lenski, Chris Colby, TalkOrigins Archive, Debating Design, Darwin, DNA, Action Bioscience creationism, empirical evidence, abiogenesis, evolution, positive evidence, vitriolic criticisms, intelligent agency, irreducibly complex, self-assembling molecules, speciation, phylogenetic mapping, fossil record, structural atavisms, junk DNA, embryology, Kenneth Miller, Richard Lenski, Chris Colby, debunking creationism, scientific consensus, classroom education empirical evidence, creationism, abiogenesis, evolution, positive evidence, vitriolic criticisms, deliberate falsehoods, scientific method, positive claims, intelligent agency, unambiguous design, mutation, natural selection, irreducible complexity, self-assembling molecules, proto-life, laboratory conditions, speciation, phylogenetic mapping, fossil record, structural atavisms, junk DNA, embryology, biology, Kenneth Miller, Richard Lenski, Chris Colby, Debating Design, Action Bioscience, TalkOrigins Archive
test-society-tlhrilsfhwr-pro02a	The failure of rule of law  As the anthropologist and lawyer Sally Falk-Moore observed “law is only ever a piecemeal intervention by the state in the life of society.” [i]  Laws are, ultimately, social norms that are taught, enforced and arbitrated on by the state. The value of these norms is such that they are deemed to be a vital part of a society’s identity and the state is entrusted with their protection. However, this ideal can be difficult to achieve. Debate as to which norms the state should be custodian of is constant. Where there is a disconnect between a law and the daily lives, aspirations and struggles of a society, it becomes unlikely that that law will be complied with. Generally, a state will not be able to give a pronouncement the force of law if it does not reflect the values held by a majority of a society.  Compliance with the law can be even harder to obtain in highly plural societies. Even in plural societies ruled peacefully by an effective central government (such as India), communities’ conceptions of children’s rights may be radically different from those set down in law. The Indian child marriage restraint act has been in force since 1929, but the practice remains endemic in southern India to this day [ii] . Governments can attempt to enforce compliance with a law, through education, incentives or deterrence.  What if the state that is intended to mount the “piecemeal intervention” of banning the use of child soldiers is weak, corrupt or non-existent? What if a state cannot carry out structured interventions of the type described above? Norms that state that the conscription of children is acceptable- due to tradition or need- will be dominant.  Situations of this type will be the rule rather than the exception in underdeveloped states and states where conflict is so rife that children have become participants in warfare. The ICC has jurisdiction to prosecute individuals with command over military units who use children as combatants [iii] , but how should the concept of a “commander” be defined in these circumstances?  In order for the juristic principles underlying the authority of the ICC to function properly, it is necessary for there to be a degree of certainty and accessibility underlying laws promulgated by a state. While ignorance of the law is not a defence before the ICC, it impossible to call a system of law fair or just that is not overseen by a stable or accepted government. This is not possible if a state is so corrupt that it does not command the trust of its people; if a state is so poor that it cannot afford to operate an open, reliable and transparent court and advocacy system; if territory with a state’s borders is occupied by an armed aggressor. Western notions of rule-of-law are almost impossible to enforce under such conditions. All of these are scenarios encountered frequently in Africa, and central and southern Asia.  Some regions within developing nations are so isolated from the influence of the state, or so heavily contested in internecine conflicts, that communities living within them cannot be expected to know that the state nominally responsible for them has signed the Convention of the Rights of The Child or the Rome Statute. Nor can the state attempt to inform them of this fact. Laws still exist and are enforced within such communities, but these are not state-made forms of law.  For an individual living within a community of the type described above- an individual living in the DRC, in pre-secession South Sudan [iv] or an ethnic minority enclave on the border of Myanmar [v] - the question is a simple one. Does the most immediate source of authority and protection within his world- his community- condone the role that children play in armed conflict? He should not be made liable for abiding by laws and norms that have sprung up to fill a void created by a weak or corrupt central state. There is little hope that he will ever be able to access the counter-point that state sponsored education and engagement could provide.  Child soldiers and their commanders are simply obeying the strongest, the most effective and the most stable source of law in their immediate environment.  [i] “Comparative Law in a Global Context: The Legal Systems of Asia and Africa”, Werner Menski, Cambridge University Press, 2006  [ii] “State of the World’s Children 2009”, UNICEF, United Nations, 2008  [iii] “Elements of Crimes”, International Criminal Court,   [iv] “Child Soldiers: Global Report 2008”, Coalition to Stop the Use of Child Soldiers, 2007, p315,   [v] “Child Soldiers: Global Report 2008”, Coalition to Stop the Use of Child Soldiers, 2007, p240, rule of law, Sally Falk-Moore, social norms, state intervention, compliance, plural societies, India, child marriage, child soldiers, weak states, corruption, ICC, jurisdiction, commanders, certainty, accessibility, fair law, just law, stable government, transparent court system, developing nations, isolated communities, armed conflict, Convention on the Rights of the Child, Rome Statute, DRC, South Sudan, Myanmar, ethnic minorities, immediate authority, state-sponsored education, global context, Werner Menski, UNICEF, Coalition to Stop the Use of Child Soldiers rule of law, Sally Falk-Moore, social norms, state intervention, compliance, plural societies, child marriage, child soldiers, weak states, corruption, International Criminal Court, command responsibility, legal systems, developing nations, ethnic minorities, conflict zones, Convention on the Rights of the Child, Rome Statute, community laws, state-made laws, education, child rights, UNICEF, Coalition to Stop the Use of Child Soldiers, DRC, South Sudan, Myanmar rule of law, Sally Falk-Moore, social norms, state intervention, compliance, plural societies, child marriage, India, child soldiers, weak states, corruption, underdeveloped states, conflict, ICC, commanders, jurisdiction, legal principles, stability, government trust, court system, transparency, developing nations, isolation, internecine conflicts, community laws, DRC, South Sudan, Myanmar, ethnic minorities, child protection, international law, legal void, state-sponsored education, commander liability, legal norms, global context, legal systems, Asia, Africa, UNICEF, world's children, Elements of Crimes, Coalition to Stop rule of law, Sally Falk-Moore, social norms, state intervention, compliance, plural societies, child marriage, India, child soldiers, weak states, corruption, non-existent states, International Criminal Court, command responsibility, legal certainty, accessibility, underdeveloped states, conflict, jurisdiction, fair law, just law, stable government, transparent court system, advocacy system, occupied territory, developing nations, Convention on the Rights of the Child, Rome Statute, DRC, South Sudan, Myanmar, ethnic minorities, internecine conflicts, immediate authority, community law, state-sponsored education, legal norms, weakest states, armed conflict, rule of law, Sally Falk-Moore, social norms, state intervention, compliance, plural societies, Indian child marriage, education, incentives, deterrence, weak states, corruption, non-existent states, child soldiers, conflict, ICC jurisdiction, commanders, certainty, accessibility, stable government, transparent court system, Western rule-of-law, Africa, central Asia, southern Asia, isolation, internecine conflicts, Convention on the Rights of the Child, Rome Statute, DRC, South Sudan, Myanmar, ethnic minority, immediate authority, community laws, state-sponsored education, strongest source of law, effective source of law, stable source of
test-politics-cpegiepgh-con03a	"Losing the Queen's head on banknotes is NOT a minor issue, it symbolises Britain losing her identity and control over her own economy.  This must not be dismissed as petty nostalgia, desire for outdated British tradition and fear of change. The fact that Britain does not want to lose the national symbol of her Queen on the banknotes is surely a sign that the British want to hold on to their own identity and keep control of their own economy. As explained by Alan Clark, ""The European Commission Press Office chose that moment to release facsimiles of the new euro banknotes in their various denominations. The unfamiliar, but so obviously foreign, appearance made many people uneasy. Polls showed that the electorate, for most of the time indifferent to European squabbling, whose technicalities they could not be bothered to master, disliked the removal of their Sovereign's head from the currency of the realm. The sceptics took fresh heart and the likelihood of the dispute fading …became still more remote.”1 This highlights the depth and strength of anti-Euro sentiment in the British psyche. It is surely unfair for both Britain and those fellow EU Member states that ARE under the Euro to enter the single currency while not entirely convinced by it.  1Alan Clarke, The Tories: Conservatives and the Nation State 1922-1997, page 435-6. Queen's head, banknotes, Britain, identity, economy, nostalgia, British tradition, fear of change, Alan Clark, European Commission, euro banknotes, anti-Euro sentiment, British psyche, single currency, EU Member states, Tories, Conservatives, nation state Queen's head, banknotes, British identity, economy control, petty nostalgia, outdated tradition, fear of change, national symbol, Alan Clark, European Commission, euro banknotes, anti-Euro sentiment, British psyche, single currency, EU Member states, Tories, Conservatives, nation state Losing Queen's head, banknotes, Britain, identity, economy, Alan Clark, Euro, national symbol, British tradition, fear of change, anti-Euro sentiment, European Commission, single currency, EU Member states, British psyche, sovereignty, currency, nation state, Tories, Conservatives, political sentiment, economic control, cultural identity, national pride, monetary policy, European integration, public opinion, historical context, economic symbolism, currency design, national sovereignty, political resistance, economic independence, cultural resistance, monetary union, British identity, Euroscepticism, economic debate, national currency, European Union, political sentiment, economic traditions, financial symbolism British identity, economic control, Queen's head, banknotes, anti-Euro sentiment, national symbol, British tradition, fear of change, European Commission, euro banknotes, British psyche, single currency, EU Member states, Alan Clark, Tories, Conservatives, nation state, polls, sceptics, European squabbling, currency of the realm, Sovereign's head removal, technicalities, indifference, dislike, fresh heart, dispute fading, unfairness, conviction in single currency Queen's head, banknotes, British identity, control, economy, Alan Clark, European Commission, euro banknotes, anti-Euro sentiment, British psyche, single currency, EU Member states, Tories, Conservatives, nation state"
test-law-sdiflhrdffe-pro03a	This offer of amnesty serves as a powerful public statement in favour of free speech and rule of law  In offering amnesty Western governments make an exceptionally powerful public statement in the international arena, an area in which they already hold great sway as norm-setters. It is a statement that shows that they will not simply ignore the abuses of power used by repressive regimes to stifle dissent and the voices of reform. [1] Ultimately, the power of oppressors to act with impunity is the product of democracies’ unwillingness to challenge them. Authoritarian regimes often claim to value freedom of the press, for example article 35 of the Constitution of the People’s Republic of China guarantees it, [2] and this policy challenges them to make their practice more like what they preach. A policy of amnesty for those threatened with the lash of tyranny serves to actively protect those people while at the same time upholding the avowed principles of justice and fairness the West proclaims. This will show that the West does not play favourites or turn a blind eye to these repressions, but is an active player, willing to step in to shield those who share its dreams of a freer world. The international ridicule these policies can generate will serve to shame regimes into relaxing their policies and to embrace at least a road to reform. Nor should it be assumed that this rhetoric will have no real consequences, many authoritarian regimes encourage investment by companies from democratic countries, such investment is less likely when that company’s home state is publically condemning that state by granting amnesties to dissident bloggers.  [1] Clinton, H. “Conference on Internet Freedom”. U.S. Department of State, 8 December 2011.   [2] Fifth National People’s Congress, “Constitution of the People’s Republic of China”, 4 December 1982, amnesty, free speech, rule of law, Western governments, international arena, norm-setters, abuses of power, repressive regimes, stifle dissent, voices of reform, impunity, democracies, challenge, authoritarian regimes, freedom of the press, Constitution of the People’s Republic of China, justice, fairness, international ridicule, reform, investment, democratic countries, public condemnation, dissident bloggers amnesty, free speech, rule of law, Western governments, international arena, norm-setters, abuses of power, repressive regimes, stifle dissent, voices of reform, impunity, democracies, challenge, authoritarian regimes, freedom of press, Constitution of the People’s Republic of China, protect, justice, fairness, international ridicule, shaming, reform, investment, democratic countries, public condemnation, dissident bloggers amnesty, free speech, rule of law, Western governments, international arena, norm-setters, abuses of power, repressive regimes, dissent, voices of reform, oppressors, impunity, democracies, authoritarian regimes, freedom of press, Constitution of the People's Republic of China, avowed principles, justice, fairness, international ridicule, policies relaxation, reform, investment, democratic countries, public condemnation, dissident bloggers, Hillary Clinton, Conference on Internet Freedom, U.S. Department of State, Fifth National People's Congress amnesty, free speech, rule of law, Western governments, international arena, norm-setters, abuses of power, repressive regimes, stifle dissent, voices of reform, impunity, democracies, challenge, authoritarian regimes, freedom of press, Constitution of the People’s Republic of China, policy, protect, principles of justice, fairness, international ridicule, shame, reform, investment, democratic countries, public condemnation, dissident bloggers amnesty, free speech, rule of law, Western governments, international arena, norm-setters, abuses of power, repressive regimes, stifle dissent, reform, impunity, democracies, challenge, authoritarian, freedom of press, Constitution of the People’s Republic of China, justice, fairness, international ridicule, reform, investment, democratic countries, public condemnation, dissident bloggers
test-economy-thhghwhwift-pro01a	An individual's BMI is no longer a purely personal matter  The obesity epidemic is taking an enormous toll on global medical costs. In the US alone the health care costs attributable to either direct or indirect consequences of obesity have been estimated at $147bn. [1] Put into context, this amounts to roughly 9% of the health spending in the US. [2]  The figure might seem excessive, but we need to remember that obesity is linked to Type 2 Diabetes, several kinds of cancer, coronary artery disease, stroke, congestive heart failure, asthma, chronic back pain and hypertension, to name just a few.  We also need to realize that many of the diseases on this list are chronic in nature, requiring lifelong pharmacological therapy, which often follows complex and expensive diagnostic procedures, frequent medical specialist consultations, and not infrequent emergency interventions. [3]  Adding to the list is the value of income lost due to decreased productivity, restricted activity, and absenteeism, not to mention the value of future income lost by premature death.  Thus it becomes increasingly clear that due to the substantial cost obesity presents to the society, individual choices that might lead to excessive weight gain, can no longer be considered as solely individual in nature. [4]  Therefore the government is legitimate in its action to introduce a form of a fat tax in order to try to dissuade the population from becoming obese and cover the increasing societal costs the already obese individuals are responsible for.  [1] CDC, Obesity: Economic Consequences, published 3/28/2011,  , accessed 9/12/2011  [2] RTI international, Obesity Costs U.S. About $147 Billion Annually, Study Finds, published 7/27/2009,  , accessed 9/14/2011  [3] The Council of State Governments, Costs of Chronic Diseases: What Are States Facing?, published in 2006,  , accessed, 9/14/2011  [4] Los Angeles Times, Should there be a 'fat tax'?, published 4/11/2011,  , accessed 9/12/2011 BMI, obesity, global medical costs, US health care, economic impact, Type 2 Diabetes, cancer, coronary artery disease, stroke, congestive heart failure, asthma, chronic back pain, hypertension, chronic diseases, pharmacological therapy, diagnostic procedures, medical consultations, emergency interventions, productivity loss, restricted activity, absenteeism, premature death, societal costs, government action, fat tax, public health policy BMI, obesity, global medical costs, US health care, obesity epidemic, Type 2 Diabetes, cancer, coronary artery disease, stroke, congestive heart failure, asthma, chronic back pain, hypertension, chronic diseases, pharmacological therapy, diagnostic procedures, medical specialist consultations, emergency interventions, income loss, decreased productivity, restricted activity, absenteeism, premature death, societal costs, individual choices, excessive weight gain, fat tax, government action, obesity prevention, health economics, public health policy BMI, obesity epidemic, global medical costs, US health care, obesity-related diseases, Type 2 Diabetes, cancer, coronary artery disease, stroke, congestive heart failure, asthma, chronic back pain, hypertension, chronic diseases, pharmacological therapy, diagnostic procedures, medical specialist consultations, emergency interventions, income loss, decreased productivity, restricted activity, absenteeism, premature death, societal costs, fat tax, government intervention, obesity prevention, economic impact, public health policy BMI, obesity epidemic, global medical costs, US health care, economic consequences, chronic diseases, Type 2 Diabetes, cancer, coronary artery disease, stroke, heart failure, asthma, back pain, hypertension, pharmacological therapy, diagnostic procedures, medical consultations, emergency interventions, productivity loss, restricted activity, absenteeism, premature death, societal costs, government intervention, fat tax, obesity prevention, public health policy BMI, obesity epidemic, global medical costs, US healthcare costs, obesity-related diseases, Type 2 Diabetes, cancer, coronary artery disease, stroke, heart failure, asthma, chronic back pain, hypertension, chronic diseases, pharmacological therapy, diagnostic procedures, medical consultations, emergency interventions, productivity loss, restricted activity, absenteeism, premature death, societal costs, government intervention, fat tax, obesity prevention, economic consequences, public health policy
test-education-usuprmhbu-con03a	"Affirmative action perpetuates prejudice  Affirmative action causes prejudice against minorities in society.  The existence of affirmative action creates a de-facto assumption that anyone of that particular minority must have gotten where they are not on their own merit, but simply because they are that particular minority. This causes people to resent the minority group for getting for “free” what people feel they had to work hard for. People feel as though that minority is getting a “free-ride” and are inherently less worthy of what they achieve.  This is damaging on a societal level because minorities who receive affirmative action are assumed to be less qualified and less valuable than others in society simply because many of them are aided by affirmative action policies. This not only creates damaging stereotypes, but also causes resentment and backlash from others in society who view affirmative action as simply unfair.  This is best demonstrated by the backlash in America in the mid-1990s over the existence of affirmative action policies [1] .  [1] Aka, Philip. ""Affirmative Action and the Black Experience in America."" American Bar Association. 36.4 (2009): Print. affirmative action, prejudice, minorities, society, merit, assumption, resentment, less worthy, damaging stereotypes, backlash, unfair, mid-1990s, America, Philip Aka, Black Experience, American Bar Association affirmative action, prejudice, minority, merit, resentment, free-ride, unqualified, stereotypes, backlash, unfair, societal impact, policy criticism, American context, 1990s affirmative action, prejudice, minorities, society, merit, de-facto assumption, resentment, minority group, free-ride, less worthy, damaging stereotypes, backlash, unfair, America, mid-1990s, Philip Aka, American Bar Association affirmative action, prejudice, minorities, merit, resentment, free-ride, stereotypes, backlash, unfair, societal damage, 1990s America, ABA, Philip Aka affirmative action, prejudice, minorities, society, merit, resentment, free-ride, less worthy, damaging stereotypes, backlash, unfair, mid-1990s, America, Black Experience, Philip Aka, American Bar Association"
test-international-ghwcitca-con02a	A treaty would benefit larger powers over the small  Any treaty that seeks to ban cyber-attacks would simply be an attempt to cement the position of the most powerful countries at the expense of weaker ones. This is because cyber-attacks are, like terrorism, weapons that can be used by anyone to attack a much bigger target. To launch a cyber-attack there is little need for training, only a small amount of comparatively cheap equipment (to military hardware at any rate), and an internet connection. [1] And it is difficult to defend against. This makes it ideal for poor nations to maintain cyber warfare as a credible threat to their bigger neighbours while their neighbours threaten them conventionally with their bigger militaries. We have seen before arms treaties that are fundamentally biased in favour of a small group of powerful states. Most notable is the Nuclear non-proliferation treaty where there are five recognised nuclear weapons states who are allowed the horrific weapons and everyone else is banned from having them. This discrimination was accepted as a result of the agreement that the nuclear weapons states would eventually disarm. It has not happened so leaving a troubled treaty system that appears to be regularly flouted. [2]  [1] Phillips, Andrew T., ‘Now Hear This – The Asymmetric Nature of Cyber Warfare’, U.S. Naval Institute, Vol.138/10/1316, October 2012,   [2] Miller, Steven E., ‘Nuclear Collisions: Discord, Reform & the Nuclear Nonproliferation Regime’, American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 2012, treaty, cyber-attacks, powerful countries, weaker nations, cyber warfare, military hardware, internet connection, arms treaties, nuclear non-proliferation, nuclear weapons states, disarmament, asymmetric warfare, military imbalance, international security, digital divide, state power, cyber defense, global politics, non-proliferation regime, technological disparity treaty, cyber-attacks, powerful countries, weaker nations, cyber warfare, military hardware, internet connection, defense, poor nations, bigger neighbours, arms treaties, Nuclear non-proliferation treaty, recognized nuclear weapons states, disarmament, asymmetric warfare, discord, reform, nonproliferation regime treaty, cyber-attacks, powerful countries, weaker nations, terrorism, militarization, internet, defense, cyber warfare, nuclear non-proliferation, weapons states, disarmament, international agreements, asymmetric warfare, military imbalance, technological access, global security, arms control, state power, digital weaponry treaty, cyber-attacks, powerful countries, weaker nations, cyber warfare, military hardware, internet connection, defense, poor nations, arms treaties, nuclear non-proliferation treaty, nuclear weapons states, disarmament, nonproliferation, asymmetric warfare, military imbalance, cybersecurity, international agreements, global security, state-sponsored attacks, technological disparity treaty, cyber-attacks, powerful countries, weaker nations, cyber warfare, arms treaties, Nuclear non-proliferation treaty, asymmetric warfare, military hardware, internet connection, nuclear weapons states, disarmament, nonproliferation, discrimination, credible threat, conventional military, surveillance, international security, digital weaponry, state power, global politics, cyber security, cyber defense, cyber offense, technological imbalance, strategic stability, cyber deterrence, international relations, weapons of mass destruction, policy, defense strategy, asymmetric threats, cyber espionage, cyber sabotage, cybercrime, national security, cyber norms, arms control, cyber policy,
test-health-hpehwadvoee-con04a	The role of society is to save lives not to assist in suicide  The purpose of society, the health sector and more specifically the doctors is to preserve health, not to be damaging health or even assisting in the ending of a life even if voluntarily. As part of this, death is sometimes something that must be affected. However, it is not in line with the purpose of medical professionals to kill a healthy person. The solution is to focus every possible effort on curing the sick person, but society cannot be complicit in killing a healthy person [1] .  [1] Tremblay, Joe. “Organ Donation Euthanasia: A Growing Epidemic.” Catholic News Agency, (2013). role of society, save lives, assist in suicide, purpose of society, health sector, doctors, preserve health, damaging health, ending of a life, voluntarily, death, purpose of medical professionals, kill a healthy person, cure the sick person, society complicit, organ donation euthanasia, growing epidemic, Catholic News Agency, Joe Tremblay role of society, save lives, assist in suicide, purpose of society, health sector, doctors, preserve health, damaging health, assisting in ending life, voluntarily, death, purpose of medical professionals, kill healthy person, curing sick person, society complicit, killing healthy person, organ donation euthanasia, growing epidemic, Catholic News Agency, Joe Tremblay, 2013 society, save lives, assist suicide, health sector, doctors, preserve health, end life, voluntarily, purpose medical professionals, kill healthy person, cure sick person, society complicit, organ donation, euthanasia, growing epidemic, Catholic News Agency, Joe Tremblay, 2013 role of society, save lives, assist in suicide, purpose of society, health sector, doctors, preserve health, damaging health, ending of a life, voluntarily, death, medical professionals, kill a healthy person, cure the sick, society complicit, organ donation, euthanasia, growing epidemic, Catholic News Agency, Joe Tremblay, 2013 society, save lives, assist suicide, health sector, doctors, preserve health, damaging health, ending life, voluntarily, medical professionals, kill healthy person, curing sick person, society complicit, killing healthy, organ donation, euthanasia, epidemic, Catholic News Agency, Tremblay, Joe
test-international-aahwstdrtfm-con02a	There is a truce in the diplomatic conflict  There is a truce between Taipei and Beijing on the issue of recognition. Neither is currently aiming to poach countries from the other. China has refused advances from El Salvador and Honduras that have said they wish to change their recognition to the PRC. [1] When Gambia terminated its ties with Taiwan Hong Lei a spokesman for the PRC Foreign Ministry said “We learned the relevant information from the foreign media. Before that, China was not in contact with The Gambia.” [2] The truce has been maintained and Gambia has been left essentially not recognising either China. [3]  [1] Cole, J Michael, ‘Is China and Taiwan’s Diplomatic Truce Over?’, The Diplomat, 18 November 2013,   [2] Enav, Peter, ‘Beijing was in dark about Gambia's broken ties with Taiwan: China official’, The China Post, 16 November 2013,   [3] Atkinson, Joel, ‘Gambia’s Break with Taiwan’, The Diplomat, 2 December 2013, truce, diplomatic conflict, Taipei, Beijing, recognition, poach countries, China, El Salvador, Honduras, PRC, Gambia, Taiwan, Hong Lei, PRC Foreign Ministry, media, contact, not recognising, China, Taiwan, diplomatic truce, Beijing, Gambia's broken ties, China official, Joel Atkinson, The Diplomat, The China Post truce, diplomatic conflict, Taipei, Beijing, recognition, poaching countries, El Salvador, Honduras, Gambia, Taiwan, PRC, Gambia ties, China, foreign media, truce maintenance, non-recognition, China Post, The Diplomat, Joel Atkinson, J Michael Cole, Peter Enav truce, diplomatic conflict, Taipei, Beijing, recognition, poaching countries, El Salvador, Honduras, PRC, Gambia, Taiwan, China, foreign ties, The Diplomat, The China Post truce, diplomatic conflict, Taipei, Beijing, recognition, poaching countries, El Salvador, Honduras, PRC, Gambia, ties, Taiwan, China, foreign media, contact, recognition status, Diplomat, China Post truce, diplomatic conflict, Taipei, Beijing, recognition, poach countries, El Salvador, Honduras, PRC, Gambia, Taiwan, China, Hong Lei, PRC Foreign Ministry, The Diplomat, The China Post, Joel Atkinson, diplomatic relations, international recognition, foreign ties, political truce
test-philosophy-ippelhbcp-con02a	African values  Human rights are a concept that take on different conclusions and priorities when applied in different cultural contexts. Protecting the community as a whole, by removing dangerous offenders from circulation, and by a deterrence effect, capital punishment is a manifestation of a form of “African Values” that place more emphasis on the community over the individual than western legal tradition. Capital Punishment has traditionally used for the most serious crimes such as murder as well as some serious religious offenses which it was feared might bring serious consequences for the entire community. [1]  [1] Balogun, Oladele Abiodun, ‘A Philosophical Defence of Punishment in Traditional African Legal Culture: The Yoruba Example’, The Journal of Pan African Studies, Vol.3, No.3, September 2009,  , p.47 African values, human rights, cultural contexts, community, individual, western legal tradition, capital punishment, serious crimes, murder, religious offenses, traditional African legal culture, Yoruba example African values, human rights, cultural context, community emphasis, individual rights, capital punishment, traditional African legal culture, Yoruba example, serious crimes, religious offenses, community protection, deterrence effect, legal tradition, Oladele Abiodun Balogun, Journal of Pan African Studies African values, human rights, cultural contexts, community emphasis, individual rights, western legal tradition, capital punishment, serious crimes, religious offenses, traditional African legal culture, Yoruba example, Oladele Abiodun Balogun, Journal of Pan African Studies African values, human rights, cultural contexts, community emphasis, individual rights, western legal tradition, capital punishment, serious crimes, religious offenses, community protection, deterrence effect, traditional African legal culture, Yoruba example, Oladele Abiodun Balogun, Journal of Pan African Studies African values, human rights, cultural contexts, community emphasis, individual rights, western legal tradition, capital punishment, serious crimes, religious offenses, traditional African legal culture, Yoruba example, Oladele Abiodun Balogun, The Journal of Pan African Studies
test-sport-ybfgsohbhog-pro04a	Hosting has wide-reaching economic benefits  Hosting creates an economic boost. Whilst none of the Olympics of recent times have made an immediate profit, the cost of the regeneration and improved infrastructure means that this is not a big problem as long as the losses are not huge. The Olympics showcases the host nation to the world and most hosts have seen a boost in tourism in the years after the Olympics (Australia estimates it gained£2bn extra tourist revenue in the four years after Sydney 2000). During the games between 60,000 (Paris 2012 estimate) and 135,000 (New York 2012 estimate) jobs are created providing skills and training to local people. Hosting, economic benefits, economic boost, Olympics, regeneration, infrastructure, tourism, extra revenue, jobs, skills, training, local people Economic benefits, hosting, Olympics, regeneration, infrastructure, tourism, job creation, skills, training, local people, profit, costs, losses, global showcase, host nation, tourist revenue, Sydney 2000, Paris 2012, New York 2012 Hosting, economic benefits, economic boost, Olympics, regeneration, improved infrastructure, tourism, extra tourist revenue, job creation, skills, training, local people Hosting, economic benefits, economic boost, Olympics, cost, regeneration, infrastructure, tourism, extra revenue, jobs, skills, training, local people Hosting, economic benefits, economic boost, Olympics, regeneration, improved infrastructure, tourism, post-Olympics, extra revenue, job creation, skills, training, local people, Paris 2012, New York 2012, Sydney 2000, economic impact, long-term benefits, global showcase, host nation
test-education-pshhghwpba0-pro03a	A healthy breakfast improves students concentration  Children are in school to learn. To do this they need to concentrate. To be able to concentrate they need to have a balanced meal – one without too much sugar – that will ensure they are not hungry until lunchtime. A child who is hungry is not going to be concentrating on their studies. A study by the Indian National Institute of Nutrition has shown a regular breakfast to result in a 2% increase in test scores in addition to other health benefits. [1]  [1] Gajre, N.S., Fernandez, S., Balakrishna, N., and Vazir, S., ‘Breakfast Eating Habit and its Influence on Attention-concentration, Immediate Memory and School Achievement’, National Institute of Nutrition, 31 March 2008, healthy breakfast, students concentration, balanced meal, sugar, hunger, lunchtime, child, studies, Indian National Institute of Nutrition, regular breakfast, test scores, health benefits, breakfast eating habit, attention-concentration, immediate memory, school achievement healthy breakfast, student concentration, balanced meal, sugar content, hunger management, academic performance, test scores, Indian National Institute of Nutrition, breakfast habits, attention-concentration, immediate memory, school achievement healthy breakfast, students concentration, balanced meal, no sugar, not hungry, lunchtime, child hunger, studies, test scores, Indian National Institute of Nutrition, breakfast habit, attention-concentration, immediate memory, school achievement healthy breakfast, students concentration, balanced meal, sugar, hunger, lunchtime, child, studies, Indian National Institute of Nutrition, regular breakfast, test scores, attention-concentration, immediate memory, school achievement healthy breakfast, students concentration, balanced meal, no sugar, hunger prevention, lunchtime, academic performance, Indian National Institute of Nutrition, study, test scores, health benefits, breakfast habit, attention-concentration, immediate memory, school achievement
test-international-iiahwagit-con02a	Fewer human deaths  Fewer large beasts will lead to fewer deaths in Africa. Some endangered animals are aggressive and will attack humans. Hippopotamuses kill in excess of three hundred humans a year in Africa, with other animals such as the elephant and lion also causing many fatalities. [1] Footage released in early 2014 of a bull elephant attacking a tourist’s car in Kruger National Park, South Africa demonstrated the continued threat these animals cause. [2] Tougher protection would result in higher numbers of these animals which increases the risk to human lives.  [1] Animal Danger ‘Most Dangerous Animals’  [2] Withnall, A. ‘Rampaging bull elephant flips over British tourist car in Kruger Park’ Fewer human deaths, Fewer large beasts, Deaths in Africa, Endangered animals, Aggressive animals, Attacks on humans, Hippopotamuses, Elephant attacks, Lion fatalities, Kruger National Park, Tourist car attack, Bull elephant, Animal protection, Higher animal numbers, Increased human risk, Dangerous animals, Most dangerous animals, Animal danger, Wildlife threats, Human-wildlife conflict, Conservation risks, Africa wildlife attacks fewer human deaths, fewer large beasts, endangered animals, aggressive animals, hippopotamuses, elephant attacks, lion attacks, Kruger National Park, tourist car attack, bull elephant, animal danger, most dangerous animals, tougher protection, increased animal numbers, risk to human lives Fewer human deaths, Fewer large beasts, Deaths in Africa, Endangered animals, Aggressive animals, Attacks on humans, Hippopotamuses, Elephant attacks, Lion attacks, Animal fatalities, Kruger National Park, Tourist car attack, Bull elephant, Animal danger, Most dangerous animals, Increased animal protection, Human life risk, Withnall, Rampaging bull elephant, British tourist Fewer human deaths, Fewer large beasts, Deaths in Africa, Endangered animals, Aggressive animals, Attacks on humans, Hippopotamuses, Elephant fatalities, Lion attacks, Kruger National Park, Bull elephant attack, Tourist car, Animal protection, Increased animal numbers, Human life risk, Most dangerous animals, Animal danger, Rampaging bull elephant, British tourist car, Africa wildlife, Wildlife attacks, Conservation risks, Human-wildlife conflict human deaths, large beasts, Africa, endangered animals, aggressive, attack humans, hippopotamuses, elephants, lions, fatalities, Kruger National Park, tourist, car, protection, animal numbers, risk, human lives, Animal Danger, Most Dangerous Animals, Withnall, Rampaging bull elephant, British tourist
test-law-tahglcphsld-pro03a	Drugs are safer when legal  Currently in the UK, purity of illegal Amphetamine is normally under 5%, and some tablets sold as ecstasy contain no MDMA at all. Instead, drugs are adulterated (“cut”) with substances from chalk and talcum powder to completely different drugs. [1]  At least when drugs are legalised the state can regulate their sale to make sure that they are clean and not cut with other dangerous substances. This will minimise the risk to users.  [1] Drugscope, ‘How Pure Are Street Drugs?’, updated January 2005, drugs, safer, legal, UK, Amphetamine, purity, ecstasy, MDMA, adulterated, cut, chalk, talcum, powder, regulation, sale, clean, dangerous, substances, risk, users, Drugscope, street, drugs, purity, illegal, controlled, harm, reduction, quality, enforcement, public, health, policy, substance, abuse, prevention, safety, control, measures, legislation, legalisation, impacts, society, crime, addiction, treatment, rehabilitation, socioeconomic, effects, medicinal, usage, trends, enforcement, strategies, community, education, awareness, campaigns, prevention, programs, support Drugs, safer, legal, UK, Amphetamine, purity, ecstasy, MDMA, adulterated, cut, chalk, talcum powder, different drugs, legalised, state regulation, sale, clean, dangerous substances, risk, users, Drugscope, street drugs, purity levels, substance abuse, public health, drug policy, controlled substances, safety, harm reduction, illegal market, contamination, enforcement, legislation, recreational drugs, controlled substances act, drug enforcement agency, drug testing, drug purity, drug education, harm minimisation, legal reform, drug laws, drug regulation, illicit drugs, drug enforcement, drug market, drug drug safety, legalisation, drug regulation, illegal drugs, Amphetamine purity, ecstasy adulteration, drug adulteration, chalk, talcum powder, dangerous substances, drug purity, minimising risk, user safety, Drugscope, street drugs, drug control, public health, substance purity, legal drugs, harm reduction drugs, safer, legal, UK, purity, illegal, Amphetamine, ecstasy, MDMA, adulterated, cut, chalk, talcum, powder, substances, legalised, state, regulate, sale, clean, dangerous, minimise, risk, users, Drugscope, street, drugs, January, 2005 drug safety, legal drugs, illegal amphetamine, UK drug purity, ecstasy tablets, MDMA content, drug adulteration, chalk, talcum powder, dangerous substances, drug regulation, state control, user risk minimization, Drugscope, street drug purity
test-economy-fiahwpamu-con03a	Debt cycles and the curse of microfinance  Microfinance is incorporating free market ideologies and subprime (lending to those who may not be able to repay) lending at a smaller scale. Unstable crises’ form as a result, and debt is intensified for the poorest - of which are given access to credit they are not able to repay. This is a problem with all lending, microfinance is no exception.  In India the pressures of microfinance repayment has become linked to suicide and early mortality (Biswas, 2010). The stress of looking for microcredit, and then how to pay it back, has created a crisis within the microfinance industry. Regulation is required on the microfinance organisation: controlling the distribution of credit and the use of threats if the individual defaults. Debt cycles, microfinance, free market ideologies, subprime lending, unstable crises, poverty, credit access, repayment inability, lending regulation, microcredit stress, microfinance industry crisis, suicide, early mortality, credit distribution control, default threats Debt cycles, microfinance, free market ideologies, subprime lending, unstable crises, poverty, credit access, repayment inability, lending problems, India, microfinance suicide, early mortality, repayment pressure, microcredit stress, microfinance crisis, regulation, credit distribution, default threats Debt cycles, microfinance, free market ideologies, subprime lending, unstable crises, poverty, credit access, repayment inability, lending problems, India, microfinance repayment pressure, suicide, early mortality, microcredit stress, microfinance crisis, regulation, credit distribution control, default threats debt cycles, microfinance, free market ideologies, subprime lending, unstable crises, poverty, credit access, lending, repayment, India, suicide, early mortality, microcredit, crisis, regulation, credit distribution, threats, default debt cycles, microfinance, free market ideologies, subprime lending, unstable crises, poverty, credit access, repayment issues, lending problems, India, microfinance suicide, early mortality, microcredit stress, microfinance crisis, regulation, credit distribution, default threats
test-economy-egppphbcb-pro04a	Incentive in form of profit benefits society as a whole  The strongest motivational force a human being can feel towards work is a potential reward for their effort, therefore those who work hard and contribute most to society should justly also gain the most in form of increased wealth (e.g. private property). When work is uncoupled from reward or when an artificial safety net provides a high standard of living for those who do not work, society as a whole suffers. If those who work will benefit equally as the ones who do not there will be no reason to work and the overall productivity will be lowered, which is bad for society. Incentives are therefore necessary since it increases the overall standard for the whole society in form of material wealth, the fact that individuals are driven to succeed and earns what is rightfully theirs is thus in all our interest. With an overall higher productivity even the worst off may benefit more than they would have if the productivity had been low e.g. through charities etc.1/2/3/4  1 Rawls, J. (1999). A theory of justice (Rev.). Oxford: Oxford University Press.  2 Bradford, W. (1856). History of Plymouth plantation. Little, Brown and company.  3 Nozick, R. (1974). Anarchy State and Utopia (pp. 54-56, 137-42). Basic Books.  4 Perry, M. J. (1995). Why Socialism Failed. University of Michigan- Flint, Mark J Perry?s personal page. incentive, profit, societal benefit, motivational force, work reward, economic productivity, individual success, wealth distribution, material wealth, social productivity, charities, Rawls, Bradford, Nozick, Perry, socialism, capitalism, justice, moral philosophy, economic theory, social welfare, public policy, wealth inequality, meritocracy, work ethics, economic incentives, social impact, economic growth, human motivation, socioeconomic dynamics, political economy, distributive justice, social contract, economic fairness, labor economics, income distribution, economic systems, social philosophy, economic efficiency, social benefit, wealth generation, productivity incentives, work rewards, economic principles, incentive, profit, societal benefit, motivation, reward, effort, work ethics, productivity, wealth distribution, private property, artificial safety net, social productivity, individual success, standard of living, societal welfare, material wealth, Rawls, justice, Bradford, Plymouth plantation, Nozick, anarchy, state, utopia, Perry, socialism failure, economic productivity, charitable benefits, social contract, capitalism, moral philosophy, economic theory, political theory incentive, profit, benefit, society, motivation, reward, hard work, contribution, wealth, private property, artificial safety net, standard of living, productivity, overall standard, material wealth, individual success, earned, collective interest, higher productivity, worst off, charitable benefits, Rawls, justice, Bradford, Plymouth plantation, Nozick, Anarchy State Utopia, Perry, socialism failure, University of Michigan-Flint Incentive, Profit, Society, Motivation, Reward, Effort, Work, Contribution, Wealth, Private Property, Artificial Safety Net, Standard of Living, Productivity, Equality, Overall Standard, Material Wealth, Success, Earnings, Interest, Higher Productivity, Worst Off, Charities, John Rawls, A Theory of Justice, William Bradford, History of Plymouth Plantation, Robert Nozick, Anarchy State and Utopia, Mark J Perry, Why Socialism Failed, Socialism, Capitalism, Economic Justice, Distributive Justice, Libertarianism, Welfare, Public Policy, Economic Incentives, Moral incentive, profit, societal benefit, motivation, reward, work ethic, productivity, wealth distribution, economic theory, Rawls, Nozick, socialism, capitalism, social contract, fairness, justice, private property, charity, Bradford, Perry
test-health-hgwhwbjfs-con03a	“Junk food” sales are an important source of funding for schools.  An important issue to consider in this topic is the constellation of incentives that actually got us to the place where we are at today.  With the environment designed to incentivize improving schools’ performance on standardized tests, there is absolutely nothing that would motivate them to invest their very limited resources into non-core programs or subjects, such as PE and sports and other activities. [1]  Ironically, schools turned to soda and snack vending companies in order to increase their discretionary funds. An example cited in the paper is one high school in Beltsville, MD, which made $72,438.53 in the 1999-2000 school year through a contract with a soft drink company and another $26,227.49 through a contract with a snack vending company. The almost $100,000 obtained was used for a variety of activities, including instructional uses such as purchasing computers, as well as extracurricular uses such as the yearbook, clubs and field trips.  Thus it becomes clear that the proposed ban is not only ineffective, but also demonstrably detrimental to schools and by extension their pupils.  [1] Anderson, P. M., 'Reading, Writing and Raisinets: Are School Finances Contributing to Children’s Obesity?', National Bureau of Economic Research, March 2005,  , accessed 9/11/2011 junk food, school funding, incentives, standardized tests, non-core programs, PE, sports, soda vending, snack vending, discretionary funds, school performance, obesity, school finances, educational resources, extracurricular activities, vending contracts, high school, Beltsville MD, computers, yearbook, clubs, field trips, funding ban, pupil impact junk food, school funding, incentives, standardized tests, PE, sports, vending machines, soda, snacks, extracurricular activities, computers, yearbook, clubs, field trips, ban, children's obesity, school finances, economic research junk food, school funding, incentives, standardized tests, non-core programs, PE, sports, soda vending, snack vending, discretionary funds, school performance, obesity, ban ineffectiveness, educational resources, extracurricular activities, Beltsville MD, financial contributions, children's health, school finance, policy impact junk food, school funding, incentives, standardized tests, PE, sports, non-core programs, soda, snack vending, soft drink companies, discretionary funds, instructional uses, extracurricular activities, computers, yearbook, clubs, field trips, ban, children's obesity, school finances junk food, school funding, incentives, standardized tests, limited resources, non-core programs, PE, sports, soda vending, snack vending, discretionary funds, instructional uses, extracurricular activities, ban, children's obesity, school finances
test-international-epdlhfcefp-pro04a	The High Representative will be a catalyst and a facilitator for decision-making.  The High Representative will not only act as a spokesman for EU nations when they agree on foreign policies, but will act as a catalyst around which external policy will increasingly become coordinated. By chairing meetings of EU foreign ministers, he or she will be able to shape the agenda and influence the outcomes of meetings, encouraging member states increasingly to think in terms of common foreign policy positions. They will have added authority from their ability to speak for the EU in the UN Security Council. The High Representative will also direct the EU’s new External Action Service, which brings together policy specialists from both the Council and Commission in a unique manner (ranging from the Arctic region to nuclear safety and enlargement) 1. With representatives all over the world the EU will develop a foreign service capable of creating and articulating policy positions in a manner that few national governments can match. Over time this will promote the evolution of a true EU foreign and security policy, and will contribute significantly to increased European consciousness among EU citizens and further moves to political unity.  1. European Union External Action, Policies, accessed 1/8/11 High Representative, catalyst, facilitator, decision-making, spokesman, EU nations, foreign policies, coordinator, external policy, chairing, meetings, EU foreign ministers, agenda, influence, outcomes, member states, common foreign policy, UN Security Council, authority, EU, External Action Service, policy specialists, Council, Commission, Arctic region, nuclear safety, enlargement, foreign service, policy positions, national governments, EU foreign policy, security policy, European consciousness, political unity, European Union, External Action, Policies High Representative, catalyst, facilitator, decision-making, spokesman, EU nations, foreign policies, coordination, external policy, chairing, meetings, EU foreign ministers, agenda, influence, outcomes, common foreign policy, UN Security Council, EU External Action Service, policy specialists, Council, Commission, Arctic region, nuclear safety, enlargement, foreign service, policy positions, European consciousness, political unity, European Union External Action, Policies High Representative, catalyst, facilitator, decision-making, spokesman, EU nations, foreign policies, coordination, external policy, chairing, meetings, EU foreign ministers, agenda shaping, influence, outcomes, common foreign policy, authority, UN Security Council, EU External Action Service, policy specialists, Council, Commission, Arctic region, nuclear safety, enlargement, foreign service, policy positions, European consciousness, political unity, European Union, foreign and security policy High Representative, EU, foreign policy, catalyst, facilitator, decision-making, spokesman, coordination, external policy, foreign ministers, agenda, outcomes, influence, member states, common positions, UN Security Council, authority, EU External Action Service, policy specialists, Council, Commission, Arctic region, nuclear safety, enlargement, foreign service, policy positions, European consciousness, political unity, European Union External Action, Policies High Representative, catalyst, facilitator, decision-making, spokesman, EU nations, foreign policies, external policy, coordination, chairing, meetings, EU foreign ministers, agenda, outcomes, influence, member states, common foreign policy, authority, UN Security Council, EU, External Action Service, policy specialists, Council, Commission, Arctic region, nuclear safety, enlargement, foreign service, policy positions, national governments, EU foreign and security policy, European consciousness, EU citizens, political unity, European Union, External Action, Policies
test-economy-eptpghdtre-pro02a	Historically Democrats have presided over more economic stability whereas the GOP is the party of boom and Bust  During the past 60 years Democrats have been considerably more likely to preside over a balanced budget than their Republican rivals. Since the OPEC shocks of the mid-70s the average unemployment rate under Republican Presidents has been 6.7 % as opposed to 5.5% under democrats. Even expanding that period out to the whole of the post-war period, unemployment has averaged 4.8% under democrats and 6.3% under democrats [i] .  Republican presidencies have been marked by higher unemployment, bigger deficits and lower wages.  [i] Larry Bartels. “Why the economy fares much better under Democrats.” Christian Science Monitor. October 21st, 2010 . Democrats, economic stability, GOP, boom and bust, balanced budget, Republican, unemployment rate, OPEC shocks, post-war period, Larry Bartels, Christian Science Monitor, economic performance, political parties, fiscal policy, economic growth, unemployment, deficits, wages Democrats, economic stability, GOP, boom and bust, balanced budget, Republican rivals, OPEC shocks, unemployment rate, post-war period, Larry Bartels, economy, Christian Science Monitor, deficits, wages Democrats, economic stability, GOP, boom and bust, balanced budget, Republican, unemployment rate, OPEC shocks, post-war period, deficits, wages, Larry Bartels, Christian Science Monitor Democrats, economic stability, GOP, boom and bust, balanced budget, Republican, unemployment rate, OPEC shocks, post-war period, deficits, wages, Larry Bartels, Christian Science Monitor Democrats, economic stability, GOP, boom and bust, balanced budget, Republican, unemployment rate, OPEC shocks, post-war period, Larry Bartels, Christian Science Monitor, economic performance, deficits, wages
test-politics-oeplhbuwhmi-con03a	The EU is a force multiplier  The UK gets more bang for the buck as a result of being a member of the EU. It has representation in more countries as a result of the European External Action Service (equivalent of the Foreign Office) thus extending UK influence to countries where it would not otherwise have representation. For example the EU have representation in Djibouti [1] whereas the UK individually is represented there from neighbouring Ethiopia. [2]  The UK, along with France, and to a lesser extent Germany, leads the EU on foreign policy matters, as illustrated by the first The High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy being a Briton, Catherine Ashton. [3] This means the UK essentially gains from the backing of the other 26 member states giving the UK a much more influential voice globally. For example the EU has a role in the Middle East ‘quartet’ of the EU, USA, Russia and United Nations [4] giving the UK a place at the table on the key issue of Israel Palestine where otherwise it would have none.  [1] ‘Délégation en République de Djibouti’, Délégation de l’Union européenne,   [2] ‘British Embassy Addis Ababa’, Gov.uk,   [3] ‘The High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy’, Europea Union External Action,   [4] ‘The Quartet’, Office of the Quartet, EU, UK, force multiplier, bang for the buck, European External Action Service, representation, influence, Djibouti, Ethiopia, foreign policy, France, Germany, Catherine Ashton, High Representative, Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy, Middle East, Quartet, USA, Russia, United Nations, Israel, Palestine EU, UK, force multiplier, European External Action Service, representation, Djibouti, Ethiopia, foreign policy, Catherine Ashton, High Representative, Middle East, Quartet, Israel, Palestine, global influence, member states, diplomacy, international relations, strategic advantage, foreign affairs, security policy, international representation, UK influence, EU membership benefits EU, UK, force multiplier, European External Action Service, representation, Djibouti, Ethiopia, foreign policy, Catherine Ashton, Middle East, Quartet, global influence, member states, foreign office, diplomatic presence, international relations, political leverage, strategic advantage, multilateralism EU, force multiplier, UK, representation, European External Action Service, Djibouti, Foreign Office, Ethiopia, foreign policy, Catherine Ashton, High Representative, Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy, Middle East, Quartet, USA, Russia, United Nations, Israel, Palestine, member states, global influence EU, UK, force multiplier, representation, European External Action Service, Foreign Office, Djibouti, Ethiopia, foreign policy, Catherine Ashton, High Representative, Middle East, Quartet, Israel, Palestine, global influence, member states, diplomatic presence, international relations, Europe, political leverage, diplomacy, international affairs, UK foreign affairs, EU foreign affairs, diplomatic representation, international organizations, global diplomacy, European diplomacy, UK-EU relations, EU influence, UK influence, diplomatic missions, foreign relations, global politics
test-culture-mmctghwbsa-pro03a	Since advertising is pervasive in mediated messages, it has the power to influence social attitudes.  Adverts occupy more public space than ever before in history. Due to technology, public space is global and ads can been seen around the world, in 2009 the UK became the first major economy where advertisers spend more on internet advertising than on television advertising1. Through such dominance, ads contribute to attitudes and values. Due to their power to influence attitudes within a society, serious attention should be paid to the content of advertising. 1 Sweney, Mark, 'Internet overtakes television to become biggest advertising sector in the UK', The Guardian, 30 September 2009 advertising, mediated messages, social attitudes, public space, global, internet advertising, television advertising, content, influence, values, society, UK, 2009, media, marketing, digital, impact, regulation, consumer, brand, communication, culture, media studies, advertising industry, technological change, media consumption, media landscape, economic shift, digital advertising, broadcast advertising, media trends, consumer behavior, societal impact, cultural influence, media effects, public sphere, commercial messaging, global media, digital media, advertising expenditure, media ecology, social impact, cultural studies, media analysis, advertising regulation, public policy, consumer protection advertising, mediated messages, social attitudes, public space, technology, global, internet advertising, television advertising, UK, content, influence, values, society, Sweney, The Guardian, 2009 advertising, pervasive, mediated messages, social attitudes, public space, global, technology, internet advertising, television advertising, UK, economic impact, content analysis, societal influence, media studies, cultural impact, marketing trends, digital media, consumer behavior, media consumption, advertising regulation, ethical considerations advertising, pervasive, mediated, messages, influence, social, attitudes, public, space, technology, global, UK, economy, internet, television, sector, dominance, content, values, society, attention, Sweney, Mark, The, Guardian, 2009 advertising, social attitudes, public space, internet advertising, television advertising, UK, influence, content, values, technology, global, media, marketing, digital, societal impact, consumer behavior, media studies, communication, cultural studies
test-economy-thhghwhwift-pro02a	There is ample precedent in the form of other “sin” taxes  A sin tax is a term often used for fees tacked on to popular vices like drinking, gambling and smoking. Its roots have been traced back to the 16th century Vatican, where Pope Leo X taxed licensed prostitutes. [1]  More recently, and with greater success, US federal cigarette taxes were shown to have reduced consumption by 4% for every 10% increase in the price of cigarettes. [2]  Given the success achieved with uprooting this societal vice, which on a number of counts is similar to the unhealthy food one - immense health costs linked to a choice to consume a product – we should employ this tried and true strategy to combat the obesity epidemic.  In fact, a recent study published in the Archives of Internal Medicine followed 5000 people for 20 years, tracking food consumption and various biological metrics. The report states that “Researchers found that, incremental increases in price of unhealthy foods resulted in incremental decreases in consumption. In other words, when junk food cost more, people ate it less.” [3]  Thus leaning on the successful tradition of existing “sin” taxes and research that points out the potential for success of a similar solution in this arena, it should be concluded that a fat tax is an important part of a sensible and effective solution to the obesity epidemic.  [1] Altman, A., A Brief History Of: Sin Taxes, published 4/2/2009,  , accessed 9/12/2011  [2] CDC, Steady Increases in Tobacco Taxes Promote Quitting, Discourage Smoking, published 5/27/2009,  , accessed 14/9/2011  [3] O'Callaghan, T., Sin taxes promote healthier food choices, published 3/10/2010,  , accessed 9/12/2011 sin taxes, precedent, vices, drinking, gambling, smoking, Pope Leo X, Vatican, 16th century, US federal cigarette taxes, consumption reduction, obesity epidemic, unhealthy food, health costs, choice, junk food, Archives of Internal Medicine, biological metrics, fat tax, sensible solution, obesity, research, incremental increases, price, consumption decrease sin taxes, cigarette taxes, obesity epidemic, unhealthy food, junk food, fat tax, Pope Leo X, taxation, health costs, consumption reduction, public health, policy, vending machine taxes, alcohol taxes, gambling taxes, fiscal measures, economic incentives, dietary choices, nutrition,Archives of Internal Medicine, CDC, tobacco control, smoking cessation, economic disincentives, food pricing, legislative action, societal vices, public policy, health economics sin taxes, precedent, vices, drinking, gambling, smoking, Pope Leo X, 16th century Vatican, prostitutes, US federal cigarette taxes, consumption reduction, societal vice, unhealthy food, obesity epidemic, Archives of Internal Medicine, food consumption, biological metrics, junk food, price increase, fat tax, sensible solution, obesity, tobacco taxes, quitting, smoking discouragement, healthier food choices sin taxes, historical precedent, vices, drinking, gambling, smoking, 16th century Vatican, Pope Leo X, licensed prostitutes, US federal cigarette taxes, consumption reduction, obesity epidemic, unhealthy food, health costs, consumption choice, Archives of Internal Medicine, 5000 people, 20 years, junk food, fat tax, sensible solution, obesity, tobacco taxes, smoking cessation, healthier food choices, sin tax history, tax effectiveness, public health policy, economic incentives, dietary habits, taxation impact, health behavior, nutritional choices, societal vices, policy measures, preventive healthcare, financial deterrents, consumer sin taxes, precedent, vices, drinking, gambling, smoking, Pope Leo X, 16th century Vatican, licensed prostitutes, US federal cigarette taxes, consumption reduction, societal vice, unhealthy food, obesity epidemic, health costs, consumer choice, Archives of Internal Medicine, 5000 people, 20 years, food consumption, biological metrics, price increase, junk food, fat tax, sensible solution, obesity, tobacco taxes, quitting, discouraging smoking, healthier food choices
test-philosophy-pphbclsbs-pro05a	The argument is about practicality and the balancing of risks.  It would be incredibly disingenuous of the opposition if they did not concede that the dangers are great and that something must be done. Because, deep down, everyone knows that it is simply a balancing of risks – in practice all the government is trying to do is save lives. It is of course, the government’s primary duty to protect citizens but this can only be done with the loss of some civil liberties. These liberties will of course still be completely protected by the courts. When it comes to the issue of life and death, it is the proposition’s hope that a few civil liberties would be only willingly given up by any prudent citizen. practicality, balancing, risks, opposition, dangers, government, save lives, primary duty, protect citizens, civil liberties, courts, life and death, proposition, willingly, prudent citizen practicality, balancing, risks, disingenuous, opposition, dangers, government, save, lives, primary, duty, protect, citizens, civil, liberties, courts, life, death, proposition, willingly, prudent, citizen practicality, balancing, risks, opposition, dangers, government, save lives, primary duty, protect citizens, civil liberties, courts, life and death, proposition, willingly, prudent citizen practicality, balancing, risks, disingenuous, opposition, dangers, government, save, lives, duty, protect, citizens, civil, liberties, courts, life, death, proposition, willingly, prudent, citizen practicality, balancing, risks, opposition, dangers, government, duty, protect, citizens, civil, liberties, courts, life, death, proposition, willingly, prudent, citizen
test-law-sdiflhrdffe-pro02a	Democracies have an obligation to shield these people and to encourage further dissent  The universality of human rights, of the freedom of speech and of due process is all touted as crucial by the world’s democracies. Democratic countries are frequently vocal on the subject of liberty, on the superiority of their system of government that provides for the best protection of human dignity. By offering amnesty to bloggers, the people standing at the forefront of the democratic cause in oppressive regimes, Western countries take a largely low-cost action that provides for the security and safety of some the bravest people in the public arena. The West must stop kowtowing to oppression and make a stand to offer an umbrella of protection to those who need it. That protection is absolutely crucial to the development of more dissent in the blogosphere and on the ground. Only by nurturing dissent can it ever take root and overcome the vast powers of authoritarian government. The promise of protection is hugely powerful because it gives bloggers a safety net to fall back on. Those already active will feel more empowered to speak out against their oppressors, and some currently cowed by fear will have the courage to speak up. The guarantee of amnesty also removes the perceived randomness of such offerings that currently occur, as in the recent case of Cuba in which two bloggers of similar pedigree asked for asylum in the US, but only one received it. [1] Such inconsistency has bred fear in the minds of dissidents. This policy would correct for it and help bolster the cause of justice on all fronts. It is through offering amnesty that democracies can provide the catalyst for the change they avow to be the paramount aim of human civilization.  [1] Fox News Latino. “Cuba: Prominent Blogger-Dissidents Receive Contradictory Results on Visa Petitions”. 31 January 2013. democracies, obligation, shield, encourage, dissent, universality, human rights, freedom of speech, due process, Western countries, amnesty, bloggers, oppressive regimes, security, safety, low-cost action, bravest people, public arena, kowtowing, oppression, umbrella of protection, dissent development, blogosphere, authoritarian government, nurturing dissent, overcome, safety net, empowered, speak out, fear, courage, guarantee, randomness, inconsistency, justice, policy, catalyst, change, human civilization, Cuba, blogger-dissidents, asylum, US, visas, contradictory results democracy, obligation, shield, dissent, human rights, freedom of speech, due process, liberty, government, protection, human dignity, amnesty, bloggers, authoritarian regimes, Western countries, safety, courage, inconsistency, asylum, justice, change, civilization, oppression, blogosphere, public arena, civil liberties, international support, political asylum, human rights advocacy democracies, obligation, shield, encourage, dissent, universality, human rights, freedom of speech, due process, world’s democracies, vocal, liberty, system of government, human dignity, offer amnesty, bloggers, democratic cause, oppressive regimes, Western countries, low-cost action, security, safety, bravest people, public arena, stop kowtowing, oppression, umbrella of protection, development, dissent, blogosphere, authoritarian government, protection, crucial, change, human civilization, safety net, empowered, speak out, oppressors, courage, guarantee, randomness, inconsistency, fear, dissidents, policy, justice democracies, obligation, shield, encourage, dissent, universality, human rights, freedom of speech, due process, world’s democracies, vocal, liberty, system of government, human dignity, offer amnesty, bloggers, democratic cause, oppressive regimes, Western countries, low-cost action, security, safety, kowtowing, oppression, umbrella of protection, development, more dissent, blogosphere, ground, nurture, root, authoritarian government, promise protection, safety net, empower, speak out, perceived randomness, inconsistency, fear, dissidents, policy, justice, change, human civilization, asylum, Cuba, contradictory results, democracies, obligation, shield, encourage, dissent, universality, human rights, freedom of speech, due process, world’s democracies, liberty, system of government, human dignity, amnesty, bloggers, democratic cause, oppressive regimes, Western countries, security, safety, kowtowing, oppression, umbrella of protection, dissent in blogosphere, authoritarian government, nurturing dissent, safety net, empowered, speak out, courage, guarantee, randomness, inconsistency, fear, dissidents, policy, justice, change, human civilization, Cuba, blogger-dissidents, asylum, visa petitions, contradiction
test-sport-aastshsrqsar-con01a	Meritocracy  It is a value of sport in general that it should be outside the sphere of social ills like racial, religious and political tensions. Sport should be based on merit only; those who play best get onto the team.  Racial quotas will lead to any non-white player in a team in a competition where quotas are being employed to being under a suspicion that they are not good enough and were only selected due to their race. As Peter de Villiers, the first black coach of the Springboks, says “Everybody will believe that these players will be picked because people are looking out for them.” [1] The result could be more racial abuse of players, not less.  [1] Peacock, James, ‘Peter de Villiers says racial quotas are ‘waste of time’, BBC Sport, 15 August 2013, Meritocracy, Sport, Racial, Religious, Political, Tensions, Merit, Team, Racial, Quotas, Non-white, Players, Suspicion, Race, Peter, de, Villiers, Black, Coach, Springboks, Racial, Abuse, Peacock, James, BBC, Sport Meritocracy, Sport, Racial, Religious, Political, Tensions, Quotas, Non-white, Players, Team, Competition, Peter de Villiers, Springboks, Racial Abuse, Selection, Performance, Ethnicity, Inclusion, Diversity, Coaching Meritocracy, Sport, Social ills, Racial tensions, Religious tensions, Political tensions, Merit, Team selection, Racial quotas, Non-white players, Suspicion, Race, Peter de Villiers, Springboks, Racial abuse, Players, BBC Sport Meritocracy, Sport, Social ills, Racial tensions, Religious tensions, Political tensions, Merit, Team selection, Racial quotas, Non-white players, Suspicion, Race, Racial abuse, Peter de Villiers, Springboks, BBC Sport, Racial quotas criticism Meritocracy, Sport, Social ills, Racial tensions, Religious tensions, Political tensions, Merit-based selection, Racial quotas, Non-white players, Team selection, Racial suspicion, Racial abuse, Peter de Villiers, Springboks, Racial quotas controversy, BBC Sport
test-education-pstrgsehwt-con04a	Creationism is a religious, not a scientific, explanation of reality.  Creationism is, by definition, not science. It is not based in any empirical evidence. Rather, Creationists start with a presupposed answer and work back from it. They assume there is a designer, so they look for holes in evolutionary theory and claim only a designer can explain the gaps. When new evidence arises that gives a natural explanation of the phenomenon in question, the Creationists backpedal and start looking for new holes. No amount of evidence could convince a Creationist because his belief is not based on evidence, but rather on a usually religion-driven opposition to evolution on a political and belief level. A science proves itself through experimentation and submitting research for peer review. Creationism fears scrutiny by real scientists. Instead supporters of creationism attempt to further its agenda through politics and courts, where science is not the main goal, but popularity and where expertise is not in science but in law (Dawkins, 2006). Creationism couches itself in the language of science and does its best to look respectable in the eyes of the public. For example, in rebranding as Intelligent Design, Creationists sought to appear less overtly religious. These attempts show the illegitimacy of Creationism. The pseudoscience of Creationism must, for the sake of education, be kept out of the classroom. Creationism, religious explanation, not science, empirical evidence, presupposed answer, designer, gaps in evolutionary theory, evidence rejection, belief-driven, opposition to evolution, experimentation, peer review, fears scrutiny, politics, courts, public respectability, Intelligent Design, pseudoscience, education, classroom exclusion Creationism, religious, not scientific, explanation, reality, presupposed answer, designer, gaps, evolutionary theory, evidence, natural explanation, backpedal, belief, religion-driven, opposition, evolution, politics, courts, experimentation, peer review, scrutiny, scientists, agenda, popularity, law, rebranding, Intelligent Design, less overtly religious, pseudoscience, education, classroom creationism, religious, not scientific, empirical evidence, presupposed answer, designer, gaps, evolutionary theory, new evidence, natural explanation, belief, religion-driven, opposition to evolution, science, experimentation, peer review, scrutiny, politics, courts, popularity, law, pseudoscience, intelligent design, education, classroom Creationism, Religion, Science, Empirical Evidence, Presupposition, Designer, Evolutionary Theory, Gaps, Evidence, Belief, Politics, Peer Review, Scrutiny, Intelligent Design, Pseudoscience, Education, Classroom Creationism, religious, explanation, reality, not-science, empirical-evidence, presupposed-answer, designer, evolutionary-theory, gaps, evidence, belief, opposition, experimentation, peer-review, scrutiny, politics, courts, popularity, expertise, law, pseudoscience, education, classroom, Intelligent-Design, Dawkins, 2006
test-law-hrilpgwhwr-pro02a	The ICC offers justice to victims of war crimes.  The ICC offers a multilateral means by which international law can be brought to bear on the perpetrators of war crimes. As Amnesty International argues, 'the ICC ensures that those who commit serious human rights violations are held accountable. Justice helps promote lasting peace, enables victims to rebuild their lives and sends a strong message that perpetrators of serious international crimes will not go unpunished'. Furthermore, and for the first time, the ICC has the power to order a criminal to pay reparations to a victim who has suffered as a result of their crimes. Such reparations may include restitution, indemnification and rehabilitation. Judges are able to order such reparations whether the victims have been able to apply for them or not. Though reparations will often not be sufficient on their own for lasting peace, they are a step in the right direction and only made possible by the establishment of the ICC. ICC, war crimes, justice, victims, international law, perpetrators, Amnesty International, human rights violations, accountability, lasting peace, reparations, restitution, indemnification, rehabilitation, judges, peace, establishment ICC, justice, victims, war crimes, multilateral, international law, perpetrators, Amnesty International, human rights violations, accountability, lasting peace, rebuild lives, serious international crimes, reparations, criminal, victim, suffered, restitution, indemnification, rehabilitation, judges, apply, establishment, step, direction ICC, war crimes, justice, victims, international law, perpetrators, Amnesty International, human rights violations, accountability, lasting peace, reparations, restitution, indemnification, rehabilitation, judges, peace, criminals, establishment ICC, justice, victims, war crimes, multilateral, international law, perpetrators, Amnesty International, human rights violations, accountability, lasting peace, rebuild lives, serious international crimes, reparations, criminal, victim, suffered, restitution, indemnification, rehabilitation, judges, apply, establishment, step, direction ICC, justice, victims, war crimes, multilateral, international law, perpetrators, Amnesty International, human rights violations, accountability, lasting peace, rebuild lives, serious international crimes, reparations, criminal, victim, suffered, restitution, indemnification, rehabilitation, judges, apply, lasting peace, establishment
test-politics-dhbanhrnw-con02a	The threat of nuclear weapons falling into the hands of rogue states and terrorists increases as more countries possess them  There are many dangerous dictators and tyrants, many of who covet the possession of nuclear weapons not just for the purpose of defence, but also for that of intimidating their neighbours. [1] Such leaders should not possess nuclear weapons, nor should they ever be facilitated in their acquisition. For example, Iran has endeavoured for years on a clandestine nuclear weapons program that, were it recognized as a legitimate pursuit, could be increased in scale and completed with greater speed. The result of such an achievement could well destabilize the Middle East and would represent a major threat to the existence of a number of states within the region, particularly Israel. Furthermore, the risk of nuclear weapons, or at least weapons-grade material, falling into the hands of dissidents and terrorists increases substantially when there are more of them and larger numbers of countries possess them. Additionally, many countries in the developing world lack the capacity to safely secure weapons if they owned them, due to lack of technology, national instability, and government corruption. [2] Recognizing the rights of these countries to hold nuclear weapons vastly increases the risk of their loss or misuse.  [1] Slantchev, Branislav. 2005. “Military Coercion in Interstate Crises”. American Political Science Review 99(4).  [2] Sagan, Scott D. 1993. The Limits of Safety: Organizations, Accidents, and Nuclear Weapons. Princeton: Princeton University Press. nuclear weapons, rogue states, terrorists, dangerous dictators, intimidation, Iran, clandestine nuclear program, Middle East, destabilization, Israel, weapons-grade material, dissidents, national instability, government corruption, military coercion, safety, organizations, accidents, risk assessment, proliferation, security, international relations, nuclear non-proliferation, disarmament, global security, strategic stability, nuclear terrorism, nuclear security, developing countries, technology, nuclear safeguards, international law, United Nations, nuclear powers, nuclear deterrence, arms control, conflict prevention, peacekeeping, non-state actors, nuclear materials, illicit trade, nuclear safety, crisis nuclear weapons, rogue states, terrorists, dangerous dictators, tyrants, nuclear proliferation, intimidation, Iran, clandestine nuclear program, Middle East stability, Israel, security risks, weapons-grade material, dissidents, national instability, government corruption, loss of nuclear weapons, misuse, developing countries, safety, security, nuclear rights, international security, nuclear disarmament, nuclear non-proliferation, strategic stability, nuclear safeguards, nuclear terrorism, international relations, political science, military strategy, crisis management, organizational accidents, nuclear safety, nuclear security, nuclear policy, arms control, nuclear threats, nuclear risks, regional security, global security nuclear weapons, rogue states, terrorists, dangerous dictators, tyrannts, nuclear proliferation, Iran, clandestine nuclear program, Middle East, Israel, nuclear stability, developing countries, technology, national instability, government corruption, nuclear safety, loss of weapons, misuse of weapons, military coercion, interstate crises, organizations, accidents, limits of safety, Scott D. Sagan, Branislav Slantchev nuclear weapons, rogue states, terrorists, dangerous dictators, nuclear intimidation, Iran, clandestine nuclear program, Middle East destabilization, nuclear proliferation, weapons-grade material, national instability, government corruption, nuclear security, nuclear rights, nuclear accidents, organizational safety, nuclear weapon loss, misuse of nuclear weapons nuclear weapons, rogue states, terrorists, dangerous dictators, tyrants, nuclear proliferation, Iran, clandestine nuclear program, Middle East, Israel, nuclear security, weapons-grade material, developing countries, technology, national instability, government corruption, military coercion, organizational accidents, nuclear safety
test-international-ghwcitca-con01a	It would never work  There are immense challenges to making a treaty seeking to prevent or curtail cyber-attacks work. Even on issues where there are clear security concerns it is unusual for the involved nations to be willing to get along and cooperate. This has proven to be the same with regards to the internet governance with Russia and China wanting greater state control while the US and Western Europe is opposed. [1] Even on issues where lives are being lost there is often no global agreement as can be seen by the deadlock in the UN security council over what to do about the civil war in Syria. [2]  Additionally there is the problem that working out who engaged in a cyber-attack is difficult. Such attacks are often routed through proxy computers to launch their attacks. If attacking a difficult target that may seek to strike back the attack will be through numerous proxies which will be in numerous countries to make tracking back difficult. [3] This means there can be misattribution of attacks creating confusion about which state needs to act domestically to prevent the cyber-attacks – or in the worst case resulting in a response aimed at the wrong country. For example South Korea has blamed its Northern neighbour for an attack on the website of the South Korean Presidency but the hacking is more likely to have been the work of someone in South Korea itself as a South Korean detailed his plans on Twitter before the attack. [4] If it is difficult to attribute who launched the attack then it would clearly be easy to get around any ban.  [1] Nebehay, Stephanie, ‘China, Russia seek greater control of Internet’, Reuters, 7 March 2013,   [2] Black, Ian, ‘UN may struggle to respond to reports of Syrian chemical attacks’, The Guardian, 21 August 2013,   [3] Greenemeier, Larry, ‘Seeking Address: Why Cyber Attacks Are So Difficult to Trace back to Hackers’, Scientific American, 11 June 2011,   [4] Koo, Soo-Kyung, ‘Cyber Security in South Korea: The Threat Within’, The Diplomat, 19 August 2013, cyber-attacks, treaty, challenges, cooperation, internet governance, state control, UN security council, civil war, Syria, attribution, proxy computers, misattribution, South Korea, North Korea, cyber security, hackers, trace back, detailed plans, Twitter treaty, cyber-attacks, international cooperation, internet governance, state control, UN security council, Syria, proxy computers, misattribution, South Korea, North Korea, cyber security, trace back, hackers, domestic action, international agreement, security concerns, deadlock, cyber warfare, state-sponsored attacks cyber-attacks, treaty, challenges, international cooperation, internet governance, Russia, China, US, Western Europe, UN Security Council, civil war, Syria, attribution, proxy computers, misattribution, South Korea, North Korea, cyber security, hacker tracing, state control, global agreement, security concerns, deadlock, hacking, detailed plans, response, ban evasion cyber-attacks, treaty, challenges, international cooperation, internet governance, Russia, China, state control, US, Western Europe, UN security council, civil war, Syria, misattribution, proxy computers, South Korea, North Korea, cyber security, hacker tracing, international deadlock, cyber warfare, digital security, state actors, non-state actors, cyber policy, global diplomacy, cyber governance, international relations, cybersecurity laws, technology regulation, cybercrime, cyber conflict, cyber espionage, digital forensics, online sovereignty, network security, information warfare, digital rights, internet freedom, cyber defense, electronic attack, cyber terrorism, cyber treaty, cyber-attacks, challenges, cooperation, internet governance, Russia, China, US, Western Europe, UN Security Council, Syria, attribution, proxy computers, misattribution, South Korea, North Korea, hacker, ban, cybersecurity, state control, global agreement, deadlock, cyber security, internal threat
test-health-hdond-con02a	This system will punish people for a past decision they cannot now undo  Most formulations of this policy involve assessing donor status on the basis of whether the patient was a registered organ donor prior to needing an organ. Thus, a sick person could find themselves in the tortuous situation of sincerely regretting their past decision not to donate, but having no means to atone for their past act. To visit such a situation upon citizens not only meaningfully deprives them of the means to continue living, it subjects them to great psychological distress. Indeed, they are not only aware that their past passive decision not to register as a donor has doomed them, but they are constantly told by the state that this is well and just. organ donation, policy, punishment, past decisions, non-donor, psychological distress, state justice, atonement, registered donor, health equity, moral dilemma, public health ethics organ donation, donor status, registered donor, past decision, irreversible choice, policy assessment, psychological distress, state justification, moral dilemma, atonement opportunity, living continuation, health punishment, ethical treatment, citizen rights, informed consent, healthcare justice, social contract, regret management, proactive healthcare, punitive healthcare policies organ donation, policy, punishment, past decisions, donor status, registered donor, patient, atone, psychological distress, state intervention, justice, living conditions, ethical concerns, health policy, moral dilemma, organ transplant, registration, regret, societal norms, legal implications organ donation, donor status, past decision, punishment, psychological distress, state policy, atonement, registered donor, moral dilemma, health equity, justice, patient rights, living continuation, passive decision, health legislation organ donation, donor status, policy, past decision, regret, psychological distress, state enforcement, atonement,living deprivation, justice, moral dilemma, healthcare ethics, informed consent, citizenship rights
test-environment-ehwsnwu-pro02a	Underground Nuclear Storage is Safe  Underground nuclear waste storage means that nuclear waste is stored at least 300m underground. [I1]  The harm of a leak 300m underground is significantly limited, if the area has been chosen correctly then there should be no water sources nearby to contaminate. If this is the case, then a leak’s harm would be limited to the layers of sediment nearby which would be unaffected by radiation. By comparison a leak outside might lead to animals nearby suffering from contamination. Further nuclear waste might reach water sources should there be a leak above ground, if it is raining heavily when the leak happens for example.  Further, the other options available, such as above ground storage present a potentially greater danger, should something go wrong. This is because it is much easier for nuclear waste to leak radiation into the air. This is problematic because even a hint of radiation may well cause people to panic owing to the damaging and heavily publicised consequences of previous nuclear safety crises. As such, underground storage is safer both directly and indirectly. [1]  As well as this, underground storage also prevents nuclear waste or nuclear radiation from reaching other states and as such, results in greater safety across borders. [2]  Further, storing all nuclear waste underground means that countries can concentrate their research and training efforts on responding to subterranean containment failures. Focus and specialisation of this type is much more likely to avert a serious release of nuclear material from an underground facility than the broad and general approach that will be fostered by diverse and distinct above-ground storage solutions.  [1] “Europe eyes underground nuclear waste repositories.” Infowars Ireland. 20/02/2010   [2] “EU Debates Permanent Storage For Nuclear Waste.” 04/11/2010 AboutMyPlanet.   [I1] I am not sure how to replace this section. “Leakage” of radioactive material into the air is a minimal danger. The contributor may be referring to the ejection of irradiated dust and other particulates that has occurred when nuclear power stations have suffered explosive containment failures, but this is not comparable to the types of containment failures that might happen in facilities used to store spent nuclear fuel rods and medical waste.  One of the more substantial risks presented by underground storage is release of nuclear material into a water source. underground nuclear storage, nuclear waste, radiation leak, water contamination, animal contamination, above ground storage, radiation panic, nuclear safety, cross-border safety, subterranean containment, research focus, nuclear material release, irradiated dust, explosive containment, spent fuel rods, medical waste, substantial risks, water source release Underground Nuclear Storage, Safe, Nuclear Waste, 300m Underground, Leak Prevention, Water Contamination, Radiation Containment, Above Ground Storage, Airborne Radiation, Public Panic, Nuclear Safety, Cross-Border Safety, Subterranean Containment, Research Focus, Training Specialization, Nuclear Waste Repositories, EU Nuclear Waste Debates, Radiation Release, Water Source Risk Underground Nuclear Storage, Safe, Nuclear Waste, Storage Depth, Leak Containment, Water Contamination, Environmental Impact, Animal Contamination, Above Ground Storage, Radiation Leakage, Public Panic, Nuclear Safety Crises, Cross-border Safety, Subterranean Containment, Research Focus, Training Efforts, Europe, Nuclear Waste Repositories, EU, Permanent Storage, Radioactive Material, Air Contamination, Explosive Containment Failures, Spent Nuclear Fuel Rods, Medical Waste, Material Release, Water Source Contamination Underground nuclear storage, nuclear waste, safety, leak, water contamination, radiation, above ground storage, nuclear accidents, public panic, cross-border safety, subterranean containment, research, training, radioactive material, nuclear power, spent fuel rods, medical waste, water sources, environmental impact, radiation exposure, nuclear safety crises, European Union, permanent storage, nuclear facilities, containment failures, irradiated dust, particulates, explosive containment, nuclear power stations, waste management, safety measures, European regulations, nuclear energy, environmental protection, public health, radioactive waste disposal, geological repositories, nuclear storage facilities, nuclear waste storage options, nuclear safety Underground nuclear storage, safety, radiation leak, water contamination, animal contamination, above ground storage, air radiation, public panic, nuclear safety crises, cross-border safety, subterranean containment, research focus, explosive containment failures, irradiated dust, spent nuclear fuel rods, medical waste, water source contamination
test-education-xeegshwfeu-con01a	The most vulnerable children would be left behind by the scheme  Even if a voucher scheme is used, parents still need to have considerable input in order that their children are able to access the best educational opportunities. Thus, those children who are most vulnerable, i.e. those with inadequate home support structures, will find that they are unable to access the best schools as their parents may lack the desire or knowledge to find out which schools are the best in their area.  Further, this problem will be exacerbated by the subsequent dearth of funding at the worst schools. vulnerable children, voucher scheme, parent input, educational opportunities, inadequate home support, school access, desire, knowledge, best schools, funding, worst schools, educational inequality, parent involvement, school choice, policy impact, educational vouchers, student success, socioeconomic barriers, education reform vulnerable children, voucher scheme, parental input, educational opportunities, inadequate home support, school funding, access to best schools, parental knowledge, educational inequality, funded schools vulnerable children, voucher scheme, parental input, educational opportunities, inadequate home support, access to best schools, funding dearth, worst schools vulnerable children, voucher scheme, parental input, educational opportunities, inadequate home support, school access, funding dearth, worst schools vulnerable children, voucher scheme, parental input, educational opportunities, inadequate home support, school access, funding shortage, poor schools
test-free-speech-debate-radhbsshr-pro03a	Racialised Opposition  Some critics of ‘The Spear’ have criticised the artwork on the grounds that it ‘dehumanises’ black people in general [1] and President Zuma in particular and criticises him based upon his personal life rather than policy, using vulgar means to do it. This line of opposition is part of a dog-whistle tactic that the ANC has consistently used against white critics of its government in the past. [2]  ANC criticisms of its white critics, including the opposition Democratic Alliance have made discreet reference to the injustices of the past as a means of creating distrust in the minds of poor, black voters who maintain ANC support as a result. Some politicians within the ANC, most notably the former President of its youth wing Julius Malema, have made incendiary statements that could be seen to stoke up hatred against whites.  It is against this back drop that the double standards over criticism of Murray should be viewed. Murray, a white artist, has been criticised roundly for ‘The Spear’, while black artists have created works that could be seen to denigrate President Zuma in a similar manner to ‘The Spear’. A noticeable example is ‘Ngcono ihlwempu kunesibhanxo sesityebi’ (Better a fool than a rich man’s nonsense) by Ayanda Mabulu, that carried a much more graphic depiction of the President and other leading politicians of the past and present with barely a murmur raised. [3]  By bowing to the pressure exerted by the ANC and its followers, the Goodman Gallery and City Press have bowed to pressure, denying criticism of the government and accepting the implied view that White South Africans are unable to criticise the government without seeking to re-assert any forms of superiority that had existed under Apartheid. Whilst there may still be underlying problems of Far-Right activity in South Africa, to smear anyone who criticises the government based on their race does nothing to help move the country on from autocracy and institutionalised racism. The Goodman Gallery and City Press should have stood by displaying the image as it represented the opinion of Brett Murray, free from intimidation or race based slander.  [1] Dana, Simphiwe, ‘The 'Sarah Baartmanisation' of the black body’, Mail & Guardian, 12 June 2012,   [2] Hlongwane, Sipho, ‘The ANC's best friend: Brett Murray & The Spear’, Amandla,   [3] Ndlovu, Andile, ‘'Spear' sparks hot Twitter debate’, Times Live, 23 May 2012, Racialised Opposition, The Spear, Dehumanisation, Black People, President Zuma, Personal Life, Vulgar Means, Dog-Whistle Tactics, ANC, White Critics, Injustices Past, Poor Black Voters, Julius Malema, Incendiary Statements, Hatred Against Whites, Double Standards, Murray, White Artist, Ayanda Mabulu, Graphic Depiction, Goodman Gallery, City Press, Criticism Government, Free Expression, Intimidation, Race-Based Slander, Far-Right Activity, Autocracy, Institutionalised Racism Racialised opposition, The Spear, dehumanisation, black people, President Zuma, personal life, dog-whistle tactic, ANC, white critics, government, Democratic Alliance, injustices, past, poor black voters, Julius Malema, hatred, whites, double standards, criticism, Murray, black artists, Ayanda Mabulu, Goodman Gallery, City Press, criticism pressure, white South Africans, Apartheid, Far-Right, autocracy, institutionalised racism, Brett Murray, free speech, intimidation, race-based slander Racialised Opposition, The Spear, Dehumanises, Black People, President Zuma, Personal Life, Policy, Vulgar Means, Dog-Whistle Tactic, ANC, White Critics, Government, Democratic Alliance, Injustices of the Past, Poor, Black Voters, Julius Malema, Incendiary Statements, Hatred Against Whites, Double Standards, Criticism, Murray, White Artist, Ayanda Mabulu, Ngcono ihlwempu kenesibhanxo sesityebi, Graphic Depiction, Goodman Gallery, City Press, Criticism, Government, Race Based Slander, Free Expression, Int Racialised opposition, The Spear, dehumanisation, black people, President Zuma, personal life, policy, vulgar, dog-whistle tactic, ANC, white critics, government, Democratic Alliance, injustices of the past, distrust, poor black voters, Julius Malema, hatred against whites, double standards, Murray, white artist, black artists, Ayanda Mabulu, Goodman Gallery, City Press, White South Africans, Apartheid, Far-Right, autocracy, institutionalised racism, free speech, intimidation, race-based slander, Brett Murray, Mail & Guardian, Amandla, Times Live Racialised opposition, The Spear, Dehumanisation, Black people, President Zuma, Personal life, Vulgar means, Dog-whistle tactic, ANC, White critics, Government, Injustices of the past, Poor black voters, Julius Malema, Incendiary statements, Hate, Double standards, Murray, White artist, Black artists, Ayanda Mabulu, Graphic depiction, Goodman Gallery, City Press, Criticism, Government, Race-based slander, Far-Right activity, Autocracy, Institutionalised racism, Sarah Baartmanisation, Quentin Williams, Simphiwe Dana, Sipho Hlongwane
test-politics-oglilpdwhsn-con02a	"The New START treaty helps Russia more than the US  Not only does New START leave in place Russia’s extant tactical nuclear advantage but it has further loopholes for Russian weapons. As Mitt Romney argued in 2010: ""Does the treaty provide gaping loopholes that Russia could use to escape nuclear weapon limits entirely? Yes. For example, multiple warhead missile bombers are counted under the treaty as only one warhead. While we currently have more bombers than the Russians, they have embarked on new programs for long-range bombers and for air-launched nuclear cruise missiles. Thus, it is no surprise that Russia is happy to undercount missiles on bombers."" [1]  New START also fails to limit rail-mobile intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs), which Russia could potentially make use of. The definition of rail-mobile ICBM launchers was established in the expired START as “an erector-launcher mechanism for launching ICBMs and the railcar or flatcar on which it is mounted.” [2] This and associated restrictions and limitations in START, are not in the New START. This makes it possible for Russia to claim that any new Rail Mobile ICBMs are not subject to New START limitations. [3] Mitt Romney worries that Russia is already working to take advantage of these omissions: “As drafted, it lets Russia escape the limit on its number of strategic nuclear warheads. Loopholes and lapses -- presumably carefully crafted by Moscow -- provide a path to entirely avoid the advertised warhead-reduction targets. …. These omissions would be consistent with Russia's plans for a new heavy bomber and reports of growing interest in rail-mobile ICBMs."" [4]  This means that under the treaty limits, the United States is the only country that must reduce its launchers and strategic nuclear weapons. Russia has managed to negotiate the treaty limits so that they simply restrict it to reductions it was already planning to do. As a result the United States is making what are effectively unilateral reductions. [5] Therefore, New START is an unequal treaty as it offers more to Russia than to the US. This is bad for the balance of power and thus bad for world peace, and so New START should be opposed.  [1] Romney, Mitt. ""Stop START."" Boston.com. 3 December 2010.   [2] ‘Terms and Definitions’, The Treaty Between The United States Of America And The Union Of Soviet Socialist Republics On The Reduction And Limitation Of Strategic Offensive Arms And Associated Documents, 1991,   [3] Spring, Baker. ""Twelve Flaws of New START That Will Be Difficult to Fix"". Heritage Foundation, The Foundry. 16 September 2010.   [4] Romney, Mitt. ""Stop START."" Boston.com. 3 December 2010.   [5] Romney, Mitt. ""Stop START."" Boston.com. 3 December 2010. New START treaty, Russia, US, tactical nuclear advantage, loopholes, Russian weapons, Mitt Romney, 2010, multiple warhead missile bombers, long-range bombers, air-launched nuclear cruise missiles, rail-mobile intercontinental ballistic missiles, ICBMs, expired START, strategic nuclear warheads, advertised warhead-reduction targets, new heavy bomber, rail-mobile ICBMs, treaty limits, unilateral reductions, unequal treaty, balance of power, world peace, Boston.com, Heritage Foundation, The Foundry New START, Russia, US, tactical nuclear advantage, loopholes, Russian weapons, Mitt Romney, multiple warhead missile bombers, rail-mobile ICBMs, strategic nuclear warheads, unilateral reductions, balance of power, world peace, Treaty Between The United States Of America And The Union Of Soviet Socialist Republics On The Reduction And Limitation Of Strategic Offensive Arms, Heritage Foundation, The Foundry, Boston.com New START treaty, Russia, US, tactical nuclear advantage, loopholes, Russian weapons, Mitt Romney, warhead missile bombers, multiple warhead missile, long-range bombers, air-launched nuclear cruise missiles, rail-mobile intercontinental ballistic missiles, ICBMs, strategic nuclear warheads, treaty limitations, unequal treaty, balance of power, world peace, US launcher reductions, strategic nuclear weapons, unilateral reductions, Russia's planned reductions, Treaty Between The United States Of America And The Union Of Soviet Socialist Republics On The Reduction And Limitation Of Strategic Offensive Arms, Heritage Foundation, The Foundry, Twelve Flaws of New START, difficult New START, Russia, US, tactical nuclear advantage, loopholes, Russian weapons, Mitt Romney, multiple warhead missile bombers, rail-mobile ICBMs, strategic nuclear warheads, unequal treaty, unilateral reductions, balance of power, world peace, Boston.com, Heritage Foundation, The Foundry, Treaty Between The United States Of America And The Union Of Soviet Socialist Republics On The Reduction And Limitation Of Strategic Offensive Arms, 1991 New START treaty, Russia, US, tactical nuclear advantage, loopholes, Russian weapons, Mitt Romney, multiple warhead missile bombers, rail-mobile intercontinental ballistic missiles, ICBMs, strategic nuclear warheads, unilateral reductions, balance of power, world peace, Treaty Between The United States Of America And The Union Of Soviet Socialist Republics On The Reduction And Limitation Of Strategic Offensive Arms, The Foundry, Heritage Foundation, Baker Spring, Twelve Flaws of New START"
test-society-cpisydfphwj-pro02a	Facebook provides an information point  Undoubtedly, one of the most important aspects which will influence your efforts to improve your life is your ability to take advantage of every opportunity which comes up. Obviously, one of the, if not the, best way to do this is to stay connected with the world around you, this enables you to be able to quickly find out about job opportunities, sporting competitions or social events in your area. Facebook created and developed an efficient, extremely widely visited platform on which millions of users can get in touch with each other. This can prove to be an extremely useful tool both for companies or event planners and direct customers. No matter if we are talking about Google's new hiring policy or Toyota's new discount, an upcoming music festival or a football tournament for amateur players, Facebook is informing the individuals about these events, keeping them connected with their community.  Social networks are more efficient to serving this purpose than other more conventional means like TV commercials because it is free. A very good example of this is the Kony 2012 campaign, which informed the people about the atrocities that happened in Uganda at the time, mainly relying only on social media. The Youtube video telling its story has more than 98 million views and also there were more posts on Facebook about Kony on March 6th and 7th than even Apple’s new iPad or TV releases. (1) No matter if we talk about TV ads, radio commercials or billboards, the price that has to be paid in order to promote an event is a big drawback for anyone who wants to inform the population. As a result, Facebook as with other social media is the online, cheap, efficient equivalent to an info point.  (1) Kyle Willis “Kony 2012 Social Media Case Study “, March 8, 2012 Facebook, information point, life improvement, opportunities, staying connected, job opportunities, sporting competitions, social events, platform, users, companies, event planners, customers, Google, Toyota, music festival, football tournament, community, social networks, TV commercials, Kony 2012, Uganda, Youtube, Apple, iPad, TV ads, radio commercials, billboards, promotion, social media, info point, efficiency, cost-effectiveness Facebook, information point, life improvement, opportunity, connectivity, social events, job opportunities, sporting competitions, social media platform, users, communication, companies, event planners, customers, information dissemination, community, social networks, efficiency, conventional media, TV commercials, Kony 2012, social media campaign, Youtube, views, Facebook posts, Apple, iPad, TV releases, promotion costs, advertising, online, cheap, info point Facebook, information, opportunity, stay connected, job opportunities, sporting competitions, social events, platform, users, companies, event planners, customers, Google, Toyota, music festival, football tournament, community, social networks, efficiency, conventional means, TV commercials, Kony 2012, Uganda, atrocities, social media, YouTube, Kyle Willis, TV ads, radio commercials, billboards, promotion, inform, population, online, cheap, info point Facebook, information point, opportunities, life improvement, stay connected, job opportunities, sporting competitions, social events, platform, users, companies, event planners, customers, Google hiring policy, Toyota discount, music festival, football tournament, community, social networks, TV commercials, free, Kony 2012 campaign, Uganda, atrocities, YouTube, Facebook posts, Apple iPad, TV ads, radio commercials, billboards, promotion costs, social media, info point, efficient, cheap Facebook, information point, opportunity, life improvement, stay connected, job opportunities, sporting competitions, social events, social platform, users, companies, event planners, customers, Google, hiring policy, Toyota, discount, music festival, football tournament, social networks, TV commercials, Kony 2012 campaign, Uganda, atrocities, social media, Youtube video, TV ads, radio commercials, billboards, promotion, event, population, online, cheap, efficient, info point, Kyle Willis, Social Media Case Study
test-law-tahglcphsld-pro02a	Prohibition does not work; instead, it glamorizes drugs  Those who want to use drugs will take them whether they are legal or not – and more are doing so than ever before. In 1970 there was something like 1,000 problematic drug users in the UK, now there are over 250,000. [1] Legalization will also remove the glamour which surrounds an underground activity and so make drug use less attractive to impressionable teenagers. For example, statistics suggest that cannabis use in the UK declined after its classification was lowered from ‘B’ to ‘C’. [2]  [1] Home Affairs Select Committee, ‘The Government’s Drug Policy: Is It Working?’, parliament.uk, 22 May 2002,   [2] Travis, Alan, ‘Cannabis use down since legal change’, The Guardian, 26th October 2007, prohibition, ineffective, glamorization, drugs, legalization, UK, problematic drug users, teenagers, cannabis, classification, statistics, policy, Home Affairs Select Committee, The Guardian Prohibition, Legalization, Drug Policy, Glamorization, Cannabis, UK, Problematic Drug Users, Teenagers,地下活动, Impressionable, Classification, Statistics, Home Affairs Select Committee, Alan Travis, The Guardian, Legal Change, Drug Use Decline prohibition, ineffective, glamorizes, drugs, legalization, drug, users, increase, UK, 1970, 250000, teenagers, impressionable, cannabis, classification, decline, Home, Affairs, Select, Committee, parliament, Travis, Alan, Guardian, legal, change prohibition, glamorizes, drugs, legalization, drug-use, teenagers, cannabis, classification, statistics, decline, policy, effectiveness prohibition, glamorizes, drugs, legalization, drug, users, legal, underground, activity, attractive, teenagers, cannabis, use, declined, classification, lowered, statistics, Travis, Alan, The, Guardian, Home, Affairs, Select, Committee, parliament.uk, government, drug, policy, working
test-politics-oeplhbuwhmi-con04a	Leaving the EU will mean the UK will have less regional influence  Like it or not the UK is a part of Europe geographically and as such the countries that are most important to UK foreign policy are also in Europe. Leaving the EU will damage relations with those powers that are currently a part of the EU, and potentially also those who are used to dealing with the UK as part of the EU. The United States has noted it “benefits from a strong UK being part of the European Union” [1] in much the same way as the UK does. If this is the UK's strongest ally's view what would be the view of the powers from whom out would mean divorce? The UK will be outside the group trying to influence it rather than on the inside. The EU states will no longer need to listen to the UK on a wide range of issues where it has previously been a key voice.  [1] Earnest, Josh, ‘Press Briefing by the Press Secretary Josh Earnest’, White House, 14 March 2016, Leaving EU, UK regional influence, European foreign policy, EU relations damage, US-UK alliance, EU decision-making, UK-EU divorce, international influence, European Union membership, UK foreign policy impact Leaving EU, UK regional influence, UK-EU relations, UK foreign policy, European powers, US-UK alliance, EU membership benefits, UK diplomatic role, European integration, Brexit consequences Leaving EU, UK, regional influence, Europe, foreign policy, EU relations, United States, strong ally, UK divorce, outside influence, EU states, key voice Leaving EU, UK regional influence, European geography, UK foreign policy, EU relations, US-UK alliance, Josh Earnest, White House briefing, EU member states, UK influence post-Brexit, European powers perspective, UK-EU divorce, UK international standing Leaving EU, UK regional influence, European geography, UK foreign policy, EU relations damage, US-UK alliance, EU membership benefits, UK-EU divorce, external influence, key voice loss
test-economy-eptpghdtre-pro03a	Democrats focus on increasing wages, creating better consumers.  Quality customers can only be created by paying people enough to allow them to purchase goods and services. You can create as many jobs as you like but if they’re created at a level where consumers can’t even afford to survive it does absolutely nothing to stimulate the economy. Instead Democrats believe in working with labour to ensure that wages are set at levels that both respect the worker and have a positive effect on the economy. [i]  [i] Mark Pash, CFP_ wi8th Brad Parker. “Progressive Economic Principles: Creating a Quality Economy.” Democrats, wages, consumers, quality customers, economy, jobs, survival, stimulation, labour, worker respect, progressive economics, quality economy, Mark Pash, Brad Parker, Progressive Economic Principles Democrats, wages, consumers, quality customers, purchasing power, economic stimulation, job creation, survival wages, economy, labor, wage levels, worker respect, progressive economics, quality economy, Mark Pash, Brad Parker, Progressive Economic Principles Democrats, increasing wages, better consumers, quality customers, paying people, purchase goods, services, afford to survive, stimulate economy, working with labour, respect the worker, positive effect, economy, Mark Pash, CFP, Brad Parker, Progressive Economic Principles, Quality Economy Democrats, wages, consumers, quality customers, affordable survival, economic stimulation, labour cooperation, wage levels, worker respect, progressive economics, quality economy, Mark Pash, Brad Parker, Progressive Economic Principles Democrats, wages, consumers, quality customers, economy, jobs, survival, stimulate, labour, worker respect, progressive economic principles, Mark Pash, Brad Parker, quality economy
test-free-speech-debate-magghbcrg-pro01a	Community radio gives voices to the people rather than imposing those of the powerful.  The events of the Arab Spring (and previous events such as the revolutions of 1989) have shown that effective means of communicating are vital. In a country where people have heard only one perspective, anything that can break the monopoly is to be welcomed. As Orwell put it, ‎'In an age of universal deceit, to tell the truth is a subversive act'.  Community radio can both encourage an initial outpouring of democracy and, just as importantly, ensure that a diversity of opinions means that one autocratic regime is not just replaced by another.  In almost all other forms of mass communication, genuinely democratic voices are easily swamped by those with either the power or the money to drown out the competition [i] . As the focus of community radio is public service, rather than profit, responsible to – and frequently produced by – their listener base there do not have commercial advertisers’ aversion to upsetting authority – either political or cultural. As a result they are free to eschew the bland lowest common denominator approach that is so typical of commercial radio.  [i] AMARC (World Association of Community Radio) booklet. What is Community Radio? 1998. Community radio, democracy, Arab Spring, revolutions, communication, monopoly, diversity, opinions, autocratic regime, Orwell, universal deceit, truth, subversive act, mass communication, democratic voices, power, money, public service, profit, listener base, commercial advertisers, authority, political, cultural, bland, lowest common denominator, commercial radio, AMARC, World Association of Community Radio, 1998 community radio, voices, powerful, Arab Spring, revolutions 1989, communication, democracy, diversity, opinions, autocratic regime, Orwell, universal deceit, truth, subversive act, mass communication, democratic voices, power, money, public service, profit, listener base, commercial advertisers, authority, political, cultural, bland, lowest common denominator, commercial radio, AMARC, World Association of Community Radio, booklet Community radio, voices, people, powerful, Arab Spring, revolutions, 1989, communication, country, perspective, monopoly, Orwell, universal deceit, truth, subversive act, democracy, opinions, autocratic regime, mass communication, democratic voices, power, money, competition, public service, profit, responsible, listener base, commercial advertisers, authority, political, cultural, bland, lowest common denominator, commercial radio, AMARC, World Association of Community Radio, booklet, 1998 Community radio, voices, people, powerful, Arab Spring, revolutions, 1989, communication, democracy, diversity, opinions, autocratic regime, Orwell, universal deceit, truth, subversive act, mass communication, democratic voices, commercial radio, lowest common denominator, AMARC, World Association of Community Radio, public service, listener base, commercial advertisers, authority, political, cultural Community radio, voices, powerful, Arab Spring, revolutions, communication, democracy, diversity, opinions, autocratic regime, Orwell, universal deceit, truth, subversive act, mass communication, democratic voices, profit, public service, listener base, commercial advertisers, authority, cultural, bland, lowest common denominator, commercial radio, AMARC, World Association of Community Radio
test-law-cplgpshwdp-con01a	The motion completely undermines the assumption of innocence which accompanies a fair trial.  By projecting past convictions on to a new case, this disclosure greatly weakens the presumption of innocence which is the defendant’s right [1] . It is the jury’s duty to form a verdict based on the relevant case, and it should not be dependent on events from the defendant’s past life which may be completely irrelevant to the case in hand. Many people who mistakenly committed a crime at one point in their life realise that it was a mistake and do not go on to re-offend, particularly if they have received help or treatment from the state [2] . Even if the defendant has repeatedly committed crimes in their past, it does not necessarily follow that they are guilty of the particular offence which has gone to trial.  [1] Criminal Defense Department’ Every person is PRESUMED INNOCENT until Proven Guilty Beyond a Reasonable Doubt’, Parkes Law Group, 6 May 2011  [2] Public Safety Canada, ‘Treatment for sex offenders’, 28 December 2007 presumption of innocence, fair trial, past convictions, defendant's right, jury's duty, irrelevant past, re-offend, treatment, sex offenders, criminal defense, reasonable doubt, public safety, legal principles, judicial process, defendant's past, criminal history, legal rights, trial fairness, offender rehabilitation presumption of innocence, fair trial, past convictions, irrelevant evidence, jury duty, verdict, re-offending, treatment, criminal defense, reasonable doubt, sex offenders, public safety presumption of innocence, fair trial, past convictions, jury duty, relevance of evidence, rehabilitation, repeated crimes, guilt, legal rights, criminal defense, treatment programs, sex offenders, public safety, reasonable doubt, legal principles, judicial process, defendant's rights, criminal justice system, legal verdict, mistake, re-offense, state assistance, jury instructions, legal fairness, legal presumption, criminal law, justice system, trial procedures, legal standards, criminal behavior, legal protections, offender treatment, crime prevention, legal ethics, judicial ethics, legal safeguards, legal reform, judicial systems, legal arguments, courtroom procedures, legal implications, judicial decisions presumption of innocence, fair trial, past convictions, irrelevant events, repeated crimes, guilty verdict, criminal defense, reasonable doubt, treatment for offenders, sex offenders, legal rights, jury duty, defense rights, legal principles, criminal justice system, judicial process, legal presumption, defendant's rights, criminal law, evidence admissibility presumption of innocence, fair trial, past convictions, jury duty, relevant case, irrelevant past, re-offend, criminal defense, reasonable doubt, treatment, sex offenders, public safety, legal rights, defendant's rights, criminal justice, legal system, verdict formation, crime history, repeat offenders
test-law-sdiflhrdffe-pro01a	These people are under serious threat for their pursuit of justice  The internet has become the paramount means of voicing dissent within repressive regimes. As the technology regimes have to keep control of their people increases, with access to high-tech surveillance technology adding to their already formidable arsenals of physical oppression, the internet has become the only platform to express meaningful dissent. The Jasmine Revolution in Tunisia, for example, wherein people mobilized to overthrow their dictator has even been dubbed the Twitter Revolution. [1] Bloggers have become a major voice of dissent in other repressive regimes, including Cuba and China. Yet the blog platform is far from safe. Governments have sought to crack down on bloggers’ ability to dissent, using draconian methods like imprisonment to cow them into silence. In China the arrests of bloggers like Zhai Xiaobing, who was arrested and detained for simply posting a joke about Communist Party, have served to frighten many into silence. [2] So long as information is denied to the public, governments are able to maintain their repression. Only external help from democratic, or at least more liberal, states can provide the safe haven for people who have rubbed their governments the wrong way in their pursuit of reform and justice.  [1] Zuckerman, E. “The First Twitter Revolution?”. Foreign Policy. 14 January 2011.   [2] Wong, G. “Zhai Xiaobing, Chinese Blogger, Arrested for Twitter Joke About China’s Government”. Huffington Post. 21 November 2012. threat, pursuit, justice, internet, dissent, repressive, regimes, surveillance, oppression, platform, Jasmine, Revolution, Tunisia, Twitter, bloggers, voice, China, Cuba, crackdown, imprisonment, Zhai, Xiaobing, arrests, joke, Communist, Party, silence, information, public, repression, external, help, democratic, liberal, states, safe, haven, reform internet, dissent, repressive regimes, surveillance, oppression, Jasmine Revolution, Tunisia, Twitter Revolution, bloggers, Cuba, China, imprisonment, Zhai Xiaobing, information control, external help, democratic states, reform, justice internet, dissent, repressive regimes, technology, surveillance, oppression, Jasmine Revolution, Twitter Revolution, bloggers, censorship, imprisonment, Zhai Xiaobing, China, information control, external support, democratic states, reform, justice internet, dissent, repressive regimes, surveillance, oppression, Jasmine Revolution, Twitter Revolution, bloggers, Cuba, China, imprisonment, Zhai Xiaobing, information control, external help, democratic states, reform, justice internet, dissent, repressive regimes, surveillance, oppression, Jasmine Revolution, Tunisia, Twitter Revolution, bloggers, Cuba, China, Zhai Xiaobing, imprisonment, information denial, external help, democratic states, reform, justice
test-culture-mmctghwbsa-pro04a	"Policies should be established which ban the promotion of sexist attitudes in advertising.  Norway and Denmark have already developed policies to restrict sexist advertising1. In 2008, the UN Committee to Eliminate Discrimination Against Women calls upon states to taken action and in particular the United Kingdom government to address this issue.2 In May of 2011 Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe 's Committee on Equal Opportunity for Women made a case for sexist advertising as a barrier to gender equality. In that report standards were presented and methods to cope with sexist advertising were suggested.3In Australia a government advisory board has developed a list of principles to guide both advertising and the fashion industry.4 1 Holmes, Stefanie. ""Scandinavian split on sexist ads."" BBC news. 2008/April 25 accessed 2011/08/25 2 Object.com. ""Women are not Sex Objects."" 3 Parliamentary Assembly of 26 May 2011, The Council of Europe. 4 Kennedy, Jean. ""Fashion Industry asked to adopt body image code."" ABCNews. 2010/June 27 sexist advertising, policies, Norway, Denmark, UN Committee, Elimination of Discrimination Against Women, United Kingdom, Parliamentary Assembly, Council of Europe, gender equality, Australia, government advisory board, fashion industry, body image code Policies, sexist attitudes, advertising, Norway, Denmark, UN Committee, Elimination of Discrimination Against Women, United Kingdom, Parliamentary Assembly, Council of Europe, gender equality, Australia, advisory board, principles, fashion industry, body image code Policies, sexist attitudes, advertising, Norway, Denmark, UN Committee, Discrimination Against Women, United Kingdom, Parliamentary Assembly, Council of Europe, gender equality, Australia, government advisory board, body image code Policies, Ban, Sexist, Attitudes, Advertising, Norway, Denmark, UN, Committee, Elimination, Discrimination, Women, United, Kingdom, Parliamentary, Assembly, Council, Europe, Gender, Equality, Australia, Government, Advisory, Board, Principles, Fashion, Industry, Body, Image, Code Policies, Ban, Sexist, Attitudes, Advertising, Norway, Denmark, UN, Committee, Discrimination, Women, United, Kingdom, Parliamentary, Assembly, Council, Europe, Gender, Equality, Australia, Government, Advisory, Board, Principles, Fashion, Industry, Body, Image, Code"
test-economy-thhghwhwift-pro03a	A fat tax levels out the playing field for healthier food  An important reason why people continuously turn to unhealthy, fat, sugar and salt laden food, is the simple fact that it’s often cheaper than a more wholesome meal comprised at least in part of fresh produce.  A study done at the University of Washington found that “when they compared the prices of 370 foods… junk foods not only cost less… but junk food prices are also less likely to rise as a result of inflation.” [1]  A similar conclusion was reached by a group of Australian researchers, who found that the prices of healthy food have risen 20 per cent above inflation, while the harmful counterpart have actually dropped below inflation – as much as 20 per cent below. [2]  Noting that obesity is more prevalent in groups of lower socioeconomic status, we find that the price of food is a substantial incentive for consumption.  Thus it is only reasonable to levy a tax against unhealthy, fatty food in order to give healthy food a fighting chance.  [1] Parker-Pope, T., A High Price for Healthy Food, published 12/5/2007,  , accessed 9/12/2011  [2] Burns, C., The rising cost of healthy foods, published 10/16/2008,  , accessed 9/12/2011 fat tax, healthy food, unhealthy food, junk food, fresh produce, inflation, obesity, socioeconomic status, food prices, taxation, public health, nutrition, economics, food affordability, diet, health policy fat tax, playing field, healthier food, unhealthy food, cheaper, wholesome meal, fresh produce, University of Washington, junk food, prices, inflation, Australian researchers, healthy food, costs, obesity, socioeconomic status, price of food, consumption, tax, unhealthy, fatty food, high price, healthy food, fighting chance fat tax, healthy food, unhealthy food, price comparison, junk food, inflation, socioeconomic status, obesity, food prices, nutritional economics, policy intervention, diet quality, public health, food affordability, economic incentives, food taxation, health equity fat tax, playing field, healthier food, unhealthy food, cheaper, wholesome meal, fresh produce, University of Washington, junk foods, prices, inflation, Australian researchers, healthy food, socioeconomic status, obesity, tax, unhealthy, fatty food, consumption, high price, rising cost fat tax, healthier food, playing field, unhealthy food, cheaper, wholesome meal, fresh produce, University of Washington, junk foods, prices, inflation, Australian researchers, healthy food, prices rise, socioeconomic status, obesity, price of food, consumption incentive, unhealthy, fatty food, levy tax, fighting chance
test-education-usuprmhbu-con01a	Meritocracy is the only fair system by which society should be ordered  Any system that does not reward individuals on the basis of their merit is one that is unjust to those not in the group that is “preferred” and therefore benefitted by it.  Meritocracy is the only fair system to run a society on. Any system that does not reward individuals on the basis of their skill and effort is one that is unjust. The use of any criteria other than merit to select or benefit an individual is the definition of discrimination itself. Simply putting the word “positive” in front of it does not make it a beneficial or just system. For every act of “positive” discrimination enacted, an act of “negative” discrimination occurs against the individual that was denied a position or achievement they earned on their own merit for the person that received the “positive” end of the discrimination.  Affirmative action is simply reversing the discrimination in society so injustice is enacted in the opposite direction. This is not a just system of distribution; it’s simply unjust against a different group. The only truly fair system to use is one that has no criteria other than merit to determine who receives what. Meritocracy, fairness, justice, skill, effort, discrimination, affirmative action, positive discrimination, negative discrimination, societal order, unfairness, rewards, criteria, merit-based, equality, reverse discrimination, just system, distribution, earnings, preferences, group benefits, individual merit meritocracy, fairness, society, reward, merit, unjust, skill, effort, discrimination, positive, negative, affirmative, action, reverse, injustice, distribution, criteria, position, achievement, fair, system, group, benefit, earned, opposed, truly, use, determine, receives meritocracy, fairness, society, reward, skill, effort, unjust, discrimination, positive-discrimination, negative-discrimination, affirmative-action, distribution, criteria, position, achievement, reverse-discrimination, injustice, group, truly-fair, system, merit-based, selection, benefit, rewarding, merit-only, equality, justice, social-order, fairness-criteria, merit-system, reverse-injustice, societal-systems, non-merit-based, equal-opportunity, fair-distribution, merit-driven, social-justice, unbiased-system, equitable-treatment, earned-achievement, deserved-reward, merit-focused, merit-principle, Meritocracy, fairness, justice, skill, effort, discrimination, affirmative action, positive discrimination, negative discrimination, societal order, reverse discrimination, unbiased selection, equitable distribution, merit-based rewards Meritocracy, fair system, society, reward, merit, unjust, skill, effort, discrimination, positive discrimination, negative discrimination, affirmative action, injustice, distribution, criteria
test-sport-aastshsrqsar-con02a	IRB rules  Racial quotas are a breach of the views of the world governing body of Rugby Union, the International Rugby Board [1] . If this were found to be the case then it would have a large negative impact on South African rugby.  An IRB intervention would lead to at least interference by the governing body, which would be highly embarrassing for the SARU (as well as difficult for a sport which has had major political rows before), or even worse, some form of sanction or expulsion – things that could lead to long term instability in the sport, which should be avoided.  [1] SARugbymag.co.za, ‘Saru quotas ‘breach IRP rules’’, 3 December 2013, IRB rules, racial quotas, breach, International Rugby Board, South African rugby, negative impact, governing body, intervention, embarrassment, SARU, political rows, sanction, expulsion, instability, sport, avoidance IRB rules, racial quotas, breach, International Rugby Board, South African rugby, SARU, intervention, governing body, embarrassment, political rows, sanction, expulsion, instability, avoidance IRB rules, racial quotas, breach, International Rugby Board, South African rugby, SARU, interference, governing body, political rows, sanctions, expulsion, instability, sport, rugby union, SARugbymag.co.za, quotas, breach IRP rules IRB rules, racial quotas, breach, International Rugby Board, South African rugby, negative impact, SARU, intervention, governing body, embarrassment, political rows, sanction, expulsion, instability, sport, SARugbymag.co.za, quotas, December 2013 IRB rules, racial quotas, breach, World Rugby, South African Rugby Union, SARU, governing body, intervention, sanctions, expulsion, political issues, sport stability, rugby union
test-law-hrilpgwhwr-pro03a	The deterrent effect of the Court ensures wide-spread and equal adherence to international law.  Upon signing the Rome Statute in 1996, U.N. Secretary General Kofi Annan stated that 'the establishment of the Court is still a gift of hope to future generations, and a giant step forward in the march towards universal human rights and the rule of law'1. Such statements demonstrate the impact the Court could potentially have, as a body that simultaneously cherishes sovereignty and protects national courts whilst offering a means by which criminals in states unable or unwilling to prosecute will still be brought to justice. As the natural and permanent heir to the process started at Nuremberg in the wake of World War II2, the ICC ensures that the reach of law is now universal; war criminals, either in national or international courts, will be forced to trial as a result of the principle of universal jurisdiction1. The deterrent effect of such a court is obvious and a warning to those who felt they were operating in anarchic legal environments.  1 Amnesty International. (2007, September). Fact Sheet: International Criminal Court. Retrieved May 11, 2011  2 Crossland, D. (2005, November 23). Nuremberg Trials a Tough Act to Follow. Retrieved May 11, 2011, from Spiegel International deterrent effect, Court, international law, Rome Statute, Kofi Annan, hope, future generations, human rights, rule of law, sovereignty, national courts, criminals, prosecution, universal human rights, Nuremberg, World War II, ICC, universal jurisdiction, war criminals, anarchy, legal environments deterrent effect, Court, international law, Rome Statute, Kofi Annan, universal human rights, rule of law, sovereignty, national courts, criminals, prosecution, war criminals, Nuremberg, World War II, ICC, universal jurisdiction, anarchy, legal environments, Amnesty International, Fact Sheet, International Criminal Court, Nuremberg Trials, Spiegel International deterrent effect, Court, international law, Rome Statute, Kofi Annan, human rights, rule of law, sovereignty, national courts, ICC, Nuremberg, war criminals, universal jurisdiction, Amnesty International, Nuremberg Trials, Spiegel International deterrent effect, Court, adherence, international law, Rome Statute, U.N. Secretary General, Kofi Annan, hope, future generations, human rights, rule of law, impact, sovereignty, national courts, criminals, prosecution, states, justice, Nuremberg, World War II, ICC, universal jurisdiction, war criminals, legal environments, Amnesty International, Fact Sheet, International Criminal Court, Nuremberg Trials, Spiegel International deterrent effect, Court, international law, Rome Statute, Kofi Annan, human rights, rule of law, sovereignty, national courts, criminals, prosecution, ICC, Nuremberg, war criminals, universal jurisdiction, Amnesty International, Nuremberg Trials, Spiegel International
test-education-egtuscpih-pro05a	Online courses encourage sharing of academic information  One of the technical features of MOOCs is that content of courses can easily be shared between universities and learners (as content is freely downloadable). This is useful in two ways. First, people who are not earning credit from the course can have full access to educational materials, which expands knowledge of those not enrolled in the university. Second, less prestigious universities can benefit by learning how to design courses better, so they can offer better services. MOOCs even offer opportunities for universities to cooperate together to offer shared courses that would decrease duplication and increase quality of education [16], which would be of even greater benefit to financially stressed institutions. Shared educational resources would expand access to education even further and drive educational standards higher through university cooperation. MOOCs, online courses, academic information sharing, educational materials, open access, course design, university cooperation, shared courses, educational standards, financial stress, institutions, expanded education access, quality improvement, knowledge dissemination online courses, academic information sharing, MOOCs, educational materials, free access, knowledge expansion, less prestigious universities, course design improvement, shared courses, university cooperation, educational standards, financial stress, resource sharing, education quality, duplication reduction, access to education online courses, academic information sharing, MOOCs, course content sharing, universities, learners, educational materials, knowledge expansion, non-enrolled individuals, less prestigious universities, course design improvement, educational services, university cooperation, shared courses, decrease duplication, education quality, financially stressed institutions, shared educational resources, access to education, educational standards online courses, academic information sharing, MOOCs, content sharing, universities, learners, educational materials, access to education, course design, shared courses, educational standards, university cooperation, financial stress, educational quality, duplication reduction online courses, MOOCs, sharing academic information, educational materials, access to education, university cooperation, course design, shared courses, educational standards, financially stressed institutions, decrease duplication, increase quality of education
test-politics-oglilpdwhsn-con03a	"The New START treaty sets a bad approach for a changing world  New START reduces US deterrence in world that is arming, not disarming. The United States has relied on deterrence for sixty years and as a result has prevented war between the great powers. A US drawdown, especially as other new powers are arming, will undermine deterrence. This will then encourage rivals to try to catch the United States while the reductions show that the United States is in decline. [1]  While proponents of reducing nuclear weapons, or reaching global zero, argue that possession of nuclear weapons by the nuclear weapons states is the incentive behind proliferation, this is not true. The US has consistently taken leadership in the reduction of nuclear arms through treaties but this has so far had no effect in encouraging other nuclear powers to reduce their arsenals and indeed new powers have joined the club. Reducing nuclear arms through New START will therefore not encourage others to stop pursuing nukes. The U.S. should not be taking steps towards disarmament without all nuclear weapons states, including those not signed up to the Nuclear Non-Proliferation treaty, also being involved. [2]  New START also fails to speak to the issue of protecting and defending the U.S. and its allies against strategic attack. The treaty fails to recognize that deterrence is no longer simply between the U.S. and Russia and that the whole policy should no longer be based on just against strategic attacks on the United States or very close allies. Instead it is much more critical to deal with nuclear policy towards ‘rogue’ states and rising powers. [3]  Finally, the US should not set a precedent that it will sacrifice its own interests to bribe Russia over issues like Iran. As the Jewish Institute for National Security Affairs (JINSA) argues: “we are told that the real purpose of New START is to create a stronger U.S.-Russia bond in a broader international effort to restrain Iran's nuclear weapons program. Such a justification is wrong. Iran's nuclear ambitions are no secret; neither are Russia’s past efforts in aiding that program. We seriously question whether Russia is serious about stopping Iran, with or without New START. There is no reason why the United States should be required to sacrifice its own defense capabilities to inspire Russia to a greater degree of diplomatic fortitude. If Russia is indeed concerned with a nuclear-armed Iran to its immediate south, it should need no extra incentive to take the action necessary to stop it."" [4] If the U.S. bribes Russia over Iran China might expect to get similar treatment over North Korea. New START puts the US in a disadvantaged position in a changing world, and consequently should not be supported.  [1] Brookes, Peter. “Not a new START, but a bad START”. The Hill. 13 September 2010.   [2] Spring, Baker. ""Twelve Flaws of New START That Will Be Difficult to Fix"". Heritage Foundation, The Foundry. 16 September 2010.   [3] Ibid.  [4] Weingarten, Elizabeth. “How did New START become a Jewish issue?”. The Atlantic. 1 Decemebr 2010. New START, Treaty, US, Deterrence, Changing World, Arming, Disarming, Nuclear Weapons, Global Zero, Proliferation, Reduction, Leadership, Treaties, Nuclear Powers, Arsenals, Drawdown, Incentive, New Powers, Decline, Rivals, Encourage, Security, Allies, Strategic Attack, Rogue States, Rising Powers, Iran, Nuclear Weapons Program, Russia, China, North Korea, Disadvantaged Position, Jewish Institute for National Security Affairs, JINSA, Diplomatic Fortitude, Defense Capabilities, Bribe, Sacrifice, Support, Flaws, Fix New START, treaty, US deterrence, nuclear arms, global zero, proliferation, disarmament, nuclear weapons states, Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty, strategic attack, rogue states, rising powers, Russia, Iran, China, North Korea, defense capabilities, international security, military strategy, arms control, foreign policy, diplomatic relations, nuclear policy, strategic stability, military balance, national security, international relations, nuclear disarmament, treaty flaws, defense sacrifice, strategic bond, nuclear ambitions, diplomatic fortitude, nuclear-armed threats, strategic disadvantages, military strength, strategic environment, arms reduction, nuclear deterrence, strategic interests, nuclear New START treaty, US deterrence, global disarmament, nuclear proliferation, strategic attack defense, rogue states, rising powers, U.S.-Russia relations, Iran nuclear program, China North Korea, nuclear weapons states, Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty, US defense capabilities, international security, strategic nuclear arms reduction New START, treaty, US deterrence, global arms race, nuclear disarmament, nuclear proliferation, US defense policy, international security, Russia relations, Iran nuclear program, Chinese foreign policy, rogue states, strategic arms reduction, nuclear non-proliferation, US-Russia bond, international diplomacy, Jewish Institute for National Security Affairs, US strategic interests, nuclear policy, rising powers, US foreign policy, international relations, nuclear arms control, diplomatic incentives, North Korea nuclear issue, US defense capabilities, bilateral relations, global zero New START, Treaty, US deterrence, Nuclear disarmament, Strategic arms reduction, International security, Global zero, Nuclear proliferation, Great power relations, US decline, Nuclear policy, Rogue states, Rising powers, US-Russian relations, Iran nuclear program, China, North Korea, Defense capabilities, Diplomatic incentives, Jewish Institute for National Security Affairs, JINSA, The Hill, Heritage Foundation, The Foundry, The Atlantic, Elizabeth Weingarten, Peter Brookes, Baker Spring"
test-politics-dhbanhrnw-con03a	Humanitarian intervention becomes impossible in states that possess nuclear weapons  It has often proven to be necessary for the UN, the United States, and various international coalitions to stage humanitarian interventions into states fighting civil wars, committing genocide, or otherwise abusing the human rights of their citizens. [1] An example of such an intervention is the recent contributions by many states to the rebels in Libya. Were all countries permitted to possess nuclear weapons, such interventions would become next to impossible. Were, for example, countries to try and contribute to the Libyan rebels, they would find themselves the targets of Libyan nuclear warheads. The cost of intervention thus becomes too high for virtually any country to tolerate, in terms of both human and political costs. The world would be a worse place if tyrants were allowed to perpetrate whatever crimes they saw fit upon their people, while the international community could do nothing for fear of nuclear retaliation.  [1] Slantchev, Branislav. 2005. “Military Coercion in Interstate Crises”. American Political Science Review 99(4). Humanitarian intervention, nuclear weapons, states, UN, United States, international coalitions, civil wars, genocide, human rights, Libya, rebels, nuclear warheads, intervention costs, human costs, political costs, nuclear retaliation, international community, tyrants, crimes, Branislav Slantchev, Military Coercion, Interstate Crises, American Political Science Review Humanitarian intervention, nuclear weapons, states, UN, United States, international coalitions, civil wars, genocide, human rights, Libya, rebels, nuclear warheads, intervention costs, human costs, political costs, nuclear retaliation, international community, tyrants, crimes, military coercion, interstate crises Humanitarian intervention, nuclear weapons, UN, United States, international coalitions, civil wars, genocide, human rights, Libya, nuclear warheads, intervention costs, human costs, political costs, nuclear retaliation, international community, Branislav Slantchev, Military Coercion, Interstate Crises, American Political Science Review Humanitarian intervention, nuclear weapons, states, UN, United States, international coalitions, civil wars, genocide, human rights, Libya, rebels, nuclear warheads, intervention costs, human costs, political costs, nuclear retaliation, tyrants, crimes, international community Humanitarian intervention, nuclear weapons, states, UN, United States, international coalitions, civil wars, genocide, human rights, Libya, rebels, nuclear warheads, intervention costs, human costs, political costs, nuclear retaliation, Slantchev, Branislav, Military Coercion, Interstate Crises, American Political Science Review
test-science-eassgbatj-pro01a	Animals shouldn’t be harmed  The difference between us and other animals is a matter of degree rather than type [2]. Their bodies resemble ours, as do their ways of conveying meaning. They recoil from pain, appear to express fear of a tormentor, and appear to take pleasure in activities; a point clear to anyone who has observed a pet dog on hearing the word “walk”.  We believe other people experience feelings like us because they are like us in appearance and behaviour. An animal sharing our anatomical, physiological, and behavioural characteristics is surely likely to have feelings like us.  If people have a right to not be harmed, we must ask ourselves what makes animals different? If animals feel what we feel, and suffer like us, to condemn one to testing because of them being of a different species is similar to racism or sexism.[3] animal rights, harm, human-animal similarity, pain, fear, pleasure, anatomy, physiology, behavior, feelings, rights, speciesism, racism, sexism, testing, ethics, compassion, sentience animal rights, harm reduction, speciesism, ethical treatment, animal cognition, pain perception, physiological similarities, behavioral traits, moral consideration, anti-racism, anti-sexism, animal testing, ethical philosophy, sentient beings, humanitarianism, inter-species justice animal rights, harm, species similarity, human-animal comparison, pain, fear, pleasure, pet behavior, anatomical resemblance, physiological resemblance, behavioural characteristics, feelings, moral rights, speciesism, racism, sexism, testing, ethics, compassion, sentient beings, welfare animal rights, speciesism, pain perception, emotional expression, moral consideration, ethical treatment, anatomical similarity, physiological resemblance, behavioral parallels, suffering, test subjects, species discrimination, racism, sexism, ethical consistency, sentient beings, compassion, cruelty prevention, human-animal relations, empathy, moral philosophy, ethical arguments, animal testing, harm reduction, non-human cognition, moral obligations, justifiable treatment, species egalitarianism, ethical standards, sentient creatures, moral significance, animal welfare, pain awareness, emotional capacity, ethical dilemma, animal ethics, moral equality, humane treatment, scientific testing, moral rights, animal cognition, philosophical ethics, Animals, harm, ethics, similarity, anatomy, physiology, behavior, pain, fear, pleasure, pets, dogs, rights, speciesism, racism, sexism, testing, moral, conscience, equality, compassion, suffering, humans, comparison, justice, cruelty, welfare, protection, empathy, cognition, sentience, moralconsideration
test-health-hdond-con03a	Denying organs to non-donors is unduly coercive.  For the state to make organ donation mandatory is rightly seen as beyond the pale of what society would tolerate. This is because the right to the integrity of one’s body, including what is done with its component parts after death, must be held in the highest respect {UNDHR – Article 3 re security of person}. One’s body is one’s most foundational possession. Creating a system that effectively threatens death to anyone who refuses to donate part of their body is only marginally different from making it outright mandatory. The state’s goal is in effect the same: to compel citizens to give up their organs for a purpose the government has deemed socially worthwhile. This is a gross violation of body rights. organ donation, non-donors, coercion, state intervention, mandatory donation, body integrity, UNDHR Article 3, security of person, body rights, voluntary donation, ethical concerns, government overreach, personal autonomy, organ allocation, medical ethics, social policy, human rights, bodily autonomy, end-of-life decisions, organ transplantation organ donation, non-donors, coercion, mandatory organ donation, body rights, integrity of body, UNDHR Article 3, security of person, bodily autonomy, government compulsion, social worth, ethical concerns, voluntary donation, consent, bioethics, human rights, personal freedom, medical ethics, transplantation policy organ donation, non-donors, coercive, mandatory, state intervention, body rights, integrity of body, security of person, UNDHR Article 3, social tolerance, ethical concerns, personal autonomy, bodily autonomy, government compulsion, organ procurement, voluntary donation, moral rights, human dignity, legislative ethics, healthcare policy organ donation, non-donors, coercion, state mandate, body integrity, UNDHR Article 3, security of person, body rights, compulsory organ donation, ethical concerns, government authority, personal autonomy, medical ethics, organ transplantation policy organs, non-donors, coercive, state, mandatory, donation, society, tolerance, integrity, body, rights, UNDHR, Article 3, security, person, possession, death, citizens, compel, violation, body rights
test-free-speech-debate-radhbsshr-pro02a	Pluralism and Political Interference  The removal of ‘The Spear’ from the Goodman Gallery and the City Press also hints at a threat to pluralism, especially when one considers the political nature of the campaign to have such images removed.  While Jacob Zuma attempted to have the image banned in a personal capacity, the intensive campaigning by both the ANC and the Congress of South African Trade Unions (COSATU) against both the Goodman Gallery and City Press [1] hints at a dangerously political action taken by those with close access to power over the South African state.  This should be cause to worry. Chapter Two of the Constitution of South Africa, in place since 1997, protects freedoms such as Freedom of Speech and Freedom of Association. [2] The intimidation of Art Galleries and Newspapers threatens the free exchange of ideas that occurs in these areas, as well sending an implicit image by its supports that criticism of the Government cannot be tolerated.  If neither the Gallery nor City Press removed the image of ‘The Spear’ from public view, then a clear message would have been sent that the principles of Free Speech, Free Association and Freedom of Intimidation outlined in the Constitution is to be upheld at all times, regardless of who may take offence at what is being said. It is important in the South African context to protect the right to criticise the government and voice opinions that vary from the ideals of the majority. It is worrying what kind of message is sent by those close to the South African Government that intimidation seems to be the appropriate response to criticism such as this rather than asking why such criticism is there in the first place.  [1] Mthembu, Jackson, ‘ANC calls on all South Africans to boycott buying City Press Newspaper and to join the protest match to the Goodman Gallery’, African National Congress, 24 May 2012,   [2] ‘Constitution of the Republic of South Africa’, Statutes of the Republic of South Africa, 4 February 1997, pluralism, political interference, The Spear, Goodman Gallery, City Press, Jacob Zuma, ANC, COSATU, South African state, Constitution of South Africa, Freedom of Speech, Freedom of Association, Art Galleries, Newspapers, Free Exchange of Ideas, Government Criticism, Free Association, Freedom of Intimidation, South African context, Jackson Mthembu, protest, boycott, criticism, intimidation, government response Pluralism, Political Interference, The Spear, Goodman Gallery, City Press, Jacob Zuma, ANC, COSATU, South African State, Constitution of South Africa, Freedom of Speech, Freedom of Association, Free Exchange of Ideas, Freedom of Intimidation, Government Criticism, Jackson Mthembu, Boycott, Protest Match, Art Galleries, Newspapers, Free Speech, South African Context, Majority Ideals, Intimidation, Criticism Response pluralism, political interference, The Spear, Goodman Gallery, City Press, Jacob Zuma, ANC, COSATU, Constitution of South Africa, Freedom of Speech, Freedom of Association, intimidation, art galleries, newspapers, free exchange of ideas, criticism of government, South African Government, Jackson Mthembu, boycott, protest march, criticism, public opinion, government response Pluralism, Political Interference, The Spear, Goodman Gallery, City Press, Jacob Zuma, ANC, COSATU, South African State, Constitution of South Africa, Freedom of Speech, Freedom of Association, Art Galleries, Newspapers, Free Exchange of Ideas, Government Criticism, Free Association, Freedom of Intimidation, South African Context, Government Response, Criticism, Jackson Mthembu, Boycott, Protest Match, Statutes of the Republic of South Africa pluralism, political interference, The Spear, Goodman Gallery, City Press, Jacob Zuma, ANC, COSATU, South African state, Constitution of South Africa, Freedom of Speech, Freedom of Association, intimidation, Art Galleries, Newspapers, free exchange of ideas, criticism of government, Free Association, Freedom of Intimidation, South African context, majority ideals, government criticism, Jackson Mthembu, boycott, protest match, constitutional principles, public view, offense, appropriate response
test-international-appghblsba-con03a	It is not in the interest of South Africa to annex a poor, underdeveloped country  It is not in South Africa’s interests to annex Lesotho. Lesotho would be a burden; it is poor, might cause instability, and has no resources as compensation. On a simple cost-benefit analysis made by the SA government they would clearly see they would have more responsibility towards the Basotho population but new resources to fulfil those responsibilities. South Africa has its own problems that it should be focusing on first. Poverty is officially at 52.3% [1] and unemployment is a great problem for South Africans; a quarter of the majority black workforce is unemployed. [2] Moreover, Only 40.2% of black infants live in a home with a flush toilet, a convenience enjoyed by almost all their white and Indian counterparts showing the inequality that still exists in the ‘rainbow nation’. [3] Why add more people under your protection when you can’t take care of your own?  [1] ‘Statement by Minister in The Presidency for Performance Monitoring and Evaluation, Collins Chabane, on the occasion of the launch of the Development Indicators 2012 Report’, thepresidency.gov.za, 20 August 2013,   [2] Mcgroarty, Patrick, ‘Poverty Still Plagues South Africa's Black Majority’, The Wall Street Journal, 8 December 2013,   [3] Kielburger, Craig & Marc, ‘Why South Africa is Still Dealing With Segregation and Poverty’, Huffington Post, 18 December 2013, South Africa, annexation, Lesotho, poverty, underdevelopment, instability, resources, cost-benefit analysis, Basotho population, responsibility, domestic issues, unemployment, inequality, black workforce, flush toilet, protection, economic burden, political burden, social issues, segregation, rainbow nation South Africa, annexation, Lesotho, burden, instability, resources, cost-benefit analysis, government, Basotho population, responsibility, domestic issues, poverty, unemployment, infrastructure, inequality, black workforce, flush toilet, white population, Indian population, rainbow nation, protection, socioeconomic challenges, development indicators, segregation, Patrick Mcgroarty, Craig Kielburger, Marc Kielburger, The Wall Street Journal, Huffington Post, Collins Chabane, The Presidency, Development Indicators 2012 Report South Africa, annexation, Lesotho, poverty, underdevelopment, instability, resources, cost-benefit analysis, government responsibilities, Basotho population, South African problems, unemployment, black workforce, inequality, rainbow nation, developmental challenges, socio-economic issues, protection, population management, economic burden, internal issues, external commitments, infrastructure, social services, political stability, international relations, black majority, white population, Indian population, flush toilet, living conditions, segregation, apartheid legacy, development indicators, performance monitoring, The Presidency, Minister Collins Chabane, Patrick McGroarty, The Wall Street Journal, Craig Kielburger, South Africa, annexation, Lesotho, poverty, underdeveloped, instability, resources, cost-benefit analysis, government responsibilities, Basotho population, unemployment, inequality, black workforce, flush toilet, development indicators, segregation, rainbow nation, protection, poverty statistics, unemployment statistics, racial disparity, social issues, economic challenges, political considerations, resource allocation, national priorities, humanitarian concerns, international relations, regional stability, economic burden, development challenges, social welfare, governance, policy making, economic analysis, demographic factors, socio-economic conditions, public services, infrastructure, healthcare, education, economic growth, poverty reduction, employment generation, South Africa, annexation, Lesotho, poverty, underdeveloped, instability, resources, cost-benefit, government, responsibilities, Basotho, problems, unemployment, inequality, rainbow nation, protection, population, black majority, segregation, development indicators, WSJ, Huffington Post, performance monitoring, evaluation
test-education-xeegshwfeu-con02a	Only well-off families will benefit from increased freedom of choice  Under the current system, many schools that are “failing” are struggling as a result of factors such as deprivation in their area, or high levels of children for whom English is not their native tongue.  There will be no incentive for companies to set up schools in such areas: the voucher scheme dictates that each child gets the same amount of funding, and thus in schools where a lot of extra facilities (like extra teachers, specialist language tutors etc.) are needed the potential profit to be made will be lower. On the other hand, children in well-to-do middle class areas will be highly profitable (it is not difficult to make children with a wealth of parental support do well in their exams). Thus rich children will have a range of subsidised schools from which to choose, whilst the poorest in society are still failed. well-off families, increased freedom, failing schools, deprivation, English learners, voucher scheme, funding, extra teachers, specialist language tutors, profit, middle class, subsidised schools, parental support, exams, rich children, poorest, societal failure well-off families, increased freedom, failing schools, deprivation, non-native English speakers, voucher scheme, funding, extra facilities, specialist tutors, potential profit, middle class areas, subsidised schools, parental support, exam success, rich children, poorest society well-off families, benefit, increased freedom, choice, failing schools, deprivation, area, high levels, children, non-native English, no incentive, companies, set up schools, voucher scheme, funding, extra facilities, teachers, specialist language tutors, potential profit, lower, well-to-do, middle class, areas, highly profitable, parental support, exams, rich children, subsidised schools, poorest, society, failed well-off families, increased freedom, failing schools, deprivation, non-native English, voucher scheme, funding, extra facilities, specialist language, profit, middle class, subsidised schools, parental support, poorest society well-off families, increased freedom, school choice, failing schools, deprivation, non-native English speakers, voucher scheme, funding, extra facilities, specialist tutors, profit, middle class areas, parental support, exam success, rich children, subsidised schools, poorest society
test-society-cpisydfphwj-pro01a	Facebook encourages socialisation  One of the most crucial elements in any child's development is the ability to socialize with peers. By having a large circle of friends to talk to and share interests, the child gains trust, self-esteem and self-confidence. If you have people to talk to when you have a problem, it is much easier to overcome any problems.  Facebook and social networks in general help teenagers on multiple levels to maintain and expand their circle of friends. Firstly, it lets you remain in touch with friends even if you are very far apart. As we live in an increasingly globalized world, friend circles tend to be broken up very easily. As a result, individuals need to be able to keep in touch in spite of the physical distance. Facebook enables them to do that. (1)  Secondly, by allowing people with shared opinions, hobbies or interests to gather, social networks allow users to expand their circle of friends, something that is more applicable the bigger the social network. Thirdly, it allows young people to spend more time with the friends and people they already know through chat conversations, shared photos or status updates. As a result, people who are engaged on these social networks have more self esteem, more confidence in them, feel more appreciated and tend to be happier in general due to their wide circle of friends. (2)  (1) Keith Wilcox and Andrew T. Stephen “Are Close Friends the Enemy? Online Social Networks, Self-Esteem, and Self-Control” Journal of Consumer Research, 2012   (2) Brittany Gentilea, Jean M. Twengeb, Elise C. Freemanb, W. Keith Campbella “The effect of social networking websites on positive self-views: An experimental investigation” 2012 Facebook, socialisation, child development, self-esteem, confidence, globalized world, friend circles, long-distance friendships, shared interests, social networks, chat conversations, shared photos, status updates, happiness, Keith Wilcox, Andrew T. Stephen, Journal of Consumer Research, Brittany Gentile, Jean M. Twenge, Elise C. Freeman, W. Keith Campbell, positive self-views, experimental investigation, online social networks, self-control Facebook, socialisation, child development, self-esteem, self-confidence, globalized world, friend circles, online communication, shared interests, social networks, peer interaction, chat conversations, shared photos, status updates, Keith Wilcox, Andrew T. Stephen, Brittany Gentile, Jean M. Twenge, Elise C. Freeman, W. Keith Campbell, self-views, positive self-views, experimental investigation, Journal of Consumer Research Facebook, socialisation, child development, peer interaction, trust, self-esteem, self-confidence, problem solving, social networks, teenagers, maintaining friendships, globalized world, physical distance, shared interests, expanding social circle, chat conversations, shared photos, status updates, happiness, self-appreciation, online social networks, Keith Wilcox, Andrew T. Stephen, Brittany Gentile, Jean M. Twenge, Elise C. Freeman, W. Keith Campbell Facebook, socialisation, child development, peer interaction, trust, self-esteem, self-confidence, problem-solving, globalized world, friend circles, physical distance, shared interests, chat conversations, shared photos, status updates, happiness, Keith Wilcox, Andrew T. Stephen, Consumer Research, Brittany Gentile, Jean M. Twenge, Elise C. Freeman, W. Keith Campbell, positive self-views, experimental investigation Facebook, socialisation, child development, teenager, social networks, friends, trust, self-esteem, self-confidence, globalized world, physical distance, shared interests, chat conversations, shared photos, status updates, happiness, Keith Wilcox, Andrew T. Stephen, Brittany Gentile, Jean M. Twenge, Elise C. Freeman, W. Keith Campbell, online social networks, self-control, positive self-views, experimental investigation
test-international-iiahwagit-con04a	Heavy handed approaches do not solve the motivations for poaching  Creating tougher responses to poaching will not deter poachers as they fail to recognise the motivations for illegal hunting. Many hunters, especially those who aren’t native to Africa, take part in poaching as there is a thrill in the illegal status. [1] The close calls, challenges and sense of independence will all be multiplied by increased protection on the game reserves.  Then there are those who take part out of necessity. Poachers will often be able to make $50-100 per kilogram for a rhinoceros’ horn [2] and the bush meat from kills can be a necessary source of nutrition. [3] Poaching creates opportunities for Africans which are usually unavailable in licit work. Tougher protection of animals fails to provide an alternative livelihood for these poachers.  [1] Forsyth, C. & Marckese, T. ‘Thrills and skills: a sociological analysis of poaching’ pg.162  [2] Stewart, C. ‘Illegal ivory trade funds al-shabaab’s terrorist attacks’  [3] BBC, “Lions ‘facing extinction in West Africa’” heavy-handed, approaches, poaching, motivations, illegal, hunting, thrill, status, challenges, independence, protection, game, reserves, necessity, rhinoceros, horn, bush, meat, nutrition, opportunities, Africans, licit, work, livelihood, protection, animals, alternative heavy-handed approaches, motivations, poaching, tougher responses, thrill, illegal status, close calls, challenges, independence, increased protection, game reserves, necessity, rhinoceros horn, bush meat, nutrition, alternative livelihood, Africans, licit work, terrorism, ivory trade, al-shabaab, lions, extinction, West Africa heavy-handed, poaching, motivations, tougher-responses, deterrent, thrill, illegal-status, close-calls, challenges, independence, protection, game-reserves, necessity, rhinoceros-horn, bush-meat, nutrition, opportunities, Africa, alternative-livelihood, terrorism, extinction, lions, West-Africa, Forsyth, Marckese, Stewart, BBC heavy-handed, poaching, motivations, illegal, hunting, thrill, challenges, independence, protection, game-reserves, necessity, bush-meat, nutrition, livelihood, alternative, Africa, rhinoceros, horn, ivory, terrorism, extinction, lions, sociological-analysis, economic-opportunities heavy-handed, poaching, motivations, tougher-responses, deter, poachers, illegal-hunting, thrill, challenges, independence, game-reserves, necessity, rhinoceros-horn, bush-meat, nutrition, opportunities, Africa, licit-work, protection, animals, alternative-livelihood, sociological-analysis, illegal-ivory-trade, terrorist-attacks, lions, extinction, West-Africa
test-law-tahglcphsld-pro01a	People should be free to take drugs  Individuals are sovereign over their own bodies, and should be free to make choices which affect them and not other individuals. Since the pleasure gained from drugs and the extent to which this weighs against potential risks is fundamentally subjective, it is not up to the state to legislate in this area. Rather than pouring wasted resources into attempting to suppress drug use, the state would be better off running information campaigns to educate people about the risks and consequences of taking different types of drugs. drug legalization, personal sovereignty, individual choice, subjective pleasure, state intervention, drug education, resource allocation, public health approach, harm reduction, autonomy individual sovereignty, personal freedom, drug policy, state regulation, harm reduction, education campaigns, drug risks, subjective experience, pleasure, public health, legalization, self-determination, autonomy, informed choice, resource allocation, non-intervention, civil liberties, substance abuse, risk assessment, voluntary action, government role drug legalization, personal freedom, bodily autonomy, individual sovereignty, subjective pleasure, state intervention, drug regulation, public education, drug risks, consequences of drug use, resource allocation, harm reduction drug legalization, personal sovereignty, individual choice, subjective pleasure, state regulation, drug education, resource allocation, harm reduction drug legalization, personal freedom, self-sovereignty, individual choice, state interference, drug regulation, harm reduction, drug education, public health approach, personal responsibility, subjective pleasure, drug risks, societal resources, drug policy reform
test-politics-dhwem-con03a	PMCs violate human rights and International agreements in pursuit of profit or power.  Some PMCs may abuse the power they wield. Simon Mann, founder of PMCs EO and Sandline International, in a recent plot to oust President Obiang in Equatorial Guinea (BBC News, 2008) shows that even mercenary organisations considered legitimate by the British Government remain staffed by corrupt opportunists. It is highly morally questionable whether organisations with such a profound disrespect for the sovereignty of other nation states should be involved with the training of our armed forces, let alone fighting alongside them. PMCs, human rights violations, international agreements, profit, power, abuse, Simon Mann, EO, Sandline International, coup, President Obiang, Equatorial Guinea, BBC News, 2008, mercenary organisations, British Government, sovereignty, nation states, armed forces training, fighting alongside, moral questions PMCs, human rights, International agreements, profit, power, abuse, Simon Mann, EO, Sandline International, Equatorial Guinea, President Obiang, BBC News, 2008, mercenary organisations, British Government, corrupt opportunists, sovereignty, nation states, armed forces training, fighting alongside armed forces PMCs, human rights, international agreements, profit, power, Simon Mann, EO, Sandline International, Equatorial Guinea, BBC News, 2008, mercenary organisations, British Government, sovereignty, armed forces, moral questions, training, fighting PMCs, human rights violations, international agreements, profit, power, abuse, Simon Mann, EO, Sandline International, Equatorial Guinea, coup, BBC News, corrupt opportunists, sovereignty, armed forces training, moral questions PMCs, human rights, international agreements, profit, power, abuse, Simon Mann, EO, Sandline International, Equatorial Guinea, President Obiang, BBC News, mercenary, British Government, sovereignty, armed forces, training, moral questioning
test-international-ehbfe-con03a	The concept of federalism lacks political support  Euroscepticism is highest in Latvia, the United Kingdom, and Hungary, with only 25%–32% viewing membership as a good thing. Belief that the citizen's country has benefited from EU membership is lowest (below 50%) in the UK, Hungary, Latvia, Italy, Austria, Sweden and Bulgaria. A significant minority (36%) do not tend to trust the European Parliament. The European Parliament does not command the same sense of respect as national Parliaments, nor the connection with ordinary people. [1]  [1] Directorate-General for Communication, ‘EUROBAROMETER 71 Public opinion in the European Union’ federalism, political support, Euroscepticism, Latvia, United Kingdom, Hungary, EU membership, public opinion, European Parliament, trust, national Parliaments, ordinary people, Eurobarometer 71, Directorate-General for Communication, European Union federalism, political support, Euroscepticism, Latvia, United Kingdom, Hungary, EU membership, public opinion, European Parliament, trust, national Parliaments, ordinary people, Eurobarometer 71, Directorate-General for Communication, European Union federalism, political support, Euroscepticism, Latvia, United Kingdom, Hungary, EU membership, belief, benefits, Italy, Austria, Sweden, Bulgaria, European Parliament, trust, public opinion, Eurobarometer, connection, ordinary people, national Parliaments, respect federalism, political support, Euroscepticism, Latvia, United Kingdom, Hungary, EU membership, public opinion, European Parliament, trust, national Parliaments, Eurobarometer, Directorate-General for Communication federalism, political support, Euroscepticism, Latvia, United Kingdom, Hungary, EU membership, benefit perception, European Parliament, trust, national Parliaments, public opinion, Eurobarometer 71
test-sport-aastshsrqsar-con03a	Quotas can drive players away.  Policies of racial quotas can have the effect of driving players abroad. Such policies have had similar affects in cricket. Kevin Pietersen stated that racial quotas in domestic competition, requiring four non-white players per team, were a key reason for his decision to leave South Africa and move to England. Eligible due to playing in England for four years and an English parent, he successfully had an England career. In rugby union, Brian Mujati left South Africa to play in England as he did not want to be selected to fill a racial quota [1] .  [1] Foy, Chris, ‘Last orders at the bar for master brewer – prop Mujati calls time on Saints career’, MailOnline, 19 April 2013, quotas, players, abroad, racial, policies, cricket, Kevin Pietersen, non-white, South Africa, England, rugby union, Brian Mujati, selection,MailOnline, Foy, Chris Quotas, racial quotas, players, drive away, abroad, cricket, Kevin Pietersen, South Africa, England, non-white players, rugby union, Brian Mujati, selection, fill quota, sports policies, cricket policies, rugby policies, athlete migration, sports migration, racial policies, sports quotas, athlete quotas, sports eligibility, international sports, sports nationality, cricket nationality, rugby nationality, sports careers, athlete decision making, sports management, sports governance Quotas, Players, Abroad, Racial, Policies, Cricket, Kevin Pietersen, South Africa, England, Non-white, Rugby Union, Brian Mujati, Selection, Ethnic, Sports, Immigration, Career, Eligibility, Parentage, Competition, Impact, Discrimination, Athlete, Migration, Team, Composition quotas, players, abroad, racial, policies, cricket, Kevin Pietersen, non-white, South Africa, England, rugby union, Brian Mujati, selection, quota, sports, discrimination, career, migration, athlete, competition quotas, players, racial, policies, abroad, cricket, Kevin Pietersen, South Africa, England, non-white, rugby union, Brian Mujati, selection, MailOnline, Foy, Chris
test-philosophy-pphbclsbs-pro03a	Western countries already benefit from extremely liberal laws.  The USA is at present far better than most countries in their respect and regard for civil liberties. New security measures do not greatly compromise this liberty, and the US measures are at the very least comparable with similar measures already in effect in other democratic developed countries, e.g. Spain and the UK, which have had to cope with domestic terrorism for far longer than the USA. The facts speak for themselves – the USA enjoys a healthy western-liberalism the likes of which most of the world’s people cannot even conceive of. The issue of the erosion of a few minor liberties of (states like the US’s) citizens should be overlooked in favour of the much greater issue of protecting the very existence of that state. [1]  [1] Zetter, Kim, ‘The Patriot Act Is Your Friend’, Wired, 24 February 2004,  , accessed 9 September 2011 Western countries, liberal laws, USA, civil liberties, security measures, democratic developed countries, Spain, UK, domestic terrorism, US measures, western-liberalism, erosion of liberties, protecting state, Patriot Act Western countries, liberal laws, USA, civil liberties, security measures, democratic developed countries, Spain, UK, domestic terrorism, western-liberalism, Patriot Act, erosion of liberties, protecting state existence Western countries, liberal laws, USA, civil liberties, security measures, liberty, democratic developed countries, Spain, UK, domestic terrorism, US, western-liberalism, Patriot Act, erosion of liberties, state protection Western countries, liberal laws, USA, civil liberties, security measures, democratic developed countries, Spain, UK, domestic terrorism, US liberalism, world's people, erosion of liberties, protecting state existence, Patriot Act Western countries, liberal laws, USA, civil liberties, security measures, democratic developed countries, Spain, UK, domestic terrorism, US, western-liberalism, erosion of liberties, protecting state, Patriot Act
test-philosophy-elhbrd-pro01a	Suicide is a rational choice in many situations.  When confronted with chronic pain or with diseases that steadily remove our sense of self – or at least the self of whom we are aware – death has proven to be a sensible option taken by sensible people [i] . It is a simple fact that we all die, our objections to it tend to be based on the idea that it can happen at the hands of others or at a time, or in a manner, not of our choosing.  Neither of these issues arise with either assisted suicide or voluntary euthanasia. Proposition has no difficulty at all with the suggestion that both procedures should be regulated and take place in safe, medically supported, environments.  However, if an individual accepts that death is their preferred option in such a scenario, it is difficult to comprehend of reasons why they should not be allowed to proceed. Our social rejection of murder does not, ultimately relate to death itself but to the denial of choice. With murder someone is denying that person all their future potential so denying their freedom of choice, and this remains the case even if the murder was completely painless. Here, reason tells us, the virtuous act is death and the reservation of that choice.  The determining element of humanity is that we are rational beings; a blanket ban – legal and social – on choosing the time and manner of our deaths reflects our primeval fear of a death that comes, unwanted, in the dark of the night, not the mature judgement of modern, thinking (and long-lived) humans.  [i] Andy Bloxham. Husband films assisted suicide of wife to prove it was not murder. The Daily Telegraph. 10 March 2011. suicide, rational choice, chronic pain, diseases, sense of self, death, sensible option, assisted suicide, voluntary euthanasia, regulation, medically supported, choice, social rejection, murder, denial of choice, future potential, virtuous act, rational beings, blanket ban, legal, social, primeval fear, mature judgement, modern humans suicide, rational choice, chronic pain, terminal illness, assisted suicide, voluntary euthanasia, regulated, medically supported, death, freedom of choice, murder, future potential, rational beings, legal ban, social ban, mature judgement, long-lived humans, Andy Bloxham, The Daily Telegraph, assisted suicide footage, not murder suicide, rational choice, chronic pain, terminal illness, sense of self, death, assisted suicide, voluntary euthanasia, regulation, medically supported, individual choice, social rejection, murder, denial of choice, future potential, freedom of choice, rational beings, blanket ban, legal and social, modern thinking, long-lived humans, Andy Bloxham, The Daily Telegraph, 2011 suicide, rational choice, chronic pain, diseases, self-awareness, death, sensible option, assisted suicide, voluntary euthanasia, regulation, medically supported, individual choice, social rejection, murder, denial of choice, future potential, virtuous act, rational beings, blanket ban, legal, social, fear, modern humans suicide, rational choice, chronic pain, diseases, self-awareness, death, sensible option, assisted suicide, voluntary euthanasia, regulation, medically supported, individual choice, social rejection, murder, denial of choice, future potential, freedom, rational beings, blanket ban, legal, social, modern humans, Andy Bloxham, The Daily Telegraph
test-politics-cdfsaphgiap-con03a	Markets like stability  Business and the markets prize political stability. Clearly when the leader of a country is ill this stability is damaged but the damage can be mitigated by being transparent. The markets will want to know how ill the leader is, and that the succession is secure so that they know what the future holds. Secrecy and the consequent spread of rumour is the worst option as businesses can have no idea what the future holds so cant make investment decisions that will be influenced by the political environment.  Leaders do matter to the economy; they set the parameters of the business environment, the taxes, subsidies, how much bureaucracy. They also influence other areas like the price of energy, the availability of transport links etc. It has been estimated that “a one standard deviation change in leader quality leads to a growth change of 1.5 percentage points”. 1 The leader who follows may be of the same quality in which case there will be little difference but equally it could mean a large change.  1 Jones, Benjjamin F., and Olken, Benjamin A., 'Do Leaders Matter? National Leadership and Growth Since World War II', Quarterly Journal of Economics, February 2005, political stability, market confidence, leader health, transparency, leadership transition, economic growth, investment decisions, business environment, taxes, subsidies, bureaucracy, energy prices, transport links, leader quality, leadership impact, national leadership, post-war growth, economic parameters Markets, Stability, Business, Political Stability, Leader Illness, Transparency, Succession, Investment Decisions, Economic Impact, Leader Quality, Growth, National Leadership, Economic Growth, World War II, Leadership Impact, Business Environment, Taxes, Subsidies, Bureaucracy, Energy Prices, Transport Links Markets, Stability, Business, Political Stability, Leader Illness, Transparency, Succession, Rumour, Investment Decisions, Economic Impact, Leader Quality, Growth, National Leadership, World War II Markets, stability, business, political stability, leader illness, transparency, succession, investment decisions, economic impact, leader quality, growth, national leadership, taxes, subsidies, bureaucracy, energy prices, transport links, Benjamins F. Jones, Benjamin A. Olken, World War II, leadership quality, economic growth, market confidence, transparency benefits, rumor control, economic parameters, leadership change, business environment, market predictions, political environment impact, leader influence, economic policy, leadership transition, market reaction, political uncertainty, investor confidence Political stability, market uncertainty, leader health, transparency, succession, investment decisions, economic impact, leader quality, growth rate, leadership change, business environment, taxes, subsidies, bureaucracy, energy prices, transport links, national leadership, economic growth, World War II, Benjjamin F. Jones, Benjamin A. Olken
test-education-egtuscpih-pro04a	Online courses would allow universities to use more resources on teaching and research  Traditional Universities are forced to spend a lot on administration and facilities, such as renting and maintaining buildings and parking lots, providing student support for accommodation, renting student halls, subsiding transports costs and meals, supervising university areas and so on. Across 72 US public universities the average administrative cost was about 8% of spending with the highest, at the University of Connecticut at 17% [15]. All these costs can be cut or abandoned all together if universities move to online teaching. There would be no need for lecture halls and student accommodation as students would just work from home, and even professors could mostly work from home. Even if some of administrative costs remain, that would still substantially increase the amount of resources to be spent entirely on teaching and research. This allows universities to improve their academic credentials and their academic output, which benefits the students and the society. online courses, universities, resources, teaching, research, traditional universities, administration costs, facilities, maintenance, buildings, parking lots, student support, accommodation, lecture halls, professors, academic credentials, academic output, societal benefits, cost reduction, online teaching online courses, universities, resources, teaching, research, traditional universities, administrative costs, facilities, lecture halls, student accommodation, professors, academic credentials, academic output, society, cost reduction, public universities, University of Connecticut, educational transformation, remote learning, resource allocation online courses, universities, resources, teaching, research, traditional universities, administration costs, facilities, buildings, parking lots, student support, accommodation, student halls, transport costs, meals, supervision, university areas, US public universities, administrative cost, lecture halls, student accommodation, professors, work from home, academic credentials, academic output, students, society Online courses, resource allocation, teaching, research, traditional universities, administrative costs, facility maintenance, student support, accommodation, transportation, meal subsidies, supervision, university expenses, public universities, administrative spending, lecture halls, remote learning, academic credentials, academic output, societal benefits Online courses, universities, resources, teaching, research, traditional universities, administration costs, facilities, lecture halls, student accommodation, professors, academic credentials, academic output, societal benefits, cost reduction, educational efficiency, university expenses, student support, maintenance, transportation, meals, supervision, administrative spending, public universities, University of Connecticut, educational reform, remote learning, higher education, financial allocation, academic improvement, student benefits, societal impact
test-international-epdlhfcefp-pro02a	The fact that it is a Representative highlights the fact that the EU is based on consultation and consensus, and that is a positive thing.  While the new ‘EU High Representative for Foreign and Security Policy’ marks only a bold first step towards a more unified voice for the EU, the decisions are indeed still based on a state by state consultation mechanism – hence the name representative. This should however not to be downplayed as a less significant change in how the EU approaches its foreign policy. The consultation aspect is in fact essential to reaching agreement and the importance of not only presenting a united front to the rest of the world (the EU is exemplary in trade policy and environmental policy, but less important when it comes to presenting a united voice in foreign policy as Belgian Foreign minister Mark Eyskens put it in 1991 “Europe is an economic giant, a political dwarf, and a military worm” 1, but also creating a united front through collaboration and debate. One should thus see this not only as a means to an end, but rather as an important mechanism in itself, whereby new identities are slowly created along with a deeper sense of commitment to a common set of values.  1. Craig R Whitney, ‘WAR IN THE GULF: EUROPE; Gulf Fighting Shatters Europeans’ Fragile Unity’, Representative, EU, consultation, consensus, EU High Representative, foreign policy, security policy, unified voice, state by state, consultation mechanism, significant change, united front, collaboration, debate, new identities, commitment, common values, economic giant, political dwarf, military worm, Gulf War, European unity Representative, EU, consultation, consensus, EU High Representative, Foreign and Security Policy, unified voice, state by state, foreign policy, united front, collaboration, debate, new identities, common values, Gulf War, European unity, Craig R Whitney, Mark Eyskens, economic giant, political dwarf, military worm EU, Representative, consultation, consensus, High Representative, foreign policy, security policy, unified voice, state consultation, significant change, agreement, united front, collaboration, debate, economic giant, political dwarf, military worm, identities, commitment, common values, Craig R Whitney, WAR IN THE GULF, Europeans' unity EU, High Representative, Foreign Policy, Security Policy, Consultation, Consensus, United Voice, State Consultation, Foreign Minister, Mark Eyskens, Economic Giant, Political Dwarf, Military Worm, War in the Gulf, Europeans' Unity, Common Values, Identity Creation, Commitment, Collaboration, Debate EU, Representative, consultation, consensus, High Representative, foreign policy, security policy, unified voice, state by state, agreement, united front, collaboration, debate, identities, values, economic giant, political dwarf, military worm, Gulf War, European unity
test-culture-thbcsbptwhht-con03a	"No feasible system of which grounds of compensation can occur because of the fluidity of culture and cultural identity  How a person identifies themselves aligns with the culture they are a part of. Szewczak and Snodgrass argue this is as the values of an individual “are influenced and modified by membership of other professional, organisational, ethnic, religious, and various other social groups, each of which has its own specialized culture and value set. Thus, individuals vary greatly in the degree in which they espouse, if at all, values by a single cultural group, such as their national culture” [1]. As a result, people can identify with several different cultures often at one time. This creates difficulties in allowing one person to seek compensation from another purely on the basis of identity politics – individuals at least partially define their own culture and it may only be one among multiple cultures they identify with.  Culture itself has a complex nature; it adapts, borrows and evolves. It also influences lives in different ways and to different extents. No culture is fully homogenous. Because of this, any model for the extent of compensation would almost be impossible. Somebody with a long distant relative of which they haven't met, could potentially gain compensation for something that doesn’t directly affect them. They may even identify with the majority culture that is doing the compensating. Conversely some who identify with the culture being compensated may not be eligible for compensation even if they are directly affected.  [1] Snodgrass, Coral R., & Szweczak, Edward J. ""The Substitutability of Strategic Control Choices: An Empirical Study"". The Journal of Management Studies. Vol. 25. 1990. compensation, culture, identity, fluidity, cultural identity, values, social groups, ethnic, religious, national culture, identity politics, cultural evolution, homogeneity, compensation models, distant relatives, majority culture, eligibility, direct impact, Snodgrass, Szweczak, strategic control choices, empirical study, management studies Compensation, Cultural Identity, Fluidity of Culture, Identity Politics, Multiple Cultural Affiliations, Cultural Values, Individual Values, Social Groups, National Culture, Culture Adaptation, Cultural Evolution, Cultural Homogeneity, Strategic Control Choices, Empirical Study, Management Studies, Ethical Compensation, Cultural Influence, Direct Impact, Eligibility for Compensation, Cultural Borrowing, Cultural Diversity, Value Systems, Professional Groups, Organisational Groups, Ethnic Groups, Religious Groups, Social Identity, Cultural Membership, Szewczak, Snodgrass Compensation, Culture, Cultural Identity, Fluidity, Identity Politics, Values, Social Groups, Ethnicity, Religion, National Culture, Multiple Identities, Homogeneity, Compensation Models, Direct Impact, Indirect Impact, Substitutability, Strategic Control Choices, Empirical Study compensation, cultural identity, fluidity, values, membership, social groups, ethnic, religious, organizational, national culture, identity politics, cultural groups, complex nature, adaptation, borrowing, evolution, homogeneity, eligibility, strategic control, empirical study, management, coral snodgrass, edward szewczak, journal of management studies culture, cultural identity, fluidity, compensation, identity politics, values, social groups,专业, 组织, 种族, 宗教, 个体差异, 多元文化, 文化适应, 文化借用, 文化进化, 文化影响, 文化同质性, 补偿模型, 亲属关系, 直接影响, 多数文化, 补偿资格, SZEWCAK, SNODGRASS, 战略控制选择的可替代性, 管理研究杂志, 1990"
test-politics-dhbanhrnw-con04a	Possessing nuclear weapons will be counter to the peaceful interests of states  Most states will not benefit at all from possessing nuclear weapons. Developing a nuclear deterrent is seen in the international community as a sign of belligerence and a warlike character. Such an image does not suit the vast majority of states who would be better suited focusing on diplomacy, trade, and economic interdependence. [1] The loss of such diplomatic and economic relations in favour of force can seriously harm the citizens of would-be nuclear powers, as has occurred to the North Koreans, who have been isolated in international relations by their government’s decision to develop nuclear weapons. If the right to nuclear weapons were recognized for all states, only those states that currently want them for strategic reasons will develop them, and they will do so more brazenly and with greater speed. These countries might try to develop them even if proliferation is outlawed, but giving them license increases the likelihood that they will succeed. Furthermore, when countries develop nuclear weapons, their neighbours may feel more vulnerable and thus be compelled by necessity to develop their own weapons. This will lead to arms races in some cases, and generally harm diplomacy.  [1] Sartori, Anne. 2005. Deterrence By Diplomacy. Princeton: Princeton University Press. nuclear weapons, peaceful interests, diplomatic relations, economic interdependence, international community, belligerence, warlike character, North Korea, isolation, strategic reasons, arms races, proliferation, diplomacy, economic harm, citizen impact, state security, nuclear deterrent, state behavior, global stability nuclear weapons, peaceful interests, states, benefits, nuclear deterrent, international community, belligerence, warlike character, diplomacy, trade, economic interdependence, diplomatic relations, economic relations, North Korea, international isolation, strategic reasons, proliferation, arms races, diplomacy harm, Sartori, Deterrence By Diplomacy nuclear weapons, peaceful interests, states, benefits, nuclear deterrent, international community, belligerence, warlike character, diplomacy, trade, economic interdependence, diplomatic relations, economic relations, North Korea, international isolation, nuclear proliferation, strategic reasons, arms races, diplomacy harm, Sartori, Deterrence By Diplomacy, Princeton University Press nuclear weapons, peaceful interests, states, diplomatic relations, economic interdependence, North Korea, isolation, international relations, strategic reasons, arms races, diplomacy, nuclear proliferation, belligerence, warlike character, nuclear deterrent, economic harm, citizens, Sartori, deterrence, diplomacy nuclear weapons, peaceful interests, states, benefits, nuclear deterrent, international community, belligerence, warlike character, diplomacy, trade, economic interdependence, diplomatic relations, economic relations, force, North Koreans, international isolation, nuclear proliferation, strategic reasons, arms races, diplomacy harm, Sartori, Deterrence By Diplomacy, Princeton University Press
test-education-xeegshwfeu-con03a	The state retain control of schools - freedom, in this context, is illusory  The state funds education using taxes taken from everyone in society, not just those who have children. Therefore the state has a duty to benefit the whole of society, not just parents and children, when funding education. It is therefore entirely legitimate for the state to use schools to fulfil other societal purposes. A good example of this is the question of teaching citizenship in schools: it does not necessarily help children to pass exams, and so schools do not have a strong incentive to insure that children are taught it. However, it fulfils government goals of helping to ensure that people become functioning members of our democracy.  When schools are privatised it becomes increasingly difficult for the government to ensure that such agendas are followed in schools. state control, schools, freedom, education funding, taxes, societal benefit, citizenship education, democracy, privatisation, government agendas state control, education funding, societal benefit, citizenship education, privatisation, government agendas, public schools, tax funding, democratic participation, school autonomy state control, schools, freedom, education funding, taxes, societal benefit, citizenship education, privatisation, government agendas, democracy, functioning members, exams, incentives, societal purposes, public education, private schools, governance, educational policy, civic education, public interest, parental responsibility state control, schools, freedom, education funding, taxes, societal benefit, public duty, citizenship education, privatisation, government agendas, democratic participation, exam focus, non-parental interests state control, schools, freedom, illusory, state funding, education, taxes, society, parents, children, duty, societal purposes, teaching citizenship, exams, government goals, democracy, privatised schools, agendas
test-politics-gvhwhnerse-con01a	Some kind of election is more likely to lead to real democracy than no election  The acceptance by most autocrats that there need to be elections shows the idea that legitimacy derives from the people is generally accepted. Meaning that these states are already part way to having a genuine democracy. Having regular elections, even if the outcome is preordained, means that the electorate becomes used to voting and the idea of voting to make their voice heard. In such circumstances eventually they are going to want their vote to really count. If there is a creeping process of reform eventually this will result in free and fair elections.  Having any kind of elections means that there are people who are recognised as an opposition. This means that there is a viable alternative to the ruling party which can be turned to in a crisis, or can take on the leadership role when the regime is finally toppled. For example in Philippines the opposition was able to create a united opposition party in 1984 and coalesce around Corazon Aquino in the snap elections of 1985. [1] This meant that Aquino was in a position to swiftly set up a government following the people power revolution and flight of Marcos. [2]  [1] Kline, William E., ‘The Fall of Marcos: A Problem in U.S. Foreign Policymaking’, Institute for the Study of Diplomacy, 1992,  Pp.4, 10  [2] Reaves, Joseph A., ‘Marcos Flees, Aquino Rules’, Chicago Tribune, 26 February 1986, election, democracy, autocrats, legitimacy, voting, electorate, opposition, reform, free and fair elections, Philippines, Corazon Aquino, snap elections, people power revolution, Marcos, U.S. Foreign Policymaking, Chicago Tribune election, democracy, autocrats, legitimacy, people, regular elections, electorate, voting, voice, reform, free and fair elections, opposition, ruling party, crisis, leadership, regime, Philippines, united opposition party, Corazon Aquino, snap elections, people power revolution, Marcos, foreign policy, Chicago Tribune election, democracy, autocrats, legitimacy, people, regular elections, voting, voice, reform, free and fair elections, opposition, ruling party, crisis, regime change, Philippines, united opposition party, Corazon Aquino, snap elections, people power revolution, Marcos, U.S. Foreign Policymaking, Chicago Tribune election, democracy, autocrats, legitimacy, popular sovereignty, regular voting, electoral process, opposition party, political reform, free and fair elections, Philippines, Corazon Aquino, snap elections, people power revolution, Marcos, U.S. foreign policy, political transition, democratic transition, regime change election, democracy, autocrats, legitimacy, regular elections, electorate, voting, voice, reform, free and fair elections, opposition, viable alternative, ruling party, crisis, leadership, Philippines, united opposition party, Corazon Aquino, snap elections, people power revolution, Marcos, U.S. Foreign Policymaking, Chicago Tribune
test-religion-wcprrgrhbmi-pro03a	In any other situation involving minors a precautionary principle would be applied  Any risk needs to be justified against some benefit. In the absence of any demonstrable benefit then there is no need to tolerate any risk, particularly in the case of a newborn baby who cannot express his opinion one way or another and will not be able to do so for years to come.  The risks of circumcision have been repeatedly demonstrated. Though they may be rare, they run from septicemia through to blood hemorrhage and heart attacks. There is little research conducted on the long term effects of the procedure; however there is a growing body of evidence that a surgical complication rate is about 1 in 500 and the post-surgical rate of attrition is believed by many to be higher [i] .  [i] Paul M. Fleiss, MD. “The Case Against Circumcision”. Mothering: The Magazine of Natural Family Living, Winter 1997, pp. 36--45. precautionary principle, minors, risk justification, benefit analysis, newborn, circumcision risks, septicemia, blood hemorrhage, heart attacks, long-term effects, surgical complication rate, post-surgical attrition, Paul M. Fleiss, case against circumcision, Mothering magazine precautionary principle, minors, risk justification, benefit, newborn, circumcision, septicemia, blood hemorrhage, heart attacks, long term effects, surgical complication rate, post-surgical attrition, Paul M. Fleiss, case against circumcision, Mothering Magazine precautionary principle, minors, risk justification, benefit, newborn, circumcision risks, septicemia, blood hemorrhage, heart attacks, long-term effects, surgical complications, post-surgical attrition, Paul M. Fleiss, case against circumcision, Mothering Magazine precautionary principle, minors, risk, benefit, newborn baby, circumcision, septicemia, blood hemorrhage, heart attacks, long term effects, surgical complication rate, post-surgical attrition, Paul M. Fleiss, The Case Against Circumcision, Mothering Magazine circumcision, minors, precautionary principle, risk, benefit, newborn, septicemia, blood hemorrhage, heart attacks, long term effects, surgical complication rate, post-surgical attrition, Paul M. Fleiss, Mothering Magazine
test-economy-egppphbcb-pro01a	"The market should determine the price of products and services  A free market gives the power to the people to choose and decide what products and services should be offered to them. If many people want the same thing the demand will be higher and it will be profitable to offer them on the market since it will sell, therefore the people are in command of what products are being offered to them through their own want. The market is thus decided upon what people need and therefore there will be no excess products or services offered e.g. let us presume that many people want to see high quality basketball, a person like Michael Jordan who has a talent for basketball and has honed his basketball skills would in this case be much in demand. People are ready to pay for the service he offers (excellent basketball) and consequently his high wage will be justified. On the other hand a mediocre basketball player would not be paid at all since there is no demand to see mediocre basketball, his service does not have an attraction on the market and will thus be eliminated1/2. This is all part of what could be called a ""dynamic capitalist system"" which values individuality (honing your basketball skills), rewards ability (having basketball skills) and risk-taking (risking that you will succeed with it).  1 Adam Smith. (n.d.). The concise Encyclopedia of Economics. Retrieved June 20, 2011  2 Nozick, R. (1974). Anarchy State and Utopia (pp. 54-56, 137-42). Basic Books. market, price, products, services, free market, power, people, choice, demand, profitable, command, need, excess, Michael Jordan, basketball, talent, skills, pay, wage, justified, mediocre, attraction, dynamic capitalist system, individuality, ability, risk-taking, Adam Smith, Anarchy State and Utopia, Nozick market, price, products, services, free market, consumer choice, demand, supply, profitability, consumer power, economics, Adam Smith, Robert Nozick, capitalism, individuality, ability, risk-taking, dynamic capitalist system, wage, labor market, basketball, talent, skills, competition, economic theory, Anarchy State and Utopia, Concise Encyclopedia of Economics market, price, free market, power, people, choice, demand, profitability, consumer command, supply, excess, high quality, Michael Jordan, talent, skills, service, wage, justification, mediocre, attraction, dynamic capitalist system, individuality, ability, risk-taking, Adam Smith, Anarchy State and Utopia, Nozick market, price, free market, consumer choice, demand, supply, profitability, consumer power, product offering, services, market demand, excess products, services elimination, dynamic capitalist system, individuality, ability, risk-taking, Adam Smith, Nozick, Anarchy State and Utopia market, price, products, services, free market, power, people, choose, decide, demand, profitable, supply, command, consumer choice, excess, products, services, Michael Jordan, basketball, talent, skills, wage, demand, dynamic capitalist system, individuality, ability, risk-taking, Adam Smith, Nozick, Anarchy State and Utopia"
test-politics-dhwem-con02a	PMCs are untrustworthy  The possibility of mercenaries pulling out will always remain a risk. PMCs are not fighting for their own country so they can never be threatened with a charge of desertion. PMCs are motivated by money and do not have the interests of their employer at heart. Loyalty is given to the highest bidder and is therefore delicately balanced. “The fact is, they have no other attraction or reason for keeping the field than a trifle of stipend, which is not sufficient to make them willing to die for you. They are ready enough to be your soldiers whilst you do not make war, but if war comes they take themselves off or run from the foe.”(Machiavelli, 1515) Machiavelli considered that it was mercenaries that ruined Italy much as they are now doing in Iraq and Afghanistan. PMCs, untrustworthy, mercenaries, pulling out, risk, fighting, country, desertion, motivated, money, interests, employer, loyalty, highest bidder, delicately balanced, trifle, stipend, war, take off, run, foe, Machiavelli, 1515, ruined, Italy, Iraq, Afghanistan PMCs, untrustworthy, mercenaries, pulling out, risk, fighting, country, desertion, motivated, money, interests, employer, loyalty, highest bidder, delicately balanced, stipend, willing, die, soldiers, war, foe, Machiavelli, 1515, mercenaries, ruined, Italy, Iraq, Afghanistan PMCs, untrustworthy, mercenaries, risk, pulling out, desertion, motivation, money, employer, interests, loyalty, highest bidder, Machiavelli, Italy, Iraq, Afghanistan, stipend, war, soldiers, foe, ruin PMCs, untrustworthy, mercenaries, pulling out, risk, not fighting for country, no charge of desertion, motivated by money, interests of employer, loyalty to highest bidder, delicately balanced, attraction, reason, keeping the field, trifle of stipend, willing to die, ready to be soldiers, war comes, take themselves off, run from foe, Machiavelli, 1515, ruined Italy, Iraq, Afghanistan PMCs, untrustworthy, mercenaries, pulling out, risk, fighting, country, desertion, motivated, money, interests, employer, loyalty, highest bidder, delicately balanced, stipend, war, foe, Machiavelli, 1515, ruined, Italy, Iraq, Afghanistan
test-education-tuhwastua-pro01a	Standardized tests are arbitrary  Standardized tests are inherently arbitrary. They reduce an applicant’s entire academic career to a single one-day session. The result is an inherently unrepresentative test which fails to paint an accurate picture. What if a student has a bad day? What if they do poorly on the specific test questions? In the SAT’s there is an error of measurement of about 30 points either way out of 800, this is the potential difference between where the student really is and what his or her score on the day was. [1] By contrast, looking at their entire academic record ensures that admissions officers will get a far more comprehensive picture of their actual ability. The law of averages means that bad days and tests will be balanced out with good ones, with the result that their academic record, the result of years of work, will reflect their true performance.  [1] Cloud, John, ‘What’s Good about the New SAT Test’, Time, 1 September 2006, Standardized tests, arbitrary, academic career, one-day session, unrepresentative, bad day, specific test questions, SAT, error of measurement, academic record, comprehensive picture, true performance, law of averages standardized tests, arbitrary, academic career, one-day session, unrepresentative, inaccurate picture, bad day, test questions, SAT, error measurement, academic record, comprehensive picture, law of averages, true performance, admissions officers, John Cloud, New SAT Test, Time Magazine standardized tests, arbitrary, academic career, single day, unrepresentative, bad day, test questions, error measurement, SAT, comprehensive picture, academic record, law of averages, true performance, John Cloud, Time Magazine, 2006 standardized tests, arbitrary, academic career, single day, unrepresentative, bad day, test questions, SAT, error measurement, academic record, comprehensive picture, law of averages, true performance, new SAT test standardized tests, arbitrary, academic career, single day, unrepresentative, inaccurate, bad day, test questions, SAT, error measurement, potential difference, entire academic record, comprehensive picture, true performance, law of averages, balanced, years of work, admissions officers, John Cloud, Time, 2006
test-economy-eptpghdtre-pro01a	Bush squandered an extraordinary economic legacy on tax cuts for the wealthy and too expensive and unnecessary wars.  The Clinton legacy was one of extraordinary economic health including an enormous $4,000 billion surplus. This could have been used to improve services and create jobs. Instead the Bush administration squandered this, mostly on tax cuts for the wealthy and two expensive wars. He turned the surplus on its head, leaving a budget deficit of $482 billion in 2009 with, frankly, not a lot to show for it [i] .  [i] Andrew Taylor. “Bush Leaving Next President Record Federal Deficit”. Huffington Post. 28 July 2008. Bush, economic legacy, tax cuts, wealthy, unnecessary wars, Clinton, economic health, surplus, improve services, create jobs, budget deficit, 2009, federal deficit, Andrew Taylor, Huffington Post, 2008 Bush, economic legacy, tax cuts, wealthy, expensive wars, Clinton, economic health, surplus, improve services, create jobs, budget deficit, 2009, federal deficit, Andrew Taylor, Huffington Post Bush, economic legacy, tax cuts, wealthy, expensive wars, Clinton, economic health, surplus, services, jobs, budget deficit, federal deficit, Andrew Taylor, Huffington Post Bush, economic legacy, tax cuts, wealthy, expensive wars, Clinton, economic health, surplus, services, jobs, budget deficit, 2009, Andrew Taylor, Huffington Post Bush, economic legacy, tax cuts, wealthy, expensive wars, Clinton legacy, economic health, surplus, improve services, create jobs, budget deficit, federal deficit, Andrew Taylor, Huffington Post
test-international-epdlhfcefp-pro03a	The creation of the post of a High Representative marked an important change in the EU.  The creation of a post of High Representative and Vice President of the Commission (HRVP) marks an important change in the decision making process at the EU level with regards to foreign policy. Agreement on the post showed a clear commitment to the pursuit of a common EU foreign policy and to developing a unique cooperative model for foreign and defense policy decision making that goes beyond the nation state. Member states should now deliver on that commitment by seeking as much common ground as possible to ensure that the High Representative’s role is truly significant. The goal of a common foreign and security policy should thus be supported not only as a mechanism to streamline EU’s position and role in world politics, but also to reinforce notions of cooperation and consultation essential for maintaining a stable international system, in line with the stated goals of the EU. (The 12 stars in a circle is meant to symbolize the ideals of unity, solidarity and harmony among the peoples of Europe)1.  1 Europa.eu, 'Symbols',accessed 1/8/11 High Representative, Vice President, Commission, EU, foreign policy, decision making, common ground, cooperation, consultation, stability, international system, common foreign and security policy, unity, solidarity, harmony, Europa.eu, symbols High Representative, Vice President, Commission, EU, foreign policy, decision making, common ground, cooperation, consultation, international system, stability, Europa.eu, symbols, unity, solidarity, harmony, European peoples, common foreign and security policy High Representative, Vice President, Commission, EU, decision making, foreign policy, defense policy, common ground, cooperation, consultation, stable international system, common foreign and security policy, unity, solidarity, harmony, Europa.eu, Symbols High Representative, Vice President, Commission, EU, decision making, foreign policy, common ground, cooperation, consultation, stability, international system, common foreign and security policy, unity, solidarity, harmony, European ideals, Europa.eu, symbols High Representative, Vice President, Commission, EU, foreign policy, decision making, common ground, common foreign and security policy, cooperation, consultation, international system, Europa.eu, symbols, unity, solidarity, harmony, European peoples
test-politics-dhwem-con04a	The role of PMCs has had a negative effect on traditional militaries and their operations.  Soldiers trained at high expense by the state may leave for the greater income of private employment, reducing the power of the state’s military and bolstering the attraction of PMCs. PMCs also have a much more relaxed, business-like attitude to conflict. Being unregulated gives them a freedom to work outside of the law to an extent, using illicit practices such as torture and bribery which goes unnoticed. However, these practices strengthen the morale and line the purses of “the enemy”, such as warlords or the Taliban in Afghanistan, putting the militaries they are fighting alongside in danger. PMCs, traditional militaries, negative effects, soldier recruitment, state military power, business-like attitude, conflict, unregulated, illegal practices, torture, bribery, morale, enemy, warlords, Taliban, Afghanistan, danger, military operations, private employment, income disparity, illicit activities, state-trained soldiers, military effectiveness, conflict zones, security risks, ethical concerns, international law, combat dynamics, operational challenges, PMC influence, military cohesion, strategic implications, legal oversight PMCs, negative effect, traditional militaries, operations, soldier retention, state military power, income disparity, private employment, military morale, unregulated, illicit practices, torture, bribery, warlords, Taliban, Afghanistan, conflict dynamics, military operations, state security, private military companies, combat effectiveness, international law, ethical concerns, soldier deployment, military strategy, private sector influence, armed forces, combat zones, military ethics, legal frameworks, warrior culture, defense policy, national security, contractual forces, operational challenges, geopolitical implications, combat support, private security, military culture, force sustainability, tactical operations, operational flexibility, military discipline, PMCs, traditional militaries, negative effects, soldier recruitment, state military power, private employment, income discrepancy, unregulated operations, illicit practices, torture, bribery, morale impact, enemy strengthening, warlords, Taliban, Afghanistan, conflict zones, military operations, ethical concerns, legal implications PMCs, traditional militaries, operations, negative effect, soldiers, high expense, state, private employment, greater income, power reduction, state military, attraction, relaxed attitude, conflict, unregulated, freedom, work outside law, illicit practices, torture, bribery, unnoticed, morale, line purses, enemy, warlords, Taliban, Afghanistan, danger, militaries, fighting alongside PMCs, traditional militaries, negative effects, trained soldiers, state expense, private employment, income, military power, state, business-like attitude, conflict, unregulated, illicit practices, torture, bribery, law, warlords, Taliban, Afghanistan, militaries, danger, morale, purses, enemy
test-international-ehbfe-con04a	Subsidiarity will deal with regional identities’ problem  Federalism and subsidiarity, that things should be dealt with at the lowest, most local, level possible, [1] can allow for regional identities in a way national states cannot. For example for Northern Ireland, Corsica, Basque Region, Lombardy. In a Federal Europe such peoples would not feel under threat from a dominant culture and long-running conflicts could be resolved, as issues of sovereignty become less relevant within the new political structures.  [1] Europa, ‘Subsidiarity’ subsidiarity, regional identities, federalism, local governance, Northern Ireland, Corsica, Basque Region, Lombardy, cultural preservation, conflict resolution, sovereignty, political structures, Europa, European Union subsidiarity, regional identities, federalism, local governance, Northern Ireland, Corsica, Basque Region, Lombardy, cultural preservation, conflict resolution, sovereignty, political structures, Europa, European Union subsidiarity, regional identities, federalism, local governance, Northern Ireland, Corsica, Basque Region, Lombardy, Federal Europe, cultural preservation, conflict resolution, sovereignty, political structures, Europa subsidiarity, regional identities, federalism, local governance, Northern Ireland, Corsica, Basque Region, Lombardy, cultural preservation, conflict resolution, sovereignty, political structures, Europa, European Union subsidiarity, regional identities, federalism, local governance, Northern Ireland, Corsica, Basque Region, Lombardy, cultural preservation, conflict resolution, European federalism, sovereignty, political structures, Europa, governance principles, decentralization
test-politics-cdfsaphgiap-con04a	Damages diplomacy to be too open  Diplomacy can be very personal; diplomatic initiatives are often the result of a single person, and the individual leader is necessary to conclude negotiations. Transparency about a leader's health may therefore prevent deals being done; Nixon went to China despite Mao's ill heath meaning the supreme Chinese leader contributed little to the historic change in diplomatic alinements. 1 Would such a momentous change in alignment have been possible if both the Chinese and American public knew about Mao's ill health? The Americans would have considered any deal unreliable as they could not be sure it was Mao who made the decision, while opponents in China could have argued that it was advisers like Zhou Enlai who made the deal not Mao himself potentially enabling them to repudiate or undermine the deal.  1 Macmillan, Margaret, Seize the Hour When Nixon met Mao, John Murray, London, 2006, p.76 damages, diplomacy, transparency, personal, negotiations, leader, health, deals, Nixon, China, Mao, ill, health, diplomatic, alignments, public, unreliable, decision, advisers, Zhou, Enlai, repudiate, undermine, Macmillan, Seize, Hour, John, Murray, London Diplomacy, Transparency, Health, Leadership, Negotiations, Nixon, China, Mao, Illness, Public Knowledge, Historical Diplomacy, Political Deals, Reliability, Decision-making, Advisers, Zhou Enlai, Repudiation, Undermining, Alignment Change, International Relations, Macmillan, Margaret, Seize the Hour, John Murray, London, 2006, p.76 Damages, diplomacy, transparency, leader's health, Nixon, China, Mao, illness, diplomatic initiatives, individual leader, negotiations, public knowledge, reliability, decision-making, repudiation, undermining, Macmillan, Seize the Hour, John Murray, London, 2006, Zhou Enlai diplomacy, transparency, leadership, health, negotiations, Nixon, China, Mao, alignment, public knowledge, reliability, decision-making, advisers, repudiation, undermining, historical diplomacy, political reliability, international relations, secrecy, Cold War diplomacy Diplomacy, Transparency, Leadership, Health, Negotiations, Mao, Nixon, China, United States, Political Deals, Public Knowledge, Historical Alignment, Macmillan, Seize the Hour, John Murray, 2006, p.76, Zhou Enlai, Reliability, Decision-making, Undermine, Repudiate
test-philosophy-pphbclsbs-pro04a	It is with the popular support of the public that security measures are taken.  Let us not forget that is with the consent of the public that these security measures are taken, CCTV for example was a populist measure that has often been considered a threat to civil liberties [1] . It is in line with democratic ideals; the majority of the country wants greater security [2] . For example in 2005 59% of Americans wanted the Patriot Act extended. [3] And because democracy embodies all those values we are fighting for – freedom and equality included- we must adhere to a democratic spirit when deciding on how to organise ourselves or else risk falling into the same mind-set as those terrorists themselves.  [1] Norris, Clive, McCahill, Mike and Wood, David, ‘Editorial. The Growth of CCTV: a global perspective on the international diffusion of video surveillance in publically accessible space’, Surveillance & Society, 2(2/4):110-135, 2004,  (2)/editorial.pdf, accessed 9 September 2011  [2] Law Council of Australia, ‘Politics and Populism win out at anti-terror summit’, 30 September 2005,   [3] Langer, Gary, ‘Poll: Support Seen for Patriot Act’, ABCnews, 9 June 2005,  , accessed 9 public support, security measures, consent, CCTV, civil liberties, democratic ideals, majority, Patriot Act, democracy, freedom, equality, terrorism, surveillance, anti-terror, populism, political measures, public opinion, law, rights, threats, privacy, government, policy, societal values, legislative support, democratic spirit, international diffusion, video surveillance, public space, political summit, anti-terror summit, public policy, security legislation, civil rights, national security, legislative action, democratic values, populist measure, democratic process, political decision-making, security vs privacy, societal consent, democratic framework, security enhancement, public acceptance, political support public support, security measures, consent, CCTV, civil liberties, democratic ideals, majority, Patriot Act, democracy, freedom, equality, anti-terror, populism, surveillance, video surveillance, public space, politics, terrorism public support, security measures, democratic ideals, civil liberties, CCTV, Patriot Act, populism, terrorism, freedom, equality, surveillance, video surveillance, public opinion, anti-terror summit, political consent public support, security measures, consent, CCTV, civil liberties, democratic ideals, majority, Patriot Act, democracy, freedom, equality, terrorism, populism, surveillance, public space, international diffusion, anti-terror, politics, summit, poll, support, USA, 2005 public support, security measures, consent, CCTV, civil liberties, democratic ideals, majority, Patriot Act, democracy, freedom, equality, terrorism, politics, populism, anti-terror, surveillance, video surveillance, public space, international diffusion, Law Council of Australia, ABCnews, Poll, Clive Norris, Mike McCahill, David Wood, Surveillance & Society, Gary Langer
test-politics-gvhbhlsbr-con01a	The House of Lords allows a number of experts to influence government policy.  While the members of the House of Lords may represent a small section of society, they also include expert peers including lawyers, scientists, businesspeople, academics, doctors and civil servants that can balance out the sometimes short term, political opportunism present in the House of Commons. Election does not guarantee these expertise and knowledge, so having a second chamber that is appointed rather than elected improves the quality of the governance of the country. House of Lords, experts, government policy, members, small section society, expert peers, lawyers, scientists, businesspeople, academics, doctors, civil servants, balance, short term, political opportunism, House of Commons, election, expertise, knowledge, second chamber, appointed, elected, quality, governance, country House of Lords, experts, government policy, influence, members, representation, society, expert peers, lawyers, scientists, businesspeople, academics, doctors, civil servants, balance, short term, political opportunism, House of Commons, election, expertise, knowledge, second chamber, appointed, elected, governance, quality, country House of Lords, expert influence, government policy, appointed members, expertise, knowledge, second chamber, governance quality, non-elected expertise, political balance, House of Commons, representation, civil servants, academics, lawyers, scientists, businesspeople, doctors House of Lords, experts, government policy, members, society, expert peers, lawyers, scientists, businesspeople, academics, doctors, civil servants, balance, short term, political opportunism, House of Commons, election, expertise, knowledge, appointed, elected, quality, governance, country House of Lords, experts, government policy, members, small section, society, expert peers, lawyers, scientists, businesspeople, academics, doctors, civil servants, balance, short term, political opportunism, House of Commons, election, expertise, knowledge, second chamber, appointed, elected, quality, governance, country
test-sport-aastshsrqsar-con04a	Racial quotas don’t develop new players  The quota system could lead to moving players from the regional teams who generally have less non-white players pilfering them from other unions, rather “Home growing” them [1] .  Former Springboks coach Peter de Villiers, the first non-white person in that role, has described quotas as a “waste of time [2] ”.  Depending on the exact phraseology of the rules, this could even allow black players from outside South Africa (from, for example, England) to be used to fill the quota.  [1] McGregor, Liz, ‘New Year, new model for SA Rugby? Here’s hoping’, Books Live, 30 December 2013,   [2] Peacock, James, ‘Peter de Villiers says racial quotas are ‘waste of time’, BBC Sport, 15 August 2013, racial quotas, player development, regional teams, non-white players, home growing, Peter de Villiers, waste of time, black players, South Africa, foreign players, rugby, sports policy, ethnic diversity, talent development racial quotas, player development, regional teams, non-white players, Home growing, Peter de Villiers, Springboks coach, waste of time, black players, South Africa, quota system, rugby, diversity, sports policy Racial quotas, player development, regional teams, non-white players, Home growing, Peter de Villiers, waste of time, South Africa, rugby, quotas, black players, international players, rule phraseology, former Springboks coach, Liz McGregor, James Peacock, BBC Sport, Books Live racial quotas, player development, regional teams, non-white players, home growing, Peter de Villiers, Springboks coach, waste of time, black players, South Africa, England, quota system, SA Rugby, BBC Sport, Liz McGregor, Books Live Racial quotas, player development, regional teams, non-white players, home growing, Peter de Villiers, waste of time, black players, South Africa, quota system, rugby, sports policy, ethnic representation, team composition, international players
test-philosophy-eppphwlrtjs-con01a	Protections offered in a court must be absolute in order for the court to be just.  A just adversarial court system is premised on absolutes: that the defence has certain absolute rights which check it against government corruption, and which ensure fair trials even at the expense of conviction. Indeed, it is for this reason that we say it is better to let ten guilty men go free than to punish one innocent man. The protections in place that ensure fair trials must always be upheld, or else the guarantee of fairness no longer exists. If the government can sometimes remove this right, even in clearly delineated circumstances, then the right is no longer absolute, and the presumption in favour of the defence is far weaker, undermining the justness of the entire system. protections, court, absolute, just, adversarial, rights, government, corruption, fair, trials, conviction, guilty, innocent, upheld, guarantee, remove, presumption, defence, weaker, undermining, system court, justice, protections, absolutes, adversarial, defence, rights, government, corruption, fair, trials, conviction, innocent, guilty, upholding, guarantee, removal, presumption, weaker, system protections, court, justice, absolute, adversarial, defence, rights, government, corruption, fair, trials, conviction, innocent, guarantee, presumption, weaker, system court, justice, protections, absolute, adversarial, system, defence, rights, government, corruption, fair, trials, conviction, innocent, guilty, presumption, weaker, undermining, justness court, protections, justice, absolutes, adversarial, defence, rights, government, corruption, fair, trials, conviction, innocent, guilty, upholding, guarantee, remove, presumption, weaker, system
test-education-egtuscpih-pro03a	Online courses are a way to higher academic excellence  Relocating to the best universities is a budgetary concern, but also family and social relations concern for many people, which prevents all the best people from even applying to universities that would suit them the best. Online courses can recruit students from anywhere in the world much easier than traditional universities can because students don't need to travel far away for the best education. This then ensures that universities have better access to the brightest people. For instance, Stanford University's online course on Artificial Intelligence enabled people from 190 countries to join, and none of students receiving a score of 100 percent where from Stanford [14]. Improving the pool of students would automatically result in better academics, professionals and science, which would benefit the society better. online courses, higher academic excellence, budgetary concern, family relations, social relations, relocating, best universities, global recruitment, student access, top talent, education accessibility, remote learning, academic improvement, professional development, societal benefit, stanford university, artificial intelligence course, international students, top performers online courses, academic excellence, budgetary concerns, family relations, social relations, best universities, recruiting students, global access, education, Stanford University, artificial intelligence, student performance, academic improvement, professional development, scientific advancement, societal benefit online courses, higher academic excellence, budgetary concern, family relations, social relations, best universities, student recruitment, global access, education, Stanford University, artificial intelligence, academic improvement, professional development, societal benefit, student pool quality online courses, higher academic excellence, budgetary concern, family concerns, social relations, best universities, global recruitment, student travel, best education, Stanford University, artificial intelligence, diverse students, improved academics, professional development, societal benefit Online courses, higher academic excellence, budgetary concern, family relations, social relations, best universities, recruitment, global access, education, Stanford University, Artificial Intelligence, student pool, academic improvement, professional development, societal benefit
test-politics-oglilpdwhsn-con01a	"The New START treaty harms US nuclear capabilities  As David Ganz, the president of the Jewish Institute for National Security Affairs (JINSA), argues: ""This treaty would restrain the development and deployment of new nuclear weapons, missile defense systems, and missile delivery systems."" [1] The atrophying U.S. nuclear arsenal and weapons enterprise make reductions in the U.S. strategic nuclear arsenal even more dangerous. The new START treaty allows nuclear modernization but while the US capacity to modernize nuclear weapons is limited and either congress or the president is likely to prevent modernization on cost grounds. The Russians have a large, if unknown, advantage over the United States in terms of nonstrategic, particularly tactical, and nuclear weapons. The New START treaty however ignores these weapons entirely as it is focused on strategic arms. This therefore leaves the Russians with an advantage and potentially reduces the potential for deterrence in areas beyond the US. [2]  New START also restricts US missile defence options. The Obama Administration insists the treaty doesn’t affect it, but the Kremlin’s takes a different view: ""[START] can operate and be viable only if the United States of America refrains from developing its missile-defense capabilities quantitatively or qualitatively."" [3] New START imposes restrictions on U.S. missile defence options in at least four areas. First the preamble recognizes “the interrelationship between strategic offensive arms and strategic defensive arms” it seeks to make sure defensive arms “do not undermine the viability and effectiveness of the strategic offensive arms of the parties” so defensive arms must be reduced to allow offensive arms to remain effective. [4] Russia also issued a unilateral statement on April 7, 2010, Russia reinforced this restriction by issuing a unilateral statement asserting that it considers the “extraordinary events” that give “the right to withdraw from this treaty” to include a buildup of missile defense. [5] Second, Article V states “Each Party shall not convert and shall not use ICBM launchers and SLBM launchers for placement of missile defense interceptors” and vice versa. [6] There are also restrictions on some types of missiles and launchers that are used in the testing of missile defense. And Finally, article X established the Bilateral Consultative Commission (BCC), the treaty’s implementing body, with oversight over the implementation of the treaty which may impose additional restrictions on the U.S. missile defense program. [7]  [1] Weingarten, Elizabeth. “How did New START become a Jewish issue?”. The Atlantic. 1 Decemebr 2010.   [2] Spring, Baker. ""Twelve Flaws of New START That Will Be Difficult to Fix"". Heritage Foundation, The Foundry. 16 September 2010.   [3] Brookes, Peter. “Not a new START, but a bad START”. The Hill. 13 September 2010.   [4] Obama, Barak, and Medvedev, Dmitri, ‘Treaty Between The United States of America And The Russian Federation On Measures For The Further Reduction And Limitation Of Strategic Offensive Arms’, U.S. Department of State,   [5] Bureau of Verification, Compliance, and Implementation, ‘New START Treaty Fact Sheet: Unilateral Statements’, U.S. Department of State, 13 May 2010,   [6] Obama, Barak, and Medvedev, Dmitri, ‘Treaty Between The United States of America And The Russian Federation On Measures For The Further Reduction And Limitation Of Strategic Offensive Arms’, U.S. Department of State,   [7] Spring, Baker. ""Twelve Flaws of New START That Will Be Difficult to Fix"". Heritage Foundation, The Foundry. 16 September 2010. New START treaty, US nuclear capabilities, David Ganz, JINSA, nuclear modernization, US strategic nuclear arsenal, nonstrategic nuclear weapons, Russian tactical nuclear advantage, missile defense, Kremlin, strategic offensive arms, ICBM launchers, SLBM launchers, missile defense interceptors, Bilateral Consultative Commission, BCC, US missile defense program, treaty restrictions, strategic defensive arms, New START flaws, US Congress, US President, cost grounds, deterrence, Russian unilateral statement, missile defense capabilities, treaty implementation, strategic arms reduction, nuclear arsenal reduction, missile defense testing, treaty oversight, strategic arms limitation, New START treaty, US nuclear capabilities, David Ganz, JINSA, nuclear modernization, US strategic nuclear arsenal, Russian nuclear advantage, nonstrategic nuclear weapons, missile defense restrictions, Kremlin, ICBM launchers, SLBM launchers, missile defense interceptors, Bilateral Consultative Commission, treaty flaws, strategic offensive arms, strategic defensive arms, unilateral statements, treaty withdrawal, New START implementation, US missile defense program, Barack Obama, Dmitri Medvedev, US Department of State, Bureau of Verification, Compliance, and Implementation, New START Treaty Fact Sheet, Heritage Foundation, The Foundry, The Hill, New START treaty, US nuclear capabilities, David Ganz, JINSA, nuclear modernization, US strategic nuclear arsenal, Russian nuclear advantage, nonstrategic nuclear weapons, missile defense restrictions, Kremlin, missile defense capabilities, Bilateral Consultative Commission, treaty implementation, strategic offensive arms, missile defense interceptors, unilateral statement, treaty withdrawal, Barack Obama, Dmitri Medvedev, Verification Compliance Implementation Bureau, New START Treaty Fact Sheet New START treaty, US nuclear capabilities, David Ganz, JINSA, nuclear modernization, US strategic nuclear arsenal, Russian nuclear advantage, tactical nuclear weapons, missile defense, Obama Administration, Kremlin, ICBM launchers, SLBM launchers, missile defense interceptors, Bilateral Consultative Commission, treaty restrictions, nuclear deterrence, nonstrategic nuclear weapons, US missile defense program, Treaty Between The United States of America And The Russian Federation On Measures For The Further Reduction And Limitation Of Strategic Offensive Arms, unilateral statements, extraordinary events, treaty implementation New START, US nuclear capabilities, David Ganz, JINSA, nuclear modernization, atrophying nuclear arsenal, Russian nuclear advantage, nonstrategic nuclear weapons, missile defense restrictions, strategic offensive arms, Bilateral Consultative Commission, ICBM launchers, SLBM launchers, missile defense interceptors, treaty implementation, Barack Obama, Dmitri Medvedev, unilateral statements, extraordinary events, Treaty Between The United States of America And The Russian Federation On Measures For The Further Reduction And Limitation Of Strategic Offensive Arms"
test-politics-dhbanhrnw-con05a	The threat of a state developing nuclear weapons could instigate pre-emptive strikes from its neighbours and rivals to prevent the acquisition of such weapons  The threat represented by potential nuclear powers will instigate pre-emptive strikes by countries fearing the future behaviour of the budding nuclear powers. Until a state develops a nuclear capacity that its rivals believe they cannot destroy in a first strike, nuclear weapons increase the risk of war. For example, Israel will have a very real incentive to attack Iran before it can complete its development of nuclear weapons, lest it become an existential threat to Israel’s survival. The United States military even considered attempting to destroy the USSR’s capability before they had second strike capability General Orvil Anderson publicly declared: “Give me the order to do it and I can break up Russia’s five A-bomb nests in a week…And when I went up to Christ—I think I could explain to Him that I had saved civilization.” [1] The development of nuclear weapons can thus destabilize regions before they are ever operational, as it is in no country’s interest that its rivals become capable of using nuclear force against it. Clearly, it is best that such states do not develop nuclear weapons in the first place so as to prevent such instability and conflict.  [1] Stevens, Austin “General Removed over War Speech,” New York Times, September 2, 1950, p. 8  improve this  COUNTERPOINT  If a country is surrounded by hostile neighbours that are likely to attempt a pre-emptive strike upon it, then nuclear weapons are all the more desirable. With nuclear weapons a country cannot be pushed around by regional bullies. It seems perfectly fair that Iran would covet the ability to resist Israeli might in the Middle East and defend itself from aggression by it or the United States. nuclear weapons, pre-emptive strikes, state development, regional stability, existential threat, international conflict, nuclear deterrence, Iran, Israel, United States, USSR, second strike capability, military strategy, nuclear acquisition, regional power dynamics, global security, nuclear proliferation, defensive capabilities, international relations, nuclear policy nuclear weapons, pre-emptive strikes, state security, regional stability, nuclear development, existential threat, military strategy, nuclear deterrence, international relations, conflict prevention, Israel, Iran, United States, USSR, second strike capability, nuclear proliferation, Middle East, defense policy, security studies, arms race nuclear weapons, pre-emptive strikes, state development, nuclear powers, regional instability, existential threat, Israel, Iran, United States, USSR, second strike capability, regional bullies, Middle East, defense, aggression, nuclear capacity, rivals, conflict, stability, prevention, survival, international relations, military strategy, Cold War, deterrence, security studies, arms race, first strike, nuclear policy, nuclear proliferation, strategic studies, geopolitical tension, state security, military intervention, peacekeeping, international security, defense policy, war prevention, geopolitical stability, nuclear disarmament, nuclear threats, regional powers, global security, strategic balance state, nuclear weapons, pre-emptive strikes, rivals, potential nuclear powers, war risk, Israel, Iran, existential threat, United States, USSR, second strike capability, regional stability, conflict prevention, regional bullies, self-defense, Middle East, aggression state, nuclear weapons, pre-emptive strikes, neighbours, rivals, potential nuclear powers, risk of war, Israel, Iran, existential threat, United States, USSR, second strike capability, regional stability, conflict prevention, defence, aggression, Middle East, regional bullies, self-defence, nuclear deterrence
test-religion-wcprrgrhbmi-pro02a	There is always a risk associated with surgery and taking such a risk for no particular reason is irresponsible  A report by the Royal Dutch Medical Association noted that there was not a single medical body in the world that could point, categorically to a medical need for circumcision of infants. It further concluded that “The fact that this practice is not medically necessary and entails a genuine risk of complications means that extra-stringent requirements must be established with regard to this type of information and advice.” Yet this is a practice that is performed around the world by people with little or no medical training and accepted by parents as an instruction from God.  Studies from the US suggest that around 230 baby boys die in America every year as a direct result of hemorrhaging following circumcision [i] .  [i] risk, surgery, circumcision, infants, medical necessity, complications, Royal Dutch Medical Association, hemorrhaging, mortality, religious practice, parental consent, non-medical circumcision, ethical concerns, global practices, medical training, health policy, informed consent, pediatric surgery, ritual circumcision, public health, medical ethics risk, surgery, circumcision, infants, medical need, complications, Royal Dutch Medical Association, religious practice, hemorrhaging, mortality, parental consent, medical training, ethical concerns, health policy risk, surgery, circumcision, infants, medical, necessity, complications, Royal Dutch Medical Association, religious, practice, training, parents, mortality, hemorrhaging, United States surgery risk, infant circumcision, medical necessity, Royal Dutch Medical Association, complications, non-medical practice, religious circumcision, parental consent, hemorrhaging, infant mortality, circumcision complications, medical ethics, informed consent, cultural practices, health risks, pediatric surgery, surgical procedures, medical training, religious beliefs, healthcare policy risk, surgery, circumcision, infants, Royal Dutch Medical Association, medical need, complications, non-medical, training, parents, religious belief, mortality, hemorrhaging, United States
test-health-hdond-con01a	The right to access healthcare is absolute  Healthcare is a primary means by which individuals actualize their right to be protected against an untimely death. The ability to access healthcare, to not have the government actively intervene against one receiving it, is of fundamental importance for living a long and worthwhile life, and is hence entrenched in the constitutions of many liberal democracies and much of international human rights literature {WHO - Health and Human Rights}. While some rights, such as the right to mobility, can be taken away as a matter of desert in almost all societies, absolutely fundamental rights, such as the right to a fair trial, are actually inalienable and ought to never be violated. What this means in practice is that one’s access to healthcare should not be continent. The government should set no standards on who deserves life-saving treatment and who doesn’t. To do so would be to assign a dangerous power of life and death over the government. right to access healthcare, fundamental importance, living a long life, constitutions, liberal democracies, international human rights, WHO, Health and Human Rights, inalienable rights, right to a fair trial, government intervention, life-saving treatment, power of life and death, access to healthcare, dangerous power, standards for treatment, healthcare access, mobility rights, right to mobility, rights violation, healthcare ethics, public health policy, human dignity, healthcare equity, medical ethics, constitutional rights, health policy, healthcare law, patient rights, healthcare as a human right, government role in healthcare, healthcare accessibility, healthcare denial, healthcare standards, healthcare right to access healthcare, fundamental importance, government intervention, healthcare as a right, constitutions, liberal democracies, international human rights, WHO, Health and Human Rights, inalienable rights, fair trial, life-saving treatment, power of life and death, access to healthcare, no standards, dangerous power, government role, healthcare ethics, moral obligation, human dignity, societal values, legal framework, public health policy, healthcare equity, justice in healthcare, constitutional rights, healthcare access, health equity, human rights law, medical ethics, healthcare provision, government responsibility, patient rights, healthcare justice, moral philosophy, legal protections, healthcare accessibility right to access healthcare, fundamental importance, protection against untimely death, government intervention, constitutions, liberal democracies, international human rights, WHO, Health and Human Rights, inalienable rights, fair trial, no standards for treatment, dangerous power, life and death decisions, healthcare access, absolute right, mobility rights, societal desert, health equity, public health ethics, medical ethics, human dignity, legal entitlements, health policy, constitutional law, healthcare rights, government role in healthcare, healthcare as a human right, right to life, moral obligations, state responsibility, healthcare access barriers, equitable healthcare, health justice, medical ethics right to access healthcare, fundamental importance, inalienable rights, government intervention, healthcare as human right, life-saving treatment, constitutions of liberal democracies, international human rights, WHO Health and Human Rights, right to mobility, fair trial, power of life and death, access to healthcare, standards for treatment right to access healthcare, healthcare as fundamental right, protection against untimely death, government non-intervention, healthcare in constitutions, international human rights, WHO Health and Human Rights, fundamental rights inalienability, right to fair trial, no standards for life-saving treatment, government power over life and death
test-education-tuhwastua-pro02a	Standardized Tests are skewed in favour of the wealthy  Standardized tests are inherently skewed in favour of high-income students. Tutoring is and industry unto itself and the resulting rise in scores among high income students skews the scale against students whose families cannot afford it. By contrast, even if the money is available, the impact that tutoring can have on a student’s academic performance is limited. A tutor cannot write papers or take tests for them, and nor can they answer questions in class, or participate in sports or other extracurricular activities. As a consequence, eliminating easily tutored standardized tests helps even the playing field between richer and poorer students. standardized tests, wealth, high-income students, tutoring industry, score inflation, economic disparity, academic performance, limited impact, extracurricular activities, test elimination, educational equity standardized tests, wealth bias, high-income advantage, tutoring industry, score inflation, economic disparity, academic performance, extracurricular activities, test fairness, educational equity Standardized Tests, Wealthy, High-Income Students, Tutoring Industry, Score Inflation, Economic Disparity, Academic Performance, Tutor Limitations, Playing Field, Educational Equity standardized tests, wealth, high-income students, tutoring, score improvement, economic inequality, academic performance, extracurricular activities, test fairness, educational equity, socioeconomic factors, test preparation, elimination of standardized tests, playing field leveling standardized tests, wealth, high-income students, tutoring, score inflation, academic performance, limited impact, tutoring industry, financial disparity, educational equity, test elimination, socioeconomic factors, extracurricular activities, playing field, richer students, poorer students, academic advantage, test fairness
test-education-udfakusma-pro04a	Students would be able to benefit from being able to use resources at other universities  Having paid for access to universities and the materials they provide for research students have a right to expect that they will have all the necessary materials available. Unfortunately this is not always the case. University libraries are unable to afford all the university journals they wish to have access to or need for their courses. Therefore any student who wants to go into areas not anticipated by the course they are enrolled with will find that they do not have access to the materials they require. They then face the cost of getting individual access to an online journal article which can be up to $42, despite there being almost zero marginal cost to the publisher. [1] This even affects the biggest and best resourced university libraries. Robert Darnton the director of Harvard University’s library which pays $3.5million per year for journal articles says “The system is absurd” and “academically restrictive” instead “the answer will be open-access journal publishing”. [2]  [1] Sciverse, “Pay-per-view”, Elsevier,   [2] Sample, Ian, “Harvard University says it can’t afford journal publishers’ prices”, The Guardian, 24 April 2012. students, resources, other universities, research materials, university libraries, journal access, course enrollment, individual access, online journal, article cost, publisher cost, university funding, Harvard University, library expenses, journal articles, academic restrictions, open-access publishing, pay-per-view, Elsevier, The Guardian, Robert Darnton students, benefit, resources, other universities, paid access, research materials, necessary materials, university libraries, university journals, course requirements, access costs, online journal articles, publisher costs, best-resourced libraries, Harvard University, journal article expenses, open-access journal publishing, academic restrictions, journal publishing prices students, resources, other universities, paid access, necessary materials, university libraries, afford, journals, courses, areas, anticipated, access, materials, cost, online journal article, publisher, marginal cost, biggest, best resourced, university libraries, Robert Darnton, Harvard University, pays, journal articles, system, absurd, academically restrictive, open-access journal publishing, Sciverse, Elsevier, Ian Sample, The Guardian, journal publishers, prices students, university resources, research materials, library access, academic journals, cost, open-access publishing, university libraries, journal articles, affordability, higher education, research limitations, Harvard University, Elsevier, pay-per-view, academic restrictions, publishing costs, open access, Ian Sample, journal pricing, educational resources, scholarly communication, academic publishing, copyright, information science, library science, education policy, research accessibility students, university resources, access rights, necessary materials, university libraries, journal subscriptions, course requirements, individual access cost, publishers pricing, Harvard University, open-access publishing, academic restrictions, pay-per-view, Elsevier, The Guardian
test-health-ppelfhwbpba-con01a	"The concept of ""foetal rights"" is an attack on the autonomy of women  The culture of foetal rights reflects a dangerous litigious trend in American society, and implies a view of pregnant women as being nothing more than baby-carrying machines whose independence and autonomy should be restricted and whose motivations should be questioned at every turn. If this has implications for the abortion debate, then those implications are profoundly damaging to women in general. In any case, the mother of a wanted baby has entirely different responsibilities toward the unborn foetus from the mother of an unwanted baby - that’s why our society allows both abortions and antenatal classes. foetal rights, women's autonomy, litigious trend, American society, pregnant women, baby-carrying machines, independence, autonomy, abortion debate, damaging implications, women's rights, motherhood responsibilities, wanted baby, unwanted baby, antenatal care, societal norms, reproductive rights foetal rights, women's autonomy, litigious trend, American society, pregnant women, baby-carrying machines, independence, motivations, abortion debate, damaging implications, women's rights, wanted baby, unwanted baby, antenatal classes, maternal responsibilities, societal norms, reproductive rights, legal implications, gender equality foetal rights, women's autonomy, litigious trend, American society, pregnant women, independence, motivations, abortion debate, damaging implications, women's rights, antenatal care, unwanted pregnancy, wanted baby, mother's responsibilities, fetal personhood, reproductive rights, legal implications, societal views, gender equality foetal rights, women's autonomy, litigious trend, American society, pregnant women, independence, abortion debate, unwanted pregnancy, antenatal care foetal rights, women's autonomy, litigious trend, American society, pregnant women, independence, motivations, abortion debate, damaging implications, women's rights, mother responsibilities, wanted baby, unwanted baby, antenatal classes, reproductive rights, societal impact, legal implications, gender issues, fetal personhood"
test-international-apwhbaucmip-pro01a	The Solemn Declaration  The Solemn Declaration did not just highlight the goal but also that it would be achieved through three techniques: by 1, addressing the causes of conflicts – economic and social disparities, strengthening judicial systems to ensure accountability, and reaffirming collective responsibility, 2, preventing emerging sources of conflict such as piracy getting a foothold, and 3, engaging in conflict prevention. [1]  Africa has been building the African Peace and Security Architecture to address these causes of conflict. It has created the Peace and Security Council that facilitates the AU’s response to crises; it can engage in actions from humanitarian assistance to military intervention if there are particularly grave circumstances such as genocide. [2] When it does authorise action, this action is coordinated by the AU commission. When it comes to peaceful resolution of conflict, the AU has a ‘Panel of the Wise’ made up of former presidents and others with lots of influence and moral authority who use preventative diplomacy to try to resolve conflicts. [3]  [1] African Union, 2013, p.5  [2] Williams, Paul D., ‘The African Union’s Conflict Management Capabilities’, Council on Foreign Relations, October 2011,  , p.7  [3] Ibid, p.12 Solemn Declaration, conflict prevention, economic disparities, social disparities, judicial systems, accountability, collective responsibility, piracy, African Peace and Security Architecture, Peace and Security Council, African Union, conflict management, humanitarian assistance, military intervention, AU commission, Panel of the Wise, preventative diplomacy, former presidents, moral authority Solemn Declaration, conflict prevention, economic disparities, social disparities, judicial systems, accountability, collective responsibility, piracy, African Peace and Security Architecture, Peace and Security Council, African Union, AU commission, Panel of the Wise, preventative diplomacy, conflict resolution, humanitarian assistance, military intervention, genocide Solemn Declaration, conflict prevention, economic disparities, social disparities, judicial systems, accountability, collective responsibility, piracy, African Peace and Security Architecture, Peace and Security Council, African Union, AU, crisis response, humanitarian assistance, military intervention, grave circumstances, genocide, AU Commission, peaceful resolution, Panel of the Wise, preventative diplomacy, former presidents, moral authority Solemn Declaration, conflict prevention, economic disparities, social disparities, judicial systems, accountability, collective responsibility, piracy, African Peace and Security Architecture, Peace and Security Council, AU response, humanitarian assistance, military intervention, genocide, AU commission, peaceful resolution, Panel of the Wise, preventative diplomacy, conflict management, African Union, Paul D. Williams, Council on Foreign Relations Solemn Declaration, conflict prevention, economic disparities, social disparities, judicial systems, accountability, collective responsibility, piracy, African Peace and Security Architecture, Peace and Security Council, African Union, conflict management, humanitarian assistance, military intervention, genocide, Panel of the Wise, preventative diplomacy, conflict resolution, Paul D. Williams, Council on Foreign Relations
test-culture-mthbah-con04a	Advertising is only as annoying as you want it to be.  No-one is forced to put advertising on their property - for many companies it is an important part of their income. Football teams would have much less money if they were not sponsored. Manchester United's shirt sponsorship deal with Aon is worth £80 million. For the small annoyance of having to have a logo on the shirt, the football club can afford to buy new players and hopefully win more games. And no-one is forced to look at advertising - you can turn the TV off between shows, or just flick past adverts in newspapers. If you don't want to see the adverts, then just ignore them. Advertising, annoyance, property, income, companies, football, sponsorship, Manchester United, Aon, shirt, deal, money, players, games, TV, adverts, newspapers, ignore Advertising, Annoying, Property, Companies, Income, Football, Teams, Money, Sponsorship, Manchester, United, Aon, Shirt, Logo, Players, Games, TV, Newspapers, Ignore, Adverts Advertising, Annoying, Property, Companies, Income, Football, Sponsorship, Manchester United, Aon, Logo, Players, Games, TV, Newspapers, Ignore, Adverts Advertising, Annoying, Property, Companies, Income, Football, Sponsorship, Manchester United, Aon, Deal, Money, Players, Games, TV, Newspapers, Ignore, Adverts Advertising, annoyance, property, companies, income, football, sponsorship, Manchester United, Aon, deal, money, players, games, TV, newspapers, ignore, adverts
test-politics-ghbgussbsbt-con02a	Existing checks and balances  Proposition have made out so far that single-party Government has few checks upon it, allowing for overbearing ideological government. This however is not true as there a many external checks upon a single-party government that can prevent this.  Firstly, the checks and balances put in place by the Constitution means that the executive is unable to do much without the consent of Congress, meaning that the President would need the support of his/her party in the legislature to do what (s)he wants in government.  Within Congress, the governing party would still face oversight from Departmental Committees that scrutinises its work and unless the governing party can get a filibuster-proof majority of 60 Senators in the Upper House, then a degree of negotiation would be required.  Finally, the nominally non-partisan Supreme Court can strike down laws seen to violate the terms of the Constitution. Together these bodies are able to constrain single-party government to prevent it from abusing its power. checks, balances, single-party, government, constitution, executive, congress, president, party, legislature, departmental, committees, oversight, filibuster, majority, senators, supreme, court, non-partisan, strike, down, laws, violate, terms, constrain, abuse, power checks, balances, single-party, government, constitution, congress, executive, president, party, legislature, departmental, committees, oversight, filibuster, majority, senators, supreme, court, non-partisan, strike, laws, terms, constrain, power, ideological, overbearing, external, prevent, abuse checks, balances, single-party, government, Constitution, Congress, executive, President, party, legislature, Departmental, Committees, oversight, Senate, filibuster, majority, Supreme, Court, non-partisan, laws, Constitution, constrain, power, abuse checks and balances, single-party government, Constitution, executive, Congress, President, party support, legislature, Departmental Committees, oversight, filibuster-proof majority, Senators, Upper House, negotiation, Supreme Court, non-partisan, strike down laws, Constitution terms, constrain, power abuse checks, balances, single-party, government, constitution, congress, executive, departmental, committees, oversight, filibuster, supreme, court, non-partisan, constrain, power, abuse, ideological, support, party, legislature, senators, upper, house, negotiation, strike, down, laws, terms, violate
test-politics-gvhbhlsbr-con02a	Reform would make the House of Lords simply a mirror of the House of Commons  An elected House, even one elected every ten years, would still think about policies that are popular in the short term rather than the long-term welfare of the country, making it closer to the House of Commons in its interest and reducing its role as a balance. By subjecting the second chamber to election there would be two outcomes: if elected at the same time the House of Lords would simply become a mirror-image of the House of Commons rendering it pointless, if elected mid-term the composition of the House of Lords would reflect the tendency for a government to be unpopular mid-term, thus creating gridlock and making the system unworkable. Reform of the House of Lords is impractical and undesirable. Reform, House of Lords, House of Commons, elected, policies, short term, long-term welfare, balance, second chamber, election, mirror-image, government, unpopular, mid-term, gridlock, unworkable, impractical, undesirable Reform, House of Lords, House of Commons, elected, policies, short term, long-term welfare, balance, mirror-image, government, mid-term, unworkable, impractical, undesirable reform, House of Lords, mirror, House of Commons, elected, policies, short term, long-term, welfare, country, balance, second chamber, election, outcomes, mid-term, government, unpopular, gridlock, system, unworkable, impractical, undesirable House of Lords, reform, mirror, House of Commons, elected, policies, short term, long-term welfare, balance, second chamber, election, mirror-image, pointless, mid-term, unpopularity, gridlock, impractical, undesirable Reform, House of Lords, House of Commons, Elected, Policies, Short term, Long-term welfare, Balance, Mirror-image, Gridlock, Unpopular, Mid-term, Composition, Impractical, Undesirable
test-culture-ascidfakhba-con01a	Artists have a fundamental property right over their creative output  Whatever the end product, be it music, film, sculpture, or painting, artistic works are the creations of individuals and a property right inheres within them belonging to their creators. An idea is just an idea so long as it remains locked in someone’s mind or is left as an unfinished sketch, etc. But when the art is allowed to bloom in full, it is due to the artist and the artist only. The obsession, the time, the raw talent needed to truly create art is an incredible business, requiring huge investment in energy, time, and effort. It is a matter of the most basic, and one would have hoped self-evident, principle that the person who sacrificed so much to bring forth a piece of art should retain all the rights to it and in particular have the right to profit from it. [1] To argue otherwise would be to condone outright theft. The ethereal work of the artist is every bit as real as the hard work of a machine. Mandating that all forms of art be released under a creative commons license is an absolute slap in the face to artists and to the artistic endeavour as a whole. It implies that somehow the work is not entirely the artist’s own, that because it is art it is somehow so different as to be worthy of being shunted into the public sphere without the real consent of the artist. This is a gross robbing of the artist’s right over his or her own work. If property rights are to have any meaning, they must have a universal protection. This policy represents a fundamental erosion of the right to property, and attacks one sector of productive life that is essential for the giving of colour to the human experience. This policy serves only to devalue that contribution.  [1] Greenberg, M. “Reason or Madness: A Defense of Copyright’s Growing Pains”. John Marshall Review of Intellectual Property Law. 2007. Artists, property right, creative output, music, film, sculpture, painting, artistic works, creators, idea, unfinished sketch, art, business, investment, time, effort, talent, principle, profit, theft, machine, creative commons license, public sphere, consent, universal protection, erosion, devalue, human experience, copyright, intellectual property property rights, creative output, artistic works, creators, ideas, art, business, investment, energy, time, effort, principle, profit, theft, creative commons, public sphere, consent, erosion, copyright, intellectual property, human experience, devaluation Artists, property rights, creative output, music, film, sculpture, painting, artistic works, individual creations, property right, idea, unfinished sketch, artistic creation, business, investment, energy, time, effort, principle, rights retention, profit, theft, machine work, creative commons, public sphere, artist consent, property erosion, human experience, intellectual property, copyright, legal defense, artistic value, creative rights, artistic endeavors, public domain, legal protection, artistic property, creative process, artistic contribution, legal policy, art devaluation, creator rights, artistic expression, legal recognition, artistic integrity, creative freedom, intellectual property rights Artists, property right, creative output, music, film, sculpture, painting, individual creations, artistic works, creators, ideas, unfinished sketch, art, artist, obsession, time, talent, creation, business, investment, energy, effort, principle, rights, profit, theft, machine, creative commons license, public sphere, consent, property rights, universal protection, erosion, productive life, human experience, policy, devalue, contribution, copyright, intellectual property, Greenberg, defense, Reason or Madness, John Marshall Review of Intellectual Property Law, 2007 Artists, Property Rights, Creative Output, Music, Film, Sculpture, Painting, Creations, Individuals, Idea, Unfinished Sketch, Artistic Works, Creators, Obsession, Time, Raw Talent, Creation, Business, Investment, Energy, Effort, Principle, Sacrifice, Rights, Profit, Theft, Machine, Creative Commons, License, Public Sphere, Artist Consent, Property Rights, Universal Protection, Erosion, Productive Life, Human Experience, Policy, Devaluation
test-education-egtuscpih-pro02a	Online courses broadens access to education  Online courses can expand access to university education. University education is based on the idea of merit - that the brightest people should be enabled to learn - however in real life many different circumstances play a role in one's ability to attend university. The result is that lots of stellar people from less-affluent backgrounds do not even apply to the best universities due to costs and anxiety involved in leaving home. In the United States the bottom 50 percent of the income distribution comprise just 14 percent of the undergraduates at top universities [10]. Online courses allow more bright people to go to a university by definitely removing accommodation and travel costs, and, as some predict, even by lowering or dropping tuition fees [11]. This argument is made even stronger by inherent flexibility of online courses, which means that people can combine studies with work and family obligations better. This improves access to education for the poor within the country and in particularly for those in less developed countries, which then improves meritocracy of the university system. online courses, university education, access to education, meritocracy, less-affluent backgrounds, top universities, income distribution, accommodation and travel costs, tuition fees, flexibility, work and family obligations, poor within the country, less developed countries, educational equity, digital learning, remote education, socioeconomic barriers, higher education, institutional access, educational opportunities, global education, virtual learning, flexible learning, financial barriers, education democratization, educational resources, academic potential, underrepresented students, distance learning, educational inclusivity, higher learning, online learning platforms, educational attainment, virtual classrooms, remote learning, educational barriers, academic achievement, learning accessibility online courses, education access, university education, meritocracy, less-affluent backgrounds, university costs, travel costs, accommodation costs, tuition fees, educational flexibility, work-life balance, education poor, less developed countries, university system improvement online courses, access to education, university education, merit, less-affluent backgrounds, application barriers, top universities, income distribution, undergraduates, accommodation costs, travel costs, tuition fees, flexibility, work-life balance, family obligations, education for the poor, less developed countries, meritocracy, university system online courses, education access, university education, merit, underprivileged students, cost barriers, top universities, income distribution, tuition fees, accommodation costs, travel costs, flexibility, work-life balance, family obligations, less developed countries, educational equity, meritocracy Online courses, education access, university education, meritocracy, less-affluent backgrounds, university application costs, travel costs, accommodation costs, tuition fees, study flexibility, work-life balance, poor education access, less developed countries, educational equity, digital learning, remote education, socioeconomic barriers, academic opportunity, global education, merit-based education
test-religion-grcrgshwbr-con02a	Religious symbols are personal, therefore, they should not matter to others.  At the end of the day, the wearing of religious symbols is the choice of the individual. Many have considered intervention in the practice of religion and symbolism as an intrusion into privacy and individuality. The recent bans on the full Muslim veil, particularly in Belgium, have been criticised for causing those who feel they have an obligation to wear it to be ostracised and forced to be confined within their own home.1  1 'Belgian ban on full veils comes into force', BBC News Europe, 23rd July 2011 , accessed on 23rd July 2011 Religious symbols, personal choice, individual rights, privacy, individuality, full Muslim veil, Belgium ban, ostracisation, confinement, religious practice, symbolism, intrusion, criticism, BBC News Europe religious symbols, personal choice, individual rights, privacy, individuality, intervention, practice of religion, symbolism, bans, full Muslim veil, Belgium, ostracised, confinement, home, BBC News Europe Religious symbols, personal choice, individuality, privacy, intervention, intrusion, full Muslim veil, Belgium ban, ostracised, confinement, BBC News Europe religious symbols, personal choice, individual rights, privacy, individuality, intervention, intrusion, full Muslim veil, Belgian ban, ostracisation, confinement, home, obligation, criticism, public policy, religious freedom, human rights, cultural sensitivity, legal restrictions, personal expression Religious symbols, personal choice, privacy, individuality, Muslim veil, ban, Belgium, ostracised, confinement, intervention, religious practice, symbolism, criticism, human rights, freedom of expression
test-economy-thsptr-pro01a	Those able to pay more should pay more into the tax system  The wealthy have more disposable income and are more financially secure than are the poor and economically tenuous. For this reason, a progressive system of taxation puts the tax burden more heavily on the wealthy which has the wherewithal to pay. Progressive taxes make everyone sacrifice equally, since true equality of taxation means equality of sacrifice. [1] It is ludicrous to expect the poor and less well-off to pay the same proportional amount in taxes as the wealthy since they have to spend most of their income on essential goods like food and shelter; it is unjust to gain all state revenues from regressive taxes like VAT, since the wealthy have excess resources they can do without while not overly influencing their standard of living. [2] Progressive taxation serves to help the poor and worst off while not leaving the wealthier worse off, since they still have more money. Clearly, progressive taxation is just in terms of burdens on individual taxpayers.  [1] Young, H. Peyton. 1990. “Progressive Taxation and Equal Sacrifice”. The American Economic Review 80(1): 253-266.  [2] Shapiro, Robert. “Flat Wrong: New Tax Schemes Can’t Top Old Progressive Wrongs”. Washington Post. 1996. Available: progressive taxation, tax burden, wealthy, disposable income, financially secure, poor, economically tenuous, equality of sacrifice, regressive taxes, VAT, essential goods, standard of living, justice, flat tax, individual taxpayers progressive taxation, tax burden, wealthy, disposable income, financial security, poor, economically tenuous, equality of sacrifice, regressive taxes, VAT, essential goods, food, shelter, standard of living, justice, individual taxpayers, flat tax, economic fairness, fiscal policy, income distribution, tax equity, social welfare Progressive taxation, equality of sacrifice, disposable income, financial security, tax burden, wealthy, poor, economically tenuous, regressive taxes, VAT, essential goods, standard of living, just taxation, individual taxpayers, Shapiro, Young, American Economic Review, Washington Post, flat tax, proportional tax progressive taxation, tax burden, wealthy, disposable income, financial security, poor, economically tenuous, equality of sacrifice, regressive taxes, VAT, essential goods, standard of living, just burdens, individual taxpayers, Flat Tax, economic fairness, fiscal policy, tax equity, income distribution, social welfare progressive taxation, equal sacrifice, wealthy, disposable income, financial security, tax burden, proportional taxes, regressive taxes, VAT, essential goods, standard of living, poor, economic justice, taxation fairness, individual taxpayers, flat tax, income distribution, economic inequality, fiscal policy, social welfare, public finance, tax reform, economic equity
test-environment-aeghhgwpe-con03a	Survival of the fittest  It is natural for human beings to farm, kill, and eat other species. In the wild there is a brutal struggle for existence as is shown by Darwin’s On the Origin of the Species. [1] The fact that we humans have succeeded in that struggle by exploiting our natural environment means that we have a natural right over lower species. The concept of survival of the fittest may seem outdated but it is still the defining order of nature. In fact farming animals is much less brutal than the pain and hardship that animals inflict on each other naturally in the wild.  [1] Darwin, Charles, On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life., Literature.org survival, fittest, natural, human, farming, killing, eating, species, wild, brutal, struggle, existence, Darwin, On the Origin of Species, natural right, environment, exploitation, defining order, nature, animals, pain, hardship, outdated Survival of the fittest, natural right, human exploitation, environment, Darwin, On the Origin of Species, natural selection, farming animals, animal suffering, wildlife, brutal struggle, species, ethics, nature, human superiority, lower species, exploitation, moral justification, evolution, environmental impact, animal rights, natural order, ecological balance survival of the fittest, natural right, human farming, animal exploitation, Darwin, On the Origin of Species, natural selection, struggle for existence, brute nature, animal cruelty, wildlife, environmental impact, ethology, philosophical naturalism, anthropocentrism, biological hierarchy, evolutionary ethics, speciesism, ecological balance, natural law, human dominance, animal welfare, conservation biology, biodiversity, ecological footprint, moral philosophy, environmental ethics, natural rights theory, biological competition, predatory behavior, natural order, human-animal relationship, evolutionary theory, biological adaptation, species survival, ecological succession, competitive exclusion principle, ecological niches, survival of the fittest, natural right, human exploitation, environmental dominance, Darwin, On the Origin of Species, natural selection, farming animals, wild animal suffering, brutal struggle for existence, natural order, species hierarchy, animal farming ethics, evolutionary theory, favoured races, struggle for life, human-animal relationship, natural environment, lower species, pain and hardship, wildlife brutality survival of the fittest, natural selection, farming, killing, eating, species, struggle for existence, Darwin, On the Origin of Species, natural right, environment exploitation, lower species, nature's order, animal farming, wild animals, pain, hardship, natural world
test-international-aghbfcpspr-con03a	Reparations unfairly target the taxpayers of former colonial powers who had nothing to do with the deeds committed under colonisation.  It is unclear who exactly is being punished under this mechanism. Ordering reparations rather than, for example, a public apology from a monarch or government, only serves to harm tax-paying citizens whose money would be used to pay such reparations. There is a huge disconnection between the people who actually committed wrongs and the people who are now forced to literally pay for them. This is likely to lead to an increase in hostility from the taxpayers who do not understand why they are being punished, towards the people of former colonies. It is no longer a case where reparations could ever be paid from the direct profits of exploitation as any profit from that must have been spent long ago. It is wrong to impose undue guilt and obligation of payment on to people who are entirely disconnected from that history. reparations, taxpayers, former colonial powers, deeds, colonisation, unclear, punishment, public apology, monarch, government, tax-paying citizens, wrongs, forced payment, hostility, taxpayers, people, former colonies, profits, exploitation, undue guilt, obligation, payment, history, disconnected Reparations, taxpayers, former colonial powers, colonial deeds, punishment mechanism, public apology, monarch, government, tax-paying citizens, disconnection, historical wrongs, hostility, former colonies, exploitation profits, undue guilt, obligation, historical disconnection reparations, taxpayers, colonial powers, deeds, colonisation, punishment, public apology, monarch, government, tax-paying citizens, wrongs, hostility, taxpayers, former colonies, profits, exploitation, guilt, obligation, payment, history reparations, taxpayers, former colonial powers, colonisation, punishment, public apology, monarch, government, tax-paying citizens, disconnection, wrongs, hostility, people of former colonies, profits, exploitation, undue guilt, obligation, payment, history reparations, taxpayers, former colonial powers, injustices, public apology, monarch, government, financial burden, disconnection, historical wrongs, hostility, taxpayers' rights, undue guilt, obligation, payment, historical exploitation, profit, justice, fairness
test-science-nsihwbtiss-pro01a	A teacher-student relationship is not one between friends or equals.  According to Carol Shakeshaft an expert in sexual misconduct by teachers: “[e]ducators who use social media for personal and intimate conversations and contact are not much different from those who spend their time hanging out with students at the beach. You have to ask why a teacher would do this. The honest answer is that it rarely has anything to do with student learning. [1] ” Interacting with one’s teachers the same way as with one’s friends, sharing personal information, can only erode the respect and distance that a teacher needs in order to be an authority figure and a mentor for her young charges. Even if such ‘friendships’ were entirely innocent, they would still cast enough suspicion on the teacher-student relationship to put considerable strain on the teacher’s role as educator and their ability to do the job.  [1] Shakeshaft, Carol. “Using Social Media to Teach: Keep it Transparent, Open and Safe.” The New York Times. 19 December 2011. teacher-student relationship, social media, personal conversations, authority figure, mentor, respect, sexual misconduct, Carol Shakeshaft, transparent, open, safe, education, inappropriate relationships, professional boundaries teacher-student relationship, social media, personal conversations, authority figure, mentor, sexual misconduct, Carol Shakeshaft, The New York Times, transparency, student learning, professional boundaries, educator responsibility, friendship suspicion, teacher role strain teacher-student relationship, friends, equals, Carol Shakeshaft, sexual misconduct, social media, personal conversations, intimate contact, student learning, respect, authority figure, mentor, suspicion, educator, job strain, transparency, safety, New York Times teacher-student relationship, friends, equals, Carol Shakeshaft, sexual misconduct, social media, personal conversations, intimate contact, student learning, respect, authority figure, mentor, suspicion, educator, job strain, transparency, safety, New York Times teacher-student relationship, friends, equals, Carol Shakeshaft, sexual misconduct, social media, personal conversations, intimate contact, authority figure, mentor, respect, distance, innocence, suspicion, educator role, job strain, transparency, safety, New York Times
test-science-eassgbatj-pro04a	Most animals can suffer more than some people  It’s possible to think of people that can’t suffer, like those in a persistent vegetative state, or with significant intellectual disabilities.  We could go for one of three options. Either we could experiment on animals, but not such people, which is morally not consistent. We could allow both, but do we want to do painful medical research on the disabled? Or, we could do neither.[9] animal suffering, human suffering, vegetative state, intellectual disabilities, moral consistency, medical research, ethical experimentation, disabled individuals, pain, ethics, research ethics, animal rights, human rights animals, suffering, people, vegetative state, intellectual disabilities, moral consistency, medical research, experimentation, ethics, disabled animal suffering, human suffering, moral consistency, medical research, disabled individuals, persistent vegetative state, intellectual disabilities, ethical experimentation, pain, research ethics, moral philosophy, animal rights, human rights, ethical dilemmas, compassionate research practices animal suffering, human suffering, moral consistency, medical research, disabled individuals, vegetative state, intellectual disabilities, ethical experimentation, pain, research ethics, moral implications, animal rights, human rights, cruelty, compassion, ethical dilemmas, medical ethics, vulnerable populations, humane treatment, research subjects, experimentation standards, ethical guidelines, suffering comparison, moral philosophy, bioethics, humane alternatives, non-human animals, human-animal comparison, moral status, ethical treatment, pain perception, medical testing, research subjects rights, ethical decision-making, moral values, sentient beings, ethical considerations, animal welfare, human welfare, suffering assessment, medical ethics debate animals, suffering, people, persistent vegetative state, intellectual disabilities, moral consistency, medical research, disabled, ethics, experimentation
test-international-ipecfiepg-con03a	A Greek default would have a negative domino-effect on other Eurozone countries.  A Greek default will leave tremendous shockwaves across the Eurozone. Investors will instantly become wary of default in Portugal, Spain, Italy or Ireland, particularly given the sudden nature of the Greek default. Consequently, huge volumes of capital will flow out of these countries and into other more secure ones like Germany and the Netherlands. [1] This will, in turn, heighten speculation about the danger of default of other Eurozone nations. Speculation of default is particularly dangerous because it drives demand for government bonds down. This leads to the interest payments on government bonds rising which in turn raises the interest rates governments need to pay on their outstanding debt. The new, higher payments governments must make on their debt increases their budget deficit % GDP ratio, thus making it more likely that the country will actually default. We thus see how increased fears about the future of Italy, Portugal, Spain and Ireland that will arise from a Greek default, will cause big problems and will put even more strain on the ECB and primarily Germany in providing financial support.  [1] Kapoor, Sony, “Viewpoints: What if Greece exits euro?”, BBC News, 13 July 2012, Greek default, Eurozone, domino-effect, shockwaves, investors, wary, default, Portugal, Spain, Italy, Ireland, capital outflow, Germany, Netherlands, speculation, government bonds, interest payments, interest rates, budget deficit, GDP, ECB, financial support Greek default,Eurozone crisis,Portugal default,Spain default,Italy default,Ireland default,investor reaction,capital flight,Germany economy,Netherlands economy,debt speculation,government bonds,interest rates,budget deficit,Eurozone support,ECB intervention,financial stability,European economy,risk assessment,country default risk Greek default, Eurozone, domino-effect, shockwaves, investors, default risk, Portugal, Spain, Italy, Ireland, capital outflow, Germany, Netherlands, speculation, government bonds, interest rates, budget deficit, GDP, ECB, financial support Greek default, Eurozone, domino-effect, investors, Portugal, Spain, Italy, Ireland, capital outflow, Germany, Netherlands, speculation, government bonds, interest payments, budget deficit, ECB, financial support Greek default, Eurozone, domino-effect, shockwaves, investors, wary, Portugal, Spain, Italy, Ireland, capital outflow, Germany, Netherlands, speculation, government bonds, interest payments, budget deficit, GDP, ECB, financial support, exit euro, BBC News, Sony Kapoor
test-digital-freedoms-piidfaihbg-con03a	As a business, Google shouldn’t interfere with domestic politics  Business is business and politics is politics – and the two shouldn’t mingle. When a company wants to operate in a foreign country, it should respect the government and its regulations. We require the same when a company wants to operate within our territory: suppose a big Chinese company came to our home country and suddenly started criticizing our domestic policies – these are the policies of the sovereign state whose territory it is, and outsiders have no place to tell it how to run itself. [1]  [1] Nicholas Deleon, TechChrunch, ‘China has every right to be upset with Google right now’, March 23, 2010. URL:  Last consulted: December 22, 2011 Google, business ethics, domestic politics, corporate responsibility, foreign operations, government regulations, sovereignty, Chinese company, policy criticism, TechCrunch, Nicholas Deleon, China, business-politics separation, territorial rights, operational respect, foreign policy interference, corporate conduct, international business, state policies, external criticism Google, domestic politics, business ethics, foreign operations, government regulations, sovereignty, Chinese company, domestic policies, criticism, tech industry, international relations, Nicholas Deleon, TechCrunch, China, corporate responsibility Google, domestic politics, business ethics, foreign operations, governmental regulations, sovereignty, Chinese company, policy criticism, TechCrunch, Nicholas Deleon Google, business, politics, domestic policies, foreign company, regulations, sovereign state, territory, criticism, intervention, TechCrunch, Nicholas Deleon, China Google, domestic politics, business ethics, political neutrality, foreign company operations, government regulations, sovereignty, Chinese company, domestic policies, TechCrunch, Nicholas Deleon, business and politics separation, foreign territory respect, policy criticism, state sovereignty, corporate conduct, foreign market entry, regulatory compliance, business-government relations, international business ethics
test-politics-oepdlhfcefp-pro04a	The High Representative will be a catalyst and a facilitator for decision-making.  The High Representative will not only act as a spokesman for EU nations when they agree on foreign policies, but will act as a catalyst around which external policy will increasingly become coordinated. By chairing meetings of EU foreign ministers, he or she will be able to shape the agenda and influence the outcomes of meetings, encouraging member states increasingly to think in terms of common foreign policy positions. They will have added authority from their ability to speak for the EU in the UN Security Council. The High Representative will also direct the EU’s new External Action Service, which brings together policy specialists from both the Council and Commission in a unique manner (ranging from the Arctic region to nuclear safety and enlargement) 1. With representatives all over the world the EU will develop a foreign service capable of creating and articulating policy positions in a manner that few national governments can match. Over time this will promote the evolution of a true EU foreign and security policy, and will contribute significantly to increased European consciousness among EU citizens and further moves to political unity.  1. European Union External Action, Policies, accessed 1/8/11 High Representative, catalyst, facilitator, decision-making, spokesman, EU nations, foreign policies, coordination, external policy, chairing, meetings, EU foreign ministers, agenda, influence, outcomes, member states, common foreign policy, authority, UN Security Council, EU External Action Service, policy specialists, Council, Commission, Arctic region, nuclear safety, enlargement, foreign service, policy positions, national governments, EU foreign policy, security policy, European consciousness, political unity, European Union, External Action, Policies High Representative, catalyst, facilitator, decision-making, spokesman, EU nations, foreign policies, external policy, coordination, chairing, meetings, EU foreign ministers, agenda, influence, outcomes, common foreign policy, authority, UN Security Council, EU External Action Service, policy specialists, Council, Commission, Arctic region, nuclear safety, enlargement, foreign service, policy positions, national governments, EU foreign and security policy, European consciousness, political unity, European Union, External Action, Policies High Representative, catalyst, facilitator, decision-making, spokesman, EU nations, foreign policies, external policy, coordination, EU foreign ministers, agenda, influence, outcomes, common foreign policy positions, UN Security Council, EU External Action Service, policy specialists, Council, Commission, Arctic region, nuclear safety, enlargement, foreign service, policy positions, national governments, EU foreign and security policy, European consciousness, EU citizens, political unity, European Union, External Action Policies High Representative, catalyst, facilitator, decision-making, spokesman, EU nations, foreign policies, coordinator, external policy, chairing, meetings, EU foreign ministers, shape agenda, influence outcomes, common foreign policy positions, authority, UN Security Council, EU External Action Service, policy specialists, Council, Commission, Arctic region, nuclear safety, enlargement, foreign service, policy positions, national governments, EU foreign and security policy, European consciousness, EU citizens, political unity, European Union, External Action, Policies High Representative, catalyst, facilitator, decision-making, spokesman, EU nations, foreign policies, external policy, coordination, chairing, meetings, EU foreign ministers, agenda, influence, outcomes, member states, common foreign policy, UN Security Council, EU External Action Service, policy specialists, Council, Commission, Arctic region, nuclear safety, enlargement, foreign service, policy positions, national governments, EU foreign and security policy, European consciousness, political unity, European Union, External Action, Policies
test-society-epiasghbf-pro02a	The effects of unemployment  Unemployment has been linked to several health and wellbeing effects. Firstly, the psychological impact of unemployment involve a range of issues - from confidence to mental well-being. Issues of mental health problems - such as depression, suicide, anxiety, and substance abuse, need recognition in Africa. The impact of mental health may not only be on the individual, but dispersed within families and across generations. Secondly, unemployment may result in a loss of social networks and networking skills. The power of social capital, or networks, in reducing vulnerability has been widely noted. Therefore encouraging women to participate within the labour market ensures new networks are built and retained through the vital communication skills used. Finally. unemployment may affect physical health status.  Unemployment may place individuals in a downward spiral, making it harder to re-enter the job market. unemployment, health, wellbeing, psychological, impact, confidence, mental, well-being, depression, suicide, anxiety, substance, abuse, Africa, social, networks, skills, social, capital, vulnerability, women, participation, labour, market, physical, status, downward, spiral, re-enter, job unemployment, psychological, mental-health, depression, suicide, anxiety, substance-abuse, africa, social-networks, social-capital, women, labor-market, physical-health, re-entry, job-market, wellbeing, confidence, vulnerability, communication-skills, generational-impact unemployment, health, wellbeing, psychological, mental, depression, suicide, anxiety, substance, abuse, Africa, social, networks, skills, social, capital, women, labor, market, physical, status, re-entry, job, market, downward, spiral, communication, skills, participation, vulnerability, generations unemployment, health, wellbeing, psychological, mental, depression, suicide, anxiety, substance, abuse, Africa, family, generations, social, networks, skills, social, capital, vulnerability, women, labour, market, physical, status, re-entry, job, market unemployment, health, wellbeing, psychological impact, confidence, mental well-being, mental health, depression, suicide, anxiety, substance abuse, Africa, social networks, social capital, vulnerability, women, labour market, physical health, downward spiral, re-enter job market
test-society-epsihbdns-pro02a	Restrictions on migration would benefit people in the cities economically and socially  Cities are very appealing to poor people. Even if their living standards in cities might be unacceptable, they get closer to basic goods, such as fresh water, sanitation etc. However, these things exist because there are productive people in the cities who work and pay taxes. What happens when too many people come at the same time is that public money is stretched too thinly and these basic goods can no longer be provided. This leads to severe humanitarian problems such as malnutrition, thirst, lack of medication, etc.  However, this humanitarian crisis does not only harm those directly affected, it also creates an unattractive environment for business. Thus, people who enter the city cannot find work, as production does not grow in relation to the people who enter. They become excluded from society and often turn to crime, which further erodes the economy. [1]  Limiting migration to reasonable levels give the cities a chance to develop progressively and become the kind of places that people in rural areas currently believe them to be.  [1] Maxwell, Daniel., “The Political Economy of Urban Food Security in Sub-Saharan Africa.” 11, London : Elsevier Science Ltd., 1999, World Development, Vol. 27, p. 1939±1953. S0305-750X(99)00101-1. migration restrictions, urban economic benefits, social benefits, city appeal, poverty, living standards, basic goods, fresh water, sanitation, productive citizens, tax contribution, public funding, humanitarian crisis, malnutrition, thirst, lack of medication, business environment, unemployment, social exclusion, crime, economic erosion, progressive urban development, rural perceptions, urban food security, sub-saharan africa, political economy migration, urbanization, city, economic, social, benefits, poor, living standards, basic goods, fresh water, sanitation, taxes, public funds, humanitarian problems, malnutrition, thirst, medication, business environment, unemployment, crime, social exclusion, development, rural perceptions, political economy, urban food security, sub-saharan africa migration restrictions, urban economic benefits, social benefits, city appeal, poor people, living standards, basic goods, fresh water, sanitation, productive people, tax contribution, public money, humanitarian problems, malnutrition, thirst, lack of medication, unattractive business environment, unemployment, crime, economic erosion, rural-to-urban migration, progressive urban development, urban food security, Sub-Saharan Africa, political economy migration restrictions, urban economic benefits, social benefits, cities, poverty, living standards, basic goods, fresh water, sanitation, productive people, tax contribution, public funds, humanitarian problems, malnutrition, thirst, lack of medication, business environment, unemployment, crime, social exclusion, progressive development, rural perception, urban food security, political economy, sub-saharan africa migration, cities, economic benefits, social benefits, poor people, living standards, basic goods, fresh water, sanitation, productive people, taxes, public money, humanitarian problems, malnutrition, thirst, lack of medication, business environment, unemployment, crime, social exclusion, economic erosion, reasonable migration levels, progressive development, rural areas, urban food security, sub-saharan africa, political economy
test-law-lghbacpsba-pro04a	The principle behind attorney-client privilege is declining in relevance  One of the principles behind allowing communications between a solicitor and their client to be privileged is that a solicitor is independent of their client and so will not breach laws themselves in order to attain their clients objectives. However, after the recession of 2008 and the Legal Services Act 2007 the position of in house lawyer is more prevalent [1] . In house lawyers are not financially independent. They are in fact employees of their 'client'. This eradicates the principle behind client-attorney privilege and therefore the privilege itself is now irrelevant and should be eradicated.  [1] In-house counsel on the rise, New Law Journal, 28 April 2010,  accessed 18/05/11 attorney-client privilege, declining relevance, solicitor-client communication, legal independence, breach of laws, client objectives, 2008 recession, Legal Services Act 2007, in-house lawyers, financial dependence, employee-client relationship, client-attorney privilege eradication, New Law Journal, in-house counsel prevalence attorney-client privilege, declining relevance, solicitor independence, Legal Services Act 2007, in-house lawyers, financial dependence, client objectives, privilege irrelevance, New Law Journal, in-house counsel prevalence attorney-client privilege, legal principle, declining relevance, solicitor independence, Legal Services Act 2007, in-house lawyers, financial independence, client-attorney privilege, legal ethics, professional conduct, corporate law, legal reform, legal profession trends attorney-client privilege, legal principles, solicitor-client communication, privilege relevance, post-2008 recession, Legal Services Act 2007, in-house lawyers, financial independence, client-attorney relationship, privilege eradication, legal ethics, professional independence, legal practice evolution, New Law Journal attorney-client privilege, relevance decline, solicitor independence, legal compliance, 2008 recession, Legal Services Act 2007, in-house lawyers, financial dependence, client-attorney privilege irrelevance, New Law Journal, in-house counsel prevalence
test-philosophy-apessghwba-con03a	"Animal research is necessary for the development of truly novel substances  Undoubtedly then, the most beneficial research to mankind is the development of truly novel drugs. Even according to the proposition this represents about a quarter of all new drugs released, which could be seen as significant given the great potential to relieve the suffering beyond our current capacity that such drugs promise.  After the effects, side effects and more complex interactions of a drug have been confirmed using animal and non-animal testing, it will usually pass to what is called a phase I clinical trial - tests on human volunteers to confirm how the drug will interact with human physiology and what dosages it should be administered in. The risk of a human volunteer involved in a phase I trial being harmed is extremely small, but only because animal tests, along with non-animal screening methods are a highly effective way of ensuring that dangerous novel drugs are not administered to humans. In the United Kingdom, over the past twenty years or more, there have been no human deaths as a result of phase I clinical trials.  Novel compounds (as opposed to so-called ""me-too"" drugs, that make slight changes to an existing treatment) are the substances that hold the most promise for improving human lives and treating previously incurable conditions. However, their novelty is also the reason why it is difficult for scientists to predict whether they may cause harm to humans.  Research into novel compounds would not be possible without either animal testing, or tremendous risk to human subjects, with inevitable suffering and death on the part of the trial volunteers on some occasions. It is difficult to believe that in such circumstances anyone would volunteer, and that even if they did, pharmaceutical companies would be willing to risk the potential legal consequences of administering a substance to them they knew relatively little about. In short, development of novel drugs requires animal experimentation, and would be impossible under the proposition's policy. animal research, novel substances, beneficial research, novel drugs, drug development, animal testing, non-animal testing, phase I clinical trial, human volunteers, human physiology, dosages, risk, United Kingdom, phase I trial safety, novel compounds, me-too drugs, incurable conditions, human harm, scientific prediction, pharmaceutical companies, legal consequences, drug experimentation, animal experimentation Animal research, novel substances, drug development, human benefit, phase I clinical trials, human volunteers, animal testing, non-animal testing, drug safety, novel compounds, me-too drugs, human suffering, pharmaceutical research, legal consequences, animal experimentation, drug interactions, side effects, human physiology, drug dosages, clinical testing, pharmaceutical companies, research risks, human trials, drug novelty, treatment potential, incurable conditions, research ethics, scientific prediction, human subjects, trial safety, drug administration, policy impact, drug approval, medical innovation, scientific progress, human health, animal welfare, ethical considerations, research alternatives, drug efficacy, clinical animal research, novel substances, beneficial research, novel drugs, new drugs, drug development, animal testing, non-animal testing, phase I clinical trial, human volunteers, human physiology, drug dosages, risk, human deaths, United Kingdom, novel compounds, me-too drugs, human lives, incurable conditions, scientists, human subjects, suffering, death, trial volunteers, pharmaceutical companies, legal consequences, animal experimentation, policy animal research, novel substances, drug development, human benefits, phase I clinical trials, human volunteers, animal testing, non-animal screening, human physiology, dosages, risk assessment, novel compounds, me-too drugs, scientific prediction, human harm, pharmaceutical companies, legal consequences, animal experimentation, ethical considerations Animal research, novel substances, beneficial research, novel drugs, phase I clinical trial, human volunteers, animal testing, non-animal testing, human physiology, dosages, risk, human deaths, novel compounds, me-too drugs, human lives, incurable conditions, scientists, harm, animal experimentation, legal consequences, pharmaceutical companies"
test-law-cpilhbishioe-con02a	An ICC enforcement arm would be unduly expensive  In a climate where the ICC’s budget is determined exclusively by contentious negotiation between states (at a time where the ICC itself has threatened to close down investigations due to a lack of funds [1] ), many of whom are undergoing austerity, an enforcement arm is not the best use of scarce funds when its role can be taken by the state parties. The ICC is already expensive enough – it cost over €100M in 2009.  [1] Nzau Musau, “Kenya: ICC Threatens to Drop cases for Lack of Funds”, The Star (Kenya), 2013, ICC, enforcement, arm, unduly, expensive, budget, negotiation, states, austerity, investigations, funds, state, parties, cost, 2009, Kenya, drop, cases, NZAU, Musau, The, Star ICC, enforcement, arm, budget, negotiations, states, austerity, investigations, funds, costs, state, parties, expensive, Kenya, ICC, Star, 2013, Nzau, Musau, threatened, drop, cases, lack, 2009, €100M ICC, enforcement, arm, expensive, budget, negotiation, states, austerity, investigations, funds, role, state, parties, cost, 2009, Kenya, cases, drop, Nzau, Musau, The, Star ICC, enforcement, arm, unduly, expensive, budget, negotiation, states, austerity, investigations, funds, closure, state, parties, role, scarce, resources, cost, 2009, Kenya, Nzau, Musau, Drop, cases, The, Star, 2013 ICC, enforcement, arm, expensive, budget, negotiation, states, austerity, investigations, funds, state, parties, cost, 2009, Kenya, drop, cases, Nzau, Musau, The, Star
test-education-udfakusma-pro03a	Openness benefits research and the economy  Open access can be immensely beneficial for research. It increases the speed of access to publications and opens research up to a wider audience. [1] Some of the most important research has been made much more accessible due to open access. The Human Genome Project would have been an immense success either way but it is doubtful that its economic impact of $796billion would have been realised without open access.  The rest of the economy benefits too. It has been estimated that switching to open access would generate £100million of economic activity in the United Kingdom as a result of reduced research costs for business and shorter development as a result of being able to access a much broader range of research. [2]  [1] Anon., “Open access research advantages”, University of Leicester,   [2] Carr, Dave, and Kiley, Robert, “Open access to science helps us all”, New Statesman, 13 April 2012. openness, benefits, research, economy, open access, publications, wider audience, Human Genome Project, economic impact, reduced research costs, business, development, economic activity, United Kingdom, New Statesman, Dave Carr, Robert Kiley open access, research benefits, economy impact, open science, faster publication access, wider audience, human genome project, economic growth, uk economic activity, reduced research costs, business development, broad research access openness, benefits, research, economy, open access, publications, wider audience, human genome project, economic impact, uk, reduced research costs, business, shorter development, broader research access Openness, benefits, research, economy, open access, publications, wider audience, Human Genome Project, economic impact, business, reduced research costs, development, New Statesman, University of Leicester Openness, benefits, research, economy, open access, publications, wider audience, Human Genome Project, economic impact, £100million, economic activity, United Kingdom, reduced research costs, business, shorter development, broader research access
test-international-apwhbaucmip-pro02a	Progress in ending conflict in Africa  Conflict in Africa is slowly being ended. In 1992 there were 18 conflicts in Africa; by 2009 this had been halved to 9. [1] But a decline in the number of conflicts is not the only positive trend in African conflicts: there has also been a decline in the size of wars. They have changed from wars between two organised armies to being small scale insurgencies. In 1984 the conflicts were on average causing more than 20,000 battle deaths per year, but by 2008 only around 1,000. Even the number of incidents of genocide and mass killing has been going down from 9 in the 1980s to five in the 2000s. [2] Ending war might therefore be considered to be ambitious but it is not against the trend and not inconceivable.  [1] Straus, 2012, pp.183-184  [2] Straus, 2012, pp.189-191 Conflict reduction, Africa, War decline, Battle deaths decrease, Genocide reduction, Peace trends, Insurgencies, Organized armies,暴力减少, 和平进程, 非洲冲突, 战争规模缩小, 基尼赛, 2012, 斯特劳斯, 内战, 大规模杀戮事件减少, 1992年, 2009年, 1984年, 2008年, 冲突数量减半, 平均死亡人数, 战争性质变化, 内部冲突, African conflicts, conflict reduction, war trends, battle deaths, insurgencies, genocide decline, peace trends, Straus 2012, conflict resolution, Africa peace process Progress, conflict, Africa, ending, 1992, 2009, decline, number, conflicts, positive, trend, size, wars, armies, insurgencies, 1984, 2008, battle, deaths, incidents, genocide, mass, killing, 1980s, 2000s, ambitions, trend, inconceivable, Straus, 2012 conflict reduction, Africa, peace trends, war decline, battle deaths, insurgencies, genocide decrease, Straus 2012, conflict statistics, peace processes, African wars, violence reduction, mass killings, peacebuilding, conflict resolution, African peace, war trends, conflict analysis, peace research, security studies Progress, Conflict, Africa, Ending, Trends, Decline, Number, Size, Wars, Insurgencies, Battle, Deaths, Genocide, Mass, Killing, Ambitious, Trends, Conceivable, Straus, 2012
test-education-ufsdfkhbwu-pro02a	A bargaining chip  In much the same way that material investment in countries can be used as a bargaining chip to secure improvements in areas of legislation, so cultural investment can be used to secure rights associated with related fields of endeavour. Free speech is merely the most obvious. It is reasonable for a western university to insist that its graduates will need to have access to the fruits of a free press and democratic speculation of experts and the wider public [i] .  The cases of the lecturer, Chia Thye Poh who is arguably the world’s longest serving prisoner of conscience or the political opposition leader, Vincent Cheng who was barred from addressing a talk organised the History Society of NUS at the national library [ii] both give examples of how Singaporean government actions impact directly on university life and academic freedoms. In the light of this, it seems the height of reasonableness for Western universities to say that they will only operate in areas that offer the same academic freedoms they would expect in their home country. If the Singaporean government wants that benefits that Yale graduates can bring, they should be prepared to accept such a change.  [i] Stateuniversity.Com. western Europe – Educational roots, reform in the twentieth century, contemporary reform trends, future challenges.  [ii] Ex-detainee Vincent Cheng barred from speaking in history seminar, The Online Citizen, 28 May 2010 bargaining chip, material investment, cultural investment, free speech, western university, academic freedoms, Singaporean government, prisoner of conscience, political opposition, Yale graduates, educational roots, reform trends, future challenges, academic rights, democratic speculation, expert opinions, public discourse, historical seminars, detained activists, political activism, academic integrity, international standards, higher education, legislative improvements, cultural exchange, academic research, free press, societal impact, government-university relations, academic policies, international cooperation, human rights, educational reforms, academic community, public engagement, scholarly communication, intellectual freedom, civic engagement, academic governance, political influence, academic programs bargaining chip, material investment, cultural investment, free speech, western university, graduates, access, free press, democratic speculation, lecturer, Chia Thye Poh, prisoner of conscience, political opposition leader, Vincent Cheng, History Society of NUS, national library, government actions, university life, academic freedoms, Yale graduates, educational roots, reform, contemporary trends, future challenges, ex-detainee, history seminar, The Online Citizen bargaining chip, material investment, cultural investment, rights, free speech, western university, graduates, free press, democratic speculation, Singaporean government, academic freedoms, Yale, prisoner of conscience, political opposition, Chia Thye Poh, Vincent Cheng, NUS, national library, educational roots, reform, twentieth century, contemporary trends, future challenges, Ex-detainee, history seminar, The Online Citizen bargaining chip, material investment, cultural investment, rights, free speech, western university, graduates, free press, democratic speculation, lecturer, Chia Thye Poh, prisoner of conscience, political opposition leader, Vincent Cheng, History Society of NUS, national library, Singaporean government, university life, academic freedoms, Yale graduates, benefits, educational roots, reform, twentieth century, contemporary trends, future challenges, barred speaking, history seminar, The Online Citizen bargaining chip, material investment, cultural investment, free speech, western university, academic freedoms, Singaporean government, Chia Thye Poh, Vincent Cheng, Yale graduates, educational roots, reform trends, future challenges, prisoner of conscience, political opposition, history seminar, online citizen, democratic speculation, expert public, material benefits, cultural exchange, legislative improvements, rights advocacy, academic environment, free press, university life, government actions, western expectations, international education, academic rights, democratic values, higher education, political rights, academic integrity, international collaboration, free expression, educational policies, academic autonomy, governmental influence, academic standards,
test-culture-mthbah-con03a	Advertisements promote healthy products and lifestyles.  Advertising is used to promote healthy activities, products and lifestyles and is further regulated to ensure that unhealthy products are not promoted. The School Food Trust in Britain, for example, used celebrities in advertisements to promote healthy eating in 20071. Furthermore, adverts which promote seriously unhealthy things are becoming very rare. Cigarette advertising is all but extinct, and alcohol adverts are being more restricted. With adverts such as fast food we see as well that companies are changing their message to promote healthier options. This is because it is bad for businesses to be viewed as harming children. Public pressure and successful regulation will always bring any advertising problems back under control.  1 Schools Food Trust uses celebs to promote healthy eating. Campaign Live. Advertisements, healthy products, lifestyles, promotion, regulation, unhealthy products, celebrities, School Food Trust, Britain, healthy eating, 2007, cigarette advertising, alcohol adverts, fast food, healthier options, businesses, harming children, public pressure, regulation, advertising problems Advertisements, healthy products, lifestyles, promotion, regulation, unhealthy products, School Food Trust, Britain, celebrities, healthy eating, cigarette advertising, alcohol adverts, fast food, healthier options, business reputation, children, public pressure, regulation, advertising problems, control Advertisements, healthy products, lifestyles, promotion, regulation, unhealthy products, School Food Trust, Britain, celebrities, healthy eating, 2007, cigarette advertising, alcohol adverts, fast food, healthier options, businesses, harming children, public pressure, regulation, advertising problems, control Advertisements, healthy products, lifestyles, regulation, unhealthy products, School Food Trust, Britain, celebrities, healthy eating, cigarette advertising, alcohol adverts, fast food, business reputation, children, public pressure, regulation, advertising problems, control Advertisements, promote, healthy, products, lifestyles, activities, regulated, unhealthy, School Food Trust, Britain, celebrities, healthy eating, 2007, cigarette advertising, extinct, alcohol adverts, restricted, fast food, healthier options, businesses, harming children, public pressure, regulation, advertising problems, control
test-politics-oepghbrnsl-con01a	Proper democratic checks and balance are the only way to real problem-solving  There is a fine line between enough authority to fight corruption and enough authority to oppress a population. Many corrupt, authoritarian leaders have risen to power through the promise of social reform and of wiping out drug cartels and gangsters. A society living in fear and believing that all their problems will be solved by a powerful leader will never be able to overcome its problems. Empowering individuals and accepting risk is ultimately the only true solution to such problems. Even if Putin were completely pure himself, centralising power so completely gives great influence to those advisers and ministers around him and makes corruption in government inevitable. Only by building in proper democratic checks and balances, including criticism from a free media and legal system, can accountability be created and corruption or incompetence tackled. democratic checks, balances, problem-solving, authority, corruption, oppression, social reform, drug cartels, gangsters, fear, empowering individuals, risk, Putin, centralising power, advisers, ministers, free media, legal system, accountability, incompetence democratic checks, balances, problem-solving, authority, corruption, oppression, social reform, drug cartels, gangsters, fear, powerful leader, empowering individuals, accepting risk, Putin, centralising power, advisers, ministers, free media, legal system, accountability, corruption, incompetence democratic checks, balances, problem-solving, authority, corruption, oppression, social reform, drug cartels, gangsters, fear, empowering individuals, risk, Putin, centralised power, advisers, ministers, free media, legal system, accountability, incompetence democratic checks, balances, problem-solving, authority, corruption, oppression, authoritarian leaders, social reform, drug cartels, gangsters, fear, empowerment, individual, risk, Putin, centralised power, advisers, ministers, free media, legal system, accountability, corruption, incompetence democratic checks, balance, problem-solving, authority, corruption, oppression, authoritarian leaders, social reform, drug cartels, gangsters, fear, empowering individuals, accepting risk, Putin, centralising power, advisers, ministers, free media, legal system, accountability, incompetence
test-culture-ascidfakhba-con02a	Artists should retain the right to control their work’s interaction with the public space even if their work is publicly funded  Art is the expression of its creator’s sense of understanding of the world, and thus that expression will always have special meaning to him or her that no amount of reinterpretation or external appreciation can override. How a work is used once released into the public sphere, whether expanded, revised, responded to, or simply shown without their direct consent, thus remains an active issue for the artist, because those alternative experiences are all using a piece of the artist in its efforts. Artists deserve to have that piece of them treated in a way they see as reasonable. It is a simple matter of justice that artists be permitted to maintain the level of control they desire, and it is a justice that is best furnished through the conventional copyright mechanism that provides for the maximum protection of works for their creators, and allows them to contract away uses and rights to those works on their own terms. Many artists care about their legacies and the future of their artistic works, and should thus have this protection furnished by the state through the protection of copyright, not cast aside by the unwashed users of the creative commons. Samuel Beckett is a great example of this need. Beckett had exacting standards about the fashion in which in his plays could be performed. [1] For him the meaning of the art demanded an appreciation for the strict performance without the adulteration of reinterpretation. He would lack that power under this policy, meaning either the world would have been impoverished for want of his plays, or he would have been impoverished for want of his rights to his work. These rights are best balanced through the aegis of copyright as it is, not under the free-for-all of the creative commons license.  [1] Catron, L. “Copyright Laws for Theatre People”. 2003. Artists, Retain, Right, Control, Work, Public, Space, Publicly, Funded, Expression, Creator, Understanding, World, Special, Meaning, Reinterpretation, External, Appreciation, Released, Public, Sphere, Expanded, Revised, Responded, Shown, Consent, Active, Issue, Alternative, Experiences, Piece, Artist, Reasonable, Justice, Conventional, Copyright, Protection, Creators, Contract, Uses, Rights, Terms, Legacies, Future, Artistic, Works, Protection, State, Creative, Commons, Samuel, Beckett, Exacting, Standards, Plays, Per Artists, retain, right, control, public, space, publicly, funded, expression, creator, understanding, world, special, meaning, reinterpretation, external, appreciation, public, sphere, expanded, revised, responded, shown, consent, active, issue, alternative, experiences, piece, treated, reasonable, justice, control, desired, furnished, conventional, copyright, mechanism, maximum, protection, creators, contract, uses, rights, terms, legacies, future, artistic, works, protection, state, creative, commons, Samuel, Beckett, exacting, standards, plays, performed, meaning, art, demanded Artists, retain, control, public space, publicly funded, expression, creator, understanding, world, special meaning, reinterpretation, external appreciation, public sphere, expanded, revised, responded, shown, consent, active issue, treated, reasonable, justice, level of control, conventional copyright, maximum protection, contract away, uses, rights, legacies, future, artistic works, protection, state, copyright, creative commons, Samuel Beckett, exacting standards, plays, meaning, appreciation, strict performance, adulteration, rights, policy, impoverished, theaters, Catron, 2003 Artists, rights, public space, publicly funded, expression, understanding, world, special meaning, reinterpretation, external appreciation, public sphere, expanded, revised, responded, shown, consent, active issue, alternative experiences, piece, treated, reasonable, justice, control, conventional copyright, protection, creators, contract, uses, rights, legacies, future, artistic works, protection, state, copyright, creative commons, Samuel Beckett, exacting standards, plays, meaning, appreciation, strict performance, adulteration, reinterpretation, policy, impoverished, rights, work, free-for-all, license Artists, control, public space, publicly funded, expression, understanding, world, special meaning, reinterpretation, external appreciation, public sphere, expanded, revised, responded, consent, active issue, treated, reasonable, justice, copyright, maximum protection, creators, contract, uses, rights, legacies, future, artistic works, state protection, Samuel Beckett, exacting standards, plays, meaning, strict performance, adulteration, policy, impoverished, rights, free-for-all, creative commons license
test-politics-ghbgussbsbt-con01a	Effect on democratic participation  Divided Government undermines the democratic will of the people as it prevents a clear policy choice from being enacted by those elected to represent them.  The compromise necessary will result in policy platforms enthusiastically chosen by voters being watered down in order for it to be even partly enacted. It is notable that the majority of legislation originates from Congress when government is divided rather than from the President. This is despite the president being the one with the nationwide mandate. [1]  Single Party Government counters this by ensuring that policies clearly presented to and chosen by the electorate are enacted without having to countenance the opinions of an opposition whose policies have just been discredited by the electorate, Thus ensuring that government is responsive to the aims and wishes of the people.  [1] Jones, Charles O., The Presidency in a Separated System, The Brookings Institution, 1994, p.222 democratic participation, divided government, undermines democratic will, policy choice, elected representatives, compromise, policy platforms, voter choice, legislation, Congress, President, nationwide mandate, single party government, responsive government, electorate aims, Charles O. Jones, Presidency, Separated System, Brookings Institution Democratic participation, Divided Government, Undermines democratic will, Clear policy choice, Elected representatives, Compromise, Policy platforms, Voter enthusiasm, Legislation, Congress, President, Nationwide mandate, Single Party Government, Enacted policies, Electorate choice, Responsive government, electorate aims, Charles O. Jones, The Presidency in a Separated System, Brookings Institution democratic participation, divided government, undermines, democratic will, clear policy choice, enacted, elected representatives, necessary compromise, policy platforms, watered down, majority legislation, Congress, single party government, responsive government, electorate aims, nationwide mandate, opposition policies, discredited Democratic participation, Divided government, Policy choice, Enthusiastic voters, Watered-down policies, Legislation, Congress, President, Nationwide mandate, Single party government, Electorate, Responsive government, Charles O. Jones, The Presidency in a Separated System, Brookings Institution Democratic participation, divided government, undermines, democratic will, policy choice, elected representatives, compromise, policy platforms, voters, watered down, legislation, Congress, President, nationwide mandate, single party government, ensures, policies, electorate, opposition, discredited, government responsiveness, people's aims, Charles O. Jones, Presidency, Separated System, Brookings Institution
test-education-egtuscpih-pro01a	Online courses are more convenient for students than traditional university  The vast popularity of MOOCs can be explained by the fact that people are finding it easier to learn this way. The best feature of online learning that it can be done in the privacy of one's home, which is more convenient than having to move cities or even countries for a university degree. Moreover, online courses are inherently more flexible. Lectures can be watched and tests taken at any time a person desires (within the deadlines), unlike with scheduled lectures and tests at the traditional university. Not only this means a more personal approach to studying, it also provides people with more flexibility to manage their other commitments, such as work and childcare. Such personal and flexible approach to learning will overtake the rigidity of the traditional university. online courses, MOOCs, convenience, privacy, flexibility, personal approach, manage commitments, work, childcare, rigidity, traditional university online courses, MOOCs, convenience, traditional university, flexibility, privacy, home, personal approach, studying, commitments, work, childcare, rigidity online courses, MOOCs, convenience, privacy, flexibility, personal approach, manage commitments, work, childcare, rigidity, traditional university online courses, MOOCs, convenience, traditional university, privacy, flexibility, lectures, tests, personal approach, commitments, work, childcare, rigidity online courses, convenience, students, traditional university, MOOCs, popularity, learning, privacy, home, flexibility, lectures, tests, deadlines, personal approach, studying, commitments, work, childcare, rigidity
test-politics-gvhbhlsbr-con03a	Democracy should not be the end-point aspiration of government.  One should not assume that the lack of democracy is wholly negative; do the majority of people know what is best for the country? Or do industry experts? Could the public reach a consensus on important governing decisions? Government can see the bigger picture and balance the needs of different interest groups to produce the best outcome for all: ‘true’ democracy is simply unworkable and can too easily lead to the ‘tyranny of the majority’ as described by Fareed Zakaria. [1] Perhaps the best way to illustrate this point is to look at the two champions of democracy: France and America. France overturned its monarchy and government in the name of liberty, yet quickly descended into mob-rule and violence; ‘democracy’ had a bloody birth. [2] Similarly one only has to look at the appalling levels of inequality within the United States of America to question the nature and worth of ‘democracy’. [3] So if the nature of government is not simply to fulfil notions of ‘democracy’ but to ensure good governance then the House of Lords is still an important institution.  [1] Zakaria, Fareed, The Future of Freedom: Illiberal Democracy Home and Abroad (New York, 2003)  [2] Doyle, William, The French Revolution: A Very Short Introduction (Oxford, 2001)  [3] American Political Science Association Task Force, ‘American Democracy in an Age of Rising Inequality’, Perspectives on Politics, 2 (2004) democracy, government, end-point, aspiration, industry experts, majority rule, public consensus, governance, tyranny of majority, Fareed Zakaria, France, American inequality, House of Lords, French Revolution, William Doyle, American Democracy, rising inequality, APSA Task Force democracy, government, Fareed Zakaria, tyranny of the majority, France, American democracy, inequality, House of Lords, good governance, French Revolution, William Doyle, American Political Science Association democracy, governance, Fareed Zakaria, tyranny of majority, France, American inequality, House of Lords, French Revolution, liberty, mob-rule, good governance, American Democracy, rising inequality, political science, consensus, industry experts, public opinion, governmental institutions, policy-making, interest groups, representative democracy, direct democracy, political theory, governance effectiveness, societal welfare, institutional analysis, political reform, democratic processes, civic engagement, political participation, governmental performance, public administration, constitutional studies, legislative bodies, political institutions, statecraft, political philosophy, governance models, democratic values, civil liberties, political equality, social justice, political representation democracy, governance, Fareed Zakaria, tyranny of majority, France, American democracy, inequality, House of Lords, French Revolution, good governance, mob-rule, political science, public consensus, industry experts, majority rule, institutional importance democracy, governance, Fareed Zakaria, tyranny of majority, France, American democracy, inequality, House of Lords, good governance, French Revolution, mob rule, American Political Science Association, liberty, political institutions, majority rule, expert rule, public consensus, interest groups, unworkable democracy, representative democracy, political theory, governance models, political inequality, government effectiveness, institutional legitimacy, political participation, democratic deficits, civil society, political reform, constitutional design, political philosophy, democratic governance, statecraft, political legitimacy, political ethics, public policy, democratic theory, political representation, societal needs, political systems, governmental structures, democratic
test-religion-grcrgshwbr-con03a	If you ban one thing, you have to ban lots of things.  Every religious symbol should be treated equally so as not to cause discrimination. It's just not viable to ban one symbol. If you ban something, for example, as sacred and religious as the Muslim veil, people will then start rallying cries for other things to be banned. At the end of the day, if the Government feels that it is in the best interests of society not to ban the veil, then we have to believe them. Really if one thing is banned then the uproar that would happen would have significantly worse consequences than before the ban. There have been worries about the banning of the Sikh Kirpan because outsiders regard it as a possible weapon and a danger to people in public places.1 However, in the Sikh perspective, the Kirpan is a sacred symbol very similar to other religions' symbols.  1 'Timeline: The Quebec kirpan case', CBC News Online, 2nd March 2006, accessed on 25th July 2011 religious symbols, ban, discrimination, Muslim veil, Sikh Kirpan, government, society, uproar, consequences, public safety, religious freedom, equality, law, cultural sensitivity, human rights, public opinion, legislation, religious practices, symbols, faith, community, tradition, heritage, legal precedent, secularism, pluralism, diversity, tolerance, inclusion, education, dialogue, compromise, accommodation, policy, ethics, morality, values, norms, social impact, cultural icons, religious attire, weapons, safety concerns, perception, beliefs, practices, legal challenges, judicial review, precedent, decision, ruling, impact, society, culture, ban, religious, symbols, discrimination, Muslim, veil, government, society, Sikh, Kirpan, weapon, public, safety, equality, consequences, uproar, sacred, timeline, Quebec, case, CBC, news, access, date Ban, religious symbols, discrimination, Muslim veil, government, societal interests, Sikh Kirpan, weapon, public safety, religious freedom, equality, consequences, uproar, legislation, cultural sensitivity, human rights, freedom of expression, religious practices, public order, secularism, symbolism, constitutional law, religious tolerance, community response, legal implications, international perspectives, ethical considerations, policy-making, public opinion, religious identity, societal norms, multiculturalism, integration, legislation impact, societal harmony, legal challenges, religious garments, cultural symbols, symbolic representation, religious beliefs, societal values, law enforcement, public policy, religious communities, social implications, ban, religious, symbols, discrimination, Muslim, veil, government, Sikh, Kirpan, weapon, public, concerns, society, equality, consequences, uproar, viability, treatment, sacred, perspective, outsiders, danger, timeline, Quebec, case, CBC, news, accessed, March, July, 2006, 2011 religious symbols, discrimination, Muslim veil, government decision, societal impact, Sikh Kirpan, public safety, religious freedom, equal treatment, ban consequences, weapon concern, sacred item, religious equality, cultural sensitivity, public perception
test-law-ilppppghb-pro04a	"Self-determination offers a way to resolve otherwise intractable disputes.  Many modern nation states are the product of historical accident or hurried decolonisation processes that did not properly take account of ethnic or religious differences between peoples in the states that resulted. Examples can be seen all over the world but especially in Asia, Africa and the former Soviet Union, where postcolonial or post-Cold War boundaries separate people from their kin against their wills. Other territories may be disputed between one or more nation.  Allowing ethnic or religious groups self-determination may help to reverse the harmful effect of artificial, poorly-drawn borders. If self-determination is universally accepted (and applied) by the international community as a key principle in such disputes, they may in future be easier to resolve.  Two examples; Kashmir, which straddles the line of partition drawn up by the British when granting independence to India and Pakistan in 19471; and the Falkland Islands, which are the object of dispute between the UK and Argentina, including a brief war in 19822. History, law geography all offer competing and incompatible views of who should rightfully own these territories. If we recognise the principle of self-determination as key, however, it is clear that it is the view of the inhabitants that should decide its future. Indeed, if this principle is ignored, such disputes will rumble on for many years to come.  1 ""Kashmir: Run-up to Partition"", Globalsecurity.org 2 ""Falklands/Malvinas War"",Globalsecurity.org For the Falkland Islanders' view of self-determination, see Falkland Island Government website, ""Falklands call on UN Committee to uphold right to self-determination"", Self-determination, intractable disputes, nation states, historical accident, hurried decolonisation, ethnic differences, religious differences, Asia, Africa, former Soviet Union, postcolonial, post-Cold War, artificial borders, disputed territories, Kashmir, Falkland Islands, UK, Argentina, independence, partition, British, India, Pakistan, Falklands/Malvinas War, international community, key principle, disputes resolution, competing views, law, geography, inhabitants, UN Committee, right to self-determination self-determination, intractable disputes, nation states, historical accident, decolonisation, ethnic differences, religious differences, postcolonial boundaries, post-Cold War boundaries, artificial borders, poorly-drawn borders, Kashmir, Falkland Islands, UK, Argentina, 1982 war, inhabitants' view, right to self-determination, Falkland Island Government, UN Committee self-determination, intractable disputes, nation states, historical accident, decolonisation, ethnic differences, religious differences, Asia, Africa, former Soviet Union, postcolonial, post-Cold War, artificial borders, poor border drawing, Kashmir, India, Pakistan, Falkland Islands, UK, Argentina, 1982 war, Globalsecurity.org, Falkland Island Government, UN Committee, right to self-determination self-determination, intractable disputes, nation states, historical accident, decolonisation, ethnic differences, religious differences, Asia, Africa, former Soviet Union, postcolonial, post-Cold War, artificial borders, poorly-drawn borders, Kashmir, Falkland Islands, UK, Argentina, 1982 war, self-determination principle, international community, territorial disputes, Globalsecurity.org, Falkland Island Government, UN Committee, right to self-determination self-determination, nation-states, ethnic-differences, religious-differences, Asia, Africa, Soviet-Union, postcolonial-borders, post-Cold-War, disputed-territories, Kashmir, India, Pakistan, British, independence, Falkland-Islands, UK, Argentina, 1982-war, international-law, geography, history, self-determination-principle, UN, inhabitant-rights, Falkland-Islanders, UN-Committee, self-governance, colonial-legacy, decolonization, artificial-borders, intractable-disputes, territorial-integrity, national-identity"
test-international-epdlhfcefp-pro01a	The EU has already been unifying on multiple fronts, this is just a step in the same direction.  The EU has slowly been building up its own common military framework, with the UK and France leading the effort to pool European military capacity. In addition, the EU itself has created new institutional bodies such as the Political and Security Committee, a Military Committee and military staff. The EU has had military envoys in Macedonia and Bosnia-Herzegovina and has committed itself to the creation of a Common Security and Defense Policy with 3-4,000 troops on permanent standby in multilateral ‘battlegroups’ ready for immediate deployment(see Rockwell Schnabel’s article listed below)1. While incremental, these are steps not to be ignored. The Union has also placed that military capacity within the broader context of a security strategy designed to promote international peace, justice and development.  1. Schnabel, Rockwell A., 'U.S. Views on the EU Common Foreign and Security Policy', The Brown Journal of World Affairs, Vol. IX. Issue2., (Winter/Spring 2003) accessed 1/8/11 EU, unification, military framework, UK, France, European military capacity, Political and Security Committee, Military Committee, military staff, military envoys, Macedonia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Common Security and Defense Policy, battlegroups, security strategy, international peace, justice, development, Rockwell Schnabel, U.S. Views, EU Common Foreign and Security Policy, The Brown Journal of World Affairs EU, unification, military framework, UK, France, European military capacity, Political and Security Committee, Military Committee, military staff, military envoys, Macedonia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Common Security and Defense Policy, battlegroups, security strategy, international peace, justice, development, Rockwell Schnabel, U.S. Views, EU Common Foreign and Security Policy, The Brown Journal of World Affairs EU, unification, military framework, UK, France, European military capacity, Political and Security Committee, Military Committee, military staff, Macedonia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Common Security and Defense Policy, battlegroups, Rockwell Schnabel, U.S. Views, EU Common Foreign and Security Policy, security strategy, international peace, justice, development EU, unification, military framework, UK, France, Political and Security Committee, Military Committee, military staff, Macedonia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Common Security and Defense Policy, battlegroups, Rockwell Schnabel, U.S. Views, EU Common Foreign and Security Policy, international peace, justice, development EU, unifying, fronts, military framework, UK, France, European military capacity, Political and Security Committee, Military Committee, military staff, military envoys, Macedonia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Common Security and Defense Policy, battlegroups, immediate deployment, incremental steps, security strategy, international peace, justice, development, Rockwell Schnabel, U.S. Views, EU Common Foreign and Security Policy, The Brown Journal of World Affairs
test-law-hrpepthwuto-pro01a	In the event of an imminent attack it is only reasonable to use force to find information  If authorities have good reason to believe that there is a realistic threat of a nuclear explosion in downtown Manhattan or Tel Aviv then it is vital that as much information as possible can be gathered as quickly as possible.  If that requires pain to be inflicted on an individual to save the lives of millions then it is simply practical to do so. The harm represented by the pain caused to a single individual is outweighed by the possibility that information gathered from a forceful interrogation might save thousands of lives imminent attack, reasonable force, information gathering, authorities, realistic threat, nuclear explosion, downtown Manhattan, Tel Aviv, vital information, quick retrieval, pain infliction, individual, save lives, millions, practical action, harm, single individual, forceful interrogation, save thousands, lives imminent attack, reasonable force, information gathering, realistic threat, nuclear explosion, downtown Manhattan, Tel Aviv, vital information, quick retrieval, pain infliction, individual sacrifice, millions lives, practical measures, harm outweighed, forceful interrogation, thousands lives saved imminent attack, reasonable force, information gathering, authorities, realistic threat, nuclear explosion, downtown Manhattan, Tel Aviv, vital information, quick retrieval, pain infliction, individual, save lives, millions, harm, single individual, outweighed, possibility, forceful interrogation, thousands lives imminent attack, reasonable force, information gathering, authorities, realistic threat, nuclear explosion, downtown Manhattan, Tel Aviv, vital information, save lives, pain infliction, single individual, save millions, practical action, harm outweighed, forceful interrogation, thousands of lives imminent attack, reasonable force, information gathering, authorities, realistic threat, nuclear explosion, downtown Manhattan, Tel Aviv, vital information, quick retrieval, pain infliction, individual, save lives, practical measure, harm outweighed, thousands lives, forceful interrogation
test-science-eassgbatj-pro05a	It would send out a consistent message  Most countries have animal welfare laws to prevent animal cruelty but have laws like the UK’s Animals (Scientific Procedures) Act 1986, [10] that stop animal testing being a crime. This makes means some people can do things to animals, but not others. If the government are serious about animal abuse, why allow anyone to do it? animal welfare, animal cruelty, animal testing, UK Animals Scientific Procedures Act 1986, government policy, animal abuse, legal contradictions, ethical treatment, animal rights, regulation enforcement animal welfare, animal cruelty, laws, animal testing, crime, government, animal abuse, Animals (Scientific Procedures) Act 1986, consistency, regulation, ethical treatment, animal rights animal welfare, animal cruelty, UK Animals Scientific Procedures Act 1986, animal testing, legal inconsistencies, government stance, animal abuse, ethical concerns, legislation contradiction, animal rights animal welfare, animal cruelty, scientific procedures, animal testing, crime, government policy, animal abuse, legal inconsistency, UK Animals Act 1986, moral standards, ethical treatment, animal rights, legislation, regulation, enforcement, public opinion, scientific research, animal experimentation, humane treatment, legal protection, animal ethics animal welfare, anti-cruelty laws, animal testing, Animals (Scientific Procedures) Act 1986, government policy, animal abuse, legal inconsistency, ethical treatment, animal rights, scientific procedures, legislative contradiction
test-international-aghbfcpspr-con04a	The very payment of reparations exerts a neo-colonial power over former colonies.  The recognition that many former colonies are in desperate economic need only adds to the sense that former colonial powers desire to hold sway over them. Giving reparations induces dependency and can weaken the appearance of government in the former colonies, and may allow the donor government to exert influence over policy areas within the recipient country [1] . Far from giving the recipient country the means to develop itself as an independent nation, this motion simply recalls the old power structure which existed during colonisation.  [1] Accessed from  on 12/09/11 reparations, neo-colonialism, former colonies, economic need, dependency, government influence, policy control, development, independence, colonial power structure payment, reparations, neo-colonial, power, former, colonies, economic, need, dependency, government, influence, policy, development, independence, power, structure, colonisation reparations, neo-colonialism, economic need, dependency, government influence, policy control, independence, colonial power structure reparations, neo-colonialism, former colonies, economic need, dependency, government influence, policy control, development, independence, power structure, colonisation reparations, neo-colonialism, former colonies, economic dependency, donor influence, policy control, self-development, historical power structures, colonial legacy, international aid, government sovereignty, recipient country, donor country, development assistance, post-colonial relations, financial support, political influence, economic assistance, neo-imperialism, aid dependency
test-law-thgglcplgphw-pro03a	Legal coca cultivation would enhance economic growth in developing states  Millions of people in South America chew coca leaves, so this practice cannot simply be wished away. [1] Moreover, it currently acts as a vital income source in many impoverished areas of the Andes. Pasquale Quispe, 53, owner of a 7.4-acre Bolivian coca farm, explained to the New York Times in 2006: “Coca is our daily bread, what gives us work, what gives us our livelihood.” [2] Previous attempts to eradicate coca cultivation in Bolivia harmed the poorest farmers there and led to significant social unrest. [3] When it is allowed, however, coca cultivation can actually have economic benefits. Peasant cultivators in the Andes have indicated their belief that coca chewing helps increase production in agriculture, fisheries and mining. [4] The legalization of coca cultivation globally would allow for the expansion of these economic benefits. The coca leaf may have uses as a stimulant and flavouring agent in drinks (in which it is currently used to a limited extent in the West), but also in the expansion of the many domestic products currently in use in the Andes, including syrups, teas, shampoo and toothpaste. It may also have a use as a general anaesthetic. [5] Only the legalization of its cultivation globally will allow these product and economic potentials to be fully realized and allow humanity to reap the full rewards of the coca plant, rather than simply being limited by the fear and stigma surrounding its illegal use in cocaine.  [1] Morales, Evo. “Let Me Chew My Coca Leaves”. New York Times. March 13, 2009.   [2] Forero, Juan. “Bolivia's Knot: No to Cocaine, but Yes to Coca”. New York Times. February 12, 2006.   [3] Forero, Juan. “Bolivia's Knot: No to Cocaine, but Yes to Coca”. New York Times. February 12, 2006.   [4] Transnational Institute Debate Papers. “Coca yes, cocaine, no?”. Transnational Institute. No. 2006/2. No. 13. May 2006.   [5] Transnational Institute Debate Papers. “Coca yes, cocaine, no?”. Transnational Institute. No. 2006/2. No. 13. May 2006. Legal coca cultivation, economic growth, developing states, South America, coca leaves, Andes, income source, poverty, Bolivia, social unrest, economic benefits, agriculture, fisheries, mining, legalization, stimulant, flavouring agent, domestic products, syrups, teas, shampoo, toothpaste, anaesthetic, cocaine, stigma, Transnational Institute, Evo Morales, New York Times, Juan Forero Legal coca cultivation, economic growth, developing states, South America, coca leaves, Andes, Bolivia, peasant farmers, social unrest, coca chewing, agricultural production, fisheries, mining, global legalization, coca leaf uses, stimulant, flavouring agent, domestic products, syrups, teas, shampoo, toothpaste, general anaesthetic, cocaine, fear, stigma Legal coca cultivation, economic growth, developing states, South America, coca leaves, income source, Andes, impoverished areas, Bolivian coca farm, eradication, social unrest, economic benefits, agriculture, fisheries, mining, globalization, stimulant, flavouring agent, drinks, domestic products, syrups, teas, shampoo, toothpaste, general anaesthetic, product potential, cocaine stigma Legal coca cultivation, economic growth, developing states, South America, coca leaves, income source, Andes, impoverished areas, Bolivia, farmers, social unrest, economic benefits, agriculture, fisheries, mining, legalization, global expansion, stimulant, flavouring agent, drinks, domestic products, syrups, teas, shampoo, toothpaste, anaesthetic, cocaine, fear, stigma, product potentials, humanity, rewards, coca plant legal coca cultivation, economic growth, developing states, South America, coca leaves, income source, Andes, poverty, Bolivia, social unrest, economic benefits, agriculture, fisheries, mining, global legalization, stimulant, flavouring agent, drinks, domestic products, syrups, teas, shampoo, toothpaste, anaesthetic, cocaine, fear, stigma, product potential, humanity, coca plant, rewards, illegal use
test-politics-oepdlhfcefp-pro03a	The creation of the post of a High Representative marked an important change in the EU.  The creation of a post of High Representative and Vice President of the Commission (HRVP) marks an important change in the decision making process at the EU level with regards to foreign policy. Agreement on the post showed a clear commitment to the pursuit of a common EU foreign policy and to developing a unique cooperative model for foreign and defense policy decision making that goes beyond the nation state. Member states should now deliver on that commitment by seeking as much common ground as possible to ensure that the High Representative’s role is truly significant. The goal of a common foreign and security policy should thus be supported not only as a mechanism to streamline EU’s position and role in world politics, but also to reinforce notions of cooperation and consultation essential for maintaining a stable international system, in line with the stated goals of the EU. (The 12 stars in a circle is meant to symbolize the ideals of unity, solidarity and harmony among the peoples of Europe)1.  1 Europa.eu, 'Symbols',accessed 1/8/11 High Representative, Vice President of the Commission, EU, foreign policy, decision making, common ground, cooperation, consultation, stability, international system, common foreign and security policy, EU symbols, unity, solidarity, harmony, Europa.eu High Representative, Vice President, Commission, EU, foreign policy, decision making, common ground, significance, common foreign and security policy, world politics, cooperation, consultation, stable international system, unity, solidarity, harmony, Europa.eu, Symbols High Representative, Vice President, Commission, EU, foreign policy, decision making, common ground, cooperation, consultation, stability, international system, unity, solidarity, harmony, Europa.eu, symbols, 12 stars High Representative, Vice President, Commission, EU, decision making, foreign policy, common ground, common foreign and security policy, cooperation, consultation, international system, unity, solidarity, harmony, Europa.eu, symbols High Representative, Vice President of the Commission, HRVP, EU, decision making, foreign policy, defense policy, common EU foreign policy, cooperative model, nation state, member states, common ground, significant role, common foreign and security policy, streamline EU position, world politics, cooperation, consultation, stable international system, unity, solidarity, harmony, European ideals, Europa.eu, EU symbols
test-international-ipecfiepg-con04a	Leaving the Eurozone would be detrimental for Greece in the long-run.  Even if the proposition are correct in claiming defaulting and leaving the Eurozone would stimulate growth in the Greek economy, such benefits are transitory whereas the benefits of remaining in the Eurozone are permanent. [1] Having the Euro provides stability for the Greek economy – investors know that the currency will not collapse, making their invested capital worthless. The gravity of the outcomes of a Greek default cannot be known for sure, however some economists have even suggested that hyperinflation could occur – leading to disastrous consequences for Greece. [2] Moreover, in the long term, a single currency makes investment and transactions with other Eurozone members much more efficient and profitable. This is particularly important given that the vast majority of Greek trade is carried out with other European members. In light of these benefits, a short term cost that comes with the austerity measures enforced under the status quo, would be worthwhile in the long term.  [1] Barrell, Ray: “Eurozone crisis: what if… Greece leaves the single currency”, 14 May 2012, The Guardian,   [2] Ruparel, Raoul and Persson, Mats: “Better off Out? The short-term options for Greece inside and outside of the euro”, June 2012, Open Europe, 2012 Eurozone, Greece, long-run, default, currency, stability, investors, hyperinflation, single currency, investment, transactions, Eurozone members, trade, austerity, short term, long term, Barrell, Ruparel, Persson, Open Europe, The Guardian Leaving Eurozone, detrimental Greece, long-run consequences, defaulting benefits, transitory effects, permanent stability, Euro currency, investor confidence, economic stability, hyperinflation risk, single currency efficiency, profitable transactions, Eurozone trade, austerity measures, short-term costs, long-term benefits, Eurozone crisis, Greece economy, Open Europe, The Guardian eurozone, greece, economic stability, investors, default, hyperinflation, long-term benefits, single currency, trade, european members, austerity measures, short-term costs, euro, barrell, ruparel, persson, open europe, eurozone crisis, greek economy, stimulation, transitory benefits, permanent benefits, investment, transactions, currency collapse Leaving Eurozone, Greece, long-term detrimental, economic growth, transitory benefits, permanent benefits, Euro stability, investor confidence, currency collapse, hyperinflation, single currency, investment efficiency, transaction efficiency, Eurozone members, trade, austerity measures, short-term cost, long-term benefit, Eurozone crisis, Barrell, Ray, The Guardian, Ruparel, Raoul, Persson, Mats, Open Europe Eurozone, Greece, economic stability, long-term benefits, currency collapse, hyperinflation, investment efficiency, trade transactions, European members, austerity measures, short-term costs, economic growth, single currency, default, financial consequences, Barrell, Ruparel, Persson, Open Europe, The Guardian, Eurozone crisis, short-term options
test-society-epsihbdns-pro03a	Restrictions would benefit rural areas  Unlimited rural-urban migration erodes the economy of the cities, as shown in the previous argument, and limits their economic growth and available resources. On a national level, this causes decision makers to prioritise the cities, as the country relies more on urban than rural areas, thus preventing them from investing in the country-side. [1] China is a good example of this where urban privilege has become entrenched with ‘special economic zones’ being created in urban areas (though sometimes built from scratch in rural areas) with money being poured into infrastructure for the urban areas which as a result have rapidly modernised leaving rural areas behind. This leads to a whole culture of divisions where urbanites consider those from rural areas to be backward and less civilized. [2]  Moreover, there will be little other reason to invest in rural areas, as the workforce in those areas has left for the cities. By preserving resources in the cities and keeping the workforce in the rural areas, it becomes possible to invest in rural communities and change their lives for the better as these areas maintain the balanced workforce necessary to attract investors.  [1] Maxwell, Daniel., “The Political Economy of Urban Food Security in Sub-Saharan Africa.” 11, London : Elsevier Science Ltd., 1999, World Development, Vol. 27, p. 1939±1953. S0305-750X(99)00101-1.  [2] Whyte, Martin King, “Social Change and the Urban-Rural Divide in China”, China in the 21st Century, June 2007,  p.54 rural areas, urban-urban migration, economic growth, resource allocation, national policy, urban privilege, special economic zones, infrastructure investment, urban-rural divide, workforce preservation, rural investment, balanced workforce, urban food security, political economy, social change, China, Sub-Saharan Africa, modernization, backwardness, civilization, development studies, policy prioritization, urban reliance, rural neglect, cultural divisions, economic zones, urban modernization, rural development, investment attraction, workforce maintenance, Maxwell, Whyte, urban-rural relations, economic balance, sustainable development, rural benefits, urban erosion, resource limits, economic zones, rural investment urban-urban migration, economic growth, resource allocation, urban privilege, special economic zones, rural workforce, rural investment, urban-rural divide, social change, China, Sub-Saharan Africa, political economy, food security, urbanization, rural development, investment attraction, workforce preservation, balanced workforce, national economy, decision makers, rural areas, cities, modernization, infrastructure, culture divisions, backwardness, civilization, Maxwell, Whyte rural areas, urban-urban migration, economic growth, resource allocation, national priorities, urban privilege, special economic zones, infrastructure investment, urban modernization, rural workforce, social divisions, cultural perceptions, urbanites, rural investment, balanced workforce, investor attraction, political economy, urban food security, sub-saharan africa, china, social change, urban-rural divide rural areas, urban-urban migration, economic growth, resource allocation, urban privilege, special economic zones, infrastructure investment, urban-rural divide, workforce retention, rural investment, economic balance, social change, China, Sub-Saharan Africa, political economy, food security, urbanization, rural development, policy prioritization, socioeconomic impacts, cultural perceptions, backwardness, civilization, rural population, urban workforce, balanced workforce, investor attraction, Maxwell, Daniel, Whyte, Martin King rural areas, urban-urban migration, economic growth, resource allocation, national decision makers, urban privilege, special economic zones, infrastructure investment, workforce preservation, rural community investment, urban-rural divide, social change, China, Sub-Saharan Africa, political economy, urban food security, balanced workforce, investor attraction
test-society-epiasghbf-pro03a	Labour participation and rights  Labour participation enables an awareness, and acquirement, of equal gender rights. Firstly, labour participation is challenging cultural ideologies and norms of which see the woman’s responsibility as limited to the reproductive sphere. Entering the productive sphere brings women equal work rights and the right to enter public space. By such a change gender norms of the male breadwinner are challenged. Secondly, labour force participation by women has resulted in the emergence of community lawyers and organisations to represent them. The Declaration of the African Regional Domestic Workers Network is a case in point. [1] With the rising number of female domestic workers, the network is working to change conditions - upholding Conferences, sharing information, and taking action.  [1] See labour participation, gender rights, cultural norms, reproductive sphere, productive sphere, equal work rights, public space, male breadwinner, community lawyers, organizations, African Regional Domestic Workers Network, female domestic workers, conferences, information sharing, action taking labour participation, gender rights, cultural ideologies, reproductive sphere, productive sphere, gender norms, male breadwinner, community lawyers, organizations, African Regional Domestic Workers Network, female domestic workers, conditions, conferences, information sharing, action labour participation, gender rights, cultural norms, women's work, public space, gender equality, male breadwinner, community lawyers, organizations, African Regional Domestic Workers Network, female domestic workers, working conditions, conferences, information sharing, action taking labour participation, gender rights, cultural ideologies, norms, reproductive sphere, productive sphere, work rights, public space, gender norms, male breadwinner, community lawyers, organisations, African Regional Domestic Workers Network, female domestic workers, conditions, Conferences, information sharing, action labour participation, gender rights, cultural ideologies, norm challenging, productive sphere, work rights, public space, community lawyers, organizations, African Regional Domestic Workers Network, female domestic workers, conditions improvement, conferences, information sharing, action taking
test-philosophy-apessghwba-con04a	"Animal research is only used where other research methods are not suitable  Developed countries, including the US and all members of the EU (since EU Directive 2010/63/EU) have created laws and professional regulations that prevent scientists from using animals for research if other, non-animal research methods would produce equally clear and detailed results.  The principle described above is also enshrined in the ""3Rs"" doctrine, which states that researchers and their employers have a duty to identify ways to refine experiments conducted on animals, so that yield better results and cause less suffering; replace animals used in research the non-animal alternatives where possible; and reduce the number of animals used in research. Not only does the 3Rs doctrine represent a practical way to reconcile the necessity of animal research with the universal human desire not to cause suffering, it also drives scientists to increase the overall quality of the research that they conduct. Governments and academic institutions take the 3Rs doctrine very seriously. In EU countries scientists are required to show that they have considered other methods of research before being granted a license for an animal experiment.  There are a huge number of ways of learning about our physiology and the pathologies which affect it, including to computer models, cell cultures, animal models, human microdosing and population studies. These methods are used to complement one another, for example animal models may well produce data that creates a computer model. Nonetheless, there is some research which cannot be done any other way. It is difficult to understand the interaction of specific sets of genes without being able to change only these genes – something possible through genetically modified animals.  Finally, as noted above, given the high cost of conducting animal research relative to other methods, there is a financial incentive for institutions to adopt non-animal methods where they produce as useful and accurate results. Animal research, non-animal methods, research regulations, EU Directive 2010/63/EU, 3Rs doctrine, refine experiments, replace animals, reduce animal use, physiological studies, pathologies, computer models, cell cultures, human microdosing, population studies, gene interaction, genetically modified animals, financial incentive, non-animal alternatives, research quality, animal experimentation, research licensing Animal research, non-animal methods, EU Directive 2010/63/EU, 3Rs doctrine, refine experiments, replace animals, reduce animal use, computer models, cell cultures, human microdosing, population studies, genetic modification, financial incentive, research quality, ethical considerations, regulatory requirements, scientific methods, physiological studies, pathology research, experimental design, animal welfare, scientific advancement, ethical research practices, regulatory compliance, alternative research methods, research methodology, animal experimentation, biotechnology, research ethics, scientific validation, cost-effectiveness, non-animal alternatives, gene interaction, model organisms, research methodologies, experimental animal research, non-animal methods, EU Directive 2010/63/EU, 3Rs doctrine, refine, replace, reduce, suffering, quality of research, computer models, cell cultures, human microdosing, population studies, genetically modified animals, financial incentive, institutions, results, physiology, pathologies, gene interaction, research methods, ethical considerations, regulatory requirements, scientific advancement, animal welfare Animal research, non-animal methods, EU Directive 2010/63/EU, 3Rs doctrine, refine experiments, replace animals, reduce animal use, human physiology, pathologies, computer models, cell cultures, human microdosing, population studies, gene interaction, genetically modified animals, financial incentive, non-animal alternatives, research quality, animal models, ethical considerations, scientific regulations, academic institutions, research licensing, animal welfare, research methods, experimental design, scientific advancement, regulatory compliance, animal experimentation, physiological studies, pathological research, scientific practices, ethical research, humane science, research efficiency, cost-effectiveness animal research, non-animal methods, EU Directive 2010/63/EU, 3Rs doctrine, refine experiments, replace animals, reduce animal use, computer models, cell cultures, human microdosing, population studies, genetically modified animals, financial incentive, non-animal alternatives, research methods, animal models, ethical considerations, scientific regulation, animal welfare, research quality, physiology, pathologies, gene interaction, scientific licensing, institutional policies, government regulation, academic institutions, animal experimentation, research ethics, humane science, animal testing, research methodology, scientific research, animal use, research alternatives, animal studies, research"
test-education-ufsdfkhbwu-pro03a	Maintaining the value of the degree  Employers and others expect certain degrees to mean certain things; they are more than just an expensive badge. In the case of elite western universities part of what that means is a critical approach to the world and the willingness to challenge ideas, regardless of the authority that holds them. Part of their exclusivity derives from their admission standards, partly from the academic rigour of their scholars and partly from the simple fact that there are only a relatively small number of graduates.  In other areas universities are all too aware of selling their reputation – impartiality, avoiding plagiarism and so forth – the same should be true here. If a degree from a western university does not mean that it recognises issues such as creativity and free thinking then it devalues the degree itself.  As a result the very governments that are so keen to acquire the creative, critical skills offered by graduates of western-style education will end up undermining the very thing that they seek. This impacts not only the graduates from Asian campuses of western universities but also their peers at the home institution [i] .  [i] US-China Today. Jasmine Ako. Unraveling Plagiarism in China. 28 March 2011. degree value, employers expectations, elite universities, critical thinking, academic rigour, exclusivity, reputation, impartiality, plagiarism, creativity, free thinking, government policies, western education, Asian campuses, home institution, US-China Today, Jasmine Ako, plagiarism in China degree value, employer expectations, elite universities, critical thinking, academic rigor, exclusivity, admission standards, university reputation, impartiality, plagiarism, creativity, free thinking, government impact, western education, Asian campuses, home institution, US-China Today, Jasmine Ako, plagiarism in China degree value, employers expectations, critical thinking, academic rigour, admission standards, university reputation, impartiality, plagiarism, creativity, free thinking, government influence, western education, asian campuses, home institution, US-China, Jasmine Ako, plagiarism in China degree value, employers expectations, elite universities, critical thinking, academic rigour, admission standards, university reputation, impartiality, plagiarism, creativity, free thinking, government impact, western education, Asian campuses, US-China Today, Jasmine Ako, plagiarism in China value, degree, employers, expectations, elite, western, universities, critical, approach, challenge, ideas, authority, exclusivity, admission, standards, academic, rigour, graduates, reputation, impartiality, plagiarism, creativity, free, thinking, devalues, governments, skills, undermining, Asian, campuses, home, institution, US-China, Today, Jasmine, Ako, Unraveling, Plagiarism, China, March, 2011
test-law-lghbacpsba-pro05a	Attorney client privilege need not be sacrosanct in all situations  Most obviously it seems unnecessary for there to be attorney client privilege when the defendant’s interests cannot be adversely affected. For example when the confidential information just does not incriminate the client himself but it might clear somebody else, or when the client is dead. Few people will be discouraged from being candid with their lawyers if there is merely the possibility that the communications may be disclosed after their death.  In addition there are situations where the client’s interest may indeed be hurt but where this should be outweighed by some other very important public interest. In other words perhaps there should be ‘necessity’ or ‘public interest’ or ‘in the interests of justice’ balancing exceptions to the privilege. This would be the case when public safety is at risk, for example if the client holds some very vital information but is not willing to disclose it to anyone other than his lawyer. In such cases the courts should weigh up and balance the client’s interests against society’s and make the decision accordingly rather than rigidly sticking to attorney-client privilege. attorney-client privilege, sacrosanct, unnecessary, defendant's interests, confidential information, incriminate, clear somebody else, client dead, discouraged, candor, lawyers, possibility, disclosed, death, client's interest, hurt, public interest, balancing exceptions, public safety, vital information, courts, weigh, society, rigid, justice attorney-client privilege, exceptions, public interest, necessity, justice, confidentiality, disclosure, client interests, society interests, public safety, defendant's interests, candor, legal communication, posthumous disclosure, incrimination, non-incrimination, balancing test, rigid adherence, vital information attorney, client, privilege, sacrosanct, situations, defendant, interests, adverse, affected, confidential, information, incriminate, clear, somebody, else, dead, discouraged, candid, lawyers, possibility, disclosed, death, client’s, hurt, outweighed, important, public, interest, necessity, balancing, exceptions, public, safety, risk, vital, information, willing, disclose, courts, weigh, balance, society, rigidly, sticking Attorney-client privilege, sacrosanct, unnecessary, defendant's interests, adverse effect, confidential information, incriminate, client, clear, somebody else, client death, discouraged, candid, lawyers, communication disclosure, public interest, outweigh, important, public safety, vital information, unwilling, disclose, lawyer, courts, weigh, balance, society, rigid, sticking attorney-client privilege, sacrosanct, defendant's interests, confidential information, incriminate, clear someone else, client dead, discouraged, candid, lawyers, disclosed, death, client's interest, public interest, necessity, justice, balancing exceptions, public safety, vital information, disclose, lawyer, courts, society, rigid, legal ethics, privilege exceptions, communication, legal advice, confidentiality, legal representation, societal interest, judicial discretion
test-law-cpilhbishioe-con01a	An ICC enforcement arm is unnecessary  To create an enforcement arm for the ICC would be to accept that state parties are incapable of enforcing decisions themselves, that is not necessarily the case. State parties have supplied the ICC with many of the defendants that it desires to face trial, including Bemba and the Gbagbos. Some, such as Uhuru Kenyatta have appeared voluntarily. The current system is working in many cases. While it does not in all, there are some that will be extremely difficult to capture by anyone. ICC, enforcement, arm, unnecessary, state, parties, capable, enforcing, decisions, defendants, trials, Bemba, Gbagbos, Uhuru, Kenyatta, voluntary, appearance, system, working, cases, capture, difficulty ICC, enforcement, arm, unnecessary, state, parties, capable, decisions, defendants, Bemba, Gbagbos, Uhuru, Kenyatta, voluntarily, system, working, cases, capture, extremely, difficult ICC, enforcement, arm, unnecessary, state, parties, incapable, enforcing, decisions, defendants, Bemba, Gbagbos, Uhuru, Kenyatta, voluntarily, system, working, cases, difficult, capture ICC, enforcement, arm, unnecessary, state, parties, capable, defendants, Bemba, Gbagbos, Uhuru, Kenyatta, voluntary, system, working, cases, extremely, difficult, capture ICC, enforcement, arm, unnecessary, state, parties, capable, decisions, defendants, Bemba, Gbagbos, voluntarily, system, working, difficult, capture
test-environment-aeghhgwpe-con01a	Humans can choose their own nutrition plan  Humans are omnivores – we are meant to eat both meat and plants. Like our early ancestors we have sharp canine teeth for tearing animal flesh and digestive systems adapted to eating meat and fish as well as vegetables. Our stomachs are also adapted to eating both meat and vegetable matter. All of this means that eating meat is part of being human. Only in a few western countries are people self-indulgent enough to deny their nature and get upset about a normal human diet. We were made to eat both meat and vegetables - cutting out half of this diet will inevitably mean we lose that natural balance. Eating meat is entirely natural. Like many other species, human beings were once hunters. In the wild animals kill and are killed, often very brutally and with no idea of “rights”. As mankind has progressed over thousands of years we have largely stopped hunting wild animals. Instead we have found kinder and less wasteful ways of getting the meat in our diets through domestication. Farm animals today are descended from the animals we once hunted in the wild. Humans, nutrition, omnivores, meat, plants, early ancestors, sharp canine teeth, digestive systems, vegetables, natural balance, eating meat, human diet, hunters, domestication, farm animals, wild animals, progress, kinder, less wasteful humans, nutrition, omnivores, meat, plants, ancestors, canine, teeth, digestive, system, stomach, nature, western, countries, self-indulgent, natural, balance, hunting, animals, killed, rights, mankind, progress, domestication, farm, animals, diet humans, omnivores, nutrition, meat, plants, ancestors, canine teeth, digestive systems, vegetables, natural diet, western countries, self-indulgence, human nature, balance, hunting, animals, killing, rights, domestication, farm animals, wild, history Humans, nutrition, omnivores, meat, plants, ancestors, canine, teeth, digestive, system, stomach, natural, diet, western, countries, self-indulgent, balance, hunting, wild, animals, domestication, farm, animals humans, omnivores, nutrition, meat, plants, ancestors, canine, teeth, digestive, systems, stomachs, nature, western, countries, self-indulgent, diet, balance, natural, hunters, animals, kill, rights, mankind, progress, hunting, domestication, farm, animals, kinder, wasteful, diets
test-politics-oepghbrnsl-con02a	"Russia does not have true democracy  The status quo in Russia is highly controversial. On the one hand it is considered a democracy – it has all the structures and norms of a democracy. On the other hand there are many attacks and proof that the Russian governance is far from democratic: The joint observer team for the Council of Europe and the Organisation for Security and Cooperation in Europe criticised the Russian elections as ""not fair and failed to meet many OSCE and Council of Europe commitments and standards for democratic elections,"" with ""abuse of administrative resources, media coverage strongly in favour of the ruling party"". The polls ""took place in an atmosphere which seriously limited political competition"" meaning ""there was not a level political playing field"". The 2007 parliamentary election resulted in United Russia gaining 64.1% of the vote. (3)  Furthermore not only there isn’t election freedom, there is not academic freedom either – “The European University at St Petersburg has been forced to suspend teaching after officials claimed its historic buildings were a fire risk. This forced all academic work to cease. The University had been running a program that advised Russian political parties, including how to ensure elections are not being rigged. The project they are involved in called Interregional Electoral Chains of Support was to develop and raise the effectiveness of electoral monitoring in Russia's regions. The university has also been attacked for having close ties to the west, particularly US and UK universities” (4)  There are cases of murdered journalists, who were “inconvenient” to the authorities. This also raises the question whether a strong leadership is better for the people.  Basic freedoms are denied to the Russian population. In the 21st century this is simply unjust. Therefore strong leadership creates more wrong than it does good. Russia, democracy, status quo, controversy, structures, norms, elections, Council of Europe, Organisation for Security and Cooperation in Europe, criticism, abuse, administrative resources, media coverage, ruling party, level playing field, 2007 parliamentary election, United Russia, academic freedom, European University at St Petersburg, fire risk, political parties, election rigging, electoral monitoring, murdered journalists, strong leadership, basic freedoms, 21st century, injustice Russia, democracy, controversy, structures, norms, governance, Council of Europe, OSCE, elections, fairness, standards, administrative resources, media coverage, political competition, United Russia, academic freedom, European University at St Petersburg, electoral monitoring, murdered journalists, strong leadership, basic freedoms, 21st century, population, unjust, wrong, good Russia, democracy, status quo, controversial, structures, norms, governance, democratic, Council of Europe, Organisation for Security and Cooperation in Europe, criticism, elections, not fair, failed, commitments, standards, abuse, administrative resources, media coverage, ruling party, atmosphere, political competition, level playing field, 2007 parliamentary election, United Russia, 64.1%, academic freedom, European University at St Petersburg, suspension, teaching, fire risk, historic buildings, Russian political parties, elections rigged, Interregional Electoral Chains of Support, electoral monitoring, regions, close ties, west, US universities, UK universities Russia, democracy, status quo, controversy, structures, norms, governance, attacks, Council of Europe, Organisation for Security and Cooperation in Europe, elections, fairness, standards, administrative resources, media coverage, political competition, level playing field, United Russia, academic freedom, European University at St Petersburg, fire risk, Russian political parties, election rigging, Interregional Electoral Chains of Support, electoral monitoring, strong leadership, journalists, murder, basic freedoms, 21st century, injustice Russia, democracy, status quo, controversy, election fairness, OSCE, Council of Europe, criticism, administrative resources, media bias, political competition, United Russia, academic freedom, European University at St Petersburg, Interregional Electoral Chains of Support, murdered journalists, strong leadership, basic freedoms, 21st century, injustice"
test-education-udfakusma-pro02a	Most universities are publically funded so should have to be open with their materials.  The United States University system is famously expensive and as a result it is probably the system in a developed country that has least public funding yet $346.8billion was spent, mostly by the states, on higher education in 2008-9. [1] In Europe almost 85% of universities funding came from government sources. [2] Considering the huge amounts of money spent on universities by taxpayers they should be able to demand access to the academic work those institutions produce.  Even in countries where there are tuition fees that make up some of the funding for the university it is right that the public should have access to these materials as the tuition fees are being paid for the personal teaching time provided by the lecturers not for the academics’ publications. Moreover those who have paid for a university course would benefit by the materials still being available to access after they have finished university  [1] Caplan, Bruan, “Correction: Total Government Spending on Higher Education”, Library of Economics and Liberty, 16 November 2012,   [2] Vught, F., et al., “Funding Higher Education: A View Across Europe”, Ben Jongbloed Center for Higher Education Policy Studies University of Twente, 2010. public funding, universities, open access, materials, United States, Europe, government sources, taxpayer money, academic work, tuition fees, personal teaching, post-graduation access, higher education, funding sources, policy studies universities, public funding, academic materials, United States, higher education, funding, Europe, government sources, taxpayer money, access, academic work, tuition fees, personal teaching, publications, university courses, Caplan, Bruan, Vught, Jongbloed, Center for Higher Education Policy Studies, University of Twente public funding, universities, open access, United States, university system, tuition fees, academic work, taxpayer money, Europe, government sources, higher education, funding, personal teaching, publications, post-graduation access universities, public funding, academic materials, United States, university system, expensive, public funding, Europe, government sources, taxpayer money, academic work, tuition fees, personal teaching, academic publications, university course, materials access, post-graduation access, funding sources, higher education, public access, European funding, policy studies, government spending, higher education policy, economic aspects, education finance, academic transparency, open access, educational resources, taxpayer rights, university finance, comparative education, public higher education, funding mechanisms, educational policy, academic publications access, education economics, public education spending, tuition-based funding, state funding, federal universities, public funding, academic materials, United States, higher education, government funding, Europe, taxpayer access, academic work, tuition fees, personal teaching, post-graduation access, funding sources, public domain, academic publications, educational finance, higher education policy, economic contribution, state support, international comparison
test-politics-glgvhbqssc-pro01a	"Quebec needs to be independent to retain its distinct language and culture.  The only way to ensure that Quebecers get to retain their distinct culture is to gain independence as a country and remove themselves from the Canadian federation.  A very big issue for certain Quebecers is the threat that an overwhelmingly English-speaking country has on their pocket of distinct French-Quebecois culture [1] . The unrestricted immigration of English-speaking Canadians to Quebec has diluted the culture of the Quebecois and has set off the process of cultural-loss and the highly feared loss of their language [2] . Moreover, whenever Quebec has tried to put in place provisions to protect their culture and language, such as with Bill 101 [3] , Quebec is called racist and Canadian Federal Courts try to strike down their laws to stop their “discrimination” against English-speaking Canadians in their province [4] .  The only way that Quebec can protect its language and culture is to be able to stop the unrestricted flow of English-speaking immigration into its territory and gain complete control over its own law and cultural policy. The only way to do this is to gain independence from Canada.  [1] ""Only Quebec independence can protect French language: PQ strategist."" CBS News Canada 26 Nov 2007, n. pag. Web. 1 Dec. 2011. <  .  [2] ""Only Quebec independence can protect French language: PQ strategist."" CBS News Canada 26 Nov 2007, n. pag. Web. 1 Dec. 2011. <  .  [3] ""Bill 101."" The Canadian Encyclopedia. Web. 1 Dec 2011. <  .  [4] ""Bill 101."" The Canadian Encyclopedia. Web. 1 Dec 2011. <  . Quebec, independence, French language, culture, Canadian federation, English-speaking, immigration, cultural-loss, Bill 101, racism, Canadian Federal Courts, discrimination, law, policy, Quebecois, Quebec independence, protect, French-Quebecois, unrestricted, territory, control Quebec, independence, language, culture, French-Quebecois, English-speaking, Canada, immigration, cultural-loss, Bill 101, Canadian Federal Courts, discrimination, law, policy Quebec, independence, language, culture, distinct, French-Quebecois, English-speaking, Canada, federation, immigration, cultural-loss, Bill 101, racist, Canadian Federal Courts, discrimination, policy, territory, control, law, protect, Quebecois, provisions, CBS News Canada, The Canadian Encyclopedia Quebec, independence, language, culture, Canadian federation, English-speaking, French-Quebecois, immigration, cultural-loss, Bill 101, Canadian Federal Courts, discrimination, unrestricted flow, law, cultural policy Quebec independence, distinct language, culture retention, Canadian federation, French-Quebecois culture, English-speaking threat, cultural dilution, language loss, Bill 101, cultural policy, immigration control, discrimination claims, Quebecois identity, linguistic protection, provincial autonomy, federal interference"
test-law-lghbacpsba-pro01a	It makes it more likely that attorneys will lie for their clients  If communications between an attorney and their client are confidential, then it allows for lies to be put forward to the court in order to defend someone who is guilty. In the case of a criminal matter, it could mean that even though a defendant has stated they are guilty to their attorney, they will not be found to be guilty. Every attorney wants to win their case, and if they are likely to conceal the confession of their client if it means their client will be released. As the communication is confidential, such confession will not be informed to the court and the attorney would not be exposed for their lies. The confidential nature of the communications between attorney and client open the possibility for a system of justice based upon lies. This is not just and so the Attorney-Client Privilege should be abolished. attorney-client privilege, confidentiality, legal ethics, justice system, fraud, court proceedings, guilty clients, legal representation, attorney liability, criminal defense, truth in court, legal confidentiality, abolish attorney-client privilege, legal profession integrity attorney-client privilege, confidentiality, legal ethics, justice system, client confession, attorney misconduct, legal profession, judicial integrity, criminal defense, guilty clients, court proceedings, legal reform, privilege abolition, professional responsibility, client-attorney communication, legal transparency, lying in court, legal accountability, defendant rights, legal confidentiality issues attorney-client privilege, confidentiality, legal ethics, court deception, guilty defendants, defense strategies, justice system, legal representation, client confession, abolition of attorney-client privilege attorney-client privilege, legal ethics, confidentiality, justice system, lawyer-client communication, guilty defendants, court deception, legal professional privilege, abolition of privilege, legal integrity, client confession, judicial fairness, legal representation, lawyer misconduct, legal principles, courtroom honesty, legal confidentiality issues, attorney responsibilities, legal reform, ethical law practice attorney-client privilege, legal ethics, confidential communication, professional misconduct, justice system, truth in court, legal representation, client confession, criminal defense, case outcomes, ethical obligations, abolishing attorney-client privilege, impact on judiciary, lawyer-client relationship, legal advocacy, court integrity, guilty plea, legal consequences, confidentiality issues, legal reform
test-culture-ascidfakhba-con03a	The lack of control over, and profit from, art will serve as a serious disincentive to artistic output  Profit is as much a factor in artists’ decision to produce work, if not more so, than the primordial urge to create. Without the guarantee of ownership over one’s artistic work, the incentive to invest in its creation is certainly diminished. Within a strong copyright system, individuals feel free to invest time in their pursuits because they have full knowledge that the final product of their labours will be theirs to enjoy. [1] Without copyright protections the marginal cases, like people afraid to put time into actually building an installation art piece rather than doing more hours at their job, will not opt to create. If their work were to immediately leave their control, they would most certainly be less inclined to do so. Furthermore, the inability of others to simply duplicate existing works as their own means they too will be galvanized to break ground on new ideas, rather than simply re-tread over current ideas and to adapt existing works to markets. Art thrives by being new and original. Copyright protections shield against artistic laziness and drive the creative urges of the artistically inclined to ever more interesting fields.  [1] Greenberg, M. “Reason or Madness: A Defense of Copyright’s Growing Pains”. John Marshall Review of Intellectual Property Law. 2007. artistic output, profit, control, copyright, incentive, creation, ownership, investment, time, installation art, intellectual property, creative urges, originality, laziness, market, legal protections, disincentive, economic factors, artist motivation art, copyright, profit, incentive, creation, ownership, investment, laziness, originality, protections, disincentive, artists, output, intellectual, property, creativity,盗版, 作品, 利润, 投资, 艺术家, 创作, 产权, 激励, 原创性, 懒惰, 保护, 市场, 安装艺术, 产权法, 创意, 边际案例, 时间, 劳动成果, 享受, 自由, 追求, 新颖, 重复, artistic output, profit, control, copyright, incentive, artistic creation, ownership, investment, time, labor, copyright protections, installation art, market, originality, creativity, artistic laziness, intellectual property, copyright law art, copyright, profit, incentive, creation, ownership, installation, laziness, originality, protection, investment, disincentive, intellectual, property, markets, artistic, output, motivation, creativity artistic output, profit, copyright, incentive, creation, ownership, investment, time, installation art, job, duplication, originality, creativity, protections, market, laziness, intellectual property, legal protections, artistic disincentive, economic factors, artistic production, legal rights, artists' rights, creative process, creative industries, cultural production, legal framework, cultural incentive, economic incentive, artistic incentives, copyright law, intellectual creation, art creation, creative works, economic motivation, art market, creative economy, artistic labor, legal保障, creative freedom, artistic expression, economic security, legal security, creative investment, cultural economics, artistic
test-culture-mmctghwbsa-pro01a	"Sexist advertising is harmful to society, especially women.  Sexist advertising harms women through objectification and diminishing of self-image. The United Nations Convention to Eliminate Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW) links stereotypes about women to prejudice based on gender.1 Through visual and verbal messages women are portrayed as subservient to men. Women are seen increasingly as sex objects and these ads legitimize violence against women.2 Sexist advertising also harms women's self-image by portraying an ideal stylized body.3 The implied message is that consumers should seek to acquire these images even if they are contrary to the reality of body types and features. Eating disorders and obsessive beauty products consumption results in order to attain ideal beauty images presented in the media.4 Sexist ads also harm men through stereotyped images of masculinity.5 1 Object.Org. ""Women not Sex Objects."" 2011/ August 24 2 Newswise.com. ""Study Find Rise in Sexualized Images of Women."" 2011/08/10 3 Kilbourne, Jean. ""Beauty... and the Beast of Advertising "" sexist advertising, harm to society, women, objectification, self-image, CEDAW, gender stereotypes, prejudice, visual messages, verbal messages, subservient, sex objects, violence against women, ideal body, eating disorders, beauty products, consumption, ideal beauty, media, masculinity, stereotyped images, sexualized images, Jean Kilbourne, Object.Org, Newswise.com sexist advertising, harm, society, women, objectification, self-image, CEDAW, stereotypes, gender, visual messages, verbal messages, subservient, sex objects, violence, self-image, ideal body, eating disorders, beauty products, consumption, ideal beauty, media, men, masculinity, stereotyped images, sexualized images, study, rise, Jean Kilbourne, Beauty... and the Beast of Advertising sexist advertising, harm to society, women, objectification, self-image, CEDAW, gender stereotypes, prejudice, visual messages, verbal messages, subservience, sex objects, violence against women, ideal body, eating disorders, beauty products, consumption, ideal beauty, masculinity, sexualized images, Jean Kilbourne, media representation sexist advertising, harm, society, women, objectification, self-image, CEDAW, stereotypes, gender prejudice, visual messages, verbal messages, subservient, sex objects, legitimize violence, self-image harm, ideal stylized body, eating disorders, beauty products, ideal beauty images, media, men, masculinity stereotypes, sexualized images, rise, Jean Kilbourne, Beauty and the Beast of Advertising sexist advertising, harm, society, women, objectification, self-image, CEDAW, stereotypes, gender prejudice, visual messages, verbal messages, subservient, sex objects, violence, eating disorders, beauty products, consumption, ideal beauty, body types, features, masculinity, sexualized images, Jean Kilbourne, Newswise, Object.Org"
test-culture-mthbah-con02a	Advertising helps us choose between different goods.  Advertising has a positive role to play in modern society, helping us choose between competing goods. Many adverts are drawing our attention to products with new features, for example more powerful computers, telephones which are also cameras and music players, or foods with added vitamins. Other adverts try to compete on price, helping us seek out the cheapest or best value products. In most cases advertising does not make us go shopping – we would be planning to buy food, clothes, gifts and entertainment anyway. What advertising does is to help us make better decisions about how to spend our money, by giving us more information about the choices available. Advertising, consumer choice, product information, market competition, consumer decision-making, product features, price competition, value for money, informed purchasing, societal role of advertising, product variety, consumer guidance, shopping behavior, economic function of advertising Advertising, consumer choice, product information, market competition, product features, innovation, price comparison, value for money, shopping decisions, consumer guidance, informed purchasing, modern society Advertising, consumer choice, product comparison, information provision, market competition, product features, price comparison, consumer decision-making, economic role, societal impact, goods selection, value for money, shopping behavior, consumer awareness, product innovation Advertising,choose,goods,positive,role,modern,society,competing,products,new,features,powerful,computers,telephones,cameras,music,players,foods,added,vitamins,price,cheapest,best,value,shopping,planning,buy,food,clothes,gifts,entertainment,decisions,spend,money,information,choices Advertising, choice, goods, positive role, modern society, competing goods, new features, powerful computers, telephones, cameras, music players, foods, added vitamins, price competition, cheapest products, best value, shopping, planning to buy, food, clothes, gifts, entertainment, better decisions, spending money, information, choices available
test-politics-eppghwgpi-pro05a	Prosecutions of politicians are often motivated by partisan concerns.  As noted above, the political life is steeped in difficult decisions, and some of these are bound to result in choices that are at least potentially illegal. The ability to prosecute politicians incentivizes political opponents to search out past actions by said politicians so as to immobilize them politically. Such prosecutions are therefore not motivated by concern for justice, nor are they conducive to a well-functioning, multipartisan political system wherein representatives seek to work together to achieve their political ends. In the most extreme cases, powerful politicians use prosecutions to immobilize their political opponents. Prosecutions, Politicians, Partisan, Concerns, Political, Life, Decisions, Illegal, Incentivizes, Opponents, Actions, Immobilize, Justice, Multipartisan, System, Representatives, Achieve, Ends, Powerful, Use, Extreme, Cases Prosecutions, politicians, partisan, concerns, political, life, difficult, decisions, potentially, illegal, incentivizes, opponents, search, immobilize, motivated, justice, well-functioning, multipartisan, system, representatives, achieve, ends, extreme, powerful, use, opponents Prosecutions, Politicians, Partisan, Concerns, Political, Decisions, Illegal, Incentivizes, Opponents, Immobilize, Justice, Multipartisan, System, Representatives, Achieve, Ends, Powerful, Use, Extreme, Cases prosecutions, politicians, partisan, concerns, political, life, difficult, decisions, illegal, choices, incentivizes, opponents, search, immobilize, motivated, justice, well-functioning, multipartisan, system, representatives, achieve, ends, powerful, use, extreme, cases Prosecutions, Politicians, Partisan, Concerns, Political, Life, Decisions, Illegal, Incentivizes, Opponents, Actions, Immobilize, Justice, Multipartisan, System, Representatives, Achieve, Ends, Extreme, Powerful, Use, Opponents
test-religion-grcrgshwbr-con04a	It is their culture and religion.  Religions themselves tend to encompass their own distinctive culture and, to many of their members, this culture and its methods comes before anything secular. For this reason, Muslims should be allowed to wear personal items as it states in the ruling of their religious book to do so. Had a particular garment been required in the Christian religious book - The Bible - then no doubt those stout Christians would follow this particular ruling. The question is, would it be wrong to take away something close and meaningful to these religions? Surely, a religious symbol or method is purely personal, and, therefore, banning such symbols would be an intrusion into their individuality.1  1 Jessica Shepherd, 'Uniform Dissent', The Guardian, 9th October 2007 , accessed on 24th July 2011 culture, religion, distinctive, secular, Muslims, personal, items, ruling, religious, book, Christians, Bible, garment, symbol, method, personal, individuality, banning, intrusion, Jessica Shepherd, Uniform Dissent, The Guardian, 2007 culture, religion, distinctive, secular, Muslims, personal, ruling, religious, book, Christians, Bible, garment, required, follow, take away, meaningful, religious, symbol, method, personal, banning, intrusion, individuality culture, religion, distinctive, secular, Muslims, personal, religious, ruling, Christians, Bible, garment, symbol, individuality, banning, intrusion, meaningful, personal, uniform, dissent, Jessica Shepherd, The Guardian culture, religion, distinctive, secular, Muslims, personal, items, ruling, religious, book, garment, Bible, Christians, symbol, method, meaningful, banning, intrusion, individuality culture, religion, secular, Muslims, religious items, ruling, religious book, Christians, The Bible, personal, religious symbol, individuality, banning, intrusion, Jessica Shepherd, Uniform Dissent, The Guardian
test-society-epsihbdns-pro04a	Poor, uneducated people are lured into cities  The cause of rural-urban migration in developing nations and the main reason why it becomes problematic is that people who move to the cities are not making informed decisions. They are led to believe that the cities contain opportunities that they cannot find where they live, and there are no mechanisms such as efficient media or adequate education to eradicate this misconception. [1] Myths can be easily propagated by a single successful migrant returning home to visit that then attracts many others to try their luck without any knowledge of the possible costs. [2] This is exacerbated by unscrupulous organisations that prey on their desperation to take all their money to organise their move to the city. Some of those who are trafficked find themselves brought to the city and exploited through forced labour, begging, or even prostitution. [3] Many of those who move to cities find themselves in a worse situation but have lost any moving power they originally had and are thus trapped.  [1] Zhan, Shaohua. “What Determines Migrant Workers' Life Chances in Contemporary China? Hukou, Social Exclusion, and the Market.” 243, 2011, Vol. 37.  [2] Waibel, Hermann, and Schmidt, Erich, “Urban-rural relations”, in Feeding Asian Cities: Food Production and Processing Issues, FAO, November 2000,   [3] “UNIAP Vietnam”, United Nations Inter Agency Project on Human Trafficking, accessed March 2013, rural-urban migration, developing nations, uneducated, poor, informed decisions, media, education, myths, successful migrant, unscrupulous organizations, trafficking, forced labour, begging, prostitution, trapped, Zhan Shaohua, Hukou, social exclusion, Hermann Waibel, Erich Schmidt, UNIAP Vietnam, United Nations Inter Agency Project on Human Trafficking rural-urban migration, developing nations, informed decisions, efficient media, adequate education, myths, successful migrant, unscrupulous organisations, desperation, trafficking, forced labour, prostitution, social exclusion, hukou, urban-rural relations, food production, processing issues, human trafficking, UNIAP Vietnam rural-urban migration, developing nations, uneducated, uninformed decisions, media inefficiency, educational inadequacy, myths, successful migrant, unscrupulous organizations, desperation, trafficking, forced labour, prostitution, social exclusion, hukou, market, urban-rural relations, food production, processing issues, UNIAP Vietnam, human trafficking rural-urban migration, developing nations, uneducated people, informed decisions, urban opportunities, media influence, education deficit, myths propagation, successful migrant, unscrupulous organizations, desperation exploitation, forced labour, prostitution, social exclusion, market dynamics, urban-rural relations, food production, human trafficking, migrant workers, life chances, hukou system, UNIAP Vietnam, FAO reports, exploitation prevention, policy interventions rural-urban migration, developing nations, uninformed decisions, inadequate education, media inefficiency, misconceptions, myths, successful migrant influence, unscrupulous organizations, exploitation, forced labor, prostitution, social exclusion, hukou, urban-rural relations, food production, human trafficking, UNIAP Vietnam
test-international-ipecfiepg-con01a	Defaulting would cause chaos in Greece  There is no good solution for the crisis Greece finds itself in, only less bad ones. Austerity measures imposed on Greece may currently be causing suffering, but austerity is the least bad option available for the Greek people: default would be considerably worse. Here is what would most likely happen:  The Greek banking sector would collapse [1]. A large portion of the Greek debt is owed to Greek banks and companies, many of which would quickly go bankrupt when the Government defaults. This is also because Greek banks are almost totally reliant on the ECB for liquidity. [2] People would consequently lose their savings, and credit would be close to impossible to find.  The Government would quickly devalue the Drachma by at least 50%. This will lead to imported goods being more expensive and consequently to a huge rise in inflation with the living costs increasing tremendously.[3]  These two events would lead to a severe shortage of credit, making it almost impossible for struggling companies to survive. Unemployment would soar as a result. It will become increasingly difficult to secure supplies of oil, medicine, foodstuffs and other goods. Naturally, those hit worst would be the poor. The Government, in this respect, would be failing on an enormous scale in providing many citizens with the basic needs. [4]  [1] Brzeski, Carsten: “Viewpoints: What if Greece exits euro?”, BBC News, 13 July 2012,   [2] Ruparel, Raoul and Persson, Mats: “Better off Out? The short-term options for Greece inside and outside of the euro”, June 2012, Open Europe, 2012   [3] ibid  [4] Arghyrou, Michael: “Viewpoints: What if Greece exits euro?”, BBC News, 13 July 2012, Greece, default, crisis, austerity, banking sector, ECB, savings, credit, Drachma, devaluation, inflation, unemployment, poverty, essential goods, euro exit, short-term options, economic impact, social impact, policy failure, financial stability, international debt, liquidity, bankruptcy, economic crisis, currency devaluation, imported goods, credit shortage, company survival, basic needs, government failure, economic consequences, social consequences, financial measures, economic measures, economic recovery, financial crisis, economic policy, European Central Bank, Greek economy, economic options, eurozone, economic analysis, financial analysis, economic outlook, austerity measures, Greece, default, crisis, austerity, banking sector, ECB, savings, credit, Drachma, devaluation, inflation, unemployment, imports, food, medicine, poverty, government failure, euro exit, economic collapse Greece, default, crisis, austerity, banking sector, ECB, savings, credit, Drachma, inflation, unemployment, poverty, supplies, euro exit, economic collapse, social impact, financial measures, recovery options, international aid, European Central Bank, currency devaluation, import costs, public sector, private sector, economic policy, financial stability, living standards, economic sanctions, debt restructuring, economic forecasts, political economy, financial markets, economic indicators, economic analysis, financial crisis, eurozone, Greece debt, Greek economy, economic sanctions, financial regulation, credit markets, bailout, recession, economic reform, financial support, tourism, Greece, default, crisis, austerity, banks, ECB, savings, credit, devaluation, Drachma, inflation, unemployment, imports, poverty, government failure, euro exit, short-term options, economic collapse, financial crisis, debt, bankruptcy, liquidity, living costs, supply shortage, medicine, food, oil, basic needs, Carsten Brzeski, Raoul Ruparel, Mats Persson, Michael Arghyrou, BBC News, Open Europe Greek debt, austerity measures, Greek banks, ECB liquidity, savings loss, credit scarcity, Drachma devaluation, inflation rise, living cost increase, unemployment surge, supply shortages, poverty impact, government failure, euro exit, short-term options, economic crisis, financial stability, European Central Bank, economic sanctions, international aid, fiscal policy, public spending, economic recovery, social unrest, political instability, Greece economy, eurozone impact, financial markets, default consequences, economic hardship, humanitarian crisis, economic alternatives, Greece euro exit, economic austerity, financial collapse, economic depression, currency devaluation, import costs, economic sanctions, European Union
test-politics-gvhbhlsbr-con04a	The public is apathetic to reform.  Whether or not reform of the House of Lords should be a top priority in the current economic climate is debateable, let alone whether or not a coalition government would be able to initiate and drive through such measures. Attempts to reform the House of Lords have been delayed time and time again, demonstrating the House of Commons’ reservations on change. [1] A feeling that is no doubt echoed in popular British opinion – as demonstrated by the recent outcome of the Alternative Vote – the public are either adverse to the idea of change or apathetic to it. [2]  [1] Summers, Deborah, ‘Labour's attempts to reform the House of Lords’, The Guardian (27 January, 2009), viewed on 1 June 2011   [2] BBC News, ‘Vote 2011: UK rejects alternative vote, 7 May 2011, public apathy, reform, House of Lords, economic climate, coalition government, House of Commons, reservations on change, British opinion, Alternative Vote, electoral reform, political change, public opinion, political apathy, voting systems, UK politics, constitutional reform public apathy, reform, House of Lords, economic climate, coalition government, political change, House of Commons, reservations, British public opinion, alternative vote, electoral reform, political inertia, policymaking, legislative process, voter preference, referendum outcome public apathy, reform, House of Lords, economic climate, coalition government, House of Commons, reservations, change, British opinion, Alternative Vote, referendum, political reform, voter turnout, electoral system, constitutional change, political engagement, citizen attitudes, political priorities, legislative process, parliamentary reform, policy agenda, Summers, Deborah, The Guardian, BBC News, Vote 2011, UK rejects, alternative vote public apathy, reform, House of Lords, economic climate, coalition government, House of Commons, reservations on change, popular British opinion, adverse to change, Alternative Vote, referendum, BBC News, Labour attempts, Deborah Summers, The Guardian public apathy, reform, House of Lords, economic climate, coalition government, House of Commons, reservations, change, British opinion, Alternative Vote, referendum, political reform, parliamentary reform, UK politics, democratic reform, constitutional change, voter sentiment, electoral reform, political stalemate, legislative priorities
test-law-ilppppghb-pro03a	"Self-determination embodies the fundamental right of peoples to decide their own futures.  Modern liberal democracy is founded on the idea that people should be free to decide their own leaders and their own futures, but not all states give their minority peoples such a right. However, this is a right guaranteed under international law. The International Court of Justice has held that this right applies not just to national governments but also people1. The two important United Nations studies on the right to self-determination set out factors of a people that give rise to possession of right to self-determination: a history of independence or self-rule in an identifiable territory, a distinct culture, and a will and capability to regain self-governance2. If these criteria are in place, such peoples should have the right to determine their own constitutional and political arrangements.  1 Western Sahara Case, 1975 International Court of Justice 12, 31. 2Critescu, A. and GrosEspiell, H. ""The Right to Self-determination"", United Nations, 1980 (not online, but widely cited self-determination, fundamental-right, peoples, futures, modern-liberal-democracy, free-decision, leaders, minority-peoples, international-law, International-Court-of-Justice, national-governments, identifiable-territory, distinct-culture, self-governance, constitutional-arrangements, Western-Sahara-Case, United-Nations, right-to-self-determination, Critescu, GrosEspiell Self-determination, fundamental right, peoples, futures, modern liberal democracy, minority peoples, international law, International Court of Justice, Western Sahara Case, United Nations, right to self-determination, distinct culture, will and capability, self-governance, constitutional arrangements, political arrangements, Critescu, GrosEspiell self-determination, peoples, fundamental-right, modern-liberal-democracy, minority-peoples, international-law, International-Court-of-Justice, Western-Sahara-Case, United-Nations, right-to-self-determination, criteria, independence, self-rule, distinct-culture, self-governance, constitutional-arrangements, political-arrangements, Critescu, GrosEspiell Self-determination, fundamental right, peoples, futures, modern liberal democracy, minority peoples, international law, International Court of Justice, Western Sahara Case, United Nations, right to self-determination, distinct culture, self-governance, constitutional arrangements, political arrangements, history of independence, identifiable territory, will to regain, capability to regain self-determination, fundamental right, peoples, futures, modern liberal democracy, minority peoples, international law, International Court of Justice, right to self-determination, United Nations, history of independence, self-rule, identifiable territory, distinct culture, will and capability, self-governance, constitutional arrangements, political arrangements, Western Sahara Case, Critescu, GrosEspiell"
test-law-thgglcplgphw-pro02a	Coca production can be justified on cultural grounds  Coca chewing is hugely prevalent amongst the peoples of the Andes, and their social relationship with it is akin to that of ours with coffee in Western nations. This is why so many nations in this region cannot and simply will not ever conform to any international ban that calls for phasing it out. The custom of chewing coca leaves may date back as far as 3000 BC in the region, and so hugely pre-dates cocaine consumption, and thus shouldn't be bundled with it or banned on the grounds that cocaine is banned. [1] Coca has also been a vital part of the religious traditions of the Andean peoples from the pre-Inca period through to the present, being used 'to communicate with the supernatural world and obtain its protection, especially with offerings to the Pachamama, the personification and spiritual form of the earth.' [2] All South American countries have signed several declarations by the Union of South American Nations (UNASUR) that acknowledged that the chewing of coca leaves is an ancestral cultural expression that should be respected by the international community. [3] The international discouragement of the practice of chewing coca leaves and the prohibition on its use by Andeans when they travel or reside abroad can thus be seen as a violation of their indigenous religious and traditional rights, and therefore is not acceptable on a moral level.  [1] Morales, Evo. “Let Me Chew My Coca Leaves”. New York Times. March 13, 2009.   [2] Transnational Institute Debate Papers. “Coca yes, cocaine, no?”. Transnational Institute. No. 2006/2. No. 13. May 2006.   [3] Jelsma, Martin. “Lifting the Ban on Coca Chewing”. Transnational Institute, Series on Legislative Reform of Drug Policies Nr. 11. March 2011. coca, production, cultural, grounds, chewing, Andes, social, relationship, coffee, Western, nations, international, ban, phasing, out, custom, 3000, BC, pre-dates, cocaine, consumption, religious, traditions, pre-Inca, present, communicate, supernatural, world, protection, offerings, Pachamama, earth, South, American, countries, declarations, Union, South, American, Nations, UNASUR, ancestral, cultural, expression, respected, international, community, discouragement, practice, violation, indigenous, religious, traditional, rights, moral, level Coca, production, cultural, grounds, chewing, Andes, social, relationship, coffee, Western, nations, international, ban, phasing, out, 3000, BC, cocaine, consumption, religious, traditions, pre-Inca, period, supernatural, Pachamama, personification, spiritual, earth, South, American, countries, declarations, Union, South, American, Nations, UNASUR, ancestral, cultural, expression, respected, international, community, discouragement, prohibition, Andeans, travel, reside, abroad, violation, indigenous, religious, traditional, rights, moral, Coca, production, cultural, justification, chewing, Andes, social, relationship, coffee, Western, nations, international, ban, phasing, out, custom, 3000, BC, pre-dates, cocaine, consumption, religious, traditions, pre-Inca, Pachamama, supernatural, protection, South, American, UNASUR, declarations, ancestral, expression, respect, international, community, discouragement, prohibition, travel, abroad, indigenous, rights, moral, Morales, Evo, New, York, Times, Transnational, Institute, debate, papers, Lifting, Jelsma Coca production, cultural justification, Andes, coca chewing, coffee comparison, international ban, traditional rights, Andean peoples, cocaine distinction, religious traditions, Pachamama, UNASUR declarations, indigenous rights, moral violation Coca production, cultural grounds, coca chewing, Andes, social relationship, coffee, Western nations, international ban, phasing out, 3000 BC, cocaine consumption, religious traditions, pre-Inca, Pachamama, Union of South American Nations, UNASUR, ancestral cultural expression, international community, indigenous rights, moral level, Evo Morales, Transnational Institute, drug policies, legislative reform
test-international-aghbfcpspr-con01a	Time has removed the opportunity to truly make reparations to those who may have deserved it.  Reparations are used to make ‘amends for wrong or injury done’ [1] ; it is impossible to truly achieve this when the victims of wrongdoing are long since dead. Moreover, reparations which may have been made immediately after colonisation could have had a specific purpose – for example, to rebuild property which was destroyed, or to restore items which were wrongfully taken. However, the development of both countries has led to a very different state of affairs in both, and there may no longer be an obvious end for the money from reparations. There is also no precedent for giving reparations to countries after so long a period of time. For example, Germany began paying reparations to Israel in 1952 [2] , only 7 years after World War II ended in 1945. Time also makes it very difficult to judge who the ‘victims’ are now. The descendants of original victims may well be independently wealthy now – would it be right to financially cripple of Western country and their people, already suffering from economic depression, to pay people who may not need it now? In any case, it would take a very long to even work out how we could pay reparations, let alone whether we should.  [1] Accessed from  on 12/09/11  [2] Accessed from  on 12/09/11 Time, reparations, victims, wrongdoing, colonisation, property, restoration, development, precedent, Germany, Israel, World War II, descendants, wealth, economic depression, judgment, financial impact, payment feasibility time, reparations, victims, wrongdoing, dead, colonisation, property, restoration, items, development, countries, precedent, Germany, Israel, World War II, descendants, independently wealthy, financial burden, Western country, economic depression, judgment, payment, feasibility, moral obligation, historical injustice, compensation, intergenerational equity, societal change, legal precedent, ethical considerations, economic impact, cultural heritage, restitution, political implications, international relations, human rights, social justice, historical accountability Time, reparations, opportunity, victims, wrongdoing, colonisation, purpose, property, restoration, development, precedent, Germany, Israel, World War II, descendants, financial impact, economic depression, justice, compensation, ethical considerations, historical injustices, payment mechanisms, societal change, moral responsibility, legal framework, international relations, historical reparations, colonial era, economic reparations, intergenerational equity time, reparations, wrongdoing, victims, colonisation, property, restoration, development, countries, precedent, Germany, Israel, World War II, descendants, economic depression, wealth, judgment, financial impact, calculation, moral obligation, historical injustice, compensation, ethical considerations, legal precedent, international relations, economic reparations, historical accountability reparations, wrongdoing, victims, colonisation, property, items, countries, development, precedent, Germany, Israel, World War II, descendants, independently wealthy, financial crippling, economic depression, judgment, payment, time, opportunity, amends, injury, long period, purpose, state of affairs, Western country, economic depression, financial distribution, historical justice, moral obligation, practical challenges, compensation, restitution, intergenerational equity
test-science-eassgbatj-pro02a	Animal research causes severe harm to the animals involved  The point of animal research is that animals are harmed. Even if they don’t suffer in the experiment, almost all are killed afterwards. With 115 million animals used a year this is a big problem. Releasing medical research animals in to the wild would be dangerous for them, and they would not be usable as pets. [4]. The only solution is that they are wild from birth.  It is obvious that it’s not in the interest of animals to be killed or harmed. Research should be banned in order to prevent the deaths of millions of animals. animal research, severe harm, animal suffering, animal death, experiment ethics, medical testing, animal release, wild animals, pet suitability, animal rights, research banning, moral obligation, animal welfare, laboratory animals, annual statistics animal research, severe harm, animal suffering, animal death, experiment subjects, post-experiment fate, annual animal use, medical research, wild release, pet adoption, animal welfare, ethical treatment, animal rights, research alternatives, animal experimentation, humane methods, ban animal research animal research, severe harm, animal suffering, animal death, medical research, release animals, wild from birth, ban animal research, animal ethics, animal welfare, laboratory animals, humane alternatives, animal testing, cruelty to animals, animal rights, scientific research, animal sacrifice, research ethics, non-animal models, animal conservation animal research, severe harm, animals harmed, killed afterwards, 115 million animals, medical research animals, dangerous release, wild from birth, prevent deaths, research ban animal research, severe harm, animal suffering, experiment casualties, annual animal usage, medical research animals, wild release, pet unsuitability, wild-born solution, animal death prevention, research ban
test-international-appghblsba-con02a	A local, decentralized authority can provide better opportunities and solutions for Lesotho  With a population of only 2 million people the Basotho would not have the voice and the votes for legislative and executive authority in SA. South Africa’s population of 53million would swamp their voice. Moreover, keeping the local government in place provides a better option for the people in Lesotho as they are closer to their government than they would be in a bigger state. Lesotho needs a decentralized government that can respond to the wishes and needs of the people. This is something the SA government might not be able to provide it as they are trying to provide general solutions for all of its territory. [1] Lesotho is one of the leaders for democracy in Southern Africa [2] ; joining South Africa would not provide an improvement in accountability. In Europe and even in South Africa, secession movements exists because people feel they are better represented in a smaller state as their vote is more important. This is the case with the king of the abaThembu who is seeking an independent state from the SA government. [3]  [1] ‘9 major problems facing South Africa - and how to fix them’, Leader, 18 July 2011,   [2] Jordan, Michael J., ‘Lesotho leads southern Africa in democracy’, globalpost, 7 June 2012,   [3] ‘Angry king Dalindyebo seeks independent state’, City Press, 23 December 2009, Lesotho, decentralized government, local authority, Basotho, population, South Africa, legislative authority, executive authority, democracy, Southern Africa, secession movements, abaThembu, king Dalindyebo, accountability, representation, independent state, smaller state, general solutions, closer government, voice, votes, improvement, solutions, wishes, needs, territory, leaders, major problems, fix, globalpost, City Press, Leader, Michael J. Jordan Lesotho, decentralized authority, Basotho, legislative authority, executive authority, South Africa, population, local government, general solutions, accountability, secession movements, abaThembu, independent state, democracy, Southern Africa Lesotho, decentralized authority, local government, Basotho, South Africa, population, legislative authority, executive authority, democracy, Southern Africa, secession movements, abaThembu, independent state, accountability, representation, vote importance, general solutions, regional governance, European secession, Dalindyebo Lesotho, decentralized authority, Basotho, South Africa, population, legislative authority, executive authority, local government, democracy, secession movements, abaThembu, independent state, accountability, representation, king Dalindyebo, Southern Africa, general solutions, European secession, vote importance, closer government, citizen needs, democratic leadership Lesotho, decentralized authority, local government, Basotho, population, South Africa, legislative authority, executive authority, voice, votes, secession movements, democracy, Southern Africa, accountability, abaThembu, independent state, king Dalindyebo, general solutions, territorial needs, representation, smaller state, vote importance
test-culture-ascidfakhba-con04a	Artists often rely on copyright protection to financially support themselves and their families  Artists as they are often not paid for anything else may rely on their creative output to support themselves. This is certainly no crime, and existing copyright laws recognize this fact. Artists often rely wholly on their ability to sell and profit from their work. This policy serves to drain them of that potential revenue, as their work is shunted into creative commons, and available to all. Artists often also have families to support, and putting the added financial burden on them of stripping them of their copyright only serves to further those problems as they exist. A robust system of copyright is a much better protection to struggling and successful artists alike who like all talented individuals seek to assuage their material wants. Artists cannot live on appreciation alone. With much less secure copyright many would have to find other work. copyright, financial, support, artists, families, creative, output, profit, work, policy, revenue, creative commons, financial burden, copyright protection, robust system, struggling, successful, material wants, appreciation, less secure copyright, find other work artists, copyright, protection, financial, support, families, creative, output, policy, creative commons, revenue, robust, system, struggling, successful, material, appreciation, less secure, find other work Artists, Copyright, Financial Support, Creative Output, Copyright Laws, Revenue, Creative Commons, Families, Financial Burden, Robust System, Struggling Artists, Material Wants, Appreciation, Secure Copyright, Other Work artists, copyright, protection, financial, support, families, creative, output, policy, creative commons, revenue, robust, system, struggling, successful, appreciation, secure, work copyright, artists, financial support, families, creative output, policy, creative commons, revenue, financial burden, robust copyright, protection, struggling artists, successful artists, material wants, appreciation, secure copyright, other work
test-international-bmaggiahbl-pro01a	Authoritarian leadership  President Kagame though considered a visionary leader has made Rwanda a country based on one man’s ideas. He has silenced critics, opposition and any counter arguments that may not support his opinions through tough rules imposed against the media and free speech. This sparked misunderstandings within the government forcing 4 four high rank officials in exile, one, an ex-intelligence chief was recently murdered in South Africa[1].  Rwanda is essentially a hard-line, one-party, secretive police state with a façade of democracy[2]. To avoid future conflict and government break down Kagame needs to convene a genuine, inclusive, unconditional and comprehensive national dialogue with the aim of preparing and strengthening the country’s future progress.  The fact that most Rwandans still want him to run for re-election after his two terms in 2017 shows how much he has controlled people to believe he is the only potential leader in a country of more than 11 million citizens. If Rwanda is to have a stable future democracy it needs to be recognised that the opposition are patriots too and should be entitled to freedom of speech and press to give them an opportunity to share their views on how the country can be improved. For democracy in Rwanda to progress the country needs to accept the idea of freedom of speech and a ‘loyal opposition’.[3]  [1] Aljazeera Africa news, ‘Rwandan ex-spy chief found dead in S Africa’, Aljazeera.com, 2 January 2014  [2] Kenzer, Stephen, ‘Kagame's authoritarian turn risks Rwanda's future’, thegurdian.com, 27 January 2011  [3] Fisher, Julie, ‘Emerging Voices: Julie Fisher on Democratization NGOs and Loyal Opposition’, CFR, 13 March 2013 Authoritarian leadership, President Kagame, visionary leader, Rwanda, one man’s ideas, silenced critics, opposition, counter arguments, tough rules, media, free speech, misunderstandings, government, high rank officials, exile, ex-intelligence chief, murdered, South Africa, hard-line, one-party, secretive police state, façade democracy, future conflict, government breakdown, national dialogue, unconditional, comprehensive, future progress, Rwandans, re-election, controlled people, potential leader, stable future democracy, opposition, patriots, freedom of speech, loyal opposition, Aljazeera Africa news, Kenzer Stephen, thegurdian Authoritarian leadership, President Kagame, Rwanda, visionary leader, silenced critics, opposition, counter arguments, media, free speech, misunderstandings, government, high rank officials, exile, ex-intelligence chief, murder, South Africa, hard-line, one-party, secretive police state, façade of democracy, future conflict, government breakdown, national dialogue, re-election, terms, Rwandans, controlled, potential leader, stable future, democracy, opposition, patriots, freedom of speech, press, loyal opposition, Aljazeera Africa, Stephen Kenzer, Julie Fisher, CFR, thegurdian Authoritarian leadership, President Kagame, visionary leader, Rwanda, one man’s ideas, silenced critics, opposition, counter arguments, tough rules, media, free speech, misunderstandings, government, high rank officials, exile, ex-intelligence chief, murdered, South Africa, hard-line, one-party, secretive police state, façade democracy, future conflict, government breakdown, genuine dialogue, inclusive dialogue, unconditional dialogue, comprehensive dialogue, national dialogue, country’s future progress, Rwandans, re-election, controlled people, potential leader, stable future democracy, opposition, patriots, freedom of speech, press, share views, country improvement Authoritarian leadership, President Kagame, visionary leader, Rwanda, one man’s ideas, silenced critics, opposition, counter arguments, tough rules, media, free speech, misunderstandings, government, high rank officials, exile, ex-intelligence chief, murdered, South Africa, hard-line, one-party, secretive police state, façade of democracy, future conflict, government breakdown, genuine, inclusive, unconditional, comprehensive national dialogue, future progress, Rwandans, re-election, controlled, potential leader, stable future, democracy, freedom of speech, press, loyal opposition, democratization, NGOs, CFR, Aljazeera Africa news, authoritarian leadership, President Kagame, visionary leader, Rwanda, one man’s ideas, silenced critics, opposition, counter arguments, tough rules, media, free speech, misunderstandings, government, high rank officials, exile, ex-intelligence chief, murdered, South Africa, hard-line, one-party, secretive police state, façade of democracy, future conflict, government breakdown, national dialogue, inclusive, unconditional, comprehensive, future progress, Rwandans, re-election, controlled people, potential leader, stable future democracy, opposition, patriots, freedom of speech, press, loyal opposition, democratization, NGOs
test-international-ssiarcmhb-pro01a	"Radical changes risk the stability of the Catholic Church.  Whenever a Church makes a radical change to its doctrines and teachings it causes a huge amount of tension within the Church. An excellent example of this is the Church of England allowing women to become bishops; a huge number of people left the Church over the controversy. Since the Catholic Church's ban over contraception of all kinds is something that it has stood fast over for a great number of years, as well as something that sets it apart from most other denominations and faiths, the proposition believes that a change in this would result in a huge amount of tension within the Church. This tension would inevitably bring about a considerable risk of large parts of the Church collapsing altogether. This would be much the same as the tensions over gay priests in the Anglican church that have led to fears of a schism1. Therefore, in the interests of its own stability, the sensible course of action for the Catholic Church to take is to maintain its ban on contraception. 1 Brown, Andrew. ""Jeffrey John and the global Anglican schism: a potted history."" Guardian.co.uk, 8 July 2010 Radical changes, Catholic Church, stability, tension, Church of England, women bishops, contraception, ban, denominations, faiths, risk, collapse, schism, gay priests, Anglican church, Jeffrey John, Andrew Brown, Guardian, history Radical changes, Catholic Church stability, Church doctrine tension, Church of England, women bishops controversy, Catholic contraception ban, doctrinal change effects, Anglican church tensions, gay priests controversy, church schism, religious stability, doctrinal consistency, faith community, religious leadership, conservative church, progressive reforms, religious doctrine, church membership, religious tradition, modernization challenges, faith preservation Radical changes, Catholic Church, stability, tension, Church doctrines, teachings, Church of England, women bishops, contraception ban, denominations, faiths, proposition, collapse, schism, Jeffrey John, Anglican church, gay priests, stability, Andrew Brown, Guardian Radical changes, Catholic Church, stability, doctrines, teachings, tension, Church of England, women bishops, contraception, Anglican Church, gay priests, schism, Jeffrey John, Andrew Brown, Guardian, religious doctrine, church stability, doctrinal change, religious controversy, church membership decline, religious leadership, contraception ban, Catholic teachings, Anglican Communion, religious tensions, religious reform, church splits, religious policies, moral authority, religious practices, church doctrine, religious community, faith traditions, religious beliefs, contraception debate, religious ethics, moral issues, church governance, religious extremism, religious moderation, papal authority, Vatican, religious Catholic Church, radical changes, stability, tension, doctrinal shifts, Church of England, women bishops, contraception ban, denominational differences, schism, Anglican church, gay priests, Jeffrey John, Andrew Brown"
test-philosophy-apessghwba-con01a	Animals' rights are of less moral worth than human rights  Humans are complex beings with large well developed brains, that form sizeable social groups, have significant ability to communicate with one another, possess interconnected desires, preferences and interests about the world, have an awareness of their own existence and mortality, and as such are beings worthy of moral consideration. Animals too express some of these characteristics to some degree and thus animals too are worthy of moral consideration. However, animal lives and human lives are of unequal value. This is due to the fact that no animal possesses all of these characteristics to the same degree as the average human, or even comes particularly close. Thus any rights ascribed to animals should be truncated relative to the rights we ascribe to humans. [1] Therefore animals should not rightly possess the same rights to not be experimented upon as humans might. To the extent to which causing some harm to animals brings great benefit to humans, we are morally justified in creating some moral harm, to achieve a far greater moral good.  [1] Frey, R. G., “Moral Standing: The Value of Life and Speciesism”, in La Follette (ed.), Ethics in Practice, (Malden, Mass; Oxford : Blackwell Pub, 2007) Animals' rights, human rights, moral worth, complex beings, brain development, social groups, communication ability, desires, preferences, interests, self-awareness, mortality, moral consideration, unequal value, truncated rights, experimentation, moral justification, harm, benefit, moral good, Frey, R. G., Moral Standing, Value of Life, Speciesism, Ethics in Practice, La Follette animal rights, human rights, moral worth, complex beings, well-developed brains, social groups, communication, desires, preferences, interests, awareness, existence, mortality, moral consideration, unequal value, truncated rights, experimentation, moral harm, moral good, speciesism, ethical practice, R. G. Frey, La Follette, Blackwell Pub, 2007 Animals' rights, human rights, moral worth, moral consideration, complex beings, well-developed brains, social groups, communication, interconnected desires, preferences, interests, awareness, existence, mortality, moral value, unequal value, truncated rights, experimentation, moral harm, moral good, speciesism, ethical treatment, rights comparison, Frey, R. G., moral standing, value of life, ethics in practice, La Follette, Blackwell Pub, 2007 Animals' rights, human rights, moral worth, moral consideration, complex beings, large brains, social groups, communication, desires, preferences, interests, awareness, existence, mortality, unequal value, truncated rights, experimentation, moral harm, moral good, speciesism, ethics, Frey, R. G., La Follette, Ethics in Practice, Blackwell Pub, 2007 animal rights, human rights, moral worth, human complexity, brain development, social groups, communication ability, desires, preferences, interests, self-awareness, mortality, moral consideration, moral value, unequal value, truncated rights, animal experimentation, moral harm, moral justification, speciesism, ethical practice, Frey, La Follette, Blackwell Pub, ethics
test-digital-freedoms-piidfaihbg-con01a	Google can’t afford to abandon the Chinese market  In 2010, the search market in China was valued at $1.7 billion and was expected to grow at an average of 50% per year for the coming few years. [1] After the 2010 incident, Google has been losing market share in China rapidly. [2] From a business perspective, Google just can’t afford to miss out on such a business opportunity: not only will it miss entering this market when it is growing, it will also forfeit a comfortable position in the search market from which it can build its other businesses, like gmail and android, the way it does in other countries. [3]  [1] Melanie Lee, ‘Analysis: A year after China retreat, Google plots new growth’, Reuters, January 13, 2011. URL:   [2] Reuters, ‘Google search share slips as Baidu gains report’, July 26, 2010, URL:   [3] Kyle Baxter, ‘Android isn’t about building a mobile platform’, January 4, 2011. URL:  Last consulted: December 22, 2011 Google, China, market, search, business, opportunity, growth, Android, Gmail, Baidu, competition, share, 2010, revenue, strategy, mobile, platform, internet, censorship, retreat, expansion, technology, user, base, economy, digital, advertising, profits, international, presence, services, products, development, consumer, trends, impact, global, outlook, challenges, advantages, withdrawal, effects, online, presence, stake, profit, loss, forecast, analysis, article, report, source, reference, citation, Melanie, Lee, Reuters, Kyle, Baxter, January, December, July Google, China, market, business, opportunity, search, Android, Gmail, Baidu, growth, share, abandonment, 2010, incident, revenues, competition, strategy, Internet, censorship, technology, mobile, platform, development, economics, Asia, digital, advertising, users, expansion, retreat, plans, analysis, reports, technology-sector, online-services, smartphone, applications, global, presence, investment, challenges, benefits, penetration, pageIndexing, SEO, user-base, monetization, partnerships, regulation, policy, international-operations, strategic-decisions, financial-impact, consumer-behavior, Google, Chinese market, search market, business opportunity, market share, China, Baidu, Android, Gmail, business growth, market entry, technology companies, international business, digital market, competition, Asia, internet services, mobile platform,digital services, economic impact Google, Chinese market, search market value, market growth, business opportunity, market share, business perspective, gmail, android, Baidu, market entry, mobile platform Google, Chinese market, 2010 search market, growth rate, market share loss, business opportunity, Gmail, Android, Baidu, mobile platform, China retreat, new growth strategies
test-international-bldimehbn-pro01a	Broadcasters almost never show scenes of torture or torment because they know this will cause offence, the same principle should apply here.  Journalists and editors use their judgement all the time on what is acceptable to print or broadcast. Expletives [1] or graphic images of violence or sex are routinely prevented because they would cause offence, giving personal details might cause distress and are omitted as a courtesy, and the identities of minors are protected as a point of law in most jurisdictions. It is simply untrue to suggest that journalists report the ‘unvarnished truth’ with no regard to its ramifications. Where a particular fact or image is likely to cause offence or distress, it is routine to exercise self-censorship – it’s called discretion and professional judgement [2] . Indeed, the news outlets that fail to do so are the ones most frequently and vociferously denounced by the high-minded intelligentsia who so frequently argue that broadcasting issues such as this constitutes free speech.  It is palpably and demonstrably true that news outlets seek to avoid offending their market; so liberal newspapers avoid exposés of bad behaviour by blacks or homosexuals otherwise they wouldn’t have a readership. [3] Most journalists try to minimise the harm caused by their reporting as shown by a study interviewing journalists on their ethics but how they define this harm and what they think will cause offence differs. [4] Western journalists may find it awkward that many in the Arab world find the issue of homosexuality unpleasant or offensive but many of the same journalists would be aghast if they were asked to report activities that ran counter to their cultural sensibilities simply as fact.  [1] Trask, Larry, ‘The Other Marks on Your Keyboard’, University of Sussex, 1997,   [2] For example see the BBC guide to editorial policy.  [3] Posner, Richard, A., ‘Bad News’, The New York Times, 31 July 2005,   [4] Deppa, Joan A, & Plaisance, Patrick Lee, 2009 ‘Perceptions and Manifestations of Autonomy, Transparency and Harm Among U.S. Newspaper Journalists’, Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication, pp.328-386, p.358, Broadcasters, scenes, torture, torment, offence, journalists, editors, judgement, acceptable, print, broadcast, expletives, graphic, images, violence, sex, personal, details, distress, courtesy, identities, minors, jurisdictions, unvarnished, truth, ramifications, self-censorship, discretion, professional, news, outlets, market, liberal, newspapers, exposés, bad, behaviour, blacks, homosexuals, readership, minimise, harm, ethics, Western, Arab, world, homosexuality, unpleasant, cultural, sensibilities, Trask, Larry, University, Sussex, BBC, editorial, policy, Pos Broadcasters, scenes, torture, torment, offence, journalists, editors, judgement, acceptable, print, expletives, graphic, violence, sex, personal, details, distress, minors, jurisdictions, unvarnished, truth, ramifications, self-censorship, discretion, professional, news, outlets, free, speech, market, liberal, newspapers, exposés, bad, behaviour, blacks, homosexuals, readership, ethics, harm, Arab, world, homosexuality, cultural, sensibilities, BBC, editorial, policy, Posner, Richard, Deppa, Joan, Plaisance, Patrick, Lee, perceptions Broadcasters, scenes, torture, torment, offence, journalists, editors, judgement, acceptable, print, expletives, graphic, images, violence, sex, personal, details, distress, courtesy, minors, jurisdiction, unvarnished, truth, ramifications, self-censorship, discretion, professional, judgement, denounce, high-minded, intelligentsia, free, speech, avoid, offending, market, liberal, newspapers, exposés, bad, behaviour, blacks, homosexuals, readership, minimise, harm, cultural, sensibilities, Western, journalists, Arab, world, homosexuality, unpleasant, offensive, activities, Broadcasters, scenes, torture, torment, offence, journalists, editors, judgement, acceptable, print, expletives, graphic, violence, sex, personal, details, distress, courtesy, minors, protected, law, unvarnished, truth, ramifications, self-censorship, discretion, professional, discretion, broadcasting, free, speech, avoid, market, liberal, newspapers, exposés, bad, behaviour, readership, minimise, harm, reporting, ethics, western, journalists, arab, world, homosexuality, unpleasant, offended, cultural, sensibilities, fact, Trask, Larry, Other, Marks, Keyboard broadcasters, scenes, torture, torment, offence, journalists, editors, judgement, expletives, graphic, violence, sex, personal, details, distress, courtesy, minors, law, jurisdictions, unvarnished, truth, ramifications, self-censorship, discretion, professional, news, outlets, market, liberal, newspapers, exposés, bad, behaviour, blacks, homosexuals, readership, study, ethics, harm, Western, Arab, world, homosexuality, cultural, sensibilities, fact, BBC, editorial, policy, Posner, Bad, News, perceptions, manifestations, autonomy, transparency, U.S,
test-law-hrpepthwuto-pro02a	Terrorist organisations such as Al Qaida do not respect the rights of individuals and the only way to fight fire is with fire  Terrorist networks use fear, pain and suffering as their stock in trade. By definition, terror organisations are not bound by legal due process or rights of appeal and review. Instead they deal out death to innocent members of society who have no power to alter the events and policies that motivate terrorists atrocities.  By contrast, the first role of governments is to protect their citizens’ safety and they should use all tools possible to ensure that innocents are not threatened with random death and destruction.  In the light of these two realities, it is appropriate for governments to take extreme measure, such as torture, to protect their citizens. terrorist organisations, Al Qaida, individual rights, fighting terrorism, government measures, torture, terror networks, fear, pain, suffering, legal due process, rights of appeal, innocent civilians, government protection, citizen safety, extreme measures terrorism, Al Qaida, rights, individuals, fight, fire, fear, pain, suffering, terror, networks, stock, trade, legal, due process, rights of appeal, death, innocents, society, events, policies, atrocities, governments, citizens, safety, tools, protect, extreme measures, torture, random, destruction terrorist organisations, Al Qaida, rights of individuals, fight fire with fire, terrorist networks, fear, pain, suffering, terror organisations, legal due process, rights of appeal, death, innocent citizens, government role, citizen safety, protection tools, extreme measures, torture, protecting citizens, random death, destruction,motivation for terrorism, atrocities, policies, events, government responsibilities terrorist organisations, Al Qaida, individual rights, fight fire with fire, terror networks, fear, pain, suffering, legal due process, rights of appeal, death, innocent citizens, government protection, citizen safety, extreme measures, torture, protection, atrocities, policies, motivation, randomness, destruction terrorist organisations, Al Qaida, rights of individuals, fight fire with fire, terror networks, fear, pain, suffering, legal due process, rights of appeal, death, innocent citizens, government protection, citizen safety, extreme measures, torture, protection, random death, destruction, atrocities, policies, motivation, government role
test-international-eiahwpamu-pro05a	Microfinance and protection  Access to a small loan provides benefits for the poor’s ability to access high quality health care. A lack of access to banking facilities - loans and credit - may mean the poor are left excluded from health care services as these are usually not free. Microfinance institutions accept the irregularities of the poor’s income, so enabling health care to be affordable to the poor by providing access to finance. As Ofori-Adjei (2007) shows the integration of microfinance institutions within healthcare systems in Ghana is required to resolve the issue of inaccessibility. Ill health should not put a household into a state of poverty - microfinance provides this protection.  Microfinance schemes not only provide loans to access health care but are now integrating non-financial services, such as health education, within their finance schemes. Microfinance, protection, health care, poverty, loans, credit, banking, irregular income, affordability, finance, Ghana, healthcare systems, illness, household poverty, non-financial services, health education, finance schemes Microfinance, Protection, Access, Small Loans, Benefits, Poor, Health Care, Quality, Banking Facilities, Credit, Exclusion, Free Services, Institutions, Irregular Income, Affordable, Finance, Integration, Healthcare Systems, Ghana, Inaccessibility, Ill Health, Poverty, Schemes, Non-Financial Services, Health Education Microfinance, protection, small loans, poverty, health care, banking facilities, credit, irregular income, affordable health care, financial inclusion, Ghana, healthcare systems, non-financial services, health education, financial schemes, poverty prevention, health protection, microfinance institutions, integrated healthcare financing microfinance, health care, poverty, loans, credit, banking, income irregularities, finance access, health education, non-financial services, Ghana, household protection, health systems integration, Ofori-Adjei 2007 microfinance, health care, poverty, loans, credit, banking facilities, income irregularities, finance access, health education, non-financial services, healthcare systems, Ghana, inaccessibility, illness, household poverty, financial protection
test-politics-oepghbrnsl-con03a	The status quo reveals that several powerful and influential people are in charge of the whole state  What is occurring in Russia now is closer to dictatorship rather than to strong leadership. Many commentators of the Russian political stage share the opinion that Medvedev is just a pawn in the hands of the former president and current prime minister – Putin. “The leading role still clearly belongs to Putin. This reflects the unspoken agreement that was reached between Putin and Medvedev,” said Yevgeny Volk, an independent political analyst in Moscow. (6) Russia’s both external and internal policy have not changed after the elections in 2008 and are following the same path, which is another argument that Putin continues to pull the strings.  In fact, the more important question is not whether or not Medvedev is a pawn, but who is actually in charge – “Kremlin-watchers say this system of interlocking and competing clans that is managed by Putin comprises the core of Russia's ruling elite. The key players, the people with decision making power, number about thirty. The inner circle, most agree, comprises about twelve people… There are something like a dozen of the most influential guys in the first circle and perhaps two dozen who are less influential in the second circle. These are not only managers but also shareholders who are not that visible or public...Not only do they manage Russia...but they also enrich themselves pretty actively.” (7) This poses the debate is such a status quo in the best interest of Russia and its people or is the exact opposite. Russia, Putin, Medvedev, dictatorship, strong leadership, political stage, Kremlin, clans, elites, internal policy, external policy, elections, 2008, status quo, influence, power, decision making, shareholders, management, enrichment, debate, best interest, people Russia, Putin, Medvedev, dictatorship, Kremlin, political elite, status quo, leadership, power, clans, decision-making, internal policy, external policy, elections, 2008, influence, shareholders, enrichment, debate, public interest Russia, status quo, powerful people, state control, dictatorship, strong leadership, Medvedev, pawn, Putin, prime minister, political analysts, Yevgeny Volk, Kremlin-watchers, ruling elite, clans, decision making, inner circle, managers, shareholders, Russia's best interest, people's interest, political debate, elections 2008, external policy, internal policy, status quo impact Russia, Putin, Medvedev, dictatorship, strong leadership, political analysts, Kremlin-watchers, ruling elite, clans, decision making, status quo, best interest, people, power, influence, internal policy, external policy, elections, 2008, management, enrichment, shareholders, visibility, debate Russia, Putin, Medvedev, dictatorship, strong leadership, Kremlin, political analysts, Yevgeny Volk, Russian politics, elections, 2008, external policy, internal policy, ruling elite, clans, decision making, shareholders, managers, enrichment, status quo, public interest
test-law-lghbacpsba-pro02a	It blocks a significant amount of evidence  A system of just law is not based on opinions or ideologies. It is about finding evidence and using that evidence to prove or disprove either to 'beyond reasonable doubt' for criminal cases or 'on the balance of probabilities' for civil and commercial matters. The burden is on the importance of the evidence. It does not make sense for a legal system to on one hand place so much emphasis on evidence and lock away documents which will contain a vast array of empirical evidence with the other. Instead, attorney-client privilege should be abolished and all evidence should be in justices domain in order to ensure that the law achieves a just result. evidence, legal system, attorney-client privilege, just law, burden of proof, reasonable doubt, balance of probabilities, empirical evidence, legal reform, justice evidence, just law, opinions, ideologies, prove, disprove, reasonable doubt, criminal cases, balance of probabilities, civil matters, commercial matters, burden of evidence, legal system, attorney-client privilege, abolish, justices domain, just result evidence, legal system, attorney-client privilege, abolish, just law, beyond reasonable doubt, balance of probabilities, empirical evidence, justice, legal reform, transparency, judicial process evidence, legal system, attorney-client privilege, abolish, justice, empirical, documents, beyond reasonable doubt, balance of probabilities, criminal cases, civil matters, commercial matters, law, opinions, ideologies, importance, retrieval, improvement, transparency evidence, legal system, attorney-client privilege, just law, burden of proof, reasonable doubt, balance of probabilities, empirical evidence, legal justice, document accessibility
test-education-udfakusma-pro01a	Opens up education  Higher education, as with other levels of education, should be open to all. Universities are universally respected as the highest form of educational institution available and it is a matter of principle that everyone should have access to this higher level of education. Unfortunately not everyone in the world has this access usually because they cannot afford it, but it may also be because they are not academically inclined. This does not however mean that it is right to simply cut them off from higher educational opportunities. Should those who do not attend university not have access to the same resources as those who do?  This can have an even greater impact globally than within an individual country. 90% of the world’s population currently have no access to higher education. Providing access to all academic work gives them the opportunities that those in developed countries already have. [1]  [1] Daniel, Sir John, and Killion, David, “Are open educational resources the key to global economic growth?”, Guardian Professional, 4 July 2012, Opens up education, Higher education, Access to all, Universities, Global access, Open educational resources, Economic growth, Academic opportunities, Developed countries, Non-academic learners, Affordability, Educational inequality, Resource sharing, Worldwide education, Higher learning, Educational institutions, Academic resources, Online learning, Free education, Distance education Open education, higher education, university access, educational inequality, global education, academic resources, open educational resources, economic growth, educational opportunity, academic access, free education, educational barriers, global higher education, educational equity, university resources, non-academic learners, worldwide education, educational development, higher learning, educational inclusion Open education, higher education, accessibility, universities, academic opportunities, financial barriers, academic inclination, educational resources, global education, population access, open educational resources, global economic growth, developed countries, educational equity, inclusive education, economic barriers, academic diversity, higher learning, educational institutions, educational principles, academic access, global impact, educational opportunity, resource availability, academic inclusion, education for all, societal advancement, knowledge dissemination, educational empowerment, global development, equitable education Open education, Higher education, Access to education, Universal access, Universities, Educational resources, Academic opportunities, Global education, Economic growth, Open educational resources, Education equity, Education inequality, Academic inclination, Financial barriers, Education policy, International education, Education development, Learning access, Knowledge sharing education, higher education, universities, access, affordability, academic inclination, resources, global impact, open educational resources, economic growth, world population, developed countries, opportunities, equity, inclusivity, educational institutions, academic work, principles, international education, development, learning opportunities, digital divide, free education, online learning, distance education, educational equity, societal benefit, knowledge sharing, global education challenges, educational barriers, higher learning, academic resources, educational reform, student access, academic diversity, educational opportunity, educational accessibility, global education goals, educational innovation, academic achievement, educational opportunity gap, global education initiatives, educational technology, universal education,
test-politics-glgvhbqssc-pro02a	"Quebec has the right to self-determination.  All people have the right to determine their own form of government and representation and Quebec has been systematically denied this right.  Quebec has historically been denied the right to determine its own form of governance systematically and therefore the Canadian government has no right to claim legitimacy over Quebec and cannot stop it from leaving the federation.  The Canadian Constitution was patriated in 1982 in a backroom deal known as the Meech Lake Accord [1] where Quebec was explicitly excluded from the negotiations and their issues were ignored. Specifically, Quebec was attempting to entrench recognition of their special status and needs as a distant society within Canada [2] and this was denied. To this day, Quebec has refused to sign the Canadian constitution as it feels it doesn’t adequately represent its interests and needs [3] .  Therefore, Quebec has the right to independence as its sovereignty was illegitimately taken from it and it is systematically denied adequate representation in Canadian politics.  [1] ""The Meech Lake Accord."" Peace and Conflict. Historica, n. d. Web. 1 Dec. 2011. <  .  [2] ""The Meech Lake Accord."" Peace and Conflict. Historica, n. d. Web. 1 Dec. 2011. <  .  [3] ""The Meech Lake Accord."" Peace and Conflict. Historica, n. d. Web. 1 Dec. 2011. <  . Quebec, self-determination, right, government, representation, Canadian, legitimacy, federation, independence, sovereignty, Meech Lake Accord, patriation, 1982, special status, distinct society, constitution, refusal, interests, politics, Canadian Constitution, negotiation, exclusion, systemic denial, governance, autonomy, national identity, Quebecois, secession, Charter of Rights and Freedoms, Canadian federalism, political legitimacy, democratic rights, constitutional reform, regional autonomy, cultural recognition, minority rights, political representation, Quebec sovereignty movement, Referendum, 1980, 1995, national self Quebec, self-determination, government, representation, Canadian, federation, Meech Lake Accord, constitution, special status, sovereignty, independence, legitimacy, politics, patriation, exclusion, negotiations, recognition, distant society, interests, systematic denial, rights, entitlement, historical context, constitutional rights, political representation, Canadian Constitution, refusal to sign, inadequate representation, legitimacy of Canadian governance, Quebec's political status, Quebec's rights, Quebec's special needs, constitutional entrenchment, backroom deal, federalism, provincial rights, Canadian political history, Quebec's political struggle, Quebec's constitutional relationship, Canadian federal structure, Quebec's Quebec, self-determination, right, government, representation, denied, Canadian, legitimacy, federation, independence, sovereignty, Meech Lake Accord, patriation, 1982, special status, distinct society, constitution, interests, politics, systematic denial, backroom deal, negotiations, ignored, refused, sign, inadequately represented Quebec, self-determination, right, governance, representation, Canadian government, legitimacy, leaving federation, Canadian Constitution, patriation, 1982, Meech Lake Accord, backroom deal, special status, distant society, constitution refusal, interests, sovereignty, independence, political representation Quebec, self-determination, governance, representation, Canadian government, legitimacy, federation, Canadian Constitution, Meech Lake Accord, special status, distant society, Canadian politics, independence, sovereignty, adequate representation"
test-culture-mmctghwbsa-pro02a	"Women have a right to be free of stereotyping.  Women's rights to be free from stereotyping, prejudice, discrimination and objectification should be a matter of deep concern as they infringe on human rights related to gender. Advertising messages influence younger generations as well as send stereotypical images of men. As a result the objectification and violence against women will continue. Gender inequality and sexual harassment in the work place is not likely to diminish.1 This means that women will continue to suffer from discrimination based upon their gender. 1 Newswise.com, ""Study Find Rise in Sexualized Images of Women."" 2010 women, stereotyping, rights, prejudice, discrimination, objectification, human rights, gender, advertising, younger generations, stereotypical images, men, objectification, violence, women, gender inequality, sexual harassment, workplace, discrimination, gender, sexualized images, study, rise, newswise.com, 2010 Women, stereotyping, rights, prejudice, discrimination, objectification, human rights, gender, advertising, younger generations, stereotypical images, men, objectification, violence, women, gender inequality, sexual harassment, workplace, discrimination, gender, Newswise.com, study, rise, sexualized images, women, 2010 women, rights, stereotyping, prejudice, discrimination, objectification, human, rights, gender, advertising, messages, younger, generations, stereotypical, images, men, objectification, violence, women, gender, inequality, sexual, harassment, workplace, discrimination, gender, study, rise, sexualized, images, women, 2010 Women, rights, stereotyping, prejudice, discrimination, objectification, human rights, gender, advertising, younger generations, stereotypical images, violence, gender inequality, sexual harassment, workplace, discrimination, gender-based, sexualized images, study, newswise.com, 2010 women, stereotyping, rights, prejudice, discrimination, objectification, human rights, gender, advertising, younger generations, stereotypical images, violence, gender inequality, sexual harassment, workplace, discrimination, gender-based, sexualized images"
test-culture-mthbah-con01a	Small businesses need advertisements to make their products known.  If there wasn't advertising then small businesses would have no chance at all to make their product well known. Adverts can actually level the playing field - if you have a good new product, and market it in a clever way then it doesn't matter how small your company is, you can still make consumers interested. The more you restrict the freedom of information, the more this helps the large companies who everyone already knows about. small businesses, advertisements, product awareness, advertising importance, leveling the playing field, market competition, information freedom, large companies, consumer interest, marketing strategies small businesses, advertisements, product awareness, advertising importance, market competition, leveling the playing field, marketing strategies, consumer interest, information freedom, large companies, brand recognition small businesses, advertisements, product awareness, advertising, market competition, leveling the playing field, new products, marketing strategies, consumer interest, information freedom, large companies, brand recognition small businesses, advertisements, product awareness, advertising importance, level playing field, market strategies, consumer interest, information freedom, large companies, brand recognition small businesses, advertisements, products, known, advertising, chance, level playing field, clever marketing, consumers, restrict information, large companies, known brands
test-environment-aeghhgwpe-con02a	There are problems with being vegetarian  A vegetarian or vegan diet may result in a person not getting enough iron. This is because, although you can get iron from foods such as pulses, green leafy vegetables and nuts, the iron in these foods isn't absorbed so easily. The symptoms of this feeling breathless after little exercise, feeling tired and a short attention span and poor concentration. [1] These symptoms could negatively affect proficiency in school and the ability to perform well at work ultimately leading to a loss of productivity which has both personal effects and broader effects for the economy. Other conditions include frequently becoming ill, frequently becoming depressed, and malnourishment.  [1] Bupa's Health Information Team, ‘Iron-deficiency anaemia’, bupa.co.uk, March 2010, vegetarian, vegan, diet, iron, deficiency, absorption, symptoms, breathless, tired, short, attention, span, poor, concentration, school, work, productivity, personal, effects, economy, ill, depressed, malnourishment, Bupa, health, information, team, iron-deficiency, anaemia vegetarian diet, vegan diet, iron deficiency, iron absorption, plant-based iron, symptoms, breathlessness, fatigue, poor concentration, school performance, work performance, productivity loss, personal health, economic impact, frequent illness, depression, malnourishment, Bupa's Health Information Team, iron-deficiency anaemia vegetarian, vegan, diet, iron deficiency, iron absorption, pulses, green leafy vegetables, nuts, breathlessness, tiredness, short attention span, poor concentration, school performance, work performance, productivity loss, personal effects, economic effects, frequently ill, depression, malnourishment, iron-deficiency anaemia, Bupa, health information vegetarian, vegan, diet, iron deficiency, iron absorption, pulses, green leafy vegetables, nuts, breathlessness, fatigue, short attention span, poor concentration, school performance, work performance, productivity loss, personal effects, economic effects, frequently ill, depression, malnourishment, Bupa, iron-deficiency anaemia iron deficiency, vegetarian diet, vegan diet, iron absorption, plant-based iron, breathlessness, fatigue, poor concentration, malnourishment, depression, productivity loss, economic impact, Bupa's Health Information Team, iron-deficiency anaemia
test-law-hrilpgwhwr-pro01a	The ICC allows for the prosecution of war criminals.  Law-abiding states like the United States that have yet to ratify the ICC should have nothing to fear if they behave lawfully. The Prosecutor of the ICC is only concerned with the most grave offences and it defies belief that the US would approve a strategy of genocide or systematic mass violations of human rights that could attract the jurisdiction of the ICC. Further, the discretion of the Prosecutor is not unchecked. The Statute requires that the approval of three judges sitting in a pre-trial chamber be obtained before an arrest warrant can be issued or proceedings initiated. Moreover, there is no harm to the interests of the US in being subjected to a mere preliminary investigation. In fact, it is preferable that spurious accusations are briefly examined and shown to be baseless, than that these accusations be allowed to raise doubts about the credibility of a State's actions and the impartiality of the Tribunal in question. The US acceptance of the jurisdiction of the Prosecutor of the ICTY is evident ; the US troops forming part of the KFOR peacekeeping force in Kosovo could equally be subject to investigation and prosecution by the ICTY. The US is prepared for its forces to operate under the scrutiny of the ICTY since it reasonably does not expect its members to commit the very crimes they are deployed to prevent. ICC, prosecution, war criminals, United States, ratification, lawfully, grave offences, genocide, human rights, jurisdiction, Prosecutor, pre-trial chamber, arrest warrant, preliminary investigation, spurious accusations, credibility, State's actions, ICTY, KFOR, peacekeeping force, Kosovo, scrutiny, deployment, prevention ICC, war criminals, prosecution, United States, ratification, law-abiding, grave offences, genocide, human rights, Prosecutor discretion, pre-trial chamber, arrest warrant, preliminary investigation, credibility, state actions, ICTY, KFOR, peacekeeping, Kosovo, scrutiny, crime prevention ICC, war criminals, prosecution, United States, ratification, law-abiding states, grave offences, genocide, human rights violations, Prosecutor discretion, pre-trial chamber, arrest warrant, preliminary investigation, state credibility, jurisdiction, ICTY, KFOR, peacekeeping, scrutiny, deployed prevention ICC, war criminals, prosecution, United States, ratification, lawfully, grave offences, genocide, human rights violations, jurisdiction, Prosecutor discretion, pre-trial chamber, arrest warrant, preliminary investigation, credibility, State actions, impartiality, ICTY, KFOR, peacekeeping force, scrutiny, crimes prevention ICC, war criminals, prosecution, United States, ratification, lawful behavior, grave offences, genocide, human rights violations, jurisdiction, Prosecutor discretion, pre-trial chamber, arrest warrant, preliminary investigation, spurious accusations, credibility, state actions, impartiality, ICTY, KFOR, peacekeeping force, Kosovo, scrutiny, deployed prevention
test-international-ipecfiepg-con02a	Defaulting would not solve Greece’s problems  The proposition argue that the hardship endured by the default would only be temporary, but an analysis at the particular situation facing Greece indicates the opposite. Greece’s problems arose from a horrifically inefficient public sector embedded within a mentality of corruption and tax evasion. Even if we assume that defaulting would eventually boost Greek exports and help the economy recover, this would not solve the underlying problems that caused the crisis in the first place. By leaving the Eurozone and defaulting, Greece would lose easy access to borrowing, meaning that taxpayers would soon have to face the reality that they would have to pay for the inefficiencies within the public sector and support all the other structures that need reform. [1] Greece must, therefore, address these underlying issues or face the exact same problems in the future. Given that solving these problems necessarily involve austerity measures and job cuts, it makes most sense for Greece to undergo these changes now (as it is with the current austerity measures), under the framework of IMF, ECB and European Commission funding and supervision.  [1] Barrell, Ray: “Eurozone crisis: what if… Greece leaves the single currency”, 14 May 2012, The Guardian, Greece, default, Eurozone, crisis, public sector, corruption, tax evasion, exports, economy, recovery, underlying problems, borrowing, taxpayers, inefficiencies, reforms, austerity measures, job cuts, IMF, ECB, European Commission, funding, supervision, Barrell, Ray, Eurozone crisis, single currency, The Guardian Greece, default, Eurozone, crisis, public sector, corruption, tax evasion, exports, economy, recovery, underlying problems, austerity measures, job cuts, IMF, ECB, European Commission, funding, supervision, Barrell, Ray, Eurozone crisis, single currency, The Guardian Greece, default, Eurozone, economic recovery, public sector inefficiency, corruption, tax evasion, exports, austerity measures, IMF, ECB, European Commission, borrowing, taxpayer burden, reform, job cuts, Euro crisis, currency exit, financial supervision Greece, default, Eurozone, crisis, inefficiencies, public sector, corruption, tax evasion, exports, economy, recovery, underlying issues, austerity measures, job cuts, IMF, ECB, European Commission, funding, supervision, Barrell, Ray, Eurozone crisis, single currency, The Guardian, 2012 defaulting, Greece, problems, temporary, hardship, public sector, corruption, tax evasion, exports, economy, recovery, underlying issues, Eurozone, leaving, borrowing, taxpayers, inefficiencies, reforms, austerity measures, job cuts, IMF, ECB, European Commission, funding, supervision, Eurozone crisis, single currency, Barrell, Ray, The Guardian, 14 May 2012
test-law-ilppppghb-pro02a	Self-determination and independence is recognition of the fact that indigenous peoples were unfairly treated by colonial powers, and their proprietary rights abused.  In some contexts, separation may not be a realistic option for minority peoples. However, that does not mean that self-determination is not meaningful for such groups. For indigenous peoples, self-determination may take the form of restitution for land that was stolen from them, or compensation and reparations. Furthermore, self-determination may take the form of political autonomy, or greater rights to decide how children are educated, or parallel systems of justice such as sharia courts. Self-determination is about representation and identity and choice - not about outcomes. self-determination, independence, indigenous peoples, colonial powers, proprietary rights, separation, minority peoples, restitution, land, compensation, reparations, political autonomy, education, parallel justice, sharia courts, representation, identity, choice, outcomes Self-determination, independence, indigenous peoples, colonial powers, proprietary rights, minority peoples, separation, restitution, compensation, reparations, political autonomy, education rights, parallel justice systems, representation, identity, choice, sharia courts self-determination, independence, indigenous peoples, colonial powers, proprietary rights, separation, minority peoples, restitution, compensation, reparations, political autonomy, education rights, parallel justice systems, sharia courts, representation, identity, choice Self-determination, independence, colonialism, indigenous peoples, proprietary rights, separation, minority rights, restitution, compensation, reparations, political autonomy, education rights, parallel justice systems, representation, identity, choice self-determination, independence, indigenous peoples, colonial powers, proprietary rights, separation, minority peoples, restitution, compensation, reparations, political autonomy, education rights, parallel systems, sharia courts, representation, identity, choice, outcomes
test-law-thgglcplgphw-pro01a	Coca chewing is not equivalent to the consumption of hard drugs. It is no more harmful than drinking coffee.  The coca leaf, in its natural state, is not even a narcotic, even though the 1961 Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs considers the natural leaf to be so. However it only truly becomes a narcotic when the paste or the concentrate is extracted from the leaf to form cocaine. [1] The simple coca leaf, by contrast, only has very mild effects when chewed and is different from cocaine. In 1995 the World Health Organisation found that the “use of coca leaves appears to have no negative health effects and has positive therapeutic, sacred and social functions for indigenous Andean populations.” [2] It may even be useful in combating obesity, and there is no evidence that coca use is addictive. At worst, it is comparable to caffeine in terms of its effect on its consumer. [3] Therefore there are no significant health reasons behind this ban on the cultivation of coca leaves for their chewed consumption in its traditional form.  [1] Morales, Evo. “Let Me Chew My Coca Leaves”. New York Times. March 13, 2009.   [2] Jelsma, Martin. “Lifting the Ban on Coca Chewing”. Transnational Institute, Series on Legislative Reform of Drug Policies Nr. 11. March 2011.  [3] Morales, Evo. “Let Me Chew My Coca Leaves”. New York Times. March 13, 2009. coca chewing, hard drugs, coffee, coca leaf, natural state, narcotic drugs, 1961 Single Convention, cocaine, World Health Organisation, health effects, therapeutic functions, social functions, obesity, caffeine, Evo Morales, Lifting the Ban, coca leaf cultivation, traditional consumption, legislative reform, drug policies Coca, chewing, hard drugs, coffee, coca leaf, natural state, narcotic, 1961 Single Convention, cocaine, effects, World Health Organisation, health, therapeutic, social functions, Andean populations, obesity, caffeine, addiction, cultivation, legalization, traditional form, legislative reform, drug policies, Bolivia, Evo Morales, Transnational Institute Coca, chewing, hard drugs, coffee, coca leaf, natural state, 1961 Single Convention, narcotic drugs, cocaine, paste, concentrate, World Health Organisation, health effects, therapeutic functions, social functions, Andean populations, obesity, caffeine, addiction, cultivation, traditional form, legislative reform, drug policies Coca, chewing, hard drugs, coffee, coca leaf, natural state, narcotic, 1961 Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs, cocaine, World Health Organisation, Andean populations, health effects, therapeutic functions, social functions, obesity, caffeine, addiction, cultivation ban, traditional form, legislation, drug policy, Jelsma Martin, Morales Evo, New York Times, Transnational Institute, Legislative Reform of Drug Policies Coca chewing, hard drugs, coffee, coca leaf, narcotic drugs, 1961 Single Convention, cocaine, World Health Organisation, Andean populations, obesity, caffeine, addiction, cultivation ban, traditional consumption, legislative reform, drug policies, Evo Morales, Martin Jelsma, Transnational Institute
test-digital-freedoms-piidfaihbg-con02a	Google will help Chinese internet freedom more by staying  As Google itself argued in 2006 when it first entered the Chinese domestic market; when Google is fully present in China, it can at least do its very best to allow its Chinese users as much access to all the information that Chinese users are allowed to look up. By expanding their access, Google can at least contribute to a broadening of the amount of information Chinese internet users can gather. The alternative is them relying on an even more censored Chinese search engine called Baidu, or having them try to access a heavily blocked, slowed down, restricted and monitored version of Google outside of China, for example google.com or the Hong Kong-based Google.com.hk. Having a locally accessible version of Google that is censored might not be optimal, but it’s better than nothing. [1]  [1] Karen Wickre, ‘Testimony: The Internet in China’, February 15, 2006. URL:  Last consulted: December 22, 2011 Google, Chinese, internet, freedom, censorship, Baidu, information, access, users, search, engines, Hong Kong, Karen Wickre, testimony, February 15, 2006, internet in China, restricted, monitored, blocked, slowed, optimal, presence, market, 2006, expanded, broadened, domestic, version, censored, locally accessible, better than nothing, alternatives, restricted access, monitored version, heavily blocked, slowed down, Hong Kong-based, google.com.hk, google.com, Chinese domestic market, fully present, Chinese users, much access, all information, Google, Chinese internet freedom, information access, Baidu, censorship, internet users, Hong Kong, restricted search, local presence, information broadening, digital rights, internet governance, Karen Wickre, internet testimony, China digital policy Google, Chinese internet freedom, information access, Baidu, censorship, internet presence, Hong Kong,搜索, information restriction, internet policy, Karen Wickre, internet testimony, China search engines, censored internet, global internet freedom Google, Chinese, internet, freedom, censorship, Baidu, information, access, search, engine, presence, market, users, restricted, monitored, Hong Kong,Karen Wickre, testimony Google, Chinese internet freedom, censorship, Baidu, information access, internet censorship, search engines, Hong Kong, Google.com.hk, Karen Wickre, internet in China, testimony, 2006, Chinese domestic market, user access, restricted internet, monitored internet, censored search engine, broadening information, optimal solution
test-science-eassgbatj-pro03a	It isn’t necessary  We don’t know how we will be able to develop new drugs without animal testing until we end it. We now know how most chemicals work, and computer simulations of chemicals are very good.[6] Experimenting on tissue can show how drugs work, without the need for actual animals. Even skin left over from surgery can be experiment on, and being human, is more useful.  The fact that animal research was needed in the past isn’t a good excuse any more. We still have all the advancements from animal testing in the past, but it’s no longer needed. [7] animal testing, drug development, computer simulations, chemical reactions, tissue experiments, human skin testing, historical advancements, ethical alternatives, medical research, animal research necessity animal testing, drug development, computer simulations, chemical reactions, tissue experiments, human skin testing, historical research, medical advancements, ethical alternatives, animal welfare animal testing, drug development, computer simulations, chemical reactions, tissue experiments, human skin testing, past research, medical advancements, ethical alternatives, non-animal methods animal testing, drug development, computer simulations, chemical reactions, tissue experimentation, human skin samples, past advancements, ethical research, non-animal methods, scientific progress animal testing, drug development, computer simulations, chemical reactions, tissue experimentation, human skin, medical advancements, ethical research, non-animal methods, pharmaceutical testing
test-international-aghbfcpspr-con02a	Such reparations would do little to actually improve the developing countries.  Reparations are an incredibly short-term economic measure. To have any substantial impact, long-term systems would need to be put in place to truly benefit such countries, and it would be far better to encourage sustainable growth [1] than a one-off bumper payment. Developed countries should look towards improving their long-term relationship with former colonies and establishing measures such as fairer trade rules or debt relief as an efficient measure. This would allow the aid to be focused in the places where these countries need it most.  The symbolism of reparations is also potentially dangerous. Firstly, paying reparations may bring the belief that former colonial powers have ‘paid their debt’ and no longer have to seek to improve their own conduct of foreign policy. Secondly, this measure would allow dictators such as Robert Mugabe to feel justified in their declarations that colonial powers are independently responsible for all the problems affecting their countries [2] [3] [4] . In this way, Mugabe tries to hide his own shortcomings and place blame entirely on the West, which has negative impacts on the potential for international relations. In the case of Italy’s reparations to Libya, this could be seen as strengthening the Gaddafi dictatorship at the expense of the Libyan people and the West, particularly as Gaddafi is prone to blaming the West [5] or indeed anybody else he can [6] .  [1] Accessed from  on 12/09/11  [2] Accessed from  on 12/09/11  [3] Accessed from  on 12/09/11  [4] Accessed from  on 12/09/11  [5] Accessed from  on 12/09/11  [6] Accessed from  on 12/09/11 reparations, developing countries, short-term economic measure, long-term systems, sustainable growth, fair trade rules, debt relief, aid focus, symbolism, colonial powers, foreign policy, dictators, Robert Mugabe, colonial responsibility, international relations, Italy, Libya, Gaddafi, dictatorship, blame, West reparations, developing countries, short-term economic measure, long-term systems, sustainable growth, developed countries, former colonies, fairer trade rules, debt relief, aid, symbolism, colonial powers, foreign policy, dictators, Robert Mugabe, colonial responsibility, international relations, Italy, Libya, Gaddafi dictatorship, Libyan people, West, blaming reparations, developing countries, short-term economic measure, long-term systems, sustainable growth, fair trade rules, debt relief, colonial powers, foreign policy, Robert Mugabe, dictators, international relations, Italy, Libya, Gaddafi, colonial responsibility, symbolism, Western blame, economic aid, political impact reparations, developing countries, short-term, economic measure, long-term systems, sustainable growth, developed countries, former colonies, fair trade, debt relief, aid, symbolism, colonial powers, foreign policy, dictators, Robert Mugabe, justification, international relations, Italy, Libya, Gaddafi, dictatorship, blame, West reparations, developing countries, short-term, economic measure, long-term systems, sustainable growth, developed countries, former colonies, fairer trade rules, debt relief, aid, symbolism, colonial powers, foreign policy, dictators, Robert Mugabe, colonial responsibility, international relations, Italy, Libya, Gaddafi, Libyan people, West, blaming
test-international-appghblsba-con01a	Annexation is not needed where there is already extensive cooperation between the countries  Lesotho and South Africa already cooperate on a wide variety of issues. If we look at the example of the law system; the two systems are almost the same and all but one of the Justices on the Court of Appeal in Lesotho are South African jurists. [1] Moreover, there are at least four inter-governmental organizations that maximize the trade, help and social connections between the two states. Starting with the African Union, going on to the Southern African Development Community [2] that promotes socio-economic cooperation as well as political and security cooperation, moving to the Southern African Customs Union [3] and the Common Monetary Area. Lesotho is not only helped by SA but this is happening without them having to let go of their national identity and history. In much the same way as different nations, large and small, benefit from the EU so the countries of Southern Africa can benefit from some integration without the negative consequences of complete annexation with the loss of control that would bring.  [1] U.S. Department of State, ‘Lesotho (10/07)’, state.gov,   [2] Southern African Development Community Official website   [3] ‘Continued economic reforms would attract more foreign investment’, World Trade Organisation, 25 April 2003, Annexation, Cooperation, Lesotho, South Africa, Law System, Justices, Court of Appeal, Inter-governmental Organizations, African Union, Southern African Development Community, Socio-economic Cooperation, Political Cooperation, Security Cooperation, Southern African Customs Union, Common Monetary Area, National Identity, History, EU, Southern Africa, Integration, Foreign Investment, WTO, Economic Reforms annexation, Lesotho, South Africa, cooperation, legal systems, Court of Appeal, inter-governmental organizations, African Union, Southern African Development Community, socio-economic cooperation, political cooperation, security cooperation, Southern African Customs Union, Common Monetary Area, national identity, history, EU, integration, foreign investment, World Trade Organisation Annexation, Cooperation, Lesotho, South-Africa, Legal-System, Justices, Inter-governmental-organizations, African-Union, Southern-African-Development-Community, Southern-African-Customs-Union, Common-Monetary-Area, National-Identity, EU, Integration, Economic-Reforms, Foreign-Investment Annexation, Cooperation, Lesotho, South Africa, Law System, Justices, Court of Appeal, Inter-governmental Organizations, African Union, Southern African Development Community, Socio-economic Cooperation, Political Cooperation, Security Cooperation, Southern African Customs Union, Common Monetary Area, National Identity, History, EU, Southern Africa, Integration, Foreign Investment, Economic Reforms annexation, Lesotho, South Africa, cooperation, law system, Justices, Court of Appeal, inter-governmental organizations, African Union, Southern African Development Community, socio-economic cooperation, political cooperation, security cooperation, Southern African Customs Union, Common Monetary Area, national identity, history, EU, integration, economic reforms, foreign investment
test-society-epiasghbf-pro01a	The importance of jobs in livelihoods - money  Jobs are empowerment. Building sustainable livelihoods, and tackling poverty in the long term, requires enabling access to capital assets. A key asset is financial capital. Jobs, and employment, provide a means to access and build financial capital required, whether through loans or wages. When a woman is able to work she is therefore able to take control of her own life. Additionally she may provide a second wage meaning the burden of poverty on households is cumulatively reduced. Having a job and the financial security it brings means that other benefits can be realised such as investing in good healthcare and education. [1] .  Women working from home in Kenya, designing jewellery, shows the link between employment and earning an income [2] . The women have been empowered to improve their way of life.  [1] See further readings: Ellis et al, 2010.  [2] See further readings: Petty, 2013. jobs, livelihoods, empowerment, sustainable livelihoods, poverty, capital assets, financial capital, employment, wages, loans, financial security, women, work, household poverty, healthcare, education, women empowerment, home-based work, jewellery designing, Kenya, income generation, Ellis et al 2010, Petty 2013 jobs, livelihoods, money, empowerment, sustainable livelihoods, poverty, access, capital assets, financial capital, employment, wages, loans, women, control, life, second wage, poverty reduction, households, financial security, healthcare, education, working from home, Kenya, jewellery, income, way of life, Ellis et al, 2010, Petty, 2013 jobs, livelihoods, money, empowerment, sustainable livelihoods, poverty, access, capital assets, financial capital, employment, wages, loans, women, control, life, second wage, burden, poverty reduction, households, financial security, healthcare, education, working from home, Kenya, jewellery, income, improvement, way of life, Ellis, 2010, Petty, 2013 jobs, livelihoods, money, empowerment, sustainable livelihoods, poverty, access to capital assets, financial capital, employment, wages, loans, women, control of life, reduced poverty burden, households, healthcare, education, women working from home, Kenya, jewellery design, income, improved way of life jobs, livelihoods, money, empowerment, sustainable livelihoods, poverty, financial capital, employment, wages, loans, financial security, healthcare, education, women, Kenya, jewellery, earning income, improving way of life, Ellis et al, Petty, 2013, 2010
test-law-lghbacpsba-pro03a	It places excessive moral burden on solicitors  With the attorney-client privilege in place, there is an excessive burden on the solicitor to cope with any information their client may give to them on a confidential basis. This means they have to deal with the information alone. This is an excessive moral burden for any individual to have and should not be justified on the basis that a solicitor is there to advance the interests of their client. It should not be the solicitors role to deal with moral conflicts alone. excessive,moral,burden,solicitors,attorney-client,privilege,confidential,information,moral,conflicts,justice,ethical,dilemma,client,interests,responsibility,single,individual,unjustified,professional,standards moral burden, solicitors, attorney-client privilege, confidentiality, information handling, lone responsibility, moral conflicts, client interests, ethical dilemmas, professional ethics excessive, moral, burden, solicitors, attorney-client, privilege, confidential, information, cope, alone, justified, interests, client, moral, conflicts, role excessive,moral,burden,solicitors,attorney-client,privilege,confidential,information,deal,alone,moral,conflicts,role,interests,client,justified attorney-client privilege, moral burden, solicitors, confidential information, moral conflicts, client interests, legal ethics, professional responsibility, confidentiality obligations, solitary decision-making
test-sport-tshbmlbscac-pro04a	Without collisions, either the catcher or the runner would have an enormous and unfair advantage.  There are two often-discussed ways to change the rules: require the runner to slide, just as they must do when attempting to reach other bases; or disallow catchers to block runners’ paths. Each results in an imbalance between the catcher and runner. A commentator describes this dynamic very well:  “If Major League Baseball was to employ a rule stating that runners must avoid contact with the catcher—similar to the ‘slide or avoid’ rule employed in amateur baseball—it would give the advantage to the catcher. The catcher would have the benefit of dictating the course of action that a baserunner must take, and would—perhaps more importantly—have peace of mind knowing that there is no chance of an ensuing collision. If Major League Baseball was to make a rule stating that the catcher cannot block the plate, the advantage would certainly go to the baserunner, who would enjoy the luxury of a straight path to the most sacred ground on a baseball diamond.” [1]  Allowing collisions is the fairest, most even match between the catcher and runner.  [1] Ricky Doyle, “Buster Posey’s Injury Unfortunate, But Home-Plate Collisions Still Have Place in Baseball,” NESN, May 29, 2011,  . baseball, collisions, catcher, runner, slide, block, plate, rule, advantage, imbalance, major league, amateur, buster posey, home-plate, fair, match, sports, injury, dynamic baseball, collisions, catcher, runner, rule changes, sliding, blocking, home plate, fairness, advantage, major league, amateur baseball, buster posey, injury, home-plate collisions, sports, competition, safety, strategy, game dynamics baseball,collisions,catcher,runner,advantage,fairness,rules,slide,avoid,plate,blocked,baserunner,mlb,home-plate,buster-posey,injury,sacred-ground,sport,regulation,impact,defense,offense baseball, home-plate, collisions, catcher, runner, rule-change, slide-rule, block-plate, advantage, fairness, major-league-baseball, amateur-baseball, buster-posey, injury, sports-regulation, game-balance baseball, collisions, catcher, runner, advantage, rule changes, slide rule, blocking plate, fair play, home-plate, injury, major league baseball, amateur baseball, buster posey
test-environment-ehwsnwu-pro01a	Underground Nuclear Storage is Necessary  Even states without nuclear waste programs tend to generate radioactive waste. For example, research and medicine both use nuclear material and nuclear technology. Technologies such as Medical imaging equipment are dependent and the use of radioactive elements. This means that all states produce levels of nuclear waste that need to be dealt with.  Moreover, many non-nuclear states are accelerating their programmes of research and investment into nuclear technologies. With the exception of Germany, there is an increasing consensus among developed nations that nuclear power is the only viable method of meeting rising domestic demand for energy in the absence of reliable and efficient renewable forms of power generation.  The alternatives to putting nuclear waste in underground storage tend to be based around the reuse of nuclear waste in nuclear power stations. Whilst this is viable in some areas, in countries which lack the technology to be able to do this and in countries which don’t need to rely on nuclear power, this option becomes irrelevant. Further, even this process results in the creation of some nuclear waste, so in countries with the technology to implement such a solution, the disposal of the remaining nuclear waste is still an issue.  As such, underground nuclear storage is a necessary method that should be used to dispose of nuclear waste. [1]  [1] “The EU’s deep underground storage plan.” 03/11/2010. World Nuclear News. Underground Nuclear Storage, Nuclear Waste, Radioactive Waste, Non-Nuclear States, Nuclear Technology, Medical Imaging, Energy Demand, Renewable Energy, Nuclear Power, Waste Reuse, Deep Underground Storage, EU Nuclear Policy underground, nuclear, storage, necessary, states, radioactive, waste, research, medicine, nuclear, technology, medical, imaging, equipment, non-nuclear, programmes, investment, developed, nations, nuclear, power, energy, demand, renewable, forms, power, generation, Germany, alternatives, reuse, nuclear, power, stations, technology, countries, disposal, remaining, nuclear, waste, deep, underground, storage, EU, World, Nuclear, News Underground Nuclear Storage, Nuclear Waste, Radioactive Waste, Research, Medicine, Nuclear Technology, Medical Imaging, Energy Demand, Renewable Power, Nuclear Power, Waste Reuse, Power Stations, Deep Underground Storage, EU, World Nuclear News Underground Nuclear Storage, Nuclear Waste, Radioactive Waste, Non-Nuclear States, Nuclear Technologies, Medical Imaging, Nuclear Power, Energy Demand, Renewable Energy, Nuclear Waste Reuse, Deep Underground Storage, World Nuclear News, EU Nuclear Policy, Nuclear Waste Management, Nuclear Technology Development, Radioactive Materials, Research and Medicine, Nuclear Power Stations, Waste Disposal Solutions, Energy Generation Alternatives, Environmental Impact, Public Safety, Long-Term Storage, International Regulations, Nuclear Safety, Waste Minimization Underground Nuclear Storage, Nuclear Waste, Radioactive Waste, Non-Nuclear States, Nuclear Technologies, Medical Imaging, Nuclear Power, Energy Demand, Renewable Energy, Nuclear Waste Reuse, Deep Underground Storage, Waste Disposal, World Nuclear News, EU Nuclear Policy
test-philosophy-apessghwba-con02a	People would die and suffer needlessly under such a policy  23 new drugs are introduced each year in the United Kingdom alone . [1] . While almost all of these drugs will have been brought to the market after extensive animal testing, the number of animals used to check their safety only seems to be a high cost when the benefits that each drug brings to its users are inadequately considered.  New drugs that are approved for medical use have the potential to relieve human pain and suffering not only for the first group of patients given access to them, but also for future generations of sick and suffering individuals too. Consider all the lives, all over the world, that have benefitted from penicillin since its discovery in 1928. If drugs cost more to research and develop, then that reduces potential profit margins, and some drugs that would have otherwise been discovered and released will fall below the new threshold of likely profits necessary to fund the research. Adopting this proposition will lead to more people suffering and dying in the future than would have otherwise been the case.  [1] BBC News. 2013. Falling drug breakthroughs 'a myth'. drug development, animal testing, patient access, profit margins, research costs, medical breakthroughs, human suffering, future generations, penicillin, drug approval, healthcare policy, pharmaceutical industry, drug safety, new drugs, United Kingdom, drug discovery, market entry, medical relief, economic factors, public health animal testing, drug development, human suffering, new drugs, United Kingdom, market approval, safety testing, penicillin, research costs, profit margins, medical breakthroughs, healthcare policy, drug accessibility, future generations, ethical considerations, pharmaceutical industry, drug efficacy, medical ethics, healthcare economics, policy impact drug development, animal testing, drug approval, medical research, human suffering, profit margins, new drugs, United Kingdom, penicillin, drug breakthroughs, drug costs, research funding, future generations, medical benefits, drug safety, pharmaceutical industry, healthcare innovation, drug discovery, ethical considerations, public health impact drug approval, animal testing, medical benefits, human suffering, drug discovery, research costs, profit margins, pharmaceutical development, healthcare innovation, penicillin impact, drug breakthroughs, patient access, future generations, health economics, medicinal value, regulatory policies, pharmaceutical research, treatment availability, healthcare advancement, drug safety drug development, animal testing, human suffering, pharmaceutical profits, new drugs, medical breakthroughs, drug costs, research funding, patient access, future generations, penicillin discovery, drug safety, market approval, health benefits, global impact, profit margins, drug approval process, medical use, extensive testing, inadequate consideration, high cost, potential benefits, reduced research, drug release, suffering reduction, cost-effectiveness, public health, drug innovation, healthcare advancement, drug discovery, economic impact, policy implications, ethical considerations, drug efficacy, clinical trials, regulatory approval, patient outcomes, long-term benefits, short-term costs, healthcare reform, drug
test-international-bldimehbn-pro02a	On issues such as gay marriage, human rights activists have taken the line that the right to marry is nobody else’s business. That principle of privacy should work both ways.  Many have argued that issues relating to homosexual relations are, fundamentally, a matter of privacy. That we should respect the rights of individuals to live their lives as they see fit without having the views, actions and opinions imposed upon them. [1] It’s a reasonable position but must surely relate to viewers and readers as much as it does to the subjects of news stories.  If gay men and women have the right to live their lives free from the intervention of other traditions and beliefs then so do those communities – religious and otherwise – that find some of their demands offensive or objectionable.  If the rights to privacy and self-determination are supported by those who support gay rights, then it would be inconsistent to suggest that this does not generate a right to avoid offence on behalf of those receiving news.  [1] Human rights campaign, ‘Should gay marriage be legal?’, procon.org, updated 10th August 2012, gay marriage, human rights, privacy, self-determination, religious beliefs, offensive content, news stories, individual rights, community rights, procon.org gay marriage, human rights, privacy, individual rights, self-determination, religious communities, offense, news stories, legal rights, procon.org gay marriage, human rights, privacy, self-determination, individual rights, freedom, offensive content, religious communities, news stories, procon.org, legal rights, homosexuality, rights activists, community beliefs, respect, intervention, traditions, opinions, demands, consistency gay marriage, human rights, privacy, self-determination, individual rights, religious communities, offense, news stories, legal rights, homosexual relations, procon.org Gay marriage, human rights, privacy, self-determination, offensive content, religious beliefs, news stories, procon.org, legal rights, individual rights, community rights, public opinion, sexual orientation, marriage equality, freedom of expression, moral objections, legal recognition, personal freedom, societal norms, homosexual relations, privacy rights, offensive speech, rights advocacy, community values, tolerance, mutual respect, legal debate, public policy, ethical considerations
test-law-hrpepthwuto-pro03a	Time is of the essence in a crisis. When confronted with extremists who see a virtue in their own death, extraordinary methods may be required.  The use of force and fear in enhanced interrogation gives quick results. In the event of a bomb hidden somewhere in Manhattan, it’s vital to have information quickly. Nobody, even the most diehard proponents of enhanced interrogation, would suggest that it is pleasant or should be used on a routine basis; the point is that techniques such as waterboarding are effective and fast.  Responding to terrorist threats is something that needs to be dealt with in minutes or hours. Unfortunately, it is in the nature of due process and legal procedure that they trials and questioning take place in a framework of days or weeks. time, crisis, extremists, death, extraordinary, methods, force, fear, enhanced, interrogation, quick, results, bomb, Manhattan, information, diehard, proponents, unpleasant, routine, techniques, waterboarding, effective, fast, terrorist, threats, minutes, hours, due, process, legal, procedure, trials, questioning, days, weeks time, crisis, extremists, death, extraordinary, methods, force, fear, enhanced, interrogation, quick, results, bomb, Manhattan, information, diehard, proponents, unpleasant, routine, techniques, waterboarding, effective, fast, terrorist, threats, minutes, hours, due, process, legal, procedure, trials, questioning, framework, days, weeks crisis, time-sensitive, extremists, death-acceptance, enhanced-interrogation, force, fear, quick-results, bomb-threat, Manhattan, information-retrieval, waterboarding, effectiveness, speed, terrorist-threats, due-process, legal-procedure, time-frames time, crisis, extremists, death, extraordinary, methods, force, fear, enhanced, interrogation, quick, results, bomb, Manhattan, information, diehard, proponents, unpleasant, routine, waterboarding, effective, fast, terrorist, threats, minutes, hours, due, process, legal, procedure, trials, questioning, framework, days, weeks time, crisis, extremists, death, extraordinary, methods, force, fear, enhanced, interrogation, quick, results, bomb, Manhattan, information, diehard, proponents, unpleasant, routine, waterboarding, effective, fast, terrorist, threats, minutes, hours, due, process, legal, procedure, trials, questioning, framework, days, weeks
test-digital-freedoms-phwnaccpdt-pro01a	Collecting and selling personal information is a major violation of privacy  The gathering of personal data that companies undertake is done in a fashion that is fundamentally invasive of individuals’ privacy.  When individuals go online they act as private parties, often enjoying anonymity in their personal activities. Companies, particular online services, collate information and seek to use it to market products and services that are specifically tailored to those individuals. In the context of the internet, this means that individuals’ activities online are in fact susceptible to someone else’s interference and oversight, stealing from them the privacy and security the internet has striven to provide since its inception. At the most basic level, the invasion of privacy that collating and using private data gleaned from customers is unacceptable. [1] There is a very real risk of the information being misused, as the data can be held, and even resold to third parties that the customers never consented to giving their data and might well not want to come into possession of their personal details. This can lead to serious abuses of individuals’ private information by corporations, or indeed other agents that might have less savoury uses for the information, most obviously the more places your personal information is the more likely it is to be lost in a data breach with 267million records exposed in 2012. [2] Even when the information is not exposed it may be used in ways that have a real impact on the individual such as determining credit scores. [3] People as a matter of principle should have control over who gets access to their private information. Giving companies that are driven by profit motive to sell on their customers’ data to anyone that might offer a suitable price stands as an absolute theft of personal information and privacy.  [1] The Canadian Press. “Academics Want Watchdog to Probe Online Profiling”. CTV News. 28 July 2008.   [2] Risk Based Security, “2012 Sets New Record for Reported Data Breaches”, PR Newswire, 14 February 2013,   [3] Morris, J., and Lacandera, E., “Why big companies buy, sell your data”, CNN, 23 August 2012, Collecting, personal, information, violation, privacy, companies, gathering, data, invasive, individuals, online, private, parties, anonymity, collate, market, products, services, tailored, activities, interference, oversight, security, internet, unacceptable, risk, misuse, held, resold, third, parties, consent, abuses, private, information, corporations, agents, data, breach, exposed, impact, credit, scores, control, profit, motive, theft, Canadian, Press, Academics, Watchdog, Online, Profiling, CTV, News, Risk, Based, Security, Reported, Data, Bre Collecting, selling, personal, information, violation, privacy, gathering, data, invasive, individuals, online, anonymity, companies, online, services, collate, market, products, services, tailored, activities, interference, oversight, security, internet, unacceptable, risk, misuse, held, resold, third, parties, consented, abuses, corporations, agents, data, breach, exposed, impact, credit, scores, control, profit, motive, theft, personal, privacy, Academics, Watchdog, Online, Profiling, Reported, Data, Breaches, Big, Companies, Buy, Sell, Data privacy violation, personal data, online privacy, data collection, marketing, personal information, internet security, data misuse, third-party access, data breaches, credit scores, personal information control, profit motive, data selling, online profiling, data protection, privacy rights, personal data security, online activities, consumer privacy privacy, personal information, data collection, online activities, marketing, individual rights, data misuse, third parties, consent, data breaches, security, credit scores, profit motive, data selling, online profiling, personal data, internet privacy, individual control, corporate responsibility, data protection privacy violation, personal information, data collection, online privacy, individual anonymity, marketing strategies, personal data, internet security, information misuse, third-party data, data breaches, personal information control, profit motive, data selling, data profiling, credit scores, big data, data security, privacy rights, online activities, data exposure, customer data, corporate data use, data protection, data oversight, privacy invasion, personal data trade
test-international-eiahwpamu-pro04a	Rebuilding agricultural systems  Africa is faced with an agrarian crisis. Microfinance is providing rural communities a chance to gain food security and reduce vulnerability to risks such as climate change, unstable demand, and political tensions. Microfinance supports small scale agriculture – which is more sustainable, effective for growth, and beneficial for communities than larger scale agriculture. In Zimbabwe, small scale farming has the capability to improve production, benefiting households, communities, and the Nation (IRIN, 2013; Morrison, 2012).  Kiva, a microfinance NGO, is providing affordable capital to remote communities. Loans have been provided to small-scale farmers and a rental system has been set-up enabling farmers to borrow tools and resources needed. Rebuilding, agricultural, systems, Africa, agrarian, crisis, microfinance, rural, communities, food, security, reduce, vulnerability, climate, change, unstable, demand, political, tensions, small, scale, agriculture, sustainable, effective, growth, beneficial, communities, larger, scale, Zimbabwe, production, households, nation, Kiva, microfinance, NGO, affordable, capital, remote, communities, loans, farmers, rental, system, borrow, tools, resources Rebuilding, agricultural, systems, Africa, agrarian, crisis, microfinance, rural, communities, food, security, reduce, vulnerability, risks, climate, change, unstable, demand, political, tensions, small, scale, agriculture, sustainable, effective, growth, beneficial, communities, larger, scale, Zimbabwe, production, households, nation, Kiva, NGO, affordable, capital, remote, loans, farmers, rental, system, tools, resources Rebuilding, agricultural, systems, Africa, agrarian, crisis, microfinance, rural, communities, food, security, reduce, vulnerability, climate, change, unstable, demand, political, tensions, small, scale, agriculture, sustainable, effective, growth, beneficial, communities, Zimbabwe, production, households, nation, Kiva, NGO, affordable, capital, remote, loans, farmers, rental, system, tools, resources rebuilding, agricultural, systems, Africa, agrarian, crisis, microfinance, rural, communities, food, security, reduce, vulnerability, risks, climate, change, unstable, demand, political, tensions, small, scale, agriculture, sustainable, effective, growth, beneficial, communities, Zimbabwe, production, households, nation, Kiva, NGO, affordable, capital, remote, loans, farmers, rental, system, tools, resources Rebuilding, agricultural, systems, Africa, agrarian, crisis, Microfinance, rural, communities, food, security, reduce, vulnerability, risks, climate, change, unstable, demand, political, tensions, small, scale, agriculture, sustainable, effective, growth, beneficial, communities, Zimbabwe, production, households, nation, Kiva, microfinance, NGO, capital, remote, communities, loans, farmers, rental, system, tools, resources
test-science-sghwbdgmo-con02a	Genetically modified organisms can solve the problem of food supply in the developing world.  The possible benefits from GM food are enormous. Modifications which render plants less vulnerable from pests lead to less pesticide use, which is better for the environment. Other modifications lead to higher crop yield, which leads to lower food prices for all. However, This technology really comes into its own in developing countries. Here where water is at a shortage, modifications (which lead crops to needing less water), are of vital importance. The World Health Organization predicts that vitamin A deficiency, with the use of GMOs, could be wiped out rapidly in the modern world. The scientists developed the strain of rice, called “golden rice”, which produces more beta-carotene and this way produces 20 times more vitamins than other strains, creating a cure for childhood blindness in developing countries. [1]  The fact that it has not is illustrative of the lack of political and economic will to solve these problems. GM food provides a solution that does not rely on charity from Western governments. As the world population increases and the environment deteriorates further this technology will become not just useful but necessary.  [1] Black R., GM “golden rice” boosts vitamin A, published 03/25/2005,  , accessed 09/02/2011 genetically modified organisms, GM food, food supply, developing world, benefits, pests, pesticide use, environment, crop yield, food prices, water shortage, vitamin A deficiency, golden rice, beta-carotene, childhood blindness, political will, economic will, world population, environmental deterioration, technology necessity genetically modified organisms, food supply, developing world, benefits, GM food, pest resistance, pesticide use, environment, crop yield, food prices, water shortage, vitamin A deficiency, golden rice, beta-carotene, childhood blindness, political will, economic will, world population, environmental deterioration, charity, Western governments genetically modified organisms, food supply, developing world, benefits, GM food, pest vulnerability, pesticide use, environment, crop yield, food prices, water shortage, modifications,World Health Organization, vitamin A deficiency, golden rice, beta-carotene, childhood blindness, political will, economic will, world population, environmental deterioration, necessary technology, charity, Western governments Genetically modified organisms, food supply, developing world, benefits, GM food, pest resistance, pesticide use, environment, crop yield, food prices, water shortage, vitamin A deficiency, World Health Organization, golden rice, beta-carotene, childhood blindness, political will, economic will, world population, environmental deterioration, charity, Western governments genetically modified organisms, GM food, food supply, developing world, benefits, pest resistance, pesticide use, environment, crop yield, food prices, water shortage, vitamin A deficiency, golden rice, beta-carotene, childhood blindness, political will, economic will, world population, environmental degradation, necessity
test-law-ilppppghb-pro01a	"Self-determination is necessary to protect minority cultures.  Many states in the modern world do not respect the rights of minorities or actively seek to dilute and subsume them into the majority culture. Others offer limited protections to minority peoples but stop short of allowing them to choose their own futures. We need to reassert their right to self-determination to ensure that these minority cultures are not lost. Failure to defend the principle of self-determination now will effectively close off the choices of future generations.  For example, Australian government policy for many decades was to ignore Aboriginal rights, denying them full citizenship1 and removing children from their homes and relocating them with white families (the so-called ""stolen generation""2). As a result many indigenous Australians no longer have a strong link to their native cultures and languages. The same is arguably true in places like Tibet, where traditional culture is being diluted over time through the deliberate policy of the Chinese government.  1 See ""Collaborating for Indigenous Rights"", National Museum of Australia 2 ""Bringing Them Home: Report of the National Inquiry into the Separation of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Children from Their Families"", Australia Human Rights Commission, April 1997. Self-determination, Minority cultures, State policies, Rights of minorities, Cultural dilution, Aboriginal rights, Stolen generation, Indigenous Australians, Native cultures, Languages, Tibet, Chinese government, Cultural preservation, Future generations, Citizenship, Indigenous rights, National Museum of Australia, Bringing Them Home Report, Human Rights Commission self-determination, minority cultures, state policies, rights of minorities, cultural dilution, Aboriginal rights, stolen generation, indigenous Australians, citizenship, cultural preservation, Tibet, Chinese policy, future generations, cultural identity, language preservation, human rights, national inquiry, government policy, Aboriginal children, Torres Strait Islander children, National Museum of Australia, Bringing Them Home report Self-determination, minority cultures, states, rights of minorities, dilution, subsumption, majority culture, limited protections, choose futures, reassert, lost, future generations, Australian government, Aboriginal rights, full citizenship, stolen generation, indigenous Australians, native cultures, native languages, Tibet, traditional culture, Chinese government, deliberate policy, cultural preservation, human rights, autonomy, indigenous peoples, ethnic minorities, policy impact, cultural erosion, intergenerational trauma, legal protections, self-governance, identity, heritage, colonialism, assimilation, displacement, resistance, activism, advocacy, international law, cultural rights, Ethnic cleansing self-determination, minority cultures, state policies, cultural rights, Aboriginal rights, stolen generation, indigenous rights, Tibetan culture, cultural preservation, minority protections, future generations, cultural dilution, government policies, human rights, cultural identity, citizenship rights, relocation policies, traditional culture, international law, ethnic diversity self-determination, minority cultures, states, rights, protections, futures, Aboriginal rights, citizenship, stolen generation, indigenous Australians, native cultures, languages, Tibet, Chinese government, traditional culture, policy, dilution, subsumption, human rights, reassertion, future generations, preservation, autonomy, identity, ethnic Cleansing, cultural genocide"
test-politics-oepghbrnsl-con04a	"Corruption, an essential issue in Russia, is due to the strong leadership  There is a link between the high levels of corruption and the strong leadership of Russian president and prime minister of Russia. – “Some of Russia's most prominent opposition figures have produced a report accusing Prime Minister Vladimir Putin of presiding over a boom in corruption and enriching his inner circle over the past decade… Putin and President Dmitry Medvedev themselves have 26 ""palaces"" and five yachts, which in turn require costly state upkeep, according to the report.” (8)  Many argue that if it weren’t for the power of the prime minister and ex-president Putin, also his strong authority and management, corruption would have been minimized long ago. corruption, Russia, strong leadership, Vladimir Putin, Dmitry Medvedev, opposition, report, enriching, inner circle, palaces, yachts, state upkeep, power, authority, management, minimized Corruption, Russia, strong leadership, Vladimir Putin, Dmitry Medvedev, opposition figures, report, accusations, enrichment, inner circle, palaces, yachts, state upkeep, power, authority, management, minimized corruption, Russia, strong leadership, President, Prime Minister, Vladimir Putin, Dmitry Medvedev, opposition, report, enriching, inner circle, palaces, yachts, state upkeep, power, authority, management, minimized corruption, Russia, strong leadership, Prime Minister Vladimir Putin, President Dmitry Medvedev, opposition figures, report, boom in corruption, inner circle, palaces, yachts, state upkeep, power, authority, management, minimized Corruption, Russia, strong leadership, Prime Minister Vladimir Putin, President Dmitry Medvedev, opposition figures, report, enriching inner circle, power, authority, management, palaces, yachts, state upkeep, minimization, political influence, anti-corruption efforts, governmental control, bribery, nepotism, administrative corruption, institutional corruption, leadership impact, political corruption, executive power, Kremlin, Russian politics, elite corruption"
test-free-speech-debate-ldhwprhs-con01a	Regardless of the views expressed, freedom of speech means that all opinions should be heard.  Allowing politicians to regulate what it is acceptable to say – or think – is not something that has a happy history. This isn’t the result of a purely intellectual construct but one of altruistic self-interest; once people start banning ideas, they tend not to stop at one.  Voltaire’s comment that “I may not agree with what you say but I will defend to the death your right to say it” is a statement of the very same principle that that demands equality for all groups in society.  In exactly the same way that all views are, at the very least, worthy of a hearing, so are all lifestyles acceptable. Locking people up in the name of liberty makes no sense at all. Equally, banning statements on the basis that it might be offensive to some people has been used as an excuse to prevent social and cultural developments, the process of being offended usually made society and culture stronger for it. We tend to fear or hate that which is hidden or unspoken. The emancipation and liberation of other groups has tended to suggest that open debate is a more productive answer than trying to ban opinions and views. freedom of speech, political regulation, censorship, intellectual construct, altruistic self-interest, banning ideas, Voltaire, equality, lifestyles, social development, cultural development, offense, emancipation, liberation, open debate freedom of speech, politicians, regulation, opinions, history, intellectual construct, altruistic self-interest, banning ideas, Voltaire, equality, groups, society, lifestyles, liberty, social development, cultural development, offense, emancipation, liberation, open debate, productive answer, views freedom of speech, censorship, political regulation, Voltaire, equality, social development, cultural development, open debate, emancipation, liberation, intellectual construct, altruistic self-interest, banning ideas, offensive statements, societal strength, hidden information, Locke, Mill, First Amendment, civil liberties, public discourse freedom of speech, equality, regulation of speech, intellectual construct, altruistic self-interest, banning ideas, Voltaire, right to say, defending opinions, social and cultural developments, offense, cultural strength, emancipation, open debate, banning views, society, cultural improvements, liberation, productive discourse, hiding opinions freedom of speech, political regulation, censorship, intellectual construct, altruistic self-interest, Voltaire, equality, lifestyle acceptance, social development, cultural development, emancipation, open debate, banning opinions, offensive speech, societal strength, liberty, diversity, inclusion, debate, expression
test-free-speech-debate-nshbcsbawc-con03a	If this were about wearing a badge with a political slogan or something similar, everyone would agree that it was inappropriate. The same principle should apply to iconography.  If the image they were wearing endorsed a political candidate or another company, the issue would never have got to court. Neither complainant was employed in a capacity where their religious conviction was relevant to the job. If the situation were reversed and they were compelled to profess a religious faith in such a situation there would, rightly, be an outcry.  In neither situation would the consumer of the service being provided expect to be confronted with endorsements for which candidate to vote for or which soda to drink.  The question then arises, if political and corporate branding is out, why should suggestions about which god to pray to be okay? The very fact that they were willing to pursue this action demonstrates that images and symbols carry meaning beyond the explicit statement they make. If that is true, then it is equally true that others may object to, or be offended by, what that symbol represents. People who have bought airline tickets or are in need of healthcare should not be confronted by imagery they may find unpleasant. wearing badge, political slogan, inappropriate, iconography, endorsing candidate, company, religious conviction, job relevance, compelled profession, religious faith, consumer service, confronted endorsements, candidate vote, soda drink, political branding, corporate branding, suggesting god, pursue action, images symbols, meaning, objection, offended, symbol representation, airline tickets, healthcare, unpleasant imagery wearing,badge,political,slogan,iconography,religious,conviction,job,consumer,service,candidate,corporate,branding,God,pray,legal,action,airline,healthcare,unpleasant,imagery,symbol,meaning,offend,outcry political, inappropriate, iconography, religious, conviction, job, reverse, profession, faith, service, consumer, endorsement, candidate, soda, branding, symbol, meaning, objection, offense, imagery, unpleasant, airline, healthcare political slogan, inappropriate, iconography, image, political candidate, company, religious conviction, job relevance, religious faith, consumer service, endorsements, candidate, soda, religious symbols, meaning, symbol representation, objection, offended, airline tickets, healthcare, imagery, unpleasant badge, political, slogan, iconography, image, political candidate, company, religious conviction, job, religious faith, consumer, service, endorsements, candidate, soda, corporate branding, images, symbols, meaning, objection, offended, symbol, airline tickets, healthcare, unpleasant
test-politics-glgvhbqssc-pro03a	International Law Mandates Quebec be allowed Independence  International law recognizes Quebec’s right to self-determination and denying them self-determination is therefore a violation of international law.  International law recognizes the right of all peoples to self-determination. The international community has decided that it is oppressive to individuals to live under a government that is systematically incapable or unwilling to protect them and their interests. [1]  The Quebecois have been systematically denied adequate representation in the federal government of Canada. Quebecois legislation protection their basic rights to retain their language and culture have been met with contempt [2] and legal action by the federal Canadian government and courts. [3] This is but one example of the very clear denial of basic representation and self-governance that afflicts the Quebecois in Canada.  Therefore, Quebec has the legal right to self-determination and independence in international law.  [1] „Reference re Secession of Quebec“, Supreme Court of Canada, 1998, 2 S.C.R. 217, <  >  [2] “Maxime Bernier on Quebec law: ‘We don’t need Bill 101’”, The Canadian Press, 4 February 2011, <  >  [3] Hudon, R., „Bill 101“, The Canadian Encyclopedia, <  > International Law, Quebec, Independence, Self-Determination, Violation, Rights, Peoples, Oppression, Representation, Federal Government, Canada, Legislation, Language, Culture, Contempt, Legal Action, Governance, Supreme Court, Bill 101, Maxime Bernier, Canadian Press, Canadian Encyclopedia, Reference re Secession of Quebec International Law, Quebec, Independence, Self-Determination, Violation, Representation, Federal Government, Canada, Legislation, Language, Culture, Contempt, Legal Action, Reference re Secession of Quebec, Supreme Court of Canada, Maxime Bernier, Bill 101, The Canadian Encyclopedia, Human Rights, Self-Governance, Quebecois, Oppression, Governance, Peoples' Rights, Sovereignty, Political Representation, Cultural Protection, Constitutional Law, Legal Precedent International Law, Quebec, Independence, Self-Determination, Violation, Rights, Peoples, Oppression, Federal Government, Canada, Representation, Language, Culture, Legislation, Protection, Bill 101, Reference re Secession of Quebec, Supreme Court of Canada, Maxime Bernier, The Canadian Press, The Canadian Encyclopedia, Hudon, R. international law, Quebec, independence, self-determination, representation, federal government, Canada, legislation, language, culture, Bill 101, Supreme Court, Reference re Secession of Quebec, Maxime Bernier, The Canadian Press, The Canadian Encyclopedia, legal action, courts, oppression, rights, self-governance, Quebecois, contempt, basic rights, systematic denial, legal right, international community International Law, Quebec, Independence, Self-Determination, Violation, Representation, Federal Government, Canada, Legislation, Language, Culture, Legal Right, Supreme Court, Bill 101, Maxime Bernier, Canadian Press, Canadian Encyclopedia, Hudon, Reference re Secession of Quebec
test-science-ascidfakhba-pro01a	Intellectual property is a legal fiction created for convenience in some instances, but copyright should cease to be protected under this doctrine  An individual’s idea only truly belongs solely to them so long as it rests in their mind alone. When they disseminate their ideas to the world they put them in the public domain, and should become the purview of everyone to use. Artists and creators more generally, should not expect some sort of ownership to inhere in an idea they happen to have, since no such ownership right exists in reality. [1] No one can own an idea. Thus recognizing something like a property right over intangible assets is contrary to reason, since doing so gives monopoly power to individuals who may not make efficient or equitable use of their inventions or products. Physical property is a tangible asset, and thus can be protected by tangible safeguards. Ideas do not share the same order of protection even now because they exist in a different order to physical reality. However, some intellectual property is useful in encouraging investment and invention, allowing people to engage their profit motives to the betterment of society as a whole. To an extent one can also sympathize with the notion that creators deserve to accrue some additional profit for the labour of the creative process, but this can be catered for through Creative Commons non-commercial licenses which reserve commercial rights. [2] These protections should not extend to non-commercial use of the various forms of arts. This is because art is a social good of a unique order, with its purpose not purely functional, but creative. It only has value in being experienced, and thus releasing these works through creative commons licenses allows the process of artistic experience and sharing proceeds unhindered by outmoded notions of copyright. The right to reap some financial gain still remains for the artists, as their rights still hold over all commercial use of their work. This seems like a fair compromise of the artist’s right to profit from their work and society right to experience and grow from those works.  [1] Fitzgerald, Brian and Anne Fitzgerald. Intellectual Property: In Principle. Melbourne: Lawbook Company. 2004.  [2] Walsh, K., “Commercial Rights Reserved proposal outcome: no change”, Creative Commons, 14 February 2013, Intellectual property, legal fiction, copyright, public domain, idea ownership, intangible assets, monopoly power, physical property, tangible safeguards, investment encouragement, profit motives, Creative Commons, non-commercial licenses, artistic experience, financial gain, commercial use, society rights, creator rights, legal protection, artistic sharing, outmoded copyright, fair compromise, social good, creative process, invention, equitable use, intellectual assets, legal doctrine, creative commons licenses, commercial rights, artistic value, societal benefit intellectual property, copyright, legal fiction, public domain, ideas, ownership, monopoly power, tangible assets, intangible assets, investment, invention, profit motives, Creative Commons, non-commercial licenses, commercial use, artistic experience, financial gain, society, art, sharing, outmoded notions, fair compromise, creative process, social good, functional value, experienced value, dissemination, protection, doctrine, reality, legal protection, equitable use, efficient use, artists, creators, invention, society betterment, profit, labor, creative commons licenses, commercial rights, non-commercial use, artistic works, sharing unhindered, financial profit, social intellectual property, legal fiction, copyright, public domain, idea ownership, monopoly power, tangible assets, intangible assets, creative commons, non-commercial use, artistic experience, commercial rights, financial gain, society right, creative process, invention, profit motives, outmoded notions, artistic sharing, fair compromise Intellectual property, legal fiction, copyright, public domain, idea ownership, monopoly power, physical property, intangible assets, investment, invention, profit motives, Creative Commons, non-commercial licenses, artistic experience, financial gain, commercial use, society, art, creative process intellectual property, legal fiction, copyright, public domain, idea ownership, intangible assets, monopoly power, physical property, tangible safeguards, investment, invention, profit motives, Creative Commons, non-commercial licenses, artistic experience, financial gain, commercial use, society rights, artistic value, sharing, outmoded notions, fair compromise, creators rights, society benefit, Brian Fitzgerald, Anne Fitzgerald, K Walsh, Creative Commons proposal
test-religion-frghbbgi-con01a	Revealed wisdom  Godly wisdom is not the same as human wisdom and cannot be subject to the same criticism. The nature of humanity means that our ability to understand God’s wisdom is fundamentally limited; and thus arguments based on morality or science are irrelevant – what matters is that God has revealed Himself. Revealed wisdom, Godly wisdom, human wisdom, divine revelation, morality, science, theological understanding, spiritual insight, biblical wisdom, Christian doctrine, faith-based knowledge, religious epistemology, supernatural wisdom, spiritual discernment, divine understanding, transcendent knowledge, critique of human reason, limits of human understanding, theological criticism, religious truth, divine revelation importance, spiritual knowledge, faith and reason, God's nature, human limitations, divine authority, spiritual enlightenment, religious philosophy, biblical truths, theological perspectives revealed wisdom, godly wisdom, human wisdom, divine revelation, spiritual understanding, moral criticism, scientific criticism, human limitations, divine knowledge, theological insight, biblical truth, faith-based reasoning, spiritual discernment, religious epistemology, divine revelation theology Revealed wisdom, Godly wisdom, human wisdom, divine revelation, criticism, human limitations, understanding God, morality, science, irrelevance, divine truth, spiritual knowledge, human knowledge, religious epistemology Revealed wisdom, Godly wisdom, human wisdom, criticism, nature of humanity, understanding, God’s wisdom, arguments, morality, science, irrelevance, divine revelation, theological understanding revealed wisdom, godly wisdom, human wisdom, criticism, nature of humanity, understanding, God’s wisdom, limitations, morality, science, irrelevance, divine revelation, self-disclosure, theological knowledge
test-environment-opecewiahw-con04a	The cost is too high  The Grand Inga is ‘pie in the sky’ as the cost is too immense. At more than $50-100 billion it is more than twice the GDP of the whole country. [1] Even the much smaller Inga III project has been plagued by funding problems with Westcor pulling out of the project in 2009. [2] This much smaller project still does not have all the financial backing it needs having failed to get firm commitments of investment from anyone except the South Africans. [3] If private companies won’t take the risk on a much smaller project they won’t on the Grand Inga.  [1] Central Intelligence Agency, ‘Congo, Democratic Republic of the’, The World Factbook, 12 November 2013,   [2] ‘Westcor Drops Grand Inga III Project’, Alternative Energy Africa, 14 August 2009,   [3] ‘DRC still looking for Inga III funding’, ESI-Africa.com, 13 September 2013, cost,high,Grand Inga,pie in the sky,immense cost,GDP,country,Inga III,funding problems,Westcor,2009,smaller project,financial backing,South Africans,private companies,risk,Congo,Democratic Republic,World Factbook,Alternative Energy Africa,ESI-Africa cost, high, Grand Inga, pie in the sky, immense, $50-100 billion, GDP, country, Inga III, funding problems, Westcor, 2009, financial backing, South Africans, private companies, risk, DRC, funding cost, Grand Inga, pie in the sky, $50-100 billion, GDP, Inga III, funding problems, Westcor, 2009, financial backing, South Africans, private companies, risk, DRC, funding, Central Intelligence Agency, World Factbook, Congo, Democratic Republic of the, Alternative Energy Africa, ESI-Africa.com cost, Grand Inga, pie in the sky, immense cost, GDP, Inga III, funding problems, Westcor, financial backing, South Africans, private companies, DRC, investment, risk, energy project, Africa cost, Grand Inga, pie in the sky, immense, GDP, Inga III, funding problems, Westcor, 2009, financial backing, South Africans, private companies, risk, DRC, funding, Central Intelligence Agency, World Factbook, Congo, Democratic Republic, Alternative Energy Africa, ESI-Africa.com
test-digital-freedoms-eifpgdff-con03a	Internet regulation is necessary to ensure a working economy on the internet  As seen above, the internet has enabled many types of criminal behavior. But it has also enabled normal citizens to share files. Music, movie and game producers have difficulty operating in a market where their products get pirated immediately after release and spread for free instantaneously on a massive scale. The internet enables violation of their right of ownership, gained through providing the hard work of creating a work of art, on a massive scale. Since it’s impractical to sue and fine each and every downloader, a more effective and less invasive policy would be government requiring Internet Service Providers to implement a graduated response policy, which has ISPs automatically monitor all internet traffic and fine their users when they engage in copyright violation. Something along these lines has already been tried in France, called HADOPI, which has succeeded in decreasing the downloading of unauthorized content. [1]  Apart from this, governments also need to think about how to translate everyday offline activities onto the internet. For example, when you file your tax report offline, you would sign it with your handwritten signature. The online variant would be a digital signature. [2] Developing and deploying a digital signature would enable citizens and corporations to do business, file their tax reports and pay their taxes online.  [1] Crumley, ‘Why France’s Socialists Won’t Kill Sarkozy’s Internet Piracy Law’, 2012  [2] Wikipedia, ‘Digital Signatures’, 2012. Internet regulation, working economy, criminal behavior, file sharing, music producers, movie producers, game producers, piracy, intellectual property, copyright violation, government policy, Internet Service Providers, graduated response policy, HADOPI, France, unauthorized content, digital signature, tax reports, online transactions, digital rights management, cybersecurity, legal framework, online commerce, user rights, privacy, enforcement, digital signatures, tax filing, online payments, cybersecurity measures, regulatory frameworks, digital economy, content protection, consumer rights, technological solutions, policy implementation, international cooperation, internet governance, digital identity, secure transactions, legal compliance, data protection, digital infrastructure, Internet regulation, working economy, criminal behavior, file sharing, music piracy, movie piracy, game piracy, copyright violation, ownership rights, graduated response policy, Internet Service Providers, government policy, HADOPI, digital signature, online tax filing, digital business transactions, France internet law, tax report filing, cybersecurity, online rights protection, digital transactions, policy implementation, online content distribution, user monitoring, online legal framework, digital economy, internet governance, piracy prevention, digital signatures technology, cybersecurity measures, internet policy discussion, regulatory frameworks, online content management, digital rights management, online privacy, digital identity verification, online transaction security, internet legislation internet regulation, working economy, criminal behavior, file sharing, music piracy, movie piracy, game piracy, copyright violation, ownership rights, graduated response policy, Internet Service Providers, HADOPI, unauthorized content, digital signature, online tax filing, online business transactions, government policy, digital rights management, online security, content protection, France, piracy law, digital signatures, Wikipedia, Crumley, tax reports, copyright protection, internet traffic monitoring, user fines, content creators, digital economy, cybersecurity, legal downloads, online commerce, digital identity, electronic signatures, data privacy, intellectual property, online enforcement, digital content, internet governance, Internet regulation, working economy, criminal behavior, file sharing, music piracy, movie piracy, game piracy, copyright violation, ownership rights, content creators, graduated response policy, Internet Service Providers, ISP monitoring, HADOPI, France, unauthorized content, digital signature, online tax filing, online business, tax reports, cybersecurity, digital rights management, legislative measures, policy solutions, online security, digital transactions, intellectual property, legal frameworks, technological enforcement, consumer behavior, digital economy, regulatory frameworks, internet governance, content protection, digital signatures, cybersecurity policies, piracy prevention, digital rights, online activities, legal enforcement, internet policies, digital security internet regulation, economy, criminal behavior, file sharing, music piracy, movie piracy, game piracy, copyright violation, ownership rights, graduated response policy, internet service providers, ISP monitoring, HADOPI, digital signature, online tax filing, online business transactions, cybersecurity, intellectual property protection, France internet law, digital signatures implementation
test-economy-bhahwbsps-pro04a	This ban would be easy to introduce.  A ban in all public places would be no more difficult to introduce than existing bans preventing smoking in only some public places. As long as people are given plenty of notice of changes, as was done in airports in Saudi Arabia, and the rules are made clear and readily available1 there should be few difficulties in introducing this ban.  1 Smith, Louise. “Smoking in public places: the ban in force – Commons Library Standard Note.” Parliament. 20 May 2011. ban, public places, smoking, introduction, difficulties, notice, rules, clarity, availability, Saudi Arabia, airports, Commons Library Standard Note, Parliament, 2011 ban, public places, smoking, implementation, Saudi Arabia, notice, rules, clarity, commons library, standard note, parliament, 2011 ban, public places, smoking, introduction, ease, existing bans, notice, airports, Saudi Arabia, rules, clarity, availability, Commons Library Standard Note, Parliament, Smith, Louise, 20 May 2011 ban, public places, smoking, introduction, ease, existing bans, notice, changes, rules, clarity, availability, Saudi Arabia, airports, Parliament, Commons Library Standard Note ban, public places, smoking, introduction, ease, existing bans, notice, changes, rules, clarity, availability, Saudi Arabia, airports, Smith, Louise, Smoking in public places, Commons Library Standard Note, Parliament, 20 May 2011
test-philosophy-ippelhbcp-con01a	“Benefits” of capital punishment apply universally  The same arguments about capital punishment apply in Africa - deterrence value, potential cost savings, and principles of justice. [1] This could be more acute, with growing issues of international crime, such as drugs, growing in Africa [2] .  Africa has had many issues of conflict and crimes against humanity – these are the kind of crimes that many who are less enthusiastic about capital punishment would still support it for.  [1] See “This House Supports the Death Penalty” -   [2] See Cockayne, James, “Africa and the War on Drugs: the West African cocaine trade is not just business as usual”, African Arguments, 2012, benefits, capital punishment, universally, deterrence, cost savings, justice, Africa, international crime, drugs, conflict, crimes against humanity, death penalty, War on Drugs, West African cocaine trade benefits, capital punishment, universal arguments, deterrence, cost savings, justice principles, international crime, drugs, Africa, conflict, crimes against humanity, death penalty, West African cocaine trade, African Arguments benefits,capital punishment,apply universally,deterrence,value,cost savings,principles,justice,international crime,drugs,Africa,conflict,crimes against humanity,death penalty,African Arguments,Cockayne,James,West African cocaine trade benefits, capital punishment, universally, deterrence, cost savings, justice, Africa, international crime, drugs, conflicts, crimes against humanity, death penalty, West African cocaine trade capital punishment, benefits, universal application, deterrence, cost savings, justice principles, international crime, drug trafficking, Africa, conflict, crimes against humanity, death penalty, West African cocaine trade, policy debate
test-philosophy-npppmhwup-pro04a	Increase the number of Minorities  College admission processes are impersonal and favourably biased towards white, affluent students – therefore, quotas specifically for minority students need to be established. College admissions processes are as such because they heavily rely on standard tests or college admission exams. This has caused countries such as Brazil to create quotas for brown (mixed) and black students in most universities. [1] These students cannot afford the better education enjoyed by their rich, white counterparts, and therefore do not perform well in college exams and do not gain admission into university. Quotas are needed to make the admission process a little bit fairer and increase the number of minorities in university campuses.  [1] Stahlberg, S.G. “Racial Inequality and Affirmative Action in Education in Brazil”. August 2010, Minorities, College admission, Impersonal, Bias, White, Affluent, Quotas, Minority students, Standard tests, College exams, Brazil, Racial inequality, Affirmative action, Education, Better education, Rich, White counterparts, Performance, University admission, Fairness, University campuses, Stahlberg, Racial Inequality, Affirmative Action, Education Brazil Increase, number, minorities, college, admission, processes, impersonal, favourably, biased, white, affluent, students, quotas, minority, standard, tests, college, exams, Brazil, quotas, brown, black, students, universities, better, education, rich, white, counterparts, perform, college, exams, admission, university, fair, university, campuses, racial, inequality, affirmative, action, education, Stahlberg, S.G., Racial, Inequality, Affirmative, Action, Education, Brazil, August, 2010 Increase, Minorities, College, Admission, Processes, Impersonal, Bias, White, Affluent, Students, Quotas, Minority, Standard, Tests, College, Exams, Brazil, Quotas, Brown, Black, Universities, Education, Affirmative, Action, Racial, Inequality, Rich, White, Counterparts, Performance, University, Campuses, Fairness increase, minorities, college, admission, processes, impersonal, favourably, biased, white, affluent, quotas, minority, students, standard, tests, college, admission, exams, Brazil, quotas, brown, black, students, universities, education, rich, white, counterparts, perform, college, exams, admission, university, racial, inequality, affirmative, action, education, Stahlberg, S.G., 2010 Minorities, College admission, Impersonal, Bias, White, Affluent, Quotas, Standard tests, College exams, Brazil, Racial inequality, Affirmative action, Education, Poverty, University access, Fairness
test-politics-eppghwgpi-pro02a	Politicians should be able to make difficult decisions without fear that selecting one option will lead to their incarceration.  By the most popular definition, a state is the entity with the monopoly on the legitimate use of force within a defined territory. Politicians, as the government of that state, necessarily wield the institutions of that state force. This results in the tremendous responsibility of deciding when the overwhelming power of the state is exercised. This pertains to a variety of areas, such as police action against civil unrest, the interrogation of both alleged and convicted terrorists, and economic policies that subsidize industries with state resources. While it is certainly possible to brazenly abuse this power, in many cases politicians are presented with options which are, if at all illegal, marginally so, and made with the good faith interest of the nation at heart. There are even conceivable situations in which a politician may exercise options that are clearly illegal but serve an overwhelming state interest; consider an illegal raid on a private building in order to prevent a nuclear bomb from going off. While documented instances of policy-makers choosing not to act for a particular reason are rare, several senior CIA officials stated that they had become risk averse merely because the idea of prosecuting officials who made security policy had entered the public discourse. [1] We ought to place politicians in a situation where the only factor in their decision-making process is what serves the public interest, rather than having to weigh what they consider to be the right action against the chance it will lead to their incarceration. Attempting to avoid this through a limited system which allowed for the prosecution of apolitical crimes but immunity for political decisions would fail to accomplish the goals of prosecution of politicians, which is primarily to protect against political abuses of state power which threaten the rights of the citizenry.  [1] Crawford, Robert, ‘Torture and the Ideology of National Security’ Global Dialogue, Vol.12 No.1, Winter/Spring 2010, (“A Risk-Averse CIA” subsection)  [Accessed 22 September 2011] Politicians, difficult decisions, incarceration, state, legitimate use of force, government, state force, responsibility, police action, civil unrest, interrogation, terrorists, economic policies, subsidies, abuse of power, good faith, national interest, illegal raid, nuclear bomb, risk aversion, CIA, prosecution, public interest, political abuses, citizens' rights, immunity, apolitical crimes, political decisions, national security, torture, ideology, security policy Politicians, decision-making, fear, incarceration, state, monopoly, legitimate force, government, responsibility, state power, civil unrest, police action, interrogation, terrorists, economic policies, subsidies, industries, abuse, power, illegal, state interest, nuclear bomb, prosecution, policy-makers, risk-averse, CIA officials, security policy, protection, political abuses, citizens, rights, immunity, apolitical crimes, political decisions, prosecution goals, national security, torture, ideology, public discourse Politicians, decision-making, incarceration, state power, legitimate force, government responsibility, civil unrest, terrorism, economic policies, state resources, abuse of power, public interest, prosecution, political immunity, citizen rights, risk aversion, CIA, national security, torture, policy-making political decision-making, fear of incarceration, state monopoly on violence, use of state force, political responsibility, civil unrest, terrorist interrogation, economic subsidies, abuse of power, illegal actions, state interest, risk aversion, CIA officials, prosecution of politicians, political abuses, citizen rights, national security, torture, ideology, public interest, legal immunity, apolitical crimes, political crimes, prosecution goals Politicians, decision-making, incarceration, state, legitimate use of force, government, state force, responsibility, power, civil unrest, terrorism, interrogation, economic policies, state resources, abuse of power, state interest, nuclear threat, risk aversion, CIA, prosecution, policy, public interest, political crimes, immunity, political abuses, citizen rights, national security, torture, ideology, legal immunity, ethical decision-making, public discourse, legal framework, governance, political accountability, judicial reform, ethical governance, policy-making, security policy, legal protection, political ethics, state sovereignty, governance challenges, decisional immunity, political responsibility, legal
test-education-ughbuesbf-pro03a	Individuals have a right to equal opportunities that free university provides.  The employment prospects created by a university degree are substantial, and many lines of work are only available to university graduates. True merit should define the ability to attend university, not the accident of birth. With the institution of fees, access becomes more difficult, and will certainly lead to lower attendance by poorer groups. This serves to lock people into the economic situation when they are born, as getting out is much more difficult when denied access to most high­income jobs.5  5 Tribune Opinion. 2005. “Education Paves Way Out of Poverty”. Greeley Tribune​ . Available: equal opportunities, free university, employment prospects, university degree, true merit, university attendance, economic situation, poverty, high-income jobs, education fees, access to education, socioeconomic barriers, merit-based admission, educational inequality, opportunity gap, financial barriers, academic potential, higher education, social mobility, economic mobility, Greeley Tribune, education policy, tuition fees, educational access, poverty reduction, economic status, economic barriers, meritocracy, educational opportunities, socioeconomic factors, university fees, educational attainment, employment opportunities, economic outcomes, social equity, educational equity, tuition costs, poverty alleviation, higher education access, educational barriers, socioeconomic status, equal opportunities, free university, employment prospects, university degree, merit, university fees, access, poorer groups, economic situation, high-income jobs, education, poverty, Greeley Tribune equal opportunities, free university, employment prospects, university degree, merit, university attendance, economic situation, poverty, education fees, high-income jobs, social mobility, access to education, tuition fees, socioeconomic status, educational inequality equal opportunities, free university, employment prospects, university degree, merit, university fees, access difficulties, poorer groups, economic situation, high-income jobs, education, poverty, Greeley Tribune, Tribune Opinion equal opportunities, free university, employment prospects, university degree, merit, university access, fees, lower attendance, poorer groups, economic situation, high-income jobs, education, poverty, Greeley Tribune
test-politics-epvhbfsmsaop-con02a	Celebrity involvement counters financial power to the benefit of the disenfranchised  Parties advocating policies that benefit the most financially powerful (big business etc.) are able to make large revenues from donations from wealthy business personalities involved in those industries.  Film and music stars tend towards the ‘liberal’ or ‘left’ wing of politics [1] . Consequently, in being prevented from exerting non-financial power (through endorsement) the different political parties are not equally affected: rather, you disproportionately punish the liberal parties. This is significant, given the necessity of a counter-balance to the power of big business (through donations – for example in the USA 90% of donations from mining and the automotive industry goes to the republicans [2] ) over our political system (which is not being similarly banned).  [1] Meyer, D., Gamson, J. ‘The Challenge of Cultural Elites: Celebrities and Social Movements’, Sociological Inquiry. Vol.65 No.2, 1995, pp.181-206  [2] Duffy, Robert J., ‘Business, Elections, and the Environment’, in Michael E. Kraft and Sheldon Kamieniecki, Business and Environmental Policy, 2007, pp.61-90, p.74, Celebrity, involvement, financial, power, disenfranchised, policies, big, business, donations, wealthy, personalities, industries, film, music, stars, liberal, left, wing, politics, endorsement, political, parties, counter-balance, mining, automotive, industry, republicans, cultural, elites, social, movements, elections, environment, policy celebrity involvement, financial power, disenfranchised, political parties, big business, donations, wealthy personalities, film stars, music stars, liberal, left-wing, non-financial power, endorsements, liberal parties, counter-balance, power, mining industry, automotive industry, republicans, cultural elites, social movements, business, elections, environment, political system celebrity, involvement, financial, power, disenfranchised, policies, big, business, donations, wealthy, personalities, industries, film, music, stars, liberal, left, wing, politics, endorsement, political, parties, counter-balance, mining, automotive, industry, republicans, cultural, elites, social, movements, business, elections, environment, political, system, restrictions, influence, advocacy, disenfranchised, support, fundraising, political, influence, public, opinion, media, visibility, philanthropy, activism, lobbying, campaign, finance, regulation, corporate, governance, social, responsibility, celebrity involvement, financial power, disenfranchised, liberal policies, left-wing politics, big business, donations, wealthy personalities, film stars, music stars, non-financial power, endorsement, political parties, counter-balance, mining industry, automotive industry, republicans, cultural elites, social movements, business, elections, environmental policy Celebrity involvement, financial power, disenfranchised, big business, donations, wealthy business personalities, film stars, music stars, liberal, left wing, political parties, non-financial power, endorsement, republicans, mining industry, automotive industry, political system, cultural elites, social movements, business, elections, environment, counter-balance, donations ban, political inequality
test-international-bmaggiahbl-pro03a	International concern  Rwanda, though a progressing country is still aid dependent which has been a backbone for its achievements today[1]. Spoiling Rwanda’s relations with the international community would therefor be destabilising Rwanda’s focus and growth. This has been evident when some countries cut aid to Rwanda recently following allegations of the government supporting insecurity in Congo [2].  Most donor governments are strong backers of human rights and freedom. Continued restrictions to freedom of speech may provoke international reaction through cutting aid and trade ties a move that may hinder the success of Rwanda’s goals. Aid has been cut on other human rights issues for example donor countries have recently acted to cut aid to Uganda as a result of their criminalisation of homosexuality.[3]  [1] DFID Rwanda, ‘Growth and Poverty reduction grant to the government of Rwanda (2012/2013-2014/2015), gov.uk, July 2012  [2] BBC news, ‘UK stops £21m aid payment to Rwanda’ bbc.co.uk, 30 November 2012  [3] Plaut, Martin, ‘Uganda donors cut aid after president passes anti-gay law’, theguardian.com, 25 February 2014 International concern, Rwanda, aid dependency, progress, international community, destabilisation, focus, growth, country relations, aid cuts, allegations, government support, insecurity, Congo, donor governments, human rights, freedom, restrictions, freedom of speech, international reaction, trade ties, success, goals, DFID, growth and poverty reduction, UK, aid payment, Martin Plaut, Uganda, anti-gay law, donors, criminalisation, homosexuality Rwanda, aid-dependent, international-community, relations, destabilisation, growth, donor-governments, human-rights, freedom, freedom-of-speech, international-reaction, aid-cuts, trade-ties, human-rights-issues, Uganda, homosexuality, DFID-Rwanda, UK-aid-cuts, martin-plaut, guardian, BBC-news Rwanda, aid dependence, international relations, aid cuts, human rights, freedom of speech, donor countries, Congo insecurity, UK aid, Uganda, anti-gay law, DFID, poverty reduction, economic growth, international community, government support, homosexuality criminalisation, political stability, development goals Rwanda, aid dependency, international community, donor relations, human rights, freedom of speech, aid cuts, trade ties, Congo, insecurity, DFID, UK, BBC, Uganda, anti-gay law, Martin Plaut, Guardian Rwanda, aid, international community, relations, destabilisation, focus, growth, allegations, government, insecurity, Congo, donor governments, human rights, freedom, restrictions, freedom of speech, international reaction, cutting aid, trade ties, success, DFID Rwanda, Growth and Poverty Reduction, grant, BBC news, UK, aid payment, Martin Plaut, Uganda, donors, anti-gay law, criminalisation, homosexuality
test-politics-pgsimhwoia-pro03a	Migrants can benefit developing countries  Migrants can bring the benefit of their industriousness to developing countries. When there are crises it is the middle professional classes who are most likely to migrate as they have the resources and knowledge with which to do so. When it comes to economic migrants it is often the educated youth who are looking for better work opportunities; skilled workers make up 33% of migrants from developing countries despite being only 6% of the population. [1] Developed countries already have a highly educated and skilled population, and will take in those migrants with skills they need. Developing countries on the other hand have a much less well educated population so derive more benefit from the influx of skilled workers to help them develop thus counteracting the ‘brain drain’.  [1] Docquier, Frédéric, Lohest, Olivier, and Marfouk, Abdeslam. ‘Brain Drain in Developing Countries’, The World Bank Economic Review. Vol. 21, No. 2, pp. 193–218, p.198 Migrants, Developing countries, Industriousness, Crises, Middle professional classes, Resources, Knowledge, Economic migrants, Educated youth, Work opportunities, Skilled workers, Population, Developed countries, Highly educated, Skilled population, Influx, Skilled workers, Development, Brain drain, Counteracting, Docquier, Frédéric, Lohest, Olivier, Marfouk, Abdeslam, World Bank, Economic Review Migrants, developing countries, industriousness, crises, middle professional classes, resources, knowledge, economic migrants, educated youth, better work opportunities, skilled workers, population, developed countries, highly educated, skilled population, brain drain, influx, skilled workers, development, counteracting, Docquier, Lohest, Marfouk, World Bank Economic Review migrants, developing countries, benefits, industriousness, crises, middle professional classes, resources, knowledge, economic migrants, educated youth, work opportunities, skilled workers, population, developed countries, educated population, skilled migrants, brain drain, counteracting, Docquier, Frédéric, Lohest, Olivier, Marfouk, Abdeslam, World Bank Economic Review migrants, developing countries, industriousness, crises, middle professional classes, resources, knowledge, economic migrants, educated youth, work opportunities, skilled workers, population, developed countries, highly educated, skills, brain drain, counteracting, Docquier, Lohest, Marfouk, World Bank Economic Review migrants, developing countries, benefits, industriousness, crises, middle professional classes, resources, knowledge, economic migrants, educated youth, work opportunities, skilled workers, population, developed countries, educated population, skill needs, brain drain, counteracting, Docquier, Lohest, Marfouk, World Bank Economic Review
test-environment-aiahwagit-con03a	Legalising the trade of horns, ivory, furs and pelts would be more effective  Making it legal for hunters to kill these endangered animals, rather than protecting them, could prevent extinction. The protected status of endangered animals has made their pelts, horns and tusks more expensive as they are harder to obtain. [1] The current illegality of trading rhino horns has constrained supply in comparison to demand in Asia. This has driven the price of the horn to around £84,000. Softening protection for endangered animals could, in theory, reduce the price to a point where it is no longer profitable to hunt these endangered animals. [2] This would potentially increase supply by freeing up that seized by governments which is currently destroyed, and could potentially involve farming as South Africa is considering with Rhino horn. [3]  [1] Welz, A. ‘The War on African Poaching: Is Militarization Fated to Fail?’  [2] Player, I. & Fourie, A. ‘How to win the war against poachers’  [3] Molewa, E., ‘Statement on Rhino poaching intervention’ Legalising, trade, horns, ivory, furs, pelts, endangered, animals, hunting, protection, extinction, demand, supply, price, profitability, poaching, militarization, farming, rhino, horn, South, Africa, policy, conservation legalising, trade, horns, ivory, furs, pelts, effective, hunters, kill, endangered, animals, extinction, protected, status, expensive, demand, Asia, price, rhino, horns, supply, profit, poaching, militarization, farming, South, Africa, seizure, destruction, intervention, poachers Legalising, trade, horns, ivory, furs, pelts, effective, hunters, kill, endangered, animals, protection, extinction, pelts, horns, tusks, expensive, supply, demand, Asia, price, profitable, hunt, freeing, seized, destroyed, farming, South Africa, Rhino, poaching, militarization, intervention, statement, Molewa, Player, Fourie Legalising, trade, horns, ivory, furs, pelts, hunters, kill, endangered, animals, protect, extinction, protected, status, expensive, demand, Asia, rhino, horns, supply, price, profit, poaching, militarization, fail, war, poachers, farming, South, Africa, statement, intervention legalising, trade, horns, ivory, furs, pelts, endangered, animals, hunters, kill, protecting, extinction, protected, status, expensive, illegality, rhino, horns, demand, Asia, price, profitability, supply, seized, governments, destroyed, farming, South, Africa, militarization, poaching, intervention, war, poachers
test-free-speech-debate-fsaphgiap-con03a	Markets like stability  Business and the markets prize political stability. Clearly when the leader of a country is ill this stability is damaged but the damage can be mitigated by being transparent. The markets will want to know how ill the leader is, and that the succession is secure so that they know what the future holds. Secrecy and the consequent spread of rumour is the worst option as businesses can have no idea what the future holds so cant make investment decisions that will be influenced by the political environment.  Leaders do matter to the economy; they set the parameters of the business environment, the taxes, subsidies, how much bureaucracy. They also influence other areas like the price of energy, the availability of transport links etc. It has been estimated that “a one standard deviation change in leader quality leads to a growth change of 1.5 percentage points”. 1 The leader who follows may be of the same quality in which case there will be little difference but equally it could mean a large change.  1 Jones, Benjjamin F., and Olken, Benjamin A., 'Do Leaders Matter? National Leadership and Growth Since World War II', Quarterly Journal of Economics, February 2005, Markets, stability, business, political stability, leader, illness, transparency, succession, investment decisions, economic impact, leader quality, growth, national leadership, World War II, Benjjamin F. Jones, Benjamin A. Olken Markets, Stability, Business, Political Stability, Leader, Illness, Transparency, Succession, Investment Decisions, Economy, Leader Quality, Growth, National Leadership, Bureaucracy, Taxes, Subsidies, Energy Prices, Transport Links, Leadership Impact, Economic Growth, Benjamins F. Jones, Benjamin A. Olken, Quarterly Journal of Economics, World War II, Leadership Change, Investment Environment, Rumor Spread, Economic Parameters, Business Environment, Political Environment, Leader Impact, Economic Performance, Leadership Transition, Market Confidence, Governance, Economic Development, Policy Continuity, Leadership Quality Impact, Economic Policy, Market Markets, stability, political, leader, illness, transparency, succession, investment, economy, parameters, business, environment, taxes, subsidies, bureaucracy, energy, transport, leadership, quality, growth, national, World War II, rumour, secrecy, decision-making, influence, change, Benjjamin F. Jones, Benjamin A. Olken, Quarterly Journal of Economics Markets, stability, business, political stability, leader illness, transparency, succession, investment decisions, political environment, leader quality, economic growth, national leadership, World War II, Benjjamin F. Jones, Benjamin A. Olken, Quarterly Journal of Economics Markets, stability, business, political stability, leader illness, transparency, succession, investment decisions, political environment, leader quality, economic growth, leadership impact, national leadership, growth since World War II, Benjamins F. Jones, Benjamin A. Olken, Quarterly Journal of Economics
test-international-bldimehbn-pro03a	Where there is a clear objection to discussing a certain subject, insisting on doing so is not news, it’s propaganda.  Ultimately all news outlets report that which is of interest to their viewers. Where there is no interest or, more frequently, an active lack of interest, news outlet do not - and should not – impose a particular set of judgements or interests on their customers. Doing so would arguably be patronizing and certainly be financial suicide [1] .  As a result they report what is both interesting and acceptable to those who consume the news and, for the vast majority of news outlets, the companies that advertise on the station, website or in the paper. Expecting news outlets to ignore those simple realities is asking them to self-destruct by ignoring their market. It is a clear example of sacrificing the good in the name of the best – in the example given, the writer mentions that Al Jazeera covers stories relating to gay rights but does so on its English language channels. [2] This exactly shows the market in action; Al Jazeera English broadcasts mostly to a European audience who are not offended by reports on gay rights whereas “Al Jazeera Arabic is geared towards a Middle Eastern audience and does not challenge cultural values or orthodox religion”. [3]  [1] For example the actions of advertisers and readers killed the News of the World.  [2] Pellot, Brian, 2012, ‘(Not) reporting homosexuality in the Middle East’, Free Speech Debate,   [3] Krajnc, Anita, ‘Al Jazeera Arabic ignores gay news’, Toronto Media Co-op, 2 August 2010, news, propaganda, interest, viewers, market, financial, self-destruct, Al Jazeera, English, Arabic, gay rights, cultural values, orthodox religion, advertisers, readers, News of the World, reporting, homosexuality, Middle East, media, audience, content, journalism, ethics, patronizing, sacrifice, best, realities, financial suicide, consumer, acceptability, stories, coverage, Europe, Middle Eastern, challenge, values, religion, media outlets, news outlets, broadcaster, television, website, newspaper, advertising, companies, profit, audience preferences, editorial decisions, media bias, cultural sensitivity, international broadcasting, language channels, regional news, propaganda, interest, market, viewers, customers, financial, suicide, sacrifice, best, Al Jazeera, gay rights, English, Arabic, Middle East, cultural values, religion, advertising, readers, News of the World news, propaganda, viewer interest, market realities, financial sustainability, Al Jazeera, gay rights, cultural sensitivity, media ethics, audience preferences, censorship, self-censorship, advertising impact, News of the World, Middle East, European audience, Free Speech Debate, Toronto Media Co-op news, propaganda, interest, viewers, market, self-destruct, cultural values, Al Jazeera, gay rights, Middle East, European audience, Arabic, English, advertisements, readers, News of the World, Free Speech Debate, Toronto Media Co-op news, propaganda, audience interest, market realities, cultural values, financial sustainability, advertiser influence, reader preferences, Al Jazeera, gay rights, Middle Eastern audience, European audience, News of the World, self-destruction, media ethics, patronizing content, consumer demand, broadcast strategies, regional differences, cultural sensitivity, editorial choices, media impact, viewer engagement, content imposition, market adaptation, news reporting, journalistic practices, media studies, social issues, media audience, news consumption, media markets, news coverage, media consumers, editorial focus, news relevance, media studies, media analysis, media criticism, media business, media strategy, news outlet
test-free-speech-debate-ldhwprhs-con02a	There is no right not to be offended, enforcing what is acceptable to be thought or said places far too much power in the hands of the state.  It is impossible to ensure that nobody is ever offended and it is questionable as to whether it is even desirable [1] . There is simply no way of protecting against offence. The state clearly has a role in protecting the physical safety of citizens and in other relevant areas such as preventing dismissal from employment on the grounds of sexuality but this is not the case with speech that may cause offense.  Governments that attempt to lead, ahead of public opinion, on matters such as this do little to resolve the problem. In doing so in this manner, they may well pour fuel on the fire of the very prejudice they are aiming to combat as well as creating additional problems by justifying the idea that it is okay to silence views simply because you happen to disagree with them.  Banning the expression of ideas has, historically, be the recourse of those who have run out of arguments to defeat them; doing so is an acknowledgement that the proposal is a weak one. Admitting that – or appearing to do so – for the principle of equality set a dangerous precedent.  [1] Harris, Mike, “It shouldn’t be a crime to insult someone”. Guardian.co.uk, 18 January 2012. right not to be offended, state power, opinion enforcement, protection against offense, physical safety, employment protection, sexuality, government role, public opinion, prejudice, silencing views, banning expression, historical context, weak arguments, equality principle, dangerous precedent, free speech, Mike Harris, Guardian freedom of speech, offense, state power, censorship, legal protection, physical safety, employment rights, sexuality, public opinion, government role, prejudice, silencing views, banning ideas, historical context, argument strength, equality principle, dangerous precedent, Mike Harris, Guardian offense, free speech, state power, protection, physical safety, employment, sexuality, government role, public opinion, prejudice, censorship, argument, equality, dangerous precedent, Mike Harris, Guardian, crime, insult freedom of speech, offense, state power, censorship, public opinion, government role, physical safety, employment protection, prejudice, banning ideas, weak arguments, equality, dangerous precedent, Mike Harris, Guardian freedom of speech, offense, state power, censorship, public opinion, prejudice, employment protection, physical safety, equality, historical perspective, argument strength, dangerous precedent, silencing views, insult crime, Mike Harris, Guardian, 2012
test-international-ssiarcmhb-pro03a	"In context of other teachings, does not promote the spread of AIDS/HIV.  The Catholic Church does not only forbid the use of barrier contraception but also of casual sex. The issue is not that the Church is being irresponsible by banning the use of barrier contraception but that people are choosing to follow some of the Church's teachings but not others. Pope Benedict XVI argues AIDS is ""a tragedy that cannot be overcome by money alone, that cannot be overcome through the distribution of condoms, which even aggravates the problems""1. If people followed the Church's teachings on casual sex as well as their teachings on barrier contraception, the AIDS epidemic would be dramatically decreased. Given, therefore, that it also forbids any sex outside of marriage, the Catholic Church is totally justified in forbidding barrier methods of contraception2. 1 Wynne-Jones, Jonathan. ""The Pope drops Catholic ban on condoms in historic shift."" The Telegraph, 20 November 2010, 2 Pope John Paul II. ""Evangelium Vitae."" 1995. Catholic Church, AIDS, HIV, barrier contraception, casual sex, Pope Benedict XVI, money, condoms, problems, sex outside marriage, teachings, justification, Evangelium Vitae, Pope John Paul II, contraception, moral responsibility, public health, sexual ethics, religious doctrine Catholic Church, AIDS, HIV, barrier contraception, casual sex, Pope Benedict XVI, Evangelium Vitae, Pope John Paul II, marriage, condoms, tragedy, sex outside marriage, contraception, Catholic teachings, public health, moral doctrine, sexual ethics Catholic Church, AIDS, HIV, barrier contraception, casual sex, Pope Benedict XVI, condom distribution, Evangelium Vitae, Pope John Paul II, marriage, sexual teachings, contraception, morality, public health Catholic Church, AIDS, HIV, barrier contraception, casual sex, Pope Benedict XVI, contraception, marriage, Evangelium Vitae, Pope John Paul II, morality, sexual teachings, public health, religion and health, condoms, sexual behavior, theological perspectives, sexual ethics, consequences of sexual behavior, moral consistency Catholic Church, AIDS, HIV, barrier contraception, casual sex, Pope Benedict XVI, Evangelium Vitae, marriage, contraception, moral teachings, public health, Wynne-Jones, The Telegraph, Pope John Paul II, sexuality, ethics, religious doctrine"
test-politics-ypppgvhwmv-con01a	Persuasion is more effective than coercion  Forcing people into voting when they are disengaged from the politic process will exacerbate this problem; no one likes doing something simply because they have to. The election results from compulsory voting may not be a representative view of society, than the current systems. Just because people are required to vote does not mean they become more politically engaged than they were before.  Rather than forcing people to vote, more should be done to engage the public in political life. Government transparency should be further encouraged as well as evaluating to what extent the current voting system causes low voter turnout.  Low turnout is best cured by more education. Instead of trying to engage people by force, how about introducing political education in schools and encouraging political conversation. How about educating the public on how politics affects them?  Citizenship classes should be taught to students who are approaching voting age, as it would teach the importance of the electoral process, and the history of the suffragette movement, the reform bills of the 19th century and the responsibilities of living in a democracy.  The government should be trying to engage people by other means, not compulsory voting. Compulsory voting may improve low turnout but will not affect the root problem- what people actually think about politics. In essence it is just relieving the side effects without curing the disease. Persuasion, Coercion, Voting, Political Engagement, Compulsory Voting, Election Results, Representative View, Government Transparency, Voting System, Low Voter Turnout, Political Education, Schools, Political Conversation, Citizenship Classes, Voting Age, Electoral Process, Suffragette Movement, Reform Bills, Responsibilities, Democracy, Root Problem, Political Opinion persuasion, coercion, voting, political engagement, compulsory voting, election results, representation, government transparency, voter turnout, political education, citizenship classes, suffragette movement, reform bills, democracy, root problem, political conversation, education, engagement, side effects, disease persuasion, coercion, political engagement, compulsory voting, election results, government transparency, voting system, low voter turnout, political education, schools, political conversation, citizenship classes, suffragette movement, reform bills, democracy, root problem, political awareness Persuasion, coercion, voting, political engagement, compulsory voting, election results, government transparency, voting system, low voter turnout, political education, schools, political conversation, citizenship classes, suffragette movement, reform bills, democracy, root problem, political apathy, civic responsibility, electoral process, voter participation, democratic engagement, public policy, political literacy, civics education, voter turnout improvement, societal representation, political disengagement, electoral reform, voter motivation, civic duties, political awareness, democratic values, civic engagement persuasion, coercion, forced voting, political engagement, compulsory voting, election results, representative view, government transparency, low voter turnout, political education, schools, political conversation, citizenship classes, suffragette movement, reform bills, democratic responsibilities, root problem, side effects, cure
test-international-eiahwpamu-pro03a	Ending poverty through entrepreneurialism  Introducing finance provides communities with access to startup capital. Access to financial capital is vital in several respects for initiating capitalism. Firstly, access to capital enables entrepreneurialism. The poor have business ideas that would benefit both themselves and their community they just require access to capital to invest in such ideas. The Initiative ‘Lend with Care’ is providing access to capital to empower entrepreneurs [1] .  Secondly, the cumulative effect of small-scale savings and borrowing, enabled through microfinance enables individuals, families and communities, to enter markets - of land and property. Being able to buy property and land can enable personal security, dignity, and increasing returns.  [1] See further readings: Lend with Care, 2013. Ending poverty, entrepreneurialism, finance, startup capital, access to capital, initiating capitalism, business ideas, community benefit, Lend with Care, microfinance, small-scale savings, borrowing, property markets, land markets, personal security, dignity, increasing returns ending poverty, entrepreneurialism, finance, startup capital, community development, capitalism, access to capital, business ideas, economic empowerment, Lend with Care, microfinance, savings, borrowing, markets, land, property, personal security, dignity, increasing returns Ending poverty, entrepreneurialism, finance, startup capital, access to financial capital, initiating capitalism, enabling entrepreneurialism, business ideas, community benefit, Lend with Care, microfinance, small-scale savings, borrowing, property markets, land markets, personal security, dignity, increasing returns, empowerment, economic development, financial inclusion, microcredit, economic growth, poverty reduction, community investment, capital investment, sustainable development, financial services, market entry, asset accumulation ending poverty, entrepreneurialism, finance, startup capital, access to capital, initiating capitalism, business ideas, community benefit, Lend with Care, microfinance, small-scale savings, borrowing, property, land, personal security, dignity, increasing returns ending poverty, entrepreneurialism, finance, startup capital, access to capital, capitalism, business ideas, community benefit, Lend with Care, microfinance, savings, borrowing, property, land, personal security, dignity, increasing returns
test-science-sghwbdgmo-con01a	Genetically modified food is no different from any other scientific advance, thus should be legal to use.  Genetic modification is entirely natural. The process of crop cultivation by selective breeding, which has been performed by farmers for thousands of years, leads to exactly the same kind of changes in DNA as modern modification techniques do. Current techniques are just faster and more selective. In fact, given two strands of DNA, created from the same original strand, one by selective breeding and one by modern modification techniques it is impossible to tell which is which. The changes caused by selective breeding have been just as radical as current modifications. Wheat, for example, was cultivated, through selective breeding, from an almost no-yield rice-type crop into the super-crop it is today. [1]  [1] Trewas A. and Leaver C., How Nature itself uses genetic modification,Published January 6 2000, Nature,  , accessed 09/05/2011 genetically modified food, scientific advance, genetic modification, natural process, selective breeding, crop cultivation, DNA changes, modern modification techniques, selective breeding techniques, DNA strands, wheat cultivation, radical modifications, nature genetic modification, scientific research, biotechnology, food safety, genetic engineering, agricultural practices, plant genetics, genetic diversity genetically modified food, scientific advance, legality, genetic modification, natural process, selective breeding, crop cultivation, DNA changes, modern modification techniques, DNA strand comparison, selective breeding changes, wheat cultivation, no-yield rice-type crop, super-crop, nature genetic modification, Trewas A., Leaver C., Nature journal genetically modified food, scientific advance, legal, natural, crop cultivation, selective breeding, DNA changes, modern modification techniques, DNA strands, selective breeding DNA, genetic modification nature, wheat cultivation, yield, super-crop, Trewas, Leaver, Nature journal, genetic modification history genetically modified food, scientific advance, legal, natural, selective breeding, crop cultivation, DNA changes, modern modification techniques, DNA strands, radical changes, wheat cultivation, genetic modification, nature, Trewas A., Leaver C., Nature journal, 2000 genetically modified food, scientific advance, genetic modification, natural, selective breeding, crop cultivation, DNA changes, modern modification techniques, DNA strand, selective breeding modifications, wheat cultivation, no-yield rice-type crop, super-crop, Nature journal, Trewas A., Leaver C.
test-science-ascidfakhba-pro02a	The default of total copyright is harmful to the spreading of information and experience  Current copyright law assigns too many rights, automatically, to the creator. Law gives the generator of a work full copyright protection that is extremely restrictive of that works reuse, except when strictly agreed in contracts and agreements. Making Creative Commons licenses the standard for publicly-funded works generates a powerful normalizing force toward a general alteration of people’s defaults on what copyright and creator protections should actually be like. The creative commons guarantees attribution to the creator and they retain the power to set up other for-profit deals with distributors. [1] At base the default setting of somehow having absolute control means creators of work often do not even consider the reuse by others in the commons. The result is creation and then stagnation, as others do not expend the time and energy to seek special permissions from the creator. Mandating that art in all its forms be released under a creative commons licensing scheme means greater access to more works, for the enrichment of all. This is particular true in the case of “orphan works”, works of unknown ownership. Fears over copyright infringement has led these works, which by some estimates account for 40% of all books, have led to huge amounts of knowledge and creative output languishing beyond anyone’s reach. A mix of confusion over copyright ownership and unwillingness of owners to release their works, often because it would not be commercially viable to do so, means that only 2% of all works currently protected by copyright are commercially available. [2] Releasing these works under creative commons licenses will spawn a deluge of enriching knowledge and creative output spilling onto the market of ideas. It would mark a critical advancement in the democratization and globalization of knowledge akin to the invention of the printing press.  [1] Creative Commons. “About the Licenses”. 2010.   [2] Keegan, V. “Shorter Copyright Would Free Creativity”. The Guardian. 7 October 2009. Copyright, Creative Commons, Public funding, Attribution, Commercial rights, Reuse, Orphan works, Knowledge democratization, Globalization, Printing press, Copyright reform, Information sharing, Creative output, Legal protection, Default settings, Intellectual property, Cultural enrichment, Public domain, Accessibility default copyright, harmful, information spreading, experience sharing, copyright law, automatic rights, creator, full copyright protection, restrictive reuse, contracts, agreements, Creative Commons licenses, publicly-funded works, normalizing force, copyright alteration, creator protections, attribution, for-profit deals, distributors, default setting, absolute control, work reuse, stagnation, special permissions, art forms, creative commons licensing, greater access, orphan works, copyright infringement, knowledge enrichment, creative output, copyright ownership, commercially viable, works protection, commercially available, democratization, globalization, knowledge, printing press, creativity freedom, shorter copyright default copyright, harmful spreading information, creative commons licenses, publicly-funded works, attribution creator, for-profit deals, absolute control, creation stagnation, orphan works, copyright infringement, knowledge languishing, commercial viability, democratization knowledge, globalization ideas, shorter copyright, free creativity default copyright, spreading information, creator rights, copyright law, full copyright protection, restrictive reuse, creative commons licenses, publicly-funded works, attribution, for-profit deals, creative commons, absolute control, creators, reuse, stagnation, orphan works, copyright infringement, knowledge enrichment, commercially viable, democratization, globalization, printing press, shorter copyright, free creativity, The Guardian, Keegan V. copyright, Creative Commons, information spreading, attribution, creators rights, reuse, public-funded works, default settings, orphan works, knowledge democratization, commercial viability, copyright infringement, globalization of knowledge, printing press analogy, license standardization
test-politics-eppghwgpi-pro04a	Seeing a politician put on trial hurts the integrity of their office.  It does tremendous damage to the public perception of a given political position to see the holder of that position on trial for criminal acts. Politicians are important role models for the populace at large, and shining light on everyone one of their misdeeds is not conducive to them playing such a role. This hurts the ability of their successors who, though completely innocent, are stepping into an institution now tainted with the image of corruption or scandal. Finally, the very process of prosecution can be damaging to the country, as citizens on opposing sides of the political spectrum disagree over the legitimacy of charges. These effects all deal real damage to the political institutions necessary for the functioning of the state. politician, trial, integrity, office, public, perception, political, position, criminal, acts, role, models, populace, misdeeds, successors, innocent, institution, tainted, corruption, scandal, process, prosecution, citizens, opposing, sides, political, spectrum, legitimacy, charges, damage, political, institutions, state political trials, public perception, political integrity, politician misconduct, prosecutorial damage, political succession, institutional corruption, political scandal, role model politicians, prosecution legitimacy, political polarization, state functionality, institutional damage politician, trial, integrity, office, public, perception, political, position, holder, criminal, acts, role, models, populace, misdeeds, successors, innocent, institution, tainted, corruption, scandal, prosecution, country, citizens, opposing, sides, spectrum, disagreement, legitimacy, charges, effects, damage, functioning, state politician, trial, integrity, office, public, perception, damage, political, position, criminal, acts, role, models, populace, misdeeds, successors, innocent, institution, corruption, scandal, prosecution, country, citizens, opposing, political, spectrum, legitimacy, charges, effects, damage, political, institutions, state, functioning Politician, trial, integrity, public perception, political position, criminal acts, role models, populace, misdeeds, successors, innocent, institution, tainted, corruption, scandal, prosecution, citizens, opposing sides, political spectrum, legitimacy, charges, damage, political institutions, state functioning
test-digital-freedoms-eifpgdff-con01a	Internet regulation is necessary to ensure a safe internet  Citizens, corporations, and public organizations face several security threats when online: critical infrastructure systems can be hacked, like the energy transport system, [1] citizens can fall victim to identity theft, [2] and phishing, [3] whereby hackers gain access to bank accounts or other sensitive information. Specifically, it seems that the public sector is attacked the most. [4]  In response to cyber-threats like these, many governments have set up Computer Emergency Response Teams (CERTs), Incident Response and Security Teams (IRTs), or Computer Security and Incident Response Teams (CSIRT; the fact that we haven’t settled on a fitting acronym yet shows how much it is still a novel phenomenon): agencies that warn citizens and organizations alike when a new threat emerges and provides a platform for (the exchange of) expertise in methods of preventing cyber-threats and exchanging information on possible perpetrators of such threats. Oftentimes, these (inter)governmental agencies provide a place where private CSIRTs can also cooperate and exchange information. [5]  These agencies provide a similar function online as the regular police provides offline: by sharing information and warnings against threats, they create a safer world.  [1] ‘At Risk: Hacking Critical Infrastructure’. 2012.  [2] ‘Identity theft on the rise’. 2010.  [3] ‘Phishing websites reach all-time high’. 2012.  [4] ‘Public sector most targeted by cyber attacks’. 2012.  [5] see for example the About Us page of the US-CERT or the About the NCSC page of the Dutch CERT Internet regulation, safe internet, security threats, online, critical infrastructure, energy transport system, identity theft, phishing, bank accounts, sensitive information, public sector, cyber-attacks, Computer Emergency Response Teams, CERTs, Incident Response and Security Teams, IRTs, Computer Security and Incident Response Teams, CSIRTs, cyber-threats, expertise, preventing cyber-threats, information exchange, perpetrators, governmental agencies, private CSIRTs, cooperation, police, threat warnings, cybersecurity, cyber defense, digital security, information sharing, online safety, threat prevention, security teams, cyber protection, hacking defense, cyber intelligence, public safety, Internet regulation, safe internet, security threats, critical infrastructure, energy transport system, identity theft, phishing, bank accounts, sensitive information, public sector, cyber threats, governments, Computer Emergency Response Teams, Incident Response and Security Teams, Computer Security and Incident Response Teams, CSIRT, cyber threats, warnings, expertise, preventing cyber threats, information exchange, perpetrators, private CSIRTs, cooperation, police, information sharing, US-CERT, NCSC, Dutch CERT internet regulation, safe internet, security threats, online safety, critical infrastructure, energy transport system, identity theft, phishing, bank accounts, sensitive information, public sector, cyber threats, government response, Computer Emergency Response Teams, CERTs, Incident Response and Security Teams, IRTs, Computer Security and Incident Response Teams, CSIRT, cooperation, information exchange, cybersecurity, threat prevention, perpetrators, police, online safety, US-CERT, NCSC, Dutch CERT internet regulation, safe internet, security threats, critical infrastructure, energy transport system, identity theft, phishing, bank accounts, sensitive information, public sector, cyber-attacks, government response, Computer Emergency Response Teams, CERTs, Incident Response and Security Teams, IRTs, Computer Security and Incident Response Teams, CSIRTs, cyber threats, information exchange, threat prevention, expertise sharing, perpetrators, intergovernmental agencies, private CSIRTs, cooperation, online safety, regular police, threat warnings, information sharing, US-CERT, NCSC, Dutch CERT Internet regulation, safe internet, security threats, online security, critical infrastructure, energy transport system, identity theft, phishing, hackers, bank accounts, sensitive information, public sector, cyber-attacks, Computer Emergency Response Teams, CERTs, Incident Response and Security Teams, IRTs, Computer Security and Incident Response Teams, CSIRTs, governmental agencies, private CSIRTs, information exchange, threat prevention, cyber threats, online safety, police, threat warnings, expertise sharing, perpetrators, US-CERT, Dutch CERT, NCSC
test-digital-freedoms-eifpgdff-con02a	Internet governance is necessary to combat heinous crimes committed via the internet  The internet is a means of communication – therefore also a means of communication between criminals. And because it is global it creates global crime problems that need coordinated responses. One type of crime that has particularly become a problem on the internet is child sexual abuse material: the internet allows for an easy and anonymous distribution method which can even be secured by modern encryption methods. [1]  Governments can help fight this by requiring ISPs and mobile companies to track people’s internet histories, hand over data when requested, and allow police to get information from them without a search warrant, something which has been proposed by the Canadian government. [2] In Australia, the government even proposed mandatory filtering of all internet traffic by ISPs to automatically filter out all child sexual abuse material. [3]  Admittedly, these measures seem drastic – but in cases like these, or similar cases like terrorism, the harm prevented is more important.  [1] ‘Child Pornography on the Rise, Justice Department Reports’. 2010.  [2] ‘Current laws not focused enough to combat child porn online’. 2012.  [3] Mcmenamin, Bernadette, ‘Filters needed to battle child porn’. 2008. Internet governance, heinous crimes, online communication, global crime, coordinated responses, child sexual abuse material, anonymous distribution, encryption, government intervention, ISPs, mobile companies, internet histories, data tracking, police access, search warrants, Canadian government, mandatory filtering, Australia, internet traffic, child pornography, terrorism, harm prevention, Bernadette McMenamin, filtering technology, online safety, digital crime, cyber laws Internet governance, heinous crimes, global crime, coordinated responses, child sexual abuse material, encryption, government intervention, ISPs, mobile companies, data tracking, police access, search warrant, Canadian government, mandatory filtering, internet traffic, child pornography, terrorism, harm prevention, legal measures, online safety, cybercrime, digital privacy, communication regulation, law enforcement, justice department, online child exploitation, content filtering, digital surveillance, privacy rights, public safety, cyber security, legal reform, technological solutions, policy making, internet policies, crime prevention, ethical considerations, digital era, secure communication, criminal activities, online predators, victim protection, legislative Internet governance, heinous crimes, global crime, child sexual abuse material, encryption, government intervention, ISPs, mobile companies, internet history tracking, data requests, police access, search warrant, mandatory filtering, internet traffic, child pornography, terrorism, harm prevention, legal measures, online safety, privacy concerns, digital crime, cybercrime, law enforcement, communication regulation, legislative proposals, cybersecurity, digital forensics, online exploitation, victim protection, content moderation, digital rights, ethical considerations, public policy, technology regulation, international cooperation, cyber laws, digital surveillance, data privacy, online child protection, digital evidence, cyber investigations, online anonymity internet governance, heinous crimes, online criminal communication, global crime, coordinated responses, child sexual abuse material, anonymous distribution, encryption, government intervention, ISPs, mobile companies, internet history tracking, data handover, police information access, search warrant, Canadian government, mandatory filtering, Australian government, child pornography, terrorism, harm prevention, legal measures, online safety, digital crime fighting internet governance, heinous crimes, online crime, global crime, coordinated responses, child sexual abuse material, internet distribution, encryption, government intervention, ISPs, mobile companies, internet histories, data tracking, police information, search warrant, Canadian government, Australian government, mandatory filtering, internet traffic, child porn, terrorism, harm prevention, justice department, child porn online, filters, Bernadette Mcmenamin
test-politics-eppghwgpi-pro03a	In the event of major abuses of power it should be the public that holds politicians to account.  The obvious benefit to prosecuting politicians is that it punishes – and thereby deters – corruption by politicians. However, this benefit can be achieved through other means. Firstly, many western liberal democracies have one form or another of removing a politician from office in the midst of their term, such as impeachment in the American system or a vote of no confidence against the government in the Westminster system. While defenders of immunity oppose impeachment as contrary to the principles outlined above (because of the effect that it may have on political duties), this is an option that remains in cases of gross misconduct. If the political will cannot be mobilized to remove a sitting politician, they are held accountable by the electorate to whom they must answer in the next election, and who will likely punish blatant misuse of political power. Even if the individual politician has reached a limit on their term of office, or does not seek reelection, they are still held in check by the damage that will be done to their party in the event of major misconduct on their part. Finally, most politicians are significantly concerned about their legacy, which is tarnished significantly by corruption even if they are never held legally accountable for it. While Nixon received a full pardon from his success, [1] his name has become synonymous with criminality and scandal: a fate most politicians wish to avoid.  [1] Ford, Gerald R., Proclamation 4311, 8 September 1974,  [Accessed September 9, 2011] abuses of power, public accountability, politicians, prosecution, corruption deterrence, impeachment, vote of no confidence, political removal, electoral accountability, legacy concern, Nixon pardon, political legacy, public prosecution, democratic systems, political misconduct, legal accountability, political duties, western democracies, electoral punishment, party damage abuse of power, public accountability, politicians, prosecution, deterrence, corruption, western democracies, impeachment, vote of no confidence, political will, electorate, term limits, legacy, legal accountability, Nixon, Ford, pardon, scandal public accountability, political corruption, prosecution, impeachment, vote of no confidence, electoral consequences, political legacy, Nixon, Ford pardon, political misconduct, deterrent, political duties, Western democracies, electoral punishment, party damage, political legacy, public trust, political immunity, gross misconduct, legal accountability, political scandal abuses of power, public accountability, prosecuting politicians, punishment, deterrence, corruption, impeachment, vote of no confidence, political removal, election consequences, electoral punishment, party damage, political legacy, tarnished reputation, Nixon, Ford pardon, criminality, scandal abuse of power, public accountability, politicians, prosecution, corruption, deterrence, impeachment, vote of no confidence, political will, electorate, term limits, legacy, Nixon, Ford, pardon, scandal, criminality, political duties, gross misconduct, legal accountability, Western liberal democracies, political consequences, party reputation
test-education-ughbuesbf-pro04a	The burden of fees and loans are too great to expect young people to shoulder  University fees are usually quite high. When fees are put in place in countries, many people find it extremely difficult to find the funds to pay for it, leading many people to seek school loans. In the United States, obtaining loans for university is the norm. These loans can put pressure on students to perform well. [1] But can lead to students dropping out. Debt encourages individuals to take jobs for which they are not necessarily best suited in order to get started on debt repayment immediately after leaving higher education. Furthermore, repayment of loans can take many years, leaving individuals with debt worries for much of their working lives. [2] With free university education everyone can go to college without crushing debt burden allowing them to study what they wish.  [1] Kane, Thomas. 1999. The Price of Admission: Rethinking How Americans Pay for College. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press.  [2] Hill, Christine. 2007. “Still Paying Off that Student Loan”. National Public Radio. Available: university fees, student loans, financial burden, young people, education costs, debt, academic performance, dropout rates, career choices, debt repayment, free university education, long-term debt, economic pressure, higher education funding, student financial aid, college affordability, Brookings Institution Press, NPR, student loan crisis, education policy burden, fees, loans, young, people, university, high, funds, school, loans, United, States, norm, pressure, perform, dropout, debt, jobs, repayment, years, worries, working, lives, free, education, college, study, wished, crushing, debt, burden, Thomas, Kane, 1999, Price, Admission, Rethinking, Americans, Pay, College, Christine, Hill, 2007, Still, Paying, Student, Loan, National, Public, Radio university fees, student loans, financial burden, young people, education costs, debt pressure, academic performance, dropout rates, job choice, debt repayment, long-term debt, free university education, career freedom, Brookings Institution Press, National Public Radio, Thomas Kane, Christine Hill university fees, student loans, financial burden, young people, education costs, debt pressure, academic performance, dropout rates, job choice, debt repayment, working life, free university education, study freedom, Thomas Kane, Christine Hill, Brookings Institution Press, National Public Radio university fees, student loans, financial burden, young people, education costs, debt pressure, academic performance, dropout rates, job selection, debt repayment, long-term debt, free university education, career choices, economic impact, education financing, student finance, higher education policy, tuition fees, affordability, student debt crisis
test-environment-opecewiahw-con03a	Dams displace communities  Dams result in the filling of a large reservoir behind the dam because it has raised the level of the water in the case of the Grand Inga it would create a reservoir 15km long. This is not particularly big but the construction would also displace communities. The previous Inga dams also displaced people. Inga I and II were built 30 and 40 years ago, yet the displaced are still in a shabby prefabricated town called Camp Kinshasa awaiting compensation. [1] Are they likely to do better this time around?  [1] Sanyanga, Ruto, ‘Will Congo Benefit from Grand Inga Dam’, International Policy Digest, 29 June 2013, Dams, Communities, Displacement, Reservoir, Grand Inga, Inga I, Inga II, Construction, Water Level, Compensation, Camp Kinshasa, Congo, Grand Inga Dam, International Policy Digest Dams, displacement, communities, reservoir, Grand Inga, Inga I, Inga II, Camp Kinshasa, compensation, Congo, benefit, Ruto Sanyanga, International Policy Digest Dams, displacement, communities, reservoir, Grand Inga, Inga I, Inga II, Camp Kinshasa, compensation, Congo, benefit, Ruto Sanyanga, International Policy Digest Dams, displacement, communities, reservoir, Grand Inga, Inga I, Inga II, construction, water level, Kinshasa, compensation, Congo, benefit, policy, Sanyanga, Ruto dams, communities, displacement, reservoir, Grand Inga, Inga I, Inga II, compensation, Camp Kinshasa, Congo, benefit, Ruto Sanyanga, International Policy Digest
test-philosophy-npppmhwup-pro03a	Changes negative perceptions of university life  Affirmative action is required to change negative perceptions of university life. In the status quo, many talented potential students are put off applying for top universities (or university at all) because of their negative perceptions of elite institutions. This perception exists in part because of the makeup of the student population – black high school students may see a university filled overwhelmingly with white lecturers and students as not being a welcoming environment for them, and may even perceive it as racist. [1] The only way to overcome this unfortunate stereotype of university is to change the student population, but this is impossible to do ‘organically’ while so few people from minority backgrounds apply. Therefore, it is necessary to use quotas and other forms of affirmative action, to change the student body in the short term, and encourage applications from more disadvantaged students in the long term.  [1] Ancis, J.R. “Student perceptions of campus cultural climate by race”. Journal of Counselling and Development. Spring 2000. Affirmative action, university perceptions, student diversity, minority students, elite institutions, application rates, campus climate, racial stereotypes, quotas, disadvantaged students, Ancis, university life, top universities, white lecturers, black high school students, welcoming environment, racism, short term change, long term encouragement, cultural climate, race, counselling, development affirmative action, negative perceptions, university life, status quo, talented students, top universities, elite institutions, student population, black high school students, white lecturers, welcoming environment, stereotypes, minority backgrounds, quotas, disadvantaged students, campus cultural climate, race, journal of counselling and development, ancis affirmative action, negative perceptions, university life, minority students, quotas, elite institutions, student population, racial diversity, university applications, disadvantaged students, campus cultural climate, talent retention, education equity affirmative action, negative perceptions, university life, top universities, talented potential students, minority backgrounds, black high school students, white lecturers, welcoming environment, racist, student population, quotas, disadvantaged students, student body, campus cultural climate, race, applications, long term, short term, Ancis, counselling, development Affirmative action, University perceptions, Student diversity, Racial stereotypes, Educational access, Minority students, Elite institutions, Application barriers, Campus climate, Cultural representation, Inclusive policies, Quotas, Social integration, Higher education equity
test-science-ascidfakhba-pro03a	The creative commons is a more effective means for artists to build and expand their reach and markets than traditional copyright licensing arrangements  The nature of the internet and mass media on the 21st century is such that many artists can benefit from the freedom and flexibility that creative commons licenses furnish to them. Wider use by other artists and laymen alike helps artistic works “go viral” and to gain major impact that allow the artist to generate a name for his or herself and to attain the levels of earnings conventional copyrights are meant to help artists generate but that ultimately hamstring them. A major example of this is the band Nine Inch Nails, which opted in 2008 to begin releasing its albums through the creative commons. [1] Creative commons licenses are so remarkable because they can be deployed by artists to expand their markets, and to profit even more from their greater recognition. After all, the artists still retain control of the commercial uses of their work and are guaranteed under creative commons licensing regulations to be credited by users of their content. [2] Giving undue artistic and distribution control to the artists through constricting and outmoded copyright may mean less significant reach and impact of the work. The state should thus facilitate the sharing by mandating the distribution of art of all kinds under creative commons licenses.  [1] Anderson, N., “Free Nine Inch Nails albums top 2008 Amazon MP3 sales charts”, arstechnica, 7 January 2009,   [2] Creative Commons. “About the Licenses”. 2010. Creative Commons, artists, reach, markets, traditional copyright, internet, mass media, 21st century, viral, impact, earnings, Nine Inch Nails, control, commercial uses, recognition, profit, state, sharing, distribution, art, licenses, flexibility, recognition, control, laws, mandate, public domain, digital era, artistic control, constricting, outmoded, freedom, users, content, credited Creative Commons, copyright, licensing, artists, markets, internet, mass media, 21st century, viral, impact, earnings, Nine Inch Nails, control, commercial uses, recognition, distribution, state, sharing, mandating, art, licenses creative commons, artists, reach, markets, traditional copyright, internet, mass media, 21st century, viral, name recognition, earnings, nine inch nails, 2008, albums, amazon mp3, control, commercial uses, credit, users, content, state, sharing, mandate, art, distribution, constricting, outmoded Creative Commons, artists, reach, markets, traditional copyright, licensing, internet, mass media, 21st century, flexibility, viral, impact, earnings, Nine Inch Nails, control, commercial uses, recognition, distribution, state, sharing, mandating, art, licenses Creative Commons, artists, reach, markets, traditional copyright, licensing, internet, mass media, 21st century, freedom, flexibility, viral, impact, earnings, Nine Inch Nails, commercial uses, content control, sharing, distribution, state facilitation, art, licenses
test-politics-epvhbfsmsaop-con03a	Celebrity involvement can highlight minority interests  There exists a problem with regards to advocacy for minority issues within mainstream political movements. This motion would exacerbate that problem.  Voters tend to base their decisions on key issues (things like education, the state of the economy, healthcare policy etc.). Whilst they may care about more marginal issues (e.g. gay rights, religious freedoms, environmental issues), they are often unwilling to sacrifice something they think has a greater impact on them for something that has a lesser impact.  Minority issues suffer particularly here: by their very nature, there are fewer people who feel directly affected than there are people who feel indirectly affected or indifferent. Consequently, there are never a great enough proportion of votes that could be gained by a political party concentrating on these particular issues in a way which might be detrimental. See, for example, the public reaction in the UK to Cameron’s position on gay marriage: whilst most people feel that gay marriage should be allowed [1] , Cameron has not received a political boost as a result of this decision, but rather, has faced hostility from those who believe it is a “distraction” [2] , where they would rather he focused on issues like the economic crisis.  [1] ‘Same-sex marriage in the United Kingdom’, Wikipedia, accessed 10 September 2012,   [2] Telegraph editor, ‘Gay marriage: A pointless distraction’, The Telegraph, 26 July 2012, celebrity involvement, minority interests, advocacy, minority issues, mainstream politics, voter decisions, key issues, education, economy, healthcare, marginal issues, gay rights, religious freedoms, environmental issues, impact, fewer affected, political party, votes, Cameron, gay marriage, UK, public reaction, political boost, economic crisis, distraction celebrity, involvement, minority, interests, advocacy, political, movements, voters, decisions, key, issues, education, economy, healthcare, policy, marginal, gay, rights, religious, freedoms, environmental, nature, affected, proportion, votes, political, party, concentration, detrimental, public, reaction, UK, Cameron, gay, marriage, political, boost, hostility, distraction, economic, crisis celebrity involvement, minority interests, advocacy, mainstream politics, voter decision-making, key issues, education, economy, healthcare, marginal issues, gay rights, religious freedoms, environmental issues, political impact, voter indifference, minority issues, public reaction, UK, Cameron, gay marriage, political boost, economic crisis celebrity involvement, minority interests, advocacy, mainstream politics, voter decisions, key issues, education, economy, healthcare, marginal issues, gay rights, religious freedoms, environmental issues, vote proportion, political impact, Cameron, gay marriage, public reaction, economic crisis, distractions celebrity involvement, minority interests, political movements, advocacy, voter decisions, key issues, education, economy, healthcare policy, marginal issues, gay rights, religious freedoms, environmental issues, minority issues, political impact, votes, political party, voter priorities, Cameron, gay marriage, public reaction, political boost, economic crisis, distraction
test-politics-pgsimhwoia-pro02a	Aid can ensure better treatment of migrants  Migrants in developed countries are often not very well treated, for example the Traiskirchen migrant camp in Austria, one of the richest countries in the EU was condemned for its inhumane conditions by Amnesty in August 2015. [1] The aid provided can be earmarked to ensure that migrants being well treated and provided for through safe transportation and access to essential government services such as healthcare and welfare.  The advantage of this provision in developing rather than developed countries is cost. The same amount of money goes a lot further in a developing country. This provision therefore makes sense in a time were many developed countries are both struggling with greater numbers of migrants and with austerity. Greece, which has had 124,000 migrants arrive in the first seven months of 2015, a 750% rise over the same period in 2014, is a notable case. [2]  [1] ‘'No respect' for human rights at Traiskirchen camp’, The Local at, 14 August 2015,   [2] Spindler, William, ‘Number of refugees and migrants arriving in Greece soars 750 per cent over 2014’, UNHCR, 7 August 2015, Aid, Migrants, Developed Countries, Inhumane Conditions, Traiskirchen, Amnesty, Safe Transportation, Government Services, Healthcare, Welfare, Cost Efficiency, Developing Countries, Austerity, Greece, Refugee Crisis, UNHCR aid, treatment, migrants, developed countries, Traiskirchen, migrant camp, Austria, Amnesty, inhumane conditions, cost, developing countries, safe transportation, essential government services, healthcare, welfare, austerity, Greece, refugees, UNHCR, soar, 750 percent, 2014, 2015 Aid, Migrants, Developed Countries, Treatment, Traiskirchen, Austria, EU, Amnesty, Inhumane Conditions, Safe Transportation, Government Services, Healthcare, Welfare, Cost, Developing Countries, Austerity, Greece, Refugees, UNHCR, Human Rights, Legislation, Funding, Support Systems, Crisis Management, International Cooperation Aid, Migrants, Developed Countries, Treatment, Traiskirchen, Austria, Amnesty International, Inhumane Conditions, Safe Transportation, Government Services, Healthcare, Welfare, Developing Countries, Cost-Effectiveness, Austerity, Greece, Refugee Crisis, UNHCR, Human Rights Violations aid, migrants, treatment, developed countries, Traiskirchen, migrant camp, Austria, Amnesty, inhumane conditions, earmarked, safe transportation, government services, healthcare, welfare, cost, developing countries, austerity, Greece, refugees, UNHCR, human rights, soar, 2015
test-environment-aiahwagit-con04a	Heavy handed approaches do not solve the motivations for poaching  Creating tougher responses to poaching will not deter poachers as they fail to recognise the motivations for illegal hunting. Many hunters, especially those who aren’t native to Africa, take part in poaching as there is a thrill in the illegal status. [1] The close calls, challenges and sense of independence will all be multiplied by increased protection on the game reserves.  Then there are those who take part out of necessity. Poachers will often be able to make $50-100 per kilogram for a rhinoceros’ horn [2] and the bush meat from kills can be a necessary source of nutrition. [3] Poaching creates opportunities for Africans which are usually unavailable in licit work. Tougher protection of animals fails to provide an alternative livelihood for these poachers.  [1] Forsyth, C. & Marckese, T. ‘Thrills and skills: a sociological analysis of poaching’ pg.162  [2] Stewart, C. ‘Illegal ivory trade funds al-shabaab’s terrorist attacks’  [3] BBC, “Lions ‘facing extinction in West Africa’” heavy-handed, poaching, motivations, tough-responses, deter, illegal-hunting, thrill, challenges, independence, game-reserves, necessity, rhinoceros, horn, bush-meat, nutrition, alternative-livelihood, sociology, illegal-ivory-trade, terrorism, lion-extinction, West-Africa poaching, heavy-handed, motivations, illegal hunting, thrill, challenges, independence, necessity, bush meat, nutrition, livelihood, alternative, protection, game reserves, rhinoceros horn, ivory trade, terrorism, West Africa, lions, extinction, sociological analysis, economic opportunities, Africa, poachers, tougher responses, deterrence, illegal status, close calls, monetary value, licit work, environmental conservation, wildlife protection, community engagement, socioeconomic factors poaching, motivations, heavy-handed, deterrent, thrill, illegal, hunting, necessity, income, bushmeat, rhinoceros, horn, trade, terrorism, extinction, lions, West, Africa, alternative, livelihood, sociological, analysis, protection, game, reserves, challenges, independence, close, calls, tougher, responses, failed, recognition, hunters, native, non-native, economic, opportunities, licit, work, funds, al-shabaab, terrorist, attacks, conservation, poverty, social, factors, wildlife, crime, rhino, poachers, environmental, impact, human, conflict, animal Heavy handed, motivations, poaching, tougher responses, deter, poachers, thrill, illegal, hunting, close calls, challenges, independence, increased protection, game reserves, necessity, rhinoceros, horn, bush meat, nutrition, Africans, opportunities, licit work, protection, animals, alternative livelihood, sociological analysis, illegal ivory trade, terrorist attacks, West Africa, lions, extinction heavy-handed, poaching, motivations, tougher-responses, deter, illegal-hunting, thrill, challenges, independence, protection, game-reserves, necessity, bush-meat, nutrition, livelihood, alternative, terrorism, extinction, West-Africa, rhinoceros, ivory, al-shabaab, sociological-analysis, hunters, Africans, economic-opportunities, illegal-status, close-calls, skills, sociological, conservation, poverty, wildlife-trade, law-enforcement, environmental-crime, human-wildlife-conflict, policy-solutions, community-based-conservation, sustainable-livelihoods, anti-poaching-str
test-free-speech-debate-fsaphgiap-con04a	Damages diplomacy to be too open  Diplomacy can be very personal; diplomatic initiatives are often the result of a single person, and the individual leader is necessary to conclude negotiations. Transparency about a leader's health may therefore prevent deals being done; Nixon went to China despite Mao's ill heath meaning the supreme Chinese leader contributed little to the historic change in diplomatic alinements. 1 Would such a momentous change in alignment have been possible if both the Chinese and American public knew about Mao's ill health? The Americans would have considered any deal unreliable as they could not be sure it was Mao who made the decision, while opponents in China could have argued that it was advisers like Zhou Enlai who made the deal not Mao himself potentially enabling them to repudiate or undermine the deal.  1 Macmillan, Margaret, Seize the Hour When Nixon met Mao, John Murray, London, 2006, p.76 Damages, diplomacy, transparency, leaders, negotiations, health, Nixon, China, Mao, alignment, public, Zhou Enlai, deal, repudiate, undermine, Seize the Hour, Macmillan damages, diplomacy, transparency, leader's health, Nixon, China, Mao, ill health, diplomatic negotiations, public knowledge, deal reliability, repudiate, undermine, advisers, Zhou Enlai, diplomatic alignments, historical change, Macmillan, Margaret, Seize the Hour, John Murray, London, 2006 diplomacy, transparency, leadership, negotiations, health, political deals, public knowledge, Mao, Nixon, China, United States, historical diplomacy, diplomatic alignment, Zhou Enlai, reliability, deal repudiation, secrecy, international relations, Cold War diplomacy, personal diplomacy, state leaders, health impact on politics, diplomatic success, trust in diplomacy, historical events, diplomatic strategy, health secrecy, political Advisers, decision-making in diplomacy Diplomacy, transparency, health, negotiations, leadership, Nixon, China, Mao, Zhou Enlai, public knowledge, diplomatic alignments, deal reliability, repudiation, undermining Diplomacy, Transparency, Leadership, Health, Negotiations, Mao, Nixon, China, United States, Historical Diplomacy, Political Deals, Public Knowledge, Advisor Influence, Diplomatic Alignment, Macmillan, Margaret, Seize the Hour, John Murray, London
test-politics-ypppgvhwmv-con02a	"Policing and financing the system is unmanageable  If a large proportion of the population decided not to vote it would be impossible to make every non-voter pay the fine. For example, if just 10% of the UK voters failed to do so the government would have to chase up about £4 million in fines. Even if they sent demand letters to all these people, they could not take all those who refused to pay to court. Ironically, this measure hurts most those who the proposition are trying to enfranchise because they are least able to pay.  The cost of policing this system will impact upon tax payers. The Government will need to expand and more civil servants positions will be needed to create, administer and enforce the processes. It is especially prudent that we look closely at the impact it would have financially on individual countries. For example, the US has more than ten times the voting population of Australia “the financial cost for the two nations is vastly different. Since it costs the Australian government roughly five dollars for every ballot they evaluate, the greater number of voters in America would exponentially increase bureaucratic costs"".1  1 Iowaprodigal policing, financing, unmanageable, non-voter, fine, UK, voters, government, demand, letters, court, enfranchise, tax, payers, civil, servants, create, administer, enforce, processes, financial, impact, individual, countries, US, population, Australia, cost, ballot, evaluate, bureaucratic, exponentially, increase Policing, financing, unmanageable, non-voter, fine, UK, voters, government, demand, letters, court, enfranchise, tax, payers, civil, servants, administer, enforce, processes, impact, individual, countries, US, voting, population, Australia, financial, costs, exponentially, bureaucratic, evaluate, ballot, voters, increase, manage, enforcement, compliance, electoral, systems, legislation, democracy, participation, civic, duty, political, engagement, voter, turnout, penalties, enforcement, mechanisms, administrative, expenses, government, revenue, budget, fiscal, policy, public, finance Policing, Financing, Unmanageable, Non-voter, Fine, UK, Voters, Government, Chase, Demand, Letters, Court, Enfranchise, Tax, Payers, Civil, Servants, Processes, Impact, Financial, Individual, Countries, US, Voting, Population, Australia, Costs, Ballot, Evaluate, Bureaucratic, Exponentially, Increase Policing, Financing, System, Unmanageable, Non-voters, Fines, UK, Voters, Government, Demand, Letters, Court, Enfranchise, Tax, Payers, Civil, Servants, Positions, Administer, Enforce, Processes, Impact, Financial, Countries, US, Voting, Population, Australia, Bureaucratic, Costs, Exponentially, Increase policing, financing, unmanageable, non-voter, fine, UK, voters, government, demand, letters, court, enfranchise, tax, payers, civil, servants, administer, enforce, processes, impact, financial, individual, countries, US, voting, population, Australia, cost, ballot, evaluate, bureaucratic, exponentially, increase"
test-international-bmaggiahbl-pro02a	Blind obedience to authority  One of the major factors that exacerbated genocide ideology was the “AKAZU” controlled media which made most of the Hutu population wrongfully obey authority and government propaganda of divisionism[1].  This was achieved by proclaiming that the Tutsi are snakes and cockroaches in newspapers, and directing the Hutu extremists to where killings were to be conducted on radio RTLM. Meanwhile they also refused to broadcast speeches calling out for unity among people helping to lead to the assassination of the then Prime minister Agathe Uwilingiyimana who opposed government restrictions. There was no space to question policies and ideas that were encouraging genocide by manipulating people to believe it was right path for Rwanda.  The genocide should therefore serve as an example that restricting freedoms of speech and press can cause severe damage. This is especially harmful to a healing and reconciling country like Rwanda that needs the freedom to debate the past and analyse how far it has come openly. Rwanda should learn from the past that freedom of speech is necessary to prevent conflict while having only one side potentially exacerbates it.  [1] Chalk, Prof. Frank ‘Radio propaganda and genocide’, Concordia.ca, November 1999 Blind obedience, authority, genocide, ideology, AKAZU, controlled media, Hutu population, obedience, authority, government propaganda, divisionism, Tutsi, snakes, cockroaches, newspapers, Hutu extremists, killings, radio RTLM, speeches, unity, Prime Minister, Agathe Uwilingiyimana, government restrictions, question policies, genocide prevention, Rwanda, freedom of speech, press, healing, reconciliation, conflict, one-sided narrative Blind obedience, authority, genocide, ideology, AKAZU, media control, Hutu, Tutsi, propaganda, divisionism, newspapers, radio RTLM, killings, assassination, Agathe Uwilingiyimana, government restrictions, freedom of speech, press restrictions, Rwanda, debating the past, conflict prevention, reconciliation, Frank Chalk, Radio propaganda and genocide blind obedience, authority, genocide, ideology, AKAZU, media control, Hutu, propaganda, divisionism, Tutsi, RTLM, assassination, Prime Minister, Agathe Uwilingiyimana, freedom of speech, press, Rwanda, conflict, reconciliation, Frank Chalk, Radio propaganda Blind obedience, authority, genocide, Akazu, media control, Hutu, Tutsi, propaganda, divisionism, RTLM, newspapers, assassination, Agathe Uwilingiyimana, freedom of speech, press restrictions, Rwanda, conflict prevention, reconciliation, debate, historical analysis Blind obedience, authority, genocide, ideology, Akazu, media control, Hutu, Tutsi, propaganda, divisionism, RTLM, radio, newspapers, assassination, Prime Minister, Agathe Uwilingiyimana, freedom of speech, press restrictions, Rwanda, conflict prevention, reconciliation, debate, historical analysis
test-international-ssiarcmhb-pro02a	"Going back on this rule would promote casual sex  Condoning the use of barrier methods of contraception would be implicitly condoning casual sex since their primary function is within that context. This is particularly important since the Catholic Church's teachings on casual sex are not taken particularly seriously already. Any action, such as the Catholic Church allowing the use of barrier contraception, that would promote casual sex in countries with severe AIDS/HIV problems, would be an incredibly irresponsible one. Pope Paul VI argued that when considering ""the consequences of methods and plans for artificial birth control. Let them first consider how easily this course of action could open wide the way for marital infidelity and a general lowering of moral standards."" The Church's current stance on barrier contraception, therefore, is the most responsible one1. 1 Pope Paul VI. ""Humanae Vitae."" 1968. Catholic Church, barrier contraception, casual sex, HIV/AIDS, marital infidelity, moral standards, Pope Paul VI, Humanae Vitae, artificial birth control, responsible action, sexual behavior, religious teachings, public health, contraception ethics Catholic Church, barrier contraception, casual sex, moral standards, HIV/AIDS, Pope Paul VI, Humanae Vitae, artificial birth control, marital infidelity, responsible stance Catholic Church, barrier contraception, casual sex, HIV/AIDS, moral standards, marital infidelity, Humanae Vitae, Pope Paul VI, artificial birth control, irresponsibility Catholic Church, barrier contraception, casual sex, AIDS, HIV, Pope Paul VI, Humanae Vitae, marital infidelity, moral standards, artificial birth control, responsibility, sexual ethics, religious teachings, public health, contraception debate, sexual behavior, moral implications, sexual health, religious authority, sexual morality, condom use, sexual responsibility, health consequences, ethical considerations, sexual conduct, sexual norms, religious doctrine, sexual health education, sexual relationships, sexual practices, moral guidance, sexual precautions, sexual values, sexual responsibility, sexual education, sexual awareness, sexual risks, sexual prevention, sexual safety, sexual choice, sexual freedom, Catholic Church, barrier contraception, casual sex, AIDS, HIV, Pope Paul VI, Humanae Vitae, marital infidelity, moral standards, artificial birth control, responsible action, sexual behavior, religious teachings, health concerns, contraception ethics, sexual morality, public health, religious authority, sexual health, moral responsibility"
test-free-speech-debate-ldhwprhs-con03a	Silencing views that are considered offensive is self-defeating and would be detrimental to those attempting to advance gay rights.  If freedom of speech is to mean anything then it needs to be a principle that is universally applied. Unless speech represents a direct and immediate threat to public safety then it should not be curtailed. The overwhelming majority of the world would agree with Hammond. Globally this is a significant, possibly a majority, view. Certainly the 24% of people in the UK who believe that homosexual sex should be illegal [1] could be assumed to be sympathetic. These people might well consider gay pride marches to be offensive and a threat to public order but these are allowed to go ahead and so should Hammond’s protest and those like it. The freedom of expression must be allowed equally in both cases.  [1] The Guardian. “Sex uncovered poll: Homosexuality”. 28 August 2008. freedom of speech, gay rights, offensive views, public safety, Hammond, gay pride marches, freedom of expression, homosexuality, legal status, UK poll, public order, protest rights, universal principle, self-defeating silence, majority view, speech curtailment, direct threat, equal expression rights freedom of speech, silencing offensive views, gay rights, universal principle, public safety, Hammond, gay pride marches, freedom of expression, UK poll, homosexuality, public order, protest rights freedom of speech, gay rights, self-defeating, offensive views, public safety, Hammond, gay pride marches, freedom of expression, protest, minority views, public order, homosexuality, legal status, UK poll, sexual orientation, civil liberties freedom of speech, gay rights, self-defeating, silencing offensive views, public safety, Hammond, gay pride marches, freedom of expression, homosexuality, UK poll, minority opinions, public order, protest, equal rights, speech curtailment, global perspective, majority view, direct threat, immediate threat, legal restrictions, homosexual sex, offensive speech, expressive freedom, societal norms, legal principles, democratic values, human rights, constitutional rights, civic discourse, tolerance, inclusivity, diversity, regional differences, cultural attitudes, legal precedents, free speech advocacy, civil liberties, protest rights, public demonstrations, legal protections, speech regulation freedom of speech, gay rights, offensive speech, public safety, self-defeating, universal principle, direct threat, Hammond, gay pride marches, freedom of expression, equal treatment, public order, legal homosexuality, UK opinions, global views, minority views, protest rights
test-science-nsihwbtiss-pro04a	Teacher’s personal life might undermine educational message.  Access to a teacher’s private information and photos may lead to weakening her position as an educator. How can a teacher convincingly speak against smoking or substance abuse if students have access to pictures portraying the teacher themselves drinking or smoking [1] ? For example, a principal from the Bronx, who had been trying to impose a strict dress code at her school, was branded a ‘hypocrite’ by her students when a risqué photo of her was found on her facebook page [2] . And even if the teacher will be careful not to post anything inappropriate on her page, a friend or acquaintance might thereby undermining the teacher. A strict separation of personal and professional life would prevent such incidents from happening.  [1] Preston, Jennifer. ”Rules to Stop Pupil and Teacher from Getting too Social Online”. The New York Times. 17 December 2011. nytimes.com/2011/12/18/business/.../rules-to-limit-how-teachers-and-students-interact-online.html.  [2] Keneally, Megan. ”Pupils at scandal hit school post sexy Facebook shot of principal over hallways.” The Daily Mail. 5 December 2011. teacher, personal life, educational message, private information, photos, weakening, position, educator, speak, smoking, substance abuse, students, pictures, drinking, principal, Bronx, strict dress code, hypocrite, risqué photo, facebook page, friend, acquaintance, undermining, separation, personal, professional life, rules, social online, pupil, scandal, school, hallway, daily mail, new york times teacher, personal life, educational message, private information, photos, weakening position, smoking, substance abuse, students, pictures, drinking, principal, Bronx, strict dress code, hypocrite, Facebook, risqué photo, friend, acquaintance, separation, personal, professional, online interaction, social media, inappropriate content, school, educators, moral authority, digital footprint, privacy, professional boundaries, online presence, reputation management teacher, personal life, educational message, private information, photos, weakening position, educator, speak against, smoking, substance abuse, student access, pictures, drinking, smoking, principal, Bronx, strict dress code, hypocrite, risqué photo, Facebook page, friend, acquaintance, separation, personal professional life, incidents, social online, interaction, pupil, teacher, rules, guidelines, professional boundaries teacher, personal life, educational message, private information, photos, weakening position, smoking, substance abuse, students, pictures, drinking, principal, Bronx, dress code, hypocrite, risqué photo, facebook, friend, acquaintance, strict separation, personal, professional life, online interaction, pupils, hallways, scandal, school, sexy Facebook shot teacher, personal life, educational message, private information, photos, student, smoking, substance abuse, dress code, principal, Bronx, hypocrite, facebook, inappropriate, friend, acquaintance, separation, professional life, online interaction, social media, reputation, accountability
test-health-ppelfhwbpba-con03a	Partial birth abortions are safer than any available alternative  The D&X abortion procedure generates the minimum of risk for the mother. Banning it means that the only alternatives are premature labour induction for which mortality rates are 2.5 times higher and is emotionally very difficult due to the length of time it takes [1] (it is also likely to be unacceptable to the proposition) and hysterotomy (which results in removal of the womb). Finally as those who are having late partial birth abortions are likely to be suicidal, or at least will be very determined to get rid of their child they are the most likely to resort to back-street methods that cause damage to themselves.  [1] The Harriet and Robert Heilbrunn Department of Population and Family Health, ‘Abortion’, partial birth abortions, D&X abortion, safer alternatives, risk reduction, maternal health, premature labour induction, mortality rates, emotional difficulty, hysterotomy, womb removal, late-term abortions, suicidal tendencies, back-street methods, self-harm, population and family health partial birth abortion, D&X procedure, safer, risk, mother, banning, alternatives, premature labour induction, mortality rates, emotionally difficult, hysterotomy, womb removal, suicidal, back-street methods, self-harm, late term abortion, Heilbrunn Department, Population and Family Health partial birth abortions, D&X abortion, risk for mother, banning D&X, premature labour induction, mortality rates, emotional difficulty, hysterotomy, womb removal, late term abortions, suicidal, back-street methods, self-harm, Harriet and Robert Heilbrunn Department, Population and Family Health, abortion safety, alternative abortion procedures, late pregnancy termination risks partial birth abortions, D&X abortion, safer, minimum risk, mother, ban, alternatives, premature labour induction, mortality rates, emotionally difficult, hysterotomy, removal of womb, late partial birth abortions, suicidal, back-street methods, self-damage, Harriet and Robert Heilbrunn Department, Population and Family Health, Abortion partial birth abortions, D&X abortion, safer alternatives, minimal risk, mother's health, premature labour induction, mortality rates, emotional difficulty, hysterotomy, womb removal, late-term abortions, suicide risk, back-street methods, self-harm, population and family health, abortion procedures, medical risks, ethical considerations
test-politics-ghbgussbsbt-con04a	Parties as coalitions  The two political parties are ideologically broad churches, with many different factions that stand up for varying positions on the ideological spectrum. The republicans for example contain within them several different republican movements; from social conservatives or ‘the religious right’, through libertarian conservatism like much of the tea party, to fiscal conservatives who are mostly more moderate. Interweaving these three is national security conservatism and issues conservatism. [1]  Policies formed by each party are specifically designed to take into account of the different strands within the party, creating a platform that all candidates can stand on.  The policy is in effect a compromise between different wings of the party, with Primaries adding credence to a particular view.  In effect, Policies enacted under Single-Party Government have had the oversight from party members in order to be representative of the different interests within the party, thus delivering clear, coherent policies to the people that are constantly self-corrected due to the different ideological streams.  [1] Westen, Drew, ‘The Five Strands of Conservatism: Why the GOP is Unraveling’, HuffPost, 23 January 2012, Parties, coalitions, political, factions, ideological, spectrum, Republicans, social, conservatives, religious, right, libertarian, conservatism, Tea, Party, fiscal, moderate, national, security, issues, policies, platform, candidates, compromise, wings, Primaries, Single-Party, Government, oversight, representative, interests, clear, coherent, self-corrected, strands, GOP, unraveling, Drew, Westen, HuffPost Parties, coalitions, political, ideologically, broad, churches, factions, ideological, spectrum, republicans, social, conservatives, religious, right, libertarian, conservatism, tea, party, fiscal, moderate, national, security, issues, policies, platform, candidates, compromise, wings, Primaries, Single-Party, Government, oversight, representative, interests, clear, coherent, self-corrected, ideological, streams, Drew, Westen, Five, Strands, Conservatism, GOP, unraveling, HuffPost parties, coalitions, political, ideologically, broad, churches, factions, ideological, spectrum, republicans, social, conservatives, religious, right, libertarian, conservatism, tea, party, fiscal, moderate, national, security, issues, policies, designed, strands, platform, candidates, compromise, wings, primaries, single-party, government, oversight, members, representative, interests, clear, coherent, self-corrected, ideological, streams, gop, unraveling, westen, drew, huffpost Parties, coalitions, political, ideologically, broad, churches, factions, ideological, spectrum, Republicans, social, conservatives, religious, right, libertarian, conservatism, Tea, Party, fiscal, moderate, national, security, issues, policies, platform, candidates, compromise, wings, Primaries, Single-Party, Government, oversight, members, representative, interests, clear, coherent, self-corrected, ideological, streams, Drew, Westen, Five, Strands, Conservatism, GOP, Unraveling, HuffPost Parties, coalitions, political, ideologically, broad, churches, factions, ideological, spectrum, republicans, social, conservatives, religious, right, libertarian, conservatism, tea, party, fiscal, moderate, national, security, issues, policies, strands, platform, candidates, compromise, wings, Primaries, Single-Party, Government, oversight, representative, interests, clear, coherent, self-corrected, ideological, streams, Drew, Westen, GOP, unraveling, HuffPost
test-free-speech-debate-nshbcsbawc-con01a	Employers impose rules relating to conduct in the workplace, it’s one of the things that everyone accepts when they take and continue in a job.  Put simply, if you don’t like the rules, don’t do the job. The fact that the world of work and the life of faith can come into conflict should hardly have come as a surprise to the women concerned. From Biblical times onward, that has been a reality.  However, they chose these particular jobs and that choice comes with consequences. Their actions would seem to suggest that they prize their faith more highly than their jobs, the solution seems fairly straightforward – get another job.  Religious belief is also a choice. Nobody is compelling the two women into one particular faith and nobody, including the Church, is compelling them to wear a cross as a demonstration of that decision.  The problem seems to have arisen because one thing they chose to do was in conflict with another thing they chose to do. It is difficult to see how that is the responsibility of either the employer or the courts. workplace conduct, employment rules, job choice, faith conflict, religious belief, work-life balance, employer responsibility, court intervention, personal responsibility, professional ethics workplace rules, employment, job choice, religious conflict, faith and work, religious belief, workplace conduct, employment consequences, religious symbols, workplace accommodation, legal responsibility, employer responsibility, religious freedom, employment law, faith practices, job expectations, professional conduct, religious expression, workplace diversity,employee rights workplace rules, job acceptance, faith-work conflict, biblical reality, job choice consequences, faith prioritization, religious belief choice, cross-wearing choice, employer responsibility, court responsibility workplace rules, employment conduct, job acceptance, faith-conflict, workplace-religion, religious-choice, faith-vs-job, employment-consequences, personal-beliefs, work-life-conflict, employer-responsibility, court-intervention, religious-symbol, workplace-diversity, professional-conduct, faith-expression, job-satisfaction, career-choice, religious-freedom, legal-responsibility workplace rules, employment conduct, job acceptance, work-life conflict, religious faith, workplace religious expression, employment consequences, religious choice, faith demonstration, workplace conflicts, employer responsibility, court jurisdiction
test-international-eiahwpamu-pro02a	Small is beautiful: community empowerment  Microfinance is empowering the communities that are using it - showing in development, small is beautiful. Communities are empowered to change their conditions. For example taking the case of savings - microfinance allows for savings. Half of the adults that saved in Sub-Saharan Africa, during 2013, used an informal, community-based approach (CARE, 2014). First, having savings reduces household risk. CARE is one of many organisations working in innovations for microfinance. At CARE savings have been mobilised across Africa by working with Village Savings and Loans Associations. Overtime, CARE has targeted over 30,000,000 poor people in Africa, to provide necessary finance. Savings ensures households have financial capital, can invest resources in education, health, and the future. Savings is security in livelihoods.  Second, microfinance is providing key skills. Oxfam’s Savings for Change Initiative provides training on savings, and lending, to women in communities in Senegal and Mali. Evidence from Mali indicates startup capital provided has ensured better food security, women’s empowerment in the financial decision-making of households, and crucially, a sense of community bond among the women (Oxfam, 2013). Gender based violence within households may also be reduced [1] .  [1] See further readings: Kim et al, 2007. Small is beautiful, community empowerment, microfinance, savings, Sub-Saharan Africa, CARE, Village Savings and Loans Associations, financial capital, education, health, Oxfam, Savings for Change Initiative, women empowerment, food security, gender based violence, financial decision-making, community bond, startup capital, household risk, livelihood security, informal savings, financial skills, lending, Senegal, Mali, microfinance innovations, poverty reduction, financial inclusion Community empowerment, Microfinance, Development, Savings, Sub-Saharan Africa, Household risk, Financial capital, Education, Health, Livelihoods, Skills, Training, Women, Senegal, Mali, Food security, Women's empowerment, Gender-based violence, Community bond, CARE, Village Savings and Loans Associations, Oxfam, Savings for Change Initiative, Startup capital, Financial decision-making community empowerment, microfinance, development, savings, Sub-Saharan Africa, household risk, financial capital, education, health, livelihood security, skills, training, women, food security, gender-based violence, community bond, Oxfam, CARE, Village Savings and Loans Associations, Savings for Change Initiative, Mali, Senegal small is beautiful, community empowerment, microfinance, development, savings, Sub-Saharan Africa, household risk, CARE, Village Savings and Loans Associations, financial capital, education, health, investment, Oxfam, Savings for Change, women empowerment, Mali, Senegal, food security, gender based violence, financial decision-making, community bond community empowerment, microfinance, development, savings, Sub-Saharan Africa, household risk, financial capital, investment, education, health, livelihood security, skills training, women empowerment, financial decision-making, community bond, gender-based violence, Oxfam, Savings for Change, Village Savings and Loans Associations, CARE, startup capital, food security
test-international-miasimyhw-pro01a	Free movement will provide benefits for productivity.  A free labour market provides a space for sharing (knowledge, ideas, and socio-cultural traditions), competing, and sustaining efficiency in development. As neoliberal theory advocates a laissez-faire approach is fundamental for growth. A free labour market will enhance economic productivity. Free labour movement enables access to new employment opportunities and markets.  Within the East African Community the Common Market Protocol (CMP) (2010) has removed barriers towards the movement of people, services, capital, and goods. Free regional movement is granted to citizens of any member state in order to aid economic growth. Free movement is providing solutions to regional poverty by expanding the employment opportunities available, enabling faster and efficient movement for labour, and reducing the risk of migration for labour. Similar to initial justifications of Europe’s labour market, a central idea is to promote labour productivity within the region [1] .  [1] Much criticism has been raised with regards to the flexible labour market in Europe - with high unemployment across national member states such as Spain, Ireland, and Greece; the prevalent Euro-crisis, and backlash over social welfare with rising migration. Disparities remain in jobs, growth, and productivity across the EU. Free movement, productivity, free labour market, knowledge sharing, socio-cultural traditions, neoliberal theory, laissez-faire, economic growth, employment opportunities, Common Market Protocol, East African Community, regional poverty, labour mobility, European labour market, unemployment, Euro-crisis, social welfare, migration, disparities, jobs, growth Free movement, productivity, free labour market, knowledge sharing, competition, efficiency, neoliberal theory, laissez-faire, economic growth, employment opportunities, East African Community, Common Market Protocol, regional movement, poverty reduction, labour mobility, migration risk, European labour market, unemployment, Euro-crisis, social welfare, job disparities, growth disparities, productivity disparities free movement, productivity, free labour market, knowledge sharing, socio-cultural traditions, neoliberal theory, laissez-faire, economic productivity, employment opportunities, market access, East African Community, Common Market Protocol, regional movement, poverty reduction, labour mobility, migration risks, Europe, labour market flexibility, unemployment, Euro-crisis, social welfare, job disparities, growth disparities, productivity disparities Free movement, productivity, free labour market, knowledge sharing, socio-cultural traditions, economic efficiency, neoliberal theory, laissez-faire, economic productivity, employment opportunities, East African Community, Common Market Protocol, regional movement, economic growth, regional poverty, labour mobility, migration risk, Europe, labour market, Euro-crisis, unemployment, social welfare, disparities, jobs, growth, EU productivity free movement, productivity, free labour market, knowledge sharing, ideas, socio-cultural traditions, competition, efficiency, development, neoliberal theory, laissez-faire, economic productivity, employment opportunities, markets, East African Community, Common Market Protocol, 2010, regional movement, economic growth, poverty, labour, migration, Europe, labour market, unemployment, Spain, Ireland, Greece, Euro-crisis, social welfare, disparities, jobs, growth, EU
test-religion-frghbbgi-con03a	The rareness of Life  Life requires an extremely fine set of conditions in order to exist. The right distance from the Sun, a magnetic field to deflect solar radiation, the right atmospheric composition and conditions etc. These conditions are extremely rare; indeed only on Earth have we observed that they are just right for life to have evolved. [1] This is so unlikely that it leads to the conclusion that God must have intervened.  [1] McAlpine, Kate, ‘Extraterrestrial life could be extremely rare’, physicsworld.com, 1 August 2011, rareness, life, fine conditions, distance from Sun, magnetic field, solar radiation, atmospheric composition, Earth, evolved, unlikely, God, intervention, extraterrestrial life, rare, McAlpine, physicsworld, 2011 rareness, life, conditions, existence, Earth, Sun, distance, magnetic field, solar radiation, atmosphere, composition, evolution, unlikely, God, intervention, extraterrestrial, rare, McAlpine, physicsworld, 2011 rareness of life, fine conditions for life, distance from sun, magnetic field, solar radiation deflection, atmospheric composition, suitable conditions for life, Earth as unique, extraterrestrial life, rareness of suitable planets, god's intervention, McAlpine, physicsworld, extraterrestrial life rarity, 2011 study rareness, life, conditions, Earth, Sun, magnetic field, solar radiation, atmospheric composition, fine-tuning, unlikely, God, intervention, extraterrestrial life, rarity, physicsworld, McAlpine, 2011 rareness of life, fine set conditions, right distance from Sun, magnetic field, solar radiation deflection, atmospheric composition, Earth life evolution, unlikely conditions, divine intervention, extraterrestrial life, rarity in universe, God's role in life, astrobiology, cosmology, planetary science, conditions for life, celestial bodies, solar system, habitable planets, life support systems, biological evolution, universe's habitability, intelligent design, natural conditions, life on Earth, cosmic fine-tuning, extraterrestrial life possibility, physics of life, McAlpine, physicsworld.com, 2011 research, scientific speculation
test-politics-mtpghwaacb-con03a	Collective bargaining has been recognised as an enforcable right  Collective bargaining is a right. If the state allows freedom of association, individuals will gather together and exchange their ideas and views as a natural consequence of this freedom. Further, free association and free expression allows groups to then select a representative to express their ideas in a way that the individuals in the group might not be able to. In preventing people from using this part of their right to assembly, we weaken the entire concept of the right to assembly. The point of the right to assembly is to allow the best possible representation for individuals. When a group of individuals are prevented from enjoying this right then it leads to those individuals feeling isolated from the rest of society who are able to enjoy this right.  This is particularly problematic in the case of public sector workers as the state that is isolating them also happens to be their employer. This hurts the way that people in the public sector view the state that ideally is meant to represent them above all as they actively contribute to the well being of the state.1  Bloomberg, Michael. “Limit Pay, Not Unions.” New York Times. 27/02/2011 collective bargaining, right, freedom of association, free expression, right to assembly, public sector workers, state employer, union representation, social isolation, employee rights, labor rights, Michael Bloomberg, New York Times, union limitations Collective bargaining, enforceable right, freedom of association, right to assembly, public sector workers, state employer, union representation, social isolation, worker rights, Bloomberg, New York Times, Limit Pay, Not Unions collective bargaining, enforceable right, freedom of association, free expression, right to assembly, public sector workers, state employer, union rights, Michael Bloomberg, New York Times collective bargaining, enforceable right, freedom of association, free expression, right to assembly, public sector workers, state isolation, union representation, societal isolation, public sector morale, Michael Bloomberg, New York Times, limit pay, union rights collective bargaining, enforceable right, freedom of association, free expression, right to assembly, public sector workers, state employer, union representation, societal isolation, worker rights, Michael Bloomberg, New York Times
test-international-glilpdwhsn-con04a	"Problems with Verification.  Verification is vital in any agreement to limit arms. Both sides need to trust each other a bit but a lot of this trust needs to come from comprehensive mechanisms to monitor and ensure that both sides are carrying out their commitments. If the verification system is not good enough then neither side will have faith in the agreement and will be more likely to try and bypass it.  Unfortunately the expired START’s verification regime was robust when compared to that for the New START. Baker Spring at the Heritage foundation lists some of the specific areas that are significantly less robust: A narrowing of the requirements for exchanging telemetry (electronic transmissions that give details of missile performance that helps give a good idea about whether Russia is complying with the treaty) , A reduction in the effectiveness of the inspections (the Russians feel that inspections are unfairly biased against them), Weaknesses in the ability to verify the number of deployed warheads on ICBMs and submarine-launched ballistic missiles (SLBMs), Abolition of the START verification regime governing mobile ICBMs, and A weakening of the verification standards governing the elimination of delivery vehicles. [1]  [1] Spring, Baker. ""Twelve Flaws of New START That Will Be Difficult to Fix"". Heritage Foundation, The Foundry. 16 September 2010. Verification, Arms control, Trust, Monitoring, Commitments, START, New START, Heritage Foundation, Telemetry, Inspections, Warheads, ICBMs, SLBMs, Mobile ICBMs, Delivery vehicles, Treaty compliance, Flaws, Baker Spring Verification, arms agreements, trust, comprehensive monitoring, commitments, START treaty, New START, telemetry, missile performance, compliance, inspections, ICBMs, submarine-launched ballistic missiles, warheads, verification regime, delivery vehicles, treaty flaws, Baker Spring, Heritage Foundation Verification, arms agreements, trust, monitoring mechanisms, commitments, verification system, faith, bypass, expired START, New START, robust verification, telemetry, missile performance, compliance, inspections, deployed warheads, ICBMs, submarine-launched ballistic missiles, SLBMs, mobile ICBMs, elimination, delivery vehicles, flaws, Heritage Foundation, Baker Spring Verification, arms control, trust, monitoring, commitments, START, New START, telemetry, inspections, warheads, ICBMs, SLBMs, mobile ICBMs, delivery vehicles, Heritage Foundation, Baker Spring Verification, arms control, trust, monitoring, commitments, START, New START, telemetry, inspections, deployed warheads, ICBMs, SLBMs, mobile ICBMs, elimination verification, Baker Spring, Heritage Foundation"
test-education-ughbuesbf-pro01a	Individuals have a right to the experience of higher education  University offers personal, intellectual, and often spiritual, exploration. In secondary school and in professional life, no such opportunities exist as they are about instruction and following orders, not about questioning norms and conventions in the same way university so often is. [1] A life without the critical thinking skills provided by university will be less useful to society, as citizens will be unable to engage with political debate effectively – citizens need to be critical of what politicians tell them. The state has a responsibility to provide citizens with the skillset to take partake in the democratic process. [2] Free universities benefit both the citizen, as an exploration for his/her own development, and to society, for an educated and active populace.  [1] Key Degree. 2010. “How to Reap the Benefits of College”. Keydegree.com. Available:  ­of­college.html  [2] Swift, Adam. 2001. Political Philosophy: A Beginner’s Guide for Students and Politicians. Cambridge: Polity. right, higher education, university, personal, intellectual, spiritual, exploration, secondary school, professional life, instruction, orders, questioning, norms, conventions, critical thinking, society, political debate, citizens, state, responsibility, skillset, democratic process, free universities, citizen, development, educated, active populace, Key Degree, Adam Swift, political philosophy, beginners guide, students, politicians right to higher education, personal exploration, intellectual development, spiritual growth, critical thinking skills, political debate, democratic process, free universities, educated populace, active citizenship, skillset for democracy, university benefits, personal development, societal benefit, questioning norms, convention challenging, secondary school limitations, professional life constraints, citizen engagement, political philosophy, beginner's guide, student development, societal contribution, education importance, free higher education, public responsibility, critical citizenship, democratic engagement, education and society, university value, intellectual skills, personal skills, societal skills, political skills, education role, democratic skills, higher learning, education rights, societal impact, university right, higher education, university, personal exploration, intellectual exploration, spiritual exploration, secondary school, professional life, instruction, following orders, questioning norms, conventions, critical thinking skills, society, political debate, citizens, politicians, state responsibility, democratic process, free universities, citizen development, educated populace, active populace, Key Degree, Adam Swift, political philosophy, beginner's guide, students, politicians right, higher education, university, personal, intellectual, spiritual, exploration, secondary school, professional life, instruction, orders, questioning, norms, conventions, critical thinking, society, citizenship, political debate, democratic process, free universities, citizen, development, educated, active populace, Key Degree, Adam Swift, political philosophy, beginner's guide, students, politicians right, higher education, university, personal exploration, intellectual growth, spiritual development, secondary school, professional life, critical thinking, society, political debate, citizenship, democratic process, free universities, citizen development, educated populace, Key Degree, Adam Swift, political philosophy
test-law-cpilhbishioe-con04a	ICC enforcement would create resentment  There are good reasons for why an ICC enforcement arm would be ineffective on its own. It may have all the necessary equipment and training but it would be a foreign force, that may or may not be seen as legitimate, attempting to arrest a native of that country. The result would be resentment in the community at the intrusion. This regularly occurs to national police forces when policing in minority areas. In London the Brixton race riots were seen by one inquiry as “essentially an outburst of anger and resentment by young black people against the police” as the police did not represent them. [1] The result with the ICC as elsewhere would likely to at the least be a lack of cooperation, and with most of the force unable to speak the native language altering perceptions would be difficult. Such a force may bring even fewer results than using local forces and would provide a scapegoat for local politicians. [2]  [1] Bowling, Ben, and Phillips, Coretta, ‘Policing ethnic minority communities’, LSE Research Online, 2003,  p.4  [2] Perritt, Henry H., ‘Policing International Peace and Security: International Police Forces’, Chicago-Kent College of Law, March 1999,  p.294 ICC enforcement, resentment, foreign force, legitimacy, national police, minority areas, Brixton race riots, lack of cooperation, language barrier, local forces, scapegoat, local politicians, international policing, ethnic minority communities, policing effectiveness ICC, enforcement, resentment, foreign force, legitimacy, arrest, native, community, intrusion, national police, minority areas, Brixton race riots, anger, lack of cooperation, language barrier, local forces, scapegoat, local politicians, policing, ethnic minority communities, international police forces, peace, security ICC, enforcement, resentment, legitimacy, foreign force, native country, community intrusion, national police, minority areas, Brixton race riots, policing, ethnic minority, cooperation, language barrier, perception, local forces, scapegoat, politicians, international police, security, peace, Chicago-Kent College of Law ICC enforcement, resentment, legitimacy, foreign force, native community, national police, minority areas, Brixton race riots, police representation, lack of cooperation, language barrier, local forces, scapegoat, local politicians, international policing, peace and security, ethnic minority communities, Ben Bowling, Coretta Phillips, Henry H. Perritt, Chicago-Kent College of Law ICC, enforcement, resentment, legitimacy, foreign force, native, community, intrusion, national police, minority areas, Brixton race riots, anger, lack of cooperation, local forces, language barrier, scapegoat, local politicians, policing ethnic minorities, international police forces, peace and security
test-politics-oepdlhfcefp-pro02a	The fact that it is a Representative highlights the fact that the EU is based on consultation and consensus, and that is a positive thing.  While the new ‘EU High Representative for Foreign and Security Policy’ marks only a bold first step towards a more unified voice for the EU, the decisions are indeed still based on a state by state consultation mechanism – hence the name representative. This should however not to be downplayed as a less significant change in how the EU approaches its foreign policy. The consultation aspect is in fact essential to reaching agreement and the importance of not only presenting a united front to the rest of the world (the EU is exemplary in trade policy and environmental policy, but less important when it comes to presenting a united voice in foreign policy as Belgian Foreign minister Mark Eyskens put it in 1991 “Europe is an economic giant, a political dwarf, and a military worm” 1, but also creating a united front through collaboration and debate. One should thus see this not only as a means to an end, but rather as an important mechanism in itself, whereby new identities are slowly created along with a deeper sense of commitment to a common set of values.  1. Craig R Whitney, ‘WAR IN THE GULF: EUROPE; Gulf Fighting Shatters Europeans’ Fragile Unity’, EU, Representative, Consultation, Consensus, EU High Representative for Foreign and Security Policy, United Voice, State by State Consultation, Foreign Policy, United Front, Collaboration, Debate, Common Values, European Unity, Gulf War, Craig R Whitney, Mark Eyskens, Political Dwarf, Military Worm, Economic Giant, Environmental Policy, Trade Policy Representative, EU, consultation, consensus, positive, High Representative, Foreign Policy, Security Policy, unified voice, state by state, consultation mechanism, united front, foreign policy, collaboration, debate, new identities, common values, economic giant, political dwarf, military worm, Craig R Whitney, WAR IN THE GULF, Gulf Fighting, Europeans' Fragile Unity EU, Representative, consultation, consensus, High Representative, Foreign Policy, Security Policy, unified voice, state consultation, significant change, united front, collaboration, debate, identity creation, commitment, common values, Europe, economic giant, political dwarf, military worm, Gulf War, European unity Representative, EU, consultation, consensus, EU High Representative for Foreign and Security Policy, unified voice, state by state, foreign policy, united front, collaboration, debate, identities, commitment, common values, Craig R Whitney, Gulf War, European unity Representative, EU, consultation, consensus, EU High Representative for Foreign and Security Policy, unified voice, state by state, foreign policy, united front, collaboration, debate, new identities, common values, economic giant, political dwarf, military worm, Gulf War, European unity
test-environment-opecewiahw-con02a	A dam would damage the environment  Dams due to their generation of renewable electricity are usually seen as environmentally friendly but such mega projects are rarely without consequences. The Grand Inga would lower the oxygen content of the lower course of the river which would mean a loss of species. This would not only affect the river as the Congo’s delta is a submerged area of 300,000km2 far out into the Atlantic. This system is not yet understood but the plume transmits sediment and organic matter into the Atlantic ocean encouraging plankton offshore contributing to the Atlantic’s ability to be a carbon sink. [1]  [1] Showers, Kate, ‘Will Africa’s Mega Dam Have Mega Impacts?’, International Rivers, 5 March 2012, dam, environment, renewable, electricity, consequences, Grand Inga, oxygen, species, Congo, delta, submerged, Atlantic, sediment, organic, matter, plankton, carbon, sink, Africa, mega, impacts, International Rivers dam, environment, renewable electricity, Grand Inga, oxygen content, river species, Congo delta, submerged area, Atlantic Ocean, sediment, organic matter, plankton, carbon sink, mega impacts, Africa, International Rivers dam, environment, renewable electricity, Grand Inga, oxygen content, species loss, Congo delta, submerged area, sediment, organic matter, Atlantic Ocean, plankton, carbon sink, mega impacts, International Rivers dam, environment, renewable electricity, consequences, Grand Inga, oxygen content, species loss, Congo, delta, submerged area, Atlantic, sediment, organic matter, plankton, carbon sink, mega impacts, International Rivers dam, environment, renewable electricity, Grand Inga, oxygen content, species loss, Congo delta, submerged area, Atlantic Ocean, sediment, organic matter, plankton, carbon sink, mega impacts, Africa, International Rivers
test-science-ascidfakhba-pro04a	The costs of monitoring copyright by states, artists, and lawyers far outweigh the benefits, and is often simply ineffective  The state incurs huge costs in monitoring for copyright infringement, in arresting suspected perpetrators, in imprisonment of those found guilty, even though in reality nothing was stolen but an idea that, once released to it, belonged to the public domain more or less. [1] Furthermore, the deterrent effect to copyright piracy generated by all the efforts of the state and firms has proven generally minimal. In fact, the level of internet piracy of books, music, and films has increased dramatically year on year for several years, increasing by 30% in 2011 alone. [2] This is because in many cases copyright laws are next to unenforceable, as the music and movie industries have learned to their annoyance in recent years, for example ninety percent of DVDs sold in China are bootlegs while even western consumers are increasingly bypassing copyright by using peer to peer networks. [3] Only a tiny fraction of perpetrators are ever caught, and though they are often punished severely in an attempt to deter future crime, it has done little to stop their incidence. Copyright, in many cases, does not work in practice plain and simple. Releasing works under a creative commons licensing scheme does a great deal to cope with these pressures. In the first instance it is a less draconian regime, so individuals are more willing to buy into it as a legitimate claim by artists rather than an onerous stranglehold on work. This increases compliance with the relaxed law. Secondly, the compliance means that artists are given the vocal crediting under the license rules that gives them more public exposure than clandestine copying could not. Ultimately this adaptation of current copyright law would benefit the artist and the consumer mutually.  [1] World Intellectual Property Organization. “Emerging Issues in Intellectual Property”. 2011   [2] Hartopo, A. “The Past, Present and Future of Internet Piracy”. Jakarta Globe. 26 July 2011.   [3] Quirk, M., “The Movie Pirates”, The Atlantic, 19 November 2009, costs, monitoring, copyright, states, artists, lawyers, benefits, ineffective, state, huge, costs, infringement, arresting, imprisonment, guilty, stolen, idea, public, domain, deterrent, effect, piracy, minimal, internet, books, music, films, increased, unenforceable, music, movie, industries, annoyance, DVDs, bootlegs, China, peer, networks, caught, punished, deter, future, crime, practice, licensing, scheme, pressures, draconian, regime, individuals, compliance, relaxation, artists, crediting, license, public, exposure, copying, adaptation, consumer, mutual costs, monitoring, copyright, states, artists, lawyers, benefits, ineffective, state, copyright infringement, arresting, suspects, imprisonment, guilty, public domain, copyright piracy, deterrent effect, minimal, internet piracy, books, music, films, enforceable, music industry, movie industry, China, bootlegs, peer-to-peer networks, perpetrators, punishment, incidence, creative commons licensing, compliance, legitimate claim, artists, public exposure, adaptation, copyright law, consumer benefits costs, monitoring, copyright, states, artists, lawyers, benefits, ineffective, state, incurs, huge, costs, arresting, suspected, perpetrators, imprisonment, guilty, reality, nothing, stolen, idea, public, domain, deterrent, effect, piracy, minimal, internet, piracy, books, music, films, increased, dramatically, years, increased, 30%, 2011, unenforceable, music, movie, industries, ninety, percent, DVDs, China, bootlegs, western, consumers, bypassing, peer, peer, networks, tiny, fraction, caught, punished, severely costs, monitoring, copyright, states, artists, lawyers, benefits, ineffective, state, incurs, huge, costs, monitoring, copyright, infringement, arresting, suspected, perpetrators, imprisonment, guilty, reality, nothing, stolen, idea, public, domain, deterrent, effect, piracy, minimal, internet, piracy, books, music, films, increased, dramatically, year, 30%, 2011, unenforceable, music, industry, movie, industry, annoyance, DVDs, China, bootlegs, western, consumers, bypassing, copyright, peer, peer, networks, fraction, caught costs, monitoring, copyright, states, artists, lawyers, benefits, ineffective, state, huge, costs, monitoring, copyright, infringement, arresting, suspected, perpetrators, imprisonment, guilty, stolen, idea, public, domain, deterrent, effect, piracy, minimal, internet, piracy, books, music, films, increased, dramatically, unenforceable, music, movie, industries, DVDs, China, bootlegs, western, consumers, peer, peer, networks, perpetrators, caught, punished, severity, deter, future, crime, copyright, works, practice, creative, commons, licensing, scheme, pressures, less
test-philosophy-apessghwba-con05a	Animals involved in animal research are mostly well treated.  The vast majority of animals used in research are not subjected to suffering. Where there may be pain, they are given painkillers, and when they are euthanized it is done humanely. [1] They are looked after well, as the health of the animals is usually not only required by law and good practice, but beneficial for the experimental results. Many of these animals live better lives than they might have done had they been born into the wild. Many animals, and indeed humans, die untimely deaths that are due to reasons other than old age, animal experimentation may increase these numbers slightly but so long as the animals are treated well there should be no moral objection to animal research. If the foundation of the argument for banning animal experimentation is therefore based upon the cruel treatment and pain suffered by animals then this is a reason for regulation to make sure there is very little suffering rather than an outright ban.  [1] Herzog, H., “Dealing With the Animal Research Controversy”, in Akins, C. Panicker, S. & Cunningham, C. L (eds.), Laboratory animals in research and teaching: Ethics, care and methods, (Washington, DC, US: American Psychological Association, 2005, Ch. 1. Animals, Research, Well-treated, Suffering, Painkillers, Euthanized, Humanely, Health, Law, Good Practice, Experimental Results, Better Lives, Wild, Untimely Deaths, Animal Experimentation, Moral Objection, Cruel Treatment, Regulation, Banning, Animal Rights animal research, well-treated animals, pain management, humane euthanasia, animal welfare, legal requirements, experimental results, better life conditions, moral considerations, regulation, animal experimentation controversy, ethical treatment, scientific methods, laboratory animals, humane treatment, pain reduction, animal care, research ethics, wild animals, untimely deaths, moral objections, regulation of suffering, animal rights, scientific benefits, humane practices, animal protection, experimental animals, ethical standards, animal testing, humane research, veterinary care, animal subjects, scientific integrity, humane legislation, ethical guidelines, animal advocacy, animal health, research animals, pain alleviation, ethical research, Animal research, well-treated animals, pain management, humane euthanasia, animal welfare, legal requirements, experimental integrity, better life conditions, wild animals, untimely deaths, moral objections, animal experimentation, ethical treatment, regulatory oversight, animal cruelty, pain minimization, animal testing, research ethics, humane treatment, laboratory animals, scientific research, animal rights, moral arguments, humane care, experimental results, regulatory measures, animal suffering, ethical practices, animal health, research controversy, humane standards,动物研究, 动物福利, 人道安乐死, 法律要求, 实验完整性, 更好的生活条件 animal research, well-treated animals, pain management, humane euthanasia, animal welfare, legal requirements, experimental results, better life conditions, moral objections, animal experimentation, ethical considerations, regulation, suffering minimization, animal rights, laboratory animals, research ethics, Herzog, animal research controversy, psychological methods, teaching ethics, laboratory animal care animal research, well-treated animals, pain management, humane euthanasia, animal welfare, regulatory compliance, moral objections, animal experimentation, ethical standards, laboratory animals, scientific benefits, wild vs. laboratory conditions, humane treatment, animal rights, research ethics, regulatory oversight, laboratory animal care, animal suffering, animal testing, scientific research, animal welfare laws, ethical practices, humane practices, humane treatment, regulatory requirements, ethical considerations, animal experimentation controversy, psychological well-being, laboratory animal welfare, animal research regulations, animal care standards, ethical treatment, humane standards, animal research ethics, animal experimentation ethics, animal use in research, pain relief,
test-environment-aiahwagit-con01a	African countries have little money to spare  Africa has some of the least developed countries in the world, making extensive protection of endangered animals unviable. Many African countries are burdened by the more pressing issues of civil war, large debts, poverty, and economic underdevelopment. [1] These factors already draw significant amounts of money from limited budgets. Tanzania, for example, has revenue of $5.571 billion and an expenditure of $6.706 billion. [2] Increased expenditure on animal protection projects would only serve to worsen this budget deficit.  [1] Simensen, J. ‘Africa: the causes of under-development and the challenges of globalisation’  [2] The World Factbook ‘Tanzania’ African countries, least developed, endangered animals, protection, civil war, large debts, poverty, economic underdevelopment, budget deficit, Tanzania, revenue, expenditure, animal protection projects, under-development, globalization challenges African countries, least developed, endangered animals, civil war, large debts, poverty, economic underdevelopment, budget deficit, Tanzania, revenue, expenditure, animal protection projects, underdevelopment, globalisation African countries, little money, least developed countries, endangered animals, civil war, large debts, poverty, economic underdevelopment, budget deficit, Tanzania, revenue, expenditure, animal protection projects, under-development, globalisation, The World Factbook African countries, little money, least developed, endangered animals, protection unviable, civil war, large debts, poverty, economic underdevelopment, budget deficit, Tanzania, revenue, expenditure, animal protection projects, under-development, globalisation, The World Factbook African countries, limited money, least developed countries, endangered animals, protection unviable, civil war, large debts, poverty, economic underdevelopment, budget deficit, Tanzania, revenue, expenditure, animal protection projects
test-politics-ypppgvhwmv-con03a	There are alternatives that tackle the real causes of voter disengagement  Compulsory voting hides the problem which is causing people to be disengaged from politics; it allows politicians to ignore measures that can tackle the true causes of political disengagement.  States instead should seek on strategies that will eliminate barriers to voting along with reducing the costs of turnout for its citizens, weekend voting, making election days a holiday, simple registration procedures, reforms such as to the party finance rules to widen the playing field, and the creation of a centralized, professional bureaucracy concerned with all aspects of election administration. In the UK, for example, adopting a more proportional system will allow for a political spectrum rather than the three major parties that currently dominate. voter disengagement, compulsory voting, political engagement, barriers to voting, election reform, weekend voting, election day holiday, registration procedures, party finance rules, proportional representation, UK political system, major parties, political spectrum, election administration, citizen turnout costs voter disengagement, compulsory voting, political disengagement, barriers to voting, election day, weekend voting, registration procedures, party finance rules, proportional system, election administration, political spectrum, major parties voter disengagement, compulsory voting, political reforms, election barriers, weekend voting, election day holiday, registration procedures, party finance reform, proportional representation, political spectrum, major parties dominance, election administration, citizen turnout costs, democratic engagement, political participation, electoral system improvements voter disengagement, compulsory voting, political disengagement, barriers to voting, reducing turnout costs, weekend voting, election day holiday, simple registration, party finance reforms, centralized election administration, proportional representation, UK political spectrum, major parties dominance voter disengagement, compulsory voting, political participation, barriers to voting, reducing turnout costs, weekend voting, election day holiday, simple registration, party finance reform, proportional representation, UK voting system, major parties dominance, election administration reform, centralized election bureaucracy
test-society-ghbgqeaaems-pro01a	Gender equality is based on fundamental human rights endorsed by the EU which needs to be addressed  Gender equality at the workplace is an important principle that businesses should follow. If we consider men and women to be equal then they should be equally represented at the top levels of politics, society, and business. This is not simply a national issue, but a pan-EU problem of justice and equal rights. Gender equality is linked to the fundamental human rights that the EU endorses and the lack of progress in terms of women in high positions of Europe requires a proactive stance. As Morin-Chartier argues, the EU directives are about being a model for one another and the quotas will serve as an archetype for others worldwide. Therefore, the quotas are necessary to encourage progress in this field as other tools have not brought equal gender representation. gender equality, human rights, EU, workplace, businesses, top levels, politics, society, business, national issue, pan-EU, justice, equal rights, fundamental rights, progress, women, high positions, Europe, proactive stance, Morin-Chartier, EU directives, model, quotas, archetype, worldwide, progress, tools, equal gender representation gender equality, human rights, EU, workplace, business principles, top levels, politics, society, pan-EU, justice, equal rights, progress, women, high positions, proactive stance, Morin-Chartier, EU directives, model, quotas, archetype, worldwide, progress encouragement, equal representation, tools, gender diversity gender equality, human rights, EU, workplace, business principles, politics, society, high positions, justice, equal rights, Morin-Chartier, EU directives, quotas, archetype, progress, representation, proactive stance, pan-EU problem Gender equality, human rights, EU, workplace, business principles, politics, society, top levels, justice, equal rights, pan-EU, Morin-Chartier, EU directives, quotas, archetype, progress, women representation, high positions, proactive stance, tools, encouragement Gender equality, human rights, EU, workplace, business principles, top levels, politics, society, pan-EU, justice, equal rights, fundamental rights, progress, women, high positions, proactive stance, Morin-Chartier, EU directives, model, quotas, archetype, worldwide, progress encouragement, gender representation
test-society-mmcpsgfhbf-con01a	Freedom of expression is essential for women  Social movements should limit themselves to pushing for the rights of social groups, not restricting them. The feminist movement, as a social movement, should not limit the voices of women in the same way their oppressors have throughout history. Banning pornography would directly restrict the freedom of choice of women who want to manifest their sexuality and express themselves in revolutionary ways in art and media. Examples such as amateur and improvised porn, which are independent of a director, show the deep value of self-expression and self-definition women can find in this form of art. The desire of some actresses to become internationally recognised as ‘sex symbols’, become porn stars, or simply convey that sex is for women too, is a legitimate one, and not an act of desperation. This must be taken into account in cases of pornography between consenting adults, for consenting adults. Freedom of expression, women's rights, social movements, feminist movement, pornography, self-expression, sexuality, sex symbols, porn stars, consenting adults, women's choice, art and media, self-definition, women's oppression, restricting voices, legitimate desires, amateur porn, improvised porn, international recognition freedom of expression, women's rights, social movements, feminist movement, restricting freedom, pornography, self-expression, sexuality, art, media, sex symbols, porn stars, consenting adults, self-definition, independent, amateur, improvised, recognition, revolutionary, legitimate, desperation, oppression, voice, choice Freedom of expression, women's rights, social movements, feminist movement, restricting voices, oppression, pornography, freedom of choice, sexuality, self-expression, self-definition, sex symbols, porn stars, consent, adult content, revolutionary art, amateur porn, independent expression Freedom of expression, Women's rights, Social movements, Feminist movement, Restricting rights, Voices of women, Oppressors, Banning pornography, Freedom of choice, Sexuality, Self-expression, Art and media, Amateur porn, Self-definition, Sex symbols, Porn stars, Consenting adults, Legitimate desires Freedom of expression, women's rights, social movements, feminist movement, pornography, self-expression, sexuality, art, media, sex symbols, porn stars, consenting adults, self-definition, revolutionary ways, independent, amateur, improvised, international recognition, legitimate desires, not desperation, restrict, limit, voices, oppressors, throughout history, deep value, manifest sexuality, convey sex for women
test-free-speech-debate-fsaphgiap-con01a	Denial of privacy to the leaders  The leaders of states deserve privacy in exactly the same way as anyone else. Just like their citizens leaders want and deserve privacy and it would be unfair for everyone to know about their health. Leaders may suffer from diseases such AIDS/HIV or embarrassing illnesses which could damage a leader.  The people only a need for the people to know when the illness significantly damages the running of the government. The government can function on its own without its leader for several days; only if the illness incapacitates the leader for a long period is there any need to tell the people. Clearly if the President is working from his bed he is still doing the job and his government is functioning. William Pitt the Younger, Prime Minister of Great Britain was toasted as 'the Saviour of Europe' while he was seriously ill but still running the country during the height of the Napoleonic Wars. 1  1 Bloy, Marjie, 'William Pitt the Younger (1759-1806)', Victorian Web, 4 January 2006, privacy, leaders, states, citizens, health, diseases, AIDS, HIV, illnesses, government, running, incapacitates, President, William Pitt, Younger, Prime Minister, Great Britain, Napoleonic Wars leaders, privacy, health, illness, government, incapacity, William Pitt the Younger, AIDS, HIV, embarrassment, Napoleonic Wars, disclosure, public knowledge, fairness, functionality, leadership, illness impact, citizenship, confidentiality, public interest, political health, governance, Prime Minister, Great Britain, transparency, secrecy, medical conditions, political leadership, historical leadership, political ethics, public office, personal life, public scrutiny, political responsibility, health policy, public health, political transparency, government transparency, political accountability, medical privacy, political illness, public figure privacy, leadership health, government secrecy, health disclosure, political duty, public privacy, leaders, states, health, illnesses, AIDS, HIV, government, running, incapacitated, William Pitt the Younger, Prime Minister, Great Britain, Napoleonic Wars, Saviour of Europe, citizens, damage, unfair, retrieval, query, confidentiality, public interest, leadership, medical conditions, political figures, historical context, governance, transparency, personal information, executive function, political health, public disclosure, ethical considerations, political responsibility privacy, leaders, states, citizens, health, AIDS, HIV, illnesses, government, running, incapacitated, president, William Pitt the Younger, Prime Minister, Great Britain, Napoleonic Wars, Saviour of Europe, Victorian Web Denial, Privacy, Leaders, States, Citizens, Health, AIDS, HIV, Illnesses, Government, president, William Pitt, Younger, Prime Minister, Great Britain, Napoleonic Wars, Saviour, Europe, Incapacitated, Long Period, Functioning, Job
test-science-nsihwbtiss-pro03a	Acting as a warning signal for children at risk.  It is very difficult for a child to realize that he is being groomed; they are unlikely to know the risk1. After all, a teacher is regarded as a trusted adult. But, if the child is aware that private electronic contact between teachers and students is prohibited by law, the child will immediately know the teacher is doing something he is not supposed to if he initiates private electronic contact. This will therefore act as an effective warning sign to the child and might prompt the child to tell a parent or another adult about what is going on. warning signal, children at risk, grooming, trusted adult, private electronic contact, prohibited by law, warning sign, tell a parent, another adult warning signal, children at risk, grooming, trusted adult, private electronic contact, prohibited by law, effective warning sign, tell a parent, another adult warning signal, children at risk, grooming, trusted adult, private electronic contact, prohibited by law, awareness, child safety, teacher-student relationship, red flags, reporting behavior warning signal, children at risk, grooming, trusted adult, private electronic contact, prohibited by law, warning sign, prompt, tell parent, another adult warning signal, children at risk, grooming, trusted adult, private electronic contact, prohibited by law, warning sign, tell parent, trusted authority figure, child safety, digital communication, teacher-student boundaries
test-international-ssiarcmhb-pro05a	"Protects people from spending eternity in Hell.  It is important to remember that the Catholic Church believe that barrier contraception is against God and that using it will condemn people to Hell. Therefore, even if the Church's stance on condoms is harmful, which the proposition does not accept that it is, it is less harmful than people spending an eternity suffering. In this context, therefore, the most responsible thing for the Catholic Church to do is to forbid the use of condoms and, thereby, save people from Hell1. 1 Pope Paul VI. ""Humanae Vitae."" 1968. Catholic Church, eternity in Hell, barrier contraception, God, condoms, Humanae Vitae, Pope Paul VI, moral doctrine, contraception and religion, Catholic teachings, eternal suffering, religious beliefs and health, doctrinal compliance, moral responsibility, faith and contraception Catholic Church, Humanae Vitae, Pope Paul VI, contraception, barrier contraception, condoms, Hell, eternity, suffering, moral doctrine, religious beliefs, harm reduction, sexual health, moral responsibility Catholic Church, contraception, condoms, Hell, eternity, suffering, Humanae Vitae, Pope Paul VI, barrier contraception, religious beliefs, moral teachings, sexual ethics, human life, procreation, faith, salvation, sin, doctrine, church law, moral guidance, human dignity, responsible parenthood, natural law, divine will, moral obligations, spiritual well-being, eternal consequences, ethical dilemmas, religious authority, doctrinal stance, sexual morality, catholic doctrine, church teachings, moral theology, contraception opposition, pro-life, moral responsibility, religious doctrine, eternal life, damnation, moral integrity, church doctrine, sexual health Catholic Church, contraception, condoms, Hell, Humanae Vitae, Pope Paul VI, eternity, suffering, responsible, moral stance, religious beliefs, harm reduction, sexual health, doctrine, teachings, salvation, morality, sin, prevention, condoms and religion, contraception debate, faith and ethics Catholic Church, contraception, condoms, Hell, Humanae Vitae, Pope Paul VI, eternal suffering, moral responsibility, religious doctrine, human life, salvation, ethical stance, sexual health, contraception ban, theological perspective"
test-health-ppelfhwbpba-con02a	Opposition to partial birth abortion is part of a strategy intended to ban abortion in general  Partial-birth abortions form a tiny proportion of all abortions, but from a medical and psychological point of view they ought to be the least controversial. The reason for this focus is that late-term abortions are the most obviously distasteful, because late-term foetuses look more like babies than embryos or foetuses at an earlier developmental stage. Late-term abortions therefore make for the best pro-life campaigning material. By attempting to focus the debate here, campaigners are aiming to conflate all abortions with late-term abortions, and to increase opposition to all abortion on that basis. opposition, partial-birth-abortion, strategy, ban-abortion, late-term-abortions, medical-view, psychological-view, pro-life-campaigning, conflate-abortions, increase-opposition partial-birth abortion, opposition, strategy, ban abortion, late-term abortions, pro-life campaigning, medical view, psychological view, foetal development, anti-abortion strategy, conflation, public opinion, abortion debate opposition, partial-birth-abortion, strategy, ban-abortion, tiny-proportion, medical-view, psychological-view, least-controversial, late-term-abortions, obviously-distasteful, late-term-foetuses, babies, embryos, early-developmental-stage, pro-life-campaigning, conflate-abortions, increase-opposition, all-abortion opposition, partial-birth-abortion, strategy, ban-abortion, tiny-proportion, medical-view, psychological-view, late-term-abortions, obviously-distasteful, late-term-foetuses, look-like-babies, pro-life-campaigning, conflate, increase-opposition, all-abortion Opposition, Partial-birth, Abortion, Strategy, Ban, Tiny, Proportion, Medical, Psychological, Least, Controversial, Late-term, Distasteful, Babies, Embryos, Foetuses, Developmental, Stage, Pro-life, Campaigning, Material, Focus, Debate, Conflate, Increase, Opposition, All, Basis
test-science-sghwbdgmo-con03a	Genetically modified organisms will prevent starvation due to global climate changes.  The temperature of the earth is rising, and the rate of increase is itself increasing. As this continues, foods that grow now will not be acclimatized to the hotter conditions. Evolution takes many years and we simply do not have the time to starve while we wait for this to occur. Whilst there may be a vast supply of food now, we need to look to the future and how our current crops will withstand our changing environment. We can improve our food supply for the future if we invest in GM crops now. These crops can be made specifically to deal with the hotter conditions.  Moreover, Rodomiro Ortiz, director of resource mobilization at the International Maize and Wheat Improvement Centre in Mexico, is currently conducting trials with GM crops to get them to grow is drought conditions. [1] This has already in 2007 been implemented by Monsanto in South Africa and has shown that genetically modified maize can be grown in South Africa and so prevent starvation. [2]  In other countries, this would also mean that foods could be cultured where organic foods would not be able to. This would mean those in third world countries could grow their own crops on their low nutrient content soil. This has the additional benefit of not impacting on the environment as no transport would be needed to take the food to the places where it is needed; this would have to occur with organic foods grown in areas of good soil and weather conditions. [3]  [1] Ortiz R., Overview on Crop Genetic Engineering for Drought-prone Environments, published December 2007,  , accessed 09/05/2011  [2] African Center for Biosafety, Monsanto’s genetically modified drought tolerant maize in South Africa,  , accessed 09/02/2011  [3] Rosenthal E., Environmental Costs of Shipping Groceries around the World, published 04/26/2008,  , accessed 09/02/2011 genetically modified organisms, global climate changes, earth temperature rise, acclimatized crops, evolution time, future food supply, GM crops, drought conditions, Rodomiro Ortiz, International Maize and Wheat Improvement Centre, Monsanto, South Africa, genetically modified maize, third world countries, low nutrient soil, environmental impact, food transportation, organic foods genetically modified organisms, GM crops, global climate changes, earth temperature rise, food acclimatization, evolution timeline, future food supply, investment in GM, drought-resistant crops, Rodomiro Ortiz, International Maize and Wheat Improvement Centre, Monsanto, South Africa, maize, third world countries, low nutrient soil, environmental impact, food transportation, organic foods, crop genetic engineering, drought-prone environments, African Center for Biosafety, Environmental Costs, shipping groceries, worldwide food distribution Genetically modified organisms, global climate changes, temperature rise, acclimatization, evolution, food supply, GM crops, drought conditions, Rodomiro Ortiz, International Maize and Wheat Improvement Centre, Monsanto, South Africa, genetically modified maize, third world countries, low nutrient soil, environmental impact, food transportation, organic foods Genetically modified organisms, global climate changes, temperature rise, acclimatization, evolution, food supply, future crops, GM crops, drought conditions, Rodomiro Ortiz, International Maize and Wheat Improvement Centre, Monsanto, South Africa, third world countries, low nutrient soil, environmental impact, shipping groceries, organic foods Genetically modified organisms, GMOs, global climate change, rising temperatures, food acclimatization, rapid evolution, future food supply, investment in GM crops, drought-resistant crops, Rodomiro Ortiz, International Maize and Wheat Improvement Centre, Monsanto, South Africa, genetically modified maize, third world countries, low nutrient soil, environmental impact, food transportation, organic foods, crop genetic engineering, drought-prone environments, African Center for Biosafety, environmental costs, shipping groceries, global food security
test-free-speech-debate-nshbcsbawc-con02a	Both employers acted out of concern for the interests of their clients, employees should respect that.  Employers don’t introduce rules because it’s fun but, rather, because they serve a purpose. Ms. Chaplin has expressed concern about the legal costs incurred by the NHS Trust which employed her in fighting the action she initiated. Health and safety rules exist, in part, to avoid the possibility of subsequent legal action; it might be reasonable for her to support such rules given her concern [i] .  Likewise, airlines have uniform policies to make their services, well, uniform. It’s what their customers expect. In much the same way as many Christians refuse to receive communion from a woman or a homosexual, it simply goes with the job.  For any workplace to function, the lifestyles of the employees need to accommodate the needs of the customers or users of the service provided by the employer. Clearly there is a degree of balance involved and the values of the employee need to be respected. However, this case isn’t about the values of the employee – they weren’t fired for being Christian – it was about and active decision in how to demonstrate those values. A decision not taken by their co-religionists and one that seemed to owe more to belligerence than to belief.  [i] Daily Mail. “It's a very bad day for Christianity: Nurse's verdict after tribunal rules she can't wear crucifix at work” employers, concern, clients, employees, rules, purpose, Ms. Chaplin, legal costs, NHS Trust, health and safety, legal action, airlines, uniform policies, customers, Christians, communion, workplace, values, balance, Christian, crucifix, tribunal, belligerence, belief employers, concern, clients, employees, respect, rules, purpose, Ms. Chaplin, legal costs, NHS Trust, health and safety, legal action, airlines, uniform policies, customer expectations, Christians, communion, workplace, customer needs, values, balance, belligerence, belief, Daily Mail, nurse, tribunal, crucifix, work employers, interests, clients, employees, respect, rules, purpose, Ms. Chaplin, legal costs, NHS Trust, health and safety, legal action, airlines, uniform policies, customer expectations, Christians, communion, workplace, employee values, customer needs, balance, Christian values, belligerence, belief, tribunal, crucifix, Daily Mail employers, clients, employees, respect, rules, purpose, Ms. Chaplin, legal costs, NHS Trust, health and safety, legal action, airlines, uniform policies, customers, Christians, communion, workplace, values, balance, decision, belligerence, belief, Daily Mail, nurse, tribunal, crucifix, work employers, concern, clients, employees, respect, rules, purpose, Ms. Chaplin, legal costs, NHS Trust, health and safety, legal action, uniform policies, customer expectations, Christians, communion, workplace function, employee values, balance, co-religionists, belligerence, belief, Daily Mail, nurse, tribunal, crucifix, work
test-international-eiahwpamu-pro01a	A livelihoods approach  The livelihoods approach provides a useful model to understand how poor people live [1] ; and remains important to recognising the benefits of microfinance.  The provision of microfinance reduces vulnerability to shocks and changes such as losing a job; enhances people’s access to assets that they use and need (such as finance, friend networks, and land); and this fundamentally acts to change the lives of the poor. Microfinance provides social protection through tapping into social capital. Further, microfinance means aid is not simply provided, but the individual is taught valuable financial skills and given the means to sustain themselves for their lifetime.  [1] See further readings: IFAD, 2013. livelihoods approach, poverty, microfinance, vulnerability, shocks, job loss, asset access, finance, social networks, land, life improvement, social protection, social capital, financial skills, sustainability, aid effectiveness, IFAD, 2013 livelihoods approach, microfinance, poverty reduction, vulnerability, social protection, social capital, financial skills, sustainability, asset access, IFAD, 2013 livelihoods approach, microfinance, poverty reduction, vulnerability reduction, asset access, social capital, financial skills, sustainability, social protection, aid effectiveness, IFAD 2013 livelihoods approach, poverty, microfinance, vulnerability, shocks, job loss, assets, finance, social capital, social protection, financial skills, sustainability, IFAD, 2013 livelihoods approach, microfinance, poverty, vulnerability, social protection, financial skills, sustainability, social capital, asset access, IFAD, poverty reduction, economic resilience, livelihood enhancement, microcredit
test-politics-mtpghwaacb-con02a	Collective bargaining is a counter to the creation of natural monopolies  Many public industries exist as public industries because they are natural monopolies. For example, rail travel, which is often public in Western Liberal democracies, is a sector in which it makes no sense to build multiple railway lines across the country, each for a different company, when one would simply be more efficient. A similar case can be made for things such as public utilities. As such, these sectors often only have a single, often public company working in that sector.  In the case where there is a monopolist, the workers in the sector often have no other employers that they can reasonably find that require their skills, so for example, teachers are very well qualified to teach, however, are possibly not as qualified to deal with other areas and as such will find difficulty moving to another profession. As such, the monopolist in this area has the power to set wages without losing a significant number of employees. Further, in many of these industries strike action will not be used, for example because teachers have a vocational, almost fiduciary relationship with their students and don’t wish to see them lose out due to a strike.1  “Monopoly Power.” collective bargaining, natural monopolies, public industries, rail travel, public utilities, monopolist, worker skills, wage setting, strike action, teachers, monopoly power collective bargaining, natural monopolies, public industries, rail travel, public utilities, single company, workers, monopolist, wages, strike action, teachers, vocational relationship, students, monopoly power collective bargaining, natural monopolies, public industries, rail travel, Western Liberal democracies, public utilities, single company, workers, monopolist, wages, strike action, teachers, vocational relationship, fiduciary relationship, students, monopoly power collective bargaining, natural monopolies, public industries, rail travel, public utilities, single company, worker mobility, monopolist power, wage setting, strike action, vocational relationship, fiduciary duty, monopoly power, Western Liberal democracies, teacher qualifications, sector efficiency collective bargaining, natural monopolies, public industries, rail travel, public utilities, single company, workers, monopolist, wages, strike action, teachers, vocational relationship, students, monopoly power
test-politics-ghbgussbsbt-con03a	Growing partisanship  The current political climate makes divided government difficult anyway. The terms of debate in American politics is based on a perceived ‘culture war’ between liberals and conservatives over what it means to be American, something that has been exacerbated by 24-hour news and a proliferation of partisan blogging.  This makes agreements on core issues difficult to achieve and this has become apparent in recent years, with opposition to Barack Obama’s $1 trillion stimulus package helping to spawn the Tea Party movement [1] that has helped move the Republican Party to the right, making the compromise required for effective divided government unachievable. [2]  While it has been most noticeable recently the US political climate has been becoming more polarized for the last twenty-five years. This polarization helps to create gridlock and less public policy. [3] The stasis in Congress created by the dogmatic Republicans winning the House in the 2010 mid-terms shows how America’s political climate is now much more suited to Single-Party Government, allowing for much more effective decision making than divided government.  [1] Ferrara, Peter, ‘The tea Party Revolution’, The American Spectator, 15 April 2009,   [2] Rawls, Caroline, ‘Moderate Republicans Lament GOP Shift Further Right’, newsmax, 27 July 2011,   [3] McCarty, Nolan, ‘The Policy Consequences of Partisan Polarization in the United States’, bcep.haas.berkeley.edu/papers/McCarty.doc growing partisanship, divided government, political climate, culture war, liberals, conservatives, 24-hour news, partisan blogging, political gridlock, public policy, Tea Party movement, Republican Party, political polarization, single-party government, effective decision making, dogmatic Republicans, House mid-terms, policy consequences, partisan polarization, Nolan McCarty Growing partisanship, divided government, political climate, culture war, liberals, conservatives, 24-hour news, partisan blogging, agreements, core issues, Barack Obama, stimulus package, Tea Party movement, Republican Party, compromise, effective government, polarization, gridlock, public policy, dogmatic Republicans, House mid-terms, single-party government, decision making, Nolan McCarty, partisan polarization, policy consequences Growing partisanship, divided government, culture war, 24-hour news, partisan blogging, political polarization, gridlock, public policy, Tea Party movement, Republican Party, compromise, Barack Obama, stimulus package, single-party government, effective decision making, dogmatic Republicans, 2010 mid-terms, Nolan McCarty, policy consequences, partisan polarization growing partisanship, divided government, culture war, liberals, conservatives, 24-hour news, partisan blogging, agreements, core issues, Barack Obama, stimulus package, Tea Party movement, Republican Party, compromise, polarization, gridlock, public policy, dogmatic Republicans, House, 2010 mid-terms, Single-Party Government, decision making, Nolan McCarty, Peter Ferrara, Caroline Rawls growing partisanship, divided government, political climate, culture war, liberals, conservatives, American identity, 24-hour news, partisan blogging, agreement difficulty, core issues, Barack Obama, stimulus package, Tea Party movement, Republican Party, polarization, gridlock, public policy, dogmatic Republicans, House of Representatives, 2010 mid-terms, single-party government, effective decision making, partisan polarization, policy consequences
test-religion-frghbbgi-con02a	The Prime Mover  The universe follows rules of causality – cause precedes effect. But it cannot be the case that cause and effect regress infinitely into the past – there must be a ‘prime cause’. There is an identifiable point for this – the Universe was formed about 14 billion years ago with the Big Bang, before which we cannot detect any chain of causality. What was the prime mover? It had by definition to be a being existing outside of our conception of reality – the natural answer being ‘God’. Prime Mover, causality, cause and effect, infinite regression, prime cause, Big Bang, Universe, 14 billion years, chain of causality, God, existence, reality, natural answer, philosophical argument, cosmological argument Prime Mover, causality, cause and effect, infinite regression, prime cause, Big Bang, 14 billion years, chain of causality, Universe formation, God, supernatural, natural reality Prime Mover, causality, cause and effect, infinite regression, prime cause, Universe, Big Bang, 14 billion years, chain of causality, God, supernatural, natural reality Prime Mover, Causality, Cause and Effect, Infinite Regression, Prime Cause, Big Bang, Universe Formation, 14 Billion Years Ago, Chain of Causality, Existence Outside Reality, Natural Answer, God Prime Mover, Causality, Cause, Effect, Infinite Regression, Prime Cause, Universe, Big Bang, 14 Billion Years, Chain of Causality, God, Natural Answer, Conception of Reality
test-religion-grcrgshwbr-con01a	Banning religious symbols is just a way of unfairly targeting people.  Banning religious symbols could be viewed as just a way of targeting a group of people. In a nutshell, religious symbols would be used as a scapegoat in order to both highlight and blame for problems that are much bigger. Removing the hijab, the Crucifix or the Jewish skullcap would take away someone's culture, religion and heritage, and, therefore, banning them would cause more problems.1 It could potentially increase hatred within religious groups, and lead to more racism and more criticism, ultimately making the country a worse place to live.  1 at 'Belgian ban on full veils comes into force', BBC News Europe, 23rd July 2011 , accessed on 23rd July 2011 religious symbols, banning, targeting, group, scapegoat, problems, hijab, crucifix, Jewish skullcap, culture, religion, heritage, hatred, religious groups, racism, criticism, country, Belgian ban, full veils, BBC News Europe banning, religious, symbols, targeting, people, scapegoat, problems, hijab, crucifix, jewish, skullcap, culture, heritage, hatred, religious, groups, racism, criticism, country, belgian, ban, full, veils, bbc, news, europe religious symbols, banning, targeting people, scapegoat, cultural heritage, hijab, crucifix, Jewish skullcap, increase hatred, religious groups, racism, criticism, country worse, Belgian ban, full veils banning, religious, symbols, targeting, people, scapegoat, problems, hijab, crucifix, jewish, skullcap, culture, religion, heritage, hatred, religious, groups, racism, criticism, country, Belgian, ban, full, veils, BBC, News, Europe banning, religious, symbols, unfairly, targeting, people, scapegoat, problems, removing, hijab, crucifix, jewish, skullcap, culture, religion, heritage, increase, hatred, religious, groups, racism, criticism, country, belgian, ban, full, veils, bbc, news, europe
test-international-glilpdwhsn-con03a	"The New START treaty sets a bad approach for a changing world  New START reduces US deterrence in world that is arming, not disarming. The United States has relied on deterrence for sixty years and as a result has prevented war between the great powers. A US drawdown, especially as other new powers are arming, will undermine deterrence. This will then encourage rivals to try to catch the United States while the reductions show that the United States is in decline. [1]  While proponents of reducing nuclear weapons, or reaching global zero, argue that possession of nuclear weapons by the nuclear weapons states is the incentive behind proliferation, this is not true. The US has consistently taken leadership in the reduction of nuclear arms through treaties but this has so far had no effect in encouraging other nuclear powers to reduce their arsenals and indeed new powers have joined the club. Reducing nuclear arms through New START will therefore not encourage others to stop pursuing nukes. The U.S. should not be taking steps towards disarmament without all nuclear weapons states, including those not signed up to the Nuclear Non-Proliferation treaty, also being involved. [2]  New START also fails to speak to the issue of protecting and defending the U.S. and its allies against strategic attack. The treaty fails to recognize that deterrence is no longer simply between the U.S. and Russia and that the whole policy should no longer be based on just against strategic attacks on the United States or very close allies. Instead it is much more critical to deal with nuclear policy towards ‘rogue’ states and rising powers. [3]  Finally, the US should not set a precedent that it will sacrifice its own interests to bribe Russia over issues like Iran. As the Jewish Institute for National Security Affairs (JINSA) argues: “we are told that the real purpose of New START is to create a stronger U.S.-Russia bond in a broader international effort to restrain Iran's nuclear weapons program. Such a justification is wrong. Iran's nuclear ambitions are no secret; neither are Russia’s past efforts in aiding that program. We seriously question whether Russia is serious about stopping Iran, with or without New START. There is no reason why the United States should be required to sacrifice its own defense capabilities to inspire Russia to a greater degree of diplomatic fortitude. If Russia is indeed concerned with a nuclear-armed Iran to its immediate south, it should need no extra incentive to take the action necessary to stop it."" [4] If the U.S. bribes Russia over Iran China might expect to get similar treatment over North Korea. New START puts the US in a disadvantaged position in a changing world, and consequently should not be supported.  [1] Brookes, Peter. “Not a new START, but a bad START”. The Hill. 13 September 2010.   [2] Spring, Baker. ""Twelve Flaws of New START That Will Be Difficult to Fix"". Heritage Foundation, The Foundry. 16 September 2010.   [3] Ibid.  [4] Weingarten, Elizabeth. “How did New START become a Jewish issue?”. The Atlantic. 1 Decemebr 2010. New START, US deterrence, changing world, nuclear disarmament, global zero, nuclear proliferation, nuclear arms reduction, treaty flaws, rogue states, rising powers, Iran, Russia, China, North Korea, JINSA, US defense capabilities, diplomatic leverage, strategic attacks, nuclear policy, US-Russia relations, international security, non-proliferation treaty New START, Treaty, Deterrence, US, Nuclear Weapons, Disarmament, Proliferation, Russia, Strategic Attack, Rogue States, Rising Powers, Iran, China, North Korea, Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty, Defense Capabilities, International Relations, Security Policy, Military Strategy, Arms Control, Diplomacy, Global Zero, Jewish Institute for National Security Affairs, JINSA, Heritage Foundation, The Hill, The Atlantic New START, US deterrence, nuclear disarmament, global security, great power conflict, nuclear proliferation, international treaties, Russia relations, Iran nuclear program, China-North Korea, defense policy, nuclear weapons states, rogue states, strategic attack, Jewish Institute for National Security Affairs, Heritage Foundation, The Hill, The Atlantic, Peter Brookes, Baker Spring, Elizabeth Weingarten New START, treaty, US, deterrence, nuclear weapons, disarmament, global zero, proliferation, nuclear powers, drawdown, declining power, rivals, catch up, leadership, reduction, treaties, Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty, protection, defense, allies, strategic attack, rogue states, rising powers, Russia, Iran, nuclear program, diplomacy, China, North Korea, disadvantage, support, Jewish Institute for National Security Affairs, JINSA, Peter Brookes, Baker Spring, Elizabeth Weingarten, The Hill, Heritage Foundation, The Foundry, The Atlantic New START, treaty, US deterrence, changing world, arming, disarmament, nuclear weapons, proliferation, leadership, reduction, treaties, Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty, strategic attack, rogue states, rising powers, Iran, Russia, China, North Korea, defense capabilities, diplomacy, security, nuclear policy, strategic bond, international relations, Jewis Institute for National Security Affairs, JINSA, Peter Brookes, Baker Spring, Elizabeth Weingarten, The Hill, Heritage Foundation, The Foundry, The Atlantic"
test-international-miasimyhw-pro02a	Migration is 'developmental'.  Recent reports by the HDR (2009) and WDR (2009) have shown migration is a means of development – free movement has the power to alleviate poverty, enable markets, and connectivity. Taking recent evidence concerning worldwide remittance flows, the developmental nature of free movement is shown.  In 2013, it is estimated, through international migration, $414bn were remitted back to developing countries [1] . Remittance flows into Africa (from within and internationally) accounted for $40bn in 2010, accounting for an increasing percentage of GDP (AfDB, 2013; IFAD, 2013). Northern Africa articulated the largest total of remittances received. Remittances remain beneficial for supporting livelihoods. The influx of remittances to households provides security, an additional income for support, enables household consumption, and investment in alternative assets, such as education and land, of which present crucial benefits in reducing poverty. Although the geography of remittances remains uneven, and currently barriers remain to sending and receiving money, the developmental potential of remittances from African diasporas (both outside and within Africa) is now recognised [2] .  [1] See further readings: World Bank, 2013.  [2] For additional information on the debate of migration, remittances and social development see further readings: De Haas, 2010. migration, developmental, HDR, WDR, free movement, poverty alleviation, markets, connectivity, remittances, developing countries, GDP, Africa, household income, investment, education, land, poverty reduction, geographical distribution, financial barriers, African diaspora, World Bank, De Haas migration, development, HDR, WDR, free movement, poverty alleviation, markets, connectivity, remittances, developing countries, Africa, GDP, Northern Africa, livelihoods, household consumption, investment, education, land, poverty reduction, remittance geography, barriers, African diasporas, social development, World Bank, De Haas migration, development, HDR, WDR, free movement, poverty alleviation, markets, connectivity, remittances, developing countries, international migration, $414bn, 2013, Africa, $40bn, 2010, GDP, AfDB, IFAD, Northern Africa, livelihoods, household security, income support, household consumption, investment, education, land, poverty reduction, geography of remittances, barriers, money transfer, African diasporas, World Bank, De Haas, social development migration, development, HDR, WDR, poverty, markets, connectivity, remittance, flows, developing, countries, Africa, GDP, Northern, Africa, livelihoods, households, consumption, investment, education, land, poverty, reduction, geography, barriers, African, diasporas, World, Bank, De, Haas Migration, Development, HDR, WDR, Free Movement, Poverty Alleviation, Markets, Connectivity, Remittance Flows, Developing Countries, Africa, GDP, Northern Africa, Livelihoods, Household Consumption, Investment, Education, Land, Poverty Reduction, Geography of Remittances, Barriers, African Diasporas, World Bank, De Haas, Social Development
test-education-ughbuesbf-pro02a	The state benefits from the skills of a university educated populace  A university educated society is of great value to any state, and provides three main benefits. Firstly, it provides extensive economic benefits. There is a profound advantage to countries that actively promote a culture of “smart economy”3, with a highly educated and technically able workforce. They are more likely to be innovative and highly productive. Secondly, higher education leads to an increase in cultural awareness via subjects like the arts, history, and the classics. The third benefit is the development of leaders in society. The barrier created by university fees will prevent some potentially high­ worth individuals from ever reaching their potential. university, educated, populace, state, benefits, economic, smart economy, workforce, innovative, productive, cultural awareness, arts, history, classics, leadership, society, university fees, high-worth individuals, potential, development university education, economic benefits, smart economy, workforce, innovation, productivity, cultural awareness, leadership development, university fees, potential talent, societal value, educated populace, state benefits, higher education university education, economic benefits, smart economy, technically able workforce, innovation, productivity, cultural awareness, arts, history, classics, leadership development, university fees, high-worth individuals, potential unrealized university educated, populace, state benefits, economic benefits, smart economy, culturally aware, arts, history, classics, leadership development, university fees, potential high-worth individuals university educated, populace, state benefits, economic benefits, smart economy, highly educated workforce, innovative, productive, cultural awareness, arts, history, classics, leadership development, society leaders, university fees, barrier, high-worth individuals, potential fulfillment
test-politics-oepdlhfcefp-pro01a	The EU has already been unifying on multiple fronts, this is just a step in the same direction.  The EU has slowly been building up its own common military framework, with the UK and France leading the effort to pool European military capacity. In addition, the EU itself has created new institutional bodies such as the Political and Security Committee, a Military Committee and military staff. The EU has had military envoys in Macedonia and Bosnia-Herzegovina and has committed itself to the creation of a Common Security and Defense Policy with 3-4,000 troops on permanent standby in multilateral ‘battlegroups’ ready for immediate deployment(see Rockwell Schnabel’s article listed below)1. While incremental, these are steps not to be ignored. The Union has also placed that military capacity within the broader context of a security strategy designed to promote international peace, justice and development.  1. Schnabel, Rockwell A., 'U.S. Views on the EU Common Foreign and Security Policy', The Brown Journal of World Affairs, Vol. IX. Issue2., (Winter/Spring 2003) accessed 1/8/11 EU, unification, military framework, UK, France, European military capacity, Political and Security Committee, Military Committee, military staff, military envoys, Macedonia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Common Security and Defense Policy, battlegroups, security strategy, international peace, justice, development, Rockwell Schnabel, U.S. Views, EU Common Foreign and Security Policy, Brown Journal of World Affairs EU, unification, military framework, UK, France, Political and Security Committee, Military Committee, military staff, Macedonia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Common Security and Defense Policy, battlegroups, Rockwell Schnabel, U.S. Views, EU Common Foreign and Security Policy, security strategy, international peace, justice, development EU, unification, military framework, UK, France, European military capacity, Political and Security Committee, Military Committee, military staff, military envoys, Macedonia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Common Security and Defense Policy, battlegroups, Rockwell Schnabel, U.S. views, EU Common Foreign and Security Policy, security strategy, international peace, justice, development EU, unification, common military framework, UK, France, European military capacity, Political and Security Committee, Military Committee, military staff, military envoys, Macedonia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Common Security and Defense Policy, battlegroups, security strategy, international peace, justice, development, Rockwell Schnabel, U.S. Views, EU Common Foreign and Security Policy, The Brown Journal of World Affairs EU, unification, military framework, UK, France, Political and Security Committee, Military Committee, military staff, military envoys, Macedonia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Common Security and Defense Policy, battlegroups, security strategy, international peace, justice, development, Rockwell Schnabel, U.S. views, EU Common Foreign and Security Policy, The Brown Journal of World Affairs
test-environment-opecewiahw-con01a	Such a big project is beyond DRC’s capacity  The Grand Inga dam project is huge while it means huge potential benefits it just makes it more difficult for the country to manage. Transparency international ranks DRC as 160th out of 176 in terms of corruption [1] so it is no surprise that projects in the country are plagued by it. [2] Such a big project would inevitably mean billions siphoned off. Even if it is built will the DRC be able to maintain it? This seems unlikely. The Inga I and II dams only operate at half their potential due to silting up and a lack of maintenance. [3]  [1] ‘Corruption Perceptions Index 2012’, Transparency International, 2012,   [2] Bosshard, Peter, ‘Grand Inga -- The World Bank's Latest Silver Bullet for Africa’, Huffington Post, 21 April 2013,   [3] Vasagar, Jeevan, ‘Could a $50bn plan to tame this mighty river bring electricity to all of Africa?’, The Guardian, 25 February 2005, DRC, Grand Inga dam, project capacity, potential benefits, project management, Transparency International, corruption ranking, project corruption, financial siphoning, project maintenance, Inga I and II dams, dam operation, silting issues, World Bank, Africa development, electricity supply, river taming, infrastructure challenges Grand Inga dam, DRC, project capacity, potential benefits, project management, Transparency International, corruption ranking, corruption in DRC, project funding, siphoning funds, project maintenance, Inga I and II dams, silting, electricity to Africa, World Bank, Africa development DRC, Grand Inga dam, project management, corruption, Transparency International, potential benefits, project difficulties, financial mismanagement, maintenance challenges, Inga I and II dams, silting, Africa, electricity, World Bank DRC, Grand Inga dam, project capacity, corruption, Transparency International, project management, financial siphoning, maintenance challenges, Inga I and II dams, potential benefits, electricity generation, Africa development DRC, Grand Inga dam, project capacity, potential benefits, Transparency International, corruption ranking, project management, corruption issues, billions siphoned, project maintenance, Inga I and II dams, silting, lack of maintenance, World Bank, Africa, electricity, river taming, infrastructure challenges, development projects, international investment, hydroelectric power
test-politics-eppghwgpi-pro01a	Giving politicians’ immunity from prosecution allows them to focus on performing their duties  The premier reason that most states, even those that allow for the prosecution of politicians, abstain from prosecuting them while they hold office is that being a politician is a job that requires one’s undivided attention. Especially for the holders of prominent national-level offices, writing legislation, responding to crises under one’s purview, consulting one’s constituents, and engaging in campaign work often lead to politicians working an upwards of 12 hour day, every day. To expect politicians cope with all of these concerns will simultaneously constructing a defense against pending charges would be to abandon all hope of them serving their constituents effectively. We are rightly aggravated when politicians take extensive vacations or other extracurricular forays. [1] Being under indictment not only consumes even more of a politician’s time; the stress it causes will inevitably seep into what remaining time they do allocating to fulfilling their duties, further hindering their performance. The impeachment proceedings for Bill Clinton on charges of perjury and obstruction of justice were so intensive that they took tremendous resources away from not only the president himself, but all branches of the federal government for several months [2] , amidst serious domestic and foreign policy concerns such as the ongoing war in Kosovo.  [1] Condon, George E. Jr., ‘The Long History of Criticizing Presidential Vacations’ The Atlantic, 18 August 2011,  [Accessed September 9, 2011]  [2] Linder, Douglas O., ‘The Impeachment Trial of President William Clinton’, UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI-KANSAS CITY (UMKC) SCHOOL OF LAW, 2005,  [Accessed September 19, 2011] politicians, immunity, prosecution, duties, undivided attention, legislation, crises, constituents, campaign, 12 hour day, defense, indictment, stress, performance, impeachment, Bill Clinton, perjury, obstruction of justice, federal government, domestic policy, foreign policy, Kosovo, presidential vacations, criticism, resources, history, legal proceedings, political efficacy, job demands, public service, accountability, legislative process, national security, political science, governance, ethics, judicial system, historical examples, constitutional law, impeachment process, political responsibilities, work-life balance, public opinion, political careers, legislative agenda, crisis management, constituent services politicians, immunity, prosecution, duties, states, national-level, offices, legislation, crises, constituents, campaign, indictment, stress, performance, impeachment, Bill Clinton, perjury, obstruction, justice, federal government, Kosovo, domestic policy, foreign policy Politicians, immunity, prosecution, duties, undivided attention, national-level offices, legislation, crises, constituents, campaign work, defense, indictment, stress, performance, impeachment, Bill Clinton, perjury, obstruction of justice, presidential vacations, federal government, domestic policy, foreign policy, Kosovo politicians, immunity, prosecution, duties, undivided attention, national-level offices, legislation, crises, constituents, campaign work, indictment, stress, performance, impeachment, Bill Clinton, perjury, obstruction of justice, federal government, domestic policy, foreign policy, Kosovo, presidential vacations, criticism immunity, prosecution, politicians, duties, states, national-level, offices, legislation, crises, constituents, campaign, defense, performance, indictment, stress, impeachment, Bill Clinton, perjury, obstruction, justice, presidential vacations, federal government, domestic policy, foreign policy, Kosovo
test-society-epsihbdns-pro01a	"The government has a right to make decisions in the best interest of the people  Man is a social being. Therefore people live in communities where decisions that affect the many, are taken by representatives of the many. Thus, a social contract exists between the people and their government. [1] In exchange for part of their autonomy and freedom, the government ensures that policies are made in the best interest of people, even if this might come at the expense of short-term interests for some individuals. This is a typical example of this kind of case. The trend is emptying the countryside, stopping the production of agricultural goods and hollowing the amenities provided by the cities. Even if each individual has a personal incentive to move to the cities, the harm to the cities is greater than their accumulated individual gains. It is in these cases that the state must act to protect its people and ensure long term benefits.  [1] D'Agostino, Fred, Gaus, Gerald and Thrasher, John, ""Contemporary Approaches to the Social Contract"", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Winter 2012 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.), government, decisions, best interest, social being, communities, representatives, social contract, autonomy, freedom, policies, short-term interests, countryside, agricultural production, amenities, cities, individual incentives, harm, accumulated gains, state action, long-term benefits, D'Agostino, Fred, Gaus, Gerald, Thrasher, John, Contemporary Approaches, Social Contract, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy government, decisions, best interest, people, social being, communities, representatives, social contract, autonomy, freedom, policies, short-term interests, trend, emptying countryside, agricultural production, city amenities, individual incentive, urban migration, state intervention, long-term benefits, philosophical approaches, social contract theory government, decisions, best interest, people, social being, communities, representatives, social contract, autonomy, freedom, policies, long-term benefits, individual interests, countryside, agricultural production, urban amenities, city migration, state intervention, social contract theory, D'Agostino, Gaus, Thrasher, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy government, decisions, best interest, people, social being, communities, representatives, social contract, autonomy, freedom, policies, short-term interests, countryside, agricultural production, amenities, cities, individual incentives, long-term benefits, state intervention, protection, Contemporary Approaches to the Social Contract, D'Agostino, Fred, Gaus, Gerald, Thrasher, John, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy government, social contract, community, representatives, policies, autonomy, freedom, long-term benefits, short-term interests, countryside, urbanization, agricultural production, city amenities, individual incentives, collective harm, state intervention, social being, D'Agostino, Gaus, Thrasher, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy"
test-environment-aiahwagit-con02a	Fewer human deaths  Fewer large beasts will lead to fewer deaths in Africa. Some endangered animals are aggressive and will attack humans. Hippopotamuses kill in excess of three hundred humans a year in Africa, with other animals such as the elephant and lion also causing many fatalities. [1] Footage released in early 2014 of a bull elephant attacking a tourist’s car in Kruger National Park, South Africa demonstrated the continued threat these animals cause. [2] Tougher protection would result in higher numbers of these animals which increases the risk to human lives.  [1] Animal Danger ‘Most Dangerous Animals’  [2] Withnall, A. ‘Rampaging bull elephant flips over British tourist car in Kruger Park’ human deaths, large beasts, Africa, endangered animals, aggressive, attack humans, hippopotamuses, elephants, lions, fatalities, tourist, Kruger National Park, bull elephant, car, tougher protection, animal numbers, risk, human lives, Animal Danger, Most Dangerous Animals, Withnall, Rampaging bull elephant, flips car, British tourist Human deaths, Large beasts, Africa, Endangered animals, Aggressive, Hippopotamuses, Elephants, Lions, Fatalities, Tourist attack, Kruger National Park, Tougher protection, Animal threat, Human lives, Animal danger, Most dangerous animals, Rampaging bull elephant, British tourist car human deaths, large beasts, Africa, endangered animals, aggressive animals, hippopotamuses, elephant, lion, fatalities, Kruger National Park, tourist attack, protection, animal danger, most dangerous animals, rampaging elephant, British tourist car Fewer human deaths, Fewer large beasts, Africa, Endangered animals, Aggressive animals, Hippopotamuses, Elephant, Lion, Fatalities, Animal attacks, Kruger National Park, Tourist car attack, Bull elephant, Animal protection, Human-animal conflict, Most dangerous animals, Wildlife safety, Conservation risks, Human fatalities human deaths, large beasts, Africa, endangered animals, aggressive animals, hippopotamuses, elephants, lions, fatalities, tourist, Kruger National Park, bull elephant, car attack, tougher protection, animal population, human safety, most dangerous animals, animal danger, wildlife threats, conservation risks
test-digital-freedoms-eifdfaihs-pro03a	Threats to Freeware, Shareware and Objectivity  There are very real concerns that ISPs have a commercial interest in guiding people away from certain sites – especially when those sites provide services or products for nothing when the ISP or a related company charges for a competing product. File sharing more generally is an obvious target. The example of Comcast against NetFlix and other file sharing sites is simply the most obvious [i] .  There are also concerns about the impact on objectivity more generally; the Internet works most effectively as a tool because it is, by definition cross-referencing. Although there are many mistakes on many sources as a whole it is possible to reach something resembling the truth. Essentially, “We need freeware, we need shareware, and we need open access. People need to be able to trust sources that they can find on the internet, rather than have them controlled in a small number of hands or by the government.” [ii] Making some sites more accessible than others reduces users’ choice and their ability to check multiple sites so preventing this cross-referencing.  [i] A useful overview of some of the more notorious examples can be found here .  [ii] Bob Gibson, Executive Director of the University of Virginia’s Sorensen Institute for Political Leadership, on the Charlottesville, VA, politics interview program Politics Matters with host and producer Jan Madeleine Paynter discussing journalism Threats, Freeware, Shareware, Objectivity, ISPs, Commercial, Interest, Guidance, Free, Services, Products, Competition, File, Sharing, Comcast, NetFlix, Impact, Internet, Cross-referencing, Truth, Mistakes, Sources, Freeware, Shareware, Open, Access, Trust, Sources, Controlled, Government, Accessibility, Choice, Verification, Cross-referencing, Overview, Notorious, Examples, Bob, Gibson, University, Virginia, Sorensen, Institute, Political, Leadership, Politics, Matters, Journalism Threats, Freeware, Shareware, Objectivity, ISPs, Commercial, Interest, Guidance, Free, Services, Products, Competition, File, Sharing, Comcast, NetFlix, Internet, Cross-referencing, Truth, Open, Access, Trust, Controlled, Government, Accessibility, Choice, Verification, Bob, Gibson, Sorensen, Institute, Political, Leadership, Journalism, Politics, Matters, Charlottesville, VA, Interview, Program, Jan, Madeleine, Paynter Threats, Freeware, Shareware, Objectivity, ISPs, Commercial, Interest, Sites, Services, Products, Free, Charging, Competing, File, Sharing, Comcast, NetFlix, Impact, Cross-referencing, Truth, Freeware, Shareware, Open, Access, Trust, Internet, Sources, Controlled, Government, Accessibility, Choice, Check, Multiple, Sites, Bob, Gibson, Sorensen, Institute, Political, Leadership, Charlottesville, Politics, Matters, Jan, Madeleine, Paynter, Journalism Threats, Freeware, Shareware, Objectivity, ISPs, Commercial, Interest, Guidance, Free, Services, Competing, Products, File, Sharing, Comcast, NetFlix, Impact, Internet, Cross-referencing, Truth, Mistakes, Sources, Freeware, Shareware, Open, Access, Trust, Sources, Controlled, Government, Accessibility, Choice, Multiple, Sites, Cross-referencing, Bob, Gibson, University, Virginia, Sorensen, Institute, Political, Leadership, Politics, Matters, Charlottesville, Journalism Threats, Freeware, Shareware, Objectivity, ISPs, Commercial, Interests, Guiding, Sites, Free, Services, Products, Charges, Competing, File, Sharing, Comcast, NetFlix, Cross-referencing, Truth, Mistakes, Sources, Open, Access, Trust, Controlled, Government, Accessible, Choice, Check, Preventing, Cross-referencing, Notorious, Examples, Bob, Gibson, University, Virginia, Sorensen, Institute, Political, Leadership, Charlottesville, Politics, Matters, Interview, Journalism
test-society-mmcpsgfhbf-con02a	Pornography liberates women  Pornography is massively produced and distributed: this provides women with a vast platform through which to define their sexual identity. This has been a great tool in the past: in the 1920’s America, the flapper became a great role model for women by promoting revolutionary values of a strong, sexual woman: she danced wildly in jazz clubs, was openly lesbian, and sexually active. This image spread throughout the country thanks to the boom of the film industry in the Roaring Twenties (Rosenberg). [1] Now pornography plays, or at least can play, this same role.  Pornography breaks the taboo of sexuality for women, and promoting the continuation of taboos is a label and a stereotype which the feminist movement must oppose. Instead, it should use pornography to spread its values. There is nothing intrinsic about pornography that makes it anti-women. There is female-friendly pornography, and in fact there are Feminist Porn Awards granted every year since 2006 (Techmedia Network). [2] There is also homosexual porn and porn that presents women as dominant: this can empower women and break current stereotypes, not only that women are not sexual, but that women in general cannot be powerful in society. The feminist movement should seek to promote this flow of ideas of what gender can be and allow women to influence the way their sexuality is perceived by men.  [1] Rosenberg, Jennifer. Flappers in the Roaring Twenties. About.com,   [2] Techmedia Network. Feminist Porn Award. Pornography, women, sexual identity, flapper, 1920s, film industry, taboo, sexuality, feminist movement, female-friendly pornography, Feminist Porn Awards, homosexual porn, women empowerment, gender stereotypes, gender perception Pornography, women, sexual identity, flapper, 1920s, film industry, feminism, feminist movement, female-friendly pornography, Feminist Porn Awards, homosexuality, female dominance, gender stereotypes, sexual liberation, taboo breaking pornography, liberates, women, sexual, identity, flapper, 1920s, America, film, industry, taboo, sexuality, feminist, movement, female-friendly, Feminist, Porn, Awards, homosexual, dominant, empower, gender, stereotypes, influence, perceived, men pornography, women, liberation, sexual identity, flapper, 1920s, film industry, taboo, feminism, female-friendly pornography, Feminist Porn Awards, empowerment, gender stereotypes, sexual empowerment, social power, revolutionary values, sexual activity, lesbian, jazz clubs Pornography, women, liberation, sexual identity, flapper, 1920s, film industry, taboo, feminism, female-friendly, Feminist Porn Awards, empowerment, gender stereotypes, sexuality, social influence, homosexual porn, dominance, gender roles
test-free-speech-debate-fsaphgiap-con02a	Rivals could misuse the opportunity  While the leader suffers from an illness, rivals can use the opportunity to ease the leader out of office. A period of illness is a period of vulnerability in which the government is less able to respond to external and internal threats. Not telling the public about the leader's health during an illness helps prevent such attempts. The same is the case with a leader's death; a few days of secrecy allows for smooth succession as the appointed successor has the time to ensure the loyalty of the government, army and other vital institutions. In 2008 when General Lansana Conte of Guinea died power should have been transferred to the president of the National Assembly Aboubacar Sompare with an election within 90 days. Instead a group of junior military officers took advantage of the quick announcement to launch a coup. 1  1 Yusuf, Huma, ‘Military coup follows death of Guinea’s President’, The Christian Science Monitor, 23 December 2008, leadership, illness, vulnerability, rivals, misuse, opportunity, secrecy, public, health, death, succession, government, army, institutions, loyalty, military, coup, Guinea, General Lansana Conte, president, National Assembly, Aboubacar Sompare, election, junior officers, 2008, Huma Yusuf, Christian Science Monitor rivals, opportunity, leader, illness, vulnerability, threats, public, health, secrecy, smooth, succession, government, army, institutions, death, power, transfer, president, national, assembly, military, officers, coup, Guinea, 2008, Yusuf, Huma, Christian, Science, Monitor rivals, misuse, opportunity, leader, illness, vulnerability, external, internal, threats, public, health, secrecy, smooth, succession, government, army, institutions, 2008, General, Lansana, Conte, Guinea, president, National, Assembly, Aboubacar, Sompare, election, junior, military, officers, coup, Yusuf, Huma, Military, coup, follows, death, President, Christian, Science, Monitor, December leadership, illness, vulnerability, rivals, coup, secrecy, succession, government, military, loyalty, public, health, death, Guinea, General Lansana Conte, Aboubacar Sompare, Military coup, 2008, power transfer, external threats, internal threats, junior officers, National Assembly, election, political instability rivals, misuse, opportunity, leader, illness, vulnerability, threats, public, health, secrecy, succession, government, army, institutions, death, power, transfer, president, National Assembly, military, officers, coup, Guinea, 2008, Yusuf, Huma, Christian Science Monitor
test-law-cpilhbishioe-con03a	An ICC enforcement arm would be highly detrimental to the relations between the ICC and state parties  Currently the ICC functions based on a relationship of trust and understanding with the state parties to the ICC – a bottom-up rather than a top-down approach. This is backed up by the court’s respect for the for the principle of complementarity – it is hoped that national courts are capable of prosecuting the crimes, and the ICC only takes a role if the state is unwilling or unable to do so. Being willing to use an international force to catch criminals would make a mockery of this determination to leave power and responsibilities at the national level wherever possible.  Having ICC forces on a country’s territory would be humiliating, showing that the international community does not trust that nation to catch war criminals itself. While this model did not provide for attempting to snatch government officials who have been indicted it does leave open the possibility of an international force intruding on states sovereignty without consent. This would diplomatically backfire and could even lead to an ICC force being involved in fighting with government forces protecting their national sovereignty. ICC, enforcement, detrimental, state parties, trust, understanding, bottom-up, top-down, complementarity, national courts, international force, criminals, humiliating, sovereignty, government officials, indicted, diplomatic, backfire, fighting, government forces, national sovereignty ICC, enforcement, state parties, trust, complementarity, national courts, international force, sovereignty, humiliation, diplomatic relations, war criminals, government officials, international community, top-down, bottom-up, responsibilities, indicted, fighting, protection, national sovereignty, backfire ICC, enforcement, arm, detrimental, state, parties, trust, understanding, bottom-up, top-down, complementarity, national, courts, crimes, unwilling, unable, international, force, criminals, humiliating, international, community, war, criminals, sovereignty, consent, diplomatic, backfire, fighting, government, forces, protection, national, sovereignty ICC, enforcement, state parties, trust, understanding, bottom-up, top-down, complementarity, national courts, crimes, international force, criminals, national level, humiliation, international community, war criminals, government officials, indicted, sovereignty, consent, diplomatic backlash, fighting, government forces, national sovereignty ICC, enforcement, detrimental, state parties, trust, understanding, bottom-up, top-down, complementarity, national courts, international force, criminals, power, responsibilities, national level, humiliating, international community, war criminals, government officials, indicted, sovereignty, consent, diplomatic backlash, ICC force, fighting, government forces, national sovereignty
test-international-ssiarcmhb-pro04a	The Catholic Church believes that any limitation of procreation is against God.  Catholics consider the first commandment given to them by God to be to 'multiply'1. In light of this, anything that limits procreation, be it the use of contraception or even condoning the use of contraception, is against God. It is important to remember that the Catholic Church's primary obligation is not to its people but to God. The Church is, therefore, justified in any action where the alternative is going against what they believe to be the wishes of God, even if it is harmful to the people of the Church. 11:28, The Book of Genesis, The Bible. Catholic Church, procreation, God, contraception, commandment, multiply, obligation, people, wishes, action, harmful, Bible, Genesis Catholic Church, procreation, God, contraception, commandment, multiply, The Book of Genesis, The Bible, obligations, people, beliefs, harmful, justified, action, wishes Catholic Church, procreation, contraception, God, commandment, multiply, Bible, Genesis, obligations, people, harm, beliefs, wishes, justification, actions Catholic Church, procreation, contraception, God, multiply, commandment, Genesis, Bible, obligation, people, justified, harmful, wishes Catholic Church, procreation, God, contraception, commandment, multiply, obligations, beliefs, Genesis, Bible
test-science-nsihwbtiss-pro02a	Electronic communication facilitates sexual misconduct.  Social networking websites have proven to be particularly effective for child grooming by pedophiles [1] . Teachers are already in a position of power and trust in the relationship with their students. Being allowed to communicate with students via facebook would greatly facilitate misconduct by a teacher who wants to start an inappropriate relationship with a student, by giving him virtually unlimited access to the students after school. In fact, many such relationships do involve some form of electronic contact1. By banning this form of communication, the law would make it harder for teachers with bad intentions to carry them through.  [1] Choo, Kim. “Online child grooming: a literature review on the misuse of social networking sites for grooming children for sexual offences” Australian Institute of Criminology. 2009. electronic communication, sexual misconduct, social networking, child grooming, pedophiles, teachers, students, facebook, inappropriate relationships, power, trust, law, banning, online grooming, cybercrime, criminology Electronic communication, sexual misconduct, social networking websites, child grooming, pedophiles, teachers, students, position of power, trust, Facebook, inappropriate relationships, electronic contact, law, banning, online grooming, literature review, misuse, sexual offenses, Australian Institute of Criminology electronic communication, sexual misconduct, social networking, child grooming, pedophiles, teachers, students, facebook, inappropriate relationships, power, trust, after school, electronic contact, law, banning, online grooming, misuse, literature review, Australian Institute of Criminology electronic communication, sexual misconduct, social networking, child grooming, pedophiles, teachers, students, facebook, inappropriate relationship, power, trust, law, ban, online grooming, Australian Institute of Criminology electronic communication, sexual misconduct, social networking, child grooming, pedophiles, teachers, students, facebook, inappropriate relationships, power and trust, after school, electronic contact, banning communication, law, online grooming, literature review, Australian Institute of Criminology, sexual offenses
test-politics-oepghbrnsl-pro03a	A strong leader is working in the state’s best interest  Putin’s authoritarian style is not a threat to democracy but rather a requirement for a successful and quicker transition. Having Putin control the media is probably healthier than having it be controlled by a corrupt few that promote their personal interests rather than the interest of the state and thus those of the population at large. Democracy is a goal and while certain countries believe themselves to have achieved it, they are constantly struggling to maintain it. As a young democracy, Russia is still working towards defining its own version of democracy and finding what works best in its case. strong leader, state's best interest, Putin, authoritarian style, threat to democracy, control media, corrupt few, personal interests, population interest, young democracy, Russian democracy, defining democracy, maintaining democracy strong leader, state's best interest, Putin, authoritarian, threat, democracy, control media, corrupt few, personal interests, population interest, young democracy, Russia, defining democracy strong leader, state's best interest, Putin, authoritarian style, threat to democracy, requirement for success, control media, corrupt few, personal interests, population interest, young democracy, Russia, defining democracy, what works best strong leader, state's best interest, Putin, authoritarian style, threat to democracy, requirement, successful transition, control media, corrupt, personal interests, population, democracy, goal, young democracy, Russia, defining democracy, works best strong leader, state's best interest, Putin, authoritarian style, threat to democracy, requirement for transition, control media, corrupt few, personal interests, interest of state, population, young democracy, Russia, defining democracy, works best
test-health-ahiahbgbsp-pro01a	Lower healthcare costs  Smoking caused disease causes large expenses for healthcare systems, something which is particularly burdensome in countries without the rich well developed healthcare systems of the developed world. In the UK lung cancer, one of the diseases caused by smoking, costs £90 per person or £9071 per patient. 1 Even the cost per head of population is higher than Ghana’s entire healthcare budget of $83.4 (about £50) per person. 2  The reduction in smoking, which would be triggered by the ban, would lead to a drop in smoking related illness. A study in the US state of Arizona showed that hospital admissions for smoking related diseases dropped after a ban on smoking in public places 3 .  This would allow resources to be focused on the big killers other than tobacco – including HIV AIDS.  1 The National Cancer Research Institute, ‘Lung cancer UK price tag eclipses the cost of any other cancer’, Cancer Research UK, 7 November 2012,   2 Assuming Ghanaian health spending of 5.2% of GDP which is $40.71 billion split between a population of 25.37 million from World Bank Databank    3 Herman, Patricia M., and Walsh, Michele E. “Hospital Admissions for Acute Myocardial Infarction, Angina, Stroke, and Asthma After Implementation of Arizona’s Comprehensive Statewide Smoking Ban”, American Journal of Public Health, March 2011, Lower healthcare costs, smoking caused disease, healthcare systems, developed world, UK lung cancer, Ghana healthcare budget, reduction in smoking, smoking related illness, ban on smoking, public places, hospital admissions, Arizona, big killers, HIV AIDS, National Cancer Research Institute, Ghanaian health spending, World Bank Databank, hospital admissions drop, smoking ban, acute myocardial infarction, angina, stroke, asthma, American Journal of Public Health lower healthcare costs, smoking, disease, healthcare systems, developed world, UK, lung cancer, cost per person, Ghana, healthcare budget, reduction in smoking, public places ban, hospital admissions, smoking-related diseases, resources, big killers, HIV AIDS, Arizona, acute myocardial infarction, angina, stroke, asthma, statewide smoking ban, public health lower healthcare costs, smoking, disease, healthcare systems, developing countries, UK, lung cancer, costs, Ghana, healthcare budget, smoking ban, reduction, smoking-related illness, hospital admissions, public places, resources, HIV AIDS, Arizona, study, hospital admissions drop, comprehensive statewide smoking ban, acute myocardial infarction, angina, stroke, asthma Lower healthcare costs, Smoking, Disease causes, Healthcare systems, Developed countries, UK, Lung cancer, Healthcare expenses, Ghana, Healthcare budget, Smoking ban, Smoking-related illness, Hospital admissions, Arizona, Public health, Tobacco, HIV AIDS, Resource allocation, Public places, Acute myocardial infarction, Angina, Stroke, Asthma, Comprehensive state smoking ban, Public health policy, Tobacco control Lower healthcare costs, smoking, disease, healthcare systems, lung cancer, expenses, UK, costs per person, Ghana, healthcare budget, reduction in smoking, smoking ban, drop in illness, hospital admissions, Arizona, smoking-related diseases, HIV, AIDS, resources, big killers, tobacco, public health, policy, prohibition, health economics, cancer research, public places, comprehensive statewide smoking ban, myocardial infarction, angina, stroke, asthma, public health impact, health policy evaluation, global health comparisons, economic burden of smoking, non-communicable diseases, healthcare resource allocation, tobacco control measures, preventive healthcare strategies, health
test-religion-yercfrggms-pro05a	In reality there are only two theological positions, atheism and theism; agnosticism is nothing but timid atheism:  God, like unicorns, has never been shown to exist, and thus it is logical to accept that He, just like unicorns, does not exist. That is why a position like agnosticism makes no sense. There are no agnostics on the subject of unicorns; there are only agnostics on the subject of God because people tend to be reticent to say they are atheists due to the prevalence of belief of God even in the most secular societies. But fantasy is fantasy, and an agnostic is really just an atheist by another name. Were someone to claim that dragons exist, the person he told it to would not be justified responding saying he did not know whether they exist and that it must be an open question until evidence is presented to corroborate the claim. [1] Rather, he would likely respond with disbelief in the absence of evidence. That is how reasoning works. Thus agnosticism is a philosophically meaningless position. There is either belief or lack of belief, atheism or theism. Opponents of atheism seeking to hide in the nebulous realm of agnosticism, or who claim that because one cannot know there is no God one must be agnostic, hold a position that is philosophically bankrupt.  [1] Dawkins, Richard. 2006. The God Delusion. Ealing: Transworld Publishers. atheism, theism, agnosticism, God, unicorns, dragons, belief, disbelief, evidence, philosophical positions, Dawkins, The God Delusion, secular societies, fantasy, reasoning, lack of belief, philosophically bankrupt atheism, theism, agnosticism, God, unicorns, dragons, belief, non-belief, evidence, philosophy, Dawkins, The God Delusion, secular societies, fantasy, reasoning, philosophically meaningless, theological positions atheism, theism, agnosticism, God, unicorns, dragons, belief, lack of belief, philosophically meaningless, Dawkins, The God Delusion atheism, theism, agnosticism, God, unicorns, dragons, existence, belief, non-belief, evidence, philosophical position, Dawkins, The God Delusion, secular societies, reasoning, philosophically meaningless, opponents of atheism, nebulous realm, hiding, knowability atheism, theism, agnosticism, God, unicorns, dragons, belief, lack of belief, philosophically meaningless, Dawkins, The God Delusion, reasoning, secular societies, evidence, fantasy, philosophical position, atheism vs agnosticism, existence claims, skepticism, theological positions
test-science-ascidfakhba-con02a	Artists should retain the right to control their work’s interaction with the public space even if their work is publicly funded  Art is the expression of its creator’s sense of understanding of the world, and thus that expression will always have special meaning to him or her that no amount of reinterpretation or external appreciation can override. How a work is used once released into the public sphere, whether expanded, revised, responded to, or simply shown without their direct consent, thus remains an active issue for the artist, because those alternative experiences are all using a piece of the artist in its efforts. Artists deserve to have that piece of them treated in a way they see as reasonable. It is a simple matter of justice that artists be permitted to maintain the level of control they desire, and it is a justice that is best furnished through the conventional copyright mechanism that provides for the maximum protection of works for their creators, and allows them to contract away uses and rights to those works on their own terms. Many artists care about their legacies and the future of their artistic works, and should thus have this protection furnished by the state through the protection of copyright, not cast aside by the unwashed users of the creative commons. Samuel Beckett is a great example of this need. Beckett had exacting standards about the fashion in which in his plays could be performed. [1] For him the meaning of the art demanded an appreciation for the strict performance without the adulteration of reinterpretation. He would lack that power under this policy, meaning either the world would have been impoverished for want of his plays, or he would have been impoverished for want of his rights to his work. These rights are best balanced through the aegis of copyright as it is, not under the free-for-all of the creative commons license.  [1] Catron, L. “Copyright Laws for Theatre People”. 2003. artists, retain, right, control, work, public, space, publicly, funded, expression, creator, understanding, world, meaning, reinterpretation, external, appreciation, override, public, sphere, expanded, revised, responded, shown, consent, artist, issue, alternative, experiences, piece, treated, reasonable, justice, permitted, level, furnished, conventional, copyright, mechanism, maximum, protection, creators, contract, uses, rights, terms, legacies, future, artistic, protection, state, cast, aside, unwashed, users, creative, commons, Samuel, Beckett, exacting, standards, plays artists, retain, right, control, work, public, space, publicly, funded, expression, creator, understanding, world, meaning, reinterpretation, external, appreciation, used, released, public, sphere, expanded, revised, responded, shown, consent, issue, alternative, experiences, treated, reasonable, justice, permitted, level, desire, furnished, conventional, copyright, mechanism, maximum, protection, creators, contract, away, uses, rights, terms, care, legacies, future, artistic, works, protection, state, cast, aside, unwashed, users, creative, commons, Samuel, Beckett, Artists, Rights, Public Space, Publicly Funded, Expression, Creator, Meaning, Control, Justice, Copyright, Protection, Legacy, Artistic Works, State, Samuel Beckett, Performance, Standards, Adulteration, Reinterpretation, Creative Commons, Balancing Rights Artists, control, public space, publicly funded, expression, creator, understanding, world, special meaning, reinterpretation, external appreciation, public sphere, expanded, revised, responded, shown, consent, alternative experiences, artist, treated, reasonable, justice, control, copyright, maximum protection, creators, contract, uses, rights, legacies, future, artistic works, state, protection, creative commons, Samuel Beckett, exacting standards, plays, meaning, strict performance, adulteration, re interpretation, policy, impoverished, rights, balance, aegis, free for all, license Artists, rights, control, public space, publicly funded, expression, understanding, world, meaning, reinterpretation, external appreciation, public sphere, expanded, revised, responded, shown, consent, artist, alternative experiences, piece, treated, reasonable, justice, control, conventional copyright, maximum protection, creators, contract, uses, rights, legacies, future, artistic works, protection, state, copyright, creative commons, Samuel Beckett, standards, plays, meaning, strict performance, adulteration, reinterpretation, impoverished, rights, work, balanced, free-for-all, license
test-law-phwmfri-con02a	The rich will resent this  The rich will feel like they are receiving an unfair, ‘greater’ punishment. This resentment will be magnified by media response: some newspapers and news outlets will choose to report this as an attack on the rich just as is the case with progressive taxation which is often attacked as an assault on ‘wealth creation’.1  This may well increase the extent to which they break the law, because if you perceive the law to be applied unfairly, you are less likely to consider it to be making an accurate assessment of whether an action is right or wrong in any given situation.  That is, in situations where you are unlikely to be caught committing a crime, the deterrent is clearly not the possible punishment (which you won’t face, because you won’t be caught). Rather, the deterrent is the extent to which you believe the illegal action to be morally wrong. If you believe a law is applied unfairly, you are less likely to consider the prohibited action to be actually, morally wrong, and therefore more likely to commit that act.  1 Cianfrocca, Francis, ‘Wealth Creation Under Attack’, Commentary, June 2009, resentment, rich, unfair punishment, media response, newspapers, news outlets, attack on the rich, progressive taxation, assault on wealth creation, breaking the law, moral wrong, crime, deterrent, punishment, law enforcement, moral judgment, Cianfrocca, Francis, Wealth Creation Under Attack, Commentary, June 2009 rich, resentment, unfair punishment, media response, newspapers, news outlets, progressive taxation, wealth creation, law breaking, moral wrong, crime deterrent, legal fairness, Francis Cianfrocca, Wealth Creation Under Attack resentment, rich, unfair punishment, media response, newspapers, news outlets, attack on rich, progressive taxation, assault on wealth creation, breaking the law, moral wrong, deterrent, law enforcement, Francis Cianfrocca, wealth creation under attack resentment, unfair, punishment, media, response, newspapers, news, outlets, report, attack, rich, progressive, taxation, wealth, creation, law, break, deterrent, punishment, moral, wrong, crime, commit, belief, fairness, legal, illegal, action, society, economics, justice, policy, income, distribution, fiscal, politics, governance, ethics, behavior, psychology, crime, rates, enforcement, perception, equity, socioeconomic, status, inequality, class, conflict, public, opinion, debate, discourse, criticism, economic, theories, taxation, policies, social, impact, reaction, resistance, compliance rich, resentment, unfair punishment, media response, newspapers, news outlets, attack on rich, progressive taxation, wealth creation, law breaking, moral wrong, crime, deterrent, punishment, moral judgment, legal fairness, Cianfrocca, Francis, Wealth Creation Under Attack, Commentary, June 2009
test-economy-epsihbdns-con01a	Freedom of movement is an intrinsic human right  Every human being is born with certain rights. These are protected by various charters and are considered inseparable from the human being. The reason for this is a belief that these rights create the fundamental and necessary conditions to lead a human life. Freedom of movement is one of these and has been recognised as such in Article 13 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. [1] If a family finds themselves faced with starvation, the only chance they have of survival might be to move to another place where they might live another day. It is inhuman to condemn individuals to death and suffering for the benefit of some nebulous collective theory. While we might pass some of our freedoms to the state, we have a moral right to the freedoms that help us stay alive – in this context freedom of movement is one of those.  [1] General Assembly, “The Universal Declaration of Human Rights”, 10 December 1948, freedom of movement, human rights, intrinsic rights, Universal Declaration of Human Rights, Article 13, survival, starvation, moral right, state, freedoms, collective theory, human life, fundamental conditions, inhuman, condemnation, death, suffering, benefit, nebulous, moral obligation, rights protection, charters, inseparable rights, human dignity, migration, displacement, ethical justification, legal recognition, international law, humanitarian aid, social justice, civil liberties, personal autonomy, human security, global governance, mobility rights, citizenship rights, human rights law, state sovereignty, individual liberties, constitutional rights, freedom of travel, mobility freedom freedom of movement, human rights, intrinsic rights, Universal Declaration of Human Rights, Article 13, survival, moral right, state, collective theory, inseparable rights, fundamental conditions, human life, starvation, relocation, protection, charters, individual rights, ethical consideration, legal recognition Freedom of movement, human rights, intrinsic rights, Universal Declaration of Human Rights, survival, moral right, state, collective theory, Article 13, General Assembly, December 1948 freedom of movement, human rights, Universal Declaration of Human Rights, intrinsic rights, moral right, survival, state rights, human life conditions, starvation, moral obligation, collective theory, individual rights, Article 13, General Assembly, 1948 Declaration Freedom of movement, human rights, intrinsic rights, Universal Declaration of Human Rights, Article 13, survival, moral right, state authority, individual freedoms, collective theory, starvation, human life conditions, inseparable rights, General Assembly, December 1948
test-philosophy-pppgshbsd-pro02a	Socialism was a twentieth century ideology which ran its course and ran out of steam when it became clear that Capitalism worked better  The world has moved on; it is inconceivable that the protests of the seventies and eighties could be refought again. This issue was settled at the end of the eighties. It wasn’t just the collapse of the Soviet Union, although that no doubt played a major role in shaping the future of socialism in Europe.  In a globalised world the traditional ideas about class and the nature of the labour market have moved on and politics moved on with it.  Socialists may have won many of the arguments over social issues, but arguments on the advantages of free trade, deregulation, the role of the state, the relationship between government and industry all line up firmly in the Capitalist column.  There were some remnants of dogmatic, “classical” socialism left in continental Europe, especially amongst its union movements, which are now collapsing. As Margaret Thatcher put it, “The problem with Socialism is that you will eventually run out of other people’s money.” [i]  [i] Quoted in: James Turk. “Will Sovereign Debt Defaults Bring The End Of Socialism?” Free Gold Money Report. 19 December 2009. Socialism, Capitalism, twentieth century, ideology, collapse, Soviet Union, globalisation, class, labour market, politics, free trade, deregulation, state, government, industry, union movements, Margaret Thatcher, other people’s money, James Turk, Sovereign Debt Defaults, Free Gold Money Report Socialism, Capitalism, twentieth century, ideology, collapse, Soviet Union, globalisation, class, labour market, politics, free trade, deregulation, state role, government industry relationship, union movements, Margaret Thatcher, Socialism criticism, economic arguments, historical perspective, ideological shift Socialism, twentieth century, ideology, Capitalism, protests, seventies, eighties, end of eighties, Soviet Union, globalisation, class, labour market, politics, social issues, free trade, deregulation, state role, government-industry relationship, union movements, classical socialism, Margaret Thatcher, other people's money, James Turk, Sovereign Debt Defaults, Free Gold Money Report Socialism, Capitalism, twentieth century, ideology, collapse, Soviet Union, globalisation, class, labour market, politics, free trade, deregulation, state, government, industry, union movements, Margaret Thatcher, James Turk, Sovereign Debt Defaults, Free Gold Money Report Socialism, Capitalism, twentieth century, ideology, collapse, Soviet Union, globalisation, labour market, politics, free trade, deregulation, state role, government-industry relationship, union movements, Margaret Thatcher, social issues, classical socialism, other people's money, James Turk, Sovereign Debt Defaults, Free Gold Money Report
test-international-aegmeppghw-con02a	Turkey is a highly unstable democracy in an unstable part of the world  Turkey has a better history of democratic elections than a number of the former communist states currently negotiating their membership of the EU. Its election of a party with Islamist roots has led to a smooth transfer of power, with no attempt at intervention by the secularist military (as in the past). In 2010 the EU welcomed the success of a referendum on changes to the Turkish constitution which reduced the power of the military and made it fully subject to democratic authority.  Turkey is near some global flash points, but its entry into the EU would not bring these potential dangers closer to current EU members. The EU is already engaged in conflicts in Libya, Iraq, and Afghanistan; Turkey’s inclusion would not have made that more or less likely. Turkey is already a long-standing member of NATO; this means that any security crisis on Turkey’s borders, for example between Palestine and Israel, already involves its Western neighbours and the EU has had to involve Turkey over issues of planning and access.  Furthermore, Turkey as a strategic gateway to the Middle East does not only involve conflict; it also provides the West with the opportunity for reconciliation and cooperation. Turkey is potentially a crucial alternative conduit for oil and gas to and from central Asia [1] , making Europe less dependent on Russian favour. Engagement between Turkey and the EU has greatly reduced historic enmity between Turkey and Greece, and held out hope for a solution to the division of Cyprus, showing the benefits of a closer relationship. The EU was created to encourage political cooperation in just such circumstances [2] , and Turkey’s entry would be important for strengthening relationships with the increasingly important Muslim countries in the Middle East and breaking down the artificial barriers between ‘East’ and ‘West’.  [1]  ‘Turkey: still America’s best ally in the Middle East?’ by Joshua W Walker, 25th June 2010  [2]  ‘Turkey: an honest broker in the Middle East’ by Bulent Kenes, 9th June 2010 Turkey, democracy, instability, elections, former communist states, EU membership, Islamist party, military intervention, referendum, constitution, security, NATO, global flash points, strategic gateway, Middle East, conflict, reconciliation, cooperation, oil and gas, central Asia, Russia, Turkey-Greece enmity, Cyprus division, political cooperation, Muslim countries, East-West relations, EU creation, Turkey-EU relations, Joshua W Walker, Bulent Kenes Turkey, unstable democracy, democratic elections, former communist states, EU membership, Islamist roots, smooth transfer of power, secularist military, 2010 referendum, Turkish constitution, military power, democratic authority, global flash points, EU security, NATO, conflicts, Libya, Iraq, Afghanistan, Palestine, Israel, strategic gateway, Middle East, conflict, reconciliation, cooperation, oil and gas, central Asia, Russian favour, political cooperation, Turkey-Greece relations, Cyprus division, Muslim countries, East-West relations, EU creation, political cooperation, Joshua W Walker, Bulent Kenes Turkey, unstable democracy, democratic elections, former communist states, EU membership, Islamist roots, secularist military, 2010 referendum, Turkish constitution, military power, democratic authority, global flash points, EU security, NATO member, Western neighbors, security crisis, strategic gateway, Middle East, conflict, reconciliation, cooperation, oil and gas, central Asia, Russian dependence, political cooperation, Turkey-Greece relations, Cyprus division, East-West barriers, Muslim countries, Middle East relationships, EU creation, political cooperation, Joshua W Walker, Bulent Kenes Turkey, democracy, instability, European Union, EU membership, democratic elections, former communist states, Islamist party, military intervention, secularism, referendum, constitutional changes, NATO, security, conflicts, Libya, Iraq, Afghanistan, Palestine, Israel, strategic gateway, Middle East, reconciliation, cooperation, oil and gas, central Asia, Russian dependency, Turkey-Greece enmity, Cyprus division, political cooperation, Muslim countries, East-West relations Turkey, unstable democracy, democratic elections, former communist states, EU membership, Islamist party, smooth transfer of power, secularist military, constitutional changes, military power, democratic authority, global flash points, EU security, NATO member, security crisis, Palestine, Israel, strategic gateway, Middle East, conflict, cooperation, oil and gas, central Asia, Russian favour, political cooperation, Turkey-Greece relations, Cyprus division, Muslim countries, East-West relations
test-law-tlcplghwfne-con03a	"Needle exchanges cause crime  Needle exchanges gather a large number of drug addicts into a single area. Many drug addicts are forced into criminality because of their addiction. Given that this is true, the needle exchanges serve to concentrate a large number of potential criminals in a small area. Not only does this increase crime in the area itself significantly, what is also manages to do is cause criminals to meet other criminals who they may not have interacted with before.  This can either lead to the aforementioned criminals working together and causing more problems, or it can lead to violence between rival criminals and their gangs.  Further, the simple gathering of criminals in a single area can also serve to attract other criminals to the same area to possibly reap benefits. This often comes in the form of prostitution, which thrives in areas of high crime and weaker police presence.1  1. Toni Meyer. ""Making the case for opposing needle exchange"". New Jersey Family Policy Council. November 16, 2007. needle exchanges, crime, drug addicts, criminality, concentration, potential criminals, increase crime, criminals interaction, violence, gangs, attract criminals, prostitution, high crime, weaker police presence, New Jersey Family Policy Council, Toni Meyer, opposing needle exchange needle exchanges, crime, drug addicts, criminality, addiction, concentrate criminals, increase crime, criminals interaction, violence, gangs, attract criminals, prostitution, high crime, weak police presence, New Jersey Family Policy Council, Toni Meyer, oppose needle exchange needle exchanges, crime, drug addicts, addiction, criminality, concentration, potential criminals, area, increase, problems, violence, gangs, attract, other criminals, prostitution, high crime, weaker police presence, New Jersey Family Policy Council, Toni Meyer, opposing needle exchange needle exchanges, crime, drug addicts, criminality, addiction, concentration, potential criminals, increase crime, area, criminals interaction, problems, violence, gangs, attract criminals, prostitution, high crime, weak police presence, Toni Meyer, New Jersey Family Policy Council, opposing needle exchange needle exchanges, crime, drug addicts, criminality, addiction, concentration, potential criminals, area, increase crime, criminals meeting, problems, violence, rival criminals, gangs, gathering, attract criminals, benefits, prostitution, high crime, weaker police presence, Toni Meyer, New Jersey Family Policy Council, oppose needle exchange"
test-culture-mmciahbans-con04a	Run education campaigns instead  Education is an alternative. Campaigns such as #darkisbeautiful (dark is beautiful) in India are the model for advancing equality and marginalizing colourism in India. The campaign has had some success attracting stars, including some such as Vishaka Sing who have modelled for fairness creams, to campaign against the prejudice against darker skin tones. [1]  The heavy hand of legislation is not the correct tool – other methods from social media campaigns to changing practices in the fashion, beauty and media industries (such as has occurred in Dakar Fashion Week [2] ) will reduce the cultural demand.  [1] Krupa, Lakshmi, ‘Dark is beautiful’, The Hindu, 8 September 2013,   [2] Reuters, “Dakar fashion week bans models who use skin lightning cream”, South China Morning Post, 01 July 2013, education campaigns, colourism, dark is beautiful, India, equality, Vishaka Sing, fairness creams, prejudice, social media, fashion industry, beauty industry, media industry, Dakar Fashion Week, legislation, cultural demand, skin lightning, models education campaigns, dark is beautiful, India, colourism, equality, Vishaka Singh, fairness creams, prejudice, darker skin tones, legislation, social media, fashion industry, beauty industry, media industry, Dakar Fashion Week, skin lightening, models, cultural demand education campaigns, dark is beautiful, India, equality, marginalizing colourism, social media campaigns, fashion industry, beauty industry, media industry, Dakar Fashion Week, banning skin lightening, cultural demand reduction, legislation alternatives, Vishaka Singh, fairness creams, prejudice against darker skin tones education campaigns, dark is beautiful, India, equality, colourism, social media, fashion industry, beauty industry, media industry, Dakar Fashion Week, legislation, cultural demand, skin lightening, fairness creams, prejudice, darker skin tones, stars, Vishaka Singh education campaigns, #darkisbeautiful, India, colourism, equality, Vishaka Sing, fairness creams, social media campaigns, fashion industry, beauty industry, media industry, Dakar Fashion Week, skin lightening, cultural demand, legislation alternatives
test-international-amehbuaisji-pro02a	Domestic courts are often incapable of providing a fair trial, when they fail the ICC fills the void.  Domestic legal systems will often suffer from a lack of judicial independence and potentially politicised prosecutions, and are also open to allegations of victors’ justice, or whitewashes by a judiciary biased towards the winners of the conflict.  The ICC, as an effective court and with an independent judiciary, provide a suitable and unbiased climate for these cases to be heard in. While it is difficult to give any former head of state a fair trial, it is even more so in cases involving states divided along ethnic and political fault lines where any conviction could be seen as one based on continuing hatreds rather than evidence and criminal procedure.  It is clearly in the interests of the United States and Israel to support the principle that where there is no independent judiciary cases can be moved to a higher level. These states as much as any other desire that those who commit large scale international crimes be brought to book. The ICC for example might provide an alternative method of going after terrorists.  In addition, the principle of complementarity – that the ICC should only prosecute where states have shown themselves unable or unwilling to prosecute - means that when a state can take effective action against war crimes, there will be no role for the ICC. This means that the US and Israel with independent judiciaries should have nothing to worry about unless their judiciary proves unwilling to prosecute if one of their own nationals commits a crime prosecutable by the ICC. ICC, domestic courts, fair trial, judicial independence, politicised prosecutions, victors’ justice, unbiased judiciary, ethnic conflict, political fault lines, United States, Israel, international crimes, complementarity, war crimes, terrorists, prosecution Domestic courts, fair trial, ICC, judicial independence, politicised prosecutions, victors’ justice, unbiased climate, former head of state, ethnic and political fault lines, United States, Israel, independent judiciary, large scale international crimes, terrorists, principle of complementarity, war crimes, nationals, prosecution Domestic courts, fair trial, ICC, judicial independence, politicised prosecutions, victors’ justice, unbiased climate, former head of state, ethnic conflict, political fault lines, United States, Israel, independent judiciary, complementarity principle, war crimes, terrorists, national accountability, international crimes Domestic courts, fair trial, ICC, judicial independence, politicised prosecutions, victors’ justice, unbiased climate, former head of state, ethnic and political fault lines, United States, Israel, independent judiciary, international crimes, terrorists, complementarity, war crimes, nationals, prosecution domestic courts, fair trial, ICC, judicial independence, politicised prosecutions, victors’ justice, unbiased climate, former head of state, ethnic fault lines, political fault lines, United States, Israel, international crimes, complementarity, war crimes, prosecution, terrorists, nationals, crimes
test-digital-freedoms-aihwbasmn-con03a	Police should not block the communications and freedom of expression of law-abiding citizens  The blocking of social networks, of the internet, or of mobile phone networks in times of riot would be an illegitimate curtailment of a private company’s right to do business and serve its customers. Social networks are business and have many users. Even more important is the impact on everyone who is not associated with the rioting. When these actions are taken it harms everyone, perhaps even millions of people at a given time. [1] The action taken by the state to seek to prevent the spreading of the riots is not only ineffective it is also a massive imposition on the rights of the citizens of the polity. Their freedom of speech is curtailed, business is harmed, and the riots continue. Studies of the use of Twitter during the riots in London showed that during rioting it was mostly used to react to the riots to send warnings to avoid trouble rather than incite violence. [2] Blocking access or cutting off communications would therefore mean putting at risk those people who otherwise would have been warned not to go near areas with rioting.  [1] Temperton, J. “Blocking Facebook and Twitter During Riots Threatens Freedom”. Computer Active. 15 August 2011.   [2] Ball, J., and Lewis, P., “Riots database of 2.5m tweets reveals complex picture of interaction”, The Guardian, 24 August 2011. Police, communications, freedom of expression, law-abiding citizens, social networks, internet, mobile phone networks, riot, illegitimate curtailment, private company, right to do business, customer service, impact, non-rioters, harm, massive imposition, citizens' rights, freedom of speech, business disruption, riots continuation, Twitter, warnings, avoid trouble, incite violence, Temperton, Blocking Facebook and Twitter During Riots Threatens Freedom, Computer Active, Ball, Lewis, Riots database of 2.5m tweets reveals complex picture of interaction, The Guardian police, communications, freedom of expression, law-abiding citizens, social networks, internet, mobile phone networks, riot, illegitimate curtailment, private company rights, customer service, impact, non-rioters, harm, massive imposition, citizen rights, freedom of speech, business harm, ineffective, Twitter, London riots, warnings, avoid trouble, incite violence, database, tweets, interaction, Temperton, Blocking Facebook, threats freedom, Guardian, Ball, Lewis police, communications, freedom, expression, law-abiding, citizens, social, networks, internet, mobile, phone, riot, illegitimate, curtailment, private, company, right, business, customers, impact, unassociated, harm, rights, polity, freedom, speech, ineffective, massive, imposition, citizens, polity, Twitter, London, riots, warnings, incite, violence, blocking, access, risk, areas, trouble, Temperton, Facebook, threatens, Computer, Active, Ball, Lewis, database, tweets, complex, interaction, Guardian police, communications, freedom, expression, law-abiding, citizens, social, networks, internet, mobile, phone, riot, illegitimate, curtailment, private, company, business, customers, impact, rioting, harm, million, people, state, prevent, spreading, ineffective, imposition, rights, polity, freedom, speech, harm, continue, twitter, london, riot, used, react, warnings, avoid, trouble, incite, violence, block, access, cut, communications, risk, people, warned, near, areas Police, communications, freedom of expression, law-abiding citizens, social networks, internet, mobile phone networks, riot, illegitimate curtailment, private company rights, business, users, non-rioters, curtailment of rights, freedom of speech, business harm, ineffectiveness, state action, Twitter, warnings, avoid trouble, incite violence, block access, cut communications, risk, public safety
test-sport-tshbmlbscac-con03a	Collisions are unnecessary.  Baseball doesn’t need collisions. By requiring the runner to slide, just as they must do when attempting to reach other bases, or disallowing catchers to block runners’ paths, or—best of all—requiring both those steps, baseball can eliminate collisions.  Unlike in football or rugby, hits at the plate are not a necessary component of the sport. The game is played quite well at the amateur level without such brutal physical contact. [1] Collisions occur relatively infrequently, and the complexion of the game will not be dramatically different without them. Yet the benefits of improved safety are dramatic.  [1] See, for example, American Legion Baseball Rules, Rule 1(E),  . baseball, collisions, unnecessary, safety, elimination, sliding, catchers, blocking, amateur, football, rugby, physical, contact, rules, American, Legion, dramatic, benefits, infrequent, plate, hits, sport, components, improvement, prevention, brutal, game, played, well, without, dramatically, different,(require, disallow, steps) baseball, collisions, unnecessary, safety, sliding, catchers, blocking, amateur, football, rugby, physical, contact, rules, American, Legion, drama, benefits, infrequent, game, change collisions, unnecessary, baseball, safety, slide, catchers, block, runners, paths, amateur, football, rugby, physical, contact, frequency, game, benefits, American, Legion, Rules baseball, collisions, safety, sliding, blocking, catchers, runners, amateur, football, rugby, physical, contact, rules, American, Legion, dramatic, benefits, infrequent, game, played, plate, sport, unnecessary, eliminate, steps, well, different, improved, dramatic, hits collisions, unnecessary, baseball, safety, sliding, catchers, blocking, amateur, physical, contact, frequency, game, impact, rules, American, Legion, sports, violence, health, regulations, prevention, injuries
test-philosophy-pppthbtcb-pro05a	Consequentialism  Actions can only be justified by their outcomes, and if the outcome of an act of terror is an overall increase of justice, freedom and welfare, this action is therefore legitimate. Many people around the world suffer on a daily basis from poverty, injustices and violence. Generally, these people did not choose to suffer, nor was it a result of their actions; therefore it can be seen as a logical conclusion that it is a good thing that this suffering is diminished. However, authorities might not always agree to redistribution or an acknowledgement of rights, and more drastic measures are needed to obtain the goal. If, in this case, the use of acts of terror is needed to obtain greater goods such as justice and equality, and this would mean that on balance, more people would gain more utility, the action would be justified. In this way, terrorism can be seen as an effective weapon in a revolutionary struggle that results in progression. A very current example are the terrorist attacks in several Middle Eastern countries that have led to the Arab spring, such as the attack on the Yemen president Ali Abdullah Saleh. [1]  [1] Sinjab, L. (2011, June 3). Yemen: President Saleh injured in attack on palace. Retrieved August 3, 2011, from BBC News: Consequentialism, Justification, Outcomes, Terrorism, Justice, Freedom, Welfare, Suffering, Poverty, Injustices, Violence, Redistribution, Rights, Drastic Measures, Utility, Progression, Revolution, Arab Spring, Yemen, Ali Abdullah Saleh Consequentialism, Actions, Outcomes, Justification, Terror, Justice, Freedom, Welfare, Legitimacy, Suffering, Poverty, Injustices, Violence, Redistribution, Rights, Drastic-Measures, Utility, Terrorism, Revolutionary-Struggle, Progression, Arab-Spring, Yemen, Ali-Abdullah-Saleh, Attack, Palace, BBC-News, Middle-Eastern-Countries, Logical-Conclusion, Daily-Suffering, Greater-Goods, Authority-Disagreement Consequentialism, actions, outcomes, justification, terror, justice, freedom, welfare, suffering, poverty, injustice, violence, redistribution, rights, drastic-measures, utility, terrorism, revolutionary-struggle, progression, Arab-Spring, Yemen, Ali-Abdullah-Saleh, attack, palace Consequentialism, Ethical Outcomes, Terrorism Justification, Justice, Freedom, Welfare, Global Suffering, Poverty, Injustice, Violence, Logical Conclusions, Suffering Causes, Redistribution, Rights Acknowledgment, Drastic Measures, Utility, Terrorism Effectiveness, Revolutionary Struggle, Progression, Arab Spring, Yemen, President Ali Abdullah Saleh, Terrorist Attacks, Middle Eastern Countries, BBC News Consequentialism, Actions, Outcomes, Terrorism, Justice, Freedom, Welfare, Suffering, Poverty, Injustices, Violence, Redistribution, Rights, Utility, Revolutionary, Struggle, Progression, Arab, Spring, Yemen, President, Saleh, Attack, Palace
test-religion-cmrsgfhbr-con02a	There are clear and proven benefits to the health of the Filipino families, especially women  Both sides of this debate have spoken about the need to respect the rights and lives of women. It is, however, difficult to see how exactly opponents of the legislation reconcile this with their actions. Decades’ worth of research demonstrates that educational, health and nutritional levels all fall once a family outgrows its means. In the slums of Manila that research is unnecessary as it is all too apparent at a glance. However the research is there [i] to provide grisly commentary to the narrative folding out on the streets.  Investigations on a personal, national and global level demonstrate that effective family planning is at the heart of eradicating poverty [ii] . When families have less children they are more able to afford better education for those they do have and have a greater incentive to do so as they need their child to be able to support them when they are retired. [iii] Proposition is keen that this money should have been spent on eradicating poverty – they fail to realise, deliberately or otherwise, that that is exactly what it is being spent on.  [i] Rauhala, Emily, ‘The Philippines’ Birth Control Battle’, Time, 6 June 2008.   [ii] Brown, Lester, ‘Smart Family Planning Improves Women’s Health and Reduces Poverty’, guardian.co.uk 14 April 2011.   [iii] Merrick, Thomas, W., ‘Population and P{overty: New Views on an Old Controversy’, International Family Planning Perspectives, Vol.28, No.1, March 2002, Filipino families, women's health, rights of women, family planning, poverty eradication, educational levels, health levels, nutritional levels, slums of Manila, reproductive health, birth control, population and poverty, women's education, economic support, old age security, legislation impact, public health policy, social development, demographic trends, family welfare, reproductive rights, health economics, international perspectives, socioeconomic factors, population control, sustainable development, gender equality, health care access, maternal health, child health, family size, economic incentives, public spending, poverty reduction strategies, long-term benefits, societal impact, demographic research, policy effectiveness, Filipino families, women's health, rights of women, family planning, poverty eradication, education levels, nutritional levels, Manila slums, birth control, reproductive health, economic support, child education, aging population, government spending, public health, population control, societal impact, legislative actions, research findings, global perspectives, national policies, poverty reduction, women's rights, family size, health improvement, financial stability, community development, social welfare, demographic trends, policy effectiveness, developmental economics, urban poverty, reproductive rights, healthcare access, socioeconomic factors, legislative debates, public opinion, cultural considerations, international perspectives, economic empowerment, gender Filipino families, women's health, rights of women, family planning, poverty eradication, educational levels, health levels, nutritional levels, slums of Manila, family size, child education, retirement support, birth control, reproductive health, population and poverty, family planning benefits, smart family planning, women's health improvement, reducing poverty, population controversy, new views on poverty, international family planning, reproductive rights, contraception access, economic development, societal well-being Filipino families, women's health, rights of women, family planning, poverty eradication, education levels, nutritional levels, slums of Manila, birth control, population and poverty, women's health improvement, reducing poverty, family planning legislation, opponent's actions, supporting evidence, research findings, family size, economic support, retirement, deliberate oversight, financial allocation, global investigations, national studies, personal experiences, contraceptive access, economic incentives, child education, reproductive health, demographic studies, socioeconomic impact, public health policy, legislative debate, social welfare, health economics, family welfare, population control, sustainable development, reproductive rights, healthcare access Filipino families, women's health, rights of women, family planning, poverty eradication, education levels, nutritional levels, Manila slums, reproductive health, child support, aging population, birth control, policy debate, demographic studies, socioeconomic impact, gender equality, health legislation, government funding, population control, public health initiatives, legislative actions, poverty reduction strategies, family welfare, reproductive rights, healthcare access, economic development, societal well-being, family size, child education, parental support, anti-poverty programs, contraceptive use, population growth, sustainable development, women's empowerment, maternal health, infant mortality, community health, urban poverty
test-free-speech-debate-fchbjaj-pro01a	The concept of what is a journalist needs to be clarified to deal with the reality of new forms of mass communication. Assange gathers, collates and disseminates information, ergo, he is a journalist.  Few industries have been changed more radically by the advent of the Internet than journalism. The traditional role of the journalist, disseminating information to which they had special or privileged access, has changed beyond recognition. Now readers and viewers have direct access to much of that information and can access it at their own convenience and through their own choice of media. Sales of newspapers are in freefall and the stranglehold of a handful of broadcasters on political access has been lost forever. There are still extraordinary journalists finding news and genuinely affecting the society around them. For the most part, however, journalists increasingly comment on the news rather than directly collecting it. In many ways, Assange has taken journalism back to basics – acquiring information to which most people do not have access and making it public. The very fact that the powerful and the privileged dislike what he is doing so much could even be taken to suggest that he has to be doing something right as one of the roles of the fourth estate is to act as a check on government. [1]  At a time when much of the traditional media seems to have lost its sense of what its role is, Wikileaks is providing a timely reminder [2] .  [1] Hume, Ellen, ‘Freedom of the Press’, Issues of Democracy, December 2005,   [2] The Guardian. Julian Assange Wins Martha Gellhorn Journalism Prize. Jason Deans. 2 June 2011. journalist, clarification, mass communication, Assange, information dissemination, Internet, journalism change, traditional journalist role, information access, media choice, newspaper sales decline, broadcaster influence, extraordinary journalists, news collection, commenting journalism, Assange journalism basics, powerful dislike, fourth estate, government check, traditional media role, Wikileaks, press freedom, democracy issues, Julian Assange, Martha Gellhorn Journalism Prize journalism, journalist, mass communication, Assange, WikiLeaks, information, dissemination, internet, media, newspapers, broadcasters, political access, news, society, comment, traditional media, fourth estate, government, press freedom, democracy, journalism prize, Martha Gellhorn journalist, clarification, mass communication, Assange, gathers, collates, disseminates, information, internet, journalism, traditional role, privileged access, readers, viewers, direct access, media choice, newspaper sales, broadcasters, political access, exceptional journalists, news impact, society, commentating, news collection, journalism basics, public information, government check, fourth estate, media role, traditional media, Wikileaks, reminder, Julian Assange, Martha Gellhorn, journalism prize journalist, clarification, mass communication, Assange, gathers, collates, disseminates, information, Internet, journalism, traditional role, privileged access, readers, viewers, media choice, newspaper sales, broadcasters, political access, extraordinary journalists, society, commenting, news collection, journalism basics, public access, powerful, privileged, fourth estate, government check, traditional media, role, Wikileaks, reminder, press freedom, democracy issues, Julian Assange, Martha Gellhorn Journalism Prize journalist, mass communication, Assange, WikiLeaks, information dissemination, Internet, journalism industry, news access, media choice, newspaper sales, broadcasters, political access, news collection, society impact, fourth estate, government check, press freedom, Martha Gellhorn Journalism Prize, traditional media, role clarification
test-philosophy-eppphwlrtjs-pro04a	"Having trial by jury for people accused of very small offences is a waste of resources.  Juries are very expensive and time consuming, and courts may not be capable of using them for all trials. Indeed, in both the UK and the United States, minor or petty offences can be tried without jury (such offenses are defined differently in different places; in the US petty offences are those carrying less than 6 months prison time or a fine of $5000)1. That is because in densely populated areas, the courts are simply not capable of handling all trials with juries 2. But even beyond the limitations already in place, there may be more small-scale trials which could function without juries, and free up resources. According to British government crime advisor Louise Casey, if all of the either-or cases (cases dealing with minor offences which can be tried in either a crown or a magistrates court) were shifted entirely to the latter, Britain would save £30m in the costs of setting up juries. Such money could be used to help out victims of serious crimes, or otherwise improve the justice system 3. For example, if more time and money were freed up in the United States, the courts might not need to pressure so many defendants into plea bargaining, or pleading guilty without a trial in exchange for less harsh sentencing or the dropping of other charges (in 1996, about two thirds of American criminal case dispositions involved guilty pleas) 4. That would allow more trials to take place, and more justice to be done.  1.  )  2.Robert P. Connolly, ""The Petty Offence Exception and Right to a Jury Trial""  3.Peter Wozniak, ""Trial by Jury Faces the Axe for Petty Crimes"" trial by jury, minor offences, petty crimes, resource allocation, legal costs, court efficiency, jury trials, minor offenses, petty offences, legal systems, UK, United States, Louise Casey, British government, crime advisor, crown court, magistrates court, financial savings, justice system improvement, plea bargaining, guilty pleas, criminal cases, Robert P. Connolly, Peter Wozniak, jury trial exception, right to jury trial, legal reform, judicial resources, time consumption, legal proceedings, court capacity, densely populated areas, either-or cases, serious crimes, victim support, judicial process, legal efficiency, judicial reforms, court trial by jury, small offences, waste of resources, expensive, time consuming, minor offences, petty crimes, UK, United States, court capacity, jury trials, costs, Louise Casey, either-or cases, save money, justice system, plea bargaining, guilty pleas, criminal cases trial by jury, minor offences, petty crimes, justice system, court resources, expense, time consumption, UK, United States, petty offence exception, jury trial, Louise Casey, criminal cases, plea bargaining, victims of serious crimes, cost savings, magistrates court, crown court, legal reforms, judicial efficiency trial by jury, minor offences, petty crimes, resources, expenses, time-consuming, UK, United States, court capacity, jury trials, justice system, cost savings, Louise Casey, either-or cases, plea bargaining, guilty pleas, criminal cases, legal efficiency, judicial reform, petty offence exception, Robert P. Connolly, Peter Wozniak trial by jury, small offences, waste of resources, expensive, time consuming, UK, United States, minor offences, petty offences, court capacity, densely populated areas, judicial resources, criminal justice system, Louise Casey, either-or cases, cost savings, serious crimes, plea bargaining, guilty pleas, criminal case dispositions, justice improvement, Robert P. Connolly, Peter Wozniak, trial by jury exception, right to jury trial, petty crime trials"
test-politics-oepghbrnsl-pro02a	A strong leader has more benefits than harms  Putin is the strong leader that Russia has been waiting for. His electoral success and consistently high approval rates show that the people of Russia are ready for someone who can rid their society of increasing corruption and restore a sense of calm and equality. His ability to maintain a high level of support despite what some have called authoritarian tendencies shows that people are ready to sacrifice a certain degree of freedom for the promise of stability. Enthusiasm for Putin among the young also shows that he does not only appeal to those looking back to past certainties. strong leader, Putin, Russia, electoral success, high approval rates, corruption, stability, authoritarian, freedom, young supporters, past certainties strong leader, benefits, harms, Putin, Russia, electoral success, high approval rates, corruption, stability, authoritarian tendencies, freedom, young enthusiasts, past certainties strong leader, benefits, harms, Putin, Russia, electoral success, high approval rates, reduce corruption, restore calm, equality, authoritarian tendencies, sacrifice freedom, stability, young enthusiasm, past certainties strong leader, Putin, Russia, electoral success, high approval rates, anti-corruption, stability, calm, equality, authoritarian tendencies, sacrifice freedom, stability, young support, past certainties strong leader, Putin, Russia, electoral success, high approval rates, corruption, stability, authoritarian tendencies, freedom, stability, young enthusiasm, past certainties
test-economy-bepiehbesa-con01a	CAP maintains European food security  The subsidies to agriculture are important for maintaining self-sufficiency to enable Europe to feed its own citizens. In the world of fluctuating markets, global climate change, commodity crisis such in 2008, the state intervention is even more important because that means that the needed goods can become unavailable. Without EU’s help the prices can fluctuate wildly which can be of concern mainly for poorer parts of EU, where the major part of household spending is still food and non-alcoholic beverages. To prevent this kind of situations only the continent-wide policy can be an effective measure. The markets of other countries can compensate losses from others and vice versa. The result of a secure supply of affordable food has been that the amount an average EU household devotes to food has halved since 1960. [1]  [1] European Commission, ‘CAP – how much does it cons’ ‘Food Prices’, ec.europa.eu, CAP, European, food, security, subsidies, agriculture, self-sufficiency, fluctuating, markets, global, climate, change, commodity, crisis, state, intervention, goods, unavailable, prices, fluctuate, poorer, EU, household, spending, affordable, continent-wide, policy, supply, halved, 1960, European, Commission, Food, Prices, ec.europa.eu CAP, European, food, security, subsidies, agriculture, self-sufficiency, markets, climate, change, commodity, crisis, state, intervention, prices, fluctuation, poorer, EU, household, spending, food, non-alcoholic, beverages, continent-wide, policy, supply, affordable, average, household, 1960, European, Commission, Food, Prices CAP, European food security, agricultural subsidies, self-sufficiency, market fluctuations, global climate change, commodity crisis, state intervention, EU support, price stability, poorer EU regions, household spending, food affordability, continent-wide policy, food supply, market compensation, EU household expenditure, food prices, European Commission, CAP costs CAP, European, food, security, subsidies, agriculture, self-sufficiency, markets, climate, change, commodity, crisis, state, intervention, prices, fluctuate, poorer, EU, households, spending, non-alcoholic, beverages, continent-wide, policy, supply, affordable, average, household, halved, 1960, European, Commission, Food, Prices, ec.europa.eu CAP, European food security, agriculture subsidies, self-sufficiency, market fluctuations, global climate change, commodity crisis, state intervention, EU support, price stability, poorer EU regions, household spending, food affordability, continent-wide policy, market compensation, secure food supply, affordable food, EU household spending, food prices, European Commission
test-science-ascidfakhba-con01a	Artists have a fundamental property right over their creative output  Whatever the end product, be it music, film, sculpture, or painting, artistic works are the creations of individuals and a property right inheres within them belonging to their creators. An idea is just an idea so long as it remains locked in someone’s mind or is left as an unfinished sketch, etc. But when the art is allowed to bloom in full, it is due to the artist and the artist only. The obsession, the time, the raw talent needed to truly create art is an incredible business, requiring huge investment in energy, time, and effort. It is a matter of the most basic, and one would have hoped self-evident, principle that the person who sacrificed so much to bring forth a piece of art should retain all the rights to it and in particular have the right to profit from it. [1] To argue otherwise would be to condone outright theft. The ethereal work of the artist is every bit as real as the hard work of a machine. Mandating that all forms of art be released under a creative commons license is an absolute slap in the face to artists and to the artistic endeavour as a whole. It implies that somehow the work is not entirely the artist’s own, that because it is art it is somehow so different as to be worthy of being shunted into the public sphere without the real consent of the artist. This is a gross robbing of the artist’s right over his or her own work. If property rights are to have any meaning, they must have a universal protection. This policy represents a fundamental erosion of the right to property, and attacks one sector of productive life that is essential for the giving of colour to the human experience. This policy serves only to devalue that contribution.  [1] Greenberg, M. “Reason or Madness: A Defense of Copyright’s Growing Pains”. John Marshall Review of Intellectual Property Law. 2007. Artists, property right, creative output, music, film, sculpture, painting, artistic works, creations, individuals, idea, unfinished sketch, art, creator, obsession, time, raw talent, business, investment, energy, principle, sacrifice, piece of art, profit, theft, machine, creative commons license, public sphere, consent, universal protection, erosion, property, sector, productive life, human experience, devalue, contribution, copyright, intellectual property, Greenberg, defense, growing pains Artists, fundamental, property, rights, creative, output, music, film, sculpture, painting, creations, individuals, property, right, inheres, creators, idea, mind, unfinished, sketch, art, bloom, obsession, time, talent, creation, business, investment, energy, principle, sacrifice, profit, argue, theft, ethereal, work, real, hard, machine, forms, released, creative, commons, license, slap, face, artists, artistic, endeavor, entire, public, sphere, consent, robbing, right, property, universal, protection, sector, productive, life, essential, Artists, property rights, creative output, music, film, sculpture, painting, artistic works, creators, ideas, unfinished sketch, art, rights, profit, theft, creative commons license, public sphere, consent, artist's right, property, protection, copyright, intellectual property, human experience, devaluation, Greenberg, Reason or Madness, John Marshall Review of Intellectual Property Law, 2007 Artists, property right, creative output, music, film, sculpture, painting, artistic works, creations, individuals, idea, unfinished sketch, art, artist, obsession, time, raw talent, creative art, business, investment, energy, effort, principle, rights, profit, theft, machine, creative commons license, public sphere, artist’s consent, property rights, universal protection, erosion, productive life, human experience, devalue, contribution, Greenberg, copyright, intellectual property law Artists, property rights, creative output, music, film, sculpture, painting, creation, ideas, intellectual property, artistic works, creators, copyright, investment, energy, time, effort, talent, profit, theft, public domain, creative commons, erosion, legal protection, human experience, intellectual property law, creativity, originality, legal rights, moral rights, copyright law, artistic expression, cultural contribution, legal defense, artistic endeavor, public sphere, property rights erosion,艺术品, 创作自由, 版权保护, 创意产业, 文化遗产, 作者权益, 法律支持, 艺
test-religion-yercfrggms-pro04a	"The nature of God as it is conventionally described is logically contradictory:  A creator god is a logical absurdity, as demonstrated by empirical fact and rational reflection. Certainly God cannot exist outside of the Universe, as such a concept is effectively meaningless. In fact, physics explains that when the Universe expanded as an inflating field of space and time as the result of a quantum fluctuation, causality itself arose from the process, making a causative agent “prior” to the Universe not only unnecessary, but also impossible. Furthermore, the idea of an omnipotent God is logically contradictory because if God were omnipotent He would be able to create an entity greater than Himself, yet that is impossible. [1] The very attribute is logically unfounded, making the conventional explanation of God invalid. Thus atheism, the absence of belief in gods, is the only logically justified theological position.  [1] Savage, C. 1967. ""The Paradox of the Stone"". Philosophical Review 76(1). atheism, logical contradiction, creator god, empirical fact, rational reflection, outside universe, quantum fluctuation, causality, omnipotent god, paradox of the stone, theological position, philosophy of religion, naturalism, metaphysics, causative agent, inflating field, space-time, universe expansion, logical justification, absence of belief, gods, Charles Savage, philosophical review atheism, logical contradiction, creator god, empirical fact, rational reflection, universe, physics, quantum fluctuation, causality, omnipotence, paradox of the stone, theological position, Savage 1967 Nature of God, logical contradiction, creator god, empirical fact, rational reflection, existence outside Universe, physics, quantum fluctuation, causality, causative agent, omnipotence, Paradox of the Stone, logical unfoundedness, conventional explanation, atheism, logically justified, theological position, Charles Savage, 1967, Philosophical Review God, creator, logical contradiction, empirical fact, rational reflection, universe, physics, quantum fluctuation, causality, omnipotence, paradox of the stone, atheism, logical justification, theological position atheism, logical contradictions, omnipotence paradox, creator god, empirical evidence, rational reflection, quantum fluctuation, causality, universe origin, theological arguments, absence of belief, philosophical critique, paradox of the stone"
test-education-ufsdfkhbwu-con01a	Argument One: Contact leads to the dissemination of values  There is certainly some evidence to suggest the view that trade with a country can benefit human rights as increased wealth provides many with more choice and better standards of living. [i] Certainly that argument has been made by governments and multi-nationals based in the West. It is not unreasonable to suspect that this may relate to academic cooperation as well, as Richard Levin suggests in the introduction. However it seems likely that in this latter case, as in the former, that a gradualist approach is the sensible one to take. We build on existing strengths while agreeing to differ in certain areas. To extend the trade example, China, the US and the EU all manage to trade with each other despite differing approaches to the death penalty. They trust that through cooperation over time, changes can be achieved. This will happen slowly in some instances – as with the ‘drip, drip’ affect in China - or quickly in others as has been the case in Burma [ii] .  On key difference to note with the shift towards establishing elite universities around the world rather than shipping the world’s elite in to attend them in the UK and the US is that it opens opportunities to a much wider social group. For decades a small handful – children of the wealthy and political elite - have had the opportunity to have a Western education before returning home as well-educated tyrants and sycophants. Expanding the learning opportunities to the rest of the nation seems both just and reasonable.  [i] Sirico, Robert A., ‘Free Trade and Human Rights: The Moral Case for Engagement’, CATO Institute, Trade Briefing Paper no.2, 17 July 1998  [ii] Education has long been seen as a critical starting point for the development of human rights in any country as is examined in this UNESCO report . trade, human rights, wealth, choice, standards of living, academic cooperation, gradualist approach, China, US, EU, death penalty, cooperation, changes, elite universities, wider social group, Western education, human rights development, UNESCO, education, international relations, economic impact, social justice, academic exchange, cultural dissemination, moral engagement, policy analysis trade, human rights, wealth, choice, standards of living, academic cooperation, gradualist approach, China, US, EU, death penalty, cooperation, changes, elite universities, social group, Western education, educated tyrants, sycophants, learning opportunities, UNESCO, education, development, moral case, engagement, free trade, report contact, dissemination, values, trade, human rights, wealth, choice, standards of living, academic cooperation, gradualist approach, existing strengths, differing areas, death penalty, cooperation, changes, elite universities, wider social group, Western education, well-educated tyrants, sycophants, learning opportunities, UNESCO, education, development, human rights, moral case, engagement, economic development, social justice, international relations, cultural exchange, academic freedom, political elite, educational reforms, global citizenship, ethical considerations, policy implications, sustainable development, diplomatic relations, economic sanctions, multinationals, Western governments, academic institutions, research collaboration, contact, dissemination, values, trade, human rights, wealth, choice, standards of living, governments, multi-nationals, West, academic cooperation, gradualist approach, China, US, EU, death penalty, cooperation, changes, elite universities, Western education, social group, just, reasonable, Sirico, Robert A., Free Trade, Human Rights, Moral Case, Engagement, CATO Institute, Trade Briefing Paper, UNESCO, education, development, critical starting point, country Contact, dissemination, values, trade, human rights, wealth, choice, standards of living, academic cooperation, gradualist approach, cooperation, changes, elite universities, social group, Western education, human rights development, UNESCO, China, US, EU, death penalty, Burma, Sirico, Robert A., CATO Institute, Trade Briefing Paper, moral case, engagement, education, critical starting point, development, country
test-economy-beghwbh-con04a	If Musk won’t build it who will?  Elon Musk himself is unwilling to build his Hyperloop. He has stated “Maybe I would just do the beginning bit, create a subscale version that is operating and then hand it over to someone else. Ironing out the details at a subscale level is a tricky thing. I think I would probably end up doing that. It just won’t be immediate in the short term because I have to focus on Tesla and SpaceX execution.” [1] If the visionary for the project is having little to do with the project itself it seems unlikely that the proposal will come to anything. The Hyperloop being such a low priority for Musk is also likely to put off anyone else who might be interested in being involved.  [1] Elliott, Hannah, ‘Hyperloop Update: Elon Musk Will Start Developing It Himself’, Forbes, 12 August 2013, Elon Musk, Hyperloop, subscale version, low priority, visionary, project development, Tesla, SpaceX, Hannah Elliott, Forbes Elon Musk, Hyperloop, Tesla, SpaceX, subscale version, visionary, project priority, investor confidence, future development, transportation innovation Elon Musk, Hyperloop, Tesla, SpaceX, subscale version, visionary, project development, low priority, investor interest, Hannah Elliott, Forbes, Hyperloop update Elon Musk, Hyperloop, subscale version, Tesla, SpaceX, visionary, project priority, development, involvement, low priority, Hyperloop update, Forbes, Hannah Elliott, 12 August 2013 Elon Musk, Hyperloop, Tesla, SpaceX, project development, subscale version, visionary involvement, low priority, investor interest, tech innovation, transportation future
test-law-phwmfri-con03a	Creates the perception that fines are like taxes, rather than a punishment  If we detach fines from the crimes committed, people are more likely to see fines as unrelated to justice. Rather, they will see fines as another mechanism by which the government makes money, this will be especially the case if as in New Zealand the money goes into government coffers without being hypothecated.1  This is similar to the way in which some people in the UK see speed cameras as less about preventing speeding, and more about getting money from motorists with one poll showing 49% of people believe they are primarily about revenue raising.2  This is harmful because it decreases the probability of people who deem the fine ‘worth it’ nevertheless abstaining from the criminal act.  1 ‘Frequently Asked Questions’, New Zealand Police,   2 ‘Drivers conflicted over cameras’, IAM Driving Road Safety, 11 August 2010, perception, fines, taxes, punishment, crimes, justice, government, revenue, New Zealand, speed cameras, UK, motorists, crime deterrence, public opinion, IAM Driving Road Safety, New Zealand Police, Frequently Asked Questions, Drivers conflicted over cameras, poll, 49% fines, taxes, punishment, justice, government revenue, New Zealand, speed cameras, UK, public perception, crime deterrence, hypothecation, IAM Driving Road Safety, poll, drivers, revenue raising, criminal behavior, abstaining, criminal act, worth it, poll results, law enforcement, public opinion, speeding, motorist fines, crime prevention, financial penalty, justice system, legal punishment, social perception, regulatory enforcement, public trust, law compliance, traffic violations, financial impact, legal sanctions, fines as taxes, crime and punishment, government coffers, public funds, legal deterrence, behavioral economics, legal compliance, fines, taxes, punishment, justice, government revenue, New Zealand, speed cameras, UK, revenue raising, crime deterrence, public perception, hypothecation, criminal acts, abstinence, motoring offenses, IAM Driving Road Safety, New Zealand Police, policy implications, law enforcement, fiscal policy, societal impact, legal compliance, financial incentives, regulatory framework, traffic violations, enforcement mechanisms, public trust, ethical considerations, legal philosophy, governance, administrative law, fiscal governance, public finance, revenue generation, crime prevention, deterrence theory, law and economics, regulatory economics, governance models, public policy, administrative justice, fiscal administration fines, taxes, punishment, justice, government revenue, New Zealand, speed cameras, UK, revenue raising, criminal acts, public perception, law enforcement, financial incentives, hypothecation, driver behavior, road safety, poll, IAM Driving Road Safety, New Zealand Police fines, taxes, punishment, justice, government revenue, hypothecation, New Zealand, speed cameras, UK, public perception, revenue raising, criminal behavior, deterrence, IAM Driving Road Safety, New Zealand Police, driver attitudes, law enforcement, fiscal policy, social impact, legal compliance
test-economy-beghwbh-pro01a	Fastest possible transportation over a short distance  Public transportation has not been getting much faster over the last few decades. The fastest method of transport, supersonic jets in the form of Concorde ceased operation in October 2003. [1] Even if at some point a new generation of supersonic planes are built these will not be ideal for travelling between cities that are comparatively close together. The time spent getting the plane up and down from cruising altitude means they would take longer over these short distances than a slower option at ground level. The Hyperloop at more than 700mph will be twice as fast as high speed rail. To take the different options on the San Francisco-Los Angeles route cars take 5hours 30minutes, the proposed high speed train would take 2hours 38minutes, by plane takes 1hour 15minutes whereas the Hyperloop would only take 35minutes. [2]  [1] ‘End of an era for Concorde’, BBC News, 24 October 2003,   [2] Musk, Elon, ‘Hyperloop Alpha’, SpaceX, 12 August 2013,  p.8, 56 Fastest transportation, short distance, public transportation, speed improvement, supersonic jets, Concorde, hyperloop, high-speed rail, San Francisco-Los Angeles, travel time, cars, planes, Elon Musk, SpaceX, Hyperloop Alpha Fastest, transportation, short distance, public transportation, supersonic jets, Concorde, Hyperloop, high speed rail, San Francisco-Los Angeles, travel time, cars, plane, Elon Musk, SpaceX, Hyperloop Alpha Fastest, transportation, short distance, public transportation, supersonic jets, Concorde, Hyperloop, high speed rail, San Francisco, Los Angeles, travel time, cars, planes, Musk, Elon, SpaceX, Hyperloop Alpha Fastest, transportation, short distance, public transportation, speed, decades, supersonic jets, Concorde, operation, Hyperloop, mph, high speed rail, San Francisco, Los Angeles, cars, hours, proposed high speed train, plane, minutes, SpaceX, Elon Musk, Hyperloop Alpha Fastest, transportation, short distance, public transportation, supersonic jets, Concorde, Hyperloop, high speed rail, San Francisco-Los Angeles, travel time, cars, planes, Elon Musk, SpaceX
test-law-sdfclhrppph-con02a	Individual Liberty outweighs any potential harms  Whatever the potential harms that may arise from unrestrained free speech; they pale in comparison to the harm that arises from banning an individual from freely expressing his own mind.  It is a matter of the upmost individual liberty that one’s thoughts and feelings are one’s own, and that individuals are free to express those thoughts and feelings openly. A prohibition on this liberty is a harm of incalculable value – it strikes right to the core of what it means to be in individual person. Individual Liberty, Free Speech, Expression, Thoughts, Feelings, Censorship, Prohibition, Harm, Individualism, Rights, Freedom, Self-Expression, Autonomy, Dignity, Speech Rights, Censorship Harms, Liberty Value, Unrestrained Speech, Banning Speech Individual Liberty, Free Speech, Self-Expression, Censorship, Personal Freedom, Harm Principle, Intellectual Independence, Constitutional Rights, Human Rights, Autonomy, Self-Determination,Freedom of Thought, Expression Rights, Democratic Values, Civil Liberties Individual Liberty, Free Speech, Expression, Thought, Feeling, Censorship, Prohibition, Harm, Value, Personhood, Identity, Rights, Freedom, Autonomy, Self-Expression, Dignity Individual Liberty, Free Speech, Unrestrained Expression, Harm, Censorship, Thought Freedom, Self-Expression, Personal Autonomy, Individual Rights, Constitutional Liberty, Speech Rights, Expression Rights, Freedom of Thought, Human Rights, Civic Liberty, Democratic Values, Individualism, Self-Determination, Intellectual Freedom, Moral Rights, Legal Rights, Personal Integrity, Civil Liberties, Free Expression, Autonomy Rights, Liberty Rights, Speaking Freely, Open Dialogue, Unrestricted Speech, Free Thinking, Personal Freedoms, Individualism Values, Expressive Freedom, Constitutional Rights, Civil Rights, Human Dignity, Personal Sovereignty, Free Will individual liberty, free speech, harm, expression, thoughts, feelings, prohibition, censorship, personal freedom, individual rights, self-expression, autonomy, fundamental rights, human dignity, constitutional rights, civil liberties, First Amendment, moral rights, philosophical freedom, intellectual freedom, societal harm, governmental control,言论自由, 个人权利, 表达自由, 思想自由, 感受自由, 禁止, 审查, 个人自由, 自主权, 基本权利, 人格尊严, 宪法权利, 民事自由, 第一修正案, 道
test-philosophy-pppgshbsd-pro03a	Even the leaders of the Left have given up on Socialism as a creed and have now accepted the vast majority of modern Capitalist principles  Even the leaders of those European political parties that still call themselves socialist tend to avoid the word. Broadly speaking even the leaders of the left- outside Cuba and Colombia- accept the basic principles of Market economics and recognise that high-tax, high-spend economics simply does not work.  Like it or not borders are now open and the idea that the state can control the flow of capital is a thing of the past. As a result people generally are richer and the idea that there a solid class block is simply no longer relevant to their lives. leaders, Left, Socialism, Capitalist, principles, European, political, parties, socialist, Market, economics, high-tax, high-spend, borders, open, state, control, capital, richer, class, block, irrelevant Left leaders, Socialism, Capitalist principles, European socialist parties, Market economics, high-tax, high-spend, open borders, capital flow, class block, economic principles, political change, modern economics, state control, wealth distribution, social policy, economic theory, political ideology, globalization, fiscal policy, wealth creation, social class, economic reform, political adaptation, market-based policies, economic efficiency, social equity, political discourse, capitalist system, socialist ideology, economic growth, class structure, ideological shift, economic policies, political strategies, economic systems, social change, economic trends, political evolution, class mobility, economic stability, policy-making leaders, Left, Socialism, Capitalist, principles, European, socialist, parties, Market, economics, high-tax, high-spend, borders, capital, control, state, richer, class, block, relevant Left, leaders, Socialism, Capitalist, principles, European, socialist, parties, Market, economics, high-tax, high-spend, borders, open, state, control, capital, richer, class, block, irrelevant leaders, left, socialism, capitalism, european, political, parties, market, economics, high-tax, high-spend, borders, capital, control, class, block, irrelevant
test-philosophy-npegiepp-con01a	The assumption of the automaticity of Spill-over is wrong.  The core of Neo-functionalism that spill-over being the main driving force behind continuing integration assumed the automaticity of integration. Once integration has started it will be a self-continuing force that will eventually integrate the whole of Europe - is clearly wrong. Supranational functionalism 'assumed first, that national sovereignty, already devalued by events, could be chewed up leaf by leaf like an artichoke'. [1] The functional method of spill-over is very limited, its success in the relatively painless area in which it works relatively well lifts the participants to the level of issues to which it does not apply well any more. For example no common defence or foreign policy within the community project has been successful. This failure in high politics is fundamental, without a coordinated foreign and security policy the role of the EU in the world is open to question. Opposition too much further enlargement reduces the role the EU can play outside the union unless a common foreign policy can be agreed. [2]  [1] Hoffmann, S. ‘Obstinate or obsolete? The fate of the nation-state and the case of Western Europe.’, Daedalus, Vol. 95, No. 3, 1966, pp. 862-915, p882  [2] Pabst, Adrian, ‘The EU as a Security/Defence Community?’, Luxembourg Institute for European and International Studies, 2/3 July 2004, Neo-functionalism, Spill-over, Automaticity, Integration, Supranational Functionalism, National Sovereignty, High Politics, Common Defence, Foreign Policy, EU Enlargement, Security Policy, European Union Neo-functionalism, spill-over, automaticity, integration, supranational functionalism, national sovereignty, high politics, common defence, foreign policy, EU enlargement, security policy, European Union, international relations, political integration, functional method, policy coordination, European integration, sovereignty devaluation, defence community, Luxembourg Institute for European and International Studies, Adrian Pabst, Stanley Hoffmann, Obstinate or Obsolete, Daedalus, 1966, Western Europe, self-continuing force, artichoke metaphor, issues complexity, community project, role of EU, world influence, political cooperation, policy limitations, high Neo-functionalism, Spill-over, Automaticity, Integration, Supranational, Functionalism, National Sovereignty, Devaluation, High Politics, Common Defence, Foreign Policy, EU, Enlargement, Security, Defence Community, Hoffmann, Pabst Spill-over, Neo-functionalism, automaticity, integration, supranational functionalism, national sovereignty, high politics, common defence, foreign policy, EU, enlargement, security, defence, European integration, political integration, institutional theory, international relations, European Union, sovereignty devaluation, policy areas, functional method, coordination, global role, European security, defence community, institutional development, policy effectiveness, governance, European cooperation, political science, international studies, European studies, regional integration, political theory, EU institutions, state sovereignty, supranational governance, policy limitations, defense integration, foreign affairs, European political cooperation, security policy, Neo-functionalism, Spill-over, automaticity, integration, supranational functionalism, national sovereignty, devaluation, high politics, common defence, foreign policy, EU, enlargement, security policy, Pabst, Hoffmann
test-international-aegmeppghw-con01a	"The geographical definition of Europe must be limited and does not include Turkey  There is no obvious and widely accepted geographical definition of a frontier to Europe. Is Russia a European country? Are Georgia and Armenia? Are Cyprus and Malta? The fact that the Mediterranean country Italy became a member of a regional organisation, the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), was certainly not determined by geography, but was an act of political imagination. Today the location of a Mediterranean state in the North Atlantic is no longer considered as something ""odd"". Another example of changing perceptions of a region is the change from regarding the border of Europe as falling between East and West Germany; Europe broadened to include all the former Eastern European countries as potential members of the EU.  Given that part of Turkey’s territory is on what everyone accepts is the European mainland, why shouldn’t it be allowed to join the main European club? While Turkey's land area is almost entirely in Asia the European part does have immense historical significance, and Turkey has a population in Europe of about 14million, larger than many of the smaller EU members. It already belongs to NATO, the OECD and the Council of Europe, and participates in the Eurovision Song Contest and European football competitions. Turkey is a westward-looking country. Europe, geographical definition, frontier, Russia, Georgia, Armenia, Cyprus, Malta, Italy, NATO, political imagination, Mediterranean, North Atlantic, East Germany, West Germany, EU, Turkey, European mainland, historical significance, population, Eurovision Song Contest, European football competitions, westward-looking Europe, geographical definition, Turkey, Russia, Georgia, Armenia, Cyprus, Malta, NATO, Italy, Mediterranean, political imagination, East and West Germany, EU, historical significance, population, European club, westward-looking country geographical definition, Europe, Turkey, Russia, Georgia, Armenia, Cyprus, Malta, North Atlantic Treaty Organization, NATO, Italy, Mediterranean, political imagination, East and West Germany, European Union, EU, European mainland, historical significance, population, westward-looking country, Eurovision Song Contest, European football competitions, Council of Europe, OECD Europe, geographical definition, Turkey, Russia, Georgia, Armenia, Cyprus, Malta, Mediterranean, Italy, NATO, political imagination, East-West Germany, European Union, Asian territory, historical significance, population, EU members, NATO, OECD, Council of Europe, Eurovision Song Contest, European football, westward-looking Europe, Turkey, Russia, Georgia, Armenia, Cyprus, Malta, NATO, EU, Mediterranean, political, geographical, frontier, membership, historical, Eurovision, football, Westward-looking, Eastern-European, territorial, significance, population, OECD, Council of Europe, geographical definition, political imagination, changing perceptions, European club"
test-international-amehbuaisji-pro03a	The American people support ICC membership.  In a democracy the voice of the people should carry weight in determining how the country acts internationally. According to a 2005 poll carried out by the Chicago Council on foreign relations 69% of the US population are in favour of US participation in the ICC. This clearly shows that the US people are unconvinced by the arguments on the theorized drawbacks of the International Criminal Court and are happy for it to be ratified. American people, ICC membership, democracy, voice of the people, international actions, 2005 poll, Chicago Council, foreign relations, US population, participation in ICC, support for ICC, ratified, International Criminal Court, drawbacks of ICC American people, ICC membership, democracy, people's voice, international actions, 2005 poll, Chicago Council, foreign relations, US population, US participation, International Criminal Court, ratification, public opinion, international law, human rights, justice system, global cooperation, US foreign policy American people, ICC membership, democracy, voice of people, international actions, 2005 poll, Chicago Council, foreign relations, US population, participation, International Criminal Court, ratification, public opinion, international law, human rights, judicial sovereignty, US foreign policy American people, ICC membership, democracy, voice of the people, international actions, 2005 poll, Chicago Council, foreign relations, US population, participation, International Criminal Court, drawbacks, ratification American people, ICC membership, democracy, voice of the people, international actions, 2005 poll, Chicago Council, foreign relations, US population, participation, International Criminal Court, ratification, drawbacks
test-sport-tshbmlbscac-con04a	Collisions heighten antagonisms.  When someone gets hurt in a collision at the plate, the injured player’s teammates are more likely to hold a grudge—and to try to get even. There are numerous opportunities to do that, whether by aiming a pitch at that player, or by seeking another opportunity to hurt him. When Posey was injured, the Giants’ General Manager Brian Sabean said, “If I never hear from Cousins [who hit Posey] again or if he never plays another game in the big leagues, I think we’ll all be happy.... We’ll have a long memory.” [1] This is exactly the unsportsmanlike behaviour engendered by these dangerous and unnecessary plays.  Former MLB catcher Mike Matheny noted that catchers don’t forget when they get hit, saying, “I think you just put a mark in the column that that kid took a run at a catcher. To me as a catcher I know the next time I get the ball I'm going to stick it to him. You make those notes as a catcher.” [2]  [1] “Source: Joe Torre to call Brian Sabean,” ESPN.com News Services, June 3, 2011,  .  [2] R.B. Fallstrom, “Matheny critical of Cousins’ hit on Posey,” Associated Press, May 30, 2011,  . collisions, antagonisms, injured, teammates, grudge, retribution, pitching, Posey, injury, Giants, Brian Sabean, Cousins, unsportsmanlike, behavior, dangerous, unnecessary, plays, MLB, catcher, Mike Matheny, retaliation, memory collisions, antagonisms, hurt, plate, injured, teammates, grudge, even, pitch, hurt, Posey, Giants, General Manager, Brian Sabean, Cousins, unsportsmanlike, dangerous, unnecessary, plays, former MLB, catcher, Mike Matheny, hit, column, run, catcher, next time, ball, stick, notes, R.B. Fallstrom, Matheny critical, Associated Press collisions, antagonisms, injuries, grudges, retaliation, pitching, hitting, players, baseball, MLB, catchers, Posey, Sabean, Cousins, Matheny, unsportsmanlike, behavior, danger, plays, memory, notes, revenge Collisions, antagonisms, injury, grudge, retaliation, pitch, hurt, Posey, Giants, Brian Sabean, unsportsmanlike, dangerous, unnecessary, MLB, catcher, Mike Matheny, memory, baseball, violence, sportsmanship, competition, safety Collisions, antagonisms, injuries, grudges, retribution, pitching, MLB, Posey, Giants, Brian Sabean, unsportsmanlike, behavior, dangerous, unnecessary, plays, Mike Matheny, catchers, remembrance, retaliation
test-digital-freedoms-aihwbasmn-con04a	The state can use blocking Twitter and its ilk as precedent to censor the internet in the “public interest”  The state always likes to expand its powers over speech, particularly when that speech is damaging to the government’s credibility. The freedom of speech is a critical right in all free societies precisely because it is the ultimate check ordinary citizens have to challenge the powers that be, to express dissent, and to organize with like-minded people dissatisfied with the way government is running. The internet has been the most powerful and valuable tool in the expansion of individuals’ power of their governments. [1] The state quakes at the raw people power services like Twitter provides. It is the last frontier largely free of the state’s power, and the state has sought to expand its influence. By blocking Twitter the government would be able to get its first foothold in blocking free speech online. [2] The power of that beachhead would serve to give it further credibility in censoring other services online in the public interest. It is much better that the government be kept entirely out of these services, than let them begin the slow creep of intervention that would be a serious threat to the freedom of individuals on the internet.  [1] Anti-Defamation League. “Combating Extremism in Cyberspace”. 2000.   [2] Temperton, J. “Blocking Facebook and Twitter During Riots Threatens Freedom”. Computer Active. 15 August 2011. state power, internet censorship, public interest, freedom of speech, government control, social media regulation, online dissent, citizen organization, government credibility, people power, internet freedom, government intervention, free speech rights, blocking Twitter, social media platforms, extremism combating, online services, societal impact, digital rights, legislative precedent, technological freedom state, blocking, Twitter, precedent, censor, internet, public interest, expand, powers, speech, damaging, government, credibility, freedom, critical, right, free societies, ultimate, check, challenge, powers, express, dissent, organize, dissatisfaction, tool, expansion, individuals, power, quakes, people, power, services, frontier, influence, foothold, free speech, beachhead, credibility, censoring, services, better, entirely, out, slow, creep, intervention, threat, individuals, internet, Anti-Defamation League, Combating Extremism, Cyberspace, Temperton, Blocking, state, blocking, Twitter, precedent, censor, internet, public interest, expand, powers, speech, damaging, government, credibility, freedom, critical, right, free societies, ultimate check, ordinary citizens, challenge, powers that be, express dissent, organize, like-minded, dissatisfaction, internet, powerful, valuable, individuals, power, governments, quakes, people power, services, last frontier, state's power, influence, foothold, free speech, online, beachhead, credibility, censoring, services, better, government, entirely, out, slow creep, intervention, serious threat, individuals, internet state, blocking, Twitter, precedent, censor, internet, public interest, expand, powers, speech, damaging, government, credibility, freedom, critical, right, free societies, ultimate check, citizens, challenge, powers that be, dissent, organize, like-minded, government, running, internet, powerful, valuable, individuals, power, governments, quakes, raw people power, last frontier, influence, foothold, free speech, credibility, censoring, services, better, kept out, slow creep, intervention, serious threat, individuals, online, Anti-Defamation League, Combating Extremism, Cyberspace, state power, censorship, free speech, internet, Twitter, public interest, government control, dissent, organizing, checks on power, individual rights, online freedom, extremism, cyber regulation, social media, blocking, threat to freedom, civil liberties, digital rights, speech regulation, information control, public discourse, technology policy, privacy, digital activism, internet governance, content moderation, free expression, political power, digital communication, government intervention, online censorship, anti-defamation, cyber law, digital society, net neutrality, digital democracy, civil rights, digital rights advocacy, social media regulation, online speech, digital freedom, internet policy, tech ethics
test-economy-bhahwbsps-pro01a	"Exposing non-smokers to second-hand smoke goes against their rights.  The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (a list of rights to which the United Nations has declared that all human beings should be entitled) states that ""Everyone has the right to a standard of living adequate for the health and well-being of himself and of his family""1. More than 50 studies carried out worldwide have found that people are at an increased risk of lung cancer if they work or live with somebody who smokes2. Given these very serious health risks, it goes against people's human rights to be exposed to second-hand smoke when they have not chosen to breathe it in. To avoid this happening, smoking should be banned in public places, so that non-smokers can be sure that they will not have to breathe in second-hand smoke.  1 The Universal Declaration of Human Rights', General Assembly of the United Nations,   2 'Tobacco Smoke and Involuntary Smoking', World Health Organisation, Vol.83, 24 July 2002, second-hand smoke, non-smokers, human rights, Universal Declaration of Human Rights, health risks, lung cancer, public places, smoking ban, World Health Organisation, involuntary smoking, health and well-being, working environment, living environment, smoke exposure, rights violation, public health, non-smoker protection, tobacco control, environmental tobacco smoke, health standards, family health, UN General Assembly, WHO study, smoke-free policies, passive smoking, air quality, respiratory health, carcinogens, risk factors, health policy, smoker-non-smoker coexistence second-hand smoke, non-smokers, human rights, Universal Declaration of Human Rights, health risks, lung cancer, smoking ban, public places, involuntary smoking, World Health Organisation second-hand smoke, non-smokers, human rights, Universal Declaration of Human Rights, health risks, lung cancer, public places, smoking ban, involuntary smoking, World Health Organisation second-hand smoke, non-smokers, human rights, Universal Declaration of Human Rights, health risks, lung cancer, public places, smoking ban, involuntary smoking, World Health Organisation non-smokers, second-hand smoke, rights, Universal Declaration of Human Rights, health, well-being, lung cancer, studies, serious health risks, human rights, exposure, smoking ban, public places, involuntary smoking, World Health Organisation"
test-religion-cmrsgfhbr-con01a	This is a victory for democracy – a precious Filipino value - clear majorities in both houses and in the wider public support it  Opposition have conveniently glossed over one critical issue in this debate – that the RH Bill has significant popular support [i] . It also, as has been demonstrated that a majority of elected representatives support it. In itself these two facts provide evidence that modern Filipinos are sick of the fact that around half of the 3.4 million pregnancies each year are unplanned or the atrocious reality that 90,000 women a year seek the help of back street abortionists. When many of these go wrong, they were denied access to medical care and around 1,000 die each year as a result [ii] .  The values for the respect for the life of the mother, the value of life of the child, respect for the opinions of the majority, respect for democracy and placing the future of individuals and society above the outdated mythology of the Church would seem to be alive and well in the decision to pass this bill.  [i] Rauhala, Emily, ‘Culture Wars: After a decade of debate, the Philippines passes Reproductive Health Bill’, Time, 17 December 2012.   [ii] Ibid. democracy, Filipino values, RH Bill, popular support, elected representatives, unplanned pregnancies, back street abortion, maternal mortality, respect for life, maternal health, reproductive rights, Philippine politics, culture wars, legislative process, societal values, church influence, public opinion, democracy in Philippines, reproductive health care, women's rights, maternal care, legislative debate, Philippines legislation, health reform, social issues, political debate, religious influence, modern values, democratic decision making, women's health, pregnancy, abortion statistics, legislative support, public health, healthcare access, social change, cultural values, political support, abortion safety, maternal deaths, public democracy, Filipino values, RH Bill, popular support, elected representatives, unplanned pregnancies, back street abortionists, maternal deaths, respect for life, maternal health, reproductive rights, church influence, Philippine politics, legislative process, public opinion, abortion safety, cultural values, societal progress, health care access democracy, Filipino values, RH Bill, popular support, elected representatives, unplanned pregnancies, back street abortionists, maternal mortality, respect for life, reproductive health, Philippines, Culture Wars, legislative decision, societal progress, Church influence, public health, women's rights, reproductive rights, democratic values, social change democracy, Filipino values, RH Bill, popular support, elected representatives, unplanned pregnancies, back street abortionists, maternal mortality, respect for life, maternal health, reproductive rights, cultural values, church influence, legislative victory, public opinion, societal progress democracy, Filipino values, RH Bill, opposition, popular support, elected representatives, unplanned pregnancies, back street abortionists, maternal mortality, respect for life, majority opinion, reproductive rights, Church influence, Philippine legislature, public health, women's health, cultural debate, legislative victory, Time magazine, Emily Rauhala, 2012 legislation
test-free-speech-debate-fchbjaj-pro02a	Governments have always struggled with the idea of press investigation and freedom of information, claiming Assange is not a journalist is simply a stunt.  We know that most governments struggle with the idea of not having control over information and are suspicious of the media. In a pre-Internet age working with a handful of proprietors made controlling information far easier.  Since the creation of the Internet, the idea of controlling the media has become harder, now there are those who can broadcast themselves directly; a mass of information and opinion that doesn’t rely on the patronage of publishers or political favour.  Assange has simply taken a journalistic position that makes sense for the new media age.  In contrast to the opinion driven mainstream press and much of the blogosphere, Wikileaks actually breaks new stories [1] . New media requires new skills and attitudes of its journalists because the relationship with their readers has changed dramatically but the core of the role, speaking truth to power, remains the same. Furthermore they do so in such a way as allows them to publish their source material and allow the reader themselves to make a judgement as to whether their story really reflects that material. This ability, reflecting effectively limitless capacity for providing textual information, meets the frequently heard desire for news without spin – routinely featured in research into people’s views on the press. This may be a new approach, just as Assange is a new type of Journalist but he is still a journalist.  [1] John Pilger and Julian Assange discuss citizen journalism here . press investigation, freedom of information, government control, media suspicion, Internet age, media control, new media, direct broadcasting, Assange, journalism, Wikileaks, breaking stories, media skills, reader relationship, speaking truth to power, source material, news without spin, citizen journalism, Julian Assange, John Pilger press investigation, freedom of information, governments, control over information, internet, new media age, broadcasting directly, media control, journalistic position, new media, new skills, new attitudes, relationship with readers, speaking truth to power, source material, news without spin, citizen journalism, Julian Assange, WikiLeaks press investigation, freedom of information, Julian Assange, journalist, governments, control over information, media, Internet, new media age, Wikileaks, breaking stories, new skills, journalistic role, speaking truth to power, source material, news without spin, citizen journalism, John Pilger press investigation, freedom of information, government control, media suspicion, internet impact, media control, new media age, journalistic evolution, Assange, WikiLeaks, truth to power, citizen journalism, media independence, information transparency, news without spin, journalistic integrity, modern journalism, digital media, media proprietorship, political influence, media broadcasting, public opinion, journalistic skills, reader relationship, source material publication, media accountability, media criticism, press freedom, journalistic roles press investigation, freedom of information, Assange, journalist, governments, control over information, media, pre-Internet age, Internet, new media age, Wikileaks, new stories, new skills, attitudes, journalists, speaking truth to power, source material, reader judgement, news without spin, citizen journalism
test-religion-grcrgshwbr-pro05a	Western societies are secularly focused  Many societies are founded on secular values that do not permit the sponsorship of any religion by the state. British society aspires to this and has consciously acted to separate religion from state authority with many organisations such as the National Secular Society encouraging the suppression of any religious expression in public places.1 In this climate it is important that all citizens of the state are seen as equal. If some dress differently to others, deliberately identifying themselves as members of one religion, this can harm the unity and ethos of the state. This holds particularly true for institutions of the state like schools and government offices. In this way, it is possible to deduce that religious symbols are detrimental to the secular and equality focused identity of Western society.  1 'UK: One Law for all and the National Secular Society Back Bill that Aims to Curb Sharia Courts', 11th June 2011 , accessed on 23rd July 2011 Western societies, secular values, state religion separation, British society, National Secular Society, religious expression suppression, public equality, religious dress, societal unity, state institutions, schools, government offices, religious symbols, secular identity, equality focus, UK law, Sharia courts Western societies, secular values, state sponsorship, religion, British society, National Secular Society, religious expression, public places, citizen equality, religious dress, unity, state identity, schools, government offices, religious symbols, secular identity, equality, Sharia courts, UK law Western societies, secular focus, secular values, state-religion separation, British society, National Secular Society, religious expression, public places, citizen equality, religious dress, state unity, institutional ethos, schools, government offices, religious symbols, secular identity, equality, Sharia courts, legal reform Western societies, secular focus, secular values, state religion separation, British society, National Secular Society, religious expression suppression, public places, citizen equality, religious dress, unity, state ethos, schools, government offices, religious symbols, secular identity, equality, Sharia courts, UK law Western societies, secular values, state sponsorship, religion, British society, National Secular Society, religious expression, public places, citizen equality, religious dress, unity, state institutions, schools, government offices, religious symbols, secular identity, equality, Sharia courts, UK, one law for all
test-philosophy-pppgshbsd-con05a	It is impossible to acquire the information necessary to create a coherent economy  A planned economy requires that the planners have the information necessary to allocate resources in the right way. This is a virtually impossible task.  The world contains trillions of different resources: my labour, iron ore, Hong Kong harbour, pine trees, satellites, car factories – etc. The number of different ways to use, combine and recombine these resources is unimaginably vast.  And almost all of them are useless. For example, it would be a mistake to combine Arnold Schwarzenegger with medical equipment and have him perform brain surgery.  Centralised planning cannot possibly sort through the myriad of way of arranging resources to arrive at the most efficient usage. Only a decentralised price system can achieve this via the institution of private property and associated duties and rights. [1]  [1] Boudreaux, Donald J, ‘Information and Prices’. planned economy, resource allocation, information problem, central planning, price system, private property, Arnold Schwarzenegger, medical equipment, brain surgery, resource combination, economic coherence, decentralization, property rights, market efficiency, Boudreaux, Donald J, Information and Prices impossible, information, coherent economy, planned economy, planners, allocate resources, virtually impossible task, world, trillions, resources, labour, iron ore, Hong Kong harbour, pine trees, satellites, car factories, combine, recombine, useless, Arnold Schwarzenegger, medical equipment, brain surgery, centralised planning, myriad, arranging resources, efficient usage, decentralised price system, private property, duties, rights, Boudreaux, Donald J, Information and Prices impossible, information, coherent, economy, planned, planners, resources, allocation, task, world, trillions, labour, iron, ore, Hong, Kong, harbour, pine, trees, satellites, car, factories, useless, mistake, Arnold, Schwarzenegger, medical, equipment, brain, surgery, centralised, planning, sort, myriad, arranging, efficient, usage, decentralised, price, system, institution, private, property, duties, rights, Boudreaux, Donald, J, Information, Prices information, resources, planned economy, centralised planning, decentralised price system, private property, allocation, efficiency, Donald J. Boudreaux, Information and Prices Impossible, information, coherent economy, planned economy, resource allocation, trillions, resources, labour, iron ore, Hong Kong harbour, pine trees, satellites, car factories, useless, Arnold Schwarzenegger, medical equipment, brain surgery, centralised planning, myriad, efficient usage, decentralised price system, private property, duties, rights, Boudreaux, Donald J, Information and Prices
test-international-epglghbni-pro05a	Economic efficiency  A Unified Ireland would be better off economically. “Ireland is too small for two separate administrations….There is a draw towards the greater integration of services, structures and bodies on an all-Ireland basis in order to deliver quality services and economies of scale.” – Martin McGuinness, Deputy First Minister for Northern Ireland*  Having two electricity grids, two transport networks, two separate police and judiciary hamper economic growth and waste resources that could be better used in a unified system, as cost would lower as efficiency rises.  *McGuinness, 2010, Economic efficiency, Unified Ireland, Martin McGuinness, Two administrations, Integration, Services, Structures, Bodies, All-Ireland, Quality services, Economies of scale, Electricity grids, Transport networks, Police, Judiciary, Economic growth, Resource allocation, Unified system, Lower costs, Increased efficiency Economic efficiency, Unified Ireland, Martin McGuinness, Integration, Services, Structures, Bodies, All-Ireland, Quality services, Economies of scale, Electricity grids, Transport networks, Police, Judiciary, Economic growth, Resources, Unified system, Cost reduction, Efficiency gain economic efficiency, unified Ireland, Martin McGuinness, integration, services, structures, bodies, all-Ireland, quality services, economies of scale, electricity grids, transport networks, police, judiciary, economic growth, resource allocation, unified system, cost reduction, efficiency improvement Economic efficiency, Unified Ireland, administrative integration, economies of scale, service delivery, infrastructure unification, cost reduction, resource optimization, Martin McGuinness, 2010, economic growth, separate administrations, electricity grids, transport networks, police, judiciary, resource wastage, unified system, efficiency improvement Economic efficiency, Unified Ireland, Martin McGuinness, Integration, Services, Structures, Bodies, All-Ireland, Electricity grids, Transport networks, Police, Judiciary, Economic growth, Resource management, Cost reduction, Efficiency enhancement
test-philosophy-eppphwlrtjs-pro05a	"It may be necessary to limit trial by jury in cases where it is impossible to recruit an impartial jury.  Especially in cases of nationalist conflict or terrorist attacks, it may be extremely difficult to have a non-biased jury. In Northern Island, for example, jurors may sympathize with violent offenders and acquit them despite a preponderance of evidence. Similarly, it can be a struggle to appoint non-biased juries for terrorism trials post 9/11. In 2003, the ""Lackwana Six"" were accused of aiding a foreign terrorist organization. The magistrate noted that ""Understandably, the infamous, dastardly and tragic deeds and events of September 11, 2001 have caused a maelstrom of human emotions to ... create a human reservoir of strong emotional feelings such as fear, anxiety and hatred as well as a feeling of paranoia... These are strong emotions of a negative nature which, if not appropriately checked, cause the ability of one to properly reason to ... be blinded."" Questions about jury impartiality have been raised in multiple similar cases, even leading some defendants to claim that they pled guilty out of resignation that the jury would inevitably be biased and refuse to acquit.1 The implication is that in some trials, juries may be unable to make impartial decisions, thus making the trial unfair. The only way for justice to be done, in such cases, is to allow a judge to decide the verdict.  1Laura K. Donohue, ""Terrorism and Trial by Jury: The Vices and Virtues of British and American Criminal Law"" trial by jury, impartial jury, nationalist conflict, terrorist attacks, Northern Ireland, non-biased juries, terrorism trials, post 9/11, Lackwana Six, jury impartiality, emotional bias, fear, anxiety, hatred, paranoia, reasoning, justice, judge verdict, terrorism, criminal law, British law, American law jury impartiality, jury bias, nationalist conflict, terrorist attacks, Northern Ireland, post 9/11 trials, Lackwana Six, terrorism trials, emotional impact, jury decision-making, magistrate statement, plea bargains, trial fairness, judge verdict, Laura K. Donohue, Terrorism and Trial by Jury, British criminal law, American criminal law jury impartiality, nationalist conflict, terrorist attacks, non-biased jury, Northern Ireland, post 9/11, Lackawanna Six, human emotions, fear, anxiety, hatred, paranoia, jury bias, trial fairness, judge verdict, terrorism trials, British law, American law, Laura K. Donohue trial by jury, impartial jury, nationalist conflict, terrorist attacks, Northern Ireland, jurors, violent offenders, non-biased juries, terrorism trials, 9/11, Lackwana Six, human emotions, fear, anxiety, hatred, paranoia, jury impartiality, defendants, guilty plea, judicial verdict, Laura K. Donohue, Terrorism and Trial by Jury, British and American Criminal Law trial by jury, impartial jury, nationalist conflict, terrorist attacks, Northern Ireland, non-biased jury, terrorism trials, post 9/11, Lackwana Six, emotional bias, jury impartiality, judge decision, fairness in trials, terrorism and jury, Laura K. Donohue, British and American law"
test-international-gmehbisrip1b-pro03a	Returning to the 1967 borders would bring peace to Israel.  If Israel were to withdraw to its 1967 borders, the Palestinian Liberation Organisation (PLO) would recognise Israel as legitimate within its remaining territories and end the conflict. In October 2010 Senior Palestine Liberation Organization official Yasser Abed Rabbo said that the Palestinians will be willing to recognize the State of Israel in any way that it desires, if the Americans would only present a map of the future Palestinian state that includes all of the territories captured in 1967, including East Jerusalem. “We want to receive a map of the State of Israel which Israel wants us to accept. If the map will be based on the 1967 borders and will not include our land, our houses and East Jerusalem, we will be willing to recognize Israel according to the formulation of the government within the hour... Any formulation [presented to us] – even asking us to call Israel the 'Chinese State' – we will agree to it, as long as we receive the 1967 borders ” added Rabbo. [1] Even Ismail Haniyeh, leader of the more extreme Hamas organisation, has said Hamas will accept a Palestinian state within the 1967 borders and will offer Israel a “long term truce” if it withdraws accordingly. [2] Significant international support for Israel withdrawing to the 1967 borders also exists, even from states with a history of hostility with Israel such as Iran and Saudi Arabia, who have made such a withdrawal a precondition of peace and recognition talks with Israel. [3] [4] Even then-Israeli Prime Miniser Ehud Olmert acknowledged in 2008 that “almost all” of the territory seized during the Six-Day War in 1967 will have to be given back to the Palestinians return for peace. [5] Therefore Israel should withdraw to its 1967 borders as this would bring peace and security to Israel by ending the conflict with the Palestinians and neighbouring states.  [1] Haaretz. “PLO chief: We will recognize Israel in return for 1967 borders”. Haaretz.com. 13 October 2010.   [2] Amira Hass News Agencies, Haaretz. “willing to accept a Palestinian state within the 1967 borders”. Haaretz.com. 9 November 2008.   [3] Al-Quds. “Ahmadinezhad and the Implications of the Two-State Solution”. Pro-Fatah Palestinian newspaper Al-Quds. 29 April 2009  [4] UPI.com. “Saudi to Israel: Return to 1967 borders”. UPI.com. 5 November 2010.   [5] MacIntyre, Donald. “Israel will have to reinstate pre-1967 border for peace deal, Olmert admits”. The Independent. 30 Septemebr 2008. 1967 borders, peace, Israel, Palestinian Liberation Organisation, PLO, recognition, conflict, Yasser Abed Rabbo, Palestinian state, East Jerusalem, Ismail Haniyeh, Hamas, international support, Iran, Saudi Arabia, Ehud Olmert, Six-Day War, territory, security, Palestinian territories, two-state solution, Ahmadinezhad, Saudi, pre-1967 border, peace deal 1967 borders, peace, Israel, Palestinian Liberation Organization, PLO, recognition, conflict, Yasser Abed Rabbo, Palestinian state, East Jerusalem, Ismail Haniyeh, Hamas, long term truce, international support, Iran, Saudi Arabia, peace talks, Ehud Olmert, Six-Day War, security, Al-Quds, Ahmadinezhad, UPI, MacIntyre, The Independent 1967 borders, peace, Israel, Palestinian Liberation Organisation, PLO, recognition, conflict, Yasser Abed Rabbo, Palestinian state, East Jerusalem, Ismail Haniyeh, Hamas, international support, Iran, Saudi Arabia, Ehud Olmert, Six-Day War, territory, security, Palestinians, ceasefire, Pro-Fatah, Ahmadinezhad, two-state solution, UPI, The Independent, MacIntyre, Donald 1967 borders, peace, Israel, Palestinian Liberation Organisation, PLO, recognition, conflict, Yasser Abed Rabbo, map, Palestinian state, East Jerusalem, Ismail Haniyeh, Hamas, long term truce, international support, Iran, Saudi Arabia, Ehud Olmert, Six-Day War, Palestinian territories, ceasefire, security, two-state solution, Ahmadinezhad, Saudi, pre-1967 border, peace deal, The Independent, Haaretz, UPI 1967 borders, peace, Israel, Palestinian Liberation Organisation, PLO, recognition, conflict, Yasser Abed Rabbo, Palestinian state, East Jerusalem, Ismail Haniyeh, Hamas, long term truce, international support, Iran, Saudi Arabia, Ehud Olmert, Six-Day War, territory, security, Two-State Solution, Ahmadinezhad, Donald MacIntyre, The Independent, UPI, Al-Quds
test-politics-oepghbrnsl-pro01a	Stability is more important than reform  Since the fall of communism, Russia has plunged into a deep economic recession. The introduction of market reforms and privatization has led to a swift increase in inequalities coupled with an increase in corruption. The chaos of economic and political reform, along with the chaos of the break-up of former USSR, has left the majority of the population both disillusioned and distrustful of their government. In a period of such chaos, stability seems to be much more important than reform. A strong leader is the only solution to providing such stability, setting a clear direction and pulling a country at risk of falling apart together again. This is also proven from various polls among the Russian population – “…The most eye-catching statistic is the overwhelming majority of respondents who say that order is more important for Russia than democracy – 72 per cent, with 16 per cent responding conversely.” (1) stability, reform, post-communism, Russia, economic recession, market reforms, privatization, inequality, corruption, political reform, USSR dissolution, public distrust, strong leadership, order, democracy, Russian polls, public opinion stability, reform, post-communism, Russia, economic recession, market reforms, privatization, inequality, corruption, political reform, USSR dissolution, public opinion, strong leadership, order, democracy stability, reform, communism, economic recession, market reforms, privatization, inequalities, corruption, political reform, USSR, disillusionment, government distrust, strong leader, order, democracy, Russian population, polls, governance, leadership, political stability stability, reform, post-communism, Russia, economic recession, market reforms, privatization, inequalities, corruption, political chaos, USSR dissolution, public disillusionment, government distrust, strong leadership, national unity, order, democracy, public opinion polls, Russian populace, governance priorities stability, reform, post-communism, Russia, economic recession, market reforms, privatization, inequality, corruption, political chaos, USSR dissolution, disillusionment, government distrust, strong leadership, order, democracy, public opinion, polls, Russian population
test-economy-beghwbh-con03a	There have been similar suggestions before for intercity travel  The Hyperloop is not the first proposal to use tubes with low – or no – pressure in them. A very high speed train was proposed by Robert M. Salter in 1972. This as a train running in a vacuum would have gone substantially faster than anything that is currently being proposed travelling at around 3000 mph. [1]  Nor is this the first proposal for a pneumatic transport system; such trains were around in the 19th century. They were first proposed as far back as 1812 [2] and several short demonstration tracks were constructed such as the Beach Pneumatic Transit in New York which opened in 1870. [3] Such idea has not got off the ground in the past and there seems no reason why they should now when the basic technology is pretty much the same.  [1] Salter, Robert M., ‘The Very High Speed Transit System’, RAND Corporation, 1972,   [2] Medhurst, George, ‘Calculations and Remarks, Tending to Prove the Practicability, Effects and Advantages of a Plan for the Rapid Conveyance of Goods and Passengers: Upon an Iron Road Through a Tube of 30 Feet in Area, by the Power and Velocity of Air’, D.N. Shury, 1812,   [3] Mihm, Stephen, ‘New York Had a Hyperloop First, Elon Musk’, Bloomberg, 14 August 2013, Hyperloop, intercity travel, low-pressure tubes, Robert M. Salter, 1972, very high speed train, vacuum train, 3000 mph, pneumatic transport system, 19th century, 1812, Beach Pneumatic Transit, New York, 1870, RAND Corporation, George Medhurst, D.N. Shury, Stephen Mihm, Bloomberg, Elon Musk Hyperlloop, intercity travel, low-pressure tubes, Robert M. Salter, 1972, very high speed train, vacuum train, 3000 mph, pneumatic transport system, 19th century, Beach Pneumatic Transit, New York, 1870, technological history, transportation innovation, Elon Musk Hyperlloop, intercity travel, low-pressure tubes, Robert M. Salter, 1972, very high speed train, vacuum, 3000 mph, pneumatic transport system, 19th century, 1812, Beach Pneumatic Transit, New York, 1870, technology, RAND Corporation, George Medhurst, Bloomberg, Stephen Mihm, Elon Musk Hyperloop, intercity travel, low-pressure tubes, Robert M. Salter, 1972, very high speed train, vacuum, 3000 mph, pneumatic transport system, 19th century, 1812, Beach Pneumatic Transit, New York, 1870, technology, Elon Musk, New York Hyperloop, historical pneumatic trains, RAND Corporation, George Medhurst, D.N. Shury, Bloomberg, Stephen Mihm Intercity travel, Hyperloop, Robert M. Salter, very high speed train, vacuum, 3000 mph, pneumatic transport system, 19th century, Beach Pneumatic Transit, New York, 1870, RAND Corporation, 1972, George Medhurst, 1812, D.N. Shury, Stephen Mihm, Bloomberg, 2013
test-economy-bepighbdb-pro02a	Dictatorships assure low cost political stability  Due to the lack of rotation in office, a dictatorship allows for a more stable government with more ability to plan for the long term, which is crucial for attracting foreign investment.  Given that a democracy requires regular elections, each election can change the economic environment of a country. A change in government may lead to a switch in policies, partisan appointments to government bodies, and a medium term focus always set on the next election.  Close elections can lead to disorder as votes are recounted and appeals lodged in the courts. After the 2006 Mexican presidential election, tight results lead to popular unrest and mass protests calling for a recount. The president elect had to deal with a large legislative faction that did not recognise him, and his opponent refused to concede defeat. [1] Without a stable framework, the lack of foreign confidence may impede development. The countries that have developed rapidly have tended to be those that have managed to attract this foreign direct investment thus in 2012 China managed to get $243 billion of FDI (18% of the total) against only $175 billion for the United States which is still a much bigger economy. [2]  Additionally the resources needed to operate a democratic society and run elections are a large expense for the state and society as a whole; the US presidential election costs $6bn, [3] money which would be much better spent investing in building infrastructure or businesses.  [1] See for example the case of Mexico’s 2006 elections. ‘Mass protest over Mexico election’, BBC News, 9 July 2006,  ‘Fracas mars Mexico inauguration’, BBC News, 2 December 2006,   [2] OECD, ‘FDI in Figures’, April 2013,   [3] Hebblethwaite, Cordelia, ‘US election: How can it cost $6bn?’, BBC News, 2 August 2012, dictatorships, political stability, low cost, long-term planning, foreign investment, democracy, regular elections, economic environment, policy changes, partisan appointments, medium-term focus, election disorder, vote recounts, legal appeals, popular unrest, mass protests, legislative opposition, foreign confidence, infrastructure development, election costs, societal expenses, US presidential election, Mexico 2006 election, FDI, China, United States, OECD, BBC News, Cordelia Hebblethwaite dictatorships, low cost, political stability, rotation in office, stable government, long term planning, foreign investment, democracy, regular elections, economic environment, policy changes, partisan appointments, medium term focus, close elections, disorder, vote recounts, court appeals, post-election unrest, foreign confidence, rapid development, foreign direct investment, China, United States, election costs, infrastructure investment, business investment, Mexico, 2006 Mexican election, mass protests, legislative opposition, US presidential election costs dictatorships, political stability, low cost, government planning, long-term focus, foreign investment, democracy, elections, economic environment, policy changes, partisan appointments, medium-term focus, election disorder, vote recounts, court appeals, popular unrest, mass protests, legislative opposition, foreign confidence, development, foreign direct investment, infrastructure, business investment, election costs, state expenses, societal costs Dictatorship, political stability, low cost, government, long-term planning, foreign investment, democracy, elections, economic environment, policy change, partisan appointments, medium-term focus, close elections, disorder, recounts, court appeals, Mexico, 2006, presidential election, popular unrest, mass protests, foreign confidence, development, China, FDI, United States, election costs, infrastructure, businesses, US presidential election, BBC News, OECD, FDI figures, Cordelia Hebblethwaite, election spending dictatorships, low-cost, political stability, rotation in office, stable government, long-term planning, foreign investment, democracy, regular elections, economic environment, policy changes, partisan appointments, short-term focus, close elections, disorder, vote recounts, legal appeals, popular unrest, mass protests, foreign confidence, development, rapid development, foreign direct investment, FDI, China, United States, election costs, democratic society, election expenses, infrastructure, business investment, Mexico, presidential election, 2006, US election, 2012, OECD, FDI figures, BBC News, Hebblethwaite
test-international-ghbunhf-con05a	As world becomes more globalised, the need for a global forum for resolving problems becomes ever more important.  In a globalised economy nations depend on each other as never before, and the costs of war and conflict grow ever higher. So it is more important than ever than countries have a forum for resolving their disputes and simply talking to each other. Regional bodies such as the EU or ASEAN can perform some of these functions, and specialised bodies such as the WTO some others; but there can never be a substitute for the global forum provided by the UN. If the United Nations did not exist, we would have to invent it. [1]  [1] Hammarskjold, Dag. “Do We Need The United Nations?”. Address to the Students’ Association, Copenhagen, 2nd May 1959. www.un.org/depts/dhl/dag/docs/needun.pdf globalisation, global forum, resolving problems, globalised economy, nations, interdependence, costs of war, conflict, dispute resolution, regional bodies, EU, ASEAN, specialised bodies, WTO, United Nations, UN, necessity, international cooperation, Dag Hammarskjold, speech, Copenhagen, 1959 globalisation, global forum, resolving problems, globalised economy, interdependence, costs of war, conflict, dispute resolution, international dialogue, regional bodies, EU, ASEAN, specialised bodies, WTO, United Nations, UN, global governance, international cooperation, peace, security, Dag Hammarskjold, UN importance, necessity of UN globalisation, global forum, resolving problems, globalised economy, interdependence, costs of war, conflict, dispute resolution, regional bodies, EU, ASEAN, specialised bodies, WTO, United Nations, UN, necessity, Hammarskjold, Dag, address, students, Copenhagen, 1959 globalisation, global forum, problem resolution, globalised economy, interdependence, war costs, conflict costs, dispute resolution, international communication, regional bodies, EU, ASEAN, specialised bodies, WTO, United Nations, global governance, international cooperation, Dag Hammarskjold, UN necessity globalisation, global forum, resolving problems, globalised economy, interdependence, war, conflict, costs, dispute resolution, communication, regional bodies, EU, ASEAN, specialised bodies, WTO, United Nations, global substitute, necessity, Hammarskjold, Dag, UN importance, international cooperation, peace, diplomacy
test-religion-yercfrggms-pro03a	"If there were a God there would be irrefutable evidence of His existence and people would feel compelled to belief by the fact of it:  Many people do not believe in God, and the ranks of atheists are growing every day, particularly in the developed world. It seems that as human knowledge of the Universe expands and as social institutions develop and improve, people feel less dependent upon the crutch of religious faith, and place greater store in reason. [1] If God existed He would make His existence clear to all humanity, not just to a chosen few. In so doing His wisdom would naturally drown out an earthly knowledge, which would obviously be inferior to any that might be furnished by an omniscient being. [2] God has clearly never imparted His wisdom to people since no such divine wisdom exists in any holy book. Were there a correct holy book currently in use, it would necessarily be the only one, because everyone would acknowledge its superiority at once. Reality shows all holy books to be flawed works of flawed men. There is no glimmer of divine spark in any of them, and the only thing that separates most of them from the ravings of madmen is that large groups of people have chosen to believe them. The more reasonable conclusion is one of atheism, and that people believe in God out of ignorance, not revelation.  [1] Drange, Theodore. 1998. ""Nonbelief as Support for Atheism"". Twentieth World Congress of Philosophy.  [2] Schellenberg, John. 2005. ""The Hiddenness Argument Revisited"". Religious Studies 41. atheism, God, irrefutable evidence, belief, nonbelief, growing atheism, developed world, human knowledge, Universe, social institutions, religious faith, reason, divine wisdom, omniscient being, holy books, flawed works, divine spark, madness, ignorance, revelation, Theodore Drange, John Schellenberg, Hiddenness Argument, philosophy, Religious Studies God, irrefutable evidence, belief, atheism, rationality, divine wisdom, holy books, human knowledge, social institutions, religious faith, nonbelief, atheism support, hiddenness argument, divine revelation, human reason, omniscience, theological arguments, philosophical debate, Drange, Schellenberg, Twentieth World Congress of Philosophy, Religious Studies God, irrefutable evidence, belief, atheists, developed world, human knowledge, social institutions, religious faith, reason, existence, chosen few, wisdom, earthly knowledge, omniscient, holy books, divine wisdom, flawed, atheism, ignorance, revelation, Theodore Drange, John Schellenberg, Hiddenness Argument Atheism, Evidence, God, Existence, Belief, Nonbelief, Rationality, Reason, Science, Religion, Holy Books, Divine Wisdom, Faith, Knowledge, Human Development, Social Institutions, Ignorance, Revelation, Theism, Nonexistence, Flawed, Rational Conclusion, Theodore Drange, John Schellenberg, Hiddenness Argument God, irrefutable evidence, belief, atheists, developed world, human knowledge, Universe, social institutions, religious faith, reason, existence, chosen few, wisdom, earthly knowledge, omniscient being, holy book, divine wisdom, flawed works, madmen, atheism, ignorance, revelation, Theodore Drange, John Schellenberg, Hiddenness Argument, Religious Studies"
test-science-ascidfakhba-con04a	Artists often rely on copyright protection to financially support themselves and their families  Artists as they are often not paid for anything else may rely on their creative output to support themselves. This is certainly no crime, and existing copyright laws recognize this fact. Artists often rely wholly on their ability to sell and profit from their work. This policy serves to drain them of that potential revenue, as their work is shunted into creative commons, and available to all. Artists often also have families to support, and putting the added financial burden on them of stripping them of their copyright only serves to further those problems as they exist. A robust system of copyright is a much better protection to struggling and successful artists alike who like all talented individuals seek to assuage their material wants. Artists cannot live on appreciation alone. With much less secure copyright many would have to find other work. Artists, copyright, financial, support, families, creative, output, sell, profit, work, policy, revenue, creative commons, financial burden, copyright laws, robust system, struggling, successful, material wants, appreciation, secure copyright, find other work copyright, financial support, artists, families, creative output, profit, work, revenue, creative commons, financial burden, robust system, copyright protection, struggling artists, successful artists, material wants, appreciation, secure copyright, other work artists, copyright, protection, financial, support, families, creative, output, profit, work, policy, creative commons, revenue, financial burden, robust system, struggling artists, successful artists, material wants, appreciation, less secure copyright, find other work Artists, Copyright, Protection, Financial, Support, Families, Creative, Output, Paid, Existing, Laws, Policy, Revenue, Work, Shunted, Creative, Commons, Available, Financial, Burden, Robust, System, Better, Struggling, Successful, Talent, Assuage, Material, Wants, Appreciation, Insecure, Other, Work Artists, Copyright, Financial Support, Creative Output, Revenue, Creative Commons, Families, Robust System, Protection, Material Wants, Appreciation, Less Secure Copyright, Other Work
test-economy-epsihbdns-con03a	"Rural life is miserable and has higher mortality rates than cities  This planet does not find worse living standards anywhere than in the rural areas of developing countries. These are the areas where famine, child mortality and diseases (such as AIDS) plague the people. [1] China’s Hukou system has condemned millions of people to premature death by locking them in areas that never will develop. [2] While the cities enjoy the benefits of 12% growth, the villages are as poor and deprived as ever. [3] It is a poorly concealed policy aimed at maintaining a gaping social cleavage and allowing the rich to remain rich.  [1] Maxwell, Daniel., “The Political Economy of Urban Food Security in Sub-Saharan Africa.” 11, London : Elsevier Science Ltd., 1999, World Development, Vol. 27, p. 1939±1953. S0305-750X(99)00101-1.  [2] Dikötter, Frank. Mao's Great Famine. London : Walker & Company, 2010. 0802777686.  [3] Wang, Fei-Ling. “Organising through Division and Exclusion: China's Hukou System"". 2005. Rural life, mortality rates, developing countries, famine, child mortality, diseases, AIDS, China, Hukou system, premature death, urban-rural divide, economic growth, social policy, poverty, social cleavage, Sub-Saharan Africa, political economy, urban food security, Mao's Great Famine, Fei-Ling Wang, exclusion, division, Walker & Company, Elsevier Science Ltd., World Development Rural life, mortality rates, developing countries, famine, child mortality, diseases, AIDS, China’s Hukou system, premature death, urban food security, Sub-Saharan Africa, Mao's Great Famine, social cleavage, rich, poor, villages, growth, policy, exclusion, division, Fei-Ling Wang, Frank Dikötter, Daniel Maxwell, World Development, Elsevier Science Ltd., Walker & Company rural life, mortality rates, cities, developing countries, famine, child mortality, diseases, AIDS, China, Hukou system, premature death, urban food security, social cleavage, poverty, deprivation, political economy, Sub-Saharan Africa, Mao's Great Famine, Fei-Ling Wang, exclusion, division Rural life, mortality rates, cities, developing countries, famine, child mortality, diseases, AIDS, China’s Hukou system, premature death, urban food security, social cleavage, poverty, deprivation, economic growth, Mao's Great Famine, Organising through Division and Exclusion, World Development, Sub-Saharan Africa, political economy, Fei-Ling Wang, Frank Dikötter, Daniel Maxwell Rural life, mortality rates, developing countries, famine, child mortality, diseases, AIDS, China, Hukou system, premature death, social cleavage, urban food security, Sub-Saharan Africa, Mao's Great Famine, Fei-Ling Wang, exclusion, division, urban-rural gap, economic growth, poverty, deprivation, social policy, inequality, social justice, development studies, political economy, public health, demographic studies, social anthropology, sociology, geography, rural development, urbanization, migration, governance, human rights, China studies, African studies, health disparities, socioeconomic factors, environmental health, nutrition, public administration"
test-international-aegmeppghw-con04a	Turkey would be an unstable Muslim state in a traditionally Christian union  Turkey’s citizens may be Muslims, but the state is as firmly secular as France in terms of its constitution and government. The new Justice and Development Party (AK) which is currently in government is not seeking to overturn the secular constitution, although it does want to amend some laws that positively discriminate against devout Muslims. These include rules such as the ban on women wearing headscarves in government buildings; restrictions on expressing religious belief which would break human rights laws within the EU.  Regardless of one's beliefs surrounding Turkey's possible ascension to the European Union, the fact that the nation's predominant religion is Islam is surely not one of the issues to be considered. Millions of Muslims already live within the EU; excluding Turkey from membership on the grounds of religion would suggest these European Muslims were second-class citizens in a Christian club. It would also presumably rule out future EU entry for Albania, Bosnia and Kosovo. If the EU is to be regarded as an institution that promotes freedom for the citizens of its member states then surely this also means that it promotes freedom of religion. If EU member states are fearful of building closer relations with Islam, which they will inevitably have to, proceeding with the world's most moderate and 'western' Islamic country is the most logical first step. The EU should welcome a state which could provide a positive example of how Islam is completely compatible with democracy, progress and human rights. Turkey, unstable, Muslim, state, Christian, union, citizens, Muslims, secular, constitution, government, Justice and Development Party, AK, amend, laws, headscarves, government buildings, religious belief, human rights, EU, ascension, European Union, religion, Muslims, second-class citizens, Christian club, Albania, Bosnia, Kosovo, institution, freedom, member states, Islam, moderate, western, Islamic, democracy, progress, human rights Turkey, Muslim, Christian, Union, secular, Justice and Development Party, AK, headscarves, religious freedom, EU, Islam, democracy, human rights, Albania, Bosnia, Kosovo, European Muslims, second-class citizens Turkey, unstable, Muslim, state, Christian, union, secular, constitution, government, Justice and Development Party, AK, headscarves, religious belief, human rights, EU, ascension, European Union, Muslims, citizenship, Albania, Bosnia, Kosovo, freedom, religion, Islam, democracy, progress, human rights, compatibility, moderate, western, Islamic, positive example, EU membership Turkey, unstable, Muslim, state, Christian, union, secular, constitution, government, Justice and Development Party, AK, headscarves, religious belief, human rights, EU, ascension, exclusion, religion, second-class citizens, Albania, Bosnia, Kosovo, freedom, Islam, democracy, progress, human rights, compatible, moderate, western, positive example, closer relations, logical first step, welcome Turkey, Muslim, Christian, Union, secular, constitution, Justice and Development Party, AK, headscarves, religious belief, human rights, EU, ascension, European Union, Islam, democracy, progress, human rights, Albania, Bosnia, Kosovo, freedom of religion, moderate, western, Islamic, compatible
test-international-eghrhbeusli-pro03a	China will simply get similar products elsewhere  In a global marketplace, if EU states don't sell China arms, others will. Russia and Israel [1] already sell China much high-tech military material, between 2001 and 2010 Russia sold over $16billion of arms to China. [2] As Israel is a key American ally, US criticism of Europe over lifting this ban is particularly unfair. It is in Europe's economic interest to gain part of the huge Chinese market and so safeguard European jobs. And if European arms industries cannot find export markets, their production for domestic military forces is simply not enough to support the cost of research and development, [3] so our indigenous arms sector may collapse.  [1] BBC News, ‘US ‘anger’ at Israel weapons sale’, 2004.   [2] Ottens, Nick, ‘Russian Arms Sales to China Drying Up’, 2010.   [3] Ashbourne, Alex, ‘Opening the US Defence Market’, 2011, p1. China, global marketplace, EU, arms sales, Russia, Israel, high-tech military material, US criticism, economic interest, Chinese market, European jobs, arms industries, research and development, indigenous arms sector, export markets, domestic military forces, US Defence Market, defence economics, international arms trade China, global marketplace, EU, arms sales, Russia, Israel, high-tech military, US criticism, European economic interest, Chinese market, European jobs, arms industry, research and development, indigenous arms sector, export markets, domestic military forces, BBC News, Russian Arms Sales, Opening the US Defence Market China, global marketplace, EU, arms sales, Russia, Israel, high-tech military material, US criticism, European economic interest, Chinese market, European jobs, arms industry, research and development, indigenous arms sector, export markets, domestic military forces, BBC News, US anger, Russian arms sales, drying up, opening US defence market China, global marketplace, EU, arms sales, Russia, Israel, high-tech military material, US criticism, European economic interest, Chinese market, European jobs, arms industries, export markets, research and development, indigenous arms sector, collapse, US Defence Market China, global marketplace, EU, arms sales, Russia, Israel, high-tech military material, US criticism, economic interest, Chinese market, European jobs, arms industries, research and development, indigenous arms sector, export markets, domestic military forces, BBC News, Russian Arms Sales, Opening the US Defence Market
test-law-tlcplghwfne-con01a	"Creating needle exchange may normalise drug-taking behaviour  Needle exchanges increase drug use. The state implicitly accepts that drug use is an acceptable practice when it aids drug users in practicing their habit. As such drug users feel less afraid of taking drugs. This can extend to first time users who might be encouraged by friends to take drugs using the morally grey area created by needle exchanges as an argument.  Further, it is principally wrong that the state should help those who choose to take drugs to begin with. In doing so these people are choosing to firstly harm themselves and secondly cause harm to society as well as contravene the law. The state should exist in such a way that should someone contravene the law they be punished, not rewarded with extra supplies from the taxpayer with no further strings.1  1. Toni Meyer. ""Making the case for opposing needle  exchange"". New Jersey Family Policy Council. November 16, 2007. needle exchange, drug use, normalize behavior, state acceptance, harm reduction, first-time users, moral implications, taxpayer funding, legal contravention, public health, policy opposition, substance abuse, societal harm, punishment, reward, public safety, addiction support, ethical considerations, drug policy, criminal justice, health intervention,(New Jersey Family Policy Council) needle exchange, drug-taking behaviour, increase drug use, state acceptance, morally grey area, first-time users, harm to society, contravene law, punishment, taxpayer funding, no strings attached, Toni Meyer, New Jersey Family Policy Council needle exchange, drug-taking behavior, drug use, state policy, harm reduction, first-time users, legal implications, taxpayer funding, societal harm, punishment, moral arguments, public health, addiction treatment, New Jersey Family Policy Council, Toni Meyer needle exchange, drug-taking behaviour, increase drug use, state acceptance, drug users, first time users, morally grey area, wrong state principle, self-harm, societal harm, law contravention, punishment, taxpayer-funded supplies, no strings attached, Toni Meyer, New Jersey Family Policy Council, opposing needle exchange needle exchange, drug use, normalise, behaviour, state acceptance, drug users, moral grey area, first time users, state responsibility, law contravention, taxpayer burden, punishment, reward, Toni Meyer, New Jersey Family Policy Council"
test-economy-bhahwbsps-pro02a	This ban would lower healthcare costs.  The health problems that smokers experience cost taxpayers (where healthcare is provided by the government) or the individual (for private healthcare) a lot of money. Decreasing the number of smokers – as a result of a reduction in both “social smokers” (those who smoke when out with friends) and “passive smokers” (those who do not smoke themselves but are exposed to the second-hand smoke of others) – will lead to a decrease in these healthcare costs. This has been reported – for example – in Arizona, where a study found that hospital admissions due to diagnoses for which there is evidence for a cause by smoking have decreased since the statewide smoking ban, and that costs have thus decreased [1] .  [1] Herman, Patricia M., and Walsh, Michele E. “Hospital Admissions for Acute Myocardial Infarction, Angina, Stroke, and Asthma After Implementation of Arizona’s Comprehensive Statewide Smoking Ban. American Journal of Public Health. 101(3). March 2011. smoking ban, healthcare costs, taxpayers, private healthcare, social smokers, passive smokers, second-hand smoke, hospital admissions, smoking-related diagnoses, Arizona smoking ban, healthcare cost reduction, acute myocardial infarction, angina, stroke, asthma, public health, comprehensive smoking ban smoking ban, healthcare costs, taxpayers, private healthcare, social smokers, passive smokers, second-hand smoke, Arizona, hospital admissions, smoking-related diagnoses, acute myocardial infarction, angina, stroke, asthma, implementation, statewide smoking ban, public health, cost reduction, health economics, tobacco control, public policy smoking ban, healthcare costs, taxpayers, private healthcare, social smokers, passive smokers, second-hand smoke, Arizona, hospital admissions, smoking-related diagnoses, acute myocardial infarction, angina, stroke, asthma, comprehensive statewide smoking ban, public health, Patricia M. Herman, Michele E. Walsh, American Journal of Public Health ban, healthcare costs, smokers, social smokers, passive smokers, second-hand smoke, healthcare costs reduction, Arizona, smoking ban, hospital admissions, acute myocardial infarction, angina, stroke, asthma, public health smoking ban, healthcare costs, taxpayers, individual costs, social smokers, passive smokers, healthcare reduction, Arizona study, hospital admissions, smoking-related diseases, comprehensive smoking ban, public health benefits, cost reduction, second-hand smoke, myocardial infarction, stroke, asthma, angina, public policy, health economics
test-digital-freedoms-aihwbasmn-con01a	Blocking social networks will not work  How are the police to block social networks when riots are ongoing? The idea that blocking an individual network like Twitter would stop online networking and reporting during riots is laughable and misunderstands the rapidity with which the internet community adapts to changed circumstances and attempts at censorship. Blocking Twitter might work once, but never again. This is why there have been suggestions that the police would go further and either cut off the internet or phone networks as they would effectively need to impose a communications blackout in order for it to be successful, much as the Chinese does in Tibet when there is unrest. [1] Even then the action may not work, rioters will likely simply post pictures and encouragement for the next night’s rioting once the internet and mobile connections are restored as governments would have to do if they did not want to affect the law abiding majority during the day.  [1] Branigan, T., “China cut off internet in area of Tibetan unrest”, The Guardian, 3 February 2012. blocking, social networks, police, riots, Twitter, online networking, reporting, internet community, censorship, communications blackout, cut off internet, phone networks, Chinese, Tibet, unrest, rioters, pictures, encouragement, law abiding majority, government, Branigan, The Guardian Blocking, social networks, police, riots, Twitter, online networking, reporting, internet community, adaptation, censorship, internet blackout, phone networks, communication blackout, Chinese, Tibet, unrest, rioters, pictures, encouragement, government, law abiding, Branigan, The Guardian blocking social networks, police, riots, Twitter, online networking, reporting, internet community, censorship, internet blackout, phone networks, communications blackout, Chinese, Tibet, unrest, rioters, pictures, encouragement, internet restoration, mobile connections, law abiding majority Blocking, social networks, police, riots, Twitter, online networking, reporting, internet community, censorship, internet blackout, phone networks, communications blackout, Chinese, Tibet, unrest, rioters, pictures, encouragement, law abiding, Branigan, The Guardian blocking, social networks, riots, police, Twitter, online networking, reporting, internet, censorship, communications blackout, internet cut off, phone networks, Chinese, Tibet, unrest, rioters, pictures, encouragement, government, law abiding, majority
test-philosophy-npppmhwup-pro02a	Overcomes prejudice  Affirmative action is required to overcome existing prejudice in universities’ admissions procedures. There is clear prejudice in the job market, as shown in a study by Marianne Bertrand, an associate professor at the University of Chicago Graduate School of Business, and Sendhil Mullainathan of Massachusetts Institute of Technology. [1] [2] Following this line of thinking, it is therefore not a far-fetched idea that admissions departments in top universities are likely to be discriminating against applicants from minority backgrounds, even if this process is not deliberate. A senior academic will look to see in applicants qualities they see in themselves, so, given the overwhelmingly white, affluent, male makeup of the academic community, minorities are at a disadvantage even if the admissions officer is not intending to discriminate against them. Prejudice towards certain types of applicants is blatantly unfair, and also undermines meritocracy (as explained above). Since we do not expect applicants from minority backgrounds to actually be worse applicants, it makes sense to require universities to take more of them, so as to protect the system from any bias that may exist.  [1] Bertrand, M. “Racial Bias in Hiring”. Spring 2003.   [2] BBC News Magazine. “Is it wrong to note 100m winners are always black?” August 27, 2011. prejudice, affirmative action, university admissions, job market discrimination, Marianne Bertrand, Sendhil Mullainathan, minority applicants, academic community, meritocracy, racial bias, hiring practices, diversity in education, fairness in admissions prejudice, affirmative action, university admissions, job market discrimination, Marianne Bertrand, Sendhil Mullainathan, minority applicants, academic community, meritocracy, racial bias, hiring practices, university diversity, admissions procedures, top universities, demographics, white males, underrepresented groups, equitable representation, bias mitigation, education equality prejudice, affirmative action, universities, admissions, job market, Marianne Bertrand, Sendhil Mullainathan, discrimination, minority backgrounds, academic community, meritocracy, racial bias, BBC News Magazine Prejudice, Affirmative Action, University Admissions, Job Market Discrimination, Marianne Bertrand, Sendhil Mullainathan, Minority Applicants, Academic Community, Meritocracy, Racial Bias, Hiring Practices, Top Universities, Discrimination, Bias, Fairness, Social Inequality, Educational Equity, Diversity in Higher Education, Systemic Bias, Admissions Procedures, Racial Prejudice prejudice, affirmative action, universities, admissions, job market, Marianne Bertrand, Sendhil Mullainathan, minority backgrounds, discrimination, academic community, meritocracy, racial bias, hiring, BBC News Magazine, 100m winners, black athletes
test-religion-grcrgshwbr-pro04a	A ban would be simple to enforce.  A ban would be simple to create and enforce. Religious symbols are for the most part meant to be shown therefore it is simple for police or authorities to check that someone is not wearing them. There are many societies that have had bans on a religious symbol in public buildings, for example in France where there is a ban on religious symbols in schools has been in force since 2004. In France the ban is made even easier to enforce by restricting it to 'conspicuous' religious apparel.1 Moreover when the ban is only when entering public buildings it can be enforced by the teacher, or the building's security guards rather than being an issue for the police to deal with.  1 BBC News, 'French scarf ban comes into force', 2 September 2004 , accessed 28/8/11 ban, enforce, create, religious symbols, police, authorities, check, wearing, societies, France, public buildings, schools, 2004, conspicuous, religious apparel, teacher, security guards, French scarf ban ban, enforce, create, religious, symbols, police, authorities, public, buildings, France, schools, 2004, conspicuous, apparel, teacher, security, guards ban, enforce, create, religious symbols, police, authorities, public buildings, France, schools, 2004, conspicuous, religious apparel, teacher, security guards, BBC News, French scarf ban ban, enforce, create, religious symbols, police, authorities, societies, France, schools, 2004, conspicuous, religious apparel, public buildings, teacher, security guards, BBC News, French scarf ban ban, enforce, create, religious, symbols, police, authorities, societies, France, schools, public, buildings, conspicuous, apparel, teacher, security, guards, BBC, News, scarf, 2004
test-society-epsihbdns-con01a	Freedom of movement is an intrinsic human right  Every human being is born with certain rights. These are protected by various charters and are considered inseparable from the human being. The reason for this is a belief that these rights create the fundamental and necessary conditions to lead a human life. Freedom of movement is one of these and has been recognised as such in Article 13 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. [1] If a family finds themselves faced with starvation, the only chance they have of survival might be to move to another place where they might live another day. It is inhuman to condemn individuals to death and suffering for the benefit of some nebulous collective theory. While we might pass some of our freedoms to the state, we have a moral right to the freedoms that help us stay alive – in this context freedom of movement is one of those.  [1] General Assembly, “The Universal Declaration of Human Rights”, 10 December 1948, Freedom of movement, human rights, intrinsic rights, Universal Declaration of Human Rights, Article 13, survival, moral right, state authority, individual freedoms, collective theory, human life conditions, starvation, relocation, essential freedoms, legal charters, inseparable rights freedom of movement, human rights, intrinsic rights, universal declaration of human rights, article 13, survival, moral right, state authority, individual freedoms, collective theory, human dignity, legal charters, inalienable rights, humanitarian principles, migration rights Freedom of movement, human rights, intrinsic rights, Universal Declaration of Human Rights, Article 13, survival, starvation, moral right, state, collective theory, individual rights, fundamental conditions, human life, inhuman, condemnation, rights charter, inseparable rights, moral freedoms, legal rights, individual survival, state authority, human dignity, movement freedom, rights protection, international law, basic freedoms, human rights law, societal theory, personal liberty, human rights violation, global standards, rights advocacy, human security, legal protection, mobility rights, humanitarian law, human rights principles, dignity preservation, legal rights framework, individual autonomy, collective freedom of movement, human rights, intrinsic rights, Universal Declaration of Human Rights, Article 13, survival, moral right, state, collective theory, human life, conditions, charters, inseparable, starvation, migration, freedom, rights, dignity, mobility, displacement freedom of movement, human rights, intrinsic rights, Universal Declaration of Human Rights, Article 13, survival, starvation, moral right, state, collective theory, human life, fundamental conditions, inseparable rights, General Assembly, 10 December 1948
test-international-gpdwhwcusa-pro02a	A UN standing army would be ideally suited to respond to contemporary crises.  Changes in modern warfare dictate the need for an impartial, rapidly-deploying, multi-national force. Modern warfare is no longer the trench battles of battalions aligned to a flag, it is increasingly police actions designed to prevent the resort to warfare in the first place or enforce ceasefires once they have begun. As such, the impartiality of a UN standing army would be highly valuable, offering both parties in the conflict a neutral peacemaker and peacekeeper. Contrast this to the perceived differences in attitude between troops from Britain, the US, Russia and France to warring sides in the Balkans. It would be free of accusations of meddling and self-interest that accompany the participation of troops from neighbouring states in UN interventions (for example, Nigeria in West African missions). A UN standing army could overcome local civilian suspicion, free from the threat of propaganda from those opposed to it and free from the restraints of state power on those troops involved.  Furthermore, a UN standing army would be able to deploy much faster than current peacekeeping missions which are held back by the bureaucracy of finding troops, equipment and funding. The present system takes months to put forces in the field, and these are often inadequate to the task in hand, as member states have pledged fewer troops than were requested and they then struggle to co-ordinate across cultural and linguistic barriers. This has meant the UN has often acted too late, with too little force, and has thereby failed to avert humanitarian disasters in such places as Central Africa, Bosnia, Sierra Leone and Somalia. A UN standing army would be permanently available and able to deploy rapidly to contain crises before they turn into full-scale wars and humanitarian disasters. Without an independent army, the UN has ‘no capacity to avert such catastrophes’ 1 for it simply cannot raise forces quickly or effectively enough.  [1] Johansen, R. C. (2006). A United Nations Emergency Peace Service to Prevent Genocide and Crimes Against Humanity, p.23. UN standing army, contemporary crises, modern warfare, impartiality, rapidly-deploying, multi-national force, police actions, prevent warfare, enforce ceasefires, neutral peacemaker, peacekeeper, perceived differences, warring sides, Balkans, accusations, meddling, self-interest, neighbouring states, UN interventions, Nigeria, West African missions, local civilian suspicion, propaganda, state power, bureaucratic delays, troops, equipment, funding, cultural barriers, linguistic barriers, full-scale wars, humanitarian disasters, Central Africa, Bosnia, Sierra Leone, Somalia, independent army, prevent genocides, crimes against humanity, United Nations Emergency Peace Service UN standing army, modern warfare, impartiality, multi-national force, police actions, ceasefires, neutral peacemaker, peacekeeper, civilian suspicion, propaganda, state power, rapid deployment, bureaucracy, troops, equipment, funding, humanitarian disasters, cultural barriers, linguistic barriers, full-scale wars, independent army, UN capacity, prevent genocide, crimes against humanity UN standing army, contemporary crises, modern warfare, impartial, rapidly-deploying, multi-national force, police actions, ceasefires, neutral peacemaker, peacekeeper, Balkans, impartiality, meddling, self-interest, local civilian suspicion, propaganda, state power, bureaucracy, troops, equipment, funding, deployment speed, cultural barriers, linguistic barriers, humanitarian disasters, Central Africa, Bosnia, Sierra Leone, Somalia, independent army, capacity, avert catastrophes, United Nations Emergency Peace Service, genocide, crimes against humanity UN standing army, contemporary crises, modern warfare, impartial, rapidly-deploying, multi-national force, police actions, enforce ceasefires, neutral peacemaker, peacekeeper, impartiality, perceived differences, warring sides, Balkans, neutrality, peacemaking, peacekeeping, local civilian suspicion, propaganda, state power, faster deployment, current peacekeeping missions, bureaucracy, troop pledging, cultural barriers, linguistic barriers, humanitarian disasters, Central Africa, Bosnia, Sierra Leone, Somalia, independent army, avert catastrophes, capacity, raise forces, United Nations Emergency Peace Service, genocide, crimes against humanity UN standing army, contemporary crises, modern warfare, impartiality, rapidly-deploying, multi-national force, police actions, ceasefire enforcement, neutral peacemaker, peacekeeper, Balkans conflicts, neutrality, UN interventions, Nigeria, West African missions, civilian suspicion, propaganda, state power, rapid deployment, peacekeeping missions, bureaucracy, troops, equipment, funding, humanitarian disasters, Central Africa, Bosnia, Sierra Leone, Somalia, avert catastrophes, genocide, crimes against humanity, United Nations Emergency Peace Service
test-international-epglghbni-pro04a	Uniting Ireland would bring about an end to sectarian violence  A united Ireland doesn’t have to marginalize the Protestant population. If they are included more in the political process there can be debate, discussion and an airing of grievances which can then be resolved.  There is little sense of attachment to the UK, and British institutions. Much like the Scottish and Welsh, the Northern Irish feel Northern Irish. This shows that the ties to Britain are not emotional, but political. It is clear that Unionists just want to have power over how they run their lives. If Unionists are included in the political process in a united Ireland they will have no grievances and there will finally be a lasting peace. united Ireland, sectarian violence, Protestant population, political inclusion, debate, discussion, grievances resolution, attachment to UK, British institutions, Northern Irish identity, Unionist power, lasting peace united Ireland, sectarian violence, Protestant population, political inclusion, debate, discussion, grievances resolution, attachment to UK, British institutions, Northern Irish identity, Unionist power, lasting peace Uniting Ireland, sectarian violence, Protestant population, political process, debate, discussion, grievances, attachment to UK, British institutions, Northern Irish identity, ties to Britain, Unionists, power, lasting peace united Ireland, sectarian violence, Protestant population, political process, debate, discussion, grievances, attachment to UK, British institutions, Northern Irish identity, Unionists, power, lasting peace Uniting Ireland, sectarian violence, Protestant population, political process, debate, discussion, grievances, attachment to UK, British institutions, Northern Irish identity, Unionists, power, lasting peace
test-philosophy-pppgshbsd-con04a	Globalisation has made socialism impractical to implement  Global economic forces have rendered socialism powerless. Financial speculation, and investment flows can make or break economies, and the agents who channel these monies want to see countries liberalise, privatise and de-regulate more. This is being shown by the speculative attacks on Eurozone countries where the markets are showing they can force governments to implement tough austerity or even force changes in government without an election as has happened in Greece and Italy where technocrats have taken over as Heads of Government. [1]  These more flexible markets generate higher levels of growth and prosperity, and provide higher returns on investment, encouraging more. Countries which try to resist globalisation and liberal economic markets, as in ‘old Europe’, suffer stagnant growth and higher unemployment as a result. Old socialist-style economic models of tight economic regulation and central planning are unsustainable.  [1] Frankel, Jeffrey, ‘Let European technocrats weave their magic’, The Sydney Morning Herald, 29 November 2011, Globalisation, socialism, impractical, global economic forces, powerless, financial speculation, investment flows, economies, liberalise, privatise, de-regulate, speculative attacks, Eurozone, markets, governments, austerity, changes, election, Greece, Italy, technocrats, Heads of Government, flexible markets, growth, prosperity, returns, investment, resist, liberal economic markets, old Europe, stagnant growth, higher unemployment, unsustainable, economic regulation, central planning, Jeffrey Frankel, European technocrats, Sydney Morning Herald globalisation, socialism, impractical, economic forces, powerless, financial speculation, investment flows, liberalise, privatise, deregulate, speculative attacks, Eurozone, markets, governments, austerity, technocrats, growth, prosperity, returns, investment, old Europe, stagnant growth, unemployment, unsustainable, central planning, economic regulation, Jeffrey Frankel, European technocrats Globalisation, socialism, impractical, global, economic, forces, powerless, financial, speculation, investment, flows, economies, agents, countries, liberalise, privatise, deregulate, speculative, attacks, Eurozone, markets, governments, austerity, changes, government, election, Greece, Italy, technocrats, Heads, Government, flexible, markets, growth, prosperity, returns, investment, countries, resist, old, Europe, stagnant, growth, higher, unemployment, unsustainable, economic, models, tight, regulation, central, planning globalisation, socialism, impractical, global, economic, forces, powerless, financial, speculation, investment, flows, economies, agents, liberalise, privatise, deregulate, speculative, attacks, Eurozone, markets, governments, implement, austerity, changes, government, election, Greece, Italy, technocrats, flexible, markets, growth, prosperity, returns, investment, countries, resist, liberal, economic, old, Europe, stagnant, growth, unemployment, unsustainable, economic, regulation, central, planning, Frankel, Jeffrey, European, technocrats, magic, Sydney, Morning, Herald, 2011 Globalisation, socialism, impractical, global economic forces, powerless, financial speculation, investment flows, economies, liberalise, privatise, deregulate, speculative attacks, Eurozone, markets, governments, austerity, changes, government, election, Greece, Italy, technocrats, Heads of Government, flexible markets, growth, prosperity, returns, investment, resist, liberal economic markets, old Europe, stagnant growth, higher unemployment, old socialist-style, economic models, tight economic regulation, central planning, unsustainable
test-law-tlcplghwfne-pro01a	"Needle exchanges prevent the transmission of disease  A needle exchange as mentioned in the introduction allows drug users to trade in dirty needles for new ones. This can prevent disease simply by preventing transfer of fluids from one drug user to another. As such, if one drug addict has HIV and has not yet been diagnosed it becomes less likely that he will transmit the disease to another person. Further, many drug addicts fail to even consider the possibility of infection via dirty needles, the mere presence of a needle exchange in the nearby vicinity causes drug addicts to be more aware of the dangers associated with dirty needles.  Further, the liberalising effect that needle exchanges have on public opinion can often cause societal change that allows needles to be bought over the counter. This is especially good in targeting drug users who do not wish to reveal that they have an addiction and allows them use of clean needles.  To back this up it has been found by some researchers that, there has been a one-third reduction in HIV prevalence in New Haven, Connecticut, after its NEP had been in operation for only 4 months. Researchers found an 18.6% average annual decrease in HIV seroprevalence in cities that had introduced an NEP, compared to an 8.1% annual increase in HIV seroprevalence in cities that had never introduced NEPs. HIV prevalence among NEP attenders in a Canadian city was low, even though high-risk behaviors were common. Injecting drug users in Seattle who had formerly attended an NEP were found to be more likely than non-exchangers to reduce the frequency of injection, to stop injecting altogether, and to remain in drug treatment, while new users of the NEP were five times more likely to enter drug treatment than never-exchangers.""1  1. Debra L. O’Neill. ""Needle Exchange Programs: A Review of the Issues"". Missouri Institute of Mental Health. September 27, 2004 www.mimh200.mimh.edu/mimhweb/pie/reports/Needle%20Exchange.pdf needle exchanges, disease transmission, drug users, HIV, prevention, clean needles, public opinion, societal change, HIV prevalence, research, seroprevalence, injecting drug users, drug treatment, New Haven, Connecticut, Canadian city, Seattle needle exchanges, disease prevention, drug users, clean needles, HIV transmission, public opinion, societal change, HIV seroprevalence, drug treatment, injecting drug users, Seattle, New Haven, Connecticut, Canadian city, high-risk behaviors, HIV prevalence, Debra L. O’Neill, Missouri Institute of Mental Health needle exchanges, disease transmission, drug users, new needles, HIV, public opinion, societal change, over the counter, HIV prevalence, New Haven, Connecticut, HIV seroprevalence, injecting drug users, drug treatment, reduction, frequency of injection, never-exchangers needle exchanges, disease transmission, drug users, dirty needles, HIV, awareness, public opinion, societal change, over-the-counter needles, addiction, HIV prevalence, New Haven, Connecticut, seroprevalence, Canadian city, high-risk behaviors, injecting drug users, Seattle, drug treatment, Debra L. O’Neill, Missouri Institute of Mental Health needle exchanges, disease transmission, drug users, HIV prevention, public health, infection control, social awareness, drug addiction, clean needles, over-the-counter needles, societal change, public opinion, HIV seroprevalence, reduction in HIV, NEP effectiveness, drug treatment, injecting drug users, high-risk behaviors, Seattle NEP, new users, drug treatment entry, never-exchangers, Debra L. O’Neill, Missouri Institute of Mental Health"
test-philosophy-eppphwlrtjs-pro02a	It may be necessary to limit trial by jury in cases where there is a real danger of jury tampering or intimidation.  It is very difficult to carry out trial by jury if people involved in the case continuously attempt to tamper with the jury, or unduly influence its decision. For example, the UK home office has stated that trying to protect jurors from tampering can be extremely disruptive to the jurors themselves, who may in extreme cases need police protection 24 hours a day. Cases involving international terrorism, drug smuggling or organized crime are the most likely to present such problems 1. In the infamous trial of Italian anarchists Vanzetti and Sacco, one of the jurors had a bomb thrown at his house, despite a huge number of security measures taken by the Massachusetts government 2. Another example is the 2008 case of a large armed robbery at Heathrow. After three mistrials, which cost £22m and the last of which collapsed after a serious attempt at jury tampering, it was decided that the case would be tried by a judge alone 3. If eliminating the jury is the only way to ensure that a) a trial occurs and b) jurors are safe, particularly when it is the defendants' fault that a fair trial by jury is untenable, it may be necessary to do so. jury tampering, intimidation, trial by jury, juror protection, police protection, international terrorism, drug smuggling, organized crime, Vanzetti and Sacco, juror safety, mistrials, judge alone, fair trial, defendants' fault, trial disruption, security measures, Heathrow armed robbery, criminal justice, jury elimination, judicial process, legal safeguards jury tampering, jury intimidation, trial by jury, juror protection, police protection, international terrorism, drug smuggling, organized crime, Vanzetti and Sacco, Heathrow armed robbery, mistrials, judge-alone trial, fair trial, defendants' fault, safety concerns jury tampering, jury intimidation, trial by jury, juror safety, police protection, international terrorism, drug smuggling, organized crime, UK home office, Vanzetti and Sacco trial, Heathrow armed robbery, mistrials, judge-alone trial, fair trial, defendants' fault jury tampering, intimidation, trial by jury, juror protection, police protection, international terrorism, drug smuggling, organized crime, Vanzetti and Sacco, Heathrow armed robbery, mistrials, judge alone, fair trial, defendants' fault, safety concerns jury tampering, intimidation, trial by jury, juror protection, police protection, international terrorism, drug smuggling, organized crime, Vanzetti and Sacco, Heathrow armed robbery, mistrials, judge alone, fair trial, defendants' fault, safety, judicial process, legal reform, courtroom security, legal ethics, fair trial rights, juror safety measures, high-profile crimes, legal proceedings, judicial decisions, courtroom challenges, jury influence, legal safeguards, judicial integrity, trial difficulties, legal system, crime prevention, judicial administration, legal protection, judicial oversight, legal procedures, courtroom management, legal ethics, judicial responsibility, legal
test-science-ascidfakhba-con03a	The lack of control over, and profit from, art will serve as a serious disincentive to artistic output  Profit is as much a factor in artists’ decision to produce work, if not more so, than the primordial urge to create. Without the guarantee of ownership over one’s artistic work, the incentive to invest in its creation is certainly diminished. Within a strong copyright system, individuals feel free to invest time in their pursuits because they have full knowledge that the final product of their labours will be theirs to enjoy. [1] Without copyright protections the marginal cases, like people afraid to put time into actually building an installation art piece rather than doing more hours at their job, will not opt to create. If their work were to immediately leave their control, they would most certainly be less inclined to do so. Furthermore, the inability of others to simply duplicate existing works as their own means they too will be galvanized to break ground on new ideas, rather than simply re-tread over current ideas and to adapt existing works to markets. Art thrives by being new and original. Copyright protections shield against artistic laziness and drive the creative urges of the artistically inclined to ever more interesting fields.  [1] Greenberg, M. “Reason or Madness: A Defense of Copyright’s Growing Pains”. John Marshall Review of Intellectual Property Law. 2007. artistic output, profit, control, disincentive, primordial urge, copyright, ownership, investment, time, labor, installation art, marginal cases, job, creation, duplicate, originality, artistic laziness, creative urges, intellectual property, Greenberg, copyright protections, shield, interesting fields, new ideas, re-tread, adapt, markets, legal protections, incentive, artistic work, drive, galvanized, break ground, intellectual property law, defense, growing pains, reason, madness, John Marshall Review art, control, profit, artistic output, copyright, ownership, investment, creation, incentive, marginal cases, installation art, duplication, originality, creativity, intellectual property, legal protection, artists, economic factors, production, disincentive, theft, artistic laziness, innovation, market adaptation, legal defenses, intellectual property law art, copyright, profit, incentive, creation, ownership, investment, disincentive, installation, originality, laziness, creativity, protection, intellectual-property, market, production, artistic-output, legal-guarantees, economic-factors, creative-industries art, control, profit, artistic output, copyright, ownership, investment, creation, disincentive, protections, originality, creativity, intellectual property, legal defenses, economic incentives, artistic laziness, innovation art, copyright, profit, incentive, creation, ownership, investment, installation, laziness, originality, protection, creative, encouragement, disincentive, duplication, intellectual, property, legal, defense, review, journal, article, Greenberg, 2007
test-economy-beghwbh-con02a	"Lack of capacity or room for expansion  The plans for the Hyperloop provide that “The capacity would be 840 passengers per hour which more than sufficient to transport all of the 6 million passengers traveling between Los Angeles and San Francisco areas per year.” With only 28 people per capsule and a maximum of one capsule every 30 seconds there is not much room for expansion. It would seem surprising if this service only carried 6million passengers a year. The Taiwan High Speed Rail running between Taipei and Zuoying carried 41.6 million passengers in 2011 [1] considering that Taiwan has a population of 23 million compared to the combined population of the San Francisco Bay and Los Angeles metropolitan areas of 26million this does not seem an unreasonable comparison. [2] Even if we assume it will not be used at all for commuting and take the Eurostar as the point of comparison the Hyperloop still has only two thirds of the capacity it would need as Eurostar’s ridership is currently approaching 10million. [3]  [1] ""Table 2-8 Passenger Traffic of High-Speed Rail"" . Monthly Statistics of Transportation & Communications . MOTC Department of Statistics .  [2] ‘Annual Estimates of the Population of Combined Statistical Areas’, Census.gov, 2012,   [3] ‘’Strong’ 2012 for Eurostar’, Global Rail News, 25 March 2013, Hyperloop, capacity, expansion, passengers, Taiwan High Speed Rail, Eurostar, commuting, ridership, population, metropolitan areas, LA, San Francisco, Taipei, Zuoying, capsule, frequency, transportation statistics, census, global rail news Lack of capacity, room for expansion, Hyperloop, passenger capacity, 840 passengers per hour, 28 people per capsule, 30 seconds interval, 6 million passengers, Taiwan High Speed Rail, 41.6 million passengers, Taipei, Zuoying, population comparison, San Francisco Bay, Los Angeles, Eurostar, ridership, 10 million, commuting, population statistics, high-speed rail, transportation, census data, rail travel, passenger traffic, combined statistical areas, Eurostar performance, global rail news Hyperloop, capacity, expansion, passengers, per hour, San Francisco, Los Angeles, Taiwan High Speed Rail, Eurostar, commuting, population, statistical comparison, passenger traffic, transportation, combined statistical areas, global rail news, ridership, capsule, maximum frequency Lack of capacity, room for expansion, Hyperloop, passenger transport, LA to SF, capsule frequency, Taiwan High Speed Rail, population comparison, Eurostar comparison, ridership numbers, commuting usage, transportation statistics, population estimates, global rail news, strong 2012 Eurostar Hyperloop, capacity, expansion, passengers, per hour, per year, Taiwan High Speed Rail, Taipei, Zuoying, population, San Francisco, Los Angeles, metropolitan areas, Eurostar, commuting, ridership, monthly statistics, transportation, census, annual estimates, global rail news, 2012, 2013"
test-international-emephsate-pro01a	The admission of Turkey will help the economy of the EU develop more dynamically.  Turkey has a booming economy with one of the fastest growing economies of the world [1] . Turkey has a young, skilled and vibrant workforce contributing in the fields of innovation, industry and finance. Having a young and growing population means that Turkey is in the opposite situation to the European Union, whose population is declining. As a result Turkey joining would be very complementary to the European Economy. In Turkey 26.6% of the population are under 15 [2] while in the EU only 15.44% is. [3] This is significant because the population of the European Union as a whole will be declining by 2035 [4] and because of the aging population the working population will be declining considerably before this. Aging obviously means that the EU will not be able to produce as much, but also that much more of EU resources will be devoted to caring for the elderly with a result that there is likely to be an drag on GDP per capita of -0.3% per year. [5] One way to compensate for this is to bring new countries with younger populations into the Union.  [1] GDP growth (annual %). The World Bank.  Accessed on: September 3, 2012.  [2] ‘Turkey’, The World Factbook, 24 August 2012,   [3] ‘European Union’, The World Factbook, 24 August 2012,   [4] Europa, ‘Population projections 2008-2060 From 2015, deaths projected to outnumber births in the EU27’, STAT/08/119, 26 August 2008,   [5] Carone, Giuseppe, et al., ‘The economic impact of aging populations in the EU 25 Member States’, Directorate-General for Economic and Financial Affairs, n.. 236, December 2005,  p.15 Turkey, EU, economy, development, population, workforce, innovation, industry, finance, young, growing, demographic, aging, GDP, resources, elderly, compensation, member states, projections, impact, financial affairs Turkey, EU, economy, development, population, workforce, innovation, industry, finance, young, growing, aging, GDP, resources, elderly, drag, compensation, countries, union, projections, impact, aging populations, Member States, economic, financial affairs Turkey, EU, economy, dynamic development, booming economy, young population, skilled workforce, innovation, industry, finance, population growth, declining EU population, aging population, GDP per capita, economic impact, aging populations, member states, population projections, workforce aging, economic compensation, new member countries, young demographics, resource allocation, elderly care, EU resources, demographic complementarity, workforce decline, population structure, economic benefits, GDP growth, The World Bank, The World Factbook, Europa, Directorate-General for Economic and Financial Affairs Turkey, EU, economy, dynamic development, booming economy, fastest growing, workforce, innovation, industry, finance, young population, European Union, declining population, complementary economy, population statistics, aging population, working population, GDP per capita, population projections, economic impact, aging populations Turkey, EU, economy, development, booming, workforce, innovation, industry, finance, young, population, decline, aging, complementarity, GDP, growth, resources, elderly, drag, compensation, countries, union, projections, impact, aging populations, Member States, Directorate-General, Economic, Financial Affairs
test-international-ghbunhf-con04a	Solution to problems of UN is to reform outdated structures.  It is undeniably true that some of the UN’s procedures need to be improved, and standards of financial transparency improved. However, this is true of many governments and international organisations, not just the UN. The answer to the UN’s problems is not to give up on it but rather reform it for the 21st century, including perhaps changing or augmenting the permanent membership of the Security Council to reflect the reality of the modern world. [1]  [1] London, Jacqueline. “Reform of the United Nations Security Council”. International Affairs and Foreign Policy Institute. 29th June 2007. UN reform, outdated structures, procedural improvements, financial transparency, government reforms, international organizations, 21st century reform, Security Council membership, modern world reflection, UN improvements, institutional change, global governance, international cooperation, policy adaptation, structural changes, global dynamics, international relations, diplomatic evolution, security council reform, expanding membership, contemporary geopolitical landscape UN reform, outdated structures, financial transparency, government procedures, international organizations, 21st century reform, Security Council membership, modern world reflection, international affairs, foreign policy UN reform, outdated structures, procedural improvements, financial transparency, government reforms, international organizations, 21st century reforms, Security Council membership, modern world reflection, international affairs, foreign policy, Jacqueline London, United Nations Security Council reform UN reform, outdated structures, procedural improvements, financial transparency, international organizations, Security Council reform, permanent membership, 21st century, global governance, international affairs, foreign policy, Jacqueline London, 2007 UN reform, outdated structures, procedural improvements, financial transparency, government reform, international organizations, 21st century adaptation, Security Council membership, modern world representation, Jacqueline London, International Affairs and Foreign Policy Institute
test-religion-yercfrggms-pro02a	If there is a benevolent deity, then there should not be the kinds of evil observable in the world and He would likely show more interest in His creation than He appears to have done so far:  If God, or the gods, were good there would be no evil in the world. Disasters would not kill millions of innocents, disease and hunger would not claim the lives of children every day, war and genocide would not slaughter people indiscriminately as they have done for countless bloody millennia. The world is awash with blood, pain, and suffering. No loving God would make a world so imperfect and troubled. [1] The world’s ills are perfectly explained by the natural, amoral development of the Universe, of life, and of humanity. The reality of the Universe, however, is incompatible with a God of goodness, as He is conventionally described by today’s predominant religions, which stem from the Abrahamic tradition.  [1] Tooley, Michael. 2009. “The Problem of Evil”. Stanford Encyclopaedia of Philosophy. Available: benevolent deity, evil observable, loving God, imperfection, suffering, natural development, Universe, life, humanity, problem of evil, moral argument, theodicy, Abrahamic tradition, Stanford Encyclopaedia of Philosophy, Michael Tooley benevolent deity, evil observable, world creation, god gods good, no evil world, disasters innocents, disease hunger children, war genocide, bloody millennia, world imperfect troubled, loving god, universe natural development, life humanity, incompatible god goodness, abrahamic tradition, problem evil, stanford encyclopaedia philosophy benevolent deity, evil observable, God's interest, creation, good gods, no evil, disasters, innocent deaths, disease, hunger, children deaths, war, genocide, bloody millennia, world's suffering, loving God, imperfect world, troubled world, natural development, Universe, life, humanity, amoral development, reality of Universe, incompatible with goodness, God, predominant religions, Abrahamic tradition, problem of evil, Tooley, Stanford Encyclopaedia of Philosophy benevolent deity, evil observable, divine interest, good God, world's ills, disasters, disease, hunger, war, genocide, natural development, Universe, life, humanity, amoral, Abrahamic tradition, Problem of Evil, Stanford Encyclopaedia of Philosophy, Michael Tooley benevolent deity, evil in the world, God's interest, no evil, disasters, disease, hunger, war, genocide, imperfection, suffering, natural development, amoral universe, problem of evil, Tooley, Stanford Encyclopaedia of Philosophy, Abrahamic tradition
test-economy-bepighbdb-pro03a	Dictatorships can prevent social unrest  Dictatorships are better at controlling discipline and order within society. They generally promote a state based on hierarchical values, through strict policies based on security. This allows them to prevent financial losses due to strikes and riots, and reduce crime rates, making the country more stable.  Singapore is a de-facto one party state, in which the ruling People’s Action Party, is accused of stopping the operation of opposition parties. A former Foreign Minister of Singapore has asked “How many Singaporeans really want free speech anyway? They want orderliness, a decent living” [1] . This both makes the country more competitive because there are more productive days and more attractive to invest in as expats will want to live in countries with little crime. Moreover when it comes to attracting immigration for sectors of the economy there is none of the opposition that would occur in democracies.  Autocracy may be the only way to stabilize some countries that have never had a democratic government. It has been suggested by Mancur Olson, a leading economist, that “anarchy not only involves loss of life but also increases the incentives to steal and to defend against theft, and thereby reduces the incentive to produce [2] ”. A dictatorship may be the only way to restore order and create a political framework stable enough for trade and investment.  [1] Huff, W.G. (1994). The economic growth of Singapore: trade and development in twentieth century”. Cambridge; New York; Melbourne: Cambridge University Press. p. 358  [2] Olson, M. (2000). Power and Prosperity: Outgrowing Communist and Capitalist Dictatorships. New York: Basic Books. p. 64 dictatorships, social unrest, discipline, order, hierarchical values, strict policies, security, financial losses, strikes, riots, crime rates, stability, Singapore, one-party state, People’s Action Party, free speech, orderliness, decent living, competitiveness, productive days, investment, expats, immigration, economy, opposition, autocracy, stabilization, anarchy, Mancur Olson, incentives, theft, production, trade, investment, political framework dictatorships, social unrest, control, discipline, order, hierarchical values, strict policies, security, financial losses, strikes, riots, crime rates, stability, Singapore, one-party state, People’s Action Party, opposition parties, free speech, orderliness, decent living, competitiveness, productivity, investment, expats, immigration, economy, Mancur Olson, anarchy, loss of life, theft, production, political framework, trade, investment dictatorships, social unrest, discipline, order, hierarchical values, strict policies, security, financial losses, strikes, riots, crime rates, stability, Singapore, one-party state, People’s Action Party, free speech, orderliness, decent living, investment, expats, immigration, economy, autocracy, stabilization, anarchy, Mancur Olson, incentives, theft, production, trade, investment, democratic government, political framework dictatorships, social unrest, control, discipline, order, hierarchical values, strict policies, security, financial losses, strikes, riots, crime rates, stability, Singapore, one-party state, People’s Action Party, opposition parties, free speech, orderliness, decent living, competitiveness, productivity, investment, expats, immigration, economy, autocracy, stabilization, anarchy, incentives, theft, production, Mancur Olson, trade, political framework dictatorships, social unrest, discipline, order, hierarchical values, strict policies, security, financial losses, strikes, riots, crime rates, country stability, Singapore, one-party state, People’s Action Party, free speech, orderliness, decent living, competitiveness, productive days, investment, expats, immigration, economy, autocracy, stabilization, countries, democratic government, anarchy, loss of life, stealing, defense against theft, production, Mancur Olson, political framework, trade, investment, communist, capitalist dictatorships
test-philosophy-pppgshbsd-pro01a	Although there are protests as a result of the banking crisis and the resulting financial meltdown, they have no cohesive ideology  There is clearly a difference between the general malaise of those protesting the result of the financial crisis and any form of coherent ideology or manifesto for government. The only people pretending that protesters in Athens or Rome – or the Occupy movement worldwide – are in some meaningful way Socialists are aging class warriors from the seventies.  The Occupy movement may well count many social liberals [i] among its members, and these individuals are almost certainly unhappy about many aspects of modern Capitalism but that doesn’t make Occupy, or the Athens street protestors Socialist.  [i] Occupy Wall Street Website. “Forum Post Liberalism is Not Socialism”. 12 November 2011. protests, banking crisis, financial meltdown, cohesive ideology, general malaise, financial crisis, coherent ideology, manifesto, government, Athens, Rome, Occupy movement, Socialists, aging class warriors, seventies, social liberals, modern Capitalism, Occupy Wall Street, liberalism, socialism protests, banking crisis, financial meltdown, cohesive ideology, general malaise, coherent ideology, manifesto, government, Athens, Rome, Occupy movement, socialists, aging class warriors, seventies, social liberals, modern Capitalism, Occupy Wall Street, liberalism, socialism protests, banking crisis, financial meltdown, no cohesive ideology, general malaise, coherent ideology, manifesto, government, Athens, Rome, Occupy movement, socialists, aging class warriors, seventies, social liberals, modern Capitalism, Occupy Wall Street, liberalism, not socialism protests, banking crisis, financial meltdown, ideology, coherent manifesto, government, Athens, Rome, Occupy movement, socialists, aging class warriors, seventies, social liberals, Capitalism, Occupy Wall Street, liberalism, socialism protests, banking crisis, financial meltdown, cohesive ideology, general malaise, coherent ideology, manifesto, government, Athens, Rome, Occupy movement, Socialists, aging class warriors, seventies, social liberals, modern Capitalism, Occupy Wall Street, liberalism, socialism
test-economy-epsihbdns-con02a	"It is practically impossible to control people's movement  One of the major problems with the proposal lies in the very fact that we are indeed dealing with developing nations. These nations have very limited capacity to manage this kind of system. What will happen instead, will be a state of confusion, where the law will be upheld in some parts while ignored in others. The case in China clearly shows that corruption follows in the wake of this kind of legislation, where urban Hukous are sold illegally or officials are frequently bribed to ignore the law. [1]  Furthermore, it only causes those who choose to move to the cities, in spite of the law, to be alienated from society and live a life outside of the law. Once outside of the law, the step to other crimes is very small as these people have little to lose. [2] In short, the law will only work in some cases and where it works it will lead to increased segregation and more crime.  [1] Wang, Fei-Ling. “Organising through Division and Exclusion: China's Hukou System"". 2005.  [2] Wu. s.l., and Treiman, The Household Registration System and Social Stratification in China: 1955-1996. Springer, 2004, Demography, Vol. 2. control, people's movement, developing nations, limited capacity, confusion, law enforcement, corruption, China, Hukou system, illegal sale, bribery, urban migration, alienation, societal exclusion, crime, social stratification, segregation, increased crime, Fei-Ling Wang, Wu, Treiman, Demography, Springer, 1955-1996 control, people's movement, developing nations, limited capacity, state of confusion, corruption, China, Hukou, illegal selling, bribery, urban migration, alienation, societal exclusion, increased crime, social stratification, segregation, law enforcement, demographic impact, policy failure, Fei-Ling Wang, Wu, Treiman, Household Registration System control people's movement, developing nations, limited capacity, state of confusion, law upheld, ignored, corruption, China, illegal Hukous, officials bribed, alienated from society, life outside of the law, increased segregation, more crime, social stratification, household registration system, Fei-Ling Wang, Wu, Treiman, Demography, Springer, 1955-1996 control, movement, developing nations, limited capacity, confusion, law, corruption, China, Hukou, illegal, bribery, officials, urban, alienation, society, outside law, crime, segregation, social stratification, Fei-Ling Wang, Wu, Treiman, 1955-1996, Springer, Demography people's movement, developing nations, limited capacity, system management, state of confusion, law enforcement, urban Hukous, corruption, illegal sales, bribery, alienation, societal exclusion, life outside law, increased crime, social stratification, segregation, Fei-Ling Wang, Hukou system, Wu, Treiman, China, Demography, 1955-1996"
test-international-eghrhbeusli-pro02a	"China has changed a lot since Tiananmen  China has changed over the past two decades, becoming more open to the world and more open domestically. For example it is experimenting with democratic elections at village level and since 1998 begun extending these to townships. [1] It has also effectively scrapped the repressive one-child policy. Internationally China is a responsible member of the international community, as befits a permanent member of the UN Security Council. At the United Nations, although it occasionally abstains from votes, it very rarely threatens to use its veto power in the Security Council, it has only used the veto six times since 1971 when the PRC joined the UN [2] - unlike the USA, for example. Its ""peaceful rise"" can also be seen in its hosting of the six-nation talks over North Korea's nuclear programme. And China is increasingly willing to operate within regional diplomatic frameworks covering East Asia, SE Asia and Central Asia.  [1] Horsley, Jamie P., ‘Village Elections: Training Ground for Democratization’, 2001   [2] Sun, Yun, ‘China’s Acquiescence on UN SCR 1973: No Big Deal’, 2011. China, Tiananmen, change, openness, domestic, international, village, elections, democratic, one-child policy, UN, Security Council, veto, USA, peaceful rise, six-nation talks, North Korea, nuclear, regional, diplomacy, East Asia, SE Asia, Central Asia China, Tiananmen, change, openness, domestic policy, international community, village elections, township elections, one-child policy, United Nations, Security Council, veto power, peaceful rise, six-nation talks, North Korea, nuclear programme, regional diplomacy, East Asia, Southeast Asia, Central Asia, democratization, UN Security Council Resolution 1973, international relations, global responsibility, democratic reforms, UN involvement China, Tiananmen, change, openness, international, domestic, democratic elections, village, township, one-child policy, responsible, international community, UN Security Council, veto, United Nations, peaceful rise, six-nation talks, North Korea, nuclear programme, regional diplomacy, East Asia, Southeast Asia, Central Asia, village elections, democratization, UN SCR 1973, China's acquiescence China, Tiananmen, change, openness, domestic, international, village elections, democratic experiments, one-child policy, UN Security Council, veto power, peaceful rise, six-nation talks, North Korea, nuclear programme, regional diplomacy, East Asia, SE Asia, Central Asia China, Tiananmen, change, openness, domestic, international, village elections, democratic experimentation, one-child policy, UN Security Council, veto power, peaceful rise, six-nation talks, North Korea, nuclear programme, regional diplomacy, East Asia, SE Asia, Central Asia, UN SCR 1973, PRC, United Nations, international community"
test-international-aegmeppghw-con03a	"Turkey has a poor human rights record  Turkey’s human rights record is improving rapidly, with the abolition of the death penalty and the removal of restrictions on the use of the Kurdish language. ""Encouraged by the EU, Turkey has pursued legislative and constitutional reforms liberalizing the political system and relaxing restrictions on freedom of the press, association, and expression. Turkey signed and ratified Protocols 6 and 13 of the European Convention on Human Rights. It abolished the death penalty and adopted measures to promote independence of the judiciary, end torture during police interrogations, and reform the prison system. In addition, Turkey has significantly reduced the scope of its antiterrorism statutes, which had been used to curtail political expression, and it amended the Penal Code and Codes of Criminal and Administrative Procedure. Police powers have been curbed and the administration of justice strengthened, due partly to the dismantling of state security courts."" [1]  The Kurdish minority is also enjoying better treatment. “The protection and promotion of the rights of the Kurds, which make up about a fifth of Turkey's population, have also progressed… In June, an appeals court ordered the release of Leyla Zana and three other Kurdish parliamentarians who were jailed ten years ago after the Kurdistan Workers' Party was banned."" [2]  Surely countries with a history of bad human rights activities should be embraced by the EU, in the hope that the EU will have a positive influence on them. It is true that banning them from membership is an effective punishment but that will not enforce any change. If we wish to see compliance with Human Rights conventions we have to ensure that countries that may contravene them are under its jurisdiction in the first place. Once they are members we can then encourage better behaviour through punishing any further contraventions.  [1]  ‘Turkey’s Dreams of Accession’ by David Phillips, Foreign Affairs September/October 2004  [2]  ‘Turkey’s Dreams of Accession’ by David Phillips, Foreign Affairs September/October 2004 Turkey, human rights, EU influence, Kurdish rights, death penalty abolition, press freedom, judiciary independence, torture prevention, prison reform, antiterrorism statutes, Penal Code amendments, police power reduction, judicial administration, state security courts, Kurdish minority treatment, EU membership, human rights conventions, compliance enforcement, positive behavior encouragement, Foreign Affairs, David Phillips Turkey, human rights, improvement, death penalty, Kurdish language, EU influence, legislative reforms, constitutional reforms, freedom of press, association, expression, European Convention on Human Rights, judicial independence, torture prevention, prison reform, antiterrorism statutes, Penal Code, Criminal Procedure, Administrative Procedure, police powers, justice administration, Kurdish minority, Leyla Zana, Kurdish parliamentarians, EU membership, human rights compliance, jurisdiction, behavioral change, contraventions punishment Turkey, human rights, improvement, death penalty, Kurdish language, EU, legislative reforms, constitutional reforms, freedom of press, association, expression, European Convention on Human Rights, judiciary independence, police interrogations, prison system, antiterrorism statutes, Penal Code, Criminal Procedure Code, Administrative Procedure Code, Kurdish minority, Leyla Zana, Kurdish parliamentarians, EU membership, human rights conventions, compliance, jurisdiction, behavior improvement Turkey, human rights, improvement, death penalty, Kurdish language, EU influence, legislative reforms, constitutional reforms, freedom of press, association, expression, European Convention on Human Rights, judiciary independence, police reforms, antiterrorism statutes, Penal Code, Criminal Procedure, Administrative Procedure, Kurdish minority, Leyla Zana, state security courts, political expression, prison system, torture prevention, EU membership, human rights conventions, compliance encouragement, jurisdiction, behavior improvement, contraventions punishment Turkey, human rights, improvement, EU, legislative reforms, constitutional reforms, political system, freedom of press, association, expression, European Convention on Human Rights, death penalty, judicial independence, torture, police interrogations, prison system, antiterrorism statutes, political expression, Penal Code, Codes of Criminal Procedure, Codes of Administrative Procedure, police powers, administration of justice, state security courts, Kurdish minority, Kurdish language, Leyla Zana, Kurdish parliamentarians, Kurdistan Workers' Party, EU membership, Human Rights conventions, jurisdiction, compliance, punishment, behavior, accession, David Phillips, Foreign Affairs"
test-law-tlcplghwfne-con02a	Needle exchanges will increase the incidence of drug use  Beyond increasing drug use through condoning the practice, needle exchanges also facilitate drug use by gathering all the drug addicts in a single area. This allows drug dealers to operate more efficiently and as such gives them more time to explore new markets for their drugs. As well as this, people are encouraged to keep on taking drugs as they feel the risk to them from doing so has been significantly decreased by the exchange. Given the lower risk, those drug users that are still somewhat rational actors will be more likely to take drugs because of the lower potential harm.  Further, in the long run, needle exchanges through these mechanisms make it harder to eradicate drug use entirely in the future. By causing addicts and the public to accept drugs needle exchanges ingrain drugs in society as any removal of the facility in the future will be seen as the state coming down too harshly on drug addicts and can be opposed much more easily.1  1. Lawrence Aaron, “Why a Needle Exchange Programme is a Bad Idea.” RedOrbit. August 26, 2005. needle exchanges, increase drug use, condoning drug use, facilitate drug use, drug dealers, gather addicts, lower risk, rational actors, lower potential harm, eradicate drug use, accept drugs, social ingraining, removal challenges, state intervention, opposition, Lawrence Aaron, RedOrbit, August 26, 2005 needle exchanges, increase drug use, condoning drug practice, facilitating drug use, gathering drug addicts, drug dealers, explore new markets, lower risk perception, rational drug users, long-term drug eradication, societal drug acceptance, removal opposition, state intervention, drug addicts, public perception, Lawrence Aaron, RedOrbit, August 26, 2005 needle exchanges, increase drug use, condoning drug practice, gathering drug addicts, facilitating drug use, drug dealers, new drug markets, encouraging drug use, reduced drug risk, rational drug users, preventing drug eradication, addict acceptance, public perception, removal opposition, Lawrence Aaron, RedOrbit, 2005 needle exchanges, drug use, condoning drug practice, gathering drug addicts, facilitating drug dealers, lowering drug risk, encouraging drug use, rational drug actors, eradicating drug use, societal acceptance, state intervention, opposing needle exchange removal needle exchanges, drug use, condoning practice, gathering addicts, facilitating drug use, drug dealers, exploring new markets, lowering risk, rational actors, potential harm, societal acceptance, eradicating drug use, public perception, state intervention, addict support, harm reduction
test-economy-bhahwbsps-pro03a	This ban would encourage smokers to smoke less or give up smoking altogether.  Not being able to smoke in public will make it more difficult for smokers to keep up with their habit. For example, if they are no longer able to smoke in the pub, smokers would have to go outside – possibly in the rain or other uncomfortable weather – and be away from their non-smoking friends every time they wanted to have a cigarette. So, a smoking ban would encourage smokers to smoke less frequently and maybe even give up. This can be seen in countries already with smoking bans. For example, a study in England found that in the nine months after the smoking ban was introduced, there was a 5.5% fall in the number of smokers in the country, compared to the much lower fall of 1.6 % in the nine months before the ban [1] . This can only be a good thing, since giving up smoking decreases the risk of death, even for those suffering from early stage lung cancer [2] .  [1] Daily Mail. “Smoking ban spurs 400,000 people to quit the habit.” Daily Mail. 4 July 2008.  [2] Parsons, A., Daley, A., Begh, R., and Aveyard, P.. “Influence of smoking cessation after diagnosis of early stage lung cancer on prognosis: systematic review of observational studies with meta-analysis.” British Medical Journal. 340. 21 January 2010. smoking ban, smokers, public smoking, smoke less, give up smoking, health benefits, smoking cessation, lung cancer, risk reduction, England, study, Daily Mail, meta-analysis, British Medical Journal, systematic review, secondhand smoke, non-smoking friends, uncomfortable weather, smoking frequency, public health, tobacco control, policy impact, health improvement, smoking prohibition, smoke-free, environmental tobacco smoke, public places, bars, pubs, restaurants, indoor smoking, behavioral change,戒烟, 吸烟危害, 公共场所禁烟, 英国禁烟效果, 减少吸烟, 肺癌 smoking ban, encourage smokers, smoke less, give up smoking, public smoking restrictions, smoking in pubs, uncomfortable weather, non-smoking friends, decreased smoking frequency, England smoking ban, fall in smokers, health benefits, reduced lung cancer risk, smoking cessation, early stage lung cancer, systematic review, meta-analysis smoking ban, encourage smokers, smoke less, give up smoking, public smoking, pub smoking, uncomfortable weather, non-smoking friends, smoking frequency, England study, smokers decrease, health benefits, lung cancer, smoking cessation, prognosis improvement, meta-analysis, systematic review, observational studies, death risk reduction smoking ban, public smoking, cigarette consumption, health benefits, smoking cessation, lung cancer, mortality risk, environmental tobacco smoke, secondhand smoke, quit smoking, public health policy, smoke-free legislation, England smoking ban, smoking prevalence, health improvement, non-smokers, weather conditions, social smoking, systematic review, observational studies, meta-analysis smoking ban, public smoking, smokers, quit smoking, health benefits, smoking frequency, non-smokers, social settings, England, smoking cessation, lung cancer, mortality risk, public health, smoke-free, tobacco control, secondhand smoke, environmental factors, quit rates, health outcomes, meta-analysis, systematic review
test-philosophy-npppmhwup-pro01a	Equality of opportunity  Affirmative action is required for equality of opportunity. Under the status quo, it is easier for students who go to better schools to get into university. This is reflected in data from the UK - Oxford and Cambridge universities (the top academic institutions) take more than 50% of their students from private schools, despite 93% of UK schoolchildren state educated. [1] In addition, there is a clear underrepresentation of ethnic minorities in these universities. [2] A similar story is evident with regards to ethnic minorities in the USA - white students are more likely to graduate from high school and go to college than black and Hispanic ones. [3] [4] These examples reflect the opportunities granted to wealthier children from particular socioeconomic and racial groups, whose superior education and less disruptive home lives give them a leg-up. It is unfair that such random aspects, which have nothing to do with talent or hard work, have such a determining influence on one’s life chances. Moreover, it undermines meritocracy – by allowing the rich to be advantaged, we create a society in which wealth, rather than ability, is rewarded.  [1] Sagar, P. “The truth about Oxbridge admissions: a reply To Dave Osler”. Liberal Conspiracy. May 21, 2010.   [2] Vasagar, J. “Twenty-one Oxbridge colleges took no black students last year”. The Guardian. December, 2010.   [3] Orfield, Gary, et al., 'Losing Our Future; How Minority Youth Are Being Left Behind by the Graduation Rate Crisis', Urban Institute, 25 February 2004,   [4] Marklein, M.B. “Minority enrollment in college still lagging”. USA TODAY. October, 2006. Equality of opportunity, Affirmative action, University admissions, Private schools, State schools, Oxford, Cambridge, Ethnic minorities, Socioeconomic status, Racial groups, Education inequality, Meritocracy, College enrollment, Graduation rates, USA, UK equality of opportunity, affirmative action, university admissions, private schools, state schools, Oxbridge, ethnic minorities, socioeconomic status, racial groups, education inequality, meritocracy, wealth advantage, college enrollment, minority youth, graduation rates, high school, college lagging, USA, UK equality of opportunity, affirmative action, Oxford, Cambridge, private schools, state schools, UK, ethnic minorities, USA, socioeconomic status, racial groups, education inequality, meritocracy, wealth, ability, graduation rates, college enrollment, minority students, high school graduation, socioeconomic disparity, racial disparity, underrepresentation, Ivy League, higher education, social mobility, educational access, college admissions, privileged backgrounds, academic institutions, public schools, opportunity gap,不公平 equality of opportunity, affirmative action, university admissions, Oxbridge, private schools, state schools, ethnic minorities, socioeconomic status, racial groups, meritocracy, educational inequality, college enrollment, minority youth, graduation rates, wealth advantage, socioeconomic factors, academic institutions, higher education disparities, underrepresentation equality of opportunity, affirmative action, university admissions, private schools, state schools, Oxford, Cambridge, ethnic minorities, socioeconomic status, racial groups, education inequality, meritocracy, wealth advantage, college enrollment, minority youth, graduation rates, USA, UK
test-law-sdfclhrppph-pro01a	"The character of every act depends upon the circumstances in which it is done  ""The most stringent protection of free speech would not protect a man in falsely shouting fire in a theatre and causing a panic."" [1] Shouting fire in a crowded cinema when there is no fire, and you know it, is wrong because doing so creates a clear and present danger of harm to others.  Likewise, in the US (and many other countries) there is no protection for ‘false commercial speech’ (i.e. misrepresentation) and the contents of adverts can be regulated in order to ensure that they are truthful and do not deceive consumers. [2] On that basis, restrictions can be placed on how tobacco products may be advertised, and people may be prevented from promoting illegal and fraudulent tax advice.  [1] U.S. Supreme Court, Schenck v. United States, 249 U.S. 47, 1919,  [2] U.S. Supreme Court, Lorillard Tobacco Co v Reilly, AG of Massachusetts, 533 U.S. 525, 200 free speech, shouting fire, theatre panic, clear and present danger, false commercial speech, misrepresentation, tobacco advertising, illegal tax advice, U.S. Supreme Court, Schenck v. United States, Lorillard Tobacco Co v Reilly act, circumstances, stringent, protection, free, speech, shouting, fire, theatre, panic, crowded, cinema, clear, present, danger, harm, others, US, false, commercial, misrepresentation, regulated, truthful, deceive, consumers, restrictions, tobacco, advertised, preventing, promoting, illegal, fraudulent, tax, advice, Supreme, Court, Schenck, v, United, States, Lorillard, Tobacco, Co, Reilly, AG, Massachusetts free speech, shouting fire, theatre, panic, clear and present danger, false commercial speech, misrepresentation, advertising regulation, tobacco advertising, illegal tax advice, U.S. Supreme Court, Schenck v. United States, Lorillard Tobacco Co v Reilly free speech, shouting fire, theatre, panic, clear and present danger, false commercial speech, misrepresentation, advertisement regulation, tobacco advertising, illegal tax advice, U.S. Supreme Court, Schenck v. United States, Lorillard Tobacco Co v Reilly clear and present danger, false speech, shouting fire, crowded cinema, U.S. Supreme Court, Schenck v. United States, free speech, public safety, false commercial speech, Lorillard Tobacco Co v Reilly, advertising regulations, consumer protection, tobacco advertising, illegal tax advice, fraudulent practices"
test-international-eghrhbeusli-pro01a	China can’t be ignored  Europe has a developing strategic partnership with China. China is Europe’s largest trading partner with EU exports in goods of €113.1billiion and imports of €281.9billion and in services of €20.2billion and €16.3billion respectively, [1] and as China's rapid growth continues it is playing an increasingly important part in the global economy and in international affairs. Clearly it is in the EU's interests to work together with this emerging superpower. Ma Zhaoxu a Foreign Ministry spokesman called it ‘the obstacle to the sound growth of the China-EU relationship,’ [2] after more than fifteen years, it is time to lift it. China has repeatedly said that it will never enjoy a normal trading relationship with the EU until the ban is lifted. Europe’s first responsibility is to its own citizens economic wellbeing which would benefit from greater trade ties between China and the European Union.  [1] European Commission, ‘China’, 2011   [2] Xinhua, ‘China calls for end to “prejudiced” EU arms embargo’, 2010 China, Europe, strategic partnership, largest trading partner, EU exports, imports, global economy, international affairs, emerging superpower, Ma Zhaoxu, Foreign Ministry, China-EU relationship, arms embargo, economic wellbeing, trade ties China, Europe, strategic partnership, trading partner, EU exports, imports, global economy, international affairs, emerging superpower, Ma Zhaoxu, Foreign Ministry, sound growth, China-EU relationship, EU arms embargo, normal trading relationship, citizens economic wellbeing, trade ties, European Union, European Commission, Xinhua China, Europe, strategic partnership, trading partner, EU exports, imports, global economy, international affairs, emerging superpower, Ma Zhaoxu, Foreign Ministry, China-EU relationship, normal trading relationship, economic wellbeing, trade ties, European Union, arms embargo, prejudiced, lift ban China, Europe, strategic partnership, trading partner, EU, exports, imports, global economy, international affairs, Ma Zhaoxu, Foreign Ministry, China-EU relationship, arms embargo, economic wellbeing, trade ties, European Commission, Xinhua China, Europe, strategic partnership, trading partner, EU exports, EU imports, global economy, international affairs, emerging superpower, Foreign Ministry, Ma Zhaoxu, sound growth, China-EU relationship, EU arms embargo, normal trading relationship, economic wellbeing, trade ties, European Union, European Commission, Xinhua
test-international-gpdwhwcusa-pro03a	A UN standing army would be more effective in operations themselves.  A UN standing army would be more effective than the variety of troops staffing missions under the current system. At present most UN operations are supplied by developing nations who hope to make a profit from the payments they receive for their services, but who are under-equipped and badly trained. Forces from the major powers are provided sparingly and only after substantial public pressure or when there exists an incentive for their use. A UN standing army would be better prepared, both in regards to training and equipment, and its soldiers would have greater motivation as they would have made a choice to enlist, rather than being conscripts forced by their own states to fight someone else’s war. A single UN force would also have better command and control than in current situations, when different national forces and their commanders often fail to work effectively together in the field for cultural and linguistic reasons. Successful forces such as the French Foreign Legion, the Indian army and the Roman army show that issues of language and culture need not be problems in combat situations. They can be overcome through a strong professional ethos and a commitment to a mutual cause, values that can only be expected to develop if troops prepare, train and fight together. UN standing army, effectiveness, operations, developing nations, profit, payments, under-equipped, badly trained, major powers, public pressure, incentive, better prepared, training, equipment, motivation, choice to enlist, conscripts, single force, command and control, national forces, cultural reasons, linguistic reasons, French Foreign Legion, Indian army, Roman army, professional ethos, mutual cause, values, prepare, train, fight together UN standing army, effectiveness, operations, current system, developing nations, profit, payments, under-equipped, badly trained, major powers, public pressure, incentive, better prepared, training, equipment, motivation, enlist, conscripts, command and control, cultural reasons, linguistic reasons, French Foreign Legion, Indian army, Roman army, professional ethos, mutual cause, values, prepare, train, fight together UN standing army, effectiveness, operations, variety of troops, current system, developing nations, profit, payments, under-equipped, badly trained, major powers, public pressure, incentive, better prepared, training, equipment, motivation, voluntary enlistment, conscripts, single force, command and control, national forces, cultural differences, linguistic differences, French Foreign Legion, Indian army, Roman army, professional ethos, mutual cause, values, prepare, train, fight together UN standing army, effectiveness, operations, troops, developing nations, profit, payments, services, under-equipped, badly trained, major powers, public pressure, incentive, better prepared, training, equipment, motivation, choice, conscripts, single force, command and control, national forces, commanders, cultural, linguistic, French Foreign Legion, Indian army, Roman army, professional ethos, mutual cause, values, prepare, train, fight together UN standing army, effectiveness, operations, current system, developing nations, profit, payments, under-equipped, badly trained, major powers, public pressure, incentive, better prepared, training, equipment, motivation, choice to enlist, conscripts, command and control, national forces, commanders, cultural reasons, linguistic reasons, French Foreign Legion, Indian army, Roman army, professional ethos, mutual cause, values, prepare, train, fight together
test-digital-freedoms-aihwbasmn-con02a	Blocking social networks denies people the ability to mobilize on genuine social issues  The state may not be the best placed to gauge the legitimacy of riots. Oftentimes riots are the result of massive social pressures, like poverty or limited integration of immigrant communities. When these issues are not properly addressed, or outright ignored by the ruling elites, they boil over. Positive things can come from riots. They can put the issues on the table and bring them screaming into the public consciousness. This is the difference between the Arab Spring that was considered legitimate and the London riots that were not, apart from the initial peaceful protests the riots did not have an agenda to create change. [1] The government suppressing legitimate demonstrations, whether they do it with physical force or internet repression, ultimately serves only to push away the problem, to continue to ignore it. [2] Blocking social networks therefore only seeks to muzzle the expression of outrage that is sometimes entirely justified. The media attention and organizing power of social networks serves to get people engaged, motivated, and visible. The government should not seek to stop that. They should seek to prevent protest and demonstration from spilling into violence. Blocking access to social networks will not aid in that endeavour.  [1] Stylianou, A., “Cyber Regulation and the Riots”, Legal matters, Autumn 2011.   [2] Dugan, L. “Blocking Twitter During Riots a Bad Idea, Study Proves”. Media Bistro. 2011. Blocking, social networks, mobilize, social issues, state, gauge, legitimacy, riots, social pressures, poverty, immigrant communities, issues, ruling elites, positive outcomes, riots, public consciousness, Arab Spring, London riots, peaceful protests, change, government, suppress, demonstrations, physical force, internet repression, problem, ignore, justified, media attention, organizing power, engaged, motivated, visible, prevent, violence, access, Twitter, study social networks, mobilize, social issues, state, legitimacy, riots, social pressures, poverty, immigrant communities, issues, public consciousness, Arab Spring, London riots, government, suppression, demonstrations, internet repression, problem, media attention, organizing power, protest, violence, cyber regulation, study, Twitter, bad idea Blocking, social networks, mobilize, social issues, state, legitimacy, riots, social pressures, poverty, immigrant integration, ruling elites, positive outcomes, riots, public consciousness, Arab Spring, London riots, government suppression, physical force, internet repression, problem avoidance, justified outrage, media attention, organizing power, protest, demonstration, violence, Twitter, cyber regulation Blocking, social networks, mobilize, social issues, state, gauge, legitimacy, riots, social pressures, poverty, integration, immigrant communities, ignored, ruling elites, positive, riots, issues, public consciousness, Arab Spring, London riots, peaceful protests, change, government, suppress, demonstrations, physical force, internet repression, problem, ignore, muzzle, outrage, justified, media attention, organizing power, engaged, motivated, visible, prevent, protest, demonstration, violence, access, Twitter, study, bad idea Blocking, social networks, mobilize, social issues, state, legitimacy, riots, social pressures, poverty, immigrant communities, government, internet repression, Arab Spring, London riots, media attention, organizing power, protest, demonstration, violence, cyber regulation, bad idea, study, Media Bistro
test-philosophy-npppmhwup-con03a	Affirmative action will not work  The underlying issue which affirmative action tries to gloss over is the embedded social problems which put the poor and ethnic monitories in continual disadvantages generation after generation. This policy merely papers over the cracks by masking the fact that the failures of state-funded schooling and attempts at integration have led to a situation in which ethnic minorities and the poor are so vastly underrepresented in universities. The state should do more to address these underlying problems, rather than covering up its failures with a tokenistic policy. Better funding of state schools, real parental choice in education, and accountability through the publication of comparable examination data would all drive up standards and allow more underprivileged children to fulfil their potential. [1] [2]  [1] Gryphon, M. “The Affirmative Action Myth”. Cato Institute Policy Analysis. No 540. April 13, 2005.   [2] Rosado, C. “Affirmative Action: A Time for Change?” March 3, 1997. affirmative action, social problems, underprivileged, ethnic minorities, state-funded schooling, integration, university representation, state policies, funding state schools, parental choice, education accountability, examination data, standards, potential fulfillment, Cato Institute, policy analysis, affirmative action myth, time for change, Carlos Rosado affirmative action, social problems, poor, ethnic minorities, disadvantages, state-funded schooling, integration, underrepresentation, universities, failures, tokenistic policy, funding, state schools, parental choice, education, accountability, examination data, standards, underprivileged children, potential, Cato Institute, policy analysis, change, Rosado affirmative action, social problems, poverty, ethnic minorities, disadvantage, state-funded schooling, integration, underrepresentation, universities, policy failures, tokenism, education funding, parental choice, school accountability, examination data, educational standards, underprivileged children, potential fulfillment, Cato Institute, policy analysis, change in affirmative action, minority representation, educational reform Affirmative action, social problems, poor, ethnic minorities, state-funded schooling, integration, underrepresented, universities, state, funding, state schools, parental choice, education, accountability, examination data, standards, underprivileged children, potential, Cato Institute, policy analysis, change, Rosado, Gryphon affirmative action, social problems, ethnic minorities, poverty, education, state schools, underrepresentation, universities, policy failures, parental choice, accountability, examination data, standards, underprivileged children, potential, Gryphon, Cato Institute, Rosado
test-religion-grcrgshwbr-pro03a	Religious symbols cause division within Western society.  Religious symbols can be seen as possible tools for fuelling division within society. When some women wear the Hijab it creates pressure on other Muslim women to also cover their heads. Pressure comes both socially from wanting to look like other women in their community and religiously from imams and family leaders pressing for observance. As such, Muslims themselves are divided and religious oppression against women is internalized.1 Approving of Muslim head coverings in society cements the Hijab as an essential tenet of Islam, in the minds of non-Muslims as well as believers. However, many different schools of Islam exist and as on other issues, they often disagree how to interpret the Koran's dress prescriptions. Moderate interpretations accept modest forms of modern dress while severe interpretations require full covering with the Burka or similar veil. Banning the veil furthers the cause of moderate interpretations and prevents the entrenchment of severe interpretations.  1 Rumy Hassan, 'Banning the hijab', Workers Power 283 February 2004, accessed on 24th July 2011 religious symbols, division, Western society, Hijab, Muslim women, social pressure, religious oppression, non-Muslims, Koran, dress prescriptions, moderate interpretations, severe interpretations, banning veil, entrenchment, Islam schools, Worker's Power, Rumy Hassan religious symbols, division, Western society, Hijab, Muslim women, social pressure, religious pressure, imams, family leaders, religious observance, religious oppression, non-Muslims, Koran, dress prescriptions, modest dress, severe interpretations, Burka, veil, banning, moderate interpretations religious symbols, division, Western society, Hijab, pressure, Muslim women, religious oppression, internalization, non-Muslims, Koran, dress prescriptions, moderate interpretations, severe interpretations, banning veil, Rumy Hassan, Workers Power religious symbols, division, Western society, Hijab, Muslim women, social pressure, religious pressure, imams, family leaders, religious oppression, non-Muslims, Koran, dress prescriptions, moderate interpretations, severe interpretations, Burka, veil, banning, moderate Islam, severe Islam Religious symbols, division, Western society, Hijab, Muslim women, social pressure, religious pressure, imams, family leaders, religious oppression, Muslim head coverings, non-Muslims, Islamic interpretations, Koran, dress prescriptions, modest dress, severe interpretations, Burka, veil, banning the veil, moderate interpretations, Rumy Hassan, Workers Power
test-philosophy-pppgshbsd-con03a	Class consciousness is an important aspect of Socialism, it would be hard to find a period in recent history when the majority have been so aware that their interests are not the same as the uber-rich  It has rarely been so clear that the interests of the few are not the same as those of the vast bulk of either European societies or the world outside it. At a time of rising unemployment, a handful of people who are already fantastically rich continue to pay themselves obscene salaries and bonuses. Of course there is nothing in this that is unusual, it’s just not usually done in so cavalier a fashion.  Although there is nothing mechanical in the process, most Socialist thinkers have been clear that the popular realisation that there really is a class distinction between what the Occupy protesters refer to as the 1% and the rest of us is an important first step towards establishing Socialism.  Whatever the media and political classes may pretend, Socialism is not – and never was – a single party or policy. It is a process. And that process is being seen on the streets across Europe Class consciousness, Socialism, historical context, majority awareness, interests conflict, uber-rich, European societies, global perspective, unemployment, wealth disparity, high salaries, bonuses, Occupy protesters, 1%, class distinction, Socialist thinkers, political process, media influence, political classes, streets of Europe, social change class consciousness, socialism, recent history, majority awareness, interests, uber-rich, European societies, world outside, rising unemployment, fantastically rich, salaries, bonuses, unusual, cavalier, Socialist thinkers, class distinction, Occupy protesters, 1%, process, media, political classes, streets, Europe class consciousness, socialism, recent history, majority, interests, uber-rich, European societies, world, rising unemployment, fantastically rich, obscene salaries, bonuses, cavalier, Socialist thinkers, class distinction, Occupy protesters, 1%, popular realisation, process, media, political classes, streets, Europe Class consciousness, Socialism, recent history, majority, interests, uber-rich, European societies, world, rising unemployment, fantastically rich, salaries, bonuses, unusual, cavalier, Socialist thinkers, class distinction, Occupy protesters, 1%, process, streets, Europe, media, political classes, single party, policy, process, Socialism class consciousness, socialism, recent history, majority, uber-rich, interests, European societies, world, rising unemployment, fantastically rich, salaries, bonuses, Occupy protesters, 1%, class distinction, Socialist thinkers, popular realisation, process, media, political classes, streets, Europe
test-international-epglghbni-pro03a	It would be easier to protect the rights of religious minorities within a united Ireland  Unrest in Northern Ireland was started by the appalling treatment of the Catholic minority there. When there was a Northern Ireland Parliament there was some gerrymandering, while the discrimination in representation was slight very few nationalists were able to get senior jobs, in the civil service for example in 1927 fourteen of the 229 officers of staff officer rank or above, or 6 per cent, were Catholic, while in 1959 there were forty-six Catholics out of 740 in such ranks, or once again, 6 per cent.* Over the years reforms have been introduced but there is still huge stigma against the Catholic community in Northern Ireland, who have little representation in politics, because it is dominated by Unionist rhetoric.  The best way to ensure equal treatment of the Catholics in Ireland is to unite majority Protestant Northern Ireland with Catholic majority Republic of Ireland, where they will be better represented in politics and not stigmatized by their neighbors.  *Whyte, 1983, united Ireland, religious minorities, Northern Ireland, Catholic minority, unrest, gerrymandering, discrimination, civil service, representation, reforms, stigma, Unionist rhetoric, majority Protestant, Catholic majority, Republic of Ireland, equal treatment, politics, Whyte 1983 united Ireland, religious minorities, Northern Ireland, Catholic minority, unrest, gerrymandering, discrimination, representation, civil service, reforms, stigma, Catholic community, Unionist rhetoric, equal treatment, majority Protestant, Catholic majority Republic of Ireland, politics, neighbors, Whyte 1983 religious minorities, united Ireland, Northern Ireland, Catholic minority, unrest, gerrymandering, discrimination, civil service, reforms, stigma, Catholic community, Unionist rhetoric, political representation, equal treatment, Protestant, Catholic majority, Republic of Ireland, Whyte 1983 religious minorities, united Ireland, Northern Ireland unrest, Catholic minority, gerrymandering, discrimination, civil service, representation, reforms, stigma, Catholic community, Unionist rhetoric, equal treatment, Protestant majority, Catholic majority Republic, politics, neighbors united Ireland, religious minorities, Northern Ireland, Catholic minority, unrest, gerrymandering, discrimination, civil service, reforms, stigma, Catholic community, Unionist rhetoric, equal treatment, Protestant majority, Catholic majority, Republic of Ireland, representation, politics, neighbors
test-philosophy-eppphwlrtjs-pro03a	"Judges are better at delivering justice than juries are.  Juries are not technically trained in evaluating evidence.1 Additionally, judges are trained to recognize and suppress their own prejudices, evaluate information given to them, recognize prosecutorial strategy etc., better allowing them to make objective decisions. Furthermore, some studies suggest that juries actually work against the innocent; a 1979 study found that ""more than 5 per cent of defendants found guilty by juries were considered by professionals to have been convicted in questionable circumstances.""2This is hardly surprising given that jurors are ordinary citizens who are forced to sit through what are often dull and protracted trials, and who may have little interest in actually listening to what is being said (Joanne Frail, a juror convicted for contempt of court stated that she 'drew more than she wrote [during the trial]').3 Perhaps we should trust in the expertise of screened and trained justices instead.  1Sir Louis Blum Cooper QC, ""A Judge Can Do the Work of 12 Amateurs, and Better  2Baldwin and McConville, ""Jury Trials""  3BBC, ""Juror Admits Contempt of Court Over Facebook Case"" judges, juries, justice, technical training, evidence evaluation, prejudice recognition, objective decisions, prosecutorial strategy, jury bias, questionable convictions, juror disinterest, trial engagement, expert justices, legal professionals, courtroom efficiency, jury trials, judicial expertise, contempt of court, juror misconduct, Facebook case, Joanne Frail judges, juries, justice, evidence evaluation, prejudice suppression, objective decisions, jury studies, questionable convictions, juror disinterest, trial participation, legal expertise, trained justices, amateur jurors, judicial efficiency, courtroom conduct, Facebook case, contempt of court, juror misconduct, legal professionals, prosecutorial strategy judges, juries, justice, evidence evaluation, training, prejudice, objectivity, studies, wrongful convictions, professional assessment, jurors, trials, interest, listening, expertise, trained justices, Sir Louis Blum Cooper, Baldwin and McConville, Joanne Frail, contempt of court, Facebook case judges, juries, justice, evidence evaluation, prejudice recognition, objective decisions, jury studies, wrongful convictions, juror disinterest, professional training, judicial expertise, legal amateurs, courtroom behavior, juror misconduct, social science research, legal system efficiency judges, justice, juries, technically trained, evidence evaluation, prejudices, objective decisions, studies, defendants, guilty, questionable circumstances, jurors, ordinary citizens, protracted trials, interest, listening, screened, trained justices, expertise, Sir Louis Blum Cooper QC, Baldwin and McConville, BBC, Juror Contempt, Facebook Case"
test-digital-freedoms-efsappgdfp-pro02a	You are not going to be arrested because the government has access to your communications  Clearly much of the time you really do have nothing to worry about when it comes to intelligence agencies having information about you. People are not regularly arrested without just cause and we have little evidence that democratic governments use this information to put pressure on their citizens. There have been no known cases of this happening since the start of the war on terror. [1] When it comes to foreign governments this is even less of a cause for concern; while your own government might be interested in various aspects of your life to help it with the services it provides foreign governments only have one motivation; their own national security. If you are not a threat to that national security the chances of them ever taking any action against you are essentially nonexistent.  [1] Posner, Eric, ‘I Don’t See a Problem Here’, The New York Times Room for Debate, 10 June 2013, government surveillance, privacy concerns, intelligence agencies, data collection, democratic oversight, national security, foreign governments, war on terror, Eric Posner, New York Times, Room for Debate, arrest without cause, citizen pressure, justified surveillance, security services, public safety, civil liberties, privacy rights, digital communication, lawful interception, terrorist threats, legal protections, human rights, surveillance scope, international relations, state security, personal data, encryption, privacy laws, democratic accountability, intelligence gathering, data privacy, government powers, cyber security, digital privacy, legal framework, policy debate, public debate, privacy versus security, civil rights, national interest, government surveillance, privacy concerns, intelligence agencies, arrest without cause, democratic oversight, war on terror, foreign government interests, national security, Eric Posner, New York Times Room for Debate government surveillance, personal communications, arrest rates, intelligence agencies, information privacy, democratic oversight, national security, foreign governments, war on terror, Eric Posner, New York Times, Room for Debate, civil liberties, privacy concerns, security measures, public safety, surveillance impact, legal protections, privacy rights, government powers government access, communications, arrested, intelligence agencies, information, citizens, democratic governments, war on terror, foreign governments, national security, threat, action, Posner, New York Times, Room for Debate government access, communications, intelligence agencies, information, arrest, just cause, democratic governments, pressure, citizens, war on terror, foreign governments, national security, threat, action, Eric Posner, New York Times, Room for Debate
test-health-ahiahbgbsp-con02a	Unenforceable  Smoking bans are often unenforceable in higher income countries. This is because they require expensive manpower or CCTV in order to stop those flouting the ban, with scarce resources a police force will almost always have other more important crimes to deal with. If Berlin 1 and New York City 2 cannot enforce them, most African cities won’t be able to either.  Ghana's advertising ban has been flouted in the past. When asked in a survey about advertising 35% of Ghanaians recalled hearing a tobacco advert on radio or television despite such ads being banned. 3  1 AFP, 'Smoking Ban not Enforced in Parts of Germany', Spiegel Online, 2 July 2008,   2 Huff Post New York, 'NYC Smoking Ban In Parks Will Not Be Enforced By NYPD: Mayor', Huffington Post, 2 November 2011,   3 Kaloko, Mustapha, 2013,  , p.18 Unenforceable, Smoking bans, Higher income countries, Expensive manpower, CCTV, Police force, Berlin, New York City, African cities, Ghana, Advertising ban, Flouted, Tobacco advert, Radio, Television, Survey, AFP, Spiegel Online, Huff Post New York, Mayor, Parks, NYPD, Mustapha Kaloko, 2013 unenforceable, smoking bans, higher income countries, expensive manpower, CCTV, police force, scarce resources, Berlin, New York City, African cities, Ghana, advertising ban, flouted, tobacco advert, radio, television, survey, Spiegel Online, Huffington Post, Kaloko, Mustapha Unenforceable, Smoking bans, Higher income countries, Expensive manpower, CCTV, Police force, Berlin, New York City, African cities, Ghana, Advertising ban, Tobacco advert, Survey, Spiegel Online, Huffington Post, Kaloko Mustapha, 2013 unenforceable, smoking bans, higher income countries, manpower, CCTV, police force, Berlin, New York City, African cities, Ghana, advertising ban, tobacco advert, survey, Ghanaians, radio, television, Spiegel Online, Huffington Post, Kaloko Mustapha unenforceable, smoking bans, higher income countries, manpower, CCTV, police force, crimes, Berlin, New York City, African cities, Ghana, advertising ban, tobacco advert, survey, Spiegel Online, Huffington Post, Kaloko Mustapha
test-international-gmehbisrip1b-pro01a	Israel has no right to the occupied territories.  Because Israel won the land during war, it is considered occupied territory under international law, and it is illegal for Israel to annex it. [1] In July 2004, the International Court of Justice delivered an Advisory Opinion observing that under customary international law as reflected in Article 42 of the Regulations annexed to the Hague IV Convention, territory is considered occupied when it is actually placed under the authority of the hostile army, and the occupation extends only to the territory where such authority has been established and can be exercised. Israel raised a number of exceptions and objections, but the Court found them unpersuasive. The Court ruled that territories had been occupied by the Israeli armed forces in 1967, during the conflict between Israel and Jordan, and that subsequent events in those territories, had done nothing to alter the situation. [2] Even the Israeli Supreme court has ruled that “Judea and Samaria [a.k.a. The West Bank] areas are held by the State of Israel in belligerent occupation.” [3] Therefore, Israel has no better claim to these lands than that it won them in a war, which is an illegitimate claim under international law, and also illegitimate as a thinly-disguised, morally abhorrent “might makes right” argument. The fact that Arab states initiated the 1967 war does not justify Israel responding by annexing Palestinian territory. [4] A just settlement would have been a return to the previous borders in exchange for security guarantees, etc. Instead, Israel unjustly used the opportunity to take land from an innocent people. One bad act does not justify another bad act in return. Moreover, it is notable that the nations which Israel took Gaza and the West Bank from in 1967 (Egypt and Jordan, respectively) were not representative nations of the areas' majority inhabitants, the Palestinian people. [5] It is thus illegitimate for Israel to claim ownership of Palestinian land because it defeated non-Palestinian nations in a war, and Israel should therefore return to its pre-1967 borders, leaving Gaza and the West Bank to the Palestinian people.  [1] BBC News. “Israeli settlements condemned by Western powers”. BBC News. 2 November 2011.   [2] International Court of Justice. “Legal Consequences of the Construction of a Wall in the Occupied Palestinian Territory”. International Court of Justice, United Nations Organisation. July 2004.   [3] The Supreme Court of Israel. “Mara'abe vs The Prime Minister of Israel”. The Supreme Court of Israel. June 2005.   [4] BBC News. “1967: Israel launches attack on Egypt”. BBC News On This Day. 5 June 1967.   [5] BBC News. “Israeli settlements condemned by Western powers”. BBC News. 2 November 2011. Israel, occupied territories, international law, annexation, International Court of Justice, Advisory Opinion, Hague IV Convention, Israeli armed forces, Israeli Supreme Court, Judea and Samaria, West Bank, belligerent occupation, 1967 war, Palestinian territory, Arab states, pre-1967 borders, Gaza, Egypt, Jordan, Palestinian people, Israeli settlements, Western powers, Mara'abe vs The Prime Minister of Israel, BBC News, On This Day Israel, occupied territories, international law, annexation, International Court of Justice, Advisory Opinion, Hague IV Convention, Israeli armed forces, Israeli Supreme Court, Judea and Samaria, West Bank, belligerent occupation, 1967 war, Arab states, Palestinian territory, just settlement, pre-1967 borders, Gaza, Palestinian people, settlements, Western powers, Egypt, Jordan, security guarantees Israel, occupied territories, international law, annexation, International Court of Justice, Advisory Opinion, Hague IV Convention, Israeli armed forces, 1967 conflict, Israeli Supreme Court, Judea and Samaria, West Bank, belligerent occupation, moral argument, just settlement, pre-1967 borders, Palestinian people, Egypt, Jordan, settlements, BBC News, Western powers, security guarantees Israel, occupied territories, international law, annexation, International Court of Justice, Advisory Opinion, Hague IV Convention, Article 42, belligerent occupation, Israeli Supreme Court, Judea and Samaria, West Bank, 1967 war, Arab states, Palestinian territory, pre-1967 borders, Palestinian people, settlements, Western powers, Egypt, Jordan, security guarantees, moral justification, might makes right Israel, occupied territories, international law, annexation, International Court of Justice, Advisory Opinion, customary international law, Article 42, Hague IV Convention, 1967 war, Jordan, Israeli Supreme Court, Judea and Samaria, West Bank, belligerent occupation, moral justification, might makes right, pre-1967 borders, Palestinian people, Egypt, Gaza Strip, settlements, Western powers, security guarantees, UN, BBC News, Mara'abe vs The Prime Minister of Israel, On This Day
test-international-emephsate-pro02a	Turkey is actually part of the European continent both geographically and historically.  Geographically, Turkey is astride the divide between Europe and Asia, it is uncontestable that Turkey is in part a European country and so has the right to become a member of the European Union. Turkey’s biggest city, Istanbul, is located within Europe. One of the core values of the EU stands as “every country on the European continent after having completed all the necessary preparations has the right to join the EU’’ [1] . Furthermore, Turkey and its predecessors, the Ottoman Empire and Byzantine Empire were major European and World powers from the end of the Roman Empire until the breakdown of the World War I. The Ottoman Empire took part in the European state’s system from its birth even if as in some ways an outsider, until the end of the eighteenth century Turkey was considered to be much more a part of the European system than Russia. [2] Turkey since the first world war has been orientated towards the west using western methods to modernize including for example making the state secular; building a law system based not on Islamic law but on Swiss civil law. [3] Turkey can therefore be said to be as much a western nation as an Islamic one.  [1] The EU: A Community of Values. EU Focus.  Accessed on September 3, 2010.  [2] Anderson, M.S., The Origins of the Modern European State System 1494-1618, Longman London, 1998, p.57  [3] Huntington, Samuel P., The Clash of Civilizations and the remaking of world order, Simon & Schuster London, 1996, pp.144-145 Turkey, European continent, geography, history, European Union, Istanbul, EU membership, Byzantine Empire, Ottoman Empire, European state system, secularization, westernization, law system, Swiss civil law, Islamic law, Samuel Huntington, clash of civilizations, world order Turkey, European continent, geography, historical significance, European Union, Istanbul, cultural identity, secularism, Ottoman Empire, Byzantine Empire, Westernization, law system, Islamic law, Swiss civil law, European state system, modern European powers, World War I, Samuel Huntington, civilizational clash, European values Turkey, European continent, geographical location, historical context, European Union membership, Istanbul, European values, Ottoman Empire, Byzantine Empire, Roman Empire, World War I, European state system, western orientation, secular state, Swiss civil law, Western nation, Islamic nation, Samuel P. Huntington, Clash of Civilizations Turkey, European continent, geography, historical context, European Union, Istanbul, core values, European powers, Ottoman Empire, Byzantine Empire, European state system, secular state, Swiss civil law, Western methods, Islamic nation, modernization, civilization clash, Samuel Huntington Turkey, European continent, geographically, historically, European Union, Istanbul, core values, European system, Ottoman Empire, Byzantine Empire, Roman Empire, World War I, western methods, modernization, secular state, Swiss civil law, western nation, Islamic, Samuel P. Huntington, The Clash of Civilizations, EU values, European state system, geopolitical, membership, cultural identity, historical significance, legal reforms, secularization, European powers, international relations, geopolitical boundaries, historical evolution, modern Turkey, European integration, civilizational identity, legal system, cultural transformation, heritage, geopolitical location, European values, historical context, European history
test-international-ghbunhf-con03a	Many UN organs carry out valuable work around the world.  The United Nations is far more than simply a debating forum; it does a massive amount of vital work around the world through its other organs. Examples of these are the World Health Organisation (WHO), UNESCO, UNICEF, the International Court of Justice (ICJ), and the High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) among many others. [1]  Even if the slow speed of diplomacy at the UN General Assembly can sometimes be frustrating, the idea that the United Nations as a whole has “failed” simply does not take account of all these very important bodies. Furthermore, the UN remains one of the most respected of international organisations among ordinary citizens.  [1] “United Nations: Structure and Organisation”. United Nations, 2011. UN organs, United Nations, World Health Organisation, WHO, UNESCO, UNICEF, International Court of Justice, ICJ, High Commissioner for Refugees, UNHCR, diplomatic work, international organisations, global respect, UN General Assembly, diplomacy speed, UN effectiveness, UN success, UN structure, UN organisation UN organs, valuable work, World Health Organisation, WHO, UNESCO, UNICEF, International Court of Justice, ICJ, High Commissioner for Refugees, UNHCR, diplomacy, UN General Assembly, respected international organisations, United Nations structure, United Nations organisation United Nations, UN organs, valuable work, World Health Organisation, WHO, UNESCO, UNICEF, International Court of Justice, ICJ, High Commissioner for Refugees, UNHCR, UN General Assembly, diplomacy, international organisations, respected, citizens UN organs, valuable work, World Health Organisation, WHO, UNESCO, UNICEF, International Court of Justice, ICJ, High Commissioner for Refugees, UNHCR, diplomacy, UN General Assembly, United Nations, international organisations, respected, citizens, structure, organisation UN organs, valuable work, World Health Organisation, UNESCO, UNICEF, International Court of Justice, UNHCR, diplomacy, UN General Assembly, respected, international organisations
test-international-eghrhbeusli-pro05a	"A code of conduct is needed not a ban  The current arms ban is purely symbolic. China is already able to buy a range of military items from Europe ($555 million worth in 2003) [1] and the USA, which has a similar ""ban"" on weapons sales to China. This is because the EU’s current ban is not legally binding and it is up to each EU member to define and implement the embargo meaning the embargo is not effective. [2] An arms ban is therefore a blunt instrument that does not work. Instead future sales should be regulated by a tough EU code of conduct which prevents military equipment being sold to any state which might use it for external aggression or internal repression. Such a code of conduct for all arms exports has already existed since 1998. [3] Such a code of conduct will be a much better guarantee that China is not sold arms unless EU states are sure they will not be misused.  [1] Tkacik, ‘E.U. Leadership Finds Little Public Support for Lifting China Arms Ban’, 2005.   [2] Archick, Kristin, et al., ‘European Union’s Arms Embargo on China’, 2005, p5.   [3] Ibid, p21 code of conduct, arms ban, symbolic, China, military items, Europe, USA, legally binding, EU member, embargo, effective, blunt instrument, future sales, regulated, tough EU code, military equipment, external aggression, internal repression, arms exports, guarantee, misused code of conduct, arms ban, military items, EU, China, Europe, USA, weapons sales, legally binding, EU member, embargo, effective, blunt instrument, future sales, regulated, tough EU code, military equipment, external aggression, internal repression, arms exports, guarantee, misuse, Tkacik, Kristin Archick, European Union's Arms Embargo, public support, lifting ban code of conduct, arms ban, China, military items, Europe, USA, legally binding, embargo, effectiveness, future sales, regulation, EU, military equipment, external aggression, internal repression, arms exports, guarantee, misuse, Tkacik, Archick, European Union, public support, lifting ban code of conduct, arms ban, symbolic, China, military items, Europe, USA, sales, EU, legally binding, embargo, ineffective, blunt instrument, regulation, future sales, tough, EU code, prevent, military equipment, state, external aggression, internal repression, guarantee, misuse, Tkacik, Archick, European Union, arms embargo, public support, lifting ban code of conduct, arms ban, military items, EU, China, symbolic ban, legally binding, EU members, embargo, effectiveness, blunt instrument, future sales, regulation, tough EU code, arms exports, external aggression, internal repression, guarantee, misuse, Tkacik, Kristin Archick, European Union, arms embargo, public support, 1998 code of conduct"
test-economy-thsptr-pro05a	A well-implemented progressive taxation scheme serve to promote economic growth  Progressive taxation can serve very effectively to increase the economic welfare and development of societies. It does so in three ways. First, it lifts the poor out of poverty by redistributing the tax burden from them onto the wealthy who are more able to pay, and gives them more disposable income to put back into the economy, which increases the velocity of money in the system, increasing growth. [1] Second, workers will be more likely to work harder since they will feel the system is more equitable; perceptions of fairness are very important to individuals. People will still work and save since they will want the goods and services they always did in the presence of progressive taxation, and will thus not be less motivated as detractors of progressive systems suggest. Third, progressive taxes serve as an automatic stabilizer in the event of recessions and temporary downturns in the market, in the sense that a loss of wages due to unemployment or wage cuts places an individual in a lower tax bracket, dampening the blow of the initial income loss. The American economy is a perfect example of how progressive taxation promotes broader economic growth; data shows that average yearly growth has been lessened since the 1950s after the reduction in progressively in the tax system. In the 1950s annual growth was 4.1%, while in the 1980s, when progressively in taxes fell dramatically, growth was only 3%. [2] Clearly, a progressive tax regime is best for workers and the economy generally.  [1] Boxx, T. William and Gary Quinlivan. The Cultural Context of Economics and Politics. Lanham: University Press of America. 1994.  [2] Batra, Ravi. The Great American Deception: What Politicians Won’t Tell You About Our Economy and Your Future. New York: John Wiley and Sons. 1996. progressive taxation, economic growth, poverty reduction, income redistribution, wealthier individuals, disposable income, velocity of money, worker motivation, fairness, economic welfare, automatic stabilizer, recessions, income loss, tax brackets, American economy, historical data, tax policy, economic development, social equity, fiscal policy, income inequality, tax reforms, economic stability progressive taxation, economic growth, redistribution, tax burden, poverty, disposable income, velocity of money, worker motivation, fairness, automatic stabilizer, recessions, wage cuts, tax brackets, American economy, historical data, economic policy, income inequality, fiscal policy, tax reform, economic development progressive taxation, economic growth, redistribution, poverty reduction, disposable income, velocity of money, economic welfare, development, equity, fairness, motivation, automatic stabilizer, recession, unemployment, wage cuts, tax brackets, American economy, historical data, tax policy, fiscal policy, income inequality progressive taxation, economic growth, economic welfare, poverty reduction, tax burden, wealth redistribution, disposable income, velocity of money, worker motivation, economic equity, automatic stabilizer, unemployment, tax brackets, income loss, economic data, historical comparison, 1950s economy, 1980s economy, tax policy, fiscal policy, Ravi Batra, T. William Boxx, Gary Quinlivan progressive taxation, economic growth, wealth redistribution, poverty alleviation, disposable income, velocity of money, economic equity, work motivation, automatic stabilizers, recession management, historical economic data, American economy, tax policy impact, economic welfare, societal development, tax burden, economic fairness, income loss, tax brackets, annual growth rates, economic performance, tax system evolution, economic literature, political economy, fiscal policy, economic theory, income distribution, social equity
test-free-speech-debate-nshbbsbfb-con03a	Why should those who foot the bill have chunks of airtime from which they are, effectively, excluded.  How can it be okay for a broadcaster, funded by a compulsory levy on anyone who owns a television, to willingly produce programmes they know will cause offence to that consumer?  The charge of blasphemy is far more than saying ‘I didn’t enjoy this’ or ‘not my kind of show’, it is a deeply held belief that what has been said is a deliberate and willful attack on values and beliefs that the viewer holds sacred and fundamental to who they are.  All major broadcasters, including the BBC, routinely test shows and monitor audience response and yet, in this particular regard, feel relaxed about producing material that certain viewers would consider it not only uncomfortable but sinful to watch. By definition, those viewers cannot watch those shows or, quite probably, that station and yet they are still expected to pay for it.  Even if a British viewer were to choose never to watch the BBC again because of the offence caused by programmes such as Jerry Springer: The Opera, they would still be paying the salaries of those who had caused the offence in the first place. That cannot be reasonable by any standard. television license, broadcaster ethics, public funding, offensive content, viewer exclusion, blasphemy, audience testing, programme monitoring, religious beliefs, Jerry Springer The Opera, compulsory levy, viewer rights, taxpayer money, broadcast standards, media regulation, content sensitivity, offended viewers, funding fairness, television programming, cultural values compulsory levy, broadcaster funding, offensive content, audience exclusion, deeply held beliefs, blasphemy, values and beliefs, audience response testing, viewer discomfort, sinful content, payment obligation, reasonable standards, Jerry Springer: The Opera, BBC funding, viewer rights, content regulation, public broadcasting, consumer offended, programme offensiveness, compulsory payment BBC, compulsory levy, television license, blasphemy, offensive content, audience exclusion, viewer beliefs, Jerry Springer: The Opera, public funding, broadcaster responsibility, audience testing, program offense, viewer choice, payment for content, public service broadcasting, viewer rights, content regulation, media ethics, public funding accountability BBC, license fee, compulsory levy, offensive content, blasphemy, viewer values, audience response, Jerry Springer: The Opera, public funding, broadcaster responsibility, viewer choice, program testing, censorship, free speech, media regulation, consumer rights, ethical broadcasting, religious sensitivity, public service broadcasting, fiscal accountability, offender funding, offensive programming, content warnings, viewer exclusion, media ethics, cultural respect, broadcast standards, public trust, taxpayer-funded content, viewer offense, compulsory payment, programming decisions, audience segmentation, inclusive broadcasting, media critique, cultural offense, content regulation, broadcasting policy, media impact, viewer beliefs, fund allocation, program production television license, BBC, offensive content, blasphemy, audience exclusion, compulsory payment, viewer values, Jerry Springer: The Opera, public broadcasting, program testing, audience reaction, moral objection, financial contribution, content regulation, broadcasting standards, viewer rights, media ethics, cultural sensitivity, religious beliefs, consumer choice, funding model, public service broadcaster, offensive programming, viewer offense, compulsory levy, content suitability, audience offensiveness, program monitoring, viewer exclusion, broadcaster responsibility, viewer beliefs, public funding, television funding, content production, viewer discomfort, program offense, moral outrage, programming decisions, viewer sanctity, program sensitivity, funding
test-science-nsihwbtiss-con01a	Social media can be powerful educational resources.  Many teachers have been using social media as an extension of the classroom, some of them setting up discussion pages, or allowing students to contact them about homework or things that they did not understand in the classroom, it allows the teachers to provide extra help whenever the student needs it. This keeps students interested and makes learning fun by using a tool that they are already fond of. The enormous success of tools like ‘The Khan Academy’, which uses youtube videos to deliver lectures to kids, is proof of that [1] . It also allows even those students who are too shy to speak out in class or ask for help, to participate3. Tools like facebook and twitter have the advantage of being ready-made platforms that lend themselves well to extending classroom discussions through groups, pages, pictures, and videos. Not all schools have access to the funding to set up such pages separately and not all teachers have the skills to create them. It would be a mistake for schools to dismiss their use and their value.  [1] Khan, Salman. ”Turning the Classroom Upside Down.” The Wall Street Journal. 9 April 2011. social media, educational resources, teachers, classroom extension, discussion pages, homework, student understanding, extra help, student engagement, learning fun, shy students, participation, Facebook, Twitter, platforms, classroom discussions, groups, pages, pictures, videos, funding, teacher skills, Khan Academy, Salman Khan, Wall Street Journal, classroom upside down social media, educational resources, teachers, classroom extension, discussion pages, homework help, student engagement, learning fun, Khan Academy, YouTube lectures, shy students, participation, Facebook, Twitter, ready-made platforms, classroom discussions, school funding, teacher skills, educational value social media, educational resources, classroom extension, discussion pages, homework help, student engagement, learning tools, Khan Academy, YouTube lectures, shy students, Facebook, Twitter, educational platforms, classroom discussions, school funding, teacher skills, educational value Social media, educational resources, teachers, classroom extension, discussion pages, homework help, learning engagement, Khan Academy, YouTube lectures, shy students, participation, Facebook, Twitter, platforms, classroom discussions, school funding, teacher skills, educational value social media, educational resources, teachers, classroom extension, discussion pages, homework help, student engagement, learning tools, Khan Academy, YouTube videos, lectures, shy students, participation, Facebook, Twitter, platforms, classroom discussions, groups, pages, pictures, videos, school funding, teacher skills, educational value
test-society-epsihbdns-con03a	"Rural life is miserable and has higher mortality rates than cities  This planet does not find worse living standards anywhere than in the rural areas of developing countries. These are the areas where famine, child mortality and diseases (such as AIDS) plague the people. [1] China’s Hukou system has condemned millions of people to premature death by locking them in areas that never will develop. [2] While the cities enjoy the benefits of 12% growth, the villages are as poor and deprived as ever. [3] It is a poorly concealed policy aimed at maintaining a gaping social cleavage and allowing the rich to remain rich.  [1] Maxwell, Daniel., “The Political Economy of Urban Food Security in Sub-Saharan Africa.” 11, London : Elsevier Science Ltd., 1999, World Development, Vol. 27, p. 1939±1953. S0305-750X(99)00101-1.  [2] Dikötter, Frank. Mao's Great Famine. London : Walker & Company, 2010. 0802777686.  [3] Wang, Fei-Ling. “Organising through Division and Exclusion: China's Hukou System"". 2005. rural life, mortality rates, developing countries, famine, child mortality, diseases, AIDS, China, Hukou system, premature death, urban food security, social cleavage, wealth disparity, Mao's Great Famine, exclusion, Fei-Ling Wang, Dikötter, urban-rural divide, economic growth, poverty, Sub-Saharan Africa, World Development, political economy rural life, mortality rates, developing countries, famine, child mortality, diseases, AIDS, China, Hukou system, urban food security, social cleavage, poverty, deprivation, political economy, sub-Saharan Africa, Mao's Great Famine, Fei-Ling Wang, Frank Dikötter, Daniel Maxwell rural life, mortality rates, developing countries, famine, child mortality, diseases, AIDS, China, Hukou system, premature death, urban food security, Sub-Saharan Africa, Mao's Great Famine, social cleavage, economic disparity, poverty, village deprivation, urban-rural gap, Fei-Ling Wang, Dikötter, Daniel Maxwell rural life, mortality rates, developing countries, famine, child mortality, diseases, AIDS, China, Hukou system, premature death, poverty, social cleavage, urban food security, sub-Saharan Africa, Mao's Great Famine, exclusion, division, Fei-Ling Wang, Maxwell, Daniel, World Development, 1999, 2005, 2010, 12% growth, villages, poverty, deprivation, political economy, urban areas, rural areas rural, life, miserable, higher, mortality, rates, cities, developing, countries, famine, child, mortality, diseases, AIDS, China, Hukou, system, premature, death, poverty, deprived, social, cleavage, rich, urban, food, security, Sub-Saharan, Africa, Mao, Great, Famine, exclusion, Fei-Ling, Wang, division, Walker, Company, Elsevier, Science, World, Development, political, economy"
test-society-tsmihwurpp-pro01a	When you know terrorists are likely to be members of particular national and ethnic groups, it is simply more practical to focus searches on those groups.  The reality is that all of the major terrorist attacks against Western targets in recent years have been perpetrated by young, Muslim men. It doesn’t require any prejudice at all to realise that they are the most sensible group to check and recheck.  Although it is important to respect people’s rights and liberties regardless of ethnicity or religious belief, a sensible security policy must force police officers and security officials to make decisions based on factual information. Everybody- including most members of the groups identified by profiling- has an interest in not being blown up on an aeroplane. They will, therefore, accept that this is a regrettable necessity. Airport staff can only stop so many people and it makes sense to target groups that terrorists are likely to be part of. terrorism, national groups, ethnic groups, Muslim men, security policy, police, factual information, profiling, airport security, terrorist attacks, Western targets, rights, liberties, ethnicity, religious belief, public safety, targeted searches, practicality, regrettable necessity, risk assessment, safety measures terrorists, national, ethnic, groups, practical, searches, Western, attacks, young, Muslim, men, prejudice, sensible, security, police, factual, information, rights, liberties, ethnicity, religious, profiling, aeroplane, airport, staff, target terrorists, national, ethnic, groups, practical, searches, major, attacks, Western, targets, recent, years, young, Muslim, men, prejudice, sensible, check, recheck, rights, liberties, ethnicity, religious, belief, security, policy, police, officers, factual, information, interest, blown, aeroplane, regrettable, necessity, airport, staff, stop, target, likely, part terrorists, national, ethnic, groups, young, Muslim, men, security, policy, police, officers, factual, information, rights, liberties, ethnicity, religious, profiling, airport, staff, targeting, attacks, Western, targets, practical, searches, sensible, decisions, necessity, blown, aeroplane, regrettable, acceptance, public, safety, profiling, efficiency, prevention, ethics, discrimination, debate, controversial, measures, enforcement, tactics, airline, travel, risk, assessment, intelligence, operations, suspects, civil, liberties, concerns, human, rights, law, enforcement, strategies, security, checks, terrorists, national, ethnic, groups, searches, young, Muslim, men, major, attacks, Western, targets, prejudice, sensible, security, policy, police, officials, factual, information, rights, liberties, ethnicity, religious, profiling, accept, necessity, airport, staff, target, stop, people, blown, aeroplane
test-digital-freedoms-aihwbasmn-pro02a	Non violent methods of disrupting riots must be tried before using force  When riots are on-going then the police needs to act but the safety of everyone involved should be considered to be paramount. If a riot will not disperse peacefully then the police often find they need to use batons, water cannon, or even in extremis tear gas or rubber bullets. It is the police’s duty to bring back public order by stopping riots through these methods. However this should not be at the expense of a much more preventative approach that shutting down social media networks would allow. If during instances of rioting the police are able to prevent those rioters from encouraging their friends to join them so expanding the riots then this is the right course of action to take. Rioters used social media like activists, to outmanoeuvre the police targeting areas where there was little police presence. Cutting off their means of communication would make this much harder and less effective. [1] This has been used effectively in the past; the San Francisco BART, shut down mobile phones on its network to prevent protests which it feared could lead to clashes with commuters, it may well have been the reason why there were no such protests, but it did spark outrage over violations of freedom of speech. [2]  [1] O’Rourke, Simon, “Empowering protest through social media”, Edith Cowan University Research Online, 2011,  P.51  [2] Cabanatuan, M., “BART admits halting cell service to stop protests”, SFGate, non-violent, disrupting, riots, police, safety, batons, water, cannon, tear, gas, rubber, bullets, public, order, preventative, approach, social, media, networks, rioters, friends, expand, communication, effective, past, San, Francisco, BART, mobile, phones, protests, commuters, freedom, speech, Edith, Cowan, University, SFGate non-violent, disruption, riots, police, safety, batons, water-cannon, tear-gas, rubber-bullets, public-order, preventative-approach, social-media, communication-networks, activists, protests, BART, mobile-phones, freedom-of-speech, outrage, clashes, commuters, Simon-O’Rourke, Edith-Cowan-University, M-Cabanatuan, SFGate Non-violent, riots, police, force, safety, batons, water cannon, tear gas, rubber bullets, public order, preventative approach, social media, networks, rioters, communication, San Francisco BART, mobile phones, protests, commuters, freedom of speech, social media networks, disrupting riots, non-violent methods, public safety, law enforcement, crowd control, digital activism, civil rights, communication disruption, public protests, police tactics, riot control, social media shutdown, civil liberties, emergency response, crowd management, technology in policing, public unrest, social media influence, protest management, police strategy, community safety, Non-violent, disrupting, riots, police, safety, batons, water-cannon, tear-gas, rubber-bullets, public-order, preventative-approach, social-media, networks, communication, rioters, friends, expanding, targeting, areas, presence, mobile-phones, BART, protests, commuters, clashes, outrage, freedom-of-speech, SFGate, O’Rourke, Cabanatuan, Edith-Cowan-University, empowering-protest, social-media-activism non-violent, disrupting, riots, police, safety, batons, water, cannon, tear, gas, rubber, bullets, public, order, preventative, approach, social, media, networks, communication, expanding, protests, targeting, areas, presence, activists, outmanoeuvre, effective, past, San, Francisco, BART, mobile, phones, clashes, commuters, freedom, speech, outrage, violations, protest, empowerment, digital, activism
test-religion-grcrgshwbr-pro02a	Religious symbols cause problems in schools.  As well as division in society in general, religious symbols are also a source of division within school environments. The Hijab causes schools many problems. It is potentially divisive in the classroom, marking some children out as different from the others and above the rules that the school enforces for everyone else. This may lead to alienation and bullying. Full headscarves may also be impractical or dangerous in some lessons, for example PE, swimming, or in technology and science lessons where machinery is being operated. In the same way, there have been discussions as to whether to ban the display of Crucifixes in public classrooms. Authorities in Italy have followed through with the ban saying that such a Christian symbol segregates those who are not Christian.1  1 'Decision due in Crucifix ban case', Times of Malta, March 17th 2011 , accessed on 24th July 2011 religious symbols, schools, division, society, hijab, classroom, alienation, bullying, headscarves, PE, swimming, technology, science, machinery, crucifixes, public classrooms, Italy, Christian, segregation, non-Christian, ban, legal case, Times of Malta, March 17th 2011, July 24th 2011 religious symbols, schools, division, society, hijab, problems, alienation, bullying, full headscarves, impractical, dangerous, PE, swimming, technology, science lessons, machinery, crucifixes, public classrooms, authorities, Italy, ban, Christian, segregates, non-Christian, legal case, Times of Malta, March 17th 2011, July 24th 2011 Religious symbols, schools, division, society, Hijab, problems, alienation, bullying, PE, swimming, technology, science, Crucifixes, public classrooms, Italy, Christian, segregation, ban religious symbols, schools, division, society, Hijab, problems, alienation, bullying, PE, swimming, technology, science, Crucifixes, public classrooms, Italy, Christian, segregation, ban religious symbols, schools, division, society, Hijab, problems, classroom, alienation, bullying, PE, swimming, technology, science, Crucifix, ban, Italy, Christian, segregation, non-Christian
test-culture-mmciahbans-pro03a	Monetizing colonialism  Skin whitening can be seen as an attempt to fit in with a form of a neo-colonialist mind-set; a form of cultural imperialism driven by capitalism.  These products, often sold by big international FMCG (fast moving consumer goods) companies feed off a neo-colonialist mind-set – one of a cultural inferiority complex. These products form part of the process of tying African people into a globalised consumer world where non-westerners feel compelled to buy western products that they don’t need. They are therefore kept in a colonial situation where they are dependent on the west both mentally and in terms of the products they buy. That is reason enough for nations that have been victims of colonialism by the Global North to take action against them. Monetizing, colonialism, skin, whitening, neo-colonialist, mindset, cultural, imperialism, capitalism, FMCG, consumer, goods, international, companies, inferiority, complex, globalized, world, non-westerners, western, products, colonial, situation, dependency, Global, North, action, nations, victims Monetizing, colonialism, skin, whitening, neo-colonialist, mindset, cultural, imperialism, capitalism, FMCG, consumer, goods, African, people, globalized, consumerism, non-westerners, western, products, colonial, dependency, Global, North, action, anti-colonial monetizing colonialism, skin whitening, neo-colonialist mindset, cultural imperialism, capitalism, FMCG, cultural inferiority complex, globalization, consumer world, non-westerners, western products, colonial dependence, Global North, anti-colonial action Monetizing colonialism, Skin whitening, Neo-colonialist mind-set, Cultural imperialism, Capitalism, FMCG, Cultural inferiority complex, Globalized consumer world, Non-westerners, Western products, Colonial situation, Mental dependence, Product dependence, Global North, Victims of colonialism, Action against colonial products Monetizing colonialism, skin whitening, neo-colonialist mindset, cultural imperialism, capitalism, FMCG, cultural inferiority complex, globalized consumer world, non-westerners, western products, colonial situation, mental dependence, product dependence, Global North, victims of colonialism, action against colonialism
test-international-epdlhfcefp-con01a	The post of a High Representative is merely a shadow of what it should have been, and its failure shows the EU's inability to consolidate foreign policy.  While seemingly groundbreaking, the current agreement on the EU reform treaty was nothing but a lame attempt to salvage a much bolder initiative: an EU Constitution. The rejection of the EU Constitution in the Dutch and French referendums, as well as the extreme difficulty in getting even its watered-down version accepted, shows the extent to which the member states of the EU are not yet ready to think and act in unison. The UK representatives successfully insisted that the language of the reform treaty clearly states that major foreign policy decisions will continue to be taken at the state level. High Representative, EU, foreign policy, failure, EU reform treaty, EU Constitution, Dutch referendum, French referendum, member states, unison, UK representatives, major foreign policy decisions, state level High Representative, EU foreign policy, EU reform treaty, EU Constitution, Dutch referendum, French referendum, UK representatives, major foreign policy decisions, state level, unison, member states, EU consolidation, treaty rejection, watered-down version, groundbreaking, shadow, inability, salvage, bolder initiative High Representative, EU, foreign policy, EU reform treaty, EU Constitution, Dutch referendum, French referendum, member states, UK, foreign policy decisions, state level High Representative, EU, foreign policy, consolidation, failure, reform treaty, EU Constitution, Dutch referendum, French referendum, member states, unity, UK representatives, foreign policy decisions, state level High Representative, EU, foreign policy, EU reform treaty, EU Constitution, Dutch referendum, French referendum, member states, UK, foreign policy decisions, state level
test-law-lgplhbssbco-pro04a	Suicide undermines the sanctity of the human body  Like abortion, euthanasia, cloning and genetic engineering, suicide undermines the sanctity and inviolability of the human body. It is legitimate to legislate against such actions because the sanctity of the human body is an intrinsic constituent part of the respect for human dignity, which is the sine qua non of social life in any country. suicide, sanctity, human body, abortion, euthanasia, cloning, genetic engineering, legislation, human dignity, social life suicide, sanctity, human body, abortion, euthanasia, cloning, genetic engineering, legislation, human dignity, social life suicide, sanctity, human body, abortion, euthanasia, cloning, genetic engineering, legislation, human dignity, social life, moral issues, bioethics, legal constraints, personal autonomy, societal values suicide, sanctity, human body, abortion, euthanasia, cloning, genetic engineering, legislation, human dignity, social life suicide, sanctity, human body, abortion, euthanasia, cloning, genetic engineering, legislation, human dignity, social life, ethics, morality, bodily integrity, legal regulation, human rights
test-sport-tshbmlbscac-pro03a	Collisions are not as dangerous as they’re feared to be.  Some hits lead to injury, but the vast majority do not. One commentator challenged proponents of a rule change “to name as many as five MLB catchers in the last 30 years who have had their careers ended or shortened as a result of a home plate collision. Personally, I can’t think of one.” [1] In posing some—though not a substantial—risk, home plate collisions are very much like other aspects of the sport. Every time a pitcher throws a pitch, the batter could get struck and hurt. Every time two outfielders converge on a fly ball, there’s a risk of injury. Baseball, as with many other sports, inherently involves the risk of injury. It makes little sense to focus on this play, which doesn’t often result in significant injury.  Moreover, catchers are trained to position their bodies in ways that minimize the injury risk from crashes. [2] If catchers do as they’re trained, they’re very unlikely to get hurt.  [1] Joe Janish, “Buster Posey Aftermath: What Should Be Done?,” On Baseball, May 30, 2011,  (internal quotation marks omitted).  [2] See, for example, “Relays, Cutoffs, and Plays at Home,” Baseball-Catcher.com,  . Collisions, dangerous, fear, injury, MLB, catchers, career, ended, shortened, risk, home plate, sport, pitcher, batter, struck, hurt, outfielders, fly ball, inherently, focuses, play, significant, catcher, trained, positioning, minimize, crashes, unlikely, hurt collisions, dangerous, injury, MLB, catchers, rule change, home plate, risk, sport, inherent, pitcher, batter, outfielders, play, minimized, training, Buster Posey, baseball, safety, relays, cutoffs collisions, dangerous, injuries, MLB, catchers, career, shortened, home, plate, risk, sport, pitcher, batter, struck, hurt, outfielders, fly, ball, inherently, baseball, play, significant, crashes, trained, minimize, unlikely, relays, cutoffs, plays, home, Joe, Janish, Buster, Posey, aftermath, Baseball-Catcher.com collisions, danger, injury, MLB, catchers, career, risk, home plate, sport, pitcher, batter, outfielders, fly ball, baseball, training, minimization, crashes, Buster Posey, relays, cutoffs, plays at home collisions, injury, MLB, catchers, rule change, home plate, risk, baseball, pitchers, batters, outfielders, inherently, trained, minimized, Buster Posey, Joe Janish, Baseball-Catcher.com
test-economy-epsihbdns-pro01a	"The government has a right to make decisions in the best interest of the people  Man is a social being. Therefore people live in communities where decisions that affect the many, are taken by representatives of the many. Thus, a social contract exists between the people and their government. [1] In exchange for part of their autonomy and freedom, the government ensures that policies are made in the best interest of people, even if this might come at the expense of short-term interests for some individuals. This is a typical example of this kind of case. The trend is emptying the countryside, stopping the production of agricultural goods and hollowing the amenities provided by the cities. Even if each individual has a personal incentive to move to the cities, the harm to the cities is greater than their accumulated individual gains. It is in these cases that the state must act to protect its people and ensure long term benefits.  [1] D'Agostino, Fred, Gaus, Gerald and Thrasher, John, ""Contemporary Approaches to the Social Contract"", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Winter 2012 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.), government, decisions, best interest, people, social being, communities, representatives, social contract, autonomy, freedom, policies, short-term interests, individuals, trend, emptying countryside, agricultural goods, amenities, cities, personal incentive, urban migration, harm, accumulated gains, state action, long-term benefits, D'Agostino, Fred, Gaus, Gerald, Thrasher, John, Contemporary Approaches, Social Contract, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Edward N. Zalta government, people, social being, communities, representatives, social contract, autonomy, freedom, policies, best interest, short-term interests, countryside, agricultural goods, amenities, cities, individual incentive, accumulated individual gains, state intervention, long term benefits, social contract theory, political philosophy, public policy, collective welfare, individual rights, urbanization, rural depopulation government, decision-making, social being, communities, representatives, social contract, autonomy, freedom, policies, best interest, short-term interests, individual, trend, countryside, agricultural production, amenities, cities, personal incentive, urbanization, harm, accumulated gains, state action, long-term benefits, D'Agostino, Fred, Gaus, Gerald, Thrasher, John, Contemporary Approaches, Social Contract, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Edward N. Zalta, Winter 2012 Edition government, decision-making, public interest, social being, community, representative governance, social contract, autonomy, freedom, policy-making, long-term benefits, short-term interests, urbanization, countryside, agricultural production, city amenities, individual incentives, collective harm, state intervention, contemporary social contract theories Government decisions, social being, community living, social contract, autonomy, freedom, policy making, best interest, individual interests, public good, rural depopulation, agricultural production, urban amenities, city challenges, state intervention, long-term benefits, individual incentives, collective harm, social contract theory, contemporary approaches, philosophical perspectives"
test-free-speech-debate-ldhwbmclg-con01a	Violent imagery can serve different purposes.  Calls for a ban on music that references or glorifies violence are frequently based on an overly simplistic understanding of contemporary and popular musical genres. It is instructive that the loudest voices of protest raised against violent content in hip hop and rock music are, overwhelmingly, white, middle class, middle-aged newspaper columnists. Any ban created under these circumstances would reduce the diversity and depth of popular musical genres, by preventing musicians from commenting- in any way- on violent events.  Banning particular musical tracks due only to the fact that they discuss violent acts would be damaging to the creative industries and would not reflect methods currently used to classify and restrict content appearing in other media. Criminal acts are punished when an act results in a damaging outcome and because that act is performed with a particular dishonest or malicious intention. Generally, someone cannot be found guilty of murder if they did not intend to kill their victim. Similarly, it is unusual for films or videogames to be censored or banned because they happen to depict violent acts. The intention that underlies the use of graphic images or words must also be examined. As BBC director general Mark Thompson noted when discussing the controversial religious content of Jerry Springer: The Opera with freespeechdebate.com  “… Jerry Springer I saw without feeling that it was offensive to me because the intention of the piece was so clearly a satire about an American talk show host and his world rather than the religious figures as such.”  Classification boards will look at the context in which an offensive act is shown. The violence of war is portrayed vividly in Saving Private Ryan, but the film has not been banned on this basis. Private Ryan portrays violence and suffering in order to remind us of the inhumanity that pervaded the Second World War. It uses violence to make a didactic point, to move its audience to sympathy and disgust. If a film were to use images of extreme violence or suffering as a form of entertainment, inviting the audience to take pleasure in brutality, a classification board would try to restrict or censor its content.  Comparably, “violent” music can use brutal language and themes to make moving and engaging observations about the world. Violent music does not automatically glorify violence, nor does it cause its audience to see violence as something that is glamorous.  Listened to out of context, without any attempt to critically analyse the imagery of the song and the intentions of the artists, it is easy to condemn many acclaimed examples of popular music as containing violent lyrics. By giving into the populist pressure that is represented and generated by newspaper columnists and talk show hosts, we risk creating a chilling effect, not only on mainstream hip hop culture, but on any other musical form that dares to discuss themes that fall outside narrowly and arbitrarily defined limits of social acceptability. Violent imagery, music censorship, hip hop, rock music, white middle-class columnists, diversity in music, creative industries, content classification, Jerry Springer: The Opera, Saving Private Ryan, violent lyrics, music analysis, social acceptability, chilling effect, artistic expression, free speech, media regulation, cultural impact, violence in media, censorship debate, musical genres, content restriction, artistic intention, offensive content, public protest, creative freedom, media influence, societal norms, artistic commentary, violent acts, musical themes, critical analysis, genre diversity, artistic integrity, media classification, public discourse, artistic protest, cultural diversity, musical expression, Violent imagery, music censorship, hip hop, rock music, white middle class columnists, diversity in music, creative industries, content classification, criminal acts, intention in art, graphic images, Jerry Springer The Opera, Saving Private Ryan, war violence, film censorship, violent music, social acceptability, chilling effect, artistic expression, freedom of speech, media restriction, violent lyrics, thematic analysis, artistic intent, public pressure, talk show hosts, mainstream culture violent imagery, music ban, contemporary musical genres, white middle-class columnists, diverse musical genres, creative industries, content classification, criminal acts, intention, graphic images, media censorship, Saving Private Ryan, violent music, censorship, social acceptability, chilling effect, hip hop culture Violent imagery, music ban, contemporary genres, popular music, white middle class, newspaper columnists, musical diversity, creative industries, content classification, violent acts, criminal intention, film censorship, videogame content, graphic images, offensive content, religious satire, war portrayal, violent lyrics, social acceptability, chilling effect, hip hop culture violent imagery, ban, music, references, glorifies, violence, simplistic understanding, contemporary, popular, musical genres, protest, hip hop, rock, white, middle class, middle-aged, newspaper columnists, diversity, depth, preventing musicians, commenting, violent events, creative industries, classify, restrict, content, other media, criminal acts, damaging outcome, dishonest, malicious intention, murder, intention, graphic images, words, examined, BBC director, general, Mark Thompson, Jerry Springer: The Opera, freespeechdebate.com, offensive, intention, satire, American talk show, host, religious figures, classification boards, context
test-culture-ahrtsdlgra-con03a	Restriction based on social disgust prevents socially liberal ideas from flourishing  Great, socially liberal movements have always been controversial, and always been supported, encouraged and propagated by art. Art is a realm wherein an artist’s expression is less limited by social structures (like the necessity of pleasing your box; of being ‘commercially viable’). Subsequently it has easily, and often, been utilised as a means of changing public opinion.  Some of these movements, for example, the breaking down of stereotypes and norms surrounding sexuality (in particular female sexuality) and gender that Sarah Lucas, Tracey Emin and others contributed to in the liberalising 80s and 90s, attract social disgust. In any situation where a taboo is being attacked, this will happen. The converse however, is not the case: it is almost impossible to provoke social disgust by maintaining the status quo.  As a result, restriction of art that provokes social disgust will disproportionately attack the socially liberal, and thus help to maintain the status quo, regardless of whether it is worthy of such protection. social disgust, restriction, socially liberal ideas, art, public opinion, taboos, status quo, Sarah Lucas, Tracey Emin, 80s and 90s liberalization, female sexuality, gender norms, controversial movements, artistic expression, commercial viability, social structures, taboo attack, maintaining the status quo, disproportionate attack, protection of status quo social disgust, restriction, socially liberal ideas, art, public opinion, changing norms, Sarah Lucas, Tracey Emin, 80s and 90s, female sexuality, gender, taboo, status quo, art expression, commercial viability, controversial movements, liberalising era, maintaining status quo, social structures, protection social disgust, socially liberal ideas, art, public opinion, Sarah Lucas, Tracey Emin, stereotypes, sexuality, gender, 80s and 90s, taboo, status quo, restriction, protection, commercial viability, creative expression, social structures, controversy, liberal movements social disgust, restriction, socially liberal ideas, art, public opinion, Sarah Lucas, Tracey Emin, liberalising 80s and 90s, stereotypes, female sexuality, gender norms, taboo, status quo, protection social disgust, socially liberal ideas, art, public opinion, taboo, status quo, restriction, Sarah Lucas, Tracey Emin, 80s and 90s, female sexuality, gender norms, controversy, expression, commercial viability, social structures, liberal movements, changing norms, provocation
test-international-epglghbni-pro02a	The partition of Ireland was undemocratic  The people of Northern Ireland should have decided whether or not they wanted to be united with Northern Ireland, rather than it being battled out in the British Parliament and the country partitioned by the Government of Ireland Act of 1920* that created a separate parliament for the six counties of Northern Ireland.** It was because the vote was not put to the Irish that the Unionists could twist arms and manipulate British politicians into allowing the six counties to remain part of the UK. After partition, the Unionists fixed electoral boundaries so there would never be a Republican majority in an electorate. This was unjust and illegitimately prevented a pro-Republic vote passing in future.  * Government of Ireland Act, 1920,   ** Ferriter, ‘Ireland in the Twentieth Century’, partition of Ireland, undemocratic, Northern Ireland, Government of Ireland Act 1920, Unionists, British Parliament, electoral boundaries, Republican majority, pro-Republic vote, Ferriter, Ireland in the Twentieth Century partition of Ireland, undemocratic, Northern Ireland, British Parliament, Government of Ireland Act 1920, Unionists, arm-twisting, manipulation, electoral boundaries, Republican majority, unjust, illegitimate, pro-Republic vote, Ferriter, Ireland in the Twentieth Century partition of Ireland, undemocratic, Northern Ireland, Government of Ireland Act 1920, Unionists, British Parliament, electoral boundaries, Republican majority, Ferriter, Ireland in the Twentieth Century, pro-Republic vote, unjust, illegitimate partition of Ireland, undemocratic, people's decision, Northern Ireland, British Parliament, Government of Ireland Act 1920, six counties, Unionists, manipulation, British politicians, electoral boundaries, Republican majority, unjust, illegitimate, pro-Republic vote, Ireland, 20th century, Ferriter partition of Ireland, undemocratic, Northern Ireland, Government of Ireland Act 1920, Unionists, British Parliament, electoral boundaries, Republican majority, pro-Republic vote, Ferriter, Ireland in the Twentieth Century
test-philosophy-pppgshbsd-con02a	The idea that wealth should be more fairly and evenly distributed has never had so many supporters and the failure to do so has rarely been more keenly felt  In the model of Blair and Clinton, it didn’t matter if the rich got a lot richer, as long as the poor got a bit richer. That model has now been shown not to work and the rather timid new leaders of the left are starting to return to concepts of fairness and equality rather than the rather bland concepts of ‘opportunity’ and ‘choice’.  Europe is increasingly governed by unelected technocrats who seem to think that the opinions of a handful of international bankers are somehow more important than the jobs and livelihoods of millions. This may always have been the case but it tends not to show during times of plenty. Now these latent inequalities are becoming apparent and people are angry.  It is perhaps one of the great ironies of history that one of the aspirations of early nineteenth century Socialists- nationalising the banks- required Capitalists to actually achieve it. wealth distribution, supporters, inequality, failure, Blair, Clinton, rich, poor, economic model, new leaders, left, fairness, equality, opportunity, choice, Europe, unelected technocrats, international bankers, jobs, livelihoods, latent inequalities, anger, history, nineteenth century Socialists, nationalising banks, Capitalists wealth distribution, supporters, failure, Blair, Clinton, rich, poor, model, ineffective, left leaders, fairness, equality, opportunity, choice, Europe, unelected technocrats, international bankers, jobs, livelihoods, inequalities, anger, history, nineteenth century Socialists, nationalising banks, Capitalists wealth distribution, supporters, failure, Blair, Clinton, rich, poor, model, effectiveness, leaders, left, fairness, equality, opportunity, choice, Europe, unelected technocrats, international bankers, jobs, livelihoods, inequalities, anger, history, nineteenth century, Socialists, nationalising banks, Capitalists wealth distribution, inequality, supporters, failure, Blair, Clinton, rich, poor, economic model, new leaders, left, fairness, equality, opportunity, choice, Europe, unelected technocrats, international bankers, jobs, livelihoods, latent inequalities, anger, history, Socialists, nationalising banks, Capitalists wealth distribution, inequality, supporters, failure, Blair, Clinton, rich, poor, fairness, equality, left leaders, opportunity, choice, Europe, unelected technocrats, international bankers, jobs, livelihoods, latent inequalities, people anger, nineteenth century Socialists, nationalising banks, Capitalists
test-science-cpisydfphwj-pro03a	"Facebook is good for democracy  Social networks aid our society on multiple levels, one of them being the democratic process. This happens both in autocracies, where the democratic process is basically nonexistent and in western liberal democracies where Facebook acts as a megaphone for the will of the population.  Firstly, when talking about oppressive regimes, Facebook allows the population to organize themselves in massive protests which can, in time, overthrow the government. This is of particular importance as the population cannot organize protests ""offline"" in the real world, because government forces would quickly find them and stop the protests before they even started. These people need a safe house, where government intervention is minimized, so that they can spread the news and organize the protests. The online environment is the best options. We have seen this happening in the Arab Spring(1), Brazil (2), Turkey(3) as well as for protests in democracies as in Wisconsin(4)  For western liberal democracies too Facebook plays a very important role in aiding the democratic process. Even in a democracy the government often engages in unpopular policies. Unfortunately, as we are talking about countries with tens of millions of people, citizens often feel they can’t make a difference. Luckily, here's where Facebook comes in. It connects all the people who share the same disapproval of government actions, removing the feeling that you can do nothing as there is no one backing you. Millions can come together to voice their opinions. Therefore there is more likely to be dissent. Moreover, the internet allowed individuals to start massive campaigns of online petition gathering, which they will later use as an irrefutable argument to the government showing the desire for change. There are a lot of sites, one of the biggest being Avaaz.org which facilitates this process, which use Facebook as a medium through which the petition is shared and so grows.  (1) Sonya Angelica Diehn “Social media use evolving in Egypt”, DW , 04.07.2013   (2) Caroline Stauffer “Social media spreads and splinters Brazil protests”, Reuters ,June 22, 2013   (3) “Activists in Turkey use social media to organize, evade crackdown As protests continue across Turkey against the government”   (4)Wikipedia Facebook, democracy, social networks, democratic process, autocracies, western democracies, protests, Arab Spring, Brazil, Turkey, Wisconsin, online petitions, Avaaz.org, government policies, dissent, citizen engagement, social media, protest organization, online activism, internet campaigns,megaphone效应, 政府干预, 公民权利, 信息传播, 网络请愿, 民主参与, 社会运动, 政治变革, 信息自由, 舆论形成, 网络组织, 政府监督, 意见表达, 群 Facebook, democracy, social networks, democratic process, autocracies, western liberal democracies, protests, Arab Spring, Brazil, Turkey, Wisconsin, government policies, citizens, dissent, online petitions, Avaaz.org, social media, Egypt, Reuters, Wikipedia Facebook, democracy, social networks, democratic process, autocracies, western liberal democracies, protests, Arab Spring, Brazil, Turkey, Wisconsin, online petition, Avaaz.org, citizen engagement, government policies, dissent, social media, organizing, government intervention, public opinion, change, campaign, online sharing, massive protests, safe house, government forces, spread news, annoyance, connect, irrefutable argument, desire, evolution, split, evade crackdown, continue, against government Facebook, democracy, social networks, democratic process, autocracies, western democracies, protests, Arab Spring, Brazil, Turkey, Wisconsin, online organization, government intervention, online petitions, Avaaz.org, dissent, public opinion, policy change, civic engagement, social media activism, political change, digital organizing, citizen participation, free speech, information dissemination, collective action, civil rights, social movements, political mobilization, online communities, government accountability, grassroots movements, political communication, public sphere, virtual activism, real-world impact, technology and politics, digital democracy Facebook, democracy, social networks, democratic process, autocracies, western liberal democracies, government, protests, Arab Spring, Brazil, Turkey, Wisconsin, petition gathering, Avaaz.org, online campaigns, dissent, government policies, citizen engagement, social media, online organizing, political activism, free speech, civil rights, digital citizenship, media influence, public opinion, political change"
test-international-amehbuaisji-con04a	ICC trials violate the due process guarantees of the US constitution  US ratification of the Rome Statute would lead to the possibility of Americans being subject to trials with procedures that violate the American Constitution. For example, there are no jury trials at the ICC – a majority vote of the judges is enough to convict - is a violation of the Sixth Amendment to the US Constitution.  The independence and neutrality of some of the judges may be doubtful if they come from countries with definite foreign policy interests that run contrary to those of the US. This is particularly pertaining to judges who are from backgrounds where judicial independence from the executive is not a defining feature of the legal system who will be more likely swayed by political considerations.  There is, in addition, a lack of rules against double jeopardy, and the glacial rate of progress made by the ICC with lengthy waits in pre-trial detention for defendants, affecting the right to a speedy trial. It has also been argued that the procedures for special measures to protect witnesses hamper the defence. ICC, trials, due process, US Constitution, US ratification, Rome Statute, Americans, jury trials, Sixth Amendment, judges, independence, neutrality, foreign policy, judicial independence, executive, double jeopardy, pre-trial detention, speedy trial, special measures, witnesses, defence ICC, trials, due process, US Constitution, ratification, Rome Statute, Americans, jury trials, Sixth Amendment, judges, independence, neutrality, foreign policy, executive influence, double jeopardy, pre-trial detention, speedy trial, witness protection, defence rights ICC, due process, US Constitution, US ratification, Rome Statute, Americans, trials, procedures, Sixth Amendment, jury trials, judges, independence, neutrality, foreign policy, judicial independence, executive, legal system, double jeopardy, pre-trial detention, speedy trial, special measures, witnesses, defence ICC, US Constitution, due process, Rome Statute, jury trials, Sixth Amendment, judicial independence, neutrality, foreign policy interests, double jeopardy, pre-trial detention, speedy trial, witness protection, defence rights ICC, due process, US Constitution, US ratification, Rome Statute, Americans, trials, procedures, Sixth Amendment, jury trials, judges, independence, neutrality, foreign policy, judicial independence, executive, political considerations, double jeopardy, speedy trial, pre-trial detention, defendants, special measures, protect witnesses, defence
test-international-ghbunhf-con02a	The UN has been at the forefront of promoting respect for international law and human rights.  When the United Nations was founded in 1945, the idea of “international law”, in so far as it had any meaning, was little more than the customary behaviour of states towards each other. Over the succeeding 60 years, the UN and its various offices and organs have taken a lead role in codifying and promoting the concept of international law and the protection of human rights. For example, the crime of genocide was first enshrined in international law in the 1948 Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide. [1]  [1] United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, “What is Genocide?”. UN, United Nations, international law, human rights, 1945, customary behaviour, states, 60 years, codifying, promoting, concept, protection, crime of genocide, 1948 Convention, Prevention, Punishment, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, What is Genocide UN, international law, human rights, 1945, customary behavior, states, codification, protection, genocide, 1948 Convention, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum UN, international law, human rights, 1945, customary behaviour, states, codifying, protection, crime of genocide, 1948 Convention, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, What is Genocide UN, international law, human rights, 1945, customary behaviour, states, 60 years, codifying, promoting, genocide, 1948 Convention, Prevention, Punishment, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, Genocide UN, United Nations, international law, human rights, 1945, customary behaviour, states, codifying, promoting, crime, genocide, 1948 Convention, Prevention, Punishment, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, What is Genocide
test-politics-oapghwliva-con03a	Has made little difference in the past  The precedent of the Line Item Veto Act under President Clinton should warn against a constitutional amendment. The sums saved were laughably small, $355 million, in the context of the entire federal budget, $1.7 trillion, (0.02% of spending)1 but nonetheless provoked considerable friction between elected representatives and the White House. There was unhappiness that the large majority of his cuts were of earmarks requested by Republican members, and an allegation that the Administration had threatened a Congressman with the veto of an item dear to them unless they supported an unrelated piece of legislation.  1Virginia A. McMurty, 'Enhancing the President's Authority to Eliminate Wasteful Spending and Reduce the Deficit', Subcommittee on Federal Financial Management, Government Information, Federal Services and International Security Senate Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs, Committee Hearing 15/3/2011, p.9 Line Item Veto Act, President Clinton, constitutional amendment, federal budget, budget cuts, earmarks, Republican members, White House friction, legislative threats, government spending, deficit reduction, presidential authority, wasteful spending Line Item Veto Act, President Clinton, constitutional amendment, federal budget, savings, legislative-executive relations, earmarks, Republican members, political leverage, Virginia A. McMurty, wasteful spending, deficit reduction Line Item Veto Act, President Clinton, constitutional amendment, federal budget, savings, earmarks, Republican members, White House friction, legislative pressure, Virginia A. McMurty, Subcommittee on Federal Financial Management, Government Information, Federal Services and International Security, Senate Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs, Committee Hearing line item veto, president clinton, constitutional amendment, federal budget, savings, earmarks, interbranch conflict, republican members, legislative tactics, white house relations, government spending, deficit reduction, budgetary process, presidential power, fiscal policy, congress, appropriations, political leverage, constitutional law, public finance Line Item Veto Act, President Clinton, constitutional amendment, federal budget, savings, fiscal policy, legislative-executive relations, earmarks, political leverage, government spending, deficit reduction, presidential authority, wasteful spending, legislative process, budget cuts, interbranch conflict, Republican members, Congress, White House, fiscal management, governmental affairs, committee hearing, Virginia A. McMurty, Subcommittee on Federal Financial Management, Government Information, Federal Services and International Security, Senate Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs
test-digital-freedoms-efsappgdfp-pro01a	There is no physical risk  In terms of physical risk it is almost certainly true that you have nothing to fear from government having loads of information. With the exception perhaps of the Russian FSB and despite the James Bond films intelligence agencies in democracies are not in the habit of bumping people off this mortal coil. In this sense it does not matter at all what information the intelligence services have on you; no matter how naughty you may have been it is not going to be worth some kind of physical retaliation. Essentially the argument here is that it does no harm, and even does some good, so why should it not continue? physical risk, government information, Russian FSB, James Bond films, intelligence agencies, democracies, physical retaliation, information services, harm, benefits, privacy, surveillance, data collection, democracy, security, personal data, espionage, civil liberties, public safety physical risk, government information, Russian FSB, James Bond films, intelligence agencies, democracies, physical retaliation, harm, good, information services, privacy, surveillance physical risk, government information, Russian FSB, James Bond, intelligence agencies, democracies, physical retaliation, information services, harm, benefits, privacy debate, surveillance, ethical considerations physical risk, government information, Russian FSB, James Bond films, intelligence agencies, democracies, physical retaliation, information services, harm, benefits, privacy concerns, data collection, surveillance, democracy, espionage, civil liberties physical risk, government information, Russian FSB, James Bond films, intelligence agencies, democracies, physical retaliation, information services, harm, good, continuation
test-international-gmehbisrip1b-pro02a	Failure to withdraw blocks legitimate Palestinian aspirations to statehood.  The Palestinian people since 1967 have demonstrated through resistance to Israeli occupation their desire for an independent state of their own. [1] Throughout the years polls have consistently showed respectable Palestinian majorities in favour of a negotiated two-state settlement, which would offer them an independent state as well as allowing Israel to continue to exist as an independent state alongside the new Palestinian nation. [2] Israel's refusal to withdraw to the 1967 borders means that the majority of Palestinian people are compelled to live under the control of a state they do not wish to be a part of, a violation of their right to self-determination under international law. The 1993 Vienna Declaration, which reaffirmed the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the UN Charter (and so sets the standard in current international law), unequivocally gives all peoples the right to self-determination: “All people have the right to self-determination. Owing to this right they freely establish their political status and freely provide their economic, social and cultural development...World Conference on Human Rights considers refusal of the right to self-determination as a violation of human rights and emphasizes the necessity of effective realization of this right”. [3] Brazilian President Luiz Inacio Lula da Silva said in 2006 that the pre-1967 borders uphold the “legitimate aspiration of the Palestinian people for a secure, united, democratic and economically viable state coexisting peacefully with Israel.” [4] By this measure, the Palestinian majority in the occupied territories have the right to self-determination (by democratic processes), and Israel's suppression of that right through its refusal to withdraw to the 1967 borders should be seen as a human rights violation. Consequently, Israel should withdraw to its 1967 borders in order to end its violation of the rights of the Palestinian people.  [1] BBC News. “Israeli settlements condemned by Western powers”. BBC News. 2 November 2011.   [2] Kennedy, Hugh. “The Great Arab Conquests: How the Spread of Islam Changed the World We Live In”. Da Capo Press. 2007.  [3] United Nations World Conference on Human Rights. “VIENNA DECLARATION AND PROGRAMME OF ACTION”. United Nations. 14-25 June 1993.   [4] Agence France-Presse, NDTV. “Brazil recognises Palestinian state on 1967 borders”. NDTV. 5 December 2010. Failure to withdraw, Palestinian aspirations, statehood, resistance, Israeli occupation, independent state, two-state settlement, 1967 borders, self-determination, international law, 1993 Vienna Declaration, Universal Declaration of Human Rights, UN Charter, human rights, Brazilian President Lula, pre-1967 borders, human rights violation, occupied territories, democratic processes, suppression, coexistence, Western powers, Arab Conquests, Islam, World Conference on Human Rights, recognition, Palestine, Brazil Palestinian, statehood, Israeli, occupation, resistance, two-state, settlement, 1967, borders, self-determination, international, law, Vienna, Declaration, human, rights, Luiz, Inacio, Lula, da, Silva, Brazilian, President, 2006, pre-1967, democratic, processes, violation, withdrawal, coexistence, polls, negotiations, United, Nations, World, Conference, reaffirmed, charter, economic, social, cultural, development, Western, powers, settlements, condemned, Hugh, Kennedy, Arab, Conquests, Islam, spread, Palestinian, statehood, aspirations, withdrawal, Israeli, occupation, resistance, 1967, borders, two-state, settlement, self-determination, international, law, Vienna, Declaration, human, rights, Brazilian, President, Luiz, Inacio, Lula, da, Silva Palestinian, statehood, Israel, 1967, borders, self-determination, international, law, human, rights, Vienna, Declaration, two-state, settlement, occupation, resistance, polls, majority, democratic, legitimacy, Brazilian, President, Lula, da, Silva, recognition, coexistence, withdrawal, suppression, violation, UN, Charter, World, Conference, Human, Rights, occupied, territories, economic, viable, peace, Western, powers, condemnation, settlements Palestinian aspirations, statehood, 1967 borders, Israeli occupation, two-state settlement, self-determination, human rights, Vienna Declaration, UN Charter, Brazilian President Lula, pre-1967 borders, democratic processes, human rights violation, Israeli settlements, Western condemnation, Arab Conquests, World Conference on Human Rights, Brazil recognition, Palestinian state
test-politics-mtpghwaacb-pro01a	Collective bargaining is not a right  Whilst the freedom of association exists under the state and it is true that people should be allowed to communicate with one another and form groups to forward their personal and political interests, it is not true that the freedom of association automatically grants access to the decision making process.  Unions in this instance are problematic because whilst other groups do not have access to special privileges, unions are able to exert a significant and disproportionate amount of influence over the political process through the use of collective bargaining mechanisms. This argument applies to private unions as well, although to a lesser extent, and the banning of collective bargaining for private unions would be principally sound. In the case of unions in the private sector they can cause large amounts of disruption which has a large knock on impact on the economy giving leverage over politicians for whom the economy and jobs are always important issues. For example unions in transport in the private sector are just as disruptive as in the public sector. Even more minor businesses can be significant due to being in supply or logistics chains that are vital for important parts of the economy.1 The access to the decision making process that unions are granted goes above and beyond the rights that we award to all other groups and as such this right, if it can be called one at all, can easily be taken away as it is the removal of an inequality within our system.  Further, even if collective bargaining were to be considered a “right,” the government can curtail the rights of individuals and groups of people should it feel the harm to all of society is great enough. We see this with the limits that we put on free speech such that we may prevent the incitement of racial hatred.2  Shepardson, David, “GM, Ford warn rail strike could cripple auto industry”, The Detroit News, 30 November 2011,   Denholm, David “Guess What: There is no ‘right’ to collective bargaining.” LabourUnionReport.com 21/02/2011 collective bargaining, freedom of association, decision making process, unions, special privileges, political influence, private unions, disruption, economy, supply chains, inequality, government intervention, rights, free speech, harm to society, racial hatred, rail strike, auto industry collective bargaining, freedom of association, decision making process, unions, special privileges, influence, political process, private unions, disruption, economy, leverage, politicians, transport, supply chains, inequality, rights, government, curtail, harm, society, free speech, racial hatred, rail strike, auto industry Collective bargaining, freedom of association, unions, decision making process, private unions, economic disruption, supply chains, logistics, government intervention, rights curtailment, free speech, societal harm, rail strike, auto industry, labour union report collective bargaining, freedom of association, decision making process, unions, special privileges, political influence, private unions, economic disruption, supply chains, inequality, government intervention, free speech, harm to society, rail strike, auto industry, David Shepardson, The Detroit News, David Denholm, LabourUnionReport.com collective bargaining, freedom of association, decision making process, unions, special privileges, political influence, private unions, economic disruption, supply chains, inequality, government intervention, rights curtailment, free speech, rail strike, auto industry
test-international-emephsate-pro03a	Strategic position and energy benefits  There would be immense strategic benefits both to Europe and to Turkey if she were allowed to join the European Union. Turkey is already a important regional power with a lot of influence in the Middle East and Central Asia and it is already a member of NATO, which most members of the EU are also a part of. [1] This is in part because Turkey is in an immensely strategic geographic situation as the border between Europe and Asia. Historically this has meant Turkey is ideally located for trade, today it means it is strategically close to the oil and gas fields advanced economies like the EU’s depend on.  Turkey is therefore vital for Europe’s energy security. According to the EU energy minister “Turkey comes first in these countries for cooperation” on energy issues because of its location. [2] This is because Turkey is an important transit point for Oil coming through the Bosporus from the Caspian Sea and Russia and also for gas. Turkey acts as a bridge both to the Caspian and the Gulf and creates a second option for importing gas into Europe through pipelines that Europe needs as shown by the cut offs caused by Russian disputes with Belarus and Ukraine. Having gas pipelines through Turkey to the EU, such as the Nabucco pipeline, would shatter Russia’s gas monopoly in Europe. [3]  [1] Solana, Javier, ‘Why Turkey must join the European Union’, CNN World, 13 June 2011,   [2] Kurtaran, Gökhan, ‘Turkey vital for energy, EU commissioner says’, Daily News, 10 February 2012,   [3] Tekin, Ali, and Williams, Paul A., ‘Europe’s External Energy Policy and Turkey’s Accession Process’, Center for European Studies Working Paper Series #170, 2009, Strategic position, energy benefits, Europe, Turkey, European Union, regional power, Middle East, Central Asia, NATO, strategic geography, trade, energy security, EU energy minister, oil, gas, Bosporus, Caspian Sea, Russia, transit point, Nabucco pipeline, Russia's gas monopoly, external energy policy, accession process Strategic benefits, Europe, Turkey, European Union, regional power, Middle East, Central Asia, NATO, strategic geography, trade, energy security, EU energy minister, transit point, Bosporus, Caspian Sea, Russia, gas, pipelines, Nabucco pipeline, Russia gas monopoly Strategic position, energy benefits, Europe, Turkey, European Union, regional power, Middle East, Central Asia, NATO, geographic location, trade, oil, gas fields, energy security, EU energy minister, Bosporus, Caspian Sea, Russia, gas transit point, Nabucco pipeline, Russia's gas monopoly, energy policy, accession process Strategic benefits, Europe, Turkey, European Union, regional power, Middle East, Central Asia, NATO, geographic situation, trade, energy security, EU energy minister, oil, gas, Bosporus, Caspian Sea, Russia, transit point, energy issues, pipelines, Nabucco pipeline, Russia's gas monopoly, external energy policy, accession process Strategic benefits, Europe, Turkey, European Union, regional power, Middle East, Central Asia, NATO, strategic geography, trade, energy security, oil, gas, Bosporus, Caspian Sea, Russia, gas pipelines, Nabucco pipeline, Russia gas monopoly, energy cooperation, Javier Solana, Gökhan Kurtaran, Ali Tekin, Paul A. Williams, Center for European Studies
test-economy-bepighbdb-pro01a	Dictatorships are more effective than democracies at mobilizing resources for investment.  Dictatorships are superior to democracies in that they can make decisions and implement policies quicker. They can easily modify institutional and legal frameworks towards development goals, as there is no need for a political consensus behind their actions. This also insulates government from special interests that must be reconciled with in democracies. This allows dictatorships to create a pro-investment legal, economic and institutional framework such as low taxes, exchange rate manipulations and import tariffs, without facing political opposition.  For example, fracking, a technique used to extract hard to obtain gas, has generated widespread opposition in the West, leading to it being banned in France [1] . An autocratic government would find it easier to allow cheap access to this energy, boosting industry, as it could disregard this opposition.  Dictatorships can also control resources to allow for better health and education services, by determining curricula, salaries and supplies. Cuba has one of the best healthcare systems in the world, with more doctors per capita than much of the Western world [2] , and in 2009 Shanghai came first in the PISA test [3] .  [1] Castelvecchi, Davide, ‘France becomes first country to ban extraction of natural gas by fracking’, Scientific American, 30 June 2011,   [2] The Economist, ‘Reshoring manufacturing: Coming Home’, 19 January 2013,   [3] Brouwer, Steve, ‘The Cuban Revolutionary Doctor: The Ultimate Weapon of Solidarity’, Monthly Review, Vol.60 No.8, January 2009, Dictatorships, democracies, resource mobilization, investment, decision-making, policy implementation, institutional frameworks, legal frameworks, development, political consensus, special interests, pro-investment, legal framework, economic framework, institutional framework, low taxes, exchange rate manipulation, import tariffs, political opposition, fracking, energy, industry, health services, education services, curricula, salaries, supplies, Cuba, healthcare, doctors per capita, Shanghai, PISA test, autocratic government, resource control, opposition, manufactoring, reshoring, revolutionary doctor, solidarity dictatorships, democracies, resource mobilization, investment, decision-making, policy implementation, institutional frameworks, legal frameworks, development goals, political consensus, special interests, pro-investment, legal framework, economic framework, institutional framework, low taxes, exchange rate manipulation, import tariffs, political opposition, fracking, energy access, industrial growth, resource control, health services, education services, curricula, salaries, supplies, healthcare systems, doctors per capita, PISA test, Cuba, Shanghai, autocratic government, political opposition, Western world, special interests, economic development, institutional efficiency, public services, resource allocation, governance, policy efficiency dictatorship, democracy, resource mobilization, investment, decision-making, policy implementation, institutional frameworks, legal frameworks, development goals, political consensus, special interests, pro-investment, legal framework, economic framework, institutional framework, low taxes, exchange rate manipulation, import tariffs, political opposition, fracking, energy, industry, health services, education services, curricula, salaries, supplies, healthcare systems, doctors per capita, PISA test, Cuba, Shanghai dictatorships, democracies, resource mobilization, investment, decision-making, policy implementation, institutional frameworks, legal frameworks, development goals, political consensus, special interests, pro-investment, legal framework, economic framework, institutional framework, taxes, exchange rates, import tariffs, political opposition, fracking, energy, industry, health services, education services, curricula, salaries, supplies, healthcare systems, doctors per capita, PISA test, Cuba, Shanghai Dictatorships, democracies, resource mobilization, investment, decision-making, policy implementation, institutional frameworks, legal frameworks, development goals, political consensus, special interests, pro-investment, legal framework, economic framework, institutional framework, low taxes, exchange rate manipulation, import tariffs, political opposition, fracking, energy access, health services, education services, curricula, salaries, supplies, healthcare systems, doctors per capita, PISA test, Cuba, Shanghai, resource control, autocratic government, political opposition, special interests, democracies, Western world, manufacturing, reshoring, economic development, government efficiency, public services, social services
test-health-ahiahbgbsp-con01a	Paternalistic  Personal autonomy has to be the key to this debate. If people want to smoke – and the owner of the public place has no issue with that – it is not the role of the state to step in. While smoking is dangerous, people should be free in a society to take their own risks, and live with their decisions. All that is required is ensuring that smokers are educated about the risks so that they can make an informed decision. paternalism, personal autonomy, smoking, public places, state intervention, individual freedom, risk taking, informed decision, education, health risks paternalism, personal autonomy, smoking, public places, state interference, individual freedom, informed decision, health risks, self-responsibility, education, tobacco, legislation, civil liberties, public health policy paternalism, personal autonomy, smoking, public places, state intervention, individual freedom, informed decision, health risks, societal norms, self-responsibility paternalism, personal autonomy, smoking, public places, state intervention, individual freedom, risk-taking, informed decision, health risks, education Paternalism, Personal Autonomy, Smoking, Public Places, State Intervention, Individual Freedom, Risk Taking, Informed Decision Making, Health Education, Self-Responsibility, Civil Liberties, Smoking Bans, Public Health, Individual Rights, Government Regulation
test-international-eiahwpamu-con02a	Deeper issues unresolved  Microfinance provides a quick-fix solution for the poor. The individual, or community, is provided with a loan to invest in their future. However, although access to capital is a key concern for enabling entrepreneurialism it is not the silver bullet. Microfinance schemes will fail without providing a stable political and economic environment that makes a good climate to invest in.  Microfinance is essentially short-termist. It encourages investment but only in things that will bring a quick return. With interest rates as high as 30% the person taking the loan needs to pay it back as quickly as possible. This can sometimes be against an individual’s long term interests, for example access to microfinance often reduces primary school attendance as this is a long term investment that will not pay back the loan money (IOE, 2011). microfinance, quick-fix, poor, loans, entrepreneurship, political stability, economic environment, short-termism, quick return, high interest rates, long-term interests, primary school attendance, IOE 2011 microfinance, quick-fix, poverty, loan, investment, entrepreneurialism, political stability, economic environment, short-termism, high interest rates, repayment, long-term interests, primary school attendance, education, IOE 2011 microfinance, quick-fix, poverty, loans, investment, entrepreneurship, political stability, economic environment, short-termism, high interest rates, long-term interests, primary school attendance, IOE 2011 microfinance, quick-fix, poverty, investment, capital, entrepreneurship, political stability, economic environment, short-termism, interest rates, loan repayment, long-term interests, primary school attendance, education, IOE 2011 microfinance, quick-fix, unresolved issues, loans, investment, economic environment, short-termism, high interest rates, primary school attendance, long-term interests
test-international-eghrhbeusli-pro04a	Cooperation is the best way to gain influence  Cooperating with China is the best way to gain influence with the regime in order to promote democracy and human rights, engage it internationally, etc. The Chinese respond very badly to being publicly lectured or threatened, [1] but they will listen to those friendly nations who have earned their trust in ways like these. China for example often follows Russia, since the beginning of the 1990s its biggest arms supplier, when it comes to voting in the United Nations Security Council. Thus both vetoed sanctions against Syria in 2011 and shortly after Russia shifted its position to urging Assad to carry out reforms China followed. [2] The influence of the United States over other East Asian states in encouraging their democratization also shows that friends can apply influence on issues such as human rights as well as where interests coincide; The United States played a key role in sheparding Philippine dictator Marcos out of office and then encouraged Korean President Chun Doo Hwan to stick to a single term of office and not to use force against the opposition in 1988. [3] Lifting the ban is an investment in the future of the Europe-China relationship, and could be of benefit to the whole world, not just the EU.  [1] Byrnes, Sholto, ‘David Cameron’s China visit’, 2010.   [2] Chulov, Martin, ‘China urges Syria regime to deliver on promised reforms’, 2011.   [3] Oberdorfer, Don, The Two Koreas, 2001, pp.163-4, 170. cooperation, influence, China, democracy, human rights, international engagement, trust, public lecturing, threats, Russia, United Nations Security Council, veto, sanctions, Syria, United States, East Asia, democratization, Philippines, Ferdinand Marcos, Korea, Chun Doo Hwan, Europe-China relationship, Sholto Byrnes, Martin Chulov, Don Oberdorfer, Two Koreas cooperation, influence, China, regime, democracy, human rights, international engagement, trust, public lectures, threats, United Nations Security Council, Russia, sanctions, Syria, United States, East Asia, democratization, Philippines, South Korea, European Union, future relationship, global benefit cooperation, influence, China, regime, democracy, human rights, international engagement, public lectures, threats, trust, friendly nations, Russia, United Nations Security Council, sanctions, Syria, veto, United States, East Asian states, democratization, Philippines, Ferdinand Marcos, Korea, Chun Doo Hwan, opposition, Europe-China relationship, global benefit, EU cooperation, influence, China, regime, democracy, human rights, international engagement, public lecturing, trust, Russia, United Nations Security Council, Syria sanctions, United States, East Asian states, democratization, Philippine dictator Marcos, Korean President Chun Doo Hwan, Europe-China relationship, EU, David Cameron, China visit, Martin Chulov, Syria reforms, Don Oberdorfer, The Two Koreas cooperation, influence, China, regime, democracy, human rights, international engagement, public criticism, trust, friendly nations, Russia, United Nations Security Council, sanctions, Syria, United States, East Asian states, democratization, Philippines, South Korea, Europe-China relationship, global benefit
test-international-aegmeppghw-con05a	Turkey would have the largest population of all member states and would therefore hold a disproportionate amount of voting power  Turkey is a large country in European terms, but even if its population would make it the largest single EU member by 2020, this would still only give it some 15% of the total in an enlarged EU of 25 countries or more. This is a much smaller proportion than Germany represented in the EU of 15 before the 2004 enlargement (21.9%) [1] , so it is ridiculous to argue that Turkey would dominate EU decision-making. It would not gain full status for many years anyway; an inauguration period, in which it had semi-membership status, would introduce it slowly to the process. Turkey would not be able to change EU policy to suit itself as soon as it arrives.  [1]  European Union (EU-15) & Constituent Nation Population from 1950 & Projections to 2050, Demographia, 2001 Turkey, EU, population, voting power, disproportionate, membership, enlarged EU, demographic, Germany, 2004 enlargement, decision-making, semi-membership, policy influence, inauguration period, Demographia, EU-15, projections, 2050 Turkey, population, EU member states, voting power, European Union, enlargement, decision-making, Germany, EU-15, Demographia, 2004 enlargement, semi-membership, policy change, disproportionate, representation, constituent nation, projections, 2050, 1950, introduction period Turkey, EU, population, voting power, member states, enlargement, decision-making, Germany, 2004, semi-membership, policy, Demographia, 2001, EU-15, constituent nations, projections, 2050, 1950, disproportionate, representation, inauguration period, change, suit, arrival, full status, years, slowly, introduce, process, argument, ridiculous, dominate, single, enlarged, 25 countries, 15% total, 21.9% Turkey, EU, population, voting power, member states, enlarged EU, Germany, decision-making, semi-membership, policy change, Demographia, EU-15, projections, 2050, 2004 enlargement, 2020, 15%, 21.9% Turkey, population, EU member states, voting power, European Union, enlargement, demographic projections, decision-making, semi-membership, policy influence, Germany, 2004 enlargement, Demographia, EU-15, 2020, 15%, 21.9%
test-science-nsihwbtiss-con02a	The law would violate freedom of speech and association.  Under this law a random person who the student has never met, even a potential predator, would be allowed to send a message via facebook or twitter. And yet a teacher doing the same thing, regardless of the content of that message, would be instantly committing an offence. Every person is allowed to speak to and associate with whomever they choose. That is a fundamental right that the government is not allowed to take away [1] . A person’s status as a teacher should not be an excuse to violate their rights.  [1] Solove, Daniel. “Missouri Bans Teachers from Friending Students on Social Networking Webistes.” The Huffington Post. 02 August 2011. law, freedom of speech, association, social networking, facebook, twitter, teacher, student, offense, rights, government, Missouri,Solove, Daniel, Huffington Post freedom of speech, association rights, teacher-student communication, social media laws, Missouri teacher ban, First Amendment, online messaging, constitutional rights, education policy, digital privacy freedom of speech, association rights, social media messaging, teacher-student communication, Missouri law, constitutional rights, Daniel Solove, Huffington Post, legal restrictions, teacher offenses, student safety, online interaction, government infringement, fundamental rights, status discrimination law, freedom of speech, association, teacher, student, social networking, facebook, twitter, predator, rights, Missouri, Daniel Solove, Huffington Post, offense, fundamental right, communication, legal restriction, educational professional, online interaction, constitutional rights freedom of speech, association rights, social networking, teachers, students, privacy laws, Missouri, legal restrictions, constitutional rights, Solove, Daniel, Huffington Post, 2011, online communication, predator protection, teacher-student interaction, digital messaging, legislative infringement, fundamental rights, government overreach, education policy
test-economy-thsptr-pro04a	Progressive taxation promotes a more equal, more harmonious society  Progressive taxation provides real equality of opportunity, and serves to level the playing field so that social classes are not fixed. Everyone deserves a chance to climb the economic ladder, but without a regime of progressive taxation this is nearly impossible. [1] If tax revenues are generated by flat or regressive taxes the poor will necessarily have to contribute substantial portions of their own income to the state, cutting into their ability to consume and save. Social services must still be financed, and the best way to do that is through a progressive tax regime that makes those most able to pay more pay more; if more of the burden is placed on the poor and disadvantaged, as it must in a flat-rate system, fewer people will be able to climb out from the social strata in which they are born. [2] The more equal society created by these taxes is thus more equitable, since it affords people greater opportunities. It is also more harmonious, since well-funded services keep people from feeling desperate and to turn to such things as crime. But greater equality itself can also be beneficial, as it reduces distinctions between groups in society, and prevents stratification into social classes based on wealth. People who are more alike can sympathize and empathize more with one another. Progressive taxation thus promotes a very real and powerful social message that can greatly benefit social cohesion.  [1] Young, H. Peyton. 1990. “Progressive Taxation and Equal Sacrifice”. The American Economic Review 80(1): 253-266.  [2] Benabou, Roland. “Social Mobility and the Demand for Redistribution: The Poum Hypothesis”. The Quarterly Journal of Economics. 2001. Available: progressive taxation, equality, social harmony, opportunity, economic mobility, social services, tax revenue, flat tax, regressive tax, poverty, consumption, savings, social strata, crime, social cohesion, empathy, wealth distribution, social mobility, redistribution, economic justice Progressive taxation, equal society, harmonious society, equality of opportunity, level playing field, social mobility, economic ladder, tax revenues, flat taxes, progressive taxation, equal opportunity, social harmony, economic ladder, tax revenue, flat tax, regressive tax, social services, equity, poverty, social mobility, crime prevention, social cohesion, wealth stratification, public finance, economic policy, fiscal policy, income distribution, tax burden, economic inequality, social welfare, public services, social class, economic growth, redistribution, economic justice, social integration, social opportunity, wealth distribution, progressive tax structure, tax fairness, economic stability, social equity, taxation principles, policy analysis, economic research, social impact, financial responsibility, governmental finance, economic models, tax system, social benefits, economic Progressive taxation, equal society, harmony, equality of opportunity, social mobility, economic ladder, flat tax, regressive tax, tax revenue, social services, poor, disadvantaged, tax burden, equity, social cohesion, crime, social strata, wealth distribution, social classes, empathy, sympathy, redistribution, public services, economic inequality, fiscal policy, social welfare, tax fairness, income distribution, public finance, social mobility, economic opportunity, social justice, Benabou, Young, American Economic Review, Quarterly Journal of Economics, Poum Hypothesis progressive taxation, equal society, harmonious society, equality of opportunity, level playing field, social classes, economic ladder, tax revenues, flat taxes, regressive taxes, poor, state contribution, consumption, savings, social services, funding, social strata, equity, social cohesion, crime prevention, social mobility, wealth stratification, empathy, social message, economic equality, public services, fiscal policy, income distribution, redistribution, social welfare, economic opportunity, societal harmony, progressive tax rate, tax fairness, Roland Benabou, H. Peyton Young, economic research, social impact of taxation
test-digital-freedoms-aihwbasmn-pro01a	Free speech is not useful in this context, as riot is never legitimate in a free society  Riots should not be tolerated in a free society as there are already legal and peaceful methods of dissenting such as through demonstrations, petitions, and contacting your representative in Parliament. It demonstrates a fundamental unwillingness to engage with not only the apparatus of the state, but society more generally. Rioters have no regard for the public, and the violence and damage they cause harms everyone. Riots tend to do little to actually challenge the state, but rather they tend to harm the most disadvantaged, those who happen to be in the vicinity of the mobs. The freedom of speech social media provides to its users is being fundamentally misused in the context of riots. [1] When speech is used to organize violence, it must be curtailed for the sake of society as individuals security and safety is more important that freedom of speech that is briefly curtailed. Violence damages long after the event whereas those who have their freedom of speech curtailed for a few hours can swiftly voice their opinions once the riot has ended and the block lifted.  [1] Thomson, A. and Hutton, R., “UK May Block Twitter, Blackberry Messaging Services in Future Riots”. Bloomberg. 11 August 2011. free speech, riot, legitimate, free society, legal methods, peaceful dissent, demonstrations, petitions, contacting representative, parliament, unwillingness, state apparatus, societal engagement, public regard, violence, damage, disadvantaged, social media misuse, organizing violence, speech curtailment, individual security, safety, long-term damage, brief curtailment, opinion expression, riot aftermath, Thomson, Hutton, UK, Twitter, Blackberry Messaging, future riots, Bloomberg, August 2011 free speech, riot, legitimate, free society, tolerance, legal dissent, peaceful methods, demonstrations, petitions, parliamentary representation, state engagement, societal engagement, public regard, violence, property damage, disadvantaged, challenge to state, social media, freedom misuse, organizing violence, societal safety, individual security, speech curtailment, long-term damage, opinion expression, riot aftermath, messaging services, UK, Twitter, Blackberry, Thomson, Hutton, Bloomberg, August 2011 Free speech, riot, free society, legal methods, demonstrations, petitions, Parliament, public harm, violence, disadvantaged, social media, freedom of speech, organizing violence, security, safety, curtailment, long-term damage, UK, Twitter, Blackberry Messaging, Thomson, Hutton, Bloomberg, 2011 free speech, riots, legitimate, free society, tolerance, legal methods, dissent, demonstrations, petitions, parliament, state engagement, public regard, violence, disadvantage, social media misuse, speech curtailment, security, safety, long-term damage, brief curtailment, opinion expression, messaging services, UK, Twitter, Blackberry free speech, riot, legitimate, free society, tolerance, legal methods, peaceful dissent, demonstrations, petitions, parliamentary representation, state engagement, societal engagement, public regard, violence, damage, disadvantaged, social media misuse, speech curtailment, security, safety, temporary restriction, opinion expression, post-riot, block lifting, Thomson, Hutton, UK, Twitter, Blackberry Messaging, future riots, Bloomberg, August 2011
test-economy-bepahbtsnrt-con01a	Produces Employment  Tourism is the second largest employer in the country. The industry produces over 400,000 jobs for Tunisians1. This employment figure is vital to Tunisia which has a large number of students in higher-education, around 346,000 in 2010, and a consequentially high expectation of employment2. Tourism also has a positive effect on other linked industries such as transport, creating jobs in these sectors as well. This creation of employment allows more people to sufficiently contribute to society through taxes and the purchasing of goods through their wages. This, in turn, produces economic growth and should therefore be encouraged.  1) Padmore,R. ‘Tunisia tourism industry looks to rebuild’, BBC, 22nd August 2013  2) Global Edge, ‘Tunisia: Economy’, data accessed 27 January 2014 Employment, Tourism, Tunisia, Jobs, Students, Higher-education, Transport, Economic-growth, Taxes, Wages, Society, Padmore, BBC, Global-Edge, Economy, Rebuild Tunisia, tourism, employment, second-largest-employer, jobs, Tunisians, higher-education, students, economic-growth, transport, taxes, wages, society, BBC, Global-Edge, economy, rebuild, positive-effect, linked-industries, contribution, purchasing-goods Employment, Tourism, Second Largest Employer, Tunisia, Jobs, Tunisians, Higher-Education, Students, Employment Expectation, Transport, Linked Industries, Economic Growth, Taxes, Purchasing, Wages, Society, BBC, Global Edge, Economy, Data, 2013, 2010, 400000, 346000 Tourism, Employment, Tunisia, Jobs, Students, Higher-education, Transport, Economic Growth, Taxes, Wages, Contribution, Society, BBC, Global Edge, Economy, Rebuild, Industry, Linked Industries, Positive Effect, High Expectation, Production, Vital, Figures, Sufficiently, Purchasing, Goods, Should, Encouraged, 2010, 2013, 2014, 400000, 346000, 22nd August, 27 January Employment, Tourism, Tunisia, Jobs, Higher-education, Students, Transport, Economic Growth, Taxes, Wages, Padmore, BBC, Global Edge, Economy
test-education-pteuhwfphe-con04a	Graduates may move abroad to avoid tax payments  As taxes are collected nationally there is no reason why a UK graduate could not simply upon graduating leave the country and avoid paying the education tax. If enough people exploited this obvious loophole in the system the Government could end up severe deficit in the education budget which ultimately could lead to lower investment which would have a detrimental effect on the quality of education on offer. The proposed system then is simply not a practical one seeing as this massive and clear to see loophole exists with it. graduates, move, abroad, avoid, tax, payments, UK, graduate, leave, country, education, tax, loophole, government, deficit, education, budget, investment, detrimental, effect, quality, education, practical, system graduates, move, abroad, avoid, tax, payments, UK, graduate, leave, country, education, tax, government, deficit, education, budget, lower, investment, quality, education, loophole, practical, system, detrimental, effect Graduates, move, abroad, avoid, tax, payments, UK, education, tax, loophole, government, deficit, investment, quality, education, practical, system Graduates, move, abroad, avoid, tax, payments, UK, education, tax, loophole, government, deficit, investment, quality, education, practical, system, detrimental, effect graduates, move, abroad, avoid, tax, payments, UK, graduate, leave, country, education, tax, loophole, government, deficit, education, budget, investment, detrimental, effect, quality, education, practical, system
test-society-tsmihwurpp-pro02a	Profiling would have caught many of the perpetrators of terrorism in recent years.  Profiling takes account of many more characteristics than an individual’s ethnicity. Targeted checks would have caught, for example, the so called Christmas Day Bomber. Individuals who pay in cash for a one way flight while carrying no luggage, as Umar Farouk Abdulmutallab [i] did, are a fairly small group and it makes sense to target them.  Profiling is a great deal more subtle than a decision to target a single ethnic group. It is entirely possible to identify patterns in the behaviour of terrorists, drug mules and smugglers, and to respond to that accordingly.  Obviously, the more refined the profile can be, the better. It is incredibly unlikely that an affluent, Caucasian businessman with a return ticket for the following day is either a suicide bomber or a drug smuggler. Both common sense and statistics show this to be the case.  [i] “Obama vows to repair intelligence gaps behind Detroit airplane incident”. The Washington post, 30 December 2009. profiling, terrorism, perpetrators, characteristics, ethnicity, targeted checks, Christmas Day Bomber, Umar Farouk Abdulmutallab, cash payment, one-way flight, no luggage, patterns, behavior, terrorists, drug mules, smugglers, refined profile, affluent, Caucasian, business, return ticket, suicide bomber, drug smuggler, common sense, statistics, intelligence gaps, Detroit airplane incident Profiling, terrorism, perpetrators, ethnicity, targeted checks, Christmas Day Bomber, Umar Farouk Abdulmutallab, cash payment, one-way flight, no luggage, behavioral patterns, terrorists, drug mules, smugglers, refined profile, affluent, Caucasian, businessman, return ticket, suicide bomber, drug smuggler, common sense, statistics, intelligence gaps, Detroit airplane incident Terrorism, Profiling, Perpetrators, Ethnicity, Targeted Checks, Christmas Day Bomber, Cash Payment, One-Way Flight, No Luggage, Umar Farouk Abdulmutallab, Behavioral Patterns, Terrorists, Drug Mules, Smugglers, Refined Profile, Affluent, Caucasian, Businessman, Return Ticket, Suicide Bomber, Drug Smuggler, Intelligence Gaps, Obama, Detroit Airplane Incident terrorism, profiling, perpetrators, ethnicity, targeted checks, Christmas Day Bomber, cash payment, one way flight, no luggage, Umar Farouk Abdulmutallab, ethnic profiling, behavior patterns, terrorists, drug mules, smugglers, refined profiling, affluent, Caucasian, businessman, return ticket, suicide bomber, drug smuggler, common sense, statistics, intelligence gaps, Obama, Detroit airplane incident profiling, terrorism, perpetrators, targeted checks, Christmas Day Bomber, Umar Farouk Abdulmutallab, cash payment, one way flight, no luggage, ethnic group, behavior patterns, terrorists, drug mules, smugglers, affluent, Caucasian, businessman, return ticket, suicide bomber, drug smuggler, common sense, statistics, intelligence gaps, Detroit airplane incident
test-society-epsihbdns-con02a	"It is practically impossible to control people's movement  One of the major problems with the proposal lies in the very fact that we are indeed dealing with developing nations. These nations have very limited capacity to manage this kind of system. What will happen instead, will be a state of confusion, where the law will be upheld in some parts while ignored in others. The case in China clearly shows that corruption follows in the wake of this kind of legislation, where urban Hukous are sold illegally or officials are frequently bribed to ignore the law. [1]  Furthermore, it only causes those who choose to move to the cities, in spite of the law, to be alienated from society and live a life outside of the law. Once outside of the law, the step to other crimes is very small as these people have little to lose. [2] In short, the law will only work in some cases and where it works it will lead to increased segregation and more crime.  [1] Wang, Fei-Ling. “Organising through Division and Exclusion: China's Hukou System"". 2005.  [2] Wu. s.l., and Treiman, The Household Registration System and Social Stratification in China: 1955-1996. Springer, 2004, Demography, Vol. 2. control, people's movement, developing nations, limited capacity, confusion, law enforcement, corruption, China, Hukou system, illegal selling, bribery, urbanization, alienation, social exclusion, increased crime, segregation, Fei-Ling Wang, social stratification, Demography, Treiman, 1955-1996 control, people's movement, developing nations, limited capacity, confusion, law enforcement, corruption, China, Hukou system, illegal sales, bribery, urban migration, alienation, social segregation, crime, Fei-Ling Wang, social stratification, Demography, Springer, 1955-1996 control, movement, developing nations, limited capacity, confusion, law, corruption, China, Hukou, urban, legislation, illegal, bribery, officials, alienation, society, outside law, crime, segregation, Fei-Ling Wang, social stratification, Household Registration System, Demography, Treiman, 1955-1996 population movement, developing nations, capacity limitations, legal confusion, corruption, illegal hukous, bribery, urban migration, social alienation, law enforcement, increased segregation, crime rates, China, Hukou system, social stratification control, people's movement, developing nations, limited capacity, confusion, law enforcement, corruption, China, Hukou system, illegal sales, bribery, urbanization, alienation, society, outside of law, crime, segregation, social stratification, Demography"
test-free-speech-debate-ldhwbmclg-con02a	A ban will be ineffective  A new legal prohibition on any type of behaviour or conduct can only be set up by investing large amounts of political capital in order to transform vague proposals into a legislative document and then into a fully-fledged law. This expense can only be justified if the ban is effective – if it is seen as a legitimate use of a state’s power; is enforceable; and if it brings about some form of beneficial social change. The change being sought in this instance is a reduction in the violence, criminality and social disaffection that some people associate with hip hop music and its fans.  Laws do not create changes in behaviour simply because they are laws. It is unlikely that the consumers of hip hop will refrain from listening to it. The ease with which music can be distributed and performed means that any ban on violent songs will, inevitably, be ineffective. File sharing networks and cross border online stores such as eBay and Silk Road already enable people to obtain media and controlled goods with little more than a credit card and a forwarding address. The total value of all of the music illegally pirated during 2007 is estimated to be $12.5 billion. The same network of file sharing systems and data repositories would be used to distribute banned music if proposition’s policies became law.  Current urban music genres are already defined and supported by grassroots musicians who specialise in assembling tracks using minimal resources before sharing them among friends or broadcasting them on short-range pirate radio stations. Just as the internet contains a resilient, ready-made distribution network for music, urban communities contain large numbers of ambitious, talented amateur artists who will step into fill the void created by large record company’s withdrawal from controversial or prohibited genres.  Although a formal ban on the distribution of music has yet to happen within a western liberal democracy, similar laws have been created to restrict access to violent videogames. Following widespread reports of the damaging effects that exposure to violent videogames might have on children, Australia banned outright the publication of a succession of violent and action-oriented titles. However, in several instances, implementation of this ban led only to increased piracy of prohibited games through file sharing networks and attempts by publishing companies to circumvent the ban using websites based in jurisdictions outside Australia. Similar behaviour is likely to result in other liberal democracies following any ban on music with violent lyrics.  If banned, controversial music will move from the managed, regulated space occupied by record companies and distributors- where business entities and artists’ agents can engage in structured, transparent debate with classification bodies- to the partly hidden and unregulated space of the internet. As a consequence it will be much more difficult to detect genuinely dangerous material, and much harder for artists who do not trade in violent clichés to win fans and recognition.  As discussed in principle 10, effective control and classification of controversial material can only be achieved if it is discussed with a high specificity and a nuanced understanding of the shared standards that it might offend. This would not be possible under a policy that effectively surrenders control of the content of music to the internet. ban, ineffective, political, capital, legislative, document, law, legitimacy, enforceability, social, change, violence, criminality, disaffection, hip, hop, music, fans, laws, behavior, file, sharing, networks, cross, border, online, stores, piracy, urban, genres, grassroots, musicians, tracks, pirate, radio, internet, distribution, network, amateur, artists, record, companies, genres, western, democracy, videogames, children, Australia, violent, games, piracy, prohibited, content, regulation, classification, controversial, material, internet, control, specificity, nuance, ban, ineffective, legislative, political, capital, proposals, law, legitimacy, enforcement, beneficial, social, change, violence, criminality, disaffection, hip-hop, music, fans, behavior, file-sharing, networks, distribution, piracy, value, urban, genres, grassroots, musicians, tracks, pirate, radio, record, companies, western, liberal, democracy, videogames, children, implementation, websites, jurisdiction, regulated, internet, transparent, debate, classification, entities, artists, agents, dangerous, material, recognition, principle, content, surrender, control, controversy, nuance, standards ban, ineffective, political, capital, legislative, enforceable, beneficial, social, change, violence, criminality, disaffection, hip, hop, music, consumers, file, sharing, networks, online, stores, piracy, urban, genres, grassroots, musicians, pirate, radio, internet, distribution, network, ambitious, talented, amateur, artists, record, companies, western, liberal, democracy, violent, videogames, children, Australia, titles, increased, publishing, companies, jurisdiction, controversial, managed, regulated, space, classified, bodies, hidden, unregulated, internet, nuanced, understanding, content, ban, ineffective, legislative, political, capital, enforceable, beneficial, social, change, violence, criminality, disaffection, hip, hop, music, file, sharing, networks, illegal, piracy, urban, genres, grassroots, musicians, pirate, radio, internet, distribution, network, amateur, artists, record, companies, western, liberal, democracy, videogames, children, Australia, titles, censorship, transparency, controversial, material, classification, internet, control, content ban, ineffective, political capital, legislative document, law, legitimate, enforceable, beneficial social change, violence, criminality, social disaffection, hip hop, music, fans, laws, behaviour, consumers, file sharing, cross border, online stores, eBay, Silk Road, media, controlled goods, credit card, forwarding address, music piracy, urban music genres, grassroots musicians, minimal resources, pirate radio, internet, distribution network, urban communities, amateur artists, large record companies, controversial genres, western liberal democracy, violent videogames, Australia, violent games, children, piracy, file sharing networks, publishing companies, jurisdiction
test-international-eiahwpamu-con01a	Realistic barriers  There are significant barriers to introducing microfinance. Microfinance can’t reach everywhere; a lack of infrastructure, or poor infrastructure, can mean that microfinance initiatives often can’t reach where need is greatest. Those who are poorest most need money just to get buy, not to invest. They would be unable to repay even tiny loans. It returns to the question of who is the poorest, and what do we know about them - where they are, what they need, and why are they poor?  Secondly, structural constraints limit the ability for microfinance to be sustainable and provide a long term solution. Bad governance, inadequate structures to regulate microfinance, and political instability, mean the theoretical benefits of microfinance may not become a lived reality.  Thirdly, who is involved in the supply? The involvement of multiple actors - NGOs, communities, the state, and private sector, complicates how microfinance is being run and therefore the effectiveness. Tensions emerge with such partnerships as each actor has the different objectives and motivations. microfinance, barriers, infrastructure, poverty, investment, repayment, poorest, governance, regulation, political instability, sustainability, NGOs, private sector, community involvement, partnership tensions, effectiveness realistic barriers, microfinance, infrastructure, poverty, investment, loan repayment, poorest, governance, regulation, political instability, sustainability, actors, NGOs, communities, state, private sector, partnerships, effectiveness, objectives, motivations realistic barriers, microfinance, infrastructure, poverty, repayment, poorest, structural constraints, sustainability, governance, regulation, political instability, actors, supply, NGOs, communities, state, private sector, partnerships, objectives, motivations realistic barriers, microfinance, infrastructure, poverty, repayment, poorest, structural constraints, sustainability, governance, regulation, political instability, supply actors, NGOs, communities, state, private sector, partnerships, objectives, motivations Realistic barriers, microfinance, infrastructure, poverty, loan repayment, poorest, structural constraints, sustainability, governance, regulation, political instability, multiple actors, NGOs, communities, state, private sector, partnerships, objectives, motivations
test-law-lgplhbssbco-pro03a	Prohibiting suicide sends the message that it is not an acceptable behaviour  Individual action is shaped by what norms and standards are set by society. By prohibiting suicide, society sends out a message that it is not an acceptable action. Legislation is a useful social tool, in that it proscribes the limits of individual action. And by failing to prohibit suicide, society fails to add the ultimate sanction of its laws into the balance of any decision whether or not to commit suicide. Many of those who have tried and failed to commit suicide never attempt it again. This suggests that many who kill themselves do so because of their particular short-term circumstances, perhaps while ill, suffering financial problems or under emotional stress, rather than through a considered and rational decision. More than 30% of suicides are precipitated by intimate partner problems, more than 10% by jobs problems and 10% by financial problems. [1] Given this, even a small deterrent will help to save many lives that are currently wasted needlessly.  [1] Canters for Disease Control and Prevention, ‘Suicide: Data Sources’, 26 August 2011, prohibiting suicide, societal norms, individual action, legislation, social tool, ultimate sanction, suicide prevention, short-term circumstances, emotional stress, financial problems, intimate partner problems, job problems, deterrent effect, saving lives, CDC data Prohibiting suicide, societal norms, individual action, legislation, social tool, suicide prevention, emotional stress, financial problems, intimate partner problems, job problems, deterrent, saving lives, CDC, suicide data, public health, mental health, legal intervention, social behavior, ethical considerations, mental illness prohibiting suicide, societal norms, individual action, legislation, social tool, ultimate sanction, failed suicide attempts, short-term circumstances, rational decision, intimate partner problems, job problems, financial problems, deterrent, saving lives, CDC data suicide, legislation, societal norms, individual action, emotional stress, financial problems, intimate partner problems, suicide prevention, legal sanctions, deterrence, mental health, CDC, public health, behavioral norms, social tools, ethical standards, life value, crisis intervention, psychological factors, socioeconomic factors, legal intervention Prohibiting suicide, societal norms, legislation, individual action, acceptable behaviour, social tool, ultimate sanction, suicide attempts, emotional stress, financial problems, intimate partner problems, job problems, deterrent, save lives, suicide prevention, public health, mental health, legal measures, societal impact, behavioral norms, CDC, suicide data, prevention strategies
test-culture-ahrtsdlgra-con02a	Freedom of speech  Artists ought to be allowed to express themselves, and display the world they see, as they see it.  Freedom of speech is considered integral to the modern democracy, and with good reason! Free speech makes a vital contribution to a plurality of ideas. It is only when a great number of ideas are expressed and challenged, such that people’s beliefs remain fluid, and can be formed and reformed, that we are able to arrive at such a point where we are likely to progress. This ‘marketplace of ideas’ prevents us from stagnating; from continuing harmful practices and modes of thought simply because they are traditional.  The more free speech is limited, the less able we are to access this plurality of ideas, and thus the less able we are to truly challenge harmful habits. freedom of speech, artists, self-expression, democracy, plurality of ideas, marketplace of ideas, free speech, harmful practices, traditions, progress, challenging beliefs, censorship, access to ideas, intellectual growth, societal change, critical thinking, artistic freedom, public discourse, speech limitation, idea exchange, cultural evolution, thought diversity, challenged ideas, belief formation, reform, stagnation prevention, harmful modes of thought Freedom of speech, Artists, Expression, Democracy, Plurality of ideas, Progress, Marketplace of ideas, Stagnation, Harmful practices, Modes of thought, Free speech limitations, Challenging beliefs, Fluid beliefs, Traditional practices Freedom of speech, Democracy, Marketplace of ideas, Artistic expression, Plurality of ideas, Challenging beliefs, Progress, Free speech, Harmful practices, Modes of thought, Tradition, Limiting free speech, Fluid beliefs, Intellectual stagnation Freedom of speech, Artists, Expression, Modern democracy, Plurality of ideas, Free speech, Marketplace of ideas, Progress, Challenging beliefs, Harmful practices, Modes of thought, Tradition, Limited free speech, Stagnation, Intellectual diversity, Creative freedom, Societal progress, Critical thinking, Public discourse, Cultural evolution freedom of speech, artists, expression, democracy, plurality of ideas, marketplace of ideas, free speech, challenging ideas, harmful practices, tradition, progress, intellectual fluidity, limitations on speech, societal stagnation
test-religion-grcrgshwbr-pro01a	Many symbols are seen as a symbol of oppression on women.  Religious symbols are seen to, in some cases, increase the equality divide between genders. As an example, the Muslim Hijab is considered by some as a very powerful symbol for the oppression of women, particularly in countries such as Saudi Arabia or Afghanistan where it is compulsory. Therefore, when it is worn in Western countries that encourage democracy and equality, the wearing of the Hijab is seen as almost counter-productive to the goals of democratic society. For this reason Belgium has recently banned the wearing of the full Muslim veil, much like France in 2010.1 Often Muslim dress rules for women are seen as more severe than those for men. Inequality between men and women is a form of discrimination and liberal societies should fight all forms of discrimination.  1 ' Belgian ban on full veils comes into force', BBC News Europe, 23rd July 2011, accessed on 23rd July 2011 symbols, oppression, women, religious, equality, divide, genders, Muslim, Hijab, Saudi Arabia, Afghanistan, compulsory, Western, countries, democracy, Belgium, ban, full veil, France, 2010, dress rules, severe, men, inequality, discrimination, liberal societies, fight symbols, oppression, women, religious, equality, divide, genders, Muslim, Hijab, Saudi Arabia, Afghanistan, compulsory, Western, democracy, ban, full veil, Belgium, France, 2010, dress rules, severe, men, inequality, discrimination, liberal societies oppression, women, religious symbols, equality, gender, Muslim Hijab, Saudi Arabia, Afghanistan, democracy, Western countries, Belgium, full Muslim veil, France, 2010, Muslim dress rules, men, inequality, discrimination, liberal societies symbols, oppression, women, religious, equality, divide, genders, Muslim, Hijab, Saudi Arabia, Afghanistan, compulsory, Western, democracy, Belgium, full veil, France, 2010, Muslim dress, rules, severe, men, inequality, discrimination, liberal societies, BBC News Europe, 23rd July 2011 symbols, oppression, women, religious, equality, divide, genders, Muslim, Hijab, compulsory, Saudi Arabia, Afghanistan, Western countries, democracy, Belgium, banned, full veil, France, 2010, dress rules, men, inequality, discrimination, liberal societies
test-sport-tshbmlbscac-pro02a	Collisions are a part of the game.  First, collisions are part of the tradition of baseball. They have been part of the game for a very long time. Fans, players, and managers all expect home plate hits to occur from time to time. “Some things are part of the game. There’s not a whole lot you can do,” said Red Sox catcher Jason Varitek, who has been on the receiving end of numerous crashes in his career. [1] Varitek’s manager at the time, Terry Francona, agreed: “Nobody wants to see anybody get hurt, but you got to play the game.” [2] And former catcher Brad Ausmus, who had also been hit multiple times in his career, echoed the sentiment: “[I]t's part of the game.… When you put on the shin guards and chest protector, you know that if there’s a play at the plate and you’re blocking the plate, you could take a hit at any moment.” [3] As the Associated Press put it, many people believe “home plate collisions are as much a part of baseball tradition as peanuts and Cracker Jacks and the seventh-inning stretch.” [4]  Second, home plate hits are an essential element of playing the game hard. Without them, baseball would be much less deserving of its nickname “hardball.” One commentator notes, “[An injury is] extremely unfortunate, but it's the result of a hard-nosed play that is as old as the game itself. To take away the potential for a high-intensity, physical play in an otherwise non-physical sport would be a mistake.” [5] In that vein, collisions are also part of the dynamic between the offense and defense that, once removed, will make the game much poorer: “A baserunner wants to get there at all costs, whereas a catcher wants to protect it at all costs. The mutual discomfort that's evoked in both the catcher and the baserunner as a play at the plate develops is one of the intriguing peculiarities that makes the game of baseball so great.” [6]  [1] Antonio Gonzalez, “Posey’s injury stirs debate on baseball collisions,” Associated Press, May 27, 2011,  .  [2] Ibid.  [3] Jayson Stark, “On a collision course,” ESPN.com (Rumblings & Grumblings blog), May 28, 2011,  .  [4] Ibid.  [5] Ricky Doyle, “Buster Posey’s Injury Unfortunate, But Home-Plate Collisions Still Have Place in Baseball,” NESN, May 29, 2011,  .  [6] Ibid . collisions, baseball, tradition, home plate, hits, game, players, managers, fans, catcher, Jason Varitek, Terry Francona, Brad Ausmus, peanuts, Cracker Jacks, seventh-inning stretch, hardball, non-physical sport, offense, defense, baserunner, mutual discomfort, intriguing peculiarities, Buster Posey, injury, debate, physical play, hard-nosed play, Associated Press, ESPN, NESN Collisions, baseball, tradition, home plate hits, catcher, baserunner, play hard, sport, physical play, mutual discomfort, game dynamics, injury, debate, baseball history, fan expectations, player safety, managerial views, hardball nickname, non-physical sport, baseball peculiarities, game integrity, baseball tradition, Cracker Jacks, seventh-inning stretch Collisions, baseball, tradition, home plate, hits, catcher, baserunner, injury, sport, hardball, dynamic, offense, defense, game, physical play, non-physical, baseball collisions, catcher protection, baserunner aggression, mutual discomfort, intriguing peculiarity, baseball tradition, peanuts, Cracker Jacks, seventh-inning stretch, hard-nosed play, high-intensity, physical sport, game element, baseball debate, player safety, game integrity collisions, baseball, tradition, home plate, hits, players, managers, fans, catcher, Jason Varitek, Terry Francona, Brad Ausmus, injuries, hardball, dynamic, offense, defense, mutual discomfort, baserunner, play at the plate,(Query Keywords) Collisions, baseball, tradition, home plate, hits, fans, players, managers, Jason Varitek, catcher, crashes, Terry Francona, Brad Ausmus, shin guards, chest protector, Associated Press, peanuts, Cracker Jacks, seventh-inning stretch, hardball, commentator, high-intensity, physical play, offense, defense, baserunner, mutual discomfort, intriguing peculiarities, Buster Posey, injury, debate, NESN, Ricky Doyle
test-economy-epsihbdns-pro02a	Restrictions on migration would benefit people in the cities economically and socially  Cities are very appealing to poor people. Even if their living standards in cities might be unacceptable, they get closer to basic goods, such as fresh water, sanitation etc. However, these things exist because there are productive people in the cities who work and pay taxes. What happens when too many people come at the same time is that public money is stretched too thinly and these basic goods can no longer be provided. This leads to severe humanitarian problems such as malnutrition, thirst, lack of medication, etc.  However, this humanitarian crisis does not only harm those directly affected, it also creates an unattractive environment for business. Thus, people who enter the city cannot find work, as production does not grow in relation to the people who enter. They become excluded from society and often turn to crime, which further erodes the economy. [1]  Limiting migration to reasonable levels give the cities a chance to develop progressively and become the kind of places that people in rural areas currently believe them to be.  [1] Maxwell, Daniel., “The Political Economy of Urban Food Security in Sub-Saharan Africa.” 11, London : Elsevier Science Ltd., 1999, World Development, Vol. 27, p. 1939±1953. S0305-750X(99)00101-1. migration restrictions, economic benefits, social benefits, urban appeal, poverty, living standards, basic goods, fresh water, sanitation, productive people, tax contribution, public resources, humanitarian problems, malnutrition, thirst, lack of medication, business environment, unemployment, crime, social exclusion, economic erosion, progressive development, rural perception, urban development, sub-saharan africa, urban food security migration restrictions, urban economic benefits, social benefits, city appeal, poverty, living standards, basic goods, fresh water, sanitation, productive people, tax contributions, public funding, humanitarian problems, malnutrition, thirst, lack of medication, business environment, unemployment, social exclusion, crime, economic erosion, progressive development, rural perception, urban development, political economy, urban food security, sub-saharan africa migration restrictions, urban economic benefits, social benefits, cities, poverty, living standards, basic goods, fresh water, sanitation, productive population, tax contribution, public funds, humanitarian problems, malnutrition, thirst, lack of medication, business environment, unemployment, crime, social exclusion, economic erosion, progressive urban development, rural perception, urban food security, sub-saharan africa, political economy migration, cities, economic benefits, social benefits, poor people, living standards, basic goods, fresh water, sanitation, productive people, taxes, public money, humanitarian problems, malnutrition, thirst, lack of medication, unattractive environment, business, employment, crime, economy, rural areas, development, political economy, urban food security, sub-saharan africa migration restrictions, urban economics, social benefits, city appeal, poverty, living standards, basic goods, public resources, humanitarian crisis, malnutrition, thirst, lack of medication, business environment, unemployment, social exclusion, crime, economic erosion, progressive development, urban food security, political economy, Sub-Saharan Africa
test-philosophy-pppgshbsd-con01a	Socialism has changed historically to meet the challenges of the moment and is addressing those of the 21st century in new ways  It should perhaps come as no surprise that the days of standing outside shopping centres and train stations handing out soggy newspapers have passed into the annals of political history – although some still do it.  Equally, trades union are no longer seen as being as central to European Socialism as they once were. However, the militancy seen over the last few years suggest, if anything, that what was a diversified ‘anti-capitalist’ movement is now coalescing around a rather clearer set of goals of which the basics of the anti-capitalism movement are merely a part. In the light of the globalisation of Capitalism, the left is increasingly rediscovering its internationalist roots which were lost to a great extent in the seventies and eighties in national struggles to save industries and jobs. Socialism, historical evolution, 21st century challenges, political tactics, trades unions, European Socialism, anti-capitalist movement, global capitalism, internationalism, national struggles, industrial protection, job security Socialism, historical evolution, 21st century challenges, political tactics, trades unions, European socialism, anti-capitalism, global capitalism, internationalism, national struggles, industrial salvation, job preservation Socialism, Historical Evolution, 21st Century Challenges, Political Tactics, Trade Unions, Anti-Capitalism, Globalization, Capitalism, Internationalism, National Struggles, Industries, Jobs Socialism, historical changes, 21st century challenges, political tactics, shopping centres, train stations, handing out newspapers, political history, trade unions, European Socialism, militancy, anti-capitalist movement, global capitalism, internationalist roots, national struggles, industries, jobs Socialism, Historical Changes, 21st Century Challenges, Political Tactics, Union Influence, Anti-Capitalism, Globalization, Capitalism, Internationalism, National Struggles, Industrial Decline, Job Preservation
test-culture-mmciahbans-pro02a	They fuel colourism in society  Allowing the use of racial overtones – the perception that a product will bring a person towards a “white ideal” is harmful for several reasons. It could cause communities to generate a form of inferiority complex, and it reinforces the structural difference rather than aiming to minimize it. While it may sound absurd, in the US darker-skinned African Americans (and darker skinned latinos) are less well educated and have lower incomes [1] . Elsewhere in the Western Hemisphere, such as in Brazil, race is seen as an issue of colour and socio-economic background, not ancestry highlighting a much more obvious link between whitening creams and racism [2] .  Is it not the role of the state to reduce that discrimination, not to fuel it? Banning such creams would help prevent such harmful effects by discouraging the notion that people should aim to make themselves lighter skinned.  [1] Hunter, Margaret L., “If you’re light you’re alright: light skin color as social capital for women of color”, Gender and Society, 2002,  , p.35  [2] Telles, Edward, Race in Another America: The Significance of Skin Colour in Brazil, 2004, online sample chapter, colorism, racial overtones, white ideal, inferiority complex, structural difference, darker-skinned, African Americans, latinos, education, income, Brazil, socio-economic background, ancestry, whitening creams, racism, state role, discrimination, banning, social capital, women of color, skin color, gender, society, race significance, Western Hemisphere colourism, racial overtones, white ideal, inferiority complex, structural difference, darker-skinned, African Americans, latinos, education, income, Brazil, socio-economic, whitening creams, racism, state intervention, discrimination, banning, social capital, women of color, skin color, Race in Another America, Edward Telles, Margaret L. Hunter colorism, racial overtones, white ideal, inferiority complex, structural difference, darker-skinned, African Americans, Latinos, lower incomes, education, Brazil, socio-economic background, whitening creams, racism, state intervention, discrimination, skin lightening, social capital, women of color, race significance colorism, racial overtones, white ideal, inferiority complex, structural difference, darker-skinned, African Americans, Latinos, lower incomes, education, Brazil, race, socio-economic background, ancestry, whitening creams, racism, state discrimination, banning, social capital, women of color, skin color, Edward Telles, Margaret L. Hunter colorism, racial overtones, white ideal, inferiority complex, structural difference, darker-skinned, African Americans, Latinos, lower incomes, education, Brazil, socio-economic background, ancestry, whitening creams, racism, state, discrimination, banning, social capital, women of color, Edward Telles, Margaret Hunter
test-international-epglghbni-pro01a	Britain is morally obliged to permit the secession of northern Ireland  The age of colonialism is over. We recognize that the dominance of one country over another is morally wrong. Ireland was already in the hands of the Irish people before English earls and kings invaded. The Irish had a right to the ownership of their land because they cultivated it and so put their labor into it. The use of force to seize that land from the people’s control is unjust because it denies them the right they had to their land. They had no choice to voluntarily hand over their land either.  To right this historical wrong, the British government should relinquish Northern Ireland, just as they have decolonized the rest of the world ending the British empire except for a few scattered outposts. Since Hong Kong was handed back to China in 1997 Northern Ireland is the only remaining colony with a significant population and independent identity. Britain, Northern Ireland, secession, colonialism, moral obligation, historical wrong, land rights, decolonization, British Empire, Hong Kong, independence, self-determination Britain, moral obligation, secession, Northern Ireland, end of colonialism, ethical wrong, Irish land rights, labor investment, unjust seizure, voluntary relinquishment, decolonization, British Empire, Hong Kong, significant population, independent identity Britain, moral obligation, secession, Northern Ireland, colonialism, dominance, Irish people, historical land rights, English invasion, land cultivation, unjust seizure, voluntary relinquishment, decolonization, British Empire, Hong Kong, significant population, independent identity Britain, moral obligation, secession, Northern Ireland, colonialism, decolonization, Irish land rights, historical wrongs, British Empire, Hong Kong, sovereignty, independence, self-determination, ethnic identity, political rights Britain, moral obligation, secession, Northern Ireland, colonialism, decolonization, Irish land rights, historical wrongs, British Empire, Hong Kong, 1997, significant population, independent identity
test-society-ghbgqeaaems-con02a	"Public and private institutions should hire people based on skills not gender to achieve positive economic impact  Businesses advance when they hire the best person for a job who can unite people and create value. These qualities are individual and enhanced through training rather than not gender-specific. Letting both private and public companies to hire according to their needs and those who meet them is a more efficient way to ensure economic growth.  In some countries in the EU the proportion of women with relevant education is lower and such a measure will bring structural inefficiencies in the short to mid - term for the companies and the overall economy. The empirical data from Norway, for example, reveals that after being exposed to a severe limitation on their choice of directors, boards experienced large declines in value. [1] Often women hired after the quotas implementation had less upper management experience than the previously hired employees. However, since the average size of boards did not increase, male employees were dismissed and less experienced female professionals hired, so that companies could fulfil the quotas.  [1] Ahern, Kenneth, and Amy Dittmar. ""The Changing of the Boards: The Impact on Firm Valuation of Mandated Female Board Representation."" The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 2012. Public institutions, private institutions, hiring based on skills, gender neutrality, positive economic impact, business growth, best person for the job, individual qualities, training, efficiency, economic growth, EU countries, women's education, structural inefficiencies, Norway, female board representation, firm valuation, quotas, upper management experience, male employees, less experienced professionals public institutions, private institutions, skills-based hiring, gender-neutral hiring, economic impact, business growth, best person for job, uniting people, creating value, individual qualities, training, hiring needs, company needs, employee qualifications, EU women education, structural inefficiencies, Norway example, board value decline, gender quotas, management experience, board quotas, employee dismissal, less experienced hires, company quotas, empirical data, female board representation, mandated representation, firm valuation, Kenneth Ahern, Amy Dittmar, Quarterly Journal of Economics, 2012 public institutions, private institutions, hiring practices, skills-based hiring, gender-neutral hiring, economic impact, business efficiency, workforce diversity, gender quotas, board representation, Norway, Ahern and Dittmar, female board members, management experience, corporate value, economic growth, gender equality, employment policies, skill development, training programs, workforce qualifications, empirical evidence, policy impact, structural inefficiencies, European Union, women in leadership, job performance, hiring criteria, corporate governance, gender diversity, labor market, professional qualifications, employee selection, business performance, value creation, team unity, gender-neutral policies, short-term impacts, mid-term impacts, Skills-based hiring, gender-neutral recruitment, economic impact, business efficiency, individual qualifications, training, EU gender disparities, Norway boardroom quota, female board representation, firm valuation, management experience, quota implementation, short-term inefficiencies, economic growth, public institutions, private companies, workforce diversity, empirical evidence, board composition, gender quotas, corporate value, upper management, hiring standards, job performance, professional experience, regulatory impact, business leadership, workforce unity, value creation, economic policy, gender equality, labor market, organizational performance, corporate governance, talent acquisition, gender diversity, legislative influence, corporate boards, economic benefits, workforce integration, gender public institutions, private institutions, hiring practices, skills-based hiring, gender-neutral hiring, economic impact, business advancement, best candidate, team unity, value creation, individual qualities, training, gender diversity, efficiency, economic growth, EU countries, women's education, structural inefficiency, Norway, board representation, female quotas, corporate value, upper management experience, hiring quotas, workforce composition, board size, gender quotas, employee dismissal, less experienced hires"
test-international-ghbunhf-con01a	The UN has performed a valuable service in preventing wars and in peacekeeping.  It is clearly unrealistic to imagine that the United Nations could prevent all wars, but nonetheless it has been successful at negotiating peaceful resolutions to international disputes. It has also authorised military force to defend countries from unprovoked attacks; Kuwait and South Korea, to name just two, owe their freedom to UN action. Finally, UN peacekeepers do vital work all over the world from Cyprus to Korea. [1]  [1] “What is Peacekeeping?”. United Nations, 2011. UN, peacekeeping, preventing wars, international disputes, military force, unprovoked attacks, Kuwait, South Korea, freedom, UN action, peacekeepers, Cyprus, Korea, What is Peacekeeping, United Nations, 2011 UN, peacekeeping, preventing wars, international disputes, military force, unprovoked attacks, Kuwait, South Korea, freedom, UN action, Cyprus, Korea, vital work, peace resolution UN, peacekeeping, preventing wars, international disputes, military force, Kuwait, South Korea, freedom, UN action, Cyprus, Korea, peacekeepers, vital work, negotiated resolutions, authorised military, unprovoked attacks, service, valuable, realistic, all wars UN, peacekeeping, preventing wars, international disputes, military force, unprovoked attacks, Kuwait, South Korea, freedom, UN action, peacekeepers, Cyprus, Korea, What is Peacekeeping, United Nations UN, United Nations, preventing wars, peacekeeping, international disputes, peaceful resolutions, military force, unprovoked attacks, Kuwait, South Korea, freedom, UN action, peacekeepers, Cyprus, Korea, What is Peacekeeping, United Nations 2011
test-economy-bepiehbesa-con02a	It protects rural communities  People in EU are hard to convince that staying in rural areas and working as a farmer is a viable life choice. The profit is often low, the starting costs are high and work is hard. The income of a farmer is usually around half of the average wage in a given country and the number of these farmers fell by 20% in the last decade. [1] By having CAP we have an additional incentive for the people to stay in villages. The direct payments help the people with the starting of business, subsidies helps them to sell their goods at reasonable prices. The process of urbanisation is at least slowed and that, by extend, helps to preserve traditional culture of such communities and thus diversity of European culture itself.  [1] Murphy, Caitriona, ‘Number of EU farms drops 20pc’, Independent, 29 November 2011, rural communities, EU, farming, viability, profit, starting costs, work, income, farmers, decline, CAP, incentives, direct payments, subsidies, urbanization, traditional culture, cultural diversity, European culture, farm numbers, Caitriona Murphy, Independent, 2011 rural communities, CAP, Common Agricultural Policy, farmers, farming, viable life choice, profit, starting costs, work, income, average wage, decline, farmers decline, urbanisation, traditional culture, cultural diversity, subsidies, direct payments, European culture, farm businesses, agriculture support, rural economy, rural development, incentives, farm income, farm sustainability, farm population, farm decline, rural population, rural lifestyle, farm policy, agricultural policy, EU farms, farm support, farm subsidies, rural subsidies, rural economic support, rural communities support, rural tradition, rural heritage, European rural areas, European farmers, European agriculture, agricultural decline CAP, rural communities, farmers, EU, income, profit, starting costs, work, urbanisation, traditional culture, diversity, European culture, subsidies, direct payments, business, goods, prices, farms, decline, incentive rural communities, CAP, Common Agricultural Policy, farmers, farming, income, profit, starting costs, subsidies, direct payments, urbanization, traditional culture, European culture, diversity, population decline, agricultural support, rural economy, viability, life choice, farm viability, agricultural incentives, rural development, socioeconomic challenges, agricultural workforce, rural heritage, European agriculture, farm subsidies, rural population, cultural preservation, economic incentives, agricultural policy, farm business, rural sustainability rural communities, farming, profitability, starting costs, farmer income, CAP, direct payments, subsidies, urbanization, traditional culture, cultural diversity, EU farms, decline, agricultural policy
test-health-ahiahbgbsp-con04a	Pack labelling or taxation a better alternative  If it’s not enforceable, enforceable solutions ought to be used instead. It would be easier to enforce pack labelling and branding requirements, from larger and clearer health warnings to even brand-free packs. Of course, American-style lawsuits by governments against tobacco manufacturers could be tried, as suggested in Nigeria 1 .  1 IRIN, “NIGERIA: Govt hits tobacco companies with whopping law suit”, irinnews.org, 9 November 2007, pack labelling, taxation, enforceable solutions, health warnings, brand-free packs, lawsuits, tobacco manufacturers, Nigeria, government action, tobacco control, public health policy, enforcement mechanisms, regulatory measures, legal strategies, smoking prevention Pack labelling, taxation, enforceable solutions, health warnings, brand-free packs, lawsuits, tobacco manufacturers, Nigeria, government, IRIN pack labelling, taxation, enforceable solutions, health warnings, brand-free packs, American-style lawsuits, government action, tobacco manufacturers, Nigeria, IRIN, lawsuit pack labelling, taxation, enforceable solutions, health warnings, brand-free packs, American-style lawsuits, tobacco manufacturers, Nigeria, government lawsuits, tobacco control, public health measures, legal actions against tobacco pack labelling, taxation, enforceable solutions, health warnings, brand-free packs, lawsuits, tobacco manufacturers, Nigeria, government action, IRIN, tobacco control, policy alternatives
test-religion-yercfrggms-pro07a	Even if atheism was wrong and God did exist His seeming lack of interest and interaction with the Universe as far as humans can perceive means his existence is irrelevant:  It seems as if life goes on whether God exists or not. Theologians, philosophers, and laypeople have been fighting both in academia and on the actual battlefield over the question of God’s existence, yet in all the centuries no definitive answer one way or the other has been given by either side. [1] It seems there is little value to belief one way or the other, so arguing for God’s existence seems simply to be a waste of time. If God were proved to exist, or not to exist, little in life would change at all. Thus a position of atheism serves to relieve the hassle of pointless debate.  [1] Borne, Étienne. 1961. Atheism. New York: Hawthorn Books. atheism, God, existence, relevance, interaction, universe, human perception, theologians, philosophers, laypeople, academia, battlefield, debate, waste of time, belief, life changes, Étienne Borne, Atheism book, 1961, Hawthorn Books atheism, God, existence, relevance, human perception, theologians, philosophers, laypeople, academic debate, battlefield, definitive answer, belief value, waste of time, pointless debate, atheism position, Étienne Borne, Atheism book, Hawthorn Books atheism, God, existence, irrelevance, human perception, theologians, philosophers, debate, belief, value, proof, life changes, pointless, position, relieve, hassle, Étienne Borne, Atheism 1961, Hawthorn Books atheism, God, existence, relevance, human perception, theologians, philosophers, laypeople, academic debate, battlefield, definitive answer, belief value, pointless debate, atheism position, life change, Étienne Borne, Atheism book, 1961, Hawthorn Books atheism, God, existence, irrelevant, human perception, theologians, philosophers, laypeople, academic debate, battlefield, definitive answer, value of belief, waste of time, atheism position, relieve hassle, pointless debate, Étienne Borne, Atheism book, 1961, Hawthorn Books
test-education-ufsdfkhbwu-pro01a	The academic tradition of the West  The growth of universities as beacons of free speech has been a fundamental part of their history in the West; notably during the renaissance, reformation and enlightenment. The democratisation of that process with the expansion of the university sector in recent decades is merely the latest stage in an ongoing process.  However, that entire process has been driven (along with the artistic, cultural and scientific changes they have inculcated) on the basis that universities allow for the free exchange of ideas and flourish in environments where that approach is standardised throughout society [i] . Marxist scholars have gone further in calling for a critical pedagogy in which perspectives other than academic orthodoxy are normalised within universities.  Such institutions produce the best graduates because they have the best academics and the best academics will stay where they are free to publish whatever their research is and express their own views. For example in the 1990s 55.7% of those who had immigrated to the USA from the USSR described themselves as academics, scientists, professional or technical workers. [ii] Those academics in turn respect the intellectual tradition of dissent and critical scrutiny of which they are the inheritors. To take something else and slap the name ‘Yale’– or for that matter Oxford, Harvard or ETH Zurich – on it and pretend that nothing has changed devalues the qualification. Without the intellectual dissent and freedom of academic inquiry it is intellectually dishonest to call the degree the same thing.  [i] The Nebraskan. Doug Anderson. Learning depends on the free exchange of ideas, Nebraskan says.  [ii] Harvard, ‘Russians and East Europeans in America’ academic tradition, West, universities, free speech, renaissance, reformation, enlightenment, democratisation, university sector, free exchange of ideas, critical pedagogy, academic orthodoxy, best graduates, best academics, academic freedom, research, intellectual tradition, dissent, critical scrutiny, intellectual dishonesty, degree devaluation, Nebraskan, Doug Anderson, Harvard, Russians, East Europeans, USA, USSR, immigrants, academics, scientists, professional workers, Yale, Oxford, ETH Zurich academic tradition, West, universities, free speech, renaissance, reformation, enlightenment, democratisation, university sector, free exchange of ideas, critical pedagogy, academic orthodoxy, best graduates, best academics, research, intellectual tradition, dissent, critical scrutiny, qualification, intellectual dishonesty, Nebraskan, Doug Anderson, Russians, East Europeans, USA, USSR, Harvard, Yale, Oxford, ETH Zurich academic tradition, West, universities, free speech, renaissance, reformation, enlightenment, democratisation, university sector, free exchange ideas, Marxist scholars, critical pedagogy, academic orthodoxy, best graduates, best academics, research publication, intellectual tradition, dissent, critical scrutiny, devaluation qualification, intellectual dishonesty, Yale, Oxford, Harvard, ETH Zurich, Nebraskan, Doug Anderson, Russians, East Europeans, America, Harvard study, USSR, academics, scientists, professional, technical workers academic tradition, West, universities, free speech, renaissance, reformation, enlightenment, democratisation, university sector, free exchange of ideas, critical pedagogy, academic orthodoxy, best graduates, best academics, research, intellectual tradition, dissent, critical scrutiny, Yale, Oxford, Harvard, ETH Zurich, intellectual dishonesty, degree, Nebraskan, Doug Anderson, Russians, East Europeans, America, Harvard, USSR, immigrants, academics, scientists, professional, technical workers academic tradition, universities, free speech, renaissance, reformation, enlightenment, democratisation, university sector, free exchange of ideas, critical pedagogy, academic orthodoxy, best graduates, best academics, research freedom, intellectual tradition, dissent, critical scrutiny, qualification value, intellectual dishonesty, academic inquiry, Russians, East Europeans, USA, immigrants, USSR, Yale, Oxford, Harvard, ETH Zurich
test-international-eiahwpamu-con03a	Debt cycles and the curse of microfinance  Microfinance is incorporating free market ideologies and subprime (lending to those who may not be able to repay) lending at a smaller scale. Unstable crises’ form as a result, and debt is intensified for the poorest - of which are given access to credit they are not able to repay. This is a problem with all lending, microfinance is no exception.  In India the pressures of microfinance repayment has become linked to suicide and early mortality (Biswas, 2010). The stress of looking for microcredit, and then how to pay it back, has created a crisis within the microfinance industry. Regulation is required on the microfinance organisation: controlling the distribution of credit and the use of threats if the individual defaults. Debt cycles, microfinance, free market ideologies, subprime lending, unstable crises, poverty, credit access, lending practices, repayment stress, suicide, early mortality, India, microcredit, microfinance regulation, credit distribution, default threats debt cycles, microfinance, subprime lending, crises, poverty, credit access, repayment, lending, market ideologies, regulation, credit distribution, threats, India, microcredit stress, suicide, early mortality, Biswas 2010, microfinance industry crisis Debt cycles, microfinance, free market ideologies, subprime lending, unstable crises, poverty, credit access, repayment inability, lending problems, India, microfinance repayment pressure, suicide, early mortality, microcredit stress, microfinance crisis, regulation, credit distribution control, default threats Debt cycles, microfinance, free market ideologies, subprime lending, unstable crises, poverty, credit access, repayment inability, lending risks, India, microfinance suicide, early mortality, repayment pressure, microcredit stress, microfinance crisis, regulation, credit distribution, default threats debt cycles, microfinance, free market ideologies, subprime lending, unstable crises, poverty, credit access, repayment inability, lending problems, India, microfinance repayment pressure, suicide, early mortality, microcredit stress, microfinance crisis, regulation, credit distribution control, default threats
test-environment-ehwsnwu-con01a	Underground Nuclear Storage is Expensive.  Underground nuclear storage is expensive. This is because the deep geological repositories needed to deal with such waste are difficult to construct. This is because said repositories need to be 300m underground and also need failsafe systems so that they can be sealed off should there be a leak. For smaller countries, implementing this idea is almost completely impossible.  Further, the maintenance of the facilities also requires a lot of long term investment as the structural integrity of the facilities must consistently be monitored and maintained so that if there is a leak, the relevant authorities can be informed quickly and efficiently.  This is seen with the Yucca mountain waste repository site which has cost billions of dollars since the 1990s and was eventually halted due to public fears about nuclear safety. [1]  [1] ISN Security Watch. “Europe’s Nuclear Waste Storage Problems.” Oilprice.com 01/06/2010 Underground nuclear storage, deep geological repositories, construction difficulties, 300m depth, failsafe systems, small countries, long-term investment, structural integrity, maintenance, Yucca mountain, waste repository, billions of dollars, public fears, nuclear safety, Europe, nuclear waste storage problems Underground nuclear storage, expensive, deep geological repositories, construction difficulties, 300m underground, failsafe systems, small countries, impossible, maintenance, long-term investment, structural integrity, monitoring, leak detection, Yucca Mountain, billions of dollars, 1990s, public fears, nuclear safety, Europe, nuclear waste storage Underground nuclear storage, expensive, deep geological repositories, construction difficulty, 300m underground, failsafe systems, small countries, implementation challenges, long-term investment, maintenance, structural integrity, monitoring, leak detection, Yucca Mountain, billion dollars, 1990s, public fears, nuclear safety, Europe, nuclear waste storage problems Underground Nuclear Storage, Expensive, Deep Geological Repositories, Failsafe Systems, 300m Underground, Small Countries, Long Term Investment, Structural Integrity, Maintenance, Yucca Mountain, Nuclear Safety, Public Fears, Billions of Dollars, 1990s, Europe, Nuclear Waste Storage Problems Underground nuclear storage, expensive, deep geological repositories, construction difficulty, 300m underground, failsafe systems, small countries, long-term investment, structural integrity, maintenance, leak detection, Yucca Mountain, waste repository, billions of dollars, 1990s, public fears, nuclear safety, Europe, nuclear waste storage problems
test-free-speech-debate-fsaphgiap-pro01a	The head of state/government must be accountable to the people  Secrecy in relation to the leader’s health shows a distrust or distain of the electorate. Not being open about health issues almost invariably means that the administration is lying to those who elected them, those who they are accountable to. A couple of days before John Atta Mills died Nii Lantey Vanderpuye a candidate for Mills’ party stated “He [Mills] is stronger and healthier than any presidential candidate”, information that in retrospect was clearly untrue. 1  1 Takyi-Boadu, Charles, ‘Confusion Hits Mills’, Modern Ghana, 21 July 2012, head of state, government accountability, leader's health, secrecy, distrust, electorate, health transparency, administration lying, John Atta Mills, Nii Lantey Vanderpuye, presidential candidate, Charles Takyi-Boadu, Modern Ghana head of state, government accountability, leader's health, secrecy, distrust, electorate, health transparency, lying, presidential candidates, John Atta Mills, Nii Lantey Vanderpuye, political ethics, Modern Ghana, Charles Takyi-Boadu, public trust, political deceit, health issues, political responsibility, Ghana politics head of state, government accountability, leader's health, secrecy, distrust, electorate, presidential candidate, John Atta Mills, Nii Lantey Vanderpuye, lying, Modern Ghana, Charles Takyi-Boadu, health transparency, political ethics, public trust, presidential health, misinformation, electoral integrity, governance issues, leadership responsibility accountability, head of state, government transparency, leader's health, distrust, electorate, lying, presidential candidates, John Atta Mills, Nii Lantey Vanderpuye, health secrecy, political accountability, public trust, political deception head of state, government accountability, leader's health, distrust, electorate, secrecy, health issues, lying, presidential candidate, John Atta Mills, Nii Lantey Vanderpuye, Charles Takyi-Boadu, Modern Ghana, political transparency, public health, electoral integrity
test-free-speech-debate-nshbbsbfb-con01a	If this work had been an attack on Mohammed it would never have been broadcast, the BBC is applying double standards.  A week before the broadcast of the opera, protest by Sikhs in Birmingham about the play Bezthi by the Birmingham Rep, brought the show to a close. Like many organisations, the BBC panics when it believes it has caused offence to some religions and yet Christianity – by far the world’s most populous and diverse creed [i] - is routinely ignored or expected to ‘take it on the chin.  Christian symbols and imagery are routinely profaned by major broadcasters, publishers and others in a way that would simply not be tolerated if they were directed at ‘minority’ faiths in the UK.  Article Four (4) of the BBC’s charter [ii] stipulates quite clearly that all of the UK’s communities should be reflected in all of its activities. Despite this the interests of the community that is represented by the established church of the country, headed by the monarch, receives the least support or consideration from the institution.  [i]   [ii] BBC Charter. BBC, double standards, Mohammed, Sikhs, Birmingham, protest, Bezthi, Christianity, Christian symbols, profaned, minority faiths, BBC Charter, established church, monarch, community representation, media bias, religious offense, broadcasting regulations, cultural sensitivity BBC, double standards, Mohammed, Christianity, Sikhs, Birmingham, Bezthi, Christian symbols, profanity, Article Four, BBC Charter, religious representation, established church, monarch, media bias, religious offense, broadcasting standards, minority faiths, protest, opera BBC, Mohammed, double standards, Sikhs, Birmingham, Bezthi, Christianity, Christian symbols, profanation, Article Four, BBC Charter, religious offense, media bias, established church, monarch, community representation BBC, double standards, Mohammed, Sikhs, Birmingham, protest, Bezthi, Christianity, Christian symbols, profanity, media bias, religious representation, BBC Charter, Article Four, established church, monarch, community interests, religious offence, broadcasting regulations, diversity, faiths, UK, minority religions, religious imagery, public broadcasting, cultural sensitivity, religious communities, media criticism, free speech, religious tolerance BBC, Mohammed, Sikhs, Birmingham, Bezthi, Christianity, Christian, symbols, imagery, broadcasters, publishers, Article Four, charter, religious, offense, double standards, established church, monarchy, media bias, religious representation, UK communities, broadcasting regulations
test-digital-freedoms-efsappgdfp-pro04a	No one will ever actually look at the information  If the concern is privacy then there really should be little concern at all because there is safety in numbers. The NSA and other intelligence services don’t have the time or motivation to be tracking down all of our foibles. [1] If the intelligence agencies are watching everyone then they clearly do not have the personnel to be watching the actual communications. Instead certain things or patterns will raise alarm bells and a tiny number will be investigated more closely.  [1] Walt, Stephen M., ‘The real threat behind the NSA surveillance programs’, Foreign Policy, 10 June 2013, NSA, privacy, surveillance, intelligence services, safety in numbers, communication monitoring, pattern recognition, investigation, personnel, Walt Stephen M, Foreign Policy, 2013 privacy, safety in numbers, NSA, intelligence services, surveillance, communication tracking, personnel limitations, pattern recognition, investigation, Walt, Stephen M., Foreign Policy, NSA surveillance programs, real threat NSA, surveillance, privacy, intelligence services, safety in numbers, communication monitoring, pattern detection, investigative priorities, Walt, Stephen M., Foreign Policy, 2013 Privacy, Safety in numbers, NSA, Intelligence services, Surveillance, Personnel, Communications, Patterns, Investigation, Walt Stephen M, Foreign Policy, 2013 privacy, safety in numbers, NSA, intelligence services, surveillance, communication tracking, personnel limitations, pattern recognition, investigation, Walt, Stephen M., NSA surveillance programs, Foreign Policy
test-economy-thsptr-pro03a	The state should promote the efficient distribution of income in order to maximize the utility derived by society from its economic resources  All goods suffer from diminishing marginal utility, and this includes money. The more money someone, the less happy they are made from each successive addition of wealth after a certain point. One might be able to buy a second car or a second house with extra money, but eventually one runs out of things one particularly wants to buy or own. [1] When wealth is unevenly distributed in society, the wealth of society is inefficiently distributed. The aim of the state must be to attempt to maximize the aggregate utility of its citizens insofar as it is able without damaging the economy. With progressive taxation, wealth is effectively reallocated to poorer people, who gain more utility than the wealthy lose in the process. The state has a right to do this not only because it generates a more efficient distribution of income than the market does, but also because income is partly a collective good. [2] Ownership rights to property and the ability to expand them is only possible within the framework of the state; thus the state can make a moral ownership claim to some of the products of the services it provides, and does so most effectively through the mechanism of progressive taxation.  [1] Thune, Kent. “The Diminishing Marginal Utility of Wealth”. The Financial Philosopher. 2008. Available:   [2] Weisbrod, Burton. Public Interest Law: An Economic and Institutional Analysis. Berkeley: University of California Press. 1978. state, efficient distribution, income, maximize utility, society, economic resources, diminishing marginal utility, wealth, happiness, progressive taxation, poorer people, aggregate utility, economy, collective good, ownership rights, property, moral ownership, public interest, economic analysis state, efficient distribution, income, maximize utility, society, economic resources, diminishing marginal utility, wealth, happiness, progressive taxation, poorer people, aggregate utility, economy, collective good, property rights, moral ownership, public interest, economic analysis efficient distribution, income, utility, society, economic resources, diminishing marginal utility, wealth, happiness, progressive taxation, poorer people, aggregate utility, economy, collective good, ownership rights, property, state rights, public interest law, economic analysis, institutional analysis efficient distribution, income, utility, society, economic resources, diminishing marginal utility, wealth, happiness, progressive taxation, aggregate utility, economy, collective good, ownership rights, property, state claim, public interest, economic analysis state, efficient distribution, income, maximize utility, society, economic resources, diminishing marginal utility, money, happiness, wealth, inequality, aggregate utility, citizens, progressive taxation, reallocation, poorer people, market, collective good, property rights, ownership, state claim, public interest, economic analysis
test-science-nsihwbtiss-con03a	Teachers can be essential in supervising cyberspace.  Social media has become the primary way in which children interact with their peers. These interactions are largely unsupervised by any adult, and yet they have a fundamental impact on the development of the children involved. Adolescents use social networking websites to gage peer opinion about themselves which may subsequently influence identity formation [1] . With so much cyber bullying happening on such websites, and postings of inappropriate behaviour that may later surface to affect a student’s chances of getting into college or getting a job, it would be useful to have a teacher supervise these interactions to make sure no harm comes to the children involved.  [1] Pempek, Yermolayeva, and Calvert. ”College students social networking experiences on facebook.” Journal of Applied Developmental Pshychology. Vol. 30. 2009. teachers, supervision, cyberspace, social media, children, peer interaction, unsupervised, adult, impact, development, adolescents, social networking, peer opinion, identity formation, cyber bullying, inappropriate behavior, college, job, online safety, digital footprint, adolescent development, online supervision, teacher role, internet safety, youth protection, Pempek, Yermolayeva, Calvert, Facebook, developmental psychology teachers, supervision, cyberspace, social media, children, peers, unsupervised, adult, impact, development, adolescents, social networking, peer opinion, identity formation, cyber bullying, inappropriate behavior, college, job, harm, Pempek, Yermolayeva, Calvert, Facebook, applied developmental psychology teachers, supervision, cyberspace, social media, children, peer interaction, unsupervised, adult, development, adolescents, identity formation, cyber bullying, inappropriate behavior, college admissions, job prospects, Facebook, Pempek, Yermolayeva, Calvert, Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology teachers, supervision, cyberspace, social media, children, peer interaction, unsupervised, adult, impact, development, adolescents, social networking, identity formation, cyber bullying, inappropriate behavior, college admissions, job opportunities, teacher involvement, online safety teachers, supervision, cyberspace, social media, children, peers, unsupervised, adult, development, adolescents, social networking, identity formation, cyber bullying, inappropriate behavior, college, job, Pempek, Yermolayeva, Calvert, Facebook, applied developmental psychology
test-politics-epvhbfsmsaop-pro03a	People will have less information about politicians’ manifestos and ideas.  Celebrity endorsement distracts those who normally provide information to voters. Newspapers, blogs and other online media all have limited space, and, because celebrities sell, will use that space showing who is supporting whom, rather than covering debate about a politician’s policies and ideas.  Though the presence of celebrities may actually give the masses more avenue to relate to electoral processes, the fact still stands that in status quo people are more interested in the activities of their favorite celebrities which will thus blot out the candidates themselves. When voters see celebrity endorsements they are no longer thinking about how these future politicians can make an impact on their lives. In some cases the celebrity may help show the platform of policies the candidate is standing on but most of the time they are simply taking airtime from more in depth analysis. What is worse when wooing celebrities becomes important for politicians the politicians themselves have less time to formulate and articulate their policies.  This is detrimental to the democratic process. People having less information than they would otherwise impairs their ability to make an informed choice about how they would like to vote. A prohibition on celebrity interference in political debate would remove this obscuring effect.  All of the above adds to the depoliticisation of politics. If the celebrity endorsement continues to thrive, younger generations will disengage with the important political issues at hand. Instead of learning about the fundamental issues surrounding their country, they will be exposed to party tactics that are of no use to their political development. celebrity endorsement, political information, voter engagement, media coverage, policy discussion, democratic process, informed voting, political development, younger generations, depoliticisation, party tactics, manifesto, ideas, politicians, newspapers, blogs, online media, space limitation, celebrity activities, candidate focus, policy formulation, articulated policies, prohibition, obscuring effect, fundamental issues, electoral processes, celebrity interference, airtime, in-depth analysis celebrity endorsement, political manifestos, distracted voters, media space, policy debate, political impact, celebrity activities, candidate visibility, informed voting, democratic process, depoliticisation, younger generations, political engagement, party tactics, political development celebrity endorsement, political debate, voter information, manifesto, policy analysis, media coverage, electoral processes, political disengagement, democratic process, informed voting, depoliticisation, youth engagement, political development, candidate exposure, celebrity impact, political tactics, party politics, policy formulation, public interest, political awareness celebrity endorsement, political information, voter engagement, media coverage, policy analysis, democratic process, informed voting, political development, depoliticisation, youth disengagement, electoral processes, candidate policies, media space, informed choice, political debate, celebrity influence, policy formulation, voter distraction, fundamental issues, party tactics celebrity endorsement, political debate, voter information, manifesto distraction, media space, electoral processes, voter engagement, political policies, informed voting, democratic process, depoliticisation, younger generations, political development, party tactics, candidate analysis
test-economy-bepahbtsnrt-con02a	Investment  Tourism should be relied upon for economic growth as it attracts significant foreign investment. Tourism is the largest form of foreign currency income, with around £728 million being produced by external visitors in 20121. Attracting Europeans, who have relatively large disposable incomes, has been a prominent tactic of the industry with favourable results. It is estimated that Europeans account for 95% of all overnight stays in Tunisia2. The other major sectors of services and agriculture do not inspire foreign investment of this magnitude.  1) Khalifa,A. ‘Foreign direct investment and tourism receipts pick back up in Tunisia’, Global Arab Network, 7 October 2012  2) Choyakh,H. ‘Modelling Tourism Demand in Tunisia Using Cointegration and Error Correction Models’ pg.71 Investment, Tourism, Economic Growth, Foreign Investment, Foreign Currency Income, Europeans, Disposable Incomes, Overnight Stays, Tunisia, Foreign Direct Investment, Services, Agriculture, Global Arab Network, Cointegration, Error Correction Models Investment, Tourism, Economic Growth, Foreign Investment, Foreign Currency Income, European Visitors, Disposable Incomes, Overnight Stays, Tunisia, Foreign Direct Investment, Services, Agriculture, Cointegration, Error Correction Models Investment, Tourism, Economic Growth, Foreign Investment, Foreign Currency Income, External Visitors, Europeans, Disposable Incomes, Overnight Stays, Tunisia, Major Sectors, Services, Agriculture, Foreign Direct Investment, Tourism Receipts, Cointegration, Error Correction Models Investment, Tourism, Economic Growth, Foreign Investment, Foreign Currency Income, External Visitors, Europeans, Disposable Incomes, Overnight Stays, Tunisia, Services, Agriculture, Foreign Direct Investment, Tourism Receipts, Cointegration, Error Correction Models Investment, Tourism, Economic Growth, Foreign Investment, Foreign Currency Income, External Visitors, Europeans, Disposable Incomes, Overnight Stays, Tunisia, Foreign Direct Investment, Services, Agriculture, Cointegration, Error Correction Models
test-free-speech-debate-fchbjaj-pro03a	There is a difference between actual journalists and those who like having their names published in newspapers. Assange has far more claim to the description than many of them.  One of the things that the Leveson Inquiry [1] has made all too apparent is that simply working for a newspaper or broadcaster is not a satisfactory definition of journalist. In terms of maintaining a professional ethic, the difference between those who hacked into phones – including that of murdered schoolgirl Millie Dowler – and the journalists who broke the story, Nick Davies and Amelia Hill [2] could not be starker. Equally many popular blogs that focus exclusively on opinion or areas of news far more specialist than has traditionally been considered the role of the daily media.  A more useful definition, it would seem, relates more to the ethics and aims of the individual or organisation involved. This has the advantage of ruling out those organisations devoted to advertising (such as listings magazines or shopping channels) or those focused purely on entertainment.  A Journalist should therefore have a commitment to revealing and disseminating information that is held by those with power to those over whom they wield that power. This means that the journalist gains access to information through various sources and then publicises that information as a story. Anonymous sources such as those used by Assange are a key part of journalism with many of the biggest stories such as Watergate only being published because of anonymity. [3]  By such a definition, Assange would clearly qualify [4] . This was clearly felt to be the case by the New York Times, the Guardian, Le Monde and others who reprinted his original material and drew conclusions from it. It would come as something of a surprise to such publications to discover they were not staffed by journalists.  [1] For a link to the inquiry’s website, click here  [2] The Guardian. “Missing MIlly Dowler’s Voicemail was Hack by News of the World”. Nick Davies and Amelia Hill. 5 July 2011.  [3] Myers, Steve, ‘Study: Use of anonymous sources peaked in 1970s, dropped by 2008’, Poynter.org, 9 August 2011,   [4] The Spectator. “Yes, Julian Assange is a Journalist”. Alex Massie. 2 November 2010. journalists, Assange, Leveson Inquiry, phone hacking, Millie Dowler, Nick Davies, Amelia Hill, ethics, professional ethic, blogs, opinion, news, media, advertising, entertainment, revealing information, power, access to information, anonymous sources, Watergate, New York Times, Guardian, Le Monde, journalists definition, Julian Assange, Alex Massie, Spectator actual journalists, name published, newspapers, Assange, Leveson Inquiry, professional ethic, phone hacking, Millie Dowler, Nick Davies, Amelia Hill, blogs, opinion, news, daily media, ethics, aims, advertising, entertainment, commitment, revealing information, power, access to information, publicising, anonymous sources, Watergate, New York Times, Guardian, Le Monde, Julian Assange, Alex Massie, journalist journalists, Assange, Leveson Inquiry, ethics, professional ethic, phone hacking, Millie Dowler, Nick Davies, Amelia Hill, blogs, daily media, advertising, entertainment, revealing information, dissemination, power, anonymous sources, Watergate, New York Times, Guardian, Le Monde, Spectator, Alex Massie journalists, actual, name, published, newspapers, Assange, Leveson Inquiry, definition, professional ethic, phone hacking, murdered, schoolgirl, Millie Dowler, Nick Davies, Amelia Hill, blogs, opinion, specialist, daily media, ethics, aims, advertising, entertainment, commitment, revealing, disseminating, information, power, access, sources, publicises, anonymous, Watergate, New York Times, Guardian, Le Monde, reprinted, material, conclusions, Spectator, Alex Massie journalists, Assange, Leveson Inquiry, professional ethic, phone hacking, Nick Davies, Amelia Hill, blogs, opinion, daily media, ethics, aims, advertising, entertainment, revealing information, power, access to information, anonymous sources, Watergate, New York Times, Guardian, Le Monde, publication, staffed by journalists, professional journalism, commitment to truth, investigative reporting
test-sport-tshbmlbscac-pro01a	Collisions are exciting and fun to watch.  Baseball is a form of entertainment, and few plays are as entertaining as bang-bang plays (a close call on whether the runner is thrown out) at the plate. As a sport that’s often criticized for being too slow and boring—“baseball has no clock,” the saying goes [1] —it’s important that it hold onto perhaps the most dramatic, vivid play it has to offer. One columnist described it this way: “When [collisions] do occur, they’re exciting. We watch to see how well the catcher blocks the plate, how hard the runner slides, and whether the catcher can hold the ball. As dangerous as that play may be, it’s exciting to watch.” [2]  Other sports—like American football, ice hockey, and rugby—feature plenty of violent hits. Baseball has so few of them that when they do happen, they are doubly entertaining. It is just not necessary for baseball to prohibit a small dose of something that is extremely common in other sports.  [1] William Deresiewicz, “Metaphors We Play By,” American Scholar, June 6, 2011,  .  [2] Nick Cafardo, “Let’s keep rule change off our plate, please,” Boston Globe, May 29, 2011,  . collisions, baseball, entertainment, bang-bang plays, plate, catcher, runner, excitement, safety, American football, ice hockey, rugby, rule change, sports, violence, dramatic plays, thrilling moments, game dynamics, fan engagement, traditional aspects collisions, exciting, fun, baseball, entertainment, bang-bang, plays, plate, slow, boring, dramatic, vivid, catcher, runner, slides, ball, dangerous, American, football, ice, hockey, rugby, violent, hits, prohibit, rule, change collisions, baseball, entertainment, bang-bang plays, excitement, catcher, runner, plate, safety, American football, ice hockey, rugby, violent hits, rule change, sports, drama, vivid play, entertainment value, criticism, slow, boring, excitement factor, prohibition, danger, coincidence, popularity, spectator appeal, game dynamics, strategic importance, traditional elements, fan engagement, sport comparison, rule preservation, cultural significance, athletic performance, competitive spirit, safety concerns, player protection, game integrity, traditional gameplay, collision excitement, close calls, sports entertainment, physical confrontation, strategic play, sport appeal, audience engagement, game excitement collisions, baseball, entertainment, bang-bang, plays, excitement, excitement, catcher, runner, sliding, safety, sports, American football, ice hockey, rugby, violence, prohibition, rule change Collisions, baseball, entertainment, bang-bang plays, plate, catcher, runner, excitement,危险, sports, American football, ice hockey, rugby, violent hits, rule change, prohibition
test-international-epvhwhranet-pro01a	The decision not to hold a referendum directly ignores the wishes of the people and is therefore undemocratic.  The Lisbon Treaty and the Constitution have 96% of the same text. Former French President Valéry Giscard d’Estaing, who wrote the original EU Constitution, has publicly stated that the Lisbon Treaty is essentially the same as the proposed Constitution [1]. The decision from countries not to hold referendums in 2007 that they had previously agreed to is a flagrant disregard for the wishes of the people. Moreover the decision to ratify the Lisbon Treaty through national parliaments in France and the Netherlands where the 2004 Treaty was rejected in popular vote demonstrates that the decision not to hold referendums was in the fear that they would be rejected when put to the people. Any decision that is forced through parliament in the fear that it would fail when opened to the citizens of that country lacks legitimacy.  [1] Valéry Giscard d'Estaing: The EU Treaty is the same as the Constitution’, The Independent (30 October 2007), viewed on 13 June 2011 referendum, undemocratic, Lisbon Treaty, Constitution, Valéry Giscard d'Estaing, EU Constitution, national parliaments, popular vote, legitimacy, citizens, fear, rejection, text similarity, 2007, 2004, France, Netherlands, The Independent, 30 October 2007, 13 June 2011 referendum, undemocratic, Lisbon Treaty, Constitution, Valéry Giscard d’Estaing, national parliaments, popular vote, legitimacy, citizens, EU Treaty, same text, flagrant disregard, wishes of the people, 2007, 2004 Treaty, France, Netherlands, rejected, fear referendum, undemocratic, Lisbon Treaty, Constitution, Valéry Giscard d’Estaing, national parliaments, France, Netherlands, rejected, legitimacy, popular vote, citizens, decision, parliament, fear, same text, 96% referendum, undemocratic, Lisbon Treaty, Constitution, Valéry Giscard d'Estaing, EU Constitution, national parliaments, popular vote, legitimacy, public will, democratic process, treaty ratification, citizen approval, political decision-making, European Union, public opinion, parliamentary approval, referendums 2007, France, Netherlands, 2004 Treaty rejection referendum, Lisbon Treaty, Constitution, Valéry Giscard d'Estaing, undemocratic, national parliaments, popular vote, legitimacy, citizens, fear, rejected, text similarity, decision, disregard, people's wishes, 2007, 2004, France, Netherlands, EU
test-law-lgplhbssbco-pro02a	Suicide is a selfish act that causes suffering to others  Suicide is an entirely selfish act that causes immense pain and suffering for those loved ones that are left behind. It is also cowardly; rather than facing your problems and being strong, you instead take the easy way out and kill yourself. It is important, therefore, to instil a strong sense of responsibility to one’s family and for one’s affairs and to do this by punishing those who try and fail to perpetrate this selfish and cowardly act. suicide, selfish, suffering, loved ones, pain, cowardly, problems, strength, responsibility, family, affairs, punishment, failed attempt, selfishness, cowardice suicide, selfish, act, suffering, loved, ones, left, behind, cowardly, problems, strong, responsibility, family, affairs, punishing, failed, attempt, selfishness, cowardice suicide, selfish, act, suffering, loved, ones, pain, cowardly, problems, strength, responsibility, family, affairs, punishment, failed, attempts, moral, implications, mental, health, societal, views, ethics, consequences suicide, selfish, suffering, loved, ones, left, behind, cowardly, problems, strong, responsibility, family, affairs, punish, fail, perpetrate, act suicide, selfish, act, suffering, loved, ones, left, behind, cowardly, problems, strong, responsibility, family, affairs, punish, fail, perpetrate, mental, health, support, prevention, compassion, understanding
test-free-speech-debate-ldhwbmclg-con03a	A ban will further marginalise young members of impoverished communities  Hip hop is an extremely diverse musical genre. Surprisingly, this diversity has evolved from highly minimal series of musical principles. At its most basic, raping consists of nothing more than rhyming verses that are delivered to a beat. This simplicity reflects the economically marginalised communities that hip hop emerged from. All that anyone requires in order to learn how to rap, or to participate in hip hop culture, is a pen, some paper and possibly a disc of breaks – the looped drum and bass lines that are used to time rap verses. Thanks to its highly social aspect, hip hop continues to function as an accessible form of creative expression for members of some of impoverished communities in both the west and elsewhere in the world.  Point 7 suggests that free speech flourishes when we respect believers but are not forced to respect their beliefs. Free Speech Debate discusses this principle in the light of religious belief and religious expression. However, it is also relevant when we consider how our appraisal of an individual’s background, culture and values affects our willingness to accept or dismiss what she says.  The positive case for banning- or at least condemning- hip hop often rests on its ability to reinforce the negative stereotypes of impoverished and marginalised communities that are propagated by majority communities. Critics of hip hop note that black men have often been stigmatised as violent, uncivilised and predatory. They claim that many hip hop artists cultivate a purposefully brutal and misogynist persona. The popularity of hip hop reflects the acceptance of this stereotype, and further entrenches discrimination against young black men. This line of thinking portrays hip hop artists as betrayers or exploiters of their communities, reinforcing damaging stereotypes and convincing adolescents that a violent rejection of mainstream society is a way to achieve material success.  Arguments of this type fail to recognise the depth of nuance and meaning that words and word-play can convey. They are predicated on an assumption that the consumers of hip hop engage with it in a simplistic and uncritical way. In short, such arguments see hip hop fans as being simple minded and easily influenced. This perspective neglects the “recognition respect”, the recognition of equality and inherent dignity that is owed to all contributors of a debate. Moreover, it also bars us from properly assessing the “appraisal respect” owed to the content of hip hop and other controversial musical genres. When hip hop is seen as being inherently harmful, and as being targeted at an especially impressionable and vulnerable part of society, we both demean members of that group and prevent robust discussion of rap lyrics themselves. Academics such as John McWhorter see only the advocacy of violence and nihilism in lyrics such as  “You grow in the ghetto, living second rate/ and your eyes will sing a song of deep hate”.  But these are words that can also be interpreted as astute observation on the brutality that is bred by social exclusion. In point of fact, there is little in the previous verse, or those that follow it,  “You’ll admire all the numberbook takers/ thugs, pimps and pushers, and the big money makers”,  that could be interpreted as permitting, popularising or endorsing violence. That is, unless the individual reading the verse had already concluded that its intended audience lacked his own critical perspective and understanding of social norms and values.  Even if an observer were ultimately conclude that a particular hip hop track had no redeeming value, a broad interpretation of point 7 suggests that he should, at the very least, credit its artists and listeners with a modicum of intelligence and reflectiveness. When we approach music with a custodial mind-set, determined to protect young listeners from what we see as harm or exploitation, we prevent those individuals from access a form of speech that may be the only affordable method of expression open to them.  Just as we allow individuals the right to be heard in a language of their choosing (see point 1), we should also accept that perspectives from marginalised communities may not appear in a conventional form. Under these circumstances, it would be dangerous for us to curtail and marginalise a form of speech geared toward discussing the problems faced by impoverished young people that has, against the odds, penetrated the mainstream. We are likely to deepen existing prejudices by viewing rappers and their fans as infantile, impressionable and in need of protection. hip hop, marginalised communities, free speech, cultural expression, social stereotypes, appraisal respect, recognition respect, critical engagement, youth expression, musical principles, rap lyrics, social exclusion, economic marginalisation, censorship, creative freedom, community values, violent stereotypes, misogynist persona, cultural nuance, intellectual capability, social norms, protectionism, prejudiced views, broader debate, artistic merit, mainstream penetration, youthful creativity, ethnic stigmatisation, social critique, expressive rights, cultural preservation, art interpretation, discriminatory practices, verbal artistry, communal identity, media impact, societal change, youth empowerment, intellectual autonomy, cultural dialogue, social hip hop, impoverished communities, free speech, marginalisation, cultural expression, social norms, youth, stereotypes, discrimination, appraisal respect, recognition respect, critical thinking, violence, nihilism, social exclusion, ghetto, pimps, pushers, misogyny, violence, exploitation, protection, custodial mindset, affordable expression, mainstream penetration, prejudices, infantilisation, critical perspective ban, marginalise, young, impoverished, communities, hip, hop, musical, genre, diversity, musical, principles, rhyming, verses, beat, social, expression, free, speech, respect, beliefs, cultural, values, negative, stereotypes, discrimination, black, men, stigmatised, violent, uncivilised, predatory, brutal, misogynist, persona, stereotype, entrenches, line, thinking, portray, betrayers, exploiters, nuance, meaning, words, word-play, simplistic, uncritical, recognition, appraisal, dignity, debate, inherently, harmful, impressionable, vulnerable ban, marginalise, young, impoverished, communities, hip-hop, musical, genre, diversity, minimal, musical, principles, rhyming, verses, beat, simplicity, economically, social, creative, expression, free, speech, respect, beliefs, appraisal, background, culture, values, stereotypes, violence, misogynist, stigma, discrimination, nuance, word-play, simplistic, uncritical, recognition, dignity, content, inherently, harmful, impressionable, vulnerable, debate, violence, nihilism, social, exclusion, intelligence, reflectiveness, protection, affordable, expression, prejudice, rappers, infantile hip hop, marginalised communities, free speech, stereotypes, cultural expression, social exclusion, critical perspective, censorship, youth, artistic value, violence, misogyny, social norms, appraisal respect, recognition respect, creative expression, economic barriers, diversity, musical genre, social commentary, prejudice, mainstream acceptance, discrimination, empowerment, cultural appreciation, debate, nunuance, complexity, youth rights, cultural dialogue, critical engagement, intellectual dignity, sociopolitical context, artistic integrity, community representation, expression freedom, social critique, mainstream society,抵抗力, marginalisation effects, artistic contribution, cultural relevance, youth voice, social change, musical principles
test-international-amehbuaisji-con02a	Risk of “lawfare” against Israel  The specific position that Israel is in, places it at a unique risk of “lawfare”, the use and abuse of the legal process by states for political ends.  A particular concern is Article 8(2)(b)(viii), which could be used as a particular tool to attack Israel over the settlements policy. Issues over settlements in the West Bank should be resolved by negotiation during the existing, albeit fractious, peace process, rather than being used as a tool for those who wish to derail good faith negotiations by dragging matters in to the hands of the international courts.  Israel has regularly been singled out for particular beration by UN bodies. For example, over half of the country-specific resolutions passed by the UN Human Rights Council have been about Israel, while praising Muammar Gadaffi. lawfare, Israel, legal process, political ends, Article 8(2)(b)(viii), settlements policy, West Bank, peace process, international courts, UN bodies, UN Human Rights Council, country-specific resolutions, Muammar Gadaffi lawfare, Israel, Article 8(2)(b)(viii), settlements, West Bank, peace process, international courts, UN Human Rights Council, resolutions, Muammar Gadaffi, political ends, legal process, negotiation, beration Risk, Lawfare, Israel, Legal Process, Political Ends, Article 8(2)(b)(viii), Settlements Policy, West Bank, Peace Process, Negotiation, International Courts, UN Bodies, UN Human Rights Council, Country-Specific Resolutions, Muammar Gadaffi risk, lawfare, Israel, legal process, political ends, Article 8(2)(b)(viii), settlements policy, West Bank, peace process, international courts, UN bodies, UN Human Rights Council, resolutions, Muammar Gadaffi lawfare, Israel, Article 8(2)(b)(viii), settlements, West Bank, peace process, international courts, UN Human Rights Council, resolutions, Muammar Gadaffi, political ends, legal process, negotiation, beration, fractious
test-culture-ahrtsdlgra-con01a	Social disgust can be central to artwork  Some forms of art rely strongly on the provocation of disgust or other strong reactions. For example, conceptual artists often rely heavily upon the provocation of strong emotions in the viewer as a way of drawing attention to important, taboo areas (e.g. death, religion and sexuality). If they are banned from doing this, then we lose an entire branch of art: we are left instead with forms of art that choose not to engage with these areas at all.  Particularly in cases where people want to draw attention to what they see as unnecessary taboos, shock is integral. For example, the work of Sarah Lucas explored taboos surrounding sexuality and gender: her work drew attention to stereotyping and taboo in a way that (necessarily) many people found disgusting. Further, it is possible to critically engage with that disgust. It is wrong to assume that the end point of a provocative piece of art is “oh, I’ve been provoked”. Rather, this emotional first response is only the beginning when it comes to the contemplation of that work. Thinking about the reasons for your disgust, and its context, allows us a greater insight into the work, which if you believe ideas are central to pieces of art (which conceptual artists do) is vital. social disgust, artwork, provocation, strong reactions, conceptual artists, emotions, viewer, taboo areas, death, religion, sexuality, banned, art forms, engagement, unnecessary taboos, shock, Sarah Lucas, sexuality, gender, stereotyping, disgust, critical engagement, emotional response, contemplation, reasons, context, insight, ideas, conceptual art social disgust, artwork, provocation, strong reactions, conceptual artists, emotions, viewer, attention, taboo, death, religion, sexuality, banned, art forms, engagement, unnecessary taboos, shock, Sarah Lucas, sexuality, gender, stereotyping, critical engagement, emotional response, contemplation, insight, ideas, conceptual art social disgust, artwork, provocation, strong reactions, conceptual artists, strong emotions, viewer, taboo areas, death, religion, sexuality, banned, forms of art, engagement, taboo, shock, unnecessary taboos, Sarah Lucas, sexuality, gender, stereotyping, critical engagement, emotional response, contemplation, reasons for disgust, context, insight, ideas, conceptual art social disgust, artwork, provocation, strong reactions, conceptual artists, strong emotions, viewer, taboo areas, death, religion, sexuality, banned, branch of art, engage, unnecessary taboos, shock, Sarah Lucas, sexuality, gender, stereotyping, taboo, disgusting, critically engage, emotional response, contemplation, insight, ideas, conceptual art Social disgust, artwork, provocation, strong reactions, conceptual artists, strong emotions, viewer, attention, taboo areas, death, religion, sexuality, banned, art forms, engagement, unnecessary taboos, shock, Sarah Lucas, sexuality, gender, stereotyping, critical engagement, emotional response, contemplation, insight, ideas, conceptual art
test-science-cpisydfphwj-pro01a	Facebook encourages socialisation  One of the most crucial elements in any child's development is the ability to socialize with peers. By having a large circle of friends to talk to and share interests, the child gains trust, self-esteem and self-confidence. If you have people to talk to when you have a problem, it is much easier to overcome any problems.  Facebook and social networks in general help teenagers on multiple levels to maintain and expand their circle of friends. Firstly, it lets you remain in touch with friends even if you are very far apart. As we live in an increasingly globalized world, friend circles tend to be broken up very easily. As a result, individuals need to be able to keep in touch in spite of the physical distance. Facebook enables them to do that. (1)  Secondly, by allowing people with shared opinions, hobbies or interests to gather, social networks allow users to expand their circle of friends, something that is more applicable the bigger the social network. Thirdly, it allows young people to spend more time with the friends and people they already know through chat conversations, shared photos or status updates. As a result, people who are engaged on these social networks have more self esteem, more confidence in them, feel more appreciated and tend to be happier in general due to their wide circle of friends. (2)  (1) Keith Wilcox and Andrew T. Stephen “Are Close Friends the Enemy? Online Social Networks, Self-Esteem, and Self-Control” Journal of Consumer Research, 2012   (2) Brittany Gentilea, Jean M. Twengeb, Elise C. Freemanb, W. Keith Campbella “The effect of social networking websites on positive self-views: An experimental investigation” 2012 Facebook, socialisation, child development, self-esteem, self-confidence, social networks, teenagers, friend circle, globalized world, physical distance, shared interests, chat conversations, shared photos, status updates, self-esteem, self-control, positive self-views, experimental investigation Facebook, socialisation, child development, self-esteem, self-confidence, social networks, teenagers, peer communication, globalized world, friend circles, physical distance, shared interests, chat conversations, shared photos, status updates, positive self-views, experimental investigation, social media impact, online social networks, self-control Facebook, socialisation, child development, self-esteem, self-confidence, peer interaction, globalized world, friend circles, social networks, teenagers, online communication, shared interests, distance communication, chat conversations, shared photos, status updates, happiness, positive self-views, social media impact, consumer research, experimental investigation Facebook, socialisation, child development, self-esteem, self-confidence, social networks, teenagers, maintaining friendships, globalized world, physical distance, shared interests, chat conversations, shared photos, status updates, happiness, positive self-views, online social networks, Keith Wilcox, Andrew T. Stephen, Brittany Gentile, Jean M. Twenge, Elise C. Freeman, W. Keith Campbell, Journal of Consumer Research, experimental investigation Facebook, socialisation, child development, self-esteem, confidence, globalized world, friend circles, social networks, teenagers, online communication, shared interests, chat conversations, shared photos, status updates, self-appreciation, happiness, Keith Wilcox, Andrew T. Stephen, Brittany Gentile, Jean M. Twenge, Elise C. Freeman, W. Keith Campbell, positive self-views, self-control, Journal of Consumer Research, experimental investigation
test-economy-epsihbdns-pro03a	Restrictions would benefit rural areas  Unlimited rural-urban migration erodes the economy of the cities, as shown in the previous argument, and limits their economic growth and available resources. On a national level, this causes decision makers to prioritise the cities, as the country relies more on urban than rural areas, thus preventing them from investing in the country-side. [1] China is a good example of this where urban privilege has become entrenched with ‘special economic zones’ being created in urban areas (though sometimes built from scratch in rural areas) with money being poured into infrastructure for the urban areas which as a result have rapidly modernised leaving rural areas behind. This leads to a whole culture of divisions where urbanites consider those from rural areas to be backward and less civilized. [2]  Moreover, there will be little other reason to invest in rural areas, as the workforce in those areas has left for the cities. By preserving resources in the cities and keeping the workforce in the rural areas, it becomes possible to invest in rural communities and change their lives for the better as these areas maintain the balanced workforce necessary to attract investors.  [1] Maxwell, Daniel., “The Political Economy of Urban Food Security in Sub-Saharan Africa.” 11, London : Elsevier Science Ltd., 1999, World Development, Vol. 27, p. 1939±1953. S0305-750X(99)00101-1.  [2] Whyte, Martin King, “Social Change and the Urban-Rural Divide in China”, China in the 21st Century, June 2007,  p.54 urban-urban migration, rural economy, urban resources, national decision making, urban privilege, special economic zones, infrastructure investment, urban modernization, rural neglect, urban-rural divide, workforce preservation, rural investment, balanced workforce, urban food security, political economy, sub-Saharan Africa, social change, China, 21st century rural areas, urban-urban migration, economic growth, resource allocation, national decision makers, urban investment, rural investment, workforce preservation, urban privilege, special economic zones, infrastructure development, cultural divisions, workforce balance, investor attraction, urban food security, social change, China, Sub-Saharan Africa, Maxwell, Daniel, Whyte, Martin King rural areas, urban areas, economic growth, resource allocation, migration restrictions, urban-privilege, special economic zones, infrastructure investment, workforce distribution, rural investment, urban-rural divide, China, Sub-Saharan Africa, social change, Maxwell, Daniel, Whyte, Martin King rural-urban migration, urban economy, rural investment, urban privilege, special economic zones, workforce preservation, rural community development, urban-rural divide, China, Sub-Saharan Africa, social change, economic growth, resource allocation, urban modernization, rural backwardness, investment attraction, balanced workforce, political economy, food security, urbanites, rural areas, decision makers, national level, infrastructure, modernisation, cultural divisions, workforce migration, rural areas investment, urban areas investment, economic zones, rural-urban relations, Maxwell, Daniel, Whyte, Martin King, China 21st Century, World Development, Elsevier Science restrictions, rural areas, urban-urban migration, economy, cities, economic growth, resources, national level, decision makers, urban areas, rural areas, China, urban privilege, special economic zones, infrastructure, modernisation, rural areas, culture, urbanites, backward, less civilized, workforce, investment, rural communities, balanced workforce, investors, political economy, urban food security, Sub-Saharan Africa, social change, urban-rural divide
test-culture-mmciahbans-pro01a	These products are dangerous  Skin whitening creams often contain a wide variety of harmful ingredients – in some cases, mercury. These can cause various health problems; mercury in particular causes renal (kidney) damage, major skin problems as well as mental health issues [1] .  States, throughout the world, ban consumer products because they are harmful regardless of whether this is for consumption or for cosmetics. This is just another case where that is appropriate in order to prevent the harm to health that may occur.  [1] World Health Organization, “Mercury in skin lightening products”, WHO.int, 2011, dangerous, skin, whitening, creams, harmful, ingredients, mercury, health, problems, renal, kidney, damage, skin, issues, mental, health, states, world, ban, consumer, products, cosmetics, prevent, harm, WHO, World, Health, Organization, 2011 dangerous, skin whitening creams, harmful ingredients, mercury, health problems, renal damage, kidney, skin problems, mental health issues, ban, consumer products, harmful, cosmetics, World Health Organization, mercury in skin lightening products dangerous, skin whitening creams, harmful ingredients, mercury, health problems, renal damage, kidney damage, major skin problems, mental health issues, consumer products, ban, harmful, cosmetics, World Health Organization, mercury in skin lightening products skin whitening creams, harmful ingredients, mercury, health problems, renal damage, skin problems, mental health issues, consumer product bans, cosmetics, World Health Organization, mercury in skin lightening products dangerous, skin whitening creams, harmful ingredients, mercury, health problems, renal damage, kidney damage, major skin problems, mental health issues, ban consumer products, harmful, cosmetics, World Health Organization, mercury in skin lightening products
test-health-ahiahbgbsp-con03a	Ban would harm the wider economy  A ban could harm the wider economy – from bars to clubs, if smokers are unable to smoke inside, they may be more likely to stay away. According to some critics, this lead to the closures of bars in the UK when such a ban was brought in 1 . Research in the United States has shown drops in employment in bars of between 4 and 16 percent. 2  1 BBC News, “MPs campaign to relax smoking ban in pubs”, BBC News, 2011,   2 Pakko, Michael R., 'Clearing the Haze? New Evidence on the Economic Impact of Smoking Bans', The Regional Economist, January 2008, smoking ban, economy, bars, clubs, closures, employment, United States, United Kingdom, Pakko, Regional Economist, MPs, campaigning, relaxing restrictions, health policy, economic impact, public places, indoor smoking, hospitality industry, legislation, smoke-free, tobacco control, health effects, policy debate, public health, economic downturn, job losses, hospitality sector, bar patrons, smoker behavior, economic research, health economics, regulatory impact, smoking laws, business impact, customer behavior, public policy, health advocacy, economic analysis, social impact, health risks, economic consequences, legislative changes, economic studies, health studies, smoker preferences, ban, wider economy, bars, clubs, smokers, closures, UK, employment, United States, smoking ban, economic impact, pubs, MPs, relax, smoking, economic harm, bars employment, Pakko, Regional Economist, Clearing the Haze, evidence, MP campaign, smoking restrictions, public places, economic effects, legislation, hospitality industry, indoor smoking smoking ban, economy, bars, clubs, closures, UK, employment, United States, Pakko, evidence, impact, smoking, pubs, relax, MPs, campaign, Regional Economist, Haze,Clearing, new, regional, economist, January 2008, BBC News, 2011 ban, economy, bars, clubs, smokers, closures, UK, employment, drops, United States, research, evidence, impact, smoking, pubs, MPs, campaign, relax, Regional Economist, Michael R. Pakko ban, economy, bars, clubs, smokers, closures, UK, employment, United States, evidence, impact, smoking, relaxation, pubs, MP, campaign, regional, economist, haze, new, drops, percentage
test-digital-freedoms-efsappgdfp-pro03a	There are safeguards to prevent misuse  In democracies there are numerous safeguards and levels of oversight to prevent abuse. In the UK for example there is a “strong framework of democratic accountability and oversight”. Agencies are required “to seek authorisation for their operations from a Secretary of State, normally the Foreign Secretary or Home Secretary.” The Secretary is given legal advice and comments from civil servants. Once the Secretary has given assent they are “subject to independent review by an Intelligence Services Commissioner and an Interception of Communications Commissioner… to ensure that they are fully compliant with the law”. [1]  [1] Hague, William, ‘Prism statement in full’, politics.co.uk, 10 June 2013, safeguards, democracies, oversight, abuse, UK, democratic accountability, agencies, authorisation, Secretary of State, Foreign Secretary, Home Secretary, legal advice, civil servants, independent review, Intelligence Services Commissioner, Interception of Communications Commissioner, law, compliance, Prism, William Hague, politics.co.uk safeguards, democracies, oversight, abuse, UK, democratic, accountability, agencies, authorisation, Secretary, State, Foreign, Home, legal, advice, civil, servants, independent, review, Intelligence, Services, Commissioner, Interception, Communications, Commissioner, compliant, law, Prism, statement, Hague, William, politics, 2013 safeguards, democracies, oversight, abuse, UK, democratic accountability, agencies, authorisation, Secretary of State, Foreign Secretary, Home Secretary, legal advice, civil servants, independent review, Intelligence Services Commissioner, Interception of Communications Commissioner, law compliance, Prism, William Hague, politics.co.uk safeguards, democracies, oversight, abuse, UK, democratic accountability, agencies, authorisation, Secretary of State, Foreign Secretary, Home Secretary, legal advice, civil servants, independent review, Intelligence Services Commissioner, Interception of Communications Commissioner, law compliance, Prism, William Hague, politics.co.uk safeguards, democracy, oversight, abuse, UK, democratic accountability, agencies, authorization, Secretary of State, Foreign Secretary, Home Secretary, legal advice, civil servants, independent review, Intelligence Services Commissioner, Interception of Communications Commissioner, compliance, law, Prism, Hague, politics.co.uk
test-society-ghbgqeaaems-con03a	There are other policy options that are less distortive and more advantageous for the economy.  Quotas are discriminatory and could be anti-constitutional in countries like France while there are other policy instruments that could be easier to implement.  Rather than implementing quotas as a top-down approach, for example, there could be more access to capital and less regulatory obstacles for starting businesses for women. However, women in OECD enterprise account for an average 30% of all entrepreneurs and there are more self-employed or firm-owners. These gender gaps are particularly large in Ireland, Iceland, and Sweden. [1] Entrepreneurs or individuals starting up new firms are crucial to productivity in all countries. In the OECD area, the levels of entrepreneurship are highest in countries showing the fastest growth. The number of women entrepreneurs, as seen in female to male start-up ratios, is also growing fastest in these countries, which include the United States and Canada. Enhanced access to credit and less red tape for women-owned ventures is a promising source of business and job creation without the distortive effects of quotas on business competitiveness.  Other non-legislative instruments encouraging gender equality in companies are labels, awards, charter signing, and rankings. [2] They do not require externally imposed structural changes but stimulate companies to commit to gender equality in a manner acceptable to them.  Moreover, even if quotas are implemented, they should be flexible and voluntary. A one-size fits all binding quota scheme could easily harm more national economies than it would help. Even by implementing voluntary rather than obligatory quotas in addition to existing national efforts for gender equality, the EU could avoid economic distortions and constitutional complications.  [1] OECD, “Gender and Sustainable Development: Maximising the economic, social and environmental role of women”, 2008, p.35  [2] European Parliament, “Gender Quotas in Management Boards”, 2012 policy options, economy, quotas, anti-constitutional, France, access to capital, regulatory obstacles, women entrepreneurs, OECD, gender gaps, Ireland, Iceland, Sweden, entrepreneurship, productivity, female to male start-up ratios, United States, Canada, access to credit, red tape, women-owned ventures, business creation, job creation, non-legislative instruments, gender equality, labels, awards, charter signing, rankings, voluntary quotas, binding quota scheme, national economies, constitutional complications, EU policy options, less distortive, advantageous economy, quotas, discriminatory, anti-constitutional, France, policy instruments, access to capital, regulatory obstacles, women entrepreneurs, OECD, enterprise, gender gaps, Ireland, Iceland, Sweden, entrepreneurship, productivity, female to male start-up ratios, United States, Canada, credit, red tape, women-owned ventures, business creation, job creation, non-legislative instruments, gender equality, labels, awards, charter signing, rankings, flexible quotas, voluntary quotas, national efforts, EU, economic distortions, constitutional complications policy options, less distortive, advantageous economy, quotas, discriminatory, anti-constitutional, France, policy instruments, access to capital, regulatory obstacles, women entrepreneurs, OECD, enterprise, gender gaps, Ireland, Iceland, Sweden, productivity, entrepreneurship, female to male start-up ratios, United States, Canada, credit, red tape, women-owned ventures, business creation, job creation, non-legislative instruments, gender equality, labels, awards, charter signing, rankings, flexible quotas, voluntary quotas, EU, economic distortions, constitutional complications policy options, less distortive, advantageous economy, quotas, discriminatory, anti-constitutional, capital access, regulatory obstacles, women entrepreneurs, OECD, gender gaps, productivity, business creation, job creation, non-legislative instruments, gender equality, labels, awards, charter signing, rankings, flexible quotas, voluntary quotas, economic distortions, constitutional complications policy options, less distortive, advantageous economy, quotas, discriminatory, anti-constitutional, France, policy instruments, access capital, regulatory obstacles, women entrepreneurs, OECD, enterprise, gender gaps, Ireland, Iceland, Sweden, productivity, fastest growth, United States, Canada, female to male start-up ratios, credit, red tape, non-legislative instruments, gender equality, labels, awards, charter signing, rankings, flexible quotas, voluntary quotas, EU, economic distortions, constitutional complications
test-religion-yercfrggms-pro06a	entirely natural theories can adequately explain belief in God and the development of religions, so an existent God is superfluous to the understanding of the phenomenon:  The reason people believe in God and why religions have formed can be explained perfectly well by natural processes and psychology. Religion is an outgrowth of humans’ brain architecture developed through the process of evolution; it developed as a by-product of other useful cognitive processes. [1] For example, survival capability is promoted by an ability to infer the presence of potentially hostile organisms, the ability to establish causal narratives for natural occurrences, and the ability to recognize that other people are independent agents, with their own minds, desires, and intentions. [2] These cognitive mechanisms, while invaluable to human survival and communal development, have the effect of causing humans to imagine supernatural purposefulness behind natural phenomena that could not be explained by other means. No gods are required to explain religious belief, so the existence of such belief is no reason to believe in such beings. Religion was a cradle during mankind’s childhood and adolescence. The time has come to grow up as a species and accept that there are no gods.  [1] Henig, Robin. 2007. “Darwin’s God”. The New York Times. Available:   [2] Pinker, Steven. 2004. “The Evolutionary Psychology of Evolution”. Annual Meeting of the Freedom from Religion Foundation. Available: natural theories, belief in God, development of religions, cognitive processes, psychology, brain architecture, evolution, survival capability, cognitive mechanisms, supernatural purposefulness, no gods, religion, human development, evolutionary psychology, natural explanations, belief phenomenon, religion cradle, species growth, no evidence for gods, freedom from religion natural theories, belief in God, development of religions, existent God, superfluous understanding, human brain architecture, evolution, cognitive processes, survival capability, infer presence, hostile organisms, causal narratives, natural occurrences, recognize independent agents, minds, desires, intentions, supernatural purposefulness, unexplained phenomena, gods not required, religious belief, no reason to believe, religion as cradle, childhood, adolescence, growing up, species, accept no gods, Darwin’s God, Robin Henig, evolutionary psychology, Steven Pinker, Freedom from Religion Foundation natural theories, belief in God, development of religions, cognitive processes, psychology, brain architecture, evolution, cognitive mechanisms, human survival, communal development, supernatural purposefulness, religious belief, no gods, mankind’s childhood, grow up, species, Darwin’s God, evolutionary psychology, Freedom from Religion Foundation natural theories, belief in God, development of religions, cognitive processes, human brain architecture, evolution, survival capability, hostile organisms, causal narratives, independent agents, supernatural purposefulness, no gods, religious belief, human survival, communal development, mankind’s childhood, species growth, accept no gods, Darwin’s God, Steven Pinker, evolutionary psychology natural theories, belief in God, development of religions, superfluous God, human brain architecture, evolutionary process, cognitive processes, survival capability, infer presence, establish causal narratives, recognize independent agents, imagine supernatural purposefulness, no gods required, religious belief, no reason to believe, childhood and adolescence, grow up as species, no gods, Darwin’s God, evolutionary psychology, Steven Pinker, Freedom from Religion Foundation
test-politics-oepghbrnsl-pro04a	Russia as a state and Russians as a nation need strong leadership  Historically, Russia has always needed strong centralised leadership for it to make progress. This was true both in imperial times under tsars such as Peter the Great (who made Russia a European power and built St Petersburg) and Alexander II (who freed the serfs), and since 1917 under Lenin and Stalin. Russia is too big, too diverse and too thinly-populated for western systems of representative democracy to be applied. Culturally its people are temperamentally suited to following the decisive lead of a strong ruler who can unite them in the face of great challenges. Without such a ruler Russia is likely to fragment with local strongmen grabbing power in the regions, religious fundamentalism dominating much of the Caucasus and Central Asia, and economic stagnation. Russia, strong leadership, centralised leadership, progress, imperial times, tsars, Peter the Great, St Petersburg, Alexander II, serfs, 1917, Lenin, Stalin, big, diverse, thinly-populated, western systems, representative democracy, culturally, temperamentally, decisive lead, strong ruler, unite, challenges, fragment, local strongmen, regions, religious fundamentalism, Caucasus, Central Asia, economic stagnation Russia, state, nation, strong leadership, historical context, centralised leadership, progress, imperial times, tsars, Peter the Great, St Petersburg, Alexander II, serfs, 1917, Lenin, Stalin, big, diverse, thinly-populated, western systems, representative democracy, cultural temperament, strong ruler, unity, challenges, fragmentation, local strongmen, power, religious fundamentalism, Caucasus, Central Asia, economic stagnation Russia, strong leadership, centralised leadership, progress, imperial times, tsars, Peter the Great, St Petersburg, Alexander II, serfs, 1917, Lenin, Stalin, big, diverse, thinly populated, western democracy, representative democracy, cultural temperament, decisive lead, strong ruler, unite, great challenges, fragment, local strongmen, power, regions, religious fundamentalism, Caucasus, Central Asia, economic stagnation Russia, strong leadership, centralised leadership, progress, imperial times, tsars, Peter the Great, St Petersburg, Alexander II, serfs, 1917, Lenin, Stalin, big, diverse, thinly-populated, western systems, representative democracy, culturally, temperamentally, decisive lead, strong ruler, unite, great challenges, fragment, local strongmen, power, regions, religious fundamentalism, Caucasus, Central Asia, economic stagnation Russia, strong leadership, centralised leadership, progress, imperial times, tsars, Peter the Great, St Petersburg, Alexander II, serfs, 1917, Lenin, Stalin, big, diverse, thinly-populated, western systems, representative democracy, cultural, temperament, strong ruler, unite, challenges, fragment, local strongmen, power, regions, religious fundamentalism, Caucasus, Central Asia, economic stagnation
test-law-phwmfri-con01a	A flat rate is more just  A fine ought to be proportionate to the severity of the crime committed, not the income of the offender. It is fundamental that the justice system should treat all offenders equally; if two people commit the same crime in the same circumstances but one is richer than the other then they have caused the same amount of harm so should pay the same price for that harm. Having a richer person pay more implies that crimes by the rich are necessarily more harmful to society regardless of what the crime actually is.  Further, this system will cause anomalies, where rich people fined for small offences (e.g. littering) will have much larger fines than poorer people fined for more serious offences (e.g. speeding). This will make people question the fairness of the fines, which will negatively impact their relationship with the justice system. flat rate, justice, fine proportionality, crime severity, offender income, equality, harm, rich, poor, anomalies, fairness, public perception, justice system, penal policy, legal fairness, socioeconomic status, punitive measures, crime punishment, societal harm, legal anomalies, public trust, judicial equity, fine disparities, crime impact, income-based fines, proportional justice flat rate, fine proportionality, crime severity, income neutrality, justice equality, harm equivalence, rich-poor disparity, fine fairness, justice system trust, offense scale, societal impact, penal equity, legal fairness, economic disparity, criminal justice, fine anomalies, public perception, legal credibility flat rate, justice, crime severity, income neutrality, equal treatment, offender equality, harm causation, social harm, fine proportionality, fairness, justice system, public trust, legal anomalies, fine disparity, economic fairness, societal impact, legal equity flat rate, justice, crime, fine, severity, income, equality, offender, harm, rich, poor, anomalies, fairness, justice system, relationship, public perception flat rate, justice, fine, crime severity, income, equality, harm, richer, poorer, anomalies, fairness, justice system, relationship, public trust, legality, ethics, societal impact, punishment, proportionality, offenses, littering, speeding
test-economy-thsptr-pro02a	Those who have more owe more to the state  Wealthier people benefit from the state more than do those who are worse off for two reasons. First, they have more to lose in the absence of the state. Without the rule of law, people would no longer be bound by any power to respect one another’s property rights. A rich person has much more to lose should there be a reversion to the state of nature; nothing would shield him from the mob. For this reason it is in the interest of the wealthy to preserve the just rule of law in the state and to uphold its institutions. It does so by funding it through taxation, and those who have more to lose have a greater interest in paying more to ensure its continuity. The second benefit the rich have is that they have gained more from the state than have the poor and less well off. It is only within a state system that maintains order and provides vital services that markets can form and be maintained. [1] Warren Buffett, for example, has argued that he could never have amassed anywhere near the sort of wealth he has in a country without the rule of law, such as Bangladesh. [2] Wealthy business owners and corporations use state utilities far more than poorer individuals quite often, when for example they use public roads to move their vast fleets of trucks, while individuals only drive their personal car. The state guarantees property rights, which allows markets to form and provides the protections and services to businesses that need them to function. Those who profit from that have an obligation to contribute to its upkeep.  [1] Lakoff, George and Bruce Budner. “Hidden Truths of Progressive Taxes”. Institute for America’s Future. 2007. Available:   [2] Terkel, Amanda. “Warren Buffett: ‘I Should Be Paying a Lot More in Taxes’”. Huffington Post. 2010. Available: wealth, taxation, state, rule of law, property rights, markets, public services, Warren Buffett, progressive taxes, wealth inequality, obligation, contribution, public utilities, order, protection, business, corporations, poor, less well off, mobility, state of nature, social contract, institutions, funding, continuity, vital services, economic benefits, fair share, financial responsibility, societal upkeep Wealth redistribution, progressive taxation, social contract, state benefits, property rights, market stability, public infrastructure, tax obligation, economic equity, Warren Buffett, rule of law, state of nature, public services, fiscal responsibility, societal contribution, wealthy contribution, tax fairness, economic benefit, state maintenance, public utilities wealth, state, taxation, rule of law, property rights, markets, public services, Warren Buffett, income inequality, progressive taxes, social contract, economic benefits, infrastructure, corporate responsibility, fiscal policy, public goods, economic theory, morality, government services, tax obligation, wealth accumulation, societal contribution, economic stability, public utilities, business operations, social welfare, fiscal contribution, state institutions, legal framework, property protection, economic opportunity, economic security, wealth distribution, public funding, legal protection, economic growth, social justice, tax fairness, financial responsibility, state maintenance, civic duty, economic privilege, wealth inequality, state support, legal taxation, wealth distribution, rule of law, property rights, progressive taxes, state benefits, public services, market formation, wealth accumulation, social contract, Warren Buffett, economic inequality, state of nature, public utilities, fiscal responsibility, moral obligation, economic order, institutional support, tax fairness, government funding wealth, state, taxation, rule of law, property rights, markets, public services, Warren Buffett, progressive taxes, social contract, public utilities, infrastructure, economic benefits, fiscal responsibility, income inequality
test-free-speech-debate-nshbbsbfb-con02a	Tens of thousands of licence fee payers objected to this, ultimately they are the BBC’s key stakeholder and that view is worthy of respect.  As an institution, the BBC may like to position itself as a global media brand but that doesn’t alter the fact that it is funded by, and chartered to serve, the British population. The whole British population. That combination – paying the pipers and calling the tune – would suggest that the corporation might be sensitive to that group.  If 50,000 to 60,000 users of any other brand registered their protest or objection to a product put forward by that brand, it would cause chaos, resignations, sackings and a rethink of whatever strategy had caused the problem in the first place.  In the case of the BBC, it caused a few slightly dismissive comments from senior managers, one editor resigned because he felt that the protesters comments were not being taken seriously and the organisation continued as though nothing had happened.  The sheer arrogance required for that response beggars belief. The BBC, as a public institution has a duty of care that might be thought of as greater than that of a private corporation. And yet it gave the impression of acting like it was just one of the other venues who had staged the opera. There is clearly a difference between a theatre that I choose to attend or not – and choose whether to support financially – and the national broadcaster which is beamed into people’s living room paid for by a compulsory licence fee. BBC, licence fee, stakeholders, public service, British population, protest, objection, management response, public institution, duty of care, compulsory payment, media brand, national broadcaster, audience reaction, editorial responsibility, stakeholder sensitivity, institutional arrogance, user protest, resignations, strategy reevaluation licence fee, BBC, stakeholders, British population, protest, objection, public institution, duty of care, arrogance, editorial response, compulsory licence fee, resignation, managerial comments licence fee, BBC, stakeholders, protest, public service, British population, accountability, public funding, editorial standards, institutional arrogance, national broadcaster, user objection, managerial response, duty of care, compulsory licence fee, public trust, resignations, media brand, strategy rethink, audience engagement licence fee payers, BBC, stakeholder, respect, British population, protest, objection, brand, resignations, sackings, strategy, senior managers, editor, arrogance, public institution, duty of care, national broadcaster, compulsory licence fee licence fee payers, BBC, stakeholders, British population, public institution, protest, objection, senior managers, editor resignation, arrogance, duty of care, national broadcaster, compulsory licence fee
test-digital-freedoms-aihwbasmn-pro04a	Social networks serve as a powerful signalling device for the expansion of violent behaviour  By using Twitter to signal the start of riots it attracts people to join the mob. People in riots generally look to those around them in order to see what is considered acceptable behaviour. As boundaries are crossed, such as the change from indiscriminate vandalism to looting, and reported on Twitter, the same behaviour echoes elsewhere. The lens through which rioters determine acceptable behaviour is expanded, so the chance of behaviours like looting rippling across the various mob groups within a locale increases. One escalation of violence becomes multiple escalations. Twitter is thus a serious danger to society during periods of social unrest and rioting, because it acts as a catalyst for further mayhem. By blocking Twitter governments are able to manage flashpoints and prevent them from expanding violence to other locations. This makes riot situations both less likely to escalate, and easier to break up. Social networks, Twitter, violent behaviour, riots, mob, signalling device,acceptable behaviour, boundaries, vandalism, looting, escalation, social unrest, government intervention, flashpoints, violence management Social networks, Twitter, signalling device, violent behaviour, riots, mob, acceptable behaviour, boundaries, vandalism, looting, escalation, violence, social unrest, government intervention, blocking Twitter, flashpoints, manage violence, prevent expansion, riot control, mayhem, societal danger, crowd behaviour, digital communication, public order, online influence, community safety, law enforcement, social media impact, riot dynamics, behavioural contagion, digital signage, network effects, public safety, digital disruption, real-time communication, mob psychology, civic unrest, digital platforms, public policy, online platforms, social control, digital governance, cyber regulation, community engagement, social networks, Twitter, violent behaviour, riots, mob, signalling, escalation, looting, vandalism, social unrest, government intervention, flashpoints, violence prevention, acceptable behaviour, catalyst, mayhem, control, expansion, manage, break up, community safety, digital communication, public disorder social networks, Twitter, violent behaviour, riots, mob, signalling, looting, vandalism, social unrest, escalation, mayhem, government intervention, flashpoints, violence expansion, behavioural norms, crowd dynamics, digital communication, public safety, riot control, community behaviour Social networks, Twitter, signalling device, violent behaviour, riots, mob, acceptable behaviour, boundaries, vandalism, looting, escalation, violence, social unrest, government intervention, flashpoints, prevent expansion, manage violence, break up riots
test-science-nsihwbtiss-con04a	The law would be hard to enforce.  It would be difficult to find out whether a student and teacher have had contact over the internet. If a teacher were having a relationship with a student, and this law was in effect, both parties would try to conceal it from others and from the authorities. There is then a question about how the state would find out about such behaviour. Would the state be allowed to access private facebook accounts, personal computers, or internet service provider records to make sure teachers and students are not communicating with each other? That would constitute a serious intrusion and privacy violation. law enforcement, student-teacher contact, internet communication, relationship concealment, state surveillance, privacy violation, Facebook account access, personal computer access, ISP records, privacy intrusion law enforcement, student-teacher contact, internet communication, relationship concealment, state surveillance, privacy violation, facebook accounts, personal computers, ISP records, intrusion, privacy rights law enforcement, student-teacher contact, internet communication, privacy violation, relationship concealment, state surveillance, privacy intrusion, facebook accounts, personal computers, ISP records, communication monitoring, legal challenges, ethical concerns law enforcement, student-teacher contact, internet communication, privacy violation, relationship concealment, state surveillance, facebook accounts, personal computers, ISP records, intrusion, privacy rights law enforcement, student-teacher contact, internet communication, relationship concealment, state surveillance, privacy violation, legal intrusion, digital privacy, surveillance ethics, communication monitoring
test-society-epsihbdns-con04a	Restrictions cause an incredible loss of potential  One of the best things about a functioning developed nation is that young people can choose their profession. Apart from this being beneficial for the individual, this means that the best suited person for a given trade will often be the same that pursues it. If we prevent people from moving freely we deprive the cities of talented people whose talents and skills are much better suited for urban professions than for rural jobs. In short, this policy would make farmers out of the potential lawyers, politicians, doctors, teachers etc. Indeed this is the whole basis of most models of migration, people leave rural areas because there is surplus labour in that area while the cities needs new workers. [1]  [1] Taylor, J. Edward, and Martin, Philip L., “Human Capital: Migration and Rural Population Change”, Handbook of Agricultural Economics, restrictions, potential, developed nation, young people, profession, beneficial, individual, best suited, talented, cities, rural, jobs, farmers, lawyers, politicians, doctors, teachers, migration, surplus labour, urban, rural population, human capital, agricultural economics restrictions, potential, developed nation, young people, profession, individual benefits, talent matching, urban professions, rural jobs, policy impact, migration models, surplus labor, city workers, human capital, rural population change, agricultural economics restrictions, potential, developed nation, young people, profession, beneficial, individual, best suited, urban professions, rural jobs, talented people, cities, farmers, lawyers, politicians, doctors, teachers, migration, rural areas, surplus labour, cities needs, workers, human capital, rural population change, agricultural economics restrictions, potential, developed nation, young people, profession, individual benefits, best suited, talent, skills, urban professions, rural jobs, policy, farmers, lawyers, politicians, doctors, teachers, migration models, surplus labour, cities, workers, Taylor, Edward, Martin, Philip, Human Capital, rural population change, Handbook of Agricultural Economics restrictions, loss, potential, developed, nation, young, people, profession, beneficial, individual, best, suited, person, trade, prevent, moving, freely, deprive, cities, talented, skills, urban, professions, rural, jobs, policy, farmers, lawyers, politicians, doctors, teachers, basis, models, migration, surplus, labour, needs, workers, Taylor, Edward, Martin, Philip, Human, Capital, Rural, Population, Change, Handbook, Agricultural, Economics
test-digital-freedoms-aihwbasmn-pro03a	"Would stop riots from spreading  The police must try to stop riots from spreading and stop copycat rioting elsewhere. Knowledge of rioting happening elsewhere is often the Oxygen of riots; the riots in Manchester and elsewhere outside of London in 2011 were mostly as a result of media exposure. According to Greater Manchester Police chief Peter Fahy ""A certain group of people saw what was happening in London and decided they seemed to be getting away with it. We knew what was absolutely critical was that there needed to be control of London. Because that was just creating more and more copycat violence up here."" [1] Cutting off social media would have helped prevent the riots from spreading so ensuring that they remain small and a localised problem.  [1] Pilkington, D., “Rioting in London sparked 'copycat' behaviour”, The Independent, 14 November 2011. riots, spreading, police, control, copycat, media, exposure, Greater Manchester Police, Peter Fahy, London, social media, prevention, localized, violence riots, spreading, police, stop, copycat, media, exposure, Greater Manchester Police, Peter Fahy, London, social media, prevention, localized, control stop riots, spreading, police, copycat rioting, media exposure, social media, control, localised problem, Greater Manchester Police, Peter Fahy, London riots, 2011 riots, riot prevention, communication control, public order, emergency response, community safety, law enforcement strategies, riot management, information dissemination riots, spreading, police, control, copycat, violence, media, exposure, social, media, prevention, localization, Greater, Manchester, London, 2011, Peter, Fahy riots, spreading, police, control, copycat, violence, media, exposure, social, media, prevention, localised, Pilkington, The, Independent, 2011, Manchester, London, Peter, Fahy"
test-digital-freedoms-eifpgdff-pro01a	Regulating the Internet is a means for governments to spy on their citizens  Governments around the world are tracking their citizens’ activities online. [1] They can use all sorts of techniques, like automated data-mining (i.e. via trawling your Facebook and Twitter accounts) and deep packet inspection of each electronic message sent (i.e. intercepting and reading your email). All these methods are violations of important principles.  The automated data-mining violates the principle that people shouldn’t be investigated by their governments unless there is warrant for it (so there is reasonable suspicion that they have been involved in a crime). Also, data mining creates many false positives, leading to citizens being thoroughly investigated without probable cause. [2] Deep packet inspection violates people’s fundamental right to secrecy of correspondence, which is a violation of privacy.  The problem with these government policies is that they’re hard to control – even in democracies: much of the spying is done by intelligence agencies, which are often able to evade democratic control on account of the need for secrecy rather than transparency. [3]  [1] Reporters Without Borders, Enemies of the internet, 2012 and Kingsley, Britain won’t be the only country snooping on people’s internet use, 2012  [2] US Researchers Decide Spying On Citizens Is Bad, 2008  [3] Electronic Frontier Foundation, ‘NSA Spying’. Internet regulation, government surveillance, citizen monitoring, online tracking, data mining, deep packet inspection, privacy violation, warrantless investigation, false positives, secrecy of correspondence, intelligence agencies, democratic control, transparency, Reporters Without Borders, Enemies of the Internet, NSA Spying, Electronic Frontier Foundation Internet regulation, government surveillance, citizens' online activities, automated data-mining, deep packet inspection, privacy violations, warrantless investigation, false positives, secrecy of correspondence, democratic control, intelligence agencies, transparency, Reporters Without Borders, NSA spying, Electronic Frontier Foundation Internet regulation, government surveillance, online tracking, data-mining, deep packet inspection, privacy violation, reasonable suspicion, false positives, secrecy of correspondence, democratic control, intelligence agencies, transparency, Reporters Without Borders, NSA spying, Electronic Frontier Foundation Internet regulation, government surveillance, citizen tracking, automated data-mining, deep packet inspection, online privacy, false positives, warrantless investigation, secrecy of correspondence, intelligence agencies, democratic control, Reporters Without Borders, NSA spying, Electronic Frontier Foundation Internet regulation,government surveillance,citizen tracking,automated data-mining,Facebook,Twitter,deep packet inspection,email interception,right to privacy,false positives,democratic control,intelligence agencies,secrecy of correspondence,Reporters Without Borders,Enemies of the internet,Electronic Frontier Foundation,NSA spying
test-economy-bepahbtsnrt-con03a	Other industries are less reliable  Other sectors, such as agriculture and the industrial sectors, have proven to be unreliable as well. Tunisia’s agriculture sector is the largest employer in the country and has received significant investment since the 1980s. Despite this, the sector performed poorly between 1985-2000 and was costly to the Tunisian economy; ensuring low returns and importation of food to meet domestic demand1. The industrial sector also demonstrated itself to be vulnerable in the 2008 economic recession. In addition, the low value of produced goods creates little opportunity for lucrative profits2. The flaws of these sectors make them unviable as alternatives to tourism.  1) Aoun,A. ‘The Performance of Tunisian Agriculture: An Economic Appraisal’ pg.7  2) Elj,M. ‘Innovation in Tunisia: Empirical Analysis for Industrial Sector’ 2012 Tunisia, agriculture, industrial sector, economic reliability, employment, investment, performance, economic appraisal, innovation, empirical analysis, recession, value of goods, profits, tourism, food importation, domestic demand, economic costs, low returns Tunisia, agriculture, industrial sector, economic reliability, investment, performance, low returns, food importation, 1980s, 1985-2000, 2008 recession, economic recession, low value goods, tourism, economic sectors, employment, empirical analysis, innovation Tunisia, agriculture, industrial sector, reliability, employment, investment, economic performance, food importation, low returns, 2008 recession, innovation, value of goods, tourism, economic sectors, economic appraisal, empirical analysis Tunisia, agriculture, industrial sector, unreliable, economic performance, investment, low returns, food importation, 1985-2000, 2008 recession, low value goods, tourism, economic sectors, employment, innovation, empirical analysis, economic appraisal Tunisia, agriculture, industrial sector, unreliable, investment, poor performance, economic recession, low value, low returns, importation, food demand, tourism, economic appraisal, innovation, empirical analysis
test-politics-epvhbfsmsaop-pro02a	This is an unjust use of unelected power  Politicians want endorsements because they know it will bring votes; it is estimated that Oprah’s endorsement of Obama in the Democratic Primary of 2008 brought an additional 1 million votes to Obama. [1] It is unjust for celebs to use their influence in this way. Celebrities have an ability to influence the political sphere that bears no necessary relationship with their knowledge of the subjects concerned, or qualifications otherwise to do so.  Consequently, they represent an unelected, unaccountable pressure on the democratic system: they have been given power and influence, with no mechanism of checking that power, or way to prevent them from misleading the public (unlike, for example, political journalists, news channels and other sources of political information).  This is principally unjust: the optimum democratic system is the one that holds the closest to the principle of “one person, one vote”, and attempts to ensure that those votes are as informed as possible. Celebrity involvement in politics is a hindrance to that, effectively handing the famous more votes than is their due.  [1] Garthwaite, Craig, and Moore, Timothy J., ‘Can Celebrity Endorsements Affect Political Outcomes? Evidence from the 2008 US Democratic Presidential Primary’, Journal of Law, Economics, and Organization, 2012, unjust use, unelected power, politician endorsements, votes influence, Oprah endorsement, Obama 2008 primary, celebrity influence, political knowledge, unearned influence, democratic system, unaccountable pressure, misleading public, one person one vote, informed voting, celebrity involvement, political outcomes, Garthwaite, Timothy J. Moore, 2008 US Democratic Presidential Primary unelected power, celebrity endorsement, political influence, democratic system, voter impact, informed voting, accountability, unjust influence, political pressure, media accountability, celebrity politics, democratic principles, voter misinformation, political endorsements, celebrity qualifications, political knowledge, public influence, democratic voting, Obama, Oprah, 2008 Democratic Primary, Garthwaite, Moore, Journal of Law Economics and Organization unjust, unelected power, politicians, endorsements, votes, Oprah, Obama, 2008, Democratic Primary, celebrity influence, political sphere, knowledge, qualifications, unaccountable, pressure, democratic system, power, misleading, public, political journalists, news channels, one person one vote, informed votes, celebrity involvement, hindrance, famous, more votes unjust, unelected power, politicians, endorsements, votes, Oprah, Obama, 2008, Democratic Primary, influence, celebrity, political sphere, knowledge, qualifications, unaccountable, pressure, democratic system, power, misleading, public, political journalists, news channels, information, principle, one person one vote, informed, hindrance, famous, more votes unelected power, celebrity influence, political endorsements, democratic system, voter manipulation, informed voting, Oprah endorsement, Obama 2008 primary, additional votes, unaccountable pressure, political knowledge, qualifications, democratic principles, one person one vote, celebrity involvement, hindrance to democracy, celebrity power, political outcomes, voter misinformation, democratic accountability
test-law-lgplhbssbco-pro01a	Suicide is a waste of life  Suicide is a waste of life. It is an immoral act that ignores the sacrosanct nature of human life – something that is universally considered to be the case as shown by being something nearly all religions consider to be the case. [1] Failure to criminalize such a flagrant violation of the sanctity of human life condemns any society as irreligious and immoral. Nowadays we hear everyone talking about human rights; we hear precious little about human obligations. If we believe in the moral worth of human rights we do so because we think that human life is a wonderful thing and something with which we should not interfere. Whether the interference is by others or by ourselves, any action that denigrates human life is morally wrong for precisely the reason that we support human rights. We have an obligation to preserve all life, including our own.  [1] Perrett, Roy Wo., ‘Buddhism, euthanasia and the sanctity of life’, Journal of Medical Ethics, Vol. 22, No. 5, October 1996, suicide, waste of life, immoral act, sacrosanct nature, human life, religions, criminalization, society, irreligious, immoral, human rights, human obligations, moral worth, interference, preserve life, euthanasia, sanctity of life, Roy Wo Perrett, Journal of Medical Ethics suicide, waste of life, immoral act, sacrosanct nature, human life, religions, criminalization, sanctity of life, irreligious, immoral society, human rights, human obligations, moral worth, interference, preserve life, euthanasia, buddhism, journal of medical ethics, roy wo perrett suicide, waste of life, immoral act, sacrosanct nature, human life, religions, criminalization, sanctity, human rights, human obligations, moral worth, interference, euthanasia, preservation of life, Roy Wo Perrett, Journal of Medical Ethics suicide, waste of life, immoral act, sacrosanct nature, human life, religions, criminalization, society, irreligious, immoral, human rights, human obligations, moral worth, interference, euthanasia, sanctity of life, preservation of life suicide, waste, life, immoral, act, sacrosanct, human, religions, criminalize, violation, sanctity, society, irreligious, immoral, human, rights, obligations, moral, worth, wonderful, interfere, others, ourselves, denigrates, obligation, preserve, buddhism, euthanasia, journal, medical, ethics
test-science-cpisydfphwj-pro02a	Facebook provides an information point  Undoubtedly, one of the most important aspects which will influence your efforts to improve your life is your ability to take advantage of every opportunity which comes up. Obviously, one of the, if not the, best way to do this is to stay connected with the world around you, this enables you to be able to quickly find out about job opportunities, sporting competitions or social events in your area. Facebook created and developed an efficient, extremely widely visited platform on which millions of users can get in touch with each other. This can prove to be an extremely useful tool both for companies or event planners and direct customers. No matter if we are talking about Google's new hiring policy or Toyota's new discount, an upcoming music festival or a football tournament for amateur players, Facebook is informing the individuals about these events, keeping them connected with their community.  Social networks are more efficient to serving this purpose than other more conventional means like TV commercials because it is free. A very good example of this is the Kony 2012 campaign, which informed the people about the atrocities that happened in Uganda at the time, mainly relying only on social media. The Youtube video telling its story has more than 98 million views and also there were more posts on Facebook about Kony on March 6th and 7th than even Apple’s new iPad or TV releases. (1) No matter if we talk about TV ads, radio commercials or billboards, the price that has to be paid in order to promote an event is a big drawback for anyone who wants to inform the population. As a result, Facebook as with other social media is the online, cheap, efficient equivalent to an info point.  (1) Kyle Willis “Kony 2012 Social Media Case Study “, March 8, 2012 Facebook, social network, information point, opportunity, connectivity, job opportunities, social events, event planning, company promotion, community engagement, Kony 2012, social media campaign, YouTube, Apple, TV commercials, radio commercials, billboards, advertising costs, free promotion, online marketing, efficient communication Facebook, information point, opportunities, stay connected, job opportunities, social events, platform, users, companies, event planners, customers, Google, hiring policy, Toyota, discount, music festival, football tournament, community, social networks, TV commercials, free, Kony 2012, campaign, Uganda, atrocities, YouTube, views, Facebook posts, Apple, iPad, TV releases, TV ads, radio commercials, billboards, promotion, population, social media, online, cheap, efficient, info point Facebook, information point, opportunity, stay connected, job opportunities, sporting competitions, social events, platform, users, companies, event planners, customers, Google, Toyota, music festival, football tournament, community, social networks, TV commercials, free, Kony 2012, Uganda, atrocities, social media, Youtube, views, Apple, iPad, TV, ads, radio commercials, billboards, promotion, population, online, cheap, efficient, info point Facebook, information point, life improvement, opportunities, stay connected, world, job opportunities, sporting competitions, social events, platform, users, touch, companies, event planners, customers, Google, hiring policy, Toyota, discount, music festival, football tournament, amateur players, informing, community, social networks, efficient, conventional means, TV commercials, free, Kony 2012, campaign, Uganda, atrocities, YouTube, views, posts, March 6th, 7th, Apple, iPad, TV releases, TV ads, radio commercials, billboards, price, promote, population, online, cheap, efficient Facebook, information point, life improvement, opportunities, stay connected, job opportunities, sporting competitions, social events, platform, users, companies, event planners, customers, Google, Toyota, music festival, football tournament, community, social networks, efficiency, conventional means, TV commercials, free, Kony 2012 campaign, Uganda, Youtube, views, Facebook posts, Apple, iPad, TV releases, TV ads, radio commercials, billboards, promotion, online, cheap, info point, social media
test-economy-bepiehbesa-con03a	CAP protects the quality of the food in EU  The role of CAP is to produce food at affordable prices while maintaining its quality. By having policies which favour agriculture in Europe it is easier to control the quality of the food, maintain it and also support the diversity of the food produced in EU. [1] The goods imported from developing countries are often not produced under such scrutiny as are those in EU. In EU the quality standards of production are one of the highest – the hygiene, the amount of additives in products – all these are set and controlled by the EU. The result of it is that European citizens eat healthy food of high quality which is still affordable – mainly due to subsidies and payments obtained via CAP.  [1] European Commission, ‘The Common Agricultural Policy A partnership between Europe and Farmers’, 2012, CAP, food quality, EU, affordable prices, agriculture policies, food diversity, import standards, hygiene, additives, EU quality standards, European citizens, healthy food, subsidies, payments, Common Agricultural Policy, partnership, farmers, European Commission CAP, Common Agricultural Policy, food quality, EU, affordable prices, agriculture policies, food diversity, imported goods, developing countries, production scrutiny, quality standards, hygiene, additives, European citizens, healthy food, subsidies, payments, European Commission, partnership, farmers CAP, Common Agricultural Policy, EU, food quality, affordable prices, agriculture, Europe, food diversity, imported goods, developing countries, quality standards, hygiene, additives, European citizens, healthy food, subsidies, payments, European Commission, partnership, farmers CAP, Common Agricultural Policy, food quality, EU, affordable prices, agriculture, food diversity, food production, hygiene, additives, quality standards, European citizens, healthy food, subsidies, payments, European Commission, partnership, farmers CAP, Common Agricultural Policy, food quality, EU, affordable prices, agriculture, European Union, quality standards, hygiene, additives, high quality, healthy food, subsidies, payments, food production, import standards, developing countries, food diversity, control, European citizens
test-economy-epsihbdns-pro04a	Poor, uneducated people are lured into cities  The cause of rural-urban migration in developing nations and the main reason why it becomes problematic is that people who move to the cities are not making informed decisions. They are led to believe that the cities contain opportunities that they cannot find where they live, and there are no mechanisms such as efficient media or adequate education to eradicate this misconception. [1] Myths can be easily propagated by a single successful migrant returning home to visit that then attracts many others to try their luck without any knowledge of the possible costs. [2] This is exacerbated by unscrupulous organisations that prey on their desperation to take all their money to organise their move to the city. Some of those who are trafficked find themselves brought to the city and exploited through forced labour, begging, or even prostitution. [3] Many of those who move to cities find themselves in a worse situation but have lost any moving power they originally had and are thus trapped.  [1] Zhan, Shaohua. “What Determines Migrant Workers' Life Chances in Contemporary China? Hukou, Social Exclusion, and the Market.” 243, 2011, Vol. 37.  [2] Waibel, Hermann, and Schmidt, Erich, “Urban-rural relations”, in Feeding Asian Cities: Food Production and Processing Issues, FAO, November 2000,   [3] “UNIAP Vietnam”, United Nations Inter Agency Project on Human Trafficking, accessed March 2013, rural-urban migration, developing nations, uninformed decisions, media inefficiency, education inadequacy, myths propagation, successful migrants, unscrupulous organizations, desperation exploitation, forced labor, prostitution, social exclusion, market dynamics, urban-rural relations, human trafficking, migrant workers, life chances, hukou system, food production, city issues, FAO, UNIAP Vietnam, Hermann Waibel, Erich Schmidt, Shaohua Zhan rural-urban migration, developing nations, uninformed decisions, lack of education, media inefficiency, misconceptions, myths, successful migrants, unscrupulous organizations, exploitation, forced labor, trafficking, prostitution, social exclusion, market forces, urban-rural relations, food production, processing issues, human trafficking, UNIAP Vietnam, FAO, social issues, economic migration, poverty, rural development, urbanization problems rural-urban migration, developing nations, uneducated people, uninformed decisions, media inefficiency, education inadequacy, myths, successful migrants, unscrupulous organizations, trafficking, forced labor, begging, prostitution, trapped migrants, social exclusion, hukou, market factors, urban-rural relations, food production, UNIAP Vietnam, human trafficking rural-urban migration, developing nations, uneducated people, cities, informed decisions, opportunities, myths, successful migrant, media, education, misconceptions, unscrupulous organisations, desperation, trafficking, forced labour, begging, prostitution, trapped, hukou, social exclusion, market, urban-rural relations, food production, processing issues, UNIAP Vietnam, human trafficking rural-urban migration, developing nations, uneducated people, urban opportunities, misinformation, media inefficiency, education deficiency, myths propagation, successful migrants, unscrupulous organizations, exploitation, forced labor, begging, prostitution, trapped migrants, social exclusion, market factors, urban-rural relations, food production, human trafficking, UNIAP Vietnam, migrant workers, life chances, Hukou
test-international-amehbuaisji-con03a	The rest of the world is better off with the US out  The crucial role that the US plays for international security means that, for the benefit of the rest of the world, it is advantageous for the US to be outside of the ICC jurisdiction.  When military intervention is needed , it will often be the US that does so. The US being in a position where its actions would be constrained by a fear of ICC prosecution.  This would be even worse if the crime of aggression were to take effect, a broad definition of which could harm US interests. With the notable exceptions of the 1991 Gulf War and the invasion of Afghanistan, most recent US overseas missions could be seen as amounting to the crime of aggression. Depending on the definition used, it has been argued that every single US president since Kennedy has committed the crime of aggression. In an increasingly uncertain world, it could be necessary for the US to intervene  American ratification of the ICC would therefore have the unintended consequence of constraining US actions that would otherwise save lives. If the United States does not intervene in cases where there may be considered to be a responsibility to protect then it is unlikely that any other state will either. US, international security, ICC, jurisdiction, military intervention, crime of aggression, US interests, Gulf War, Afghanistan, US presidents, Kennedy, responsibility to protect, ratification, lives, state intervention US, international security, ICC jurisdiction, military intervention, crime of aggression, US interests, Gulf War, Afghanistan, US presidents, Kennedy, responsibility to protect, American ratification, ICC prosecution, constrained actions, saving lives, state intervention US, international security, ICC, jurisdiction, military intervention, crime of aggression, US interests, Gulf War, Afghanistan, US presidents, Kennedy, responsibility to protect, American ratification, constrain US actions, save lives, global intervention, legal constraints, international court, prosecution fear, overseas missions US, ICC, international security, military intervention, crime of aggression, US interests, Gulf War, Afghanistan, responsibility to protect, American ratification, ICC jurisdiction, global stability, humanitarian intervention, legal constraints, presidential actions, international law, US foreign policy, interventionism, global governance, state sovereignty US, international security, ICC, jurisdiction, military intervention, crime of aggression, US interests, Gulf War, Afghanistan, US presidents, Kennedy, responsibility to protect, human rights, global stability, legal constraints, prosecution, overseas missions, intervention, humanitarian aid, international law, state sovereignty, US foreign policy
test-education-pstrgsehwt-pro03a	"Much of the complexity of life cannot be explained by evolution, but is perfectly explained by Creationism.  Nature is marked by clear design. The complexity of the human body, of ecosystems, and even of bacteria, attests to the existence of creative agency. It is impossible that such things as, for example, interdependent species could come to exist without the guidance of a designer. Likewise, certain organisms can be shown to be irreducibly complex, meaning that if one were to remove any part of it, it would lose all functionality. This refutes the gradualist argument of evolution, since there is no selective pressure on the organism to change when it is functionless. For example, the bacterial flagellum, the ""motor"" that powers bacterial cells, loses all functionality if a single component is removed. [1] Besides design, the only explanation of its development is blind chance, which is nonsensical. Creationism serves to explain the various mysteries of biology currently absent from the evolutionary biologists' picture of the world. The existence of complexity of the order found in the natural world is too great to envisage an origin other than complex design.  [1] Behe, Michael. 1996. Darwin’s Black Box. Glencoe: Free Press. complexity, evolution, Creationism, design, human body, ecosystems, bacteria, creative agency, interdependent species, guidance, designer, irreducibly complex, gradualist argument, bacterial flagellum, selective pressure, functionless, blind chance, mysteries, biology, evolutionary biologists, origin, complex design, Michael Behe, Darwin’s Black Box Creationism, Evolution, Complexity, Design, Nature, Human Body, Ecosystems, Bacteria, Interdependent Species, Irreducible Complexity, Bacterial Flagellum, Gradualism, Selective Pressure, Blind Chance, Michael Behe, Darwin's Black Box complexity, life, evolution, creationism, nature, design, human body, ecosystems, bacteria, creative agency, interdependent species, irreducibly complex, gradualist argument, bacterial flagellum, motor, functionality, selective pressure, blind chance, mysteries of biology, Darwin’s Black Box, Michael Behe Complexity, Life, Evolution, Creationism, Design, Nature, Human Body, Ecosystems, Bacteria, Interdependent Species, Irreducibly Complex, Gradualist Argument, Selective Pressure, Bacterial Flagellum, Blind Chance, Michael Behe, Darwin's Black Box Creationism, evolution, complexity, life, design, nature, human body, ecosystems, bacteria, creative agency, interdependent species, designer, irreducibly complex, gradualist argument, bacterial flagellum, motor, functionality, selective pressure, blind chance, mysteries, biology, Michael Behe, Darwin's Black Box, Free Press, Glencoe, 1996"
test-international-epglghbni-con03a	Unification would reignite civil disorder and violent factionalism among Irish communities  As shown above, the Northern Irish don’t want to unite with the Republic. The Irish in the Republic will also resent the new drain on their economy. Either the Republican parties in Ireland will resent having to concede some power to new political entities or the Unionists will resent being marginalized. The recent reoccurrence of violence in Belfast is being attributed to the breakdown of protestant communities and low job prospects for young protestants. Both of these problems will be exacerbated in a majority Catholic Ireland. All of these examples illustrate how unrest is likely to breakout again in a united Ireland. unification, civil disorder, violent factionalism, Irish communities, Northern Irish, Republic, economic drain, Republican parties, Unionists, marginalized, political entities, resentment, violence, Belfast, protestant communities, low job prospects, young protestants, majority Catholic Ireland, unrest, breakout unification, civil disorder, violent factionalism, Irish communities, Northern Irish, Republic, economic drain, Republican parties, Unionists, marginalized, violence, Belfast, protestant communities, job prospects, young protestants, majority Catholic Ireland, unrest Unification, civil disorder, violent factionalism, Irish communities, Northern Irish, Republic, economic drain, Republican parties, Unionists, marginalized, violence, Belfast, protestant communities, job prospects, young protestants, majority Catholic, unrest, united Ireland Unification, civil disorder, violent factionalism, Irish communities, Northern Irish, Republic, economic drain, Republican parties, Unionists, marginalized, violence, Belfast, protestant communities, job prospects, young protestants, majority Catholic, unrest, united Ireland Unification, civil disorder, violent factionalism, Irish communities, Northern Irish, Republic, economic drain, Republican parties, Unionists, marginalized, violence, Belfast, protestant communities, job prospects, young protestants, majority Catholic Ireland, unrest, united Ireland
test-free-speech-debate-fsaphgiap-pro03a	Transparency allows citizens to choose for a healthy leader as to ensure proper functioning  The health and fitness of a leader is a vital issue when choosing a leader; the electorate deserves to know if they are likely to serve out their term. When health conditions are hidden from the people they may mistakenly elect a leader who is unable to serve a full term or is at times not in control of the country. There would be little point in voting for a leader who will often not truely be in charge of the country, if voters are told it becomes their choice whether this is a problem. Transparency in terms of clear, accurate and up-to-date information is necessary for the electorate to judge the fitness of a leader which is a necessary precondition for election. In a democracy a leader needs to be accountable, he can only be accountable if the elctorate knows such vital information. transparency, citizens, healthy leader, proper functioning, health, fitness, vital issue, choosing leader, electorate, serve term, hidden health conditions, elect, unable serve, in control, voting, truly charge, democracy, accountable, vital information, judge fitness, precondition election transparency, citizens, healthy leader, proper functioning, health, fitness, vital issue, electorate, serve term, health conditions, hidden, elect, unable, serve, full term, in control, voting, choice, problem, clear information, accurate information, up-to-date information, judge fitness, necessary precondition, election, democracy, accountable, vital information transparency, citizens, healthy leader, proper functioning, health, fitness, vital issue, electorate, serve term, health conditions, hidden, elect, unable serve, control country, voting, choice, problem, clear information, accurate information, up-to-date information, judge fitness, necessary precondition, election, democracy, accountability, vital information Transparency, Citizen Choice, Healthy Leader, Proper Functioning, Leader Health, Fitness, Vital Issue, Electorate Knowledge, Serve Term, Hidden Health Conditions, Mistaken Election, In-Control Leadership, Voter Awareness, True Leadership, Clear Information, Accurate Information, Up-to-Date Information, Electorate Judgment, Leader Fitness, Necessary Precondition, Election, Democracy, Leader Accountability, Voter Information transparency, citizens, healthy leader, proper functioning, health, fitness, vital issue, leadership selection, electorate, serve term, health conditions, hidden information, election, democracy, accountability, vital information, leadership fitness, informed voting, public health, political transparency, leadership accountability
test-philosophy-eppphwlrtjs-con02a	"Through jury nullification, juries make the law more accountable to the people.  Although juries are not technically supposed to nullify the law, or choose to acquit even if the evidence suggests that the defendant is guilty, they sometimes do. This usually happens when the jury believes the law is unjust: for example when the punishment is disproportionate to the crime1 (for example some activists encourage juries to nullify in cases of non-violent drug crimes). We believe this is good because it allows the public to check the government in a way for which rare elections and complex legislative processes do not allow. Only consider how many 'democratic' countries have upheld policies of segregation or discrimination, and it becomes clear that 'free and fair' elections can lead to outcomes that are anything but. Thus jury nullification can a) protect individuals from blatantly unjust laws, and b) provide impetus to actual legislative change. For example, some scholars believe that it was in part the frequent acquittal by juries of defendants who were probably guilty, but who would have received the death penalty if found to be so, that led to the US Supreme Court declaring mandatory capital punishment schemes unconstitutional.2 This community input is valuable in all circumstances, and there is no reason why it should be limited to certain cases.  1Doug Linder, ""What Is Jury Nullification?  2Andrew Leipold, ""Rethinking Jury Nullification jury nullification, accountability, public check, government oversight, unjust laws, non-violent drug crimes, democratic countries, segregation, discrimination, legislative change, mandatory capital punishment, community input, judicial process, civic engagement, legal reform, social justice, moral dissent, constitutional law, grassroots activism, legal ethics jury nullification, accountability, public check, government, unjust laws, non-violent drug crimes, democratic process, elections, legislative change, mandatory capital punishment, community input, constitutional law, Doug Linder, Andrew Leipold jury nullification, accountable law, unjust laws, non-violent drug crimes, public check, government oversight, free elections, legislative change, capital punishment, community input, democratic countries, segregation, discrimination, mandatory death penalty, US Supreme Court, unconstitutional, scholars, Andrew Leipold, Doug Linder jury nullification, law accountability, public check on government, unjust laws, non-violent drug crimes, democratic processes, electoral outcomes, legislative change, capital punishment, community input, Douglas Linder, Andrew Leipold, legal reform, public justice, social activism, jury power, civic duty, legal system, public opinion, judicial process jury nullification, juries, accountability, people, acquit, evidence, unjust laws, non-violent drug crimes, public, check government, elections, legislative processes, segregation, discrimination, protect individuals, unconstitutional, mandatory capital punishment, community input, Andrew Leipold, Doug Linder"
test-culture-tlhrilsfhwr-pro04a	The cultural construction of armed conflict  The jurisdiction of the ICC is primarily exercised according to culturally constructed assumptions about the way war works – that there will be a clear division between aggressors and defenders, that armies will be organised according to chains of command, the civilians will not be targeted and will be evacuated from conflict zones. But countless conflicts in Africa and central Asia have proven these assumptions to be flawed.  It should not be forgotten that almost all formulations of this motion define cultural relativism only as a defence to the use of child soldiers. It will still be open for ICC prosecutors to prove that the use of child soldiers has been systematic, pernicious and deliberate, rather than the product of uncertainty, necessity and unstable legal norms. Moreover, not all defences are “complete” defences; they do not all result in acquittal, and are often used by judges to mitigate the harshness of certain sentences.  It can be argued that it was never intended for the ICC to enforce laws relating to child soldiers against other children or leaders of vulnerable communities who acted under the duress of circumstances. At the very least, those responsible for arming children in these circumstances should face a more lenient sentence than a better-resourced state body that used child soldiers as a matter of policy.  Due to the nature of conflicts in developing nations, where the geographic influence of “recognised” governments is limited, and multiple local law-making bodies may contribute to an armed struggle, it is difficult for the international community to directly oversee combat itself. United Nations troops are often underfunded, unmotivated and poorly trained, being sourced primarily from the same continent as the belligerent parties in a conflict. When peacekeepers are deployed from western nations, their rules of engagement have previously prevented robust protection of civilian populations. Ironically, this is partly the result of concerns that western states might be accused of indulging in neo-colonialism. It is outrageous for the international community to dictate standards of war-time conduct to communities and states unable to enforce them, while withholding the assistance and expertise that might allow them to do so.  Therefore, the ICC, as a specialist legal and investigative body, should be encouraged to use the expertise it has accumulated to distinguish between child military participation driven by a desire to terrorise populations or quickly reinforce armies, and child military participation that has arisen as a survival strategy. cultural construction, armed conflict, ICC jurisdiction, aggressors, defenders, organised armies, civilians, conflict zones, Africa, central Asia, cultural relativism, child soldiers, systematic use, pernicious, deliberate, uncertainty, necessity, unstable legal norms, ICC prosecutors, lenient sentence, developing nations, recognised governments, local law-making bodies, United Nations troops, peacekeepers, western nations, neo-colonialism, international community, war-time conduct, expertise, child military participation, survival strategy cultural construction, armed conflict, ICC, jurisdiction, assumptions, war, aggressors, defenders, armies, chains of command, civilians, conflict zones, Africa, central Asia, cultural relativism, defence, child soldiers, systematic, pernicious, deliberate, uncertainty, necessity, unstable legal norms, prosecutors, judges, mitigate, sentences, enforcement, laws, vulnerable communities, duress, circumstances, lenient sentence, state body, policy, developing nations, geographic influence, governments, local law-making bodies, international community, combat oversight, United Nations, troops, underfunded, unmotivated, poorly trained, peacekeepers, cultural construction, armed conflict, ICC jurisdiction, aggressors defenders, organised armies, civilian evacuation, African conflicts, central Asian conflicts, cultural relativism, child soldiers, systematic use, pernicious deliberate, uncertainty necessity, unstable legal norms, ICC prosecutors, lenient sentences, resource-limited states, developing nations, recognised governments, local law-making, international oversight, UN troops, underfunded unmotivated, peacekeepers deployment, western nations, neo-colonialism, international standards, war-time conduct, survival strategy, terrorise populations, reinforce armies, specialist legal body, investigative expertise cultural construction, armed conflict, ICC jurisdiction, culturally constructed assumptions, war dynamics, conflict zones, Africa, central Asia, cultural relativism, child soldiers, ICC prosecution, systematic use, pernicious use, deliberate use, uncertainty, necessity, unstable legal norms, cultural defenses, mitigating sentences, vulnerable communities, duress, lenient sentencing, developing nations, recognized governments, local law-making, international oversight, United Nations troops, underfunded, unmotivated, poorly trained, peacekeepers, western nations, rules of engagement, civilian protection, neo-colonialism, international standards, war-time conduct, assistance, expertise cultural construction, armed conflict, ICC jurisdiction, aggressors, defenders, organised armies, civilians, conflict zones, Africa, central Asia, cultural relativism, child soldiers, systematic use, pernicious, deliberate, uncertainty, necessity, unstable legal norms, ICC prosecutors, mitigation, duress, vulnerable communities, enforcement, developing nations, local law-making, international oversight, United Nations troops, underfunded, unmotivated, peacekeepers, western nations, neo-colonialism, enforcement capability, child military participation, terrorise, survival strategy
test-environment-assgbatj-pro02a	Animal research causes severe harm to the animals involved  The point of animal research is that animals are harmed. Even if they don’t suffer in the experiment, almost all are killed afterwards. With 115 million animals used a year this is a big problem. Releasing medical research animals in to the wild would be dangerous for them, and they would not be usable as pets. [4]. The only solution is that they are wild from birth.  It is obvious that it’s not in the interest of animals to be killed or harmed. Research should be banned in order to prevent the deaths of millions of animals. animal research, severe harm, animal suffering, animal death, medical research, animal testing, alternatives to animal testing, animal rights, ethical treatment of animals, banning animal research, animal experimentation, animal welfare, harm to animals, animal killing, animal ethics, cruelty to animals, humanitarian treatment, reducing animal use, non-animal models, in vitro testing, computer simulations, animal liberation, humane science, research ethics, animal sacrifice, animal conservation, wild animals, domestication, pet adoption, wild release, laboratory animals, animal experimentation ethics, moral obligation, animal protection, humane alternatives, animal advocacy,Stopping animal cruelty, preventing animal harm, animal research, severe harm, animals involved, animal suffering, animal death, medical research animals, releasing animals, wild animals, animal testing, animal welfare, ethical concerns, banning research, animal rights, laboratory animals, humane alternatives, animal experimentation, harm prevention, animal experimentation ethics, research ethics, animal protection Animal research, severe harm, animal suffering, animal killing, medical research, animal testing, animal welfare, research ethics, animal rights, humane alternatives, ban animal research, animal experimentation, laboratory animals, animal death, ethical treatment, animal release, wild animals, pet suitability, wildlife danger, animal protection, scientific experimentation, moral issues, animal conservation, cruelty-free research, lab animals, animal exploitation, ethical research practices, compassionate science, non-animal methods, animal cruelty, humane science, animal sacrifice, research alternatives, animal liberation, science ethics, animal legislation, animal advocacy, animal experimentation ethics, animal euthanasia, research animal welfare animal research, severe harm, animal suffering, animal death, experimental animals, releasing animals, wild animals, animal rights, animal testing, research ethics, animal welfare, banning animal research, animal experimentation, animal cruelty, laboratory animals, non-animal alternatives, ethical research animal research, severe harm, animal suffering, animal experimentation, animal death, medical testing, animal rights, animal welfare, research ethics, animal cruelty,species protection, laboratory animals, alternative methods, research alternatives, animal liberation, ethical treatment, humane research, non-animal testing, cruelty-free research, animal experimentation ethics
test-digital-freedoms-eifpgdff-pro02a	Internet regjulation is a euphemism for censorship  Governments are trying to control what citizens can and can’t say online and what they can and can’t access. This can vary from France and Germany requiring Google to suppress Nazism in search results [1] to the Great Firewall of China, where the Chinese government almost fully controls what’s said and seen on the internet and has an army of censors. [2]  This type of internet censorship is bad because citizens should have freedom of speech and uninhibited access to information, [3] a right so fundamental that we have enshrined it in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights [4] and reaffirmed by the participants of the World Summit on the Information Society in 2003. [5]  [1] Zittrain and Edelman, Localized Google search result exclusions, 2005  [2] Internet censorship in China, 2010  [3] Free Speech Debate, 2012  [4] article 19, Universal Declaration of Human Rights  [5] Declaration of Principles, article 4, 2003 Internet regulation, censorship, government control, online speech, access restrictions, France, Germany, Google, Nazism, search results, Great Firewall of China, Chinese government, censors, freedom of speech, information access, Universal Declaration of Human Rights, World Summit on the Information Society, Zittrain, Edelman, Free Speech Debate, article 19, Declaration of Principles internet regulation, censorship, government control, online speech, access restrictions, France, Germany, Google, suppress Nazism, Great Firewall of China, Chinese government, censors, freedom of speech, uninhibited access, Universal Declaration of Human Rights, World Summit on the Information Society, Zittrain and Edelman, localized Google search result exclusions, Internet censorship in China, Free Speech Debate, article 19, Declaration of Principles, 2003 Internet regulation, censorship, government control, online speech, access restrictions, Google, Nazism, search results, Great Firewall, China, censors, freedom of speech, information access, Universal Declaration of Human Rights, World Summit on the Information Society, Free Speech Debate, article 19, Declaration of Principles Internet regulation, censorship, government control, online freedom, access restrictions, France, Germany, Google, Nazism, search results, Great Firewall of China, Chinese government, online censors, freedom of speech, information access, Universal Declaration of Human Rights, World Summit on the Information Society, Zittrain, Edelman, Localized Google search result exclusions, Internet censorship in China, Free Speech Debate, article 19, Declaration of Principles, 2003 internet regulation, censorship, government control, online freedom, access restrictions, France, Germany, Google, Nazism, search results, China, Great Firewall, censors, freedom of speech, information access, Universal Declaration of Human Rights, World Summit on the Information Society, Free Speech Debate, article 19, Declaration of Principles, 2003, human rights, information society, digital censorship, speech suppression, online rights
test-international-epvhwhranet-pro03a	Reform treaties are too important to be left to politicians of the day  Decisions that affect the national sovereignty of a country should not just be left to elected politicians who have power for a limited time but should be given to the citizens through direct vote. The nature of the Lisbon Treaty changed the relationship between member states and Brussels; it is clearly a constitutional issue and therefore needs to be ratified by all citizens. The Blair Labour Government held referenda on a whole range of constitutional changes, including not only devolution in Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland, but even on whether individual cities should have directly elected mayors reform treaties, national sovereignty, elected politicians, direct vote, citizen ratification, constitutional issue, Lisbon Treaty, member states, Brussels relationship, Blair Labour Government, constitutional changes, devolution, Scotland, Wales, Northern Ireland, elected mayors, cities reform treaties, national sovereignty, elected politicians, citizen direct vote, Lisbon Treaty, member states, Brussels, constitutional issue, citizen ratification, Blair Labour Government, constitutional changes, devolution, Scotland, Wales, Northern Ireland, directly elected mayors reform treaties, national sovereignty, elected politicians, direct vote, citizens, constitutional issue, Lisbon Treaty, member states, Brussels, ratification, Blair Labour Government, referenda, constitutional changes, devolution, Scotland, Wales, Northern Ireland, elected mayors, cities reform treaties, national sovereignty, elected politicians, direct vote, Lisbon Treaty, constitutional issue, ratification, citizens, Blair Labour Government, referenda, constitutional changes, devolution, Scotland, Wales, Northern Ireland, elected mayors, cities Reform treaties, national sovereignty, elected politicians, citizens, direct vote, Lisbon Treaty, constitutional issue, ratification, citizens, Blair Labour Government, referenda, constitutional changes, devolution, Scotland, Wales, Northern Ireland, elected mayors, cities
test-environment-opecewiahw-pro03a	Will enable the rebuilding of DRC  DR Congo has been one of the most war ravaged countries in the world over the last two decades. The Grand Inga provides a project that can potentially benefit everyone in the country by providing cheap electricity and an economic boost. It will also provide large export earnings; to take an comparatively local example Ethiopia earns $1.5million per month exporting 60MW to Djibouti at 7 cents per KwH [1] comparable to prices in South Africa [2] so if Congo were to be exporting 500 times that (at 30,000 MW only 3/4ths of the capacity) it would be earning $9billion per year. This then will provide more money to invest and to ameliorate problems. The project can therefore be a project for the nation to rally around helping create and keep stability after the surrender of the rebel group M23 in October 2013.  [1] Woldegebriel, E.G., ‘Ethiopia plans to power East Africa with hydro’, trust.org, 29 January 2013,   [2] Burkhardt, Paul, ‘Eskom to Raise S. Africa Power Price 8% Annually for 5 Years’, Bloomberg, 28 February 2013, DRC, DR Congo, war, rebuilding, Grand Inga, electricity, economic boost, export earnings, Ethiopia, Djibouti, South Africa, M23, stability, hydro, power price DRC, DR Congo, war-ravaged, Grand Inga, cheap electricity, economic boost, export earnings, Ethiopia, power export, Djibouti, Congo, M23, stability, hydro, power price, South Africa, Eskom DRC, DR Congo, war ravaged, Grand Inga, cheap electricity, economic boost, large export earnings, Ethiopia, Djibouti, South Africa, $9billion, invest, ameliorate problems, national project, stability, M23, rebel group, October 2013, hydro power, East Africa, Eskom, power price DRC, DR Congo, war-ravaged, Grand Inga, cheap electricity, economic boost, export earnings, Ethiopia, Djibouti, South Africa, $9 billion, investment, stability, M23, rebel group, hydroelectric power, East Africa, power prices, Eskom, S. Africa DRC, DR Congo, war ravaged, Grand Inga, cheap electricity, economic boost, large export earnings, Ethiopia, power export, Djibouti, South Africa, Congo, M23, stability, nation rally, hydro power, East Africa, Eskom, power price
test-religion-yercfrggms-con02a	"The complexity of the universe and of life cannot be explained by atheism:  Atheism suggests that the Universe came about by chance and the interaction of natural properties. Yet nature is marked by clear design that atheism cannot explain. The complexity of the human body, of planets, stars, and galaxies, and even of bacteria attests to the existence of creative agency. It is impossible that such things as interdependent species could come to exist without the guidance of a higher power. [1] Likewise, certain organisms can be shown to be irreducibly complex, meaning that if one were to remove any part of it, it could not function. This refutes the gradualist argument of evolution, since there is no selective pressure on the organism to change when it is functionless. For example, the bacterial flagellum, the “motor” that powers bacterial cells, loses all functionality if a single component is removed. [2] Besides design, the only explanation of its development is blind chance, which seems less sensible. Atheism cannot account for these facts and thus collapses into nonsense.  [1] Ratzsch, Del. 2009. ""Teleological Arguments for God's Existence"" The Stanford Encyclopaedia of Philosophy.   [2] Davis, Percival and Dean Kenyon. 1989. Of Pandas and People: The Central Question of Biological Origins. Richardson: Foundation for Thought and Ethics. complexity, universe, life, atheism, natural properties, design, human body, planets, stars, galaxies, bacteria, creative agency, interdependent species, higher power, irreducibly complex, bacterial flagellum, gradualist argument, evolution, selective pressure, teleological arguments, God's existence, blind chance, nonsense, Of Pandas and People, biological origins complexity, universe, life, atheism, chance, natural properties, design, human body, planets, stars, galaxies, bacteria, creative agency, interdependent species, higher power, irreducibly complex, gradualist argument, evolution, selective pressure, bacterial flagellum, motor, functionality, teleological arguments, God's existence, Pandas and People, biological origins complexity, universe, life, atheism, chance, natural properties, design, creative agency, human body, planets, stars, galaxies, bacteria, interdependent species, higher power, irreducibly complex, gradualist argument, evolution, selective pressure, bacterial flagellum, blind chance, teleological arguments, God's existence, Of Pandas and People, biological origins complexity, universe, life, atheism, chance, natural properties, design, human body, planets, stars, galaxies, bacteria, creative agency, interdependent species, higher power, irreducibly complex, organisms, gradualist argument, evolution, selective pressure, bacterial flagellum, teleological arguments, God's existence, blind chance, nonsense, Pandas and People, biological origins complexity, universe, life, atheism, chance, natural properties, design, human body, planets, stars, galaxies, bacteria, creative agency, interdependent species, higher power, irreducibly complex, gradualist argument, evolution, selective pressure, bacterial flagellum, motor, functionality, blind chance, teleological arguments, god's existence, biological origins, central question, foundation for thought and ethics"
test-religion-wcprrgrhbmi-pro01a	Cutting off bit of children’s bodies for no apparent reason is simply wrong  If this is simply a matter of performing a procedure with no apparent benefit to the patient – in most cases a young child – then it does rather raise the question of “Why”. If the procedure were, say, cutting off a toe or an earlobe then all involved would require a clear and compelling case for such a practice. There are grown adults that think that cutting off a finger is the next stage up from getting a tattoo or a piercing [i] . At best most people would consider such a practice odd, at worst unstable. However, these are grown adults who have made the decision to mutilate their bodies for themselves and as a statement they feel appropriate.  Consider society’s reaction if the fingers of unwilling adults were forcibly removed. What about unwilling children? What about the fingers of babies fresh out of the womb? The only sane response to such an action would be condemnation – and probably an arrest. The logic of this argument does not change if “finger” is replaced with “foreskin”.  Research undertaken by the World Health Organization found that the overwhelming determining factor in the decision as to whether a boy should be circumcised was whether the father had been [ii] .  Although the report suggest a correlation with a reduction in the possibility in the spread of AIDS in sub-Saharan Africa it also comments, “If correctly planned, increased provision of accessible, safe adult male circumcision services could also increase opportunities to educate  men in areas of high HIV prevalence about a variety of sexual and reproductive health topics, including hygiene, sexuality, gender relations and the need for ongoing combination prevention strategies to further decrease risk of HIV acquisition and transmission.”  Out with this area the rate of adult male circumcision is very low, suggesting that when the individual is of an age to give consent, they chose not to. Performing an act on a child that would not be consented to by an adult except in extremis would seem a fairly reasonable definition of child abuse.  [i] Shannon. “De-Fingered: Finger Amputations in BME News/Publishers’ Ring”. BME News. 11 March 2008.  [ii] “Male Circumcision: Global Trends and Determinants of Prevalence, Safety and Acceptability”. World Health Organisation and the Joint United Nations Council on HIV AIDS. 2007. child abuse, circumcision, foreskin, consent, non-therapeutic, adult decision, medical ethics, unnecessary procedure, cultural practice, human rights, body integrity, child welfare, parental choice, health benefits, HIV prevention, surgical intervention, informed consent, infant circumcision, ethical considerations, WHO findings, adult male circumcision, sexual health education, public health policy, religious beliefs, legal implications, anatomical modification, non-consensual surgery, pediatric surgery, medical ethics committee, patient autonomy, pediatric rights, genital alteration, minor's rights, surgery on minors, cultural norm, parental rights, child protection, international health, harm reduction, medical justification circumcision, child abuse, foreskin, male, procedure, consent, adulthood, health, AIDS, WHO, sub-Saharan Africa, HIV, prevention, education, sexuality, gender, ethics, human rights, mutilation, infant, surgery, benefits, risks, parental decision, cultural practice, medical justification, non-therapeutic, autonomy, bodily integrity child circumcision, non-consensual medical procedures, foreskin removal, infant mutilation, adult male circumcision, WHO circumcision report, HIV prevention, ethical medical practices, informed consent, child abuse, cultural practices, medical ethics, genital integrity, human rights violations, pediatric surgery, religious circumcision, health education, sexual health, reproductive health, public health policies, circumcision safety, medical determinants, circumcision prevalence, combination prevention strategies, circumcision acceptance, parental decision-making, circumcision benefits, circumcision risks, medical justification, bodily autonomy, child welfare, pediatric ethics, circumcision controversy, health care provision, male genital cutting, surgical procedures, pediatric consent, unethical medical circumcision, child abuse, foreskin, medical ethics, consent, infant genital mutilation, adult circumcision, HIV prevention, cultural practices, WHO, male genitalia, surgical procedures, human rights, pediatrics, bioethics child abuse, circumcision, foreskin, non-consensual surgery, health practices, HIV prevention, cultural norms, medical ethics, World Health Organization, adult male circumcision, consenting adults, gender relations, sexual health education, sub-Saharan Africa, infant circumcision, parental decision-making, medical procedures, human rights, bodily autonomy
test-international-bldimehbn-con03a	Journalism should report the experiences of the vulnerable and oppressed just as much as those of the elite and powerful.  The idea that people are not widely interested in the lives of their fellow citizens is clearly untrue. Indeed, ‘people sell papers’ is one of the oldest sayings in journalism. However, there is also a moral obligation on journalists to report the news that impacts on the marginalized the most. This is demonstrably the case as it tends to those stories that bring to life disadvantage or the vulnerable just as much as those that report the misdeeds of the powerful that win journalists the recognition of their peers and the professional awards and prestige that goes along with that. Pulitzers and others are rarely handed out for reporting what is comfortable, mundane or safe. For example the 2012 Pulitzer for local reporting was for an article on the sex scandal at Penn State and Feature Writing on “haunting story of a woman who survived a brutal attack that took the life of her partner”. [1]  [1] ‘2012 Winners and Finalists’, The Pulitzer Prizes, Journalism, vulnerable, oppressed, elite, powerful, moral obligation, marginalized, news impact, disadvantaged, professional awards, Pulitzer Prizes, sex scandal, Penn State, feature writing, brutal attack, survivor Journalism, vulnerable, oppressed, elite, powerful, moral obligation, marginalized, news impact, Pulitzers, professional awards, sex scandal, Penn State, Feature Writing, brutal attack, partner, survivors, disadvantage, misdeeds, recognition, peers, comfort, mundane, safe, public interest, fellow citizens, people sell papers journalism, vulnerable, oppressed, elite, powerful, moral obligation, marginalized, news impact, Pulitzers, professional awards, sex scandal, Penn State, feature writing, haunting story, brutal attack, partner survival Journalism, Vulnerable, Oppressed, Elite, Powerful, Moral Obligation, Impact, Marginalized, News, Disadvantage, Recognition, Professional Awards, Prestige, Pulitzer, Local Reporting, Sex Scandal, Penn State, Feature Writing, Brutal Attack, Survivor, Partner Journalism, vulnerable, oppressed, elite, powerful, moral obligation, marginalized, news impact, disadvantaged, recognition, professional awards, Pulitzer Prizes, sex scandal, Penn State, feature writing, brutal attack, survivor, partner
test-education-pstrgsehwt-pro02a	Scientific opinion often changes; evolution may be accepted in the scientific community now, but it could well be rejected in future.  The opinion of the scientific community with regard to facts and theories has a great propensity to change with time. Once scientists adamantly maintained that the Earth was flat. For centuries it also maintained that there were two kinds of blood flowing through the human body. Science is not infallible and the prevailing theory is no more than the opinion currently in vogue among scholars. In light of new evidence, theories can change over time, giving way to better explanations [1] . For this reason, the evolutionists' dogmatic adherence to their position in spite of contrary evidence provided by Creationists is hard to understand. However, it becomes clear why the scientific establishment takes such a confrontational position toward Creationism when one considers that many eminent scientists and researchers have built their careers within the paradigm of evolution, and their research often depends wholly on its acceptance. These scientists would lose their exalted position in the light of a paradigm-shift in scientific understanding away from evolution. It is for this reason that scientists who adhere to established norms so often fight things like Creationism, even though they provide explanations where evolution cannot. For science to progress, these conservative impulses must be fought against, which is why it is essential that when science is taught, so are all the prevailing theories concerning branches of the sciences, including Creationism.  [1] Understanding Science. 2011. “Science Aims to Explain and Understand”. University of California Berkeley. scientific opinion, changes, evolution, scientific community, facts, theories, time, Earth flat, blood, infallible, prevailing theory, evidence, better explanations, evolutionists, dogmatic, Creationists, contrary evidence, scientific establishment, confrontational, Creationism, careers, paradigm, research, acceptance, paradigm-shift, conservative, progress, teaching, prevailing theories, sciences, Creationism, Understanding Science, University of California Berkeley Scientific opinion, evolution, scientific community, facts, theories, change over time, Earth flat, two kinds of blood, science infallible, prevailing theory, opinion in vogue, new evidence, better explanations, evolutionists, dogmatic adherence, contrary evidence, Creationists, scientific establishment, confrontational position, Creationism, careers, paradigm shift, scientific understanding, conservative impulses, progress, teaching science, prevailing theories, branches of sciences scientific opinion, evolution, scientific community, facts, theories, change over time, Earth flat, two kinds blood, science infallibility, prevailing theory, evidence, explanations, evolutionists, dogmatic adherence, Creationists, contrary evidence, scientific establishment, confrontational position, Creationism, careers, paradigm, research, acceptance, paradigm-shift, conservative impulses, science progress, teaching science, prevailing theories, branches sciences, Creationism scientific opinion, evolution, scientific community, theories, facts, Earth flat, blood, science infallibility, prevailing theory, evidence, theories change, evolutionists, dogmatic adherence, Creationists, contrary evidence, scientific establishment, confrontational position, Creationism, eminent scientists, careers, paradigm, evolution acceptance, research, paradigm-shift, scientific understanding, conservative impulses, science progress, teaching science, prevailing theories, branches sciences, Creationism inclusion Scientific opinion, evolution, scientific community, facts, theories, change over time, Earth flat, two kinds blood, science infallibility, prevailing theory, opinion in vogue, new evidence, better explanations, evolutionists, dogmatic adherence, Creationists, contrary evidence, scientific establishment, confrontational position, eminent scientists, careers, paradigm, research acceptance, paradigm-shift, conservative impulses, progress, science education, prevailing theories, Creationism
test-society-ghbgqeaaems-con01a	There is no clear link between gender quota and economic growth  As Pande and Ford found in their report, countries often adopt gender quotas as a response to changing attitudes to women. However, these countries more often than not are Western advanced economies characterised by efficiency. [1] Therefore, the correlations between gender quotas and good economic performance cannot be attributed entirely to the gender equality measures.  Moreover, the competitiveness of the EU economies is damaged by domestic policies and the sovereign debt crisis which will have a larger negative impact on the European economies rather than this measure. Therefore, the expected spillover effects on the economy are unlikely to be realised. [2]  Such sceptic views on quotas when accompanied by bad economic factors are shared by international institutions like the International Labour Organisation (ILO). Breaking the glass ceiling may require affirmative action like gender quotas, but if supply-side barriers remain, even such proactive policies will not necessarily lead to the desired result of gender equality and economic advantages. [3]  [1] Pande, Rohini & Deanna Ford, “Gender Quotas and Female Leadership: A Review” , Background Paper for the World Development Report on Gender, 2011  [2] ibid  [3] Gerecke, Megan, “A policy mix for gender equality? Lessons from high-income countries”, International Labour Organisation, 2013, p.13 gender quota, economic growth, Pande, Ford, Western advanced economies, efficiency, EU economies, domestic policies, sovereign debt crisis, International Labour Organisation, ILO, affirmative action, supply-side barriers, gender equality, high-income countries, policy mix, competitiveness, spillover effects, glass ceiling, female leadership, World Development Report, Rohini Pande, Deanna Ford, Megan Gerecke gender quota, economic growth, Pande, Ford, report, Western advanced economies, efficiency, competitiveness, EU economies, domestic policies, sovereign debt crisis, negative impact, spillover effects, International Labour Organisation, ILO, sceptic views, gender quotas, supply-side barriers, affirmative action, glass ceiling, proactive policies, gender equality, economic advantages, high-income countries, policy mix, lessons gender quota, economic growth, Pande, Ford, Western economies, efficiency, EU, competitiveness, sovereign debt crisis, International Labour Organisation, glass ceiling, affirmative action, supply-side barriers, gender equality, high-income countries gender quota, economic growth, Pande, Ford, Western advanced economies, efficiency, competitiveness, EU economies, domestic policies, sovereign debt crisis, International Labour Organisation, ILO, glass ceiling, affirmative action, supply-side barriers, gender equality, policy mix, high-income countries gender quota, economic growth, Pande, Ford, Western advanced economies, efficiency, EU economies, competitiveness, sovereign debt crisis, International Labour Organisation, ILO, affirmative action, supply-side barriers, gender equality, high-income countries, policy mix, glass ceiling, female leadership, World Development Report, Megan Gerecke
test-free-speech-debate-fsaphgiap-pro02a	The people are interested in the health of their leader  The health of the leader of the state is an issue that the people and the media inevitably want to know about. There will always be a lot of interest in it. Occasionally this can be played by the administration as with Kissinger saying he was ill and using time to fly to Beijing to arrange for Nixon’s visit without press attention. But most of the time keeping things from the press is purely negative; it drives rumors.  This was the case of John Atta Mills, people were not allowed to know about his health. The presidential staff and communication members constantly lied about his health but there were two reports that he had died. Mills spent time in a US hospital, on returning to Ghana, he was made to jog around the airport to show the media that he was healthy. 1  1 Committee for Social Advocacy, 'Who and what killed President John Evans Atta Mills?', Modern Ghana, 13 August 2012, health, leader, state, media, interest, administration, Kissinger, Beijing, Nixon, press, rumors, John Atta Mills, Ghana, presidential staff, communication, US hospital, Modern Ghana, Committee for Social Advocacy health, leader, state, media, interest, administration, Kissinger, illness, Beijing, Nixon, rumors, John Atta Mills, Ghana, presidential staff, communication, hospital, US, airport, media, Modern Ghana, Committee for Social Advocacy health, leader, state, media, interest, administration, Kissinger, illness, Beijing, Nixon, press, rumors, John Atta Mills, Ghana, presidential staff, communication, hospital, airport, Modern Ghana, Committee for Social Advocacy health, leader, state, media, interest, administration, Kissinger, Beijing, Nixon, press, rumors, John Atta Mills, Ghana, presidential staff, hospital, US, airport, Modern Ghana, Committee for Social Advocacy health, leader, state, media, interest, administration, Kissinger, illness, Beijing, Nixon, press, rumors, John Atta Mills, presidential staff, communication, lies, death, US hospital, Ghana, airport, jog, media, Modern Ghana, Committee for Social Advocacy
test-philosophy-eppphwlrtjs-con03a	"Trial by jury is a fundamental right and should never be abridged.  Trial by jury is an essential check on abuse in the court system for three main reasons. First, it prevents governmental oppression by ensuring that non-state actors determine guilt 1. It is dangerous to allow the government—the same body which makes and enforces the laws—to also decide who is guilty of breaking the laws. Second, it checks against corrupt judges and prosecutors2. Judges are only human, and are susceptible to the same weaknesses, like prejudice and corruption, as the rest of us. Consequently, it is very dangerous to put the future of defendants in their hands. A representative group of jurors, approved by both sides, is far less likely to reach an unjust decision, since they are generally required to reach unanimous decisions to convict, and it is unlikely that an entire jury will be made up of biased, corrupt, or negligent people. Third, trial by jury allows for community input in the justice system (see Opp Argument 4 and response to Prop Argument 3 for more explanation). Thus trial by jury is essential to ensuring that innocent individuals are fairly treated, and is a fundamental right which ought never be denied. As Chairman of the Criminal Bar Association Paul Mendelle QC said, ""Some principles of justice are beyond price. Trial by your peers is one of them.""3  1.Robert P. Connolly, ""The Petty Offence Exception and Right to a Jury Trial""  2.Robert P. Connolly, ""The Petty Offence Exception and Right to a Jury Trial""  3.Clive Coleman, “Debating non-jury criminal trial” trial by jury, fundamental right, governmental oppression, non-state actors, guilty determination, corrupt judges, prosecutors, prejudice, community input, justice system, unanimous decisions, innocent individuals, fair treatment, Chairman Criminal Bar Association, principles of justice, Robert P. Connolly, Clive Coleman, non-jury criminal trial trial by jury, fundamental right, governmental oppression, non-state actors, corrupt judges, prosecutors, community input, justice system, innocent individuals, peers, principles of justice, criminal bar association, petty offence exception, clive coleman, non-jury criminal trial Trial by jury, fundamental right, governmental oppression, corrupt judges, prosecutors, community input, justice system, innocent individuals, Paul Mendelle QC, Clive Coleman, non-jury criminal trial, petty offence exception, right to a jury trial, checks and balances, unanimous decision, prejudice, corruption, negligence, peer trial, principles of justice trial by jury, fundamental right, governmental oppression, non-state actors, guilty determination, corrupt judges, prosecutors, prejudice, unanimous decisions, community input, justice system, innocent individuals, fair treatment, principles of justice, peers, Robert P. Connolly, Petty Offence Exception, Clive Coleman, non-jury criminal trial trial by jury, fundamental right, governmental oppression, corrupt judges, prosecutors, community input, justice system, innocent individuals, Chairman Criminal Bar Association, Paul Mendelle QC, Clive Coleman, non-jury criminal trial, petty offence exception, right to jury trial"
test-culture-tlhrilsfhwr-pro03a	Removing barriers to demobilisation, disarmament and rehabilitation  It can easily be conceded, without weakening the resolution, that war and combat are horrific, damaging experiences. Over the last seventy years, the international community has attempted to limit the suffering that follows the end of a conflict by giving soldiers and civilians access to medical and psychological care. This is now an accepted part of the practice of post-conflict reconstruction, referred to as Disarmament, Demobilisation and Reintegration (DDR) [i] .  The effects of chronic war and chronic engagement with war are best addressed by a slow and continuous process of habituation to normal life. Former child soldiers are sent to treatment centres specialising in this type of care in states such as Sierra Leone [ii] .  What is harmful to this process of recovery is the branding of child soldiers as war criminals. The stigma attached to such a conviction would condemn hundreds of former child soldiers to suffering extended beyond the end of armed conflicts.  Sentencing guidelines binding on the ICC state that anyone convicted of war crimes who is younger than eighteen should not be subject to a sentence of life imprisonment. Their treatment, once incarcerated, is required to be oriented toward rehabilitation.  Many child soldiers become officers within the organisations that they join. Alternately, they might find themselves ordered to seek more recruits from their villages and communities. For these children participation in the conflict becomes participation in the crime itself. What began as a choice of necessity during war-time could, under the status quo, damage and stigmatise a child during peace-time [iii] . Even if their sentence emphasises reform and education, a former child soldier is likely to become an uninjured casualty of the war, marked out as complicit in acts of aggression. When labelled as such children will become vulnerable to reprisal attacks and entrenched social exclusion.  Discussing attempts to foster former Colombian child combatants, the Coalition to Stop the Use of Child Soldiers state that, “The stigmatization of child soldiers, frequently perceived as violent and threatening, meant that families were reluctant to receive former child soldiers. Those leaving the specialized care centres moved either to youth homes or youth protection facilities for those with special protection problems. While efforts continued to strengthen fostering and family-based care, approximately 60 per cent of those entering the DDR program were in institutional care in 2007.” [iv]  Crucially, fear of being targeted by the ICC may lead former child soldiers to avoid disclosing their status to officials running demobilisation programs. They may be deterred from participating in the DDR process [v] .  Moreover, the authority of the ICC is often subject to criticism on the international stage by politicians and jurists linked to both democratic states [vi] and the non-liberal or authoritarian regimes most likely to become involved in conflicts that breach humanitarian law. It cannot assist the claims of the ICC to be a body that represents universal concepts of compassion and justice if it is seen to target children- often barely in their teens- in the course of prosecuting war crimes.  As the Child Soliders 2008 Global Report notes, “Prosecutions should not, by focusing solely on the recruitment and use of child soldiers, exclude other crimes committed against children. Such an approach risks stigmatizing child soldiers and ignores the wider abuses experienced by children in conflict situations. It is on these grounds that some have questioned the exclusive child-soldier focus of the ICC’s charges against Thomas Lubanga. After all, the Union of Congolese Patriots (UPC/L), the armed group he led, is widely acknowledged to have committed numerous other serious crimes against children, as well as adults.” [vii]  [i] “Case Studies in War to Peace Transition”, Coletta, N., Kostner, M., Widerhofer, I. The World Bank, 1996  [ii] “Return of Sierra Leone’s Lost Generation”, The Guardian, 02 March 2000,   [iii] “Agony Without End for Liberia’s Child Soldiers”, The Guardian, 12 July 2009,   [iv] “Child Soldiers: Global Report 2008”, Coalition to Stop the Use of Child Soldiers, 2007, p103,   [v] “Child Soldiers: Global Report 2008”, Coalition to Stop the Use of Child Soldiers, 2007, p16,   [vi] “America Attacked for ICC Tactics”, The Guardian, 27 August 2002,   [vii] “Child Soldiers: Global Report 2008”, Coalition to Stop the Use of Child Soldiers, 2007, pp32-33, Disarmament, Demobilisation, Reintegration, DDR, Child soldiers, War crimes, Rehabilitation, Stigma, Criminal branding, Post-conflict reconstruction, Habituation, Chronic war, Treatment centres, Sierra Leone, Sentencing guidelines, ICC, International Criminal Court, Rehabilitation, Life imprisonment, Recruitment, Conflict zones, Social exclusion, Colombia, Coalition to Stop the Use of Child Soldiers, Institutional care, Fear, Prosecution, Humanitarian law, Democratic states, Authoritarian regimes, Child abuses, Thomas Lubanga, Union of Congolese Patriots, UPC/L, Liberia, Global Report 2008, America, ICC tactics removing barriers, demobilisation, disarmament, rehabilitation, post-conflict reconstruction, Disarmament Demobilisation and Reintegration (DDR), chronic war, child soldiers, stigma, war crimes, International Criminal Court (ICC), sentencing guidelines, rehabilitation, participation in conflict, stigmatization, social exclusion, Colombia, disclosure, fear of prosecution, universal justice, child recruitment, Union of Congolese Patriots (UPC/L), Thomas Lubanga, abuses against children, combatants, Sierra Leone, Liberia, international community, medical care, psychological care, treatment centres, uninjured casualties, reprisal attacks, institutional care, demobilisation, disarmament, rehabilitation, post-conflict, reconstruction, DDR, child soldiers, treatment, recovery, stigma, war crimes, ICC, sentencing, rehabilitation, stigmatization, social exclusion, youth homes, youth protection, international criticism, justice, compassion, humanitarian law, crimes against children, Thomas Lubanga, Union of Congolese Patriots, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Colombia, Coalition to Stop the Use of Child Soldiers, Global Report, political criticism, non-liberal regimes, authoritarian regimes, conflict situations, prosecution focus, recruitment, use of child soldiers, wider abuses, international community demobilisation, disarmament, rehabilitation, post-conflict reconstruction, Disarmament Demobilisation and Reintegration (DDR), child soldiers, treatment centres, stigma, war criminals, sentencing guidelines, International Criminal Court (ICC), rehabilitation, stigmatization, social exclusion, reprisal attacks, Colombian child combatants, youth homes, youth protection facilities, fear, disclosure, prosecution, humanitarian law, universal justice, compassion, Thomas Lubanga, Union of Congolese Patriots (UPC/L), crimes against children Disarmament, Demobilisation, Reintegration, DDR, War, Conflict, Rehabilitation, Child Soldiers, Stigma, War Crimes, International Criminal Court, ICC, Sentencing, Rehabilitation, Sierra Leone, Colombia, Stigmatization, Reintegration Programs, Prosecutions, Humanitarian Law, Compassion, Justice, Thomas Lubanga, Union of Congolese Patriots, UPC/L, Liberia, Agony, Lost Generation, Non-Liberal Regimes, Democratic States, International Stage, Human Rights, Violence, Social Exclusion, Reprisal Attacks, Youth Protection, Institutional Care, Universal Concepts, Child Recruitment, Serious Crimes
test-environment-assgbatj-pro01a	Animals shouldn’t be harmed  The difference between us and other animals is a matter of degree rather than type [2]. Their bodies resemble ours, as do their ways of conveying meaning. They recoil from pain, appear to express fear of a tormentor, and appear to take pleasure in activities; a point clear to anyone who has observed a pet dog on hearing the word “walk”.  We believe other people experience feelings like us because they are like us in appearance and behaviour. An animal sharing our anatomical, physiological, and behavioural characteristics is surely likely to have feelings like us.  If people have a right to not be harmed, we must ask ourselves what makes animals different? If animals feel what we feel, and suffer like us, to condemn one to testing because of them being of a different species is similar to racism or sexism.[3] animal rights, harm, speciesism, anatomy, physiology, behavior, pain, fear, pleasure, empathy, ethics, morality,testing, racism, sexism, sentience, consciousness, welfare, cruelty, compassion, dignity, equality animal rights, harm, species similarity, pain, fear, pleasure, pet behavior, anatomical resemblance, physiological resemblance, behavioural characteristics, feelings, right not to be harmed, species difference, animal testing, racism, sexism, ethical treatment, moral consideration, sentient beings animal rights, speciesism, pain perception, animal cognition, ethical treatment, moral consideration, anatomical similarity, physiological similarity, behavioral similarity, suffering, species differences, ethical testing, racism, sexism, moral rights, non-human animals, empathy, cruelty, scientific ethics, ethical philosophy, sentient beings, animal welfare, human-animal relationship, moral status, pain avoidance, fear response, pleasure, companion animals, pet behavior, observational evidence, ethical consistency, harm principle, moral equality, species-based discrimination, moral philosophy, rights theory, animal experimentation, sentient creatures, moral obligations, emotional experience, cognitive abilities, ethical implications, compassionate treatment, animal rights, harm, speciesism, pain, fear, pleasure, anatomy, physiology, behavior, empathy, ethics, testing, racism, sexism, moral consideration, sentient beings, consciousness, welfare,权益, 动物保护, 种族主义, 性别主义, 意识, 福利, 感受性, 行为特征, 生理特征, 解剖学, 同理心, 道德考量, 实验动物, 损害, 物种主义, 痛苦, 快乐, 恐惧, 表现 animal rights, harm, species similarity, pain, fear, pleasure, pet behavior, anatomical resemblance, physiological resemblance, behavioural characteristics, feelings, right to not be harmed, speciesism, racism, sexism, testing, ethics, moral consideration
test-digital-freedoms-eifpgdff-pro03a	Internet regulation is an attempt by big interest groups to regulate the internet in their favour  Large companies have an active interest in shaping the structure of the internet. One example of this is the Stop Online Piracy-Act (SOPA), [1] wherein U.S.-based music and movie companies proposed that they themselves would be able to police copyright infringements against websites that are hosted outside of the United States. [2]  The phenomenon whereby companies succeed in shaping government policies according to their own wishes is called ‘regulatory capture’. Another example from the telecommunications industry is the lobby effort by several large corporations, who have succeeded in eroding consumer protection in their favour. [3] If the government wouldn’t have been involved in regulating the internet in the first place, big companies wouldn’t have had any incentive to attempt regulatory capture.  [1] 112th Congress, ‘H.R.3261 – Stop Online Piracy Act’  [2] Post, ‘SOPA and the Future of Internet Governance’, 2012  [3] Kushnick, ‘ALEC, Tech and the Telecom Wars: Killing America's Telecom Utilities’, 2012 Internet regulation, big interest groups, shaping internet structure, Stop Online Piracy Act, SOPA, copyright infringements, regulatory capture, consumer protection, telecom lobby, government involvement, ALEC, telecom utilities Internet regulation, big interest groups, shaping internet structure, Stop Online Piracy Act, SOPA, copyright infringements, regulatory capture, telecommunications industry, consumer protection, lobby efforts, government involvement, internet governance, ALEC, telecom utilities Internet regulation, big interest groups, large companies, shaping internet structure, Stop Online Piracy Act, SOPA, copyright infringement, regulatory capture, consumer protection, telecommunications industry, government involvement, ALEC, telecom utilities, US Congress, internet governance Internet regulation, big interest groups, shaping internet structure, Stop Online Piracy Act, SOPA, copyright policing, regulatory capture, telecommunications industry, consumer protection, government involvement, internet governance, ALEC, telecom utilities Internet regulation, big interest groups, shaping internet structure, Stop Online Piracy Act, SOPA, copyright infringements, regulatory capture, telecommunications industry, consumer protection, government involvement, ALEC, telecom utilities
test-environment-opecewiahw-pro04a	A dam could make the Congo more usable  While the Congo is mostly navigable it is only usable internally. The rapids cut the middle Congo off from the sea. The building of the dams could be combined with canalisation and locks to enable international goods to be easily transported to and from the interior. This would help integrate central Africa economically into the global economy making the region much more attractive for investment. dam, Congo, navigable, rapids, canalisation, locks, international, transportation, interior, economic integration, global economy, investment, central Africa dam, Congo, navigable, rapids, canalisation, locks, international, transportation, economic integration, investment, central Africa, global economy Dam, Congo, navigable, rapids, canalisation, locks, international, goods, transport, interior, integrate, central Africa, economy, global, investment dam, Congo, navigable, rapids, canalisation, locks, international, transportation, economic integration, global economy, investment, central Africa dam, Congo, navigable, internal, rapids, middle Congo, sea, canalisation, locks, international goods, transport, interior, integrate, central Africa, economic, global economy, investment, infrastructure, waterway, development, trade
test-international-epvhwhranet-pro02a	Major changes need to be put to the people and the people must be trusted.  The Lisbon Treaty significantly affects the workings of each member country. It gives the European Union a legal personality, allowing it to sign international agreements and member countries are now made subject to majority voting [1]. The Lisbon Treaty does not only affect international policies, criminal law and national justice systems, it also gives power over to the Commission and European Court. Such major changes must be put to popular vote, the citizens of each EU member state have a right to legitimise or reject these changes that push for a more centralized European superstate. Furthermore the will of the people needs to be trusted, if a reform is intentionally ambiguous and complicated, which was one of the criticisms of the Lisbon Treaty [2], it is the job of the politician to explain the cause to the public. Voters should be included in the debate and key issues need to be highlighted not just ignored.  [1] European Commission, Your Guide to the Lisbon Treaty, viewed on 13 June 2011   [2] Foley, Kathy, ‘Lisbon treat: yes, no or eh?’, Sunday Times (13 January 2008). Lisbon Treaty, EU member states, majority voting, legal personality, European Union, international agreements, criminal law, national justice systems, European Commission, European Court, popular vote, centralized European superstate, citizen rights, political transparency, public debate, voter inclusion, reform ambiguity, policy complexity Lisbon Treaty, major changes, popular vote, citizens' rights, centralized European superstate, European Union, legal personality, international agreements, majority voting, member countries, criminal law, national justice systems, European Commission, European Court, political transparency, public debate, voter inclusion, democratic legitimacy, reform criticism, ambiguity, political responsibility, EU member states, international policies, decision-making process, democratic accountability, European integration, sovereignty, national parliaments, referendum, governance, EU institutions, legal framework, policy-making, public understanding, reform justification, democratic principles, institutional reforms, European democracy, majority rule, minority rights, EU law Lisbon Treaty, European Union, legal personality, majority voting, international agreements, criminal law, national justice systems, European Commission, European Court, popular vote, citizens' rights, centralized European superstate, political transparency, public debate, voter inclusion, reform clarity, policy legitimacy Lisbon Treaty, European Union, legal personality, international agreements, majority voting, member countries, criminal law, national justice systems, European Commission, European Court, popular vote, citizens, EU member state, centralized European superstate, political reform, ambiguity, complexity, public debate, voter inclusion, key issues, political responsibility, democratic legitimacy Lisbon Treaty, major changes, public vote, European Union, legal personality, international agreements, majority voting, member countries, criminal law, national justice systems, European Commission, European Court, centralized European superstate, political reform, ambiguity, complicated reforms, public debate, citizen rights, democratic legitimisation
test-religion-yercfrggms-con03a	Everything that begins to exist must have a cause. Since the Universe began to exist it must be caused:  Every human, every being, every object in the Universe is a finite and contingent being. These all have causes, yet a causal chain cannot be infinitely long. Humans are born, stars form from gases, even the Universe had a beginning 4.3 billion years ago. Nothing in the Universe causes itself. In order to escape the logical impossibility of the infinite causality loop it is necessary to posit the existence of an uncaused cause. This cause exists outside of the Universe, as it is cause of the Universe. [1] Without a creator, the Universe is a logical absurdity. Atheism cannot provide an alternative explanation to a creator, and thus fails quite literally from the beginning.  [1] Craig, William Lane. 1979. The Kalam Cosmological Argument. London: MacMillan. Kalam Cosmological Argument, William Lane Craig, Universe origin, causality, uncaused cause, atheism critique, logical absurdity, finite beings, infinite regress, creationism, metaphysics, philosophy of religion, cosmology, causal chain, existence justification Kalam Cosmological Argument, William Lane Craig, uncaused cause, infinite regress, finite universe, causality, atheism, logical absurdity, creation, Universe origin, existence, contingent beings, causal chain, MacMillan, 1979 Kalam Cosmological Argument, William Lane Craig, Universe origin, causality, finite beings, infinite regress, uncaused cause, creator, atheism critique, logical absurdity, philosophical theology, existence causation, cosmology, metaphysics, God argument, religious philosophy Kalam Cosmological Argument, William Lane Craig, existence, causality, Universe, finite beings, infinite regress, uncaused cause, creator, atheism, logical absurdity, cosmic origins, philosophical reasoning, metaphysics, cosmology, cause and effect, temporal beginning, contingent existence, necessary being, infinite causal chain, first cause, philosophical theology, creation, non-belief, rational argumentation, philosophical debate, scientific explanation, origin of the universe, theological argument, existential cause, metaphysical argument, argument for God's existence, causal principles, logical necessity, rational justification, philosophical discourse, argument analysis, atheistic perspective Kalam Cosmological Argument, William Lane Craig, causality, Universe origin, finite beings, infinite regress, uncaused cause, creator, atheism, logical absurdity, MacMillan, 1979
test-health-dhiacihwph-pro01a	Easily affordable drugs will mean greater access  Generic drugs are much cheaper to produce, which is ideal for Africa’s struggling population. While there has been significant gross domestic product (GDP) growth in Africa, the actual distribution of wealth is relatively unequal. According to Afrobarometer, 53% of Africans still feel that their economic condition is poor [1] . This restricts their ability to purchase high cost drugs. Generic medication would reduce the price of these drugs, making them affordable to the average citizen. The patented drug Glivec, used for cancer treatment, costs £48.62 for 400 mg in South Africa while its generic equivalent (produced in India) costs £4.82 [2] . Increased access will result in higher levels of treatment, which in turn will reduce death rates from preventable diseases in Africa.  [1] Hofmeyr, Jan, ‘Africa Rising? Popular Dissatisfaction with Economic Management Despite a Decade of Growth’  [2] Op Cit affordable drugs, generic drugs, cheaper production, Africa, GDP growth, wealth distribution, economic condition, high cost drugs, generic medication, average citizen, patented drug, Glivec, cancer treatment, drug cost comparison, increased access, treatment levels, death rates, preventable diseases, Afrobarometer, Hofmeyr affordable drugs,generic drugs,cost-effective,pharmaceuticals,Africa,economic inequality,wealth distribution,African GDP,African health,drug pricing,patented drugs,Glivec,cancer treatment,preventable diseases,African mortality,African economy,healthcare access,African population health,Afrobarometer affordable drugs, generic drugs, cheaper production, Africa, GDP growth, wealth distribution, economic condition, high cost drugs, generic medication, patented drug, Glivec, cancer treatment, South Africa, India, increased access, treatment, death rates, preventable diseases affordable drugs, generic drugs, cheaper production, Africa, GDP growth, wealth distribution, economic conditions, high cost drugs, generic medication, drug prices, average citizen, patented drugs, Glivec, cancer treatment, cost comparison, increased access, treatment levels, death rates, preventable diseases, Africa population, healthcare access, drug affordability, health economics, drug pricing, medical treatment, African healthcare, generic vs patented, healthcare inequality, economic management, Afrobarometer, health policy, public health, pharmaceuticals, healthcare costs, cancer medication, South Africa, India, drug production, healthcare impact, economic impact, treatment affordability, health outcomes affordable drugs, generic drugs, cheaper production, Africa, GDP growth, wealth distribution, economic condition, high cost drugs, generic medication, patented drugs, Glivec, cancer treatment, drug costs, South Africa, India, increased access, treatment levels, death rates, preventable diseases, healthcare access, economic management, Afrobarometer, Jan Hofmeyr, Africa Rising
test-religion-frghbbgi-pro01a	Religious belief is completely irrational  There is no evidence that God exists. Reported miracles, healings etc. are never reliably proved actually to have happened, and in any case everyone’s religious experiences are different and point to the psychological differences between human beings not to any objective divine reality. Belief in God is simply wish-fulfilment. It would be nice if there was a loving all powerful being watching over us, but there isn’t. Religious belief, irrationality, evidence, God, existence, miracles, healings, proof, religious experiences, psychological differences, human beings, objective reality, divine, wish-fulfilment, all-powerful, loving, being, watchful Religious belief, irrationality, evidence, God, miracles, healings, psychological differences, human beings, objective reality, wish-fulfilment, all-powerful, loving, divine, existence, skepticism, faith, proof, subjective experiences, atheism, theism religious belief, irrational, evidence, God, miracles, healings, psychological differences, human beings, objective reality, wish-fulfilment, loving, all-powerful, divine, existence, scepticism, atheism, faith, proof, religious experiences Religious belief, irrationality, evidence, God, miracles, healings, reliability, religious experiences, psychological differences, divine reality, wish-fulfilment, all-powerful being religion, irrationality, evidence, God, existence, miracles, healings, proof, reliability, religious experiences, psychology, human differences, wish-fulfillment, loving, all-powerful, divine reality, skepticism, atheism, belief systems, Rationalism
test-culture-mthbah-pro01a	There are too many advertisements in everyday life.  The sheer volume of advertising in our society is incredible. You cannot watch television, ride on a bus or even walk down the street without someone trying to sell you something or inform you of something. Recent research suggests people living in a city today sees up to 5,000 advertisements a day1. 50% of those surveyed said they thought 'advertising today was out of control'1. People shouldn't have to go about their lives having their minds saturated with such a vast quantity of, in most cases, redudant and profiteering information. They should be able to go about their daily lives in peace without being forced to watch, listen or view an advertisement.  1 Anywhere the Eye Can See, It's Likely to See an Ad. New York Times. advertisements, advertising, volume, society, television, bus, street, selling, informing, city, research, survey, out of control, minds, saturated, redundant, profiteering, peace, forced, view, New York Times advertisements, advertisement volume, society, television, bus, street, city, 5000 ads, advertising control, survey, redundant information, profiteering, daily life, peace, forced advertisement, New York Times, ad saturation advertisements, advertising, volume, society, television, bus, street, city, 5000, ads, out of control, survey, minds, saturated, redundant, profiteering, daily lives, peace, forced, New York Times advertisements, advertising, society, television, bus, street, city, research, people, saturation, profiteering, peace, New York Times, out of control, daily life, redundant, information, quantity, volume, everywhere, eye, see, ad advertisements, advertising, society, television, bus, street, urban, city, exposure, frequency, research, survey, control, saturation, information, profiteering, peace, intrusion, New York Times
test-education-pstrgsehwt-pro01a	There is a very real controversy regarding the origin and development of life, and children deserve to hear both sides.  Many scientists do not accept the conclusions of the evolutionists. People like Dr. Michael Behe have dedicated themselves to exposing the flaws in evolution and showing that there is very real disagreement within the scientific community. This controversy is highlighted in the many court cases, books, and televised debates occurring in countries all over the world [1] . Children deserve to hear about the controversy, and not to simply be fed one story set for them by the prevailing majority in the scientific community, even if that community cannot claim anything near consensus. Until consensus is reached and indisputable proof of one theory or the other given, both sides should be taught in schools.  [1] Linder, Doug, 2011. “The Evolution Controversy”. University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Law. evolution, controversy, origin, development, life, children, education, scientific community, consensus, Dr. Michael Behe, flaws, court cases, books, debates, indoctrination, teaching, schools, indisputable proof, theories evolution controversy, origin of life, development of life, scientific disagreement, evolutionists, Michael Behe, flaws in evolution, scientific community, court cases, books, televised debates, teaching evolution, schools, consensus, indisputable proof, scientific theories, education policy, creationism, intelligent design, academic freedom origin, development, life, controversy, children, scientists, evolutionists, Michael Behe, flaws, evolution, scientific community, court cases, books, televised debates, consensus, schools, teaching, theories, Doug Linder, University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Law evolution, controversy, origin, development, life, children, education, Michael Behe, scientific community, consensus, court cases, books, debates, teaching, theories, indoctrination, evidence, criticism, alternative views origin, development, life, controversy, children, education, scientists, evolutionists, Michael Behe, flaws, evolution, scientific community, disagreement, court cases, books, debates, consensus, proof, theories, schools, teaching
test-politics-mtpghwaacb-pro02a	Collective bargaining leades to pay crises in the public sector  The public sector is often significantly overpaid. The workers within the public sectors of Western liberal democracies often get paid more than people of equal education and experience who are employed in the private sector. In the United States there is a salary premium of 10-20 percent in the public sector. This means that there is likely a waste of resources as these people are being paid more than they should be by the government.1  The reason this happens is that collective bargaining means that workers can often, through the simple idea that they can communicate with the government and have a hand in the decision making process, make their demands much more easily.  Further, governments in particular are vulnerable during negotiations with unions, due their need to maintain both their political credibility and the cost effectiveness of the services they provide. This is significantly different to private enterprise where public opinion of the company is often significantly less relevant. As such, public sector workers can earn significantly more than their equally skilled counterparts in the private sector. This is problematic because it leads to a drain of workers and ideas from the private sector to the public. This is, in and of itself, problematic because the public sector, due to being shackled to the needs of public opinion often take fewer risks than the private sector and as such results in fewer innovations than work in the private sector.  Biggs, Andrew G. “Why Wisconsin Gov. Scott Walker Is Right About Collective Bargaining.” US News. 25/02/2011 collective bargaining, pay crises, public sector, overpaid, salary premium, government, unions, negotiations, political credibility, cost effectiveness, private sector, workers, public opinion, innovation, risks, Andrew G. Biggs, Wisconsin, Scott Walker collective bargaining, public sector, pay crises, overpaid, salary premium, government workers, private sector, union negotiations, political credibility, cost effectiveness, public opinion, worker drain, innovation, risk taking, Andrew G. Biggs, Wisconsin, Scott Walker collective bargaining, pay crises, public sector, overpaid, salary premium, resource waste, government negotiations, union demands, political credibility, cost effectiveness, private sector, worker drain, innovation, public opinion, risk taking, Wisconsin, Scott Walker collective bargaining, public sector, pay crises, overpaid, private sector, salary premium, resource waste, government negotiations, union demands, political credibility, cost effectiveness, public opinion, worker drain, innovation, risk-taking, Andrew G. Biggs, Scott Walker, Wisconsin collective bargaining, public sector, pay crises, overpaid, salary premium, government, negotiations, unions, political credibility, cost effectiveness, private sector, public opinion, workers, innovation, risk, Andrew G. Biggs, Wisconsin, Scott Walker
test-religion-frghbbgi-pro02a	The problem of suffering  The world is full of suffering and pain among innocent people. If God is good and all-powerful then why is this the case? Either God does not exist or he is not worth believing in since he does not care about human suffering. suffering, pain, innocent, people, God, good, all-powerful, existence, belief, human, care, theodicy, religion, philosophy, ethics, morality, divine, omnipotence, omnibenevolence, atheist, argument, critique suffering, pain, innocent, God, good, all-powerful, existence, belief, human, care, theodicy, divine, omnipotence, morality, ethics, religiosity, faith, doubt suffering, pain, innocent, God, good, all-powerful, existence, belief, human, care, theodicy, religion, philosophy, ethics, morality, divine, omnipotence, omnipresence, benevolence, atheists, theists, free, will, evil, theology, criticism, spirituality, compassion, justice, omnipotent, omniscient, benevolent, paradox, faith, doubt, questioning, divine, providence, existential, crisis, religious, debates, arguments, atheism, theism, rationality, secular, perspectives, spiritual, journeys, sufficiency, conscience, accountability, responsibility theodicy, problem of evil, divine omnipotence, divine goodness, human suffering, innocence, religious philosophy, theology, atheism, criticism of religion, philosophical theology, moral evil, natural evil, free will defense, divine hiddenness, divine providence, existentialism, faith and reason, religious skepticism suffering, pain, innocent, people, God, good, all-powerful, existence, belief, human, care, problem, religion, ethics, morality, divine, omnipotence, omnibenevolence, theodicy
test-philosophy-eppphwlrtjs-con04a	"Limiting trial by jury in some cases sets the stage for limiting it in other, unjustified, cases.  Humans are fallible, and so sometimes it is better to have absolute rules against certain actions, even if we recognize that in a perfect world, it might be better to allow such actions in very specific circumstances.1 It is for this reason, for example, that we never allow evidence obtained by illegal measures to be presented in court, even though such evidence would sometimes make it possible to convict. Similarly, even if removing trial by jury might be good in individual circumstances, it is too great a power to give to a fallible government which may misuse that authority. If there is a precedent of the right to trial by jury being removed in some circumstances, even if that removal is justified, it becomes much easier for corrupt governments to remove it for unjustified reasons, and it becomes correspondingly more difficult for us to condemn that decision as illegitimate.  1Brad Hooker, ""Rule Consequentialism"" trial by jury, limiting jury trials, government misuse, absolute rules, fallible government, rule consequentialism, illegal evidence, corrupt governments, jury trial removal, unjustified cases, legal precedents, Brad Hooker trial by jury, limiting jury trials, unjustified cases, human fallibility, absolute rules, illegal evidence, court proceedings, corrupt government, misuse of authority, rule consequentialism, Brad Hooker, legal precedents, legitimacy of legal decisions trial by jury, limiting jury trials, absolute rules, fallible government, misuse of authority, precedent, corrupt governments, illegitimate decisions, rule consequentialism, Brad Hooker, evidence obtained illegally, court procedures, judicial integrity, legal ethics, constitutional rights, jury system, judicial reform, legal safeguards, miscarriage of justice, democratic principles Trial by jury, Limiting jury trials, Fallible humans, Absolute rules, Rule consequentialism, Evidence legality, Corrupt government, Precedent, Legitimacy, Individual circumstances, Brad Hooker trial by jury, limiting jury, fallible humans, absolute rules, illegal evidence, court proceedings, government power, misuse of authority, corrupt governments, rule consequentialism, Brad Hooker, legal precedents, unjustified limitations, constitutional rights, legal ethics, judicial integrity, rule-based ethics, moral philosophy, legal philosophy, judicial system, citizen rights, legal reforms, judicial decision-making, legal principles, government accountability, public trust, legal safeguards, judicial oversight, legal standards, jury nullification, judicial checks and balances, legal justification, legal legitimacy, judicial power, government overreach, legal constraints, judicial independence, legal precedent, judicial"
test-economy-beplcpdffe-pro04a	Online gambling encourages crime  Human trafficking, forced prostitution and drugs provide $2.1 billion a year for the Mafia but they need some way through which to put this money into circulation. Online gambling is that way in. They put dirty money in and win clean money back [8]. Because it is so international and outside normal laws, it makes criminal cash hard to track. There is a whole array of other crime associated with online gambling; hacking, phishing, extortion, and identity fraud, all of which can occur on a large scale unconstrained by physical proximity [9]. Online gambling also encourages corruption in sport. By allowing huge sums of money to be bet internationally on the outcome of a game or race, it draws in criminals who can try to bribe or threaten sportsmen. Online gambling, crime, human trafficking, forced prostitution, drugs, Mafia, money laundering, international, laws, criminal cash, tracking, hacking, phishing, extortion, identity fraud, corruption, sport, bribery, threats, sportsmen online gambling, crime, human trafficking, forced prostitution, drugs, Mafia, money laundering, criminal cash, hacking, phishing, extortion, identity fraud, corruption, sport, bribery, threats, international, legal constraints, dirty money, clean money, tracking difficulties online gambling, crime, human trafficking, forced prostitution, drugs, Mafia, money laundering, criminal cash, tracking, hacking, phishing, extortion, identity fraud, corruption, sport, bribery, threats, international laws, physical proximity, large scale online gambling, crime, human trafficking, forced prostitution, drugs, mafia, money laundering, international, illegal activities, hacking, phishing, extortion, identity fraud, corruption, sports bribery, criminal cash, tracking difficulties, large scale operations, physical proximity, betting, game outcomes, race outcomes, international laws, unlawful cash circulation Online gambling, crime, human trafficking, forced prostitution, drugs, Mafia, money laundering, criminal cash, tracking, hacking, phishing, extortion, identity fraud, corruption, sport, bribery, threatening, sportsmen, international, legal issues, cybercrime
test-environment-opecewiahw-pro01a	The dam would power Africa  Only 29% of Sub Saharan Africa’s population has access to electricity. [1] This has immense consequences not just for the economy as production and investment is constrained but also on society. The world bank says lack of electricity affects human rights “People cannot access modern hospital services without electricity, or feel relief from sweltering heat. Food cannot be refrigerated and businesses cannot function. Children cannot go to school… The list of deprivation goes on.” [2] Conveniently it is suggested that the “Grand Inga will thus provide more than half of the continent with renewable energy at a low price,” [3] providing electricity to half a billion people so eliminating much of this electricity gap. [4]  [1] World Bank Energy, ‘Addressing the Electricity Access Gap’, World Bank, June 2010,  p.89  [2] The World Bank, ‘Energy – The Facts’, worldbank.org, 2013,   [3] SAinfo reporter, ‘SA-DRC pact paves way for Grand Inga’, SouthAfrica.info, 20 May 2013,   [4] Pearce, Fred, ‘Will Huge New Hydro Projects Bring Power to Africa’s People?’, Yale Environment 360, 30 May 2013, dam, power, Africa, electricity, access, Sub-Saharan Africa, economy, production, investment, society, human rights, hospital services, refrigeration, businesses, education, Grand Inga, renewable energy, low price, electricity gap, World Bank, hydro projects, Yale Environment 360, SA-DRC pact dam, Africa, electricity, Sub-Saharan Africa, population, access, economy, production, investment, society, human rights, hospital services, sweltering heat, food refrigeration, businesses, school, Grand Inga, renewable energy, low price, half billion, electricity gap, World Bank, SA-DRC pact, hydro projects, Yale Environment 360, Fred Pearce, SAinfo reporter dam, Africa, electricity, access, Sub-Saharan Africa, economy, society, human rights, hospitals, refrigeration, schools, businesses, Grand Inga, renewable energy, low price, electricity gap, World Bank, energy, facts, SA-DRC pact, hydro projects, Fred Pearce, Yale Environment 360 dam, power, Africa, electricity, access, Sub-Saharan, economy, society, human rights, hospital services, refrigeration, businesses, education, Grand Inga, renewable energy, electricity gap, World Bank, hydro projects, Yale Environment 360, SA-DRC pact dam, Africa, electricity, Sub-Saharan Africa, economy, society, human rights, hospital services, refrigeration, businesses, education, Grand Inga, renewable energy, low price, electricity gap, World Bank, access, production, investment, Fred Pearce, hydro projects, SA-DRC pact
test-international-miasimyhw-con02a	Urbanisation without industrialisation, the dangerous livelihoods of migrants.  Across Africa a reality of ‘urbanisation without industrialisation’ is found (Potts, 2012). Economic growth, and activity, have not matched the urban phenomena across Sub-Saharan Africa. The sombre picture of urban economics questions - what do new migrants do as opportunities are not found?  More than 50% of Youth in Africa are unemployed or idle. [1] With migrants entering urban environments presented with a lack of safe and secure jobs unhealthy sexual politics are found, and precarious methods are used to make a living. The scarcity of formal jobs, means a majority of migrants are forced to work in informal employment. Informal employment will continue to rise creating its own problems such as being barrier to imposing minimum wages and employment security.  [1] Zuehlke, 2009 Urbanisation, industrialisation, Africa, Sub-Saharan Africa, economic growth, urban economics, migrant livelihoods, youth unemployment, informal employment, formal jobs, sexual politics, precarious living, minimum wages, employment security Urbanisation, Industrialisation, Africa, Sub-Saharan Africa, Economic Growth, Urban Economics, Migrants, Youth Unemployment, Informal Employment, Formal Jobs, Sexual Politics, Precarious Living, Employment Security, Minimum Wages, Zuehlke 2009, Potts 2012 Urbanisation, Industrialisation, Migrants, Sub-Saharan Africa, Economic Growth, Youth Unemployment, Informal Employment, Sexual Politics, Precarious Living, Minimum Wages, Employment Security, Urban Economics, Formal Jobs, Urban Phenomena, Livelihoods, Safety, Job Opportunities, Zuehlke, Potts Urbanisation, industrialisation, Africa, Sub-Saharan Africa, economic growth, urban phenomena, migrants, unemployment, youth, informal employment, formal jobs, sexual politics, precarious livelihoods, minimum wages, employment security, Zuehlke, Potts, 2012, 2009 urbanisation, industrialisation, Africa, Sub-Saharan Africa, economic growth, urban phenomena, migrants, unemployment, youth unemployment, informal employment, formal jobs, precarious living, sexual politics, employment security, minimum wages, urban economics, livelihoods, Zuehlke, Potts
test-society-tsmihwurpp-pro03a	The experience of Israel proves that profiling works  Israel has been using profiling for decades to identify those individuals at airports that should be stopped, questioned and have their luggage thoroughly checked [i] .  Despite the massive threats that Israel faces, the Israeli state does not feel the need to invade the privacy of most passengers because they simply know what and who they are looking for. This approach has meant that, despite high odds, hijackings and bombings are not the routine affairs on El Al flights that one might expect it to be.  As the focus for terrorist atrocities has now become the US and the UK, it simply makes sense to follow the example of a nation that has been such a target since its creation.  [i] “Exposing hostile intent”. SecuritySolutions.com. Israel, profiling, airports, security, luggage, checks, privacy, passengers, hijackings, bombings, El Al, terrorist, atrocities, US, UK, security measures, hostile intent, threat prevention, targeted screening Israel, profiling, airports, security, El Al, hijackings, bombings, privacy, terrorist, atrocities, US, UK, hostile intent, SecuritySolutions.com Israel, profiling, airports, security, luggage, checks, privacy, passengers, hijackings, bombings, El Al, terrorist, atrocities, US, UK, security solutions, hostile intent Israel, profiling, airports, security, threat, privacy, passengers, El Al, hijackings, bombings, terrorist, atrocities, US, UK, security solutions, hostile intent Israel, profiling, airport security, El Al, hijackings, bombings, privacy, terrorist atrocities, US, UK, security measures, hostile intent
test-politics-mtpghwaacb-pro03a	Collective bargaining undermines the democractic process  The bargain between normal unions and private enterprise involves all parties being brought to the table and talking about the issues that they might have. However, the public sector represents the benefits of taxpayers, the politicians and the unions. The power that unions exercises means that negotiations can happen without the consent or involvement of the public sector’s stakeholders, the public.  Even though power in a democracy is usually devolved to the politicians for this purpose, given the highly politicised nature of union negotiations, government office-holders who supervise union negotiations may act inconsistently with the mandate that the electorate have given them. This is because public unions often command a very large block of voters and can threaten politicians with this block of voters readily. This is not the same as a private business where officials aren’t elected by their workers. As such, collective bargaining rights for public union undermine the ability of taxpayers to dictate where their money is being spent significantly.1  “Union Bargaining Just A Dream For Many Gov Workers.” Oregan Herald. 27/02/2011 collective bargaining, undermines, democratic process, public sector, unions, private enterprise, taxpayers, politicians, stakeholders, power, negotiations, consent, involvement, democracy, devolved power, politicians, mandate, electorate, public unions, block of voters, government office-holders, union negotiations, private business, officials, elected, workers, union bargaining, government workers, oregon herald collective bargaining, public sector unions, democratic process, taxpayer representation, union power, stakeholder involvement, political mandate, voter influence, government accountability, public expenditure, union negotiations, private sector comparison, elected officials, union bargaining rights, Oregon Herald collective bargaining, public sector, private enterprise, union negotiations, taxpayer representation, democratic process, political influence, union power, public unions, government accountability, voter influence, elected officials, union bargaining rights, public finance, democratic mandate, stakeholder involvement, union block voting, political mandate, government transparency, union negotiation dynamics collective bargaining, democratic process, public sector, unions, private enterprise, taxpayer representation, political influence, union negotiations, public stakeholders, elected officials, mandate, voter bloc, government accountability, taxpayer funds, union rights, Oregon Herald collective bargaining, democractic process, unions, private enterprise, public sector, taxpayers, politicians, stakeholders, power, negotiations, consent, involvement, democracy, power devolution, politicians, mandate, electorate, union negotiations, public unions, block of voters, threats, elected officials, private business, workers, government, union bargaining, public workers, Oregon Herald
test-religion-frghbbgi-pro03a	The God hypothesis is unnecessary  Science provides us with the tools to form a comprehensive view of the Universe which does not include a supernatural being. From Galileo to Darwin to the modern day, scientists have continually uncovered the true natural mechanisms behind the creation and evolution of the universe. There are no gaps left for God to act in [1] - science has revealed a closed natural order governed by natural laws. Brain science has shown that there is not a ‘soul’ but that all our mental states are simply caused by brain activity. There is, therefore, no reason to believe in life after death - one of the main tenets of religious belief.  [1] Bube, Richard H, ‘Man Come of Age: Bonhoeffer’s Response to the God-of-the-gaps’, Journal of the Evangelical Theological Society,  , p.207 God hypothesis, unnecessary, science, comprehensive view, Universe, supernatural being, Galileo, Darwin, modern day, scientists, natural mechanisms, creation, evolution, universe, gaps, natural order, natural laws, brain science, soul, mental states, brain activity, life after death, religious belief, Bube, Richard H, Man Come of Age, Bonhoeffer, God-of-the-gaps, Journal of the Evangelical Theological Society God hypothesis, unnecessary, science, comprehensive view, universe, supernatural being, Galileo, Darwin, natural mechanisms, creation, evolution, gaps, natural order, natural laws, brain science, mental states, brain activity, soul, life after death, religious belief, Richard H Bube, God-of-the-gaps, Man Come of Age, Bonhoeffer's Response, Journal of the Evangelical Theological Society God hypothesis, unnecessary, science, comprehensive view, universe, supernatural being, Galileo, Darwin, natural mechanisms, creation, evolution, no gaps, closed natural order, natural laws, brain science, soul, mental states, brain activity, life after death, religious belief, Bube, Richard H, Man Come of Age, God-of-the-gaps, Journal of the Evangelical Theological Society God hypothesis, unnecessary, science, comprehensive view, Universe, supernatural being, Galileo, Darwin, modern day, scientists, natural mechanisms, creation, evolution, universe, no gaps, God, natural order, natural laws, brain science, soul, mental states, brain activity, life after death, religious belief, Bube, Richard H, Man Come of Age, Bonhoeffer, God-of-the-gaps, Journal of the Evangelical Theological Society God hypothesis, unnecessary, science, comprehensive view, Universe, supernatural being, Galileo, Darwin, modern day, scientists, natural mechanisms, creation, evolution, universe, gaps, natural order, natural laws, brain science, soul, mental states, brain activity, life after death, religious belief, Richard H. Bube, Man Come of Age, God-of-the-gaps, Journal of the Evangelical Theological Society
test-free-speech-debate-fsaphgiap-pro04a	A lack of transparency can endanger the leader  A person is most likely to survive when they have an accident, a heart attack, or some other condition if they get prompt treatment and doctors are aware of any underlying conditions. Mills may well have lived, or lived longer if there had been more transparency about his death. There had been no prior warning that the president might be rushed to hospital despite the doctors having been called in the previous day. For the same reason his outriders were not available leading to indecision over whether to send off the ambulance. And finally he was initially turned away from the emergency ward because they did not know it was the President they were being asked to treat. 1 Transparency would allow procedures to be in place and advance notice given possibly gaining a few minutes and enabling survival.  1 Daily Guide, ‘How Mills died: Sister tells it all’, My Joy Online, 31 August 2012, transparency, leader, survival, accident, heart attack, treatment, underlying conditions, Mills, death, president, hospital, doctors, outriders, ambulance, emergency ward, procedures, advance notice, survival, Daily Guide, My Joy Online transparency, leader, survival, accident, heart attack, prompt treatment, underlying conditions, Mills, transparency about death, prior warning, hospital, doctors, outriders, ambulance, emergency ward, procedures, advance notice, survival, Daily Guide, How Mills died, My Joy Online transparency, leader, survival, accident, heart attack, treatment, underlying conditions, Mills, death, hospital, doctors, outriders, ambulance, emergency ward, procedures, advance notice, survival, Daily Guide, My Joy Online transparency, leader, survival, accident, heart attack, prompt treatment, underlying conditions, Mills, death, president, hospital, doctors, outriders, ambulance, emergency ward, procedures, advance notice, survival, Daily Guide, My Joy Online transparency, leader, survival, accident, heart attack, treatment, underlying conditions, Mills, death, president, hospital, doctors, outriders, ambulance, emergency ward, procedures, advance notice, Daily Guide, My Joy Online
test-economy-beplcpdffe-pro03a	Gambling is addictive.  Humans get a buzz from taking a risk and the hope that this time their luck will be in, this is similar to drug addicts [7]. The more people bet, the more they want to bet, so they become hooked on gambling which can wreck their lives. Internet gambling is worse because it is not a social activity. Unlike a casino or race track, you don’t have to go anywhere to do it, which can put a brake on the activity. The websites never shut. There won’t be people around you to talk you out of risky bets. There is nothing to stop you gambling your savings away while drunk. gambling, addiction, risk, hope, luck, drug, addicts, betting, hooked, wreck, lives, internet, gambling, social, activity, casino, race, track, websites, shut, people, talk, risky, bets, savings, drunk addiction, gambling, risk, hope, luck, drug, betting, hooked, wreck, lives, internet, gambling, social, activity, casino, race, track, websites, shutdown, people, influence, savings, drunk, betting, patterns, psychological, impact, isolation, financial, ruin, impulse, control gambling, addiction, risk, hope, luck, drug, betting, hooked, lives, internet, social, casino, race, track, websites, shutdown, people, advice, savings, drunk, gambling-problems, online-gambling, psychological-effects, financial-impact, substance-abuse, impulse-control-disorders, digital-addiction, social-isolation, mental-health-issues, betting-obsession, habitual-gamblers, compulsive-gambling, risk-assessment, behavioral-addictions, internet-gambling-disorders, societal-impact, prevention-strategies, treatment-options, awareness-campaigns, support-system gambling, addiction, risk, hope, luck, drug, addicts, betting, hooked, lives, internet, gambling, social, activity, casino, race, track, websites, shut, people, talk, risky, bets, savings, drunk gambling, addiction, risk, hope, luck, drug, addicts, betting, hooked, destructive, internet, online, social, activity, casino, race, track, restraint, websites, continuous, support, savings, alcohol, drunk, financial, ruin
test-politics-dhbanhrnw-con01a	The right of self-defence must be exercised in accordance with international law.  There can be no right to such terribly destructive weapons; their invention is one of the great tragedies of history, giving humanity the power to destroy itself. Even during the Cold War, most people viewed nuclear weapons at best as a necessary defence during that great ideological struggle, and at worst the scourge that would end all life on Earth. Nuclear war has never taken place, though it very nearly has on several occasions, such as during the Cuban Missile Crisis. And in 1983 a NATO war game, the Able Archer exercise simulating the full release of NATO nuclear forces, was interpreted by the Soviet Union as a prelude to a massive nuclear first-strike. Oleg Gordievsky, the KGB colonel who defected to the West, has stated that during Able Archer, without realising it, the world came ‘frighteningly close’ to the edge of the nuclear abyss, ‘certainly closer than at any time since the Cuban missile crisis of 1962’. [1] Soviet forces were put on immediate alert and an escalation was only avoided when NATO staff realised what was happening and scaled down the exercise. [2] Cooler heads might not prevail in future conflicts between nuclear powers; when there are more nuclear-armed states, the risk of someone doing something foolish increases. After all, it would take only one such incident to result in the loss of millions of lives. [3] Furthermore, in recent years positive steps have finally begun between the two states with the largest nuclear arsenals, the United States and Russia, in the strategic reduction of nuclear stockpiles. These countries, until recently the greatest perpetrators of nuclear proliferation, have now made commitments toward gradual reduction of weapon numbers until a tiny fraction of the warheads currently active will be usable. [4] All countries, both with and without nuclear weapons, should adopt this lesson. They should contribute toward non-proliferation, thus making the world safer from the threat of nuclear conflict and destruction. Clearly, the focus should be on the reduction of nuclear weapons, not their increase.  [1] Andrew, Christopher and Gordievsky, Oleg. 1991. “KGB: The Inside story of its Foreign Operations from Lenin to Gorbachev”. New York: Harper Collins Publishers.  [2] Rogers, Paul. 2007. “From Evil Empire to Axis of Evil”. Oxford Research Group.  [3] Jervis, Robert. 1989. The Meaning of the Nuclear Revolution: Statecraft and the Prospect of Armageddon, Cornell Studies in Security Affairs. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.  [4] Baker, Peter. 2010. “Twists and Turns on Way to Arms Pact With Russia”. The New York Times. self-defence, international law, destructive weapons, nuclear weapons, Cold War, Cuban Missile Crisis, Able Archer, NATO, Soviet Union, Oleg Gordievsky, nuclear war, nuclear proliferation, United States, Russia, nuclear stockpiles, non-proliferation, nuclear conflict, nuclear destruction, nuclear reduction, security affairs, arms pact self-defence, international law, destructive weapons, nuclear weapons, Cold War, Cuban Missile Crisis, Able Archer, NATO, Soviet Union, Oleg Gordievsky, nuclear war, nuclear proliferation, non-proliferation, nuclear stockpiles, United States, Russia, nuclear conflict, reduction, nuclear-armed states self-defence, international-law, destructive-weapons, nuclear-weapons, Cold-War, ideological-struggle, nuclear-war, Cuban-Missile-Crisis, Able-Archer, NATO, KGB, Oleg-Gordievsky, Soviet-Union, nuclear-arsenals, non-proliferation, reduction, United-States, Russia, global-security, conflict-prevention, disarmament, international-relations, peace-studies, arms-control, strategic-stability, nuclear-ethics, nuclear-policy, security-studies, military-strategy, diplomatic-history, geopolitical-tensions, crisis-management, international-security self-defence, international law, destructive weapons, nuclear weapons, Cold War, ideological struggle, nuclear war, Cuban Missile Crisis, Able Archer, NATO, Soviet Union, Oleg Gordievsky, nuclear abyss, nuclear-armed states, nuclear proliferation, strategic reduction, non-proliferation, nuclear conflict, destruction, KGB, Christopher Andrew, Paul Rogers, Robert Jervis, Peter Baker, New York Times, arms pact, Russia, United States self-defence, international-law, destructive-weapons, invention, tragedy, history, humanity, power, destruction, Cold-War, nuclear-weapons, necessary-defence, ideological-struggle, scourge, life-Earth, nuclear-war, Cuban-Missile-Crisis, NATO, war-game, Able-Archer, nuclear-forces, Soviet-Union, prelude, first-strike, Oleg-Gordievsky, KGB, defected, nuclear-abyss, closer, immediate-alert, escalation, avoided, NATO-staff, future-conflicts, nuclear-powers, risk, incident, loss-lives
test-environment-opecewiahw-pro02a	An immense boost to DRC’s economy  The Grand Inga dam would be an immense boost to the DRC’s economy. It would mean a huge amount of investment coming into the country as almost all the $80 billion construction cost would be coming from outside the country which would mean thousands of workers employed and spending money in the DRC as well as boosting local suppliers. Once the project is complete the dam will provide cheap electricity so making industry more competitive and providing electricity to homes. Even the initial stages through Inga III are expected to provide electricity for 25,000 households in Kinshasa. [1]  [1] ‘Movement on the Grand Inga Hydropower Project’, ujuh, 20 November 2013, DRC, economy, Grand Inga dam, investment, construction, workers, local suppliers, electricity, industry, Kinshasa, Inga III, households DRC, Grand Inga dam, economy, investment, construction cost, workers, employment, local suppliers, cheap electricity, industry, competitiveness, Inga III, Kinshasa, households, hydropower project DRC, economy, Grand Inga dam, investment, construction cost, employment, local suppliers, cheap electricity, industry competitiveness, Kinshasa, Inga III, households, hydropower project DRC, Grand Inga dam, economy, investment, $80 billion, construction, workers, local suppliers, cheap electricity, industry, Kinshasa, Inga III, 25,000 households, ujuh, hydropower, 20 November 2013 DRC, economy, Grand Inga dam, investment, construction, employment, local suppliers, electricity, industry, Kinshasa, Inga III, households
test-digital-freedoms-aihbiahr-pro03a	Internet access is a necessary part of the right to freedom of information and expression.  Freedom of expression and speech and freedom of information is a fundamental freedom and is article 19 in the universal declaration of human rights. This is usually taken to have three parts for governments to uphold: a duty to respect, for the government not to interfere with the freedom to impart information, a duty to protect, preventing interference with lawful communications and, a duty to fulfil, a duty to provide government held information. [1] Access to the internet falls within this. The duty to respect means that governments cannot block access for people wishing to use the internet to express themselves. The duty to protect means government should prevent others from interfering with internet users and the duty to fulfil could easily be taken just a little bit further to having to provide access to the internet. Freedom of expression therefore covers a freedom to access the internet as it already provides for a freedom to access mediums to express ones’ self.  [1] Callamard, Agnes, ‘Towards a Third Generation of Activism for the Right to Freedom of Information’, in Freedom of Expression, Access to Information and Empowerment of People, UNESCO, 2009 pp.43-57. p.44 Internet access, freedom of information, freedom of expression, human rights, Article 19, Universal Declaration of Human Rights, government duties, respect, protect, fulfill, communication, information sharing, non-interference, lawful communications, government-held information, online expression, digital rights, activism, empowerment, UNESCO, Agnes Callamard Internet access, freedom of information, freedom of expression, Universal Declaration of Human Rights, Article 19, government duties, duty to respect, duty to protect, duty to fulfill, government-held information, media access, third generation activism, Agnes Callamard, UNESCO, empowerment, human rights Internet access, freedom of information, freedom of expression, human rights, article 19, universal declaration, government duties, respect, protect, fulfil, non-interference, lawful communications, government-held information, access mediums, self-expression, third generation activism, empowerment, UNESCO, Agnes Callamard Internet access, freedom of information, freedom of expression, universal declaration of human rights, government duty, duty to respect, duty to protect, duty to fulfil, government interference, access to government information, freedom of speech, right to information, Agnes Callamard, UNESCO, empowerment of people, third generation activism, human rights, digital rights, communication rights, information rights, media freedom, online expression, internet freedom, legal protection, civic rights, digital age rights, net neutrality, global internet governance, information society, digital divide, digital inclusion, equitable access, connectivity, human rights online, digital citizenship, online privacy, data protection internet access, freedom of information, freedom of expression, universal declaration of human rights, duty to respect, duty to protect, duty to fulfill, government interference, lawful communications, government held information, right to information, freedom of speech, third generation activism, Agnes Callamard, UNESCO, empowerment of people, media access, self-expression
test-law-phwmfri-pro03a	Creates the perception that the rich are not immune to the consequences of their actions  Fines that are not proportionate to income may create the perception that the rich are immune to the consequences of their actions. This is because people see those earning the least struggling to pay a fine, whilst the rich are able to pay that fine easily, without making any significant sacrifices. Canada is an example of this being the case with two thirds of respondents on surveys saying that the Canadian justice system is unfair because it provides preferential treatment to the rich compared to how harsh it is towards the poor.1  Making fines proportionate to income would change that perception. People would then see the law being applied in such a way as to punish all, not just certain sections of society. This will improve perceptions of (and consequently, relations with) the justice and law enforcement systems.  It is important that justice is seen to be done, as well as occurring (sometimes referred to as the Principle of Open Justice), for several reasons. First, we operate a system of government by consent: people’s opinions of the justice system are deemed an important check and balance on the power of the law-makers. Consequently, if they are seen to ‘abuse their power’ by imposing a law seen to be unfair, they have an obligation either to adequately explain and defend the law, or change it.  Second, people’s perceptions of law enforcement in one area spill over into other areas: it is the same police force enforcing all aspects of the law, and so the differences in policy origin are obscured. Consequently, if people deem law-enforcement to be unfair in one regard, they are less likely to trust it in other circumstances.  Third, it is important that the justice system is seen to be impartial, rather than favouring any particular group, because it is only under such circumstances that its designations of acts as ‘crimes’ can be seen as a true reflection of what you ought and ought not to do, rather than just what would be in the interests of a given group.  1 ‘Justice and The Poor’, National Council of Welfare, 10 September 2012, perception, rich, consequences, actions, fines, proportionate, income, inequality, justice, fairness, law, enforcement, society, trust, impartiality, crime, National Council of Welfare, Canada, survey, preferential treatment, poor, power, government, consent, policy, spill over, designation, interests, reflection, true, obligations, explanation, change, principle of open justice, check, balance, makers, abuse, important, seen, occurring, reason, people, opinions, check and balance, power of law makers, law makers, important check, balance on power, balance of power, power of lawmakers, important perception, rich, consequences, actions, fines, income, proportionate, justice, law enforcement, fairness, society, government, consent, police, impartial, crimes, interests, groups, National Council of Welfare, Canada, survey, respondents, preferential treatment, poor, unfair, hardship, principle of open justice, trust, policy, designated crimes, moral actions, social contract, public opinion, legal system, economic disparity, penal system, societal norms, ethical governance, judicial integrity, financial penalties, socio-economic status, legal equity, public perception, law enforcement relationship, justice system, proportional fines, economic fairness, judicial fairness, perception, rich, consequences, actions, fines, income, proportionate, Canada, justice system, unfair, preferential treatment, poor, law enforcement, principle of open justice, government by consent, police force, impartial, crimes, National Council of Welfare perception, rich, consequences, actions, fines, income, proportionate, Canada, justice system, unfair, preferential treatment, poor, law enforcement, government consent, policy, impartial, crimes, public trust, National Council of Welfare perception, rich, consequences, actions, fines, income, proportionate, justice, law enforcement, fairness, Canadian justice system, preferential treatment, poor, government by consent, trust, impartiality, crimes, interests, groups, open justice, national council of welfare
test-international-miasimyhw-con01a	Migration reasonings and exploitation.  A free labour market perceives migration in a predominantly neoclassical light - people migrate due to pull factors, to balance the imbalance of jobs, people move due to economic laws. However, such a perspective fails to include the complex factors enticing migration and lack of choice in the decision. Promoting a labour market, whereby movement is free and trade enabled, makes it easier to move but does not take into account the fact migration is not only purely economical. By focusing on a free labour market as being economically valuable, we neglect a bigger picture of what the reasons for migration are.  Without effective management a free labour market raises the potential of forced migration and trafficking. Within the COMESA region trafficking has been identified as a growing issue with the 40,000 identified cases in 2012 being the tip of the iceberg (Musinguzi, 2013). A free labour market may mean victims of trafficking will remain undetected. Moving for ‘work’, how can distinctions be made to identify trafficked migrants; and clandestine migration be managed?  A free labour market, across Africa, justifies cheap and flexible labour to build emerging economies - however, remains unjust. Promoting free labour movement needs to be matched with a question on ‘what kind of labour movement’? Migration, exploitation, free labour market, neoclassical, pull factors, economic imbalance, complex factors, lack of choice, economic laws, job balance, labour market, trade, non-economical migration, forced migration, trafficking, COMESA, identified cases, 2012, Musinguzi, trafficking victims, undetected, work, clandestine migration, cheap labour, flexible labour, emerging economies, unjust, labour movement types migration, exploitation, free labour market, neoclassical, pull factors, economic laws, complex factors, lack of choice, forced migration, trafficking, COMESA, clandestine migration, cheap labour, flexible labour, emerging economies, unjust, labour movement management migration, exploitation, neoclassical, pull factors, economic laws, complex factors, lack of choice, free labour market, economic value, forced migration, trafficking, COMESA, undetected victims, clandestine migration, cheap labour, flexible labour, emerging economies, unjust, labour movement migration, exploitation, neoclassical, labour market, pull factors, economic laws, complex factors, lack of choice, free movement, trade, economical, forced migration, trafficking, COMESA, undetected, trafficked migrants, clandestine migration, cheap labour, flexible labour, emerging economies, unjust, labour movement migration, exploitation, labour market, neoclassical, pull factors, economic laws, complex factors, lack of choice, free movement, trade, non-economic reasons, forced migration, trafficking, COMESA, undetected victims, clandestine migration, cheap labour, flexible labour, emerging economies, unjust, labour movement types, management, ethical considerations, human rights, policy, regulation, social factors, cultural factors, political factors, economic imbalance, global south, development, inequality, vulnerability,迁徙, 利用, 劳动力市场, 新古典主义, 吸引因素, 经济法则, 复杂
test-culture-mthbah-pro03a	Advertisements are an attempt to brainwash customers.  People cannot just choose to ignore advertising, because advertisers use many underhand methods to get their message across. Posters have attention grabbing words, or provocative pictures. Some adverts today are even being hidden in what seem like pieces or art or public information so people don't realise they are being marketed to. The introduction of digital screens allows businesses to alter their advertising to respond to specific events, making advertisements not only everywhere, but seemingly all-knowing1. By targeting people's unconscious thoughts adverts are a form of brainwashing that take away people's freedoms to make choices.  1 Anywhere the Eye Can See, It's Likely To See an Ad. The New York Times. advertisements, brainwash, customers, ignore, underhand, methods, posters, attention-grabbing, provocative, hidden, art, public, information, digital, screens, events, responding, everywhere, all-knowing, unconscious, thoughts, freedoms, choices, New York Times, marketing, manipulation, consumer, awareness, psychological, impact,visual, media, persuasion, society, ethics Advertisements, brainwash, customers, underhand, methods, attention-grabbing, provocative, hidden, art, public, information, digital, screens, events, unconscious, thoughts, freedoms, choices, everywhere, all-knowing, New, York, Times advertising, brainwashing, customer, ignore, underhand, methods, posters, attention, grabbing, provocative, pictures, hidden, art, public, information, digital, screens, events, all-knowing, unconscious, thoughts, freedoms, choices, New, York, Times Advertisements, brainwash, customers, underhand methods, attention-grabbing, posters, provocative pictures, hidden ads, art, public information, digital screens, specific events, all-knowing, unconscious thoughts, freedom, choices, marketing, The New York Times, Anywhere the Eye Can See Advertisements, brainwash, customers, ignore, underhand, methods, posters, attention-grabbing, words, provocative, pictures, hidden, art, public, information, marketing, digital, screens, events, all-knowing, unconscious, thoughts, freedoms, choices, New York Times, anywhere, eye, see, ad
test-economy-beghwbh-con01a	It will never work  The plan for the Hyperloop is sound technically but would it work politically? It is unlikely that the California high speed rail project will be scrapped simply because there is a new competitor on the block. The Hyperloop has the advantage of being cheap but it is cheap because it is being built in the middle of an existing highway, the interstate-5. Building the Hyperloop would therefore cause traffic chaos so there would not be much political support. [1] Build it elsewhere and land would need to be bought just as with proposals for high speed rail.  Maglevs are, like the Hyperloop, practically sound – one travels from Shanghai Airport into the center of the city [2] – but they have not been built. High speed trains, despite being slower, have been the preferred method for creating high speed transportation systems because they can easily connect into the existing rail infrastructure, a problem for both the Hyperloop and maglevs.  [1] Yarow, Jay, ’41 Years Ago, A Scientist Explained Why Elon Musk’s Hyperloop is Doomed’, Business Insider, 12 August 2013,   [2] Kidman, Alex, ‘Shanghai’s Maglev Train: Astonishingly Fast… and a little dull’, Gizmo, 12 September 2011, Hyperloop, California high speed rail, political feasibility, cost-effectiveness, traffic disruption, land acquisition, Maglev, Shanghai Maglev, high speed trains, infrastructure integration, Elon Musk, transportation systems, technology implementation, public support, urban planning, transportation policy, rail infrastructure, maglev technology, hyperloop technology, high-speed rail systems, transportation innovation, project competition, political support, technological soundness, economic factors, environmental impact, public transportation, urban development, transportation projects, technology adoption, government policy, infrastructure projects, public opinion, transportation alternatives, logistical challenges, technological feasibility, project viability, international examples, technological advancements, policy Hyperloop, California high speed rail, political feasibility, cost-effectiveness, interstate-5, traffic disruption, maglev, Shanghai Maglev Train, high speed transportation, rail infrastructure, Elon Musk, technological soundness, public transportation, urban planning, infrastructure development, environmental impact, economic viability, legislative support, transportation policy, technological innovation, stakeholder opposition, public opinion, transportation alternatives, infrastructure integration, travel efficiency, construction challenges, land acquisition, existing highways, transportation competition, technological barriers, government approval, project funding, urban mobility, sustainable transportation, travel experience, technological adoption, regional connectivity, transportation systems, engineering challenges, policy barriers Hyperloop, California high speed rail, politically viable, cost-effective, interstate-5, traffic disruption, political support, land acquisition, maglev technology, Shanghai Maglev, high speed trains, rail infrastructure, transportation systems, Elon Musk, scientist perspective, Maglev disadvantages, high speed rail preference, technological feasibility, public transportation, infrastructure integration, project competition, urban transit, technological innovation, policy challenges, transportation policy, infrastructure development, environmental impact, public acceptance, future transportation, technological advancement, rail transit, urban planning, transportation planning, infrastructure investment, transportation alternatives, high-speed travel, public transit, transit projects, technological constraints, policy Hyperloop, California high speed rail, political feasibility, cost-effectiveness, interstate-5, traffic disruption, land acquisition, maglev, Shanghai maglev, high speed trains, rail infrastructure, transportation systems, Elon Musk, Jay Yarow, Alex Kidman Hyperloop, California high speed rail, political feasibility, cost-effectiveness, traffic disruption, land acquisition, maglev trains, high speed transportation, rail infrastructure, Shanghai Maglev, technological soundness, political support, Elon Musk, transportation systems
test-economy-beplcpdffe-pro02a	Online gambling affects families  A parent who gambles can quickly lose the money their family depends on for food and rent. It is a common cause of family break-up and homelessness, so governments should get involved to protect innocent children from getting hurt [5]. Each problem gambler harmfully impacts 10-15 other people [6]. The internet makes it easy for gamblers to bet secretly, without even leaving the house, so people become addicted to gambling without their families realising what is going on until too late. online gambling, family impact, financial dependency, parent gambling, family breakup, homelessness, government intervention, child protection, problem gambler, secondary impact, internet gambling, secret betting, addiction, family unawareness Online gambling, families, parent, money, food, rent, family break-up, homelessness, government, protection, innocent children, problem gambler, impact, internet, secret betting, addiction, unaware families Online gambling, family impact, financial loss, food security, rent payments, family break-up, homelessness, government intervention, child protection, problem gambling, harm propagation, internet gambling, secret betting, addiction, family realization, timely intervention online gambling, family impact, financial dependency, family break-up, homelessness, government intervention, child protection, problem gambling, societal harm, internet gambling, secret betting, addiction, family unawareness online gambling, family impacts, financial strain, food insecurity, rent arrears, family break-up, homelessness, government intervention, child protection, problem gambling, collateral damage, internet gambling, secret betting, addiction, unnoticed issues
test-religion-msgfhwbamec-pro02a	Integration and the acceptance of Western values are important  Arranged marriages have not been a part of the cultures of most European countries for many years now. Part of the reason for this is because ideas about marriage have become more progressive, with people accepting that men and women of any orientation should be allowed to choose their own partners. This was even the case during the socially conservative era of the 1950s, when it was generally accepted in countries like Britain that people would court and meet their partners independently of their parents. [1]  Arranged marriages also conform to a view of women in particular which regards them as chattel. This does not fit in with the type of egalitarianism many European countries seek to practice, and thus does not conform to Western notions of individual rights. [2] It is also hypocritical to adopt a double-standard with diaspora communities, turning a blind eye to practices which many other majority groups find reprehensible. The rights and norms of a country of block of countries such as the EU must apply to all.  [1] Cook, Hera, ‘No Turning Back: Family forms and sexual mores in modern Britain,’ History & Policy -  (accessed on 19 September 2012)  [2] ‘Human Rights with Reference to Women,’ UKEssays.com -  (accessed on 19 September 2012) Integration, Western values, arranged marriages, European cultures, progressive ideas, marriage, partner choice, social conservatism, 1950s, Britain, courtship, egalitarianism, women's rights, individual rights, double standard, diaspora communities, human rights, EU norms, sexual mores, family forms, Hera Cook, UKEssays integration, Western values, arranged marriages, European cultures, progressive ideas, marriage, orientation, partner choice, social conservatism, 1950s, Britain, courtship, parental influence, women's rights, egalitarianism, individual rights, double-standard, diaspora communities, human rights, women's rights, EU norms Integration, Western values, arranged marriages, European countries, progressive ideas, marriage, socially conservative, 1950s, Britain, court, partners, parents, women, chattel, egalitarianism, individual rights, double-standard, diaspora communities, human rights, women, UKEssays, History Policy Integration, Western values, arranged marriages, European countries, progressive ideas, marriage, social conservatism, 1950s, Britain, courtship, egalitarianism, individual rights, diaspora communities, double-standard, human rights, women's rights, EU norms integration, Western values, arranged marriages, European cultures, progressive ideas, marriage choices, socially conservative era, courtship, egalitarianism, individual rights, women's rights, human rights, diaspora communities, double standard, EU norms
test-religion-frghbbgi-pro04a	Religions have no true claim to special moral knowledge  Religions through the ages, and still today, have been agents of repression, sexism, elitism, homophobia, and - most of all - conflict, war, and racial hatred. The very nature of belief in received wisdom means that it must be, at its core, a conservative and regressive force. Moreover the positive moral rules that religions claim to promote tend to have existed independently of those religions – the world did not have to wait for the ten commandments to learn that murder and theft was wrong, but it waited until the 19th Century to reach a consensus that Slavery was wrong.  Whatever small amount of psychological comfort religious belief may give, the evils it is responsible for in the social and political worlds easily outweigh it. religion, moral knowledge, repression, sexism, elitism, homophobia, conflict, war, racial hatred, conservative, regressive, moral rules, ten commandments, murder, theft, slavery, psychological comfort, social evils, political evils Religions, Moral Knowledge, Repression, Sexism, Elitism, Homophobia, Conflict, War, Racial Hatred, Belief, Received Wisdom, Conservative, Regressive, Moral Rules, Ten Commandments, Murder, Theft, Slavery, Psychological Comfort, Social Evils, Political Evils Religion, moral knowledge, repression, sexism, elitism, homophobia, conflict, war, racial hatred, belief, conservatism, regression, positive moral rules, ten commandments, murder, theft, slavery, psychological comfort, social evils, political evils Religion, Moral Knowledge, Repression, Sexism, Elitism, Homophobia, Conflict, War, Racial Hatred, Conservative Force, Regressive Force, Positive Moral Rules, Ten Commandments, Slavery, Psychological Comfort, Social Evils, Political Evils religion, morality, moral knowledge, repression, sexism, elitism, homophobia, conflict, war, racial hatred, belief, received wisdom, conservative, regressive, moral rules, ten commandments, slavery, psychological comfort, social evils, political evils
test-health-ahiahbgbsp-pro05a	Nip the problem in the bud  Smoking rates in Africa are relatively low; a range of 8%-27% with an average of only 18% of the population smoking 1 (or, the tobacco epidemic is at an early stage 2 ). That’s good, but the challenge is to keep it that way and reduce it.  A ban on smoking in public places at this stage would stop tobacco gaining the widespread social acceptability that caused it to thrice in the 20th century in the Global North. The solution is to get the solutions in now, not later.  1 Kaloko, Mustapha, 'The Impact of Tobacco Use on Health and Socio-Economic Development in Africa', African Union Commission, 2013,  , p.4  2 Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, “What we do: Tobacco control strategy overview”, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, no date, Nip, problem, bud, smoking, rates, Africa, low, 8%, 27%, average, 18%, population, tobacco, epidemic, early, stage, challenge, reduce, ban, public, places, widespread, social, acceptability, Global, North, 20th, century, solutions, now, later, Kaloko, Mustapha, Impact, Tobacco, Use, Health, Socio-Economic, Development, African, Union, Commission, Bill, Melinda, Gates, Foundation, Strategy, Overview Nip the problem in the bud, smoking rates, Africa, low smoking prevalence, tobacco epidemic, early stage, prevent social acceptability, public places smoking ban, tobacco control, 20th century smoking increase, Global North, solutions implementation, health impact, socio-economic development, African Union Commission, Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, tobacco use, health, socio-economic, development, strategy overview Nip, problem, bud, smoking, rates, Africa, low, range, 8%, 27%, average, 18%, population, tobacco, epidemic, early, stage, challenge, reduce, ban, public, places, prevent, social, acceptability, 20th, century, Global, North, solutions, now, later, Kaloko, Mustapha, Impact, Tobacco, Use, Health, Socio-Economic, Development, African, Union, Commission, Bill, Melinda, Gates, Foundation, Tobacco, control, strategy Nip, problem, bud, Smoking, rates, Africa, low, range, 8%, 27%, average, 18%, population, tobacco, epidemic, early, stage, challenge, reduce, ban, public, places, widespread, social, acceptability, 20th, century, Global, North, solutions, now, later, Kaloko, Mustapha, Impact, Tobacco, Use, Health, Socio-Economic, Development, African, Union, Commission, 2013, Bill, Melinda, Gates, Foundation, Tobacco, control, strategy, overview Nip problem bud, smoking rates Africa, low smoking prevalence, early stage tobacco epidemic, prevent smoking increase, public places smoking ban, social acceptability tobacco, Global North smoking history, tobacco control solutions, immediate action required, health socio-economic impact, African Union Commission, Bill Melinda Gates Foundation, tobacco control strategy
test-religion-wcprrgrhbmi-con01a	"There is no proven cause of harm and parents routinely make medical decisions for children to give their consent or otherwise  Circumcision is akin, in many ways, to vaccination; a routine and simple procedure with miniscule risks and compelling probable benefits. We acknowledge the right of parents to take these decisions on the behalf of their children, even if the benefits in question are primarily cultural and spiritual, and relativistic in character.  Parents routinely make decisions with far greater implications for their children’s futures in terms of their education and general welfare on a regular basis and this should really be seen as no different [i] .  As has been established, even in the most impromptu settings, male circumcision, unlike FGM, runs almost no risk of causing severe injury or infection. MGM does not endanger or restrict a child's development, or his ability to living and normal, fulfilled adult life. Parents make much more damaging choices for their children all the time - choices that do not involve modification of a child's body.  The cost of raising a child as a junior rugby player is an increased risk that the child may sustain life changing injuries. The cost of sending a child to a Montessori nursery as opposed to a curriculum-based institution is the possibility that they may lack personal discipline or respect for authority later in life.  Parents are still permitted to make these decisions, despite the impact they may have on a child’s development. Why not allow them to submit their children to a relatively minor and inconsequential aesthetic procedure?  [i] Dr. Brian Morris, Professor of Molecular Medical Sciences. ""Circumcision Should Be Routine; is Akin to a Safe Surgical ‘Vaccine’"". Opposing Views circumcision, medical decisions, parents, children, vaccination, risks, benefits, cultural, spiritual, education, welfare, male, FGM, development, rugby, Montessori, authority, minor, aesthetic, Dr. Brian Morris, Molecular Medical Sciences, surgical vaccine, Opposing Views male circumcision, parental consent, medical decisions, children, vaccination, risks, benefits, cultural practices, spiritual significance, parental rights, education choices, welfare, child development, junior rugby, Montessori, injury risk, personal discipline, authority respect, minor procedure, Dr. Brian Morris, molecular medical sciences, safe surgical vaccine, routine procedure circumcision, vaccination, parental consent, medical decisions, children, risks, benefits, cultural, spiritual, education, welfare, male circumcision, FGM, injury, infection, development, rugby, Montessori, personal discipline, authority, minor procedure, aesthetic, Dr. Brian Morris, Molecular Medical Sciences, surgical vaccine male circumcision, vaccination, parental consent, medical decisions, children, risks, benefits, cultural, spiritual, education, welfare, male genital mutilation, female genital mutilation, rugby, Montessori, authority, personal discipline, Dr. Brian Morris, molecular medical sciences, surgical vaccine, routine procedure male circumcision, vaccination, parental consent, medical decisions, children, miniscule risks, probable benefits, cultural benefits, spiritual benefits, relativistic benefits, education decisions, welfare decisions, male genital mutilation, female genital mutilation, rugby injuries, Montessori education, Professor Brian Morris, circumcision safety, surgical vaccine"
test-international-sepiahbaaw-pro01a	Resource abundance has led to poor governance  Corruption in African governance is a common feature of African governance [1] , with resources being a major source of exploitation by the political class. Natural resources are often controlled by the government. As resources fund the government’s actions rather than tax, there is a decrease in accountability to the citizenry which enables the government to abuse its ownership of this land to make profit [2] . To benefit from resource wealth, money from the exploitation of mineral wealth and other sources needs to be reinvested in to the country’s economy and human capital [3] . Investing in infrastructure and education can encourage long term growth. However a large amount of funds are pocketed by politicians and bureaucrats instead, hindering growth [4] . Africa Progress Panel (APP) conducted a survey on five mining deals between 2010 and 2012 in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). They found that the DRC was selling off state-owned mining companies at low prices. The new offshore owner would then resell the companies for much more, with much of the profit finding its way to DRC government officials [5] . The profits were twice as high as the combined budget for education and health, demonstrating that corruption caused by resource exploitation detracts from any long term growth.  [1] Straziuso,J. ‘No African Leader wins $45m Good Governance Award’ Yahoo News 14 October 2013   [2] Hollingshead,A. ‘Why are extractive industries prone to corruption?’ Financial Transparency Coalition 19 September 2013   [3] Pendergast,S.M., Kooten,G.C., & Clarke,J.A. ‘Corruption and the Curse of Natural Resources’ Department of Economics University of Victoria, 2008 pg.5   [4] Ibid  [5] Africa Progress Panel ‘Report: DRC mining deals highlight resource corruption’ 14 May 2013, Resource abundance, poor governance, corruption, African governance, natural resources, exploitation, political class, government control, accountability, citizenry, resource funding, profit, reinvestment, economy, human capital, infrastructure, education, long-term growth, funds, politicians, bureaucrats, Africa Progress Panel, mining deals, Democratic Republic of Congo, DRC, offshore ownership, resale, profit diversion, education budget, health budget, extractive industries, resource curse, financial transparency, economic development, mineral wealth Resource abundance, poor governance, corruption, African governance, resource exploitation, political class, government control, natural resources, accountability, citizenry, government abuse, profit, reinvestment, economy, human capital, infrastructure, education, long-term growth, politicians, bureaucrats, fund pocketing, Africa Progress Panel, mining deals, Democratic Republic of Congo, DRC, state-owned mining companies, offshore owners, profit diversion, education budget, health budget, extractive industries, corruption prone, resource curse Resource abundance, poor governance, corruption, African governance, natural resources, political exploitation, government control, resource funding, tax accountability, political abuse, profit, resource wealth reinvestment, economic growth, human capital, infrastructure investment, education investment, politician embezzlement, bureaucrat embezzlement, long-term growth, Africa Progress Panel, mining deals, Democratic Republic of Congo, state-owned mining companies, offshore ownership, resale profits, education budget, health budget, long-term growth, extractive industries, corruption causes, resource curse, economic studies, financial transparency Resource abundance, poor governance, corruption, African governance, resource exploitation, political class, government control, natural resources, accountability, citizenry, profit, reinvestment, economy, human capital, infrastructure, education, long-term growth, politicians, bureaucrats, Africa Progress Panel, mining deals, Democratic Republic of Congo, offshore owners, reselling, education budget, health budget, extractive industries, corruption causes, natural resource curse Resource abundance, poor governance, corruption, African governance, natural resources, exploitation, political class, government control, accountability, citizenry, abuse, profit, reinvestment, economy, human capital, infrastructure, education, long-term growth, politicians, bureaucrats, hindrance, Africa Progress Panel, mining deals, Democratic Republic of Congo, DRC, state-owned mining companies, offshore owners, profit diversion, education budget, health budget, extractive industries, Good Governance Award, financial transparency, natural resource curse
test-law-tlcplghwfne-pro03a	"Needle exchanges can help social services to locate addicts who are in need of treatment  Needle exchanges allow drug addicts to see formal parts of the state that they often associate with negatively as institutions that can help them. This allows them to more positively associate with other state mechanisms such as rehabilitation clinics in the future.  This is further helped by clinic staff being able to recommend drug addicts to rehabilitation centres should they be looking for help and due to the more anonymous nature of clinic staff, drug addicts might ask for help from them as opposed to a closer person who they fear might judge them.  In addition, social services for addicts can be centred on needle exchanges. Rehabilitation clinics as well as simpler facilities such as washrooms can be centred there as well as clinics for disease diagnosis. Further, in the clinics themselves, posters and information pertaining to drug awareness can be circulated in order to help addicts.1, 2  1. Debra L. O’Neill. ""Needle Exchange Programs: A Review of the Issues"". Missouri Institute of Mental Health. September 27, 2004 www.mimh200.mimh.edu/mimhweb/pie/reports/Needle%20Exchange.pdf  2. Noffs, David. “Should Needle Exchange Programmes Be publicly Funded?” Close to Home Online, needle exchanges, social services, locating addicts, treatment, state institutions, positive associations, rehabilitation clinics, staff recommendations, anonymity, seeking help, social services centering, washrooms, disease diagnosis, drug awareness, posters, information circulation, public funding, Debra L. O’Neill, Missouri Institute of Mental Health, David Noffs, Close to Home Online needle exchanges, social services, locating addicts, treatment, positive association, state mechanisms, rehabilitation clinics, clinic staff, anonymous nature, social services for addicts, washrooms, disease diagnosis, drug awareness, public funding, Debra L. O’Neill, Missouri Institute of Mental Health, David Noffs, Close to Home Online needle exchanges, social services, locating addicts, treatment, formal state institutions, positive association, rehabilitation clinics, staff recommendations, anonymity, drug awareness, posters, disease diagnosis, public funding, Debra L. O’Neill, Missouri Institute of Mental Health, David Noffs, Close to Home Online needle exchanges, social services, drug addicts, treatment, state institutions, rehabilitation clinics, clinic staff, anonymous nature, help seeking, social services for addicts, disease diagnosis, drug awareness, public funding, Debra L. O’Neill, Missouri Institute of Mental Health, David Noffs, Close to Home Online needle exchanges, social services, locating addicts, treatment, positive associations, state mechanisms, rehabilitation clinics, anonymous staff, help seeking, disease diagnosis, drug awareness, public funding, Missouri Institute of Mental Health, David Noffs"
test-philosophy-pppthbtcb-pro01a	Legitimacy  In extreme cases, in which peaceful and democratic methods have been exhausted, it is legitimate and justified to resort to terror. In cases of repression and suffering, with an implacably oppressive state and no obvious possibility of international relief, it is sometimes necessary to resort to violence to defend one’s people and pursue one’s cause.  Every individual or (minority) group has the right to express its discontent. The state, being a representation of the people, should facilitate this possibility. Even more, the state should support the rights of minorities, in order to prevent the will of the majority suppressing the rights of people with other interests. If this does not happen, the state has failed to serve its purpose and loses its legitimacy. This, in combination with the growing inequalities and injustices amongst certain groups, justifies committing acts of terror in order to defend these rights, that were denied in the first place.  For instance, Umkhonto we Sizwe, a liberation organisation associated with the African National Congress in South Africa and led by Nelson Mandela, decided in 1961 to turn to violence in order to achieve liberation and the abolishment of Apartheid. The reason they gave was:  “The time comes in the life of any nation when there remain only two choices: submit or fight. That time has now come to South Africa. (...) Refusal to resort to force has been interpreted by the government as an invitation to use armed force against the people without any fear of reprisals. The methods of Umkhonto we Sizwe mark a break with that past.” [1]  [1] African National Congress. (1961, December 16). Manifesto. Retrieved August 3, 2011, from African National Congress: legitimacy, extreme, peaceful, democratic, methods, exhausted, terror, repression, suffering, oppressive, state, international, relief, violence, defend, cause, individual, group, discontent, representation, people, support, minorities, rights, majority, inequalities, injustices, acts, terror, Umkhonto we Sizwe, liberation, South Africa, Nelson Mandela, Apartheid, submit, fight, government, armed, force, people, reprisals, methods, break, past Legitimacy, extreme cases, peaceful methods, democratic methods, terror, repression, suffering, oppressive state, international relief, violence, defend people, pursue cause, individual rights, minority rights, state representation, people's rights, majority rule, minority suppression, state purpose, inequalities, injustices, acts of terror, Umkhonto we Sizwe, African National Congress, Nelson Mandela, liberation, Apartheid, submit or fight, government interpretation, armed force, people's defense, reprisals, methods justification legitimacy, extreme, peaceful, democratic, methods, exhausted, terror, justified, repression, suffering, oppressive, state, international, relief, violence, defend, rights, minority, group, discontent, majority, inequalities, injustices, acts, terror, Umkhonto we Sizwe, liberation, African National Congress, Nelson Mandela, 1961, violence, liberation, Apartheid, submit, fight, government, reprisals, methods legitimacy, extreme, peaceful, democratic, methods, exhausted, justify, terror, repression, suffering, oppressive, state, international, relief, violence, defend, cause, individual, minority, group, discontent, representation, people, support, rights, prevent, majority, suppress, purpose, inequalities, injustices, acts, defend, denied, Umkhonto we Sizwe, liberation, African National Congress, Nelson Mandela, 1961, violence, liberation, Apartheid, submit, fight, government, interpretation, invitation, armed force, people, reprisals, break, past, manifesto legitimacy, extreme cases, peaceful methods, democratic methods, terror, repression, suffering, oppressive state, international relief, violence, defend people, pursue cause, individual rights, minority rights, state representation, majority suppression, state failure, inequalities, injustices, acts of terror, Umkhonto we Sizwe, African National Congress, Nelson Mandela, Apartheid, liberation, force, government interpretation, armed force, reprisals, manifesto, 1961, South Africa
test-law-phwmfri-pro02a	The rich are now also deterred  Another purpose of fines is to provide a deterrent. If fines are applied at one rate regardless of income, they must be low enough not to be un-payable for those who do not earn much money. Consequently, they are set so low that they fail to have a deterrent effect on the richest in society, who are easily able to afford to break the law.  This is especially the case when you consider the sorts of crimes that are punishable by fines, e.g. illicit parking and littering. These crimes have an indirect harm, and thus it is easy for the rich to consider that once they have paid the fine they have paid for the damage done, even though in reality this is not the case.1  1 Gneezy, U., Rustichini, A., 2000. ‘A Fine is a Price’. Journal of Legal Studies., vol. 29 pp1-17 rich, deterred, fines, deterrent, income, un-payable, low-income, richest, society, break, law, illicit, parking, littering, crimes, indirect, harm, paid, damage, Gneezy, Rustichini, 2000, Fine, Price, Journal, Legal, Studies rich, deterred, fines, deterrent, income, low, payable, poorest, high, richest, society, break, law, crimes, punishable, illicit, parking, littering, indirect, harm, paid, damage, Gneezy, Rustichini, 2000, Fine, Price, Journal, Legal, Studies rich, deterred, fines, deterrent, income, un-payable, low, set, low, effect, richest, society, break, law, crimes, punishable, illicit, parking, littering, indirect, harm, paid, damage, Gneezy, Rustichini, 2000, Fine, Price, Journal, Legal, Studies rich, deterred, fines, deterrent, income, un-payable, low-income, richest, society, break, law, crimes, punishable, illicit, parking, littering, indirect, harm, paid, damage, Gneezy, Rustichini, 2000, Fine, Price, Journal, Legal, Studies rich, deterred, fines, deterrent, income, un-payable, low-income, high-income, society, break law, illicit parking, littering, indirect harm, Gneezy, Rustichini, 2000, legal studies, fine as price
test-philosophy-npppmhwup-con02a	Affirmative action can create social tensions  Under the policy of affirmative action, there is a real danger that social tensions become inflamed. This is because in the process of benefiting minority groups it helps to disenfranchise the majority. For example in the 2001 riots in Oldham and other cities of Northern England one of the main complaints from poor white areas was alleged discrimination in council funding. [1] There was a possibility that the more privileged from minority groups such as upper-class blacks will be favoured at the expense of the marginalised within majority groups such as lower-class whites. Therefore, rather correct racial bias, affirmative action may inevitably deepen it.  [1] Amin, A., 2002. ‘Ethnicity and the multicultural city: living with diversity.’ Environment and Planning, 34, pp.959-980, p.963 affirmative action, social tensions, minority groups, majority disenfranchisement, 2001 Oldham riots, Northern England, council funding discrimination, upper-class minorities, lower-class majorities, racial bias, multicultural city, living with diversity, Amin 2002, Environment and Planning affirmative action, social tensions, minority groups, majority disenfranchisement, 2001 riots, Oldham, Northern England, council funding, racial bias, upper-class blacks, lower-class whites, ethnic diversity, multicultural city, Amin 2002 affirmative action, social tensions, minority groups, majority disenfranchisement, 2001 Oldham riots, Northern England, poor white areas, council funding discrimination, upper-class blacks, lower-class whites, racial bias, multicultural city, living with diversity, Amin 2002, Environment and Planning affirmative action, social tensions, minority groups, majority disenfranchisement, 2001 Oldham riots, Northern England, council funding discrimination, upper-class minorities, lower-class majorities, racial bias, multicultural city, living with diversity, Amin 2002, Environment and Planning affirmative action, social tensions, minority groups, majority disenfranchisement, 2001 Oldham riots, Northern England, poor white areas, council funding discrimination, upper-class blacks, lower-class whites, racial bias, Amin 2002, multicultural city, living with diversity
test-digital-freedoms-aihbiahr-pro02a	The right to internet access fills a gap in traditional human rights.  In our traditional human rights there is a hole when it comes to a right to receive and be able to seek out information. Almost everyone would consider freedom of speech and freedom of expression to be human rights but these rights are not very effective if there is not a way for those who wish to access that information. Michael L Best contends that Article 19 of the universal declaration of human rights on freedom of expression implies some symmetry but that freedom of authorship is privileged over freedom of readership. [1] In short governments could allow freedom of expression while ensuring that those expressing dissenting views have a very minimal audience without breaking human rights.  A right to the internet is the perfect human right to fill this gap. The internet is estimated to have over 35 billion web pages, [2] and the most recent digital universe study estimates that 1.8 trillion gigabytes would be created in 2011. [3] The sheer size of the internet means that it is the ideal medium for providing this right to access information. [4] The internet is also increasingly accessible to everyone making it possible to be considered universal; it is no longer something that the poor cannot hope to have access to. There are already over 2.1 billion people using the internet worldwide including 118 million in Africa. [5]  [1] Best, Michael L., ‘Can the Internet be a Human Right?’ Human Rights and Human Welfare, Vol.4 2004, p.23 (n.b. this link comes up with a warning when opened, dont worry it is safe - ahelling)  [2] World Wide Web Size.com, ‘The size of the World Wide Web (The Internet)’, 17 April 2012 .  [3] McGaughey, Katryn, ‘World’s Data More Than Doubling Every Two Years – Driving Big Data Opportunity, EMC2, 28 June 2011.  [4] Best, Michael L., ‘Can the Internet be a Human Right?’ Human Rights and Human Welfare, Vol.4 2004, p.23  [5] Clayton, Nick, ‘Internet has More Than 2 Billion Users’, TechEurope The Wall Street Journal, 19 January 2012. right to internet access, traditional human rights, freedom of speech, freedom of expression, information access, Article 19, Universal Declaration of Human Rights, symmetry, freedom of readership, government censorship, internet size, web pages, digital universe, internet accessibility, global internet users, Africa internet users, human rights gap, internet as human right, Michael L Best right to internet access, traditional human rights, freedom of speech, freedom of expression, Article 19, Universal Declaration of Human Rights, information access, Michael L Best, human rights gap, internet as human right, internet size, web pages, digital universe, internet accessibility, global internet usage, internet users, internet in Africa right to internet access, traditional human rights, freedom of speech, freedom of expression, information access, Article 19, universal declaration of human rights, internet size, web pages, digital universe, internet accessibility, global internet users, human rights gap, freedom of readership, dissenting views, internet as human right, internet growth, digital information, internet equity, internet universality, human rights framework, digital rights, information rights, internet freedom, online access, global connectivity, digital divide, internet penetration, human rights law, digital era rights right to internet access, traditional human rights, freedom of speech, freedom of expression, information access, Article 19, Universal Declaration of Human Rights, Michael L Best, freedom of readership, digital universe, internet size, web pages, global internet users, internet accessibility, poor internet access, Africa internet users, human right to internet, information rights, digital rights, internet as human right, information symmetry, freedom of authorship, digital divide, universal internet access, internet growth, internet statistics, internet impact, human rights gap, internet freedom, digital citizenship, online freedom, digital inclusivity, internet equity, global connectivity, digital right to internet access, human rights, freedom of speech, freedom of expression, information access, Article 19, Universal Declaration of Human Rights, Michael L Best, symmetry, freedom of readership, digital information, internet size, web pages, digital universe, internet accessibility, global internet usage, poverty and internet access, human right to information, digital rights, internet as a human right, internet freedom, information rights, online expression, digital divide, internet users, Africa internet penetration, internet rights, digital age rights, online information access, digital democracy, internet governance, digital citizenship, digital inclusion, information society, digital literacy, net
test-economy-bhahwbsps-con02a	"Smokers have a right to enjoy themselves.  Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights states that ""All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood""1. So, smokers have the same rights as non-smokers and should not be targeted because of how they choose to live their lives. Article 24 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights states that ""Everyone has the right to rest and leisure, including reasonable limitation of working hours and periodic holidays with pay"" 1.If some people get their rest and leisure by smoking with friends in a pub, it seems that governments should make it possible, by at least having smoking areas in pubs, restaurants, etc. A ban on smoking in all public places would mean smokers could never enjoy themselves like they want to, at least not legally. There are many groups which feel that the rights of the smoker are being ignored, e.g. ""Forest"".  1 Universal Declaration of Human Rights, General Assembly of the United Nations, smokers, rights, Universal Declaration of Human Rights, human dignity, equality, reason, conscience, brotherhood, rest, leisure, working hours, holidays, smoking areas, pubs, restaurants, public places, smoking ban, Forest, smoker rights smokers, rights, Universal Declaration of Human Rights, Article 1, Article 24, rest, leisure, smoking areas, pubs, restaurants, government, Forest, human rights, dignity, equality, conscience, brotherhood, smoking ban, public places, smoker's rights, legal enjoyment Smokers, rights, Universal Declaration of Human Rights, equality, dignity, rest, leisure, smoking areas, public places,禁烟令, Forest, human rights, non-smokers, enjoyment, pubs, restaurants, government policies, smoking ban, leisure activities, social rights Smokers, Rights, Universal Declaration of Human Rights, Smoking Areas, Public Places, Leisure, Equality, Forest, Ban, Dignity, Rest, Non-Smokers, Brotherhood, Working Hours, Holidays, Legal, Enjoyment, Targeted, Choices, Life, Governments, Possible, Pubs, Restaurants Smokers, rights, Universal Declaration of Human Rights, Article 1, dignity, equality, Article 24, rest, leisure, public places, smoking areas, pubs, restaurants, government, Forest, non-smokers, ban, legal, enjoyment, human rights, United Nations, periodic holidays, working hours, conscience, reason, brotherhood"
test-law-lgplhbssbco-con02a	The right to life means a right to death  When we speak of the right to life it means more than merely the right to be alive, it encompasses the right to self-ownership, the notion that one’s life is one’s own and that you are not beholden to anyone else by the mere fact that you are alive. It follows from this that there can be no duty on anyone to live beyond a point of their own choosing, and there should be no attempt to interfere with suicidal behaviour whether by individuals or by the law. [1]  [1] Chobli, Michael, ‘Suicide’, The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Edward n. Zalta (ed.), Fall 2009, right to life, right to death, self-ownership, life's ownership, no duty to live, interfere with suicide, suicidal behavior, legal interference, philosophy of life, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Chobli Michael, ethical considerations, individual choice, personal autonomy right to life, right to death, self-ownership, life autonomy, suicidal behavior, legal interference, individual choice, moral duty, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Michael Chobli right to life, right to death, self-ownership, life ownership, no duty to live, interfere with suicide, suicidal behavior, legal interference, philosophy of suicide, Chobli Michael, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy right to life, right to death, self-ownership, personal autonomy, suicide, legal interference, ethical considerations, philosophical arguments, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Chobli Michael right to life, right to death, self-ownership, personal autonomy, suicide, legal interference, moral duty, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Chobli Michael, ethical considerations, individual choice, non-interference, human rights, philosophical perspectives
test-international-aegmeppghw-pro01a	Turkey is a poverty stricken country and entry into the EU would help to raise the living standards for its entire population  The EU has welcomed poorer entrants than Turkey without disaster; Ireland, Spain, Portugal and Greece were all much poorer than the EU average when they joined and all are now well integrated and much more prosperous. Disastrous migration was forecast in their cases too, but did not occur. Nor is Turkey as poor as has been suggested; Turkey with a GDP per capita of $8215 in 2009 is richer than Romania at $7500 and Bulgaria with a GDP per capita of $6423 [1] both of which are already members. Turkey’s economy is also in the process of reform, including the restructuring of its banking system and IMF programmes; in the next few years this process will allow for faster, more sustained growth. Turkey provides a large new market for EU goods; should it be accepted into the single market the economic benefits would not be solely limited to that country.  Turkey’s inclusion in the EU would not threaten other members with overwhelming economic or immigration issues. It is possible that, as has happened with Bulgaria and Romania, that a delay is enacted for the Schengen passport-free zone [2] . This would give both the current EU and Turkey a period of time to adjust.  [1]  The World Bank, GDP per capita (current US$), 2009  [2]  ‘EU newcomers smart over Schengen delay’ by Chris Bryant, 21st Jan 2011 Turkey, poverty, EU, living standards, poorer entrants, Ireland, Spain, Portugal, Greece, migration, GDP per capita, Romania, Bulgaria, economic reform, banking system, IMF programmes, market, single market, economic benefits, Schengen, passport-free zone, delay, adjustment period Turkey, poverty, EU, living standards, Ireland, Spain, Portugal, Greece, migration, GDP, Romania, Bulgaria, economy, reform, banking system, IMF, market, single market, economic benefits, Schengen, passport-free zone, delay, adjustment period Turkey, EU, poverty, living standards, Ireland, Spain, Portugal, Greece, GDP per capita, Romania, Bulgaria, economic reform, banking system, IMF, Schengen, immigration, single market, economic benefits, member states, World Bank, Chris Bryant Turkey, poverty, EU, living standards, economic integration, Ireland, Spain, Portugal, Greece, GDP, Romania, Bulgaria, IMF, banking system, single market, Schengen, migration, economic growth, market expansion, immigration issues, World Bank, Chris Bryant, EU newcomers, Schengen delay Turkey, poverty, EU, living standards, Ireland, Spain, Portugal, Greece, migration, GDP per capita, Romania, Bulgaria, IMF, banking system, single market, Schengen, passport-free zone, economic benefits, integration,Prosperity, Economic reform, Market enlargement, Delayed entry, Adjustment period, Economic impacts, Immigration issues, World Bank, Chris Bryant, EU newcomers, Schengen delay
test-environment-aeghhgwpe-pro02a	Being vegetarian helps the environment  Becoming a vegetarian is an environmentally friendly thing to do. Modern farming is one of the main sources of pollution in our rivers. Beef farming is one of the main causes of deforestation, and as long as people continue to buy fast food in their billions, there will be a financial incentive to continue cutting down trees to make room for cattle. Because of our desire to eat fish, our rivers and seas are being emptied of fish and many species are facing extinction. Energy resources are used up much more greedily by meat farming than my farming cereals, pulses etc. Eating meat and fish not only causes cruelty to animals, it causes serious harm to the environment and to biodiversity. For example consider Meat production related pollution and deforestation  At Toronto’s 1992 Royal Agricultural Winter Fair, Agriculture Canada displayed two contrasting statistics: “it takes four football fields of land (about 1.6 hectares) to feed each Canadian” and “one apple tree produces enough fruit to make 320 pies.” Think about it — a couple of apple trees and a few rows of wheat on a mere fraction of a hectare could produce enough food for one person! [1]  The 2006 U.N. Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) report concluded that worldwide livestock farming generates 18% of the planet's greenhouse gas emissions — by comparison, all the world's cars, trains, planes and boats account for a combined 13% of greenhouse gas emissions. [2]  As a result of the above point producing meat damages the environment. The demand for meat drives deforestation. Daniel Cesar Avelino of Brazil's Federal Public Prosecution Office says “We know that the single biggest driver of deforestation in the Amazon is cattle.” This clearing of tropical rainforests such as the Amazon for agriculture is estimated to produce 17% of the world's greenhouse gas emissions. [3] Not only this but the production of meat takes a lot more energy than it ultimately gives us chicken meat production consumes energy in a 4:1 ratio to protein output; beef cattle production requires an energy input to protein output ratio of 54:1.  The same is true with water use due to the same phenomenon of meat being inefficient to produce in terms of the amount of grain needed to produce the same weight of meat, production requires a lot of water. Water is another scarce resource that we will soon not have enough of in various areas of the globe. Grain-fed beef production takes 100,000 liters of water for every kilogram of food. Raising broiler chickens takes 3,500 liters of water to make a kilogram of meat. In comparison, soybean production uses 2,000 liters for kilogram of food produced; rice, 1,912; wheat, 900; and potatoes, 500 liters. [4] This is while there are areas of the globe that have severe water shortages. With farming using up to 70 times more water than is used for domestic purposes: cooking and washing. A third of the population of the world is already suffering from a shortage of water. [5] Groundwater levels are falling all over the world and rivers are beginning to dry up. Already some of the biggest rivers such as China’s Yellow river do not reach the sea. [6]  With a rising population becoming vegetarian is the only responsible way to eat.  [1] Stephen Leckie, ‘How Meat-centred Eating Patterns Affect Food Security and the Environment’, International development research center  [2] Bryan Walsh, Meat: Making Global Warming Worse, Time magazine, 10 September 2008 .  [3] David Adam, Supermarket suppliers ‘helping to destroy Amazon rainforest’, The Guardian, 21st June 2009.  [4] Roger Segelken, U.S. could feed 800 million people with grain that livestock eat, Cornell Science News, 7th August 1997.  [5] Fiona Harvey, Water scarcity affects one in three, FT.com, 21st August 2003  [6] Rupert Wingfield-Hayes, Yellow river ‘drying up’, BBC News, 29th July 2004 vegetarian, environment, farming, pollution, rivers, beef, deforestation, fast food, fish, extinction, energy resources, meat production, pollution, biodiversity, greenhouse gas emissions, livestock, Amazon, water use, grain, population, food security, climate change, sustainability, cereal, pulses, cattle, apple tree, wheat, soybean, rice, potatoes, groundwater, Yellow River, ethical eating, environmental impact, cornell science news, guardian, time magazine, bbc news, ft.com, international development research center vegetarian, environment, farming, pollution, rivers, beef, deforestation, fast food, trees, cattle, fish, extinction, energy, resources, meat, cruelty, biodiversity, greenhouse gases, emissions, apples, wheat, FAO, livestock, climate change, Amazon, cattle ranching, water, scarcity, protein, efficiency, global warming, population, food security, sustainability, cornell, guardian, time, ft, bbc, resource consumption, ethical eating, land use, carbon footprint, environmental impact, animal agriculture, plant-based diet, deforestation drivers, food production, resource-intensive, environmental degradation, water use, water vegetarian, environment, pollution, deforestation, beef, farming, rivers, seas, fish, extinction, energy, resources, meat, cereals, pulses, greenhouse, gases, livestock, emissions, football, fields, apple, trees, wheat, UN, FAO, cattle, Amazon, Daniel, Cesar, Avelino, energy, ratio, protein, output, water, scarcity, domestic, usage, population, food, security, sustainability, environmental, impact, farming, practices, biodiversity, cruelty, animals, ethical, eating, responsible, consumption, global, warming, climate, change, resources, management, agriculture vegetarian, environment, farming, pollution, deforestation, beef, cattle, fish, biodiversity, energy, resources, greenhouse, emissions, water, scarcity, population, responsibility, soybean, wheat, potatoes, cornell, un, fao, guardian, time, bbc, ft.com vegetarian, environment, pollution, deforestation, beef farming, fast food, fish, biodiversity, energy resources, meat production, greenhouse gas emissions, livestock farming, cattle, Amazon, water use, grain, population, food security, ethical eating, climate change, resource depletion, sustainable agriculture, animal cruelty, environmental impact, food production, resource efficiency, water scarcity, carbon footprint, land use, animal farming, cereal farming, pulses, protein output, agricultural water use, groundwater, river systems, food sustainability, environmental responsibility, conservation, ecological footprint, vegetarianism benefits, global warming, livestock impact, meat consumption, water conservation, agricultural
test-health-hgwhwbjfs-con02a	"Targeting schools will be an ineffective strategy.  Schools may seem like a perfect place to effect behavioral change in youth, since 95% of young people are enrolled in schools. [1]  But what researchers find is that changing the choices we have available does not necessarily lead to any behavioral change. Penny Gordon-Larsen, one of the researchers, wrote: ""Our findings suggest that no single approach, such as just having access to fresh fruits and veggies, might be effective in changing the way people eat. We really need to look at numerous ways of changing diet behaviors. There are likely more effective ways to influence what people eat.” [2]  In the case of school children is this point seems particularly salient. Given that high school students in the US average only 6 hours in school [3] and the widespread availability of fast and other forms of “junk food”, we can hardly expect that impacting this single environment of the school will lead to any lasting behavioral changes. Realistically, what we can expect is for school children to go outside the school to find their favorite snacks and dishes.  Even if, by some miracle, the ban would change the behavior of children in schools, there is still the matter of 10 hours (the ATUS suggests kids sleep an average of 8 hours per day) they will spend outside schools, where their meal choices will not be as tailored and limited.  [1] Wechsler, H., et al., 'The Role of Schools in Preventing Childhood Obesity', National Association of State Boards of Education, December 2004,  , accessed 9/11/2011  [2] Nordqvist, C., 'No Single Approach Will Solve America's Obesity Epidemic', Medical News Today, 11 June 2011,  , accessed 9/11/2011  [3] Bureau of Labor Statistics, 'American Time Use Survey', 22 May 2011,  , accessed 9/11/2011 Targeting schools, ineffective strategy, behavioral change, youth, school enrollment, changing choices, no behavioral change, Penny Gordon-Larsen, multiple approaches, diet behaviors, high school students, school hours, fast food, junk food, lasting behavioral changes, school environment, outside school, meal choices, obesity prevention, American Time Use Survey, sleep hours, childhood obesity targeting schools, ineffective strategy, behavioral change, youth, school enrollment, changing choices, diet behaviors, high school students, school hours, fast food, junk food, meal choices, outside school, childhood obesity, obesity epidemic, American Time Use Survey, Penny Gordon-Larsen, National Association of State Boards of Education, Medical News Today, Bureau of Labor Statistics Targeting schools, ineffective strategy, behavioral change, youth, access to fresh fruits, changing diet behaviors, multiple approaches, high school students, meal choices, outside school, obesity epidemic, American Time Use Survey, National Association of State Boards of Education, childhood obesity prevention Targeting schools, ineffective strategy, behavioral change, youth, school enrollment, changing choices, behavioral change, Penny Gordon-Larsen, diet behaviors, high school students, school hours, fast food, junk food, meal choices, outside school, obesity, childhood obesity, American Time Use Survey, sleep duration targeting schools, ineffective strategy, behavioral change, youth, school enrollment, changing choices, dietary behavior, Penny Gordon-Larsen, multiple approaches, diet modification, high school students, school hours, fast food, junk food, meal choices, childhood obesity, prevention, American Time Use Survey, outside school environment, sleep duration, eating habits"
test-religion-yercfrggms-pro01a	Entirely natural theories can adequately explain the existence and development of the Universe and all it contains, making God irrelevant to the discussion of reality:  Physics and cosmology explain the development and evolution of the Universe and the bodies within it. Chemistry explains the interactions of substances and the origin of life. Biology explains the development of life’s complexity through the long process of evolution. God, or gods, is a superfluous entity in the discussion of existence; He is entirely unnecessary to human scientific understanding. [1] At best, believers can point to various missing links in science’s explanation, using God to fill the gaps. The God of the Gaps is a weak God whose domain grows smaller each day as science progresses. Furthermore, there is no evidence of the supernatural existing at all, if that is what God is meant to be. The burden of proof in a debate concerning the existence of something is on the individual making the positive claim. In a debate over the existence of God, it is up to the believer to provide evidence for that belief. [2] The rational position in the absence of evidence is atheism. It is not a positive claim about anything, but is merely the absence of belief in God, which makes sense in the light of there being no positive evidence of God’s existence. If believers claim God lives outside the Universe, or that He cannot be empirically identified due to His ethereal nature, then in truth they are saying nothing. Only the natural world exists insofar as humans can demonstrate. The supernatural is pure fantasy.  [1] Boyer, Pascal. 2001. Religion Explained: The Evolutionary Origins of Religious Thought. New York: Basic Books.  [2] Russell, Bertrand. 1952. “Is There a God?” Campaign for Philosophical Freedom. Available: natural theories, physics, cosmology, chemistry, biology, evolution, God, superfluous entity, God of the Gaps, supernatural, burden of proof, atheism, empirical evidence, natural world, supernatural fantasy, religious thought, philosophical debate natural theories, physics, cosmology, universe, development, evolution, chemistry, interactions, substances, origin of life, biology, complexity, scientific understanding, God, superfluous, missing links, God of the Gaps, supernatural, burden of proof, debate, existence, atheism, absence of belief, empirical identification, natural world, supernatural, fantasy, Boyer, Religion Explained, Russell, Is There a God natural theories, God, irrelevant, physics, cosmology, universe, development, evolution, chemistry, interactions, substances, origin of life, biology, life’s complexity, superfluous entity, God of the Gaps, supernatural, evidence, burden of proof, atheism, rational position, natural world, supernatural, fantasy, Bertrand Russell, Pascal Boyer natural theories, universe development, physics, cosmology, chemistry, origin of life, biology, evolution, God irrelevant, superfluous entity, God of the Gaps, no supernatural evidence, burden of proof, atheism, natural world, supernatural fantasy, Pascal Boyer, Religion Explained, Bertrand Russell, Is There a God natural theories, universe, god, irrelevant, physics, cosmology, chemistry, life origin, biology, evolution, superfluous, missing links, science progression, supernatural, evidence, burden of proof, debate, atheism, natural world, fantasy, Religion Explained, Bertrand Russell, Is There a God
test-international-aahwstdrtfm-con01a	Should recognise a democracy  São Tomé is a multiparty democracy and has been since 1995 with free and fair elections. [1] The country is eleventh on the Ibrahim Index of African Governance. [2] It should therefore be supporting its fellow democracy; Taiwan. As a country that was a colony of Portugal for five hundred years having only secured independence in 1975 São Tomé should not wish to support a country that colonises others such as Tibet and Inner Mongolia, seeks to colonise Taiwan, and engages in aggressive actions to seize small islands in nearby seas.  [1] Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor, ‘Sao Tome and Principe’, U.S. Department of State, 2012,   [2] ‘The Ibrahim Index of African Governance’, Mo Ibrahim Foundation,  accessed 10/2/2014 São Tomé, democracy, multiparty, free elections, fair elections, Ibrahim Index, African Governance, Taiwan, Portugal, colony, independence, 1975, Tibet, Inner Mongolia, aggressive actions, small islands, Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, Labor, U.S. Department of State, Mo Ibrahim Foundation democracy, São Tomé, multiparty, free elections, Ibrahim Index, African Governance, Taiwan, Portugal, colony, independence, Tibet, Inner Mongolia, aggressive actions, small islands, Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, U.S. Department of State, Mo Ibrahim Foundation democracy, São Tomé, multiparty, elections, Ibrahim Index, African Governance, Taiwan, Portugal, colony, independence, Tibet, Inner Mongolia, aggressive actions, small islands, Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, Labor, U.S. Department of State, Mo Ibrahim Foundation democracy, São Tomé, multiparty, free elections, fair elections, Ibrahim Index, African Governance, Taiwan, Portugal, colony, independence, 1975, Tibet, Inner Mongolia, colonisation, aggressive actions, small islands, Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, Labor, U.S. Department of State, Mo Ibrahim Foundation São Tomé, democracy, multiparty, free elections, fair elections, Ibrahim Index, African Governance, supporting democracy, Taiwan, colony, Portugal, independence, 1975, anti-colonialism, Tibet, Inner Mongolia, aggressive actions, small islands, U.S. Department State, Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, Mo Ibrahim Foundation
test-sport-aastshsrqsar-pro03a	Most South Africans support quotas  In 2006, the South African Social Attitudes Survey revealed that most South Africans (56%) support a quota system [1] . This support remained roughly the same over a four year period. Sport should reflect the will of the population of the country, if the population wants quotas then there should be quotas. There is particularly strong support from quotas among black people (63%) implying they feel that something needs to be done in order to let them into the sport. Doing nothing will simply ensure the status quo with very few non-white rugby players remains indefinitely.  [1] Struwig, Jare, and Roberts, Ben, ‘The numbers game Public support for sports quotas’, South African Social Attitudes Survey, p.13, South Africans, support, quotas, 2006, Social Attitudes Survey, 56%, Sport, population, will, black people, 63%, non-white, rugby, status quo, Struwig, Roberts, numbers game, public opinion, South Africa, sports, representation, equity, demographic, inclusion, transformation South Africans, support, quotas, 2006, Social Attitudes Survey, sport, population, black people, rugby, non-white, status quo South Africans, support, quotas, 2006, South African Social Attitudes Survey, 56%, quota system, sport, population, black people, 63%, rugby, non-white, status quo, Jare Struwig, Ben Roberts, The numbers game, public support, sports quotas South Africans, support, quotas, 2006, Social Attitudes Survey, 56%, quota system, Sport, population, black people, 63%, non-white rugby players, status quo, public support, sports quotas South Africans, support, quotas, 2006, Social Attitudes Survey, sport, population, rugby, non-white, status quo, black people, public opinion, Struwig, Roberts, numbers game, South Africa, quotas system, attitudes, demographics, sports representation
test-science-eassgbatj-con05a	Research animals are well treated  Animals used in research generally don’t suffer. While they may be in pain, they are generally given pain killers, and when they are put down this is done humanely. [16] They are looked after, as healthy animals mean better experimental results. These animals live better lives than they would in the wild.  As long as animals are treated well there shouldn’t be a moral objection to animal research. This is exactly the same as with raising animals that will be used for meat. animal research, well-treated animals, pain management, humane euthanasia, animal care, experimental results, animal welfare, moral objections, animal testing, animal ethics, laboratory animals, animal rights, meat animals, wild animals, ethical treatment, research ethics animal research, well-treated animals, pain management, humane treatment, animal welfare, experimental results, moral objections, animal rights, animal testing, ethical considerations, laboratory animals, animal husbandry, veterinary care, pain relief, research ethics, animal welfare standards animal research, well-treated animals, pain management, humane euthanasia, animal welfare, experimental results, ethical treatment, moral objection, animal farming, meat production animal research, ethical treatment, pain management, humane euthanasia, animal welfare, experimental accuracy, moral considerations, livestock comparison, wild vs captive, health monitoring research animals, well-treated, animal welfare, pain management, humane euthanasia, experimental results, moral ethics, animal research, animal rights, meat industry, animal treatment, health, wild animals, ethical considerations, scientific research, animal care, laboratory animals
test-culture-mthbah-pro02a	People are given too much choice, which makes them less happy.  Advertising leads to many people being overwhelmed by the endless need to decide between competing demands on their attention – this is known as the tyranny of choice or choice overload. Recent research suggests that people are on average less happy than they were 30 years ago - despite being better off and having much more choice of things to spend their money on1. The claims of adverts crowd in on people, raising expectations about a product and leading to inevitable disappointment after it is bought. A recent advertisement for make-up was banned in Britain due to the company presenting its product as being more effective than it actually was2. Shoppers feel that a poor purchase is their fault for not choosing more wisely, and regret not choosing something else instead. Some people are so overwhelmed that they cannot choose at all.  1Schwartz, The Tyranny of Choice, 2004.  2 Kekeh , Too Beautiful? British MP Draws Line in Sand for Cosmetic Ads , 2011. choice overload, tyranny of choice, advertising, consumer decision-making, consumer dissatisfaction, product expectations, purchase regret, advertising regulation, consumer well-being, economic affluence, happiness decline, consumer choice, Schwartz, Kekeh, cosmetic advertising, banned advertisement, consumer overwhelm, decision fatigue, consumer responsibility, product disappointment choice overload, tyranny of choice, advertising, consumer dissatisfaction, decision fatigue, product expectations, buyer's remorse, consumer choice, Schwartz 2004, Kekeh 2011, cosmetic advertising, banned ads, consumer overwhelm, happiness decline, economic prosperity, purchasing decisions, regret, choice paralysis tyranny of choice, choice overload, advertising, consumer happiness, decision fatigue, product expectations, buyer's remorse, consumer choice, economic well-being, dissatisfaction, unrealistic claims, banned advertisements, makeup advertising, British regulations, cosmetic ads, consumer rights, information overload, purchasing decisions, regret, overwhelm, decision paralysis choice overload, tyranny of choice, consumer happiness, advertising impact, decision fatigue, product expectations, consumer disappointment, purchase regret, consumer choice, Schwartz, Kekeh, cosmetic advertising, banned ads, consumer behavior, economic well-being, societal happiness, marketing ethics, consumer psychology, information overload, decision-making difficulty tyranny of choice, choice overload, advertising, consumer happiness, decision fatigue, product expectations, disappointment, consumer regret, Schwartz, make-up advertisement ban, British regulation, cosmetic ads, consumer overwhelm, economic well-being, purchasing decisions, consumer responsibility, too much choice, happiness decline, consumerism, media influence, psychological impact, consumer protection, false advertising
test-economy-beplcpdffe-pro01a	Gambling is bad for you.  Gamblers may win money from time to time, but in the long run, the House always wins. Why should governments allow an activity that helps their citizens lose the money they have worked so hard to earn? The harm is not just the loss of money and possible bankruptcy; it causes depression, insomnia, and other stress related disorders [4]. The internet has made gambling so much easier to do and encouraged lots of new people to place bets so dramatically multiplying the harm. Gambling, negative impacts, financial loss, government regulation, social harm, addiction, mental health, internet gambling, betting, public policy, economic consequences, gambling disorders, stress, depression, insomnia, bankruptcy, ethical concerns, long-term effects, household economy, online betting, regulatory frameworks, societal impact gambling, negative impacts, financial loss, bankruptcy, mental health, depression, insomnia, stress disorders, internet gambling, increased accessibility, new gamblers, societal harm, government regulation, long-term consequences gambling, negative impact, financial loss, bankruptcy, mental health, depression, insomnia, stress, government regulation, online gambling, societal harm, addiction gambling, negative, financial, loss, bankruptcy, government, regulation, health, mental, stress, disorder, depression, insomnia, internet, accessibility, betting, harm, societal, impact, addiction gambling, negative, addiction, financial loss, bankruptcy, mental health, depression, insomnia, stress, government regulation, internet gambling, new gamblers, societal harm
test-law-lghbacpsba-con03a	Client-Attorney Privilege is already qualified appropriately  In exceptional circumstances, solicitors are told that they may depart from the rule of confidentiality contained in Rule 4 of the Solicitors' Code of conduct. Note 9 states that there are some regulatory bodies that are entitled to be informed of apparently confidential client communications. [1] In cases of suspected money laundering, solicitors have a duty under the Money Laundering Regulations 2007 [2] to inform relevant bodies of any suspected money laundering or any handling of the proceeds of crime. This means that there is flexibility in the rule of client confidentiality and client-attorney privilege which allows for justice to take its course in serious circumstances.  [1] Rule 4: Confidentiality and disclosure, Solicitors’ Code of Conduct 2007,  accessed 18/05/11  [2] The Money Laundering Regulations 2007, legislation.gov.uk, No2157, 2007, Client-Attorney Privilege, Confidentiality, Solicitors' Code of Conduct, Money Laundering Regulations 2007, Regulatory Bodies, Exceptional Circumstances, Duty to Inform, Proceeds of Crime, Flexibility, Client Confidentiality, Serious Circumstances, Justice Client-Attorney Privilege, Confidentiality, Solicitors' Code of Conduct, Rule 4, Regulatory Bodies, Client Communications, Money Laundering, Money Laundering Regulations 2007, Proceeds of Crime, Duty to Inform, Serious Circumstances, Flexibility in Confidentiality, Legal Ethics, Professional Conduct, Solicitors, Disclosure, Regulatory Compliance, Legal Regulations, Professional Obligations, Confidential Information, Legal Adherence, Exceptional Circumstances, Justice, Legal Framework, Solicitor-Client Relationship Client-Attorney Privilege, Confidentiality, Rule 4, Solicitors' Code of Conduct, Regulatory Bodies, Money Laundering Regulations 2007, Money Laundering, Proceeds of Crime, Client Communications, Duty to Report, Serious Circumstances, Legal Ethics, Professional Conduct, Exceptions to Confidentiality, Regulatory Compliance Client-Attorney Privilege, Confidentiality, Solicitors' Code of Conduct, Rule 4, Regulatory Bodies, Client Communications, Money Laundering, Money Laundering Regulations 2007, Proceeds of Crime, Duty to Report, Serious Circumstances, Legal Ethics, Professional Conduct Client-Attorney Privilege, Confidentiality, Solicitors' Code of Conduct, Rule 4, Regulatory Bodies, Client Communications, Money Laundering, Money Laundering Regulations 2007, Proceeds of Crime, Flexibility, Justice, Serious Circumstances
test-religion-frghbbgi-pro05a	The Null Hypothesis  With regards to any proposition the only consistent and rational view is to assume that it is not true unless sufficient evidence is put forward to nullify that assumption.  The proposition need also be falsifiable, that is to say, there must be some potential fact that could be proven in order to disprove it. God is unfalsifiable because there is nothing. Null Hypothesis, proposition, rational view, assumption, evidence, falsifiable, potential fact, disprove, God, unfalsifiable null hypothesis, rational assumption, evidence, falsifiable, proposition, disprove, God, unfalsifiable, potential fact null hypothesis, proposition, rational view, assumption, sufficient evidence, falsifiable, potential fact, disprove, God, unfalsifiable null hypothesis, proposition, evidence, assumption, falsifiable, fact, disprove, God, unfalsifiable null hypothesis, rational view, proposition, evidence, assumption, falsifiable, fact, disprove, god, unfalsifiable
test-economy-epsihbdns-con04a	Restrictions cause an incredible loss of potential  One of the best things about a functioning developed nation is that young people can choose their profession. Apart from this being beneficial for the individual, this means that the best suited person for a given trade will often be the same that pursues it. If we prevent people from moving freely we deprive the cities of talented people whose talents and skills are much better suited for urban professions than for rural jobs. In short, this policy would make farmers out of the potential lawyers, politicians, doctors, teachers etc. Indeed this is the whole basis of most models of migration, people leave rural areas because there is surplus labour in that area while the cities needs new workers. [1]  [1] Taylor, J. Edward, and Martin, Philip L., “Human Capital: Migration and Rural Population Change”, Handbook of Agricultural Economics, Restrictions, loss, potential, developed, nation, young, people, choose, profession, beneficial, individual, best, suited, person, trade, prevent, freely, deprive, cities, talented, talents, skills, urban, professions, rural, jobs, policy, farmers, potential, lawyers, politicians, doctors, teachers, basis, models, migration, rural, areas, surplus, labour, cities, workers, human, capital, rural, population, change, Taylor, Edward, Martin, Philip, Handbook, Agricultural, Economics Restrictions, loss, potential, developed, nation, young, people, choose, profession, beneficial, individual, best, suited, person, trade, prevent, moving, freely, deprive, cities, talented, talents, skills, urban, professions, rural, jobs, policy, farmers, lawyers, politicians, doctors, teachers, basis, models, migration, surplus, labour, needs, workers, Taylor, Edward, Martin, Philip, Human, Capital, Rural, Population, Change, Handbook, Agricultural, Economics Restrictions, Loss, Potential, Developed Nation, Young People, Profession Choice, Individual Benefit, Best Suited Person, Talent Deprivation, Cities, Rural Areas, Skills, Urban Professions, Policy Impact, Farmers, Lawyers, Politicians, Doctors, Teachers, Migration Models, Surplus Labour, Urban Workforce, Human Capital, Rural Population Change, Agricultural Economics, Taylor, J. Edward, Martin, Philip L. Restrictions, Potential, Developed Nation, Young People, Profession, Individual Benefit, Talent Suitability, Free Movement, Cities, Talented People, Urban Professions, Rural Jobs, Policy Impact, Farmers, Lawyers, Politicians, Doctors, Teachers, Migration Models, Rural Areas, Surplus Labour, Urban Workers, Taylor, Edward, Martin, Philip, Human Capital, Rural Population Change, Handbook of Agricultural Economics restrictions, loss, potential, developed, nation, young, people, profession, beneficial, individual, best, suited, person, trade, policy, prevent, moving, freely, deprive, cities, talented, skills, urban, professions, rural, jobs, farmers, lawyers, politicians, doctors, teachers, models, migration, surplus, labour, cities, workers, Taylor, Edward, Martin, Philip, Human, Capital, rural, population, change, Handbook, Agricultural, Economics
test-health-ahiahbgbsp-pro04a	Reduces growth of tobacco  Less people smoking means less tobacco being purchased – something that would contribute to the reduction in the tobacco industry. The industry is known for its exploitative labour practices, from child labour (80,000 children in Malawi work in tobacco farming, can result in nicotine poisoning – 90% of what is grown is sold to American Big Tobacco 1 ) to extortionate loans. 2 Reducing the size of such an industry can only be a good thing.  1 Palitza, Kristin, “Child labour: tobacco’s smoking gun”, The Guardian, 14 September 2011,   2 Action on Smoking and Health, p3 tobacco, smoking reduction, tobacco industry, labor exploitation, child labor, Malawi, nicotine poisoning, American Big Tobacco, loans, industry reduction, health, ethics, economics, tobacco farming, guardian, action on smoking and health tobacco, smoking reduction, tobacco industry, exploitative labour, child labour, Malawi, nicotine poisoning, Big Tobacco, extortionate loans, industry reduction, Kristin Palitza, The Guardian, Action on Smoking and Health tobacco, smoking, reduction, purchase, industry, labor, child, Malawi, nicotine, poisoning, big, tobacco, loans, exploitation, size, impact, health, guardian, action, ash, statistics, child-labour, farming, American, companies, economic, social, public, policy, regulation, global, trade, market, supply, demand, ethics, welfare, rights, sustainability, environment, growth, development, youth, workforce, employment, conditions, safety, education, awareness, campaign, intervention, prevention, control, harm, reduction, cessation, support, rehabilitation, health, effects, prevention, tobacco, smoking, reduction, purchase, industry, exploitative, labour, child, Malawi, nicotine, poisoning, American, Big, Tobacco, loans, size, impact, health, Palitza, Kristin, Guardian, Action, Smoking, Ash, p3 tobacco, smoking, reduction, industry, exploitative, labour, child, Malawi, nicotine, poisoning, Big, Tobacco, loans, size, impact, health, Palitza, Kristin, Guardian, Action, Smoking, Ash
test-religion-msgfhwbamec-pro03a	Women in arranged marriages in Europe are disproportionately likely to suffer abuse  Arranged marriages are often different when practiced in the home countries of many immigrant families in Europe, where women often have networks of friends and relatives to rely on. The danger with allowing arranged marriages to happen in EU countries are that the women at the centre are often far more vulnerable, away from their own family, unfamiliar with the local language and fully reliant on their husband’s family. This makes it easier for domestic abuses to go undetected which is simply compounding problems of underreporting. [1] It is therefore likely that there is more domestic violence within arranged marriages. [2]  This is shown even amongst women who still consented to arranged marriages but faced abuse from their husbands – such as with the case of Razia Sodagar, whose husband abandoned her for another woman after she failed to fall pregnant. [3]  This illustrates how it is not always easy to draw a clear division between arranged marriages and forced marriages, as the former can often bear the same characteristics as the latter. It would therefore be safer to outlaw both.  [1] ‘Ethnic domestic violence ‘hidden’’, BBC News, 20 September 2007,   [2] Gotrik, Jennifer, ‘India domestic abuse more common in ‘arranged’ marriages’, Womennewsnetwork, 12 September 2011,   [3] ‘Fighting Arranged Marriage Abuse,’ BBC, 12 July 1999 - women, arranged marriages, Europe, abuse, immigrant families, vulnerability, language barrier, domestic violence, underreporting, forced marriages, Razia Sodagar, legal restrictions, societal issues, cultural practices, human rights, gender equality, societal norms, marital consent, spousal abuse, psychological abuse, social isolation, legal protection, cultural integration, marital rights, domestic abuse, migrant women, marital violence, European Union, legislative measures, social support, family networks, marriage practices, gender-based violence, legal reform, international perspectives, human trafficking, domestic abuse prevention, social services, immigrant women, cultural sensitivity, community support, legal Women, arranged marriages, Europe, abuse, immigrant families, vulnerability, domestic violence, underreporting, Razia Sodagar, forced marriages, outlaw, BBC, India, domestic abuse, Womennewsnetwork Women, arranged marriages, Europe, abuse, vulnerability, immigrant families, domestic violence, underreporting, forced marriages, outlaw, Razia Sodagar, BBC, domestic abuse, ethnic, hidden, India, Womennewsnetwork, fighting, arranged marriage abuse Women, arranged marriages, Europe, abuse, immigrant families, vulnerability, domestic violence, underreporting, forced marriages, outlaw, Razia Sodagar, BBC, Womennewsnetwork, Jennifer Gotrik Women, arranged marriages, Europe, abuse, immigrant families, vulnerability, language barrier, domestic violence, underreporting, Razia Sodagar, forced marriages, outlaw, BBC News, Womennewsnetwork, fighting arranged marriage abuse
test-religion-wcprrgrhbmi-con02a	A practice that is thousands of years old and has not been found to cause harm during that time is unlikely to now  Where there compelling evidence from medical science that a process that predates it had some proven harm then there might be good reason to restrict it but that evidence simply isn’t there. What is known is that circumcisions have been performed for millennia without causing widespread difficulties. In addition, historically, the procedure has been performed in circumstances far less safe than the confines of a modern, well-equipped hospital where it usually takes place now, and to no apparent ill effect.  Even using the term ‘abuse’ to describe such a practice shows a lack of respect for those people who are genuinely victims of abuse. circumcision, millennia, harm, medical evidence, restriction, historical context, safety, modern practice, abuse definition, respect, victims circumcision, millennia, harm, evidence, medical, science, restrictions, safety, hospital, abuse, victims, respect circumcision, millennia, harm, medical, evidence, restriction, abuse, victims, respect, tradition, safety, hospitals, practice, history, modern, procedure, difficulties, term, describe, people circumcision, historical practice, medical evidence, harm, millennia, cultural respect, abuse definition, safety conditions, modern procedures, victim recognition circumcision, millennia, safety, medical-science, harm, evidence, practice, abuse, victims, respect, historical-context, modern-hospitals, ritual, health-implications
test-international-sepiahbaaw-pro02a	Environmental Damage  Both licit and illicit resource extraction have caused ecological and environmental damage in Africa. The procurement of many natural resources requires processes such as mining and deforestation, which are harmful to the environment. Deforestation for access purposes, timber and cattle has led to around 3.4 million hectares of woodland being destroyed between 2000 and 2010 and, in turn, soil degradation [1] . As Africa’s rainforest are necessary for global ecological systems, this is a significant loss. Mining and transportation also create damage through pollution and the scarring of the landscape. Mining produces various harmful chemicals which contaminate water and soil, a process which is worsened by illicit groups who cut corners to ensure higher profits [2] .  [1] Food and Agriculture Organization of the United States ‘World deforestation decreases, but remains in many countries’   [2] Kolver,L. ‘Illegal mining threat to lawful operations, safety and the environment’ Mining Weekly 16 August 2013 Environmental damage, licit resource extraction, illicit resource extraction, ecological impact, Africa, mining, deforestation, woodland destruction, soil degradation, rainforest, global ecological systems, transportation pollution, landscape scarring, water contamination, soil contamination, illicit mining, profit maximization, Food and Agriculture Organization, United States, World deforestation, illegal mining, lawful operations, safety, Mining Weekly Environmental damage, Africa, licit resource extraction, illicit resource extraction, ecological impact, mining, deforestation, soil degradation, woodland destruction, rainforest loss, global ecological systems, pollution, landscape scarring, chemical contamination, water contamination, illegal mining, lawful operations, safety, profits, Food and Agriculture Organization, Mining Weekly Environmental damage, Africa, natural resources, mining, deforestation, soil degradation, rainforest, pollution, landscape, illicit mining, lawful operations, safety, contamination, water, timber, cattle, global ecological systems, Food and Agriculture Organization, United States, World deforestation, Kolver, Mining Weekly Environmental damage, Africa, licit resource extraction, illicit resource extraction, ecological damage, mining, deforestation, timber, cattle, soil degradation, woodland destruction, rainforest loss, global ecological systems, pollution, landscape scarring, harmful chemicals, water contamination, soil contamination, illicit groups, higher profits, Food and Agriculture Organization, World deforestation, Illegal mining, threat to lawful operations, safety, environment, Mining Weekly Environmental damage, resource extraction, Africa, mining, deforestation, soil degradation, rainforest loss, pollution, landscape scarring, illicit groups, water contamination, timber, cattle, global ecological systems, Food and Agriculture Organization, illegal mining, lawful operations, safety, Kolver, Mining Weekly
test-digital-freedoms-aihbiahr-pro01a	"Internet access as a new human right.  Access to the internet can be considered a separate human right in and of itself. The UN special rapporteur in June 2011 published a report that implied that access to the internet is a human right “The Special Rapporteur remains concerned that legitimate online expression is being criminalized in contravention of States' international human rights obligations.” [1]  The right to internet access can meet the necessary conditions to be a human right; as a right is should be universal, everyone should have access not just a few. The internet is becoming much more than just a tool but is becoming a fundamental part of society creating a new sphere of interaction that everyone has a right to have access to.  Creating a right to internet access would be addressing a specific contemporary problem as with other human rights that are specific such as a right to basic schooling, enshrined in article 26 of the Universal Declaration of Human rights. Not having access to the internet is similar to not having basic schooling; it considerably narrows people’s options and their horizons. As Tim Berners-Lee, the founder of the world wide web, argues ""Given the many ways the web is crucial to our lives and our work, disconnection is a form of deprivation of liberty."" [2]  [1] La Rue, Frank, Report of the Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of the right to freedom of opinion and expression, Human Rights Council, Seventeenth session, A/HRC/17/27, 16 May 2011, p.10 .  [2] Burkeman, Oliver, ‘Inside Washington’s high risk mission to beat web censors’, guardian.co.uk, 15 April 2012. Internet access, human right, UN special rapporteur, online expression, international human rights, universal access, fundamental part of society, right to basic schooling, disconnection, deprivation of liberty, Tim Berners-Lee, web censors, digital rights, freedom of opinion and expression, Human Rights Council, report, contemporary problem, interaction rights, basic needs, digital divide, societal integration, online freedom, censorship Internet access, human right, UN special rapporteur, online expression, international human rights obligations, universal access, fundamental part of society, right to basic schooling, disconnection, deprivation of liberty, Tim Berners-Lee, web censors, freedom of opinion, right to freedom of expression internet access, human right, UN special rapporteur, online expression, criminalization, universal access, fundamental part of society, new sphere of interaction, right to basic schooling, disconnection, deprivation of liberty, Tim Berners-Lee, web censors, freedom of opinion, human rights obligations internet access, human right, UN special rapporteur, right to internet,universal right, fundamental part of society, contemporary problem, basic schooling, deprivation of liberty, Tim Berners-Lee, web censors, freedom of opinion, expression, human rights obligations, online expression, criminalization, Universal Declaration of Human Rights, digital divide, societal interaction, connectivity, access to information, communication rights, technological advancement, inclusive society, digital rights, net neutrality, global standard, policy development, international law, digital citizenship, information society, digital literacy, digital inclusion Internet access, human right, UN special rapporteur, report, online expression, international human rights obligations, universal access, fundamental part of society, new sphere of interaction, contemporary problem, right to basic schooling, Universal Declaration of Human Rights, disconnection, deprivation of liberty, Tim Berners-Lee, freedom of opinion and expression, web censors"
test-education-pteuhwfphe-pro01a	Delivering funding via a graduate tax is the best way to encourage more students to enter higher education  A graduate tax is the best way to increase access to higher education without massively burdening the government with an open-ended financial commitment. It is not a deterrent to the poorer students in the way fees and loans-based schemes are and which simply appear to block access, yet it still delivers sufficient extra capital to fund the increase of students entering university. Australia’s introduction of a graduate tax has been successful enough to allow university places to grow rapidly following its introduction with participation from both high and low income groups increasing by approximately one third. (Chapman, B. 1997). Therefore, a graduate tax removes the expensive barriers to entry that had previously kept out low-income groups, whilst not discouraging the high-income groups from tertiary education. graduate tax, higher education, access, funding, government commitment, poorer students, fees, loans, Australia, university places, participation, income groups, barriers, tertiary education graduate tax, higher education funding, increase access, financial commitment, deter poorer students, fees and loans, barriers to entry, low-income groups, high-income groups, tertiary education, Australia, university places, participation growth, Chapman 1997 graduate tax, higher education, funding, access, low-income students, high-income students, university places, participation, fees, loans, financial commitment, barriers to entry, Australia, Chapman 1997, tertiary education graduate tax, higher education, funding, access, government commitment, fees, loans, low-income students, university places, participation, high-income groups, tertiary education, Australia, Chapman 1997 graduate tax, higher education, funding, access, low-income students, high-income students, university places, participation, financial commitment, fees, loans, tertiary education, Australia, barriers to entry, Chapman 1997
test-environment-assgbatj-pro05a	It would send out a consistent message  Most countries have animal welfare laws to prevent animal cruelty but have laws like the UK’s Animals (Scientific Procedures) Act 1986, [10] that stop animal testing being a crime. This makes means some people can do things to animals, but not others. If the government are serious about animal abuse, why allow anyone to do it? animal welfare, animal cruelty, animal testing, legal inconsistencies, government policy, animal rights, scientific procedures, Animals (Scientific Procedures) Act 1986, ethical treatment, animal abuse animal welfare, animal cruelty, legislation, Animals Scientific Procedures Act 1986, legal inconsistencies, government policy, animal testing, crime, ethical concerns, animal abuse, regulatory framework, public opinion, moral standards, animal rights animal welfare, animal cruelty, legal inconsistency, animal testing, government policy, Animals (Scientific Procedures) Act 1986, ethical standards, animal abuse, regulatory gaps, public perception, cruelty prevention laws, scientific procedures, animal rights, legislative contradiction, moral inconsistency animal welfare, animal cruelty, animal testing, scientific procedures, legal inconsistencies, government policies, animal abuse, UK law, Animals (Scientific Procedures) Act 1986, ethics in research, animal rights, legislative contradictions, public policy, cruelty prevention, scientific experimentation, regulatory framework, animal protection, legal exceptions, moral concerns, humane treatment animal welfare, animal cruelty, animal testing, scientific procedures, UK law, Animals (Scientific Procedures) Act 1986, government policy, animal abuse, legal inconsistencies, ethical standards
test-law-lgplhbssbco-con01a	This is not the role of the criminal law  Criminal legislation is not the vehicle for society’s pronouncements on questions of how one should live one’s life. It instead involves the entirely practical exercise of ensuring that individuals are able to live freely and enjoy their freedom without fear of external interferences like theft, violence or murder. Criminal legislation should guarantee a safe space for autonomous individual action - like suicide. criminal law, legislation, societal norms, individual freedom, external interferences, theft, violence, murder, safe space, autonomous action, suicide criminal law, legislation, society, moral pronouncements, individual freedom, safety, autonomy, theft, violence, murder, suicide criminal law, legislation, society, moral pronouncements, individual freedom, external interferences, theft, violence, murder, safe space, autonomous action, suicide criminal law, society's role, legislation, individual freedom, external interferences, theft, violence, murder, safe space, autonomous action, suicide criminal law, legislation, society, moral pronouncements, individual freedom, external interferences, theft, violence, murder, autonomous action, suicide, legal principles, public policy, personal autonomy
test-law-tlcplghwfne-pro02a	Needle exchanges protect the public  Needle exchanges allow drug addicts a convenient and safe place to throw away used needles. This directly protects the public from stray needles that are sometimes put in rubbish bins or left lying around. Specifically this protects children who often don’t know to avoid needles but it also protects sanitation workers and other staff from being accidentally struck by a needle.  Further, the families of those who are drug addicts can also be helped. Partners and loved ones are much more likely to come into contact with the drug addict and fluid exchange is possible. Given that this is the case, the benefits of needle exchanges also extend to these people.1  1. Franciscus, Alan. “Needle Exchange - A Matter of Public Health So why is the government playing politics with this ticking time bomb?” Hepatitis Mag, April 2003. needle exchanges, public protection, safe needle disposal, stray needles, children safety, sanitation workers, accidental needle pricks, drug addicts, family protection, fluid exchange, public health, government policies, hepatitis, infectious diseases needle exchanges, public protection, safe needle disposal, stray needles, children safety, sanitation workers, accidental needle strikes, drug addicts, family protection, fluid exchange, public health, government policy, hepatitis magazine needle exchanges, public safety, safe disposal, used needles, protection, children, sanitation workers, drug addicts, family members, fluid exchange, public health, government policies, hepatitis, infectious diseases, prevention, community health, harm reduction, healthcare workers, accidental needlesticks, environmental safety needle exchanges, public protection, safe disposal, used needles, public safety, children, sanitation workers, drug addicts, family members, fluid exchange, health benefits, public health, government policy, hepatitis, infectious diseases needle exchanges, public safety, used needles, rubbish bins, stray needles, children, sanitation workers, drug addicts, families, partners, loved ones, fluid exchange, public health, government policy, hepatitis, Alan Franciscus, April 2003
test-philosophy-npppmhwup-con01a	Achievements should be earned not given  There is a great possibility that beneficiaries of positive discrimination may not be regarded as good role models as their achievements may be viewed as unearned. [1] A role model is someone others can look up to and admire for the things they achieved through hard work and talent – by parachuting people into university, their ability to act as a role model is undermined. It is also patronising to assume that young people from ethnic minorities can only look up to people who have the same colour skin, or went to the same type of school – in a society that admires diversity and cosmopolitanism, we should surely accept that anyone can act as a role model.  [1] The British Psychological Society. “The Hillary Clinton effect - how role models work for some people but not others”. achievements, earned, unearned, positive discrimination, role models, beneficiaries, hard work, talent, university, parachuting, patronising, ethnic minorities, skin colour, school type, diversity, cosmopolitanism, British Psychological Society, Hillary Clinton effect achievements, earned, positive discrimination, beneficiaries, role models, unearned, hard work, talent, university, parachuting, patronising, ethnic minorities, skin color, diversity, cosmopolitanism, society, British Psychological Society, Hillary Clinton effect, role models impact achievements, earned, unearned, positive discrimination, role models, beneficiaries, admiration, hard work, talent, university admission, patronising, ethnic minorities, diversity, cosmopolitanism, society, British Psychological Society, Hillary Clinton effect achievements, earned, positive discrimination, beneficiaries, role models, unearned, university, hard work, talent, parachuting, patronising, ethnic minorities, diversity, cosmopolitanism, society, British Psychological Society, Hillary Clinton effect achievements, earned, positive discrimination, beneficiaries, role models, unearned, university, patronising, ethnic minorities, diversity, cosmopolitanism, society, admiration, talent, hard work, British Psychological Society, Hillary Clinton effect
test-economy-bhahwbsps-con03a	This ban would put many pubs, clubs, etc. out of business.  If smokers are not allowed to smoke in pubs, they will not spend as much time in them, preferring to stay at home where they can smoke with their friends. This will put many pubs out of business. In fact, since the smoking ban was introduced in the UK, many pubs have closed and blamed their loss of business on the smoking ban1. The Save Our Pubs & Clubs campaign estimates that the smoking ban in the UK is responsible for 20 pub closures a week2. This is an unfair consequence for the many pub-owners across the world.  1 'MPs campaign to relax smoking ban in pubs', BBC News, 29 June 2011,   2 'Why we want government to amend the smoking ban', Save Our Pubs & Clubs, smoking ban, pubs, clubs, out of business, smokers, spend time, stay home, pub closures, UK, Save Our Pubs & Clubs, campaign, relax smoking ban, MPs, unfair consequence, pub-owners smoking ban, pubs, clubs, business loss, closures, UK, Save Our Pubs & Clubs, campaign, amendment, MPs, relaxation, smoking, pub-owners, consequences, home smoking, friends, economic impact, hospitality industry, legislation effects smoking ban, pubs, clubs, business loss, closures, UK, Save Our Pubs & Clubs, campaign, MP support, amendment request, home smoking, social impact, pub owners, unfair consequences smoking ban, pubs, clubs, business loss, pub closures, UK, Save Our Pubs & Clubs, campaign, MPs, relax smoking ban, unfair consequence, pub-owners ban, pubs, clubs, smokers, smoking, business, closures, UK, Save Our Pubs & Clubs, campaign, consequences, pub-owners, relaxing, amendment, BBC News
test-law-phwmfri-pro01a	Rich and poor now face equality of impact of punishment  The purpose of a fine is to ensure that the offender faces the consequences of their actions. The extent to which a financial penalty feels like a negative consequence is relative to the amount of income someone has, not to the simple amount that the fine is. That is, if someone earning £200 per week is fined £100, that will feel more severe than a £100 fine would feel to someone earning £2000 per week.  Therefore, if you make fines proportional to the income someone has, all people feel the impact of the punishment equally, rather than the poor facing a punishment with a harsher impact on them than on the rich. rich, poor, equality, impact, punishment, fines, consequences, offender, income, proportional, financial, penalty, severity, relative, weekly, earn, harsher, equitable, justice, socioeconomic, disparity equality, impact, punishment, fines, income, proportionality, offender, consequences, financial penalty, severity, relative, rich, poor, proportional fines, equitable punishment equality, impact, punishment, fines, income, proportionality, consequences, financial penalty, severity, relative, rich, poor, fairness, justice, enforcement, socioeconomic status, deterrence, judicial system, legal penalties equality, punishment, fine, income, proportionality, consequence, offender, financial penalty, severity, weekly earnings, impact, rich, poor, justice, socioeconomic status, relative penalty, equitable enforcement Rich, poor, equality, impact, punishment, fine, consequences, offender, financial penalty, income, proportional, severity, justice, socioeconomic, disparity, fairness, legal system, economic sanctions, deterrence, relative hardship
test-philosophy-pppthbtcb-pro02a	Terrorism can lead to discussion  In some cases, terrorism can result in the acknowledgement of certain groups. Therefore, terrorism is justified by its success in achieving results when peaceful means have failed. In many countries terrorists have succeeded in bringing governments to negotiate with them and make concessions to them. Where governments have not been willing to concede to rational argument and peaceful protest, terrorism can compel recognition of a cause. Nelson Mandela moved from terrorist to President. In many other countries we see this trend too – in Israel, Northern Ireland, in Sri Lanka, and in the Oslo peace process that led to the creation of the Palestinian Authority. [1]  [1] Palestine Facts. (n.d.). Details of the Oslo Accords. Retrieved August 3, 2011, from Palestine Facts: terrorism, discussion, acknowledgement, groups, justification, success, peaceful, means, governments, negotiation, concessions, recognition, cause, Nelson Mandela, President, Israel, Northern Ireland, Sri Lanka, Oslo peace process, Palestinian Authority, Palestine Facts, Oslo Accords terrorism, discussion, acknowledgement, groups, justification, success, peaceful means, governments, negotiation, concessions, recognition, cause, Nelson Mandela, President, Israel, Northern Ireland, Sri Lanka, Oslo peace process, Palestinian Authority, Palestine Facts terrorism, discussion, acknowledgement, groups, justified, success, results, peaceful, means, governments, negotiate, concessions, recognition, cause, Nelson Mandela, President, Israel, Northern Ireland, Sri Lanka, Oslo peace process, Palestinian Authority, Palestine Facts, Oslo Accords terrorism, discussion, acknowledgment, groups, justification, success, peaceful means, governments, negotiation, concessions, rational argument, peaceful protest, Nelson Mandela, presidency, countries, Israel, Northern Ireland, Sri Lanka, Oslo peace process, Palestinian Authority, Palestine Facts, oslo accords terrorism, discussion, acknowledgement, groups, justified, success, results, peaceful, means, governments, negotiate, concessions, rational, argument, protest, compel, recognition, cause, Nelson Mandela, President, Israel, Northern Ireland, Sri Lanka, Oslo peace process, Palestinian Authority, Palestine Facts, Oslo Accords
test-environment-aeghhgwpe-pro01a	It is immoral to kill animals  As evolved human beings it is our moral duty to inflict as little pain as possible for our survival. So if we do not need to inflict pain to animals in order to survive, we should not do it. Farm animals such as chickens, pigs, sheep, and cows are sentient living beings like us - they are our evolutionary cousins and like us they can feel pleasure and pain. The 18th century utilitarian philosopher Jeremy Bentham even believed that animal suffering was just as serious as human suffering and likened the idea of human superiority to racism. It is wrong to farm and kill these animals for food when we do not need to do so. The methods of farming and slaughter of these animals are often barbaric and cruel - even on supposedly 'free range' farms. [1] Ten billion animals were slaughtered for human consumption each year, stated PETA. And unlike the farms long time ago, where animals roamed freely, today, most animals are factory farmed: —crammed into cages where they can barely move and fed a diet adulterated with pesticides and antibiotics. These animals spend their entire lives in their “prisoner cells” so small that they can't even turn around. Many suffer serious health problems and even death because they are selectively bred to grow or produce milk or eggs at a far greater rate than their bodies are capable of coping with. At the slaughterhouse, there were millions of others who are killed every year for food.  Further on Tom Regan explains that all duties regarding animals are indirect duties to one another from a philosophical point of view. He illustrates it with an analogy regarding children: “Children, for example, are unable to sign contracts and lack rights. But they are protected by the moral contract nonetheless because of the sentimental interests of others. So we have, then, duties involving these children, duties regarding them, but no duties to them. Our duties in their case are indirect duties to other human beings, usually their parents.” [2] With this he supports the theory that animals must be protected from suffering, as it is moral to protect any living being from suffering, not because we have a moral contract with them, but mainly due to respect of life and recognition of suffering itself.  [1] Claire Suddath, A brief history of Veganism, Time, 30 October 2008  [2] Tom Regan, The case for animal rights, 1989 immoral, kill, animals, moral, duty, pain, survival, farm, chickens, pigs, sheep, cows, sentient, beings, pleasure, 18th, century, utilitarian, philosopher, Jeremy, Bentham, animal, suffering, human, superiority, racism, farming, slaughter, PETA, factory, farmed, cages, pesticides, antibiotics, health, problems, death, selective, breeding, milk, eggs, slaughterhouse, Tom, Regan, indirect, duties, children, moral, contract, respect, life, veganism, history, case, rights immoral, kill, animals, moral, duty, pain, survival, farm, sentient, beings, evolutionary, cousins, pleasure, 18th, century, utilitarian, philosopher, Jeremy, Bentham, animal, suffering, human, racism, wrong, food, factory, farmed, cages, pesticides, antibiotics, health, problems, death, genetic, modifications, slaughterhouse, PETA, Tom, Regan, indirect, duties, children, moral, contract, respect, life, recognition, Veganism, history, Claire, Suddath, Time, case, animal, rights immoral, kill, animals, moral, duty, inflict, pain, survival, farm, chickens, pigs, sheep, cows, sentient, living, beings, evolutionary, cousins, pleasure, 18th, century, utilitarian, philosopher, Jeremy, Bentham, suffering, racism, farm, food, methods, barbaric, cruel, free, range, farms, PETA, factory, farmed, cages, move, diet, pesticides, antibiotics, prisoner, cells, health, problems, death, selectively, bred, milk, eggs, bodies, slaughterhouse, killed, consumption, Tom, Regan, indirect immoral, kill animals, moral duty, inflict pain, survival, farm animals, chickens, pigs, sheep, cows, sentient beings, evolutionary cousins, pleasure, pain, Jeremy Bentham, animal suffering, human suffering, racism, farm, kill animals, food, factory farmed, cages, pesticides, antibiotics, health problems, death, slaughterhouse, killed, food, Ten billion animals, PETA, indirect duties, Tom Regan, children, moral contract, duties, respect of life, recognition of suffering, veganism, animal rights immoral, kill, animals, moral, duty, pain, survival, farm, chickens, pigs, sheep, cows, sentient, living, beings, evolutionary, cousins, pleasure, pain, Jeremy Bentham, animal, suffering, human, superiority, racism, farm, food, factory, farmed, cages, antibiotics, health, problems, death, slaughterhouse, indirect, duties, Tom Regan, children, moral, contract, respect, life, recognition, veganism, history, time, 2008, case, 1989
test-health-hgwhwbjfs-con01a	Schools should educate about healthy choices, not make them on the students’ behalf.  Although it might be very tempting for the government to try and attack the problem of childhood obesity by attempting to change, in essence, the very choices our kids can make, this is the wrong way of going about doing it.  The purpose of schools is education – the genesis of active and useful members of society. A large extent of what schools do is imprinting the ideas the society values. In most western countries those would be the ideas of fairness, democracy, freedom of expression, etc. The other side of the coin is the transference of knowledge, knowledge of mathematics, history, but also of biology, health and nutrition.  We see thus that the proposed ban on specific choices one makes in school, whether be it choices regarding food or choices regarding the clothes one wears, the ideas one expresses, and so on, is truly meaningless in the existing concept of education.  What the schools should be doing is putting more emphasis on getting the message of the importance of a healthy lifestyle across. Our kids should be taught that this lifestyle consists of more than just whether or not we chose to eat a hamburger and fries for lunch. In short, this ban falls short of truly educating the children about how important physical activity, balanced meals and indulging in moderation are.  They should also focus on the importance of choice, since in the case of childhood obesity, making the right nutritional and lifestyle choices is of paramount importance. But they should also focus on the importance of choice for a society and how all should take responsibility for their choices in such a society. Schools, education, healthy choices, childhood obesity, government intervention, freedom of choice, society values, democracy, health, nutrition, physical activity, balanced meals, lifestyle, responsibility, society schools, education, healthy choices, childhood obesity, government, society, freedom, democracy, knowledge, mathematics, history, biology, health, nutrition, physical activity, balanced meals, moderation, lifestyle, responsibility, choice, society values Schools, education, healthy choices, childhood obesity, government, freedom of choice, society values, democracy, knowledge transfer, biology, health, nutrition, physical activity, balanced meals, lifestyle, responsibility, social importance, personal choice, western countries, education purpose, student autonomy, dietary decisions, school policies, health education, nutritional choices, ban, student rights, informed decision-making, civic education, responsibility in society, choice importance, nutritional education, healthy lifestyle promotion, school lunch policies, student decision-making, health and wellness, school curriculum, personal responsibility, societal norms, democratic values, freedom of expression, childhood nutrition, obesity prevention, Schools, education, healthy choices, childhood obesity, government, students, freedom, society, democracy, fairness, health, nutrition, physical activity, balanced meals, choice, responsibility, society values, transference of knowledge, lifestyle, moderation, nutritional choices, lifestyle choices, importance of choice, taking responsibility, ban, freedom of expression, active members, useful members, imprinting ideas, western countries, education purpose, school concept, specific choices, food, clothes, ideas, proposed ban, meaningful education, healthy lifestyle, lunch choices, hamburger, fries, teaching importance, physical activity importance, balanced meals importance, indulging in moderation, education, healthy choices, childhood obesity, government intervention, schools, society values, democracy, freedom of expression, knowledge transfer, biology, health, nutrition, food choices, clothing choices, expression choices, importance of choice, physical activity, balanced meals, moderation, personal responsibility, societal responsibility
test-international-aegmeppghw-pro02a	Turkey has precedents, such as Romania and Bulgaria, both of whom were accepted into the EU  Romania and Bulgaria, who have by far the worst human rights’ records, were prioritized over Turkey when they were granted the right of accession, joining the EU in 2007. The EU rewarded states that have made a big effort to democratize and change policy in order to be allowed in to the EU. By essentially procrastinating on Turkey's case, the EU are discouraging Turkey from making the required changes to their legislature and norms and thus hindering their chances of accession. Countries such as Hungary, Poland, and the Czech Republic were pressurized to reform at a rapid pace after being promised by the EU they would likely be in the EU in a relatively short period of time; Turkey has been given no such promises. Turkey should have even more 'right' to be in the EU as these states, as it formally applied for membership long before these states and should thus be given priority over them. Turkey, Romania, Bulgaria, EU, accession, human rights, democratization, policy change, procrastination, discouragement, legislature, norms, Hungary, Poland, Czech Republic, reform, promises, priority, membership application Turkey, EU, accession, Romania, Bulgaria, human rights, democratization, policy change, procrastination, discouragement, legislature, norms, Hungary, Poland, Czech Republic, reform, promises, priority, application timing Turkey, Romania, Bulgaria, EU, accession, human rights, democratization, legislation, norms, procrastination, Hungary, Poland, Czech Republic, reform, promises, priority, application Turkey, EU, Romania, Bulgaria, human rights, accession, democratization, legislature, norms, Hungary, Poland, Czech Republic, reform, membership, priority, application, procrastination, discouragement Turkey, Romania, Bulgaria, EU accession, human rights, democratization, policy change, legislature reforms, EU membership, priority, Hungary, Poland, Czech Republic, application timeline, procrastination, discouragement
test-philosophy-eppphwlrtjs-pro01a	"It may be necessary to limit trial by jury in terrorism cases, or other cases surrounding large national security issues.  There are three reasons why this is the case. First, terrorist groups may threaten jury members (see Argument 2 for more detail). Second, terrorism may politicize the jury (see Argument 3 for more detail). Third, the state may be limited in what information it can provide if jurors are present. The government may be unable or unwilling to present classified information for fear of intelligence leaks; for example if it does not want to reveal intelligence methods and sources to the public. This reluctance may make it very difficult to prosecute terrorists. The implication is that the unique national security issues terrorism trials pose may make juries untenable if we ever want to convict terrorists of serious crimes.1 1Laura K. Donohue, ""Terrorism and Trial by Jury: The Vices and Virtues of British and American Criminal Law"" limit trial by jury, terrorism cases, national security issues, jury members threatened, terrorism politicizes jury, state information limitations, classified information, intelligence leaks, prosecution difficulties, convict terrorists, national security, Laura K. Donohue, Terrorism and Trial by Jury, British and American Criminal Law terrorism, jury, national security, trial, threats, politicization, classified information, prosecution, intelligence leaks, criminal law, Laura K. Donohue, terrorism trials, jury members, security issues, conviction, serious crimes, British law, American law terrorism, trial by jury, national security, jury threats, jury politicization, classified information, intelligence leaks, prosecution difficulties, terrorism trials, Laura K. Donohue, British law, American law terrorism, jury, national security, threats, politicization, classified information, intelligence leaks, prosecution, conviction, trial, Laura K. Donohue, terrorism trials, criminal law, British law, American law terrorism, trial by jury, national security, jury threats, politicization, classified information, prosecution, intelligence leaks, terrorism trials, jury limitations, Laura K. Donohue, British law, American law"
test-science-eassgbatj-con04a	Animal research is only used when it’s needed  EU member states and the US have laws to stop animals being used for research if there is any alternative. The 3Rs principles are commonly used. Animal testing is being Refined for better results and less suffering, Replaced, and Reduced in terms of the number of animals used. This means that less animals have to suffer, and the research is better. animal research, EU member states, US laws, 3Rs principles, refined animal testing, replaced animal testing, reduced animal testing, better research results, less animal suffering Animal research, EU member states, US laws, 3Rs principles, refined animal testing, replaced animal testing, reduced animal testing, animal suffering, improved research quality Animal research, EU member states, US laws, alternative methods, 3Rs principles, refined testing, replacement, reduction, animal suffering, improved research animal research, EU member states, US laws, alternatives, 3Rs principles, refinement, replacement, reduction, animal suffering, improved research Animal research, EU member states, US laws, 3Rs principles, animal testing, refined results, reduced suffering, replaced methods, reduced animal use, better research outcomes
test-education-ufsdfkhbwu-con02a	‘Separation of town and gown’  There are two parties involved in this interaction, the state and the university. To pretend that is an entirely one way process is to ignore reality. Contrary to the belief of many Senior Common Rooms, states do not exist for the convenience of universities. Indeed universities quite happily accept the political and economic stability provided by states at exactly the same time as criticising the methods they need to use to maintain it.  However, ultimately universities are service providers from the point of view of the state, training and skilling the workforce. The university provides its expertise in exchange for funding and student fees. Where, exactly, the opinions of the faculty enter into such an equation is not clear and appears to have been assumed by proposition. Of course individual academics and students have the right to their own political views but the idea that a university as an institution has rights distinct from, say, a supermarket chain is impossible to justify. If a supermarket announced that it should be free to ignore local laws and adopt those of its base state instead, that would clearly be rejected. Just as when a food chain invests in a country for, say, beef, the arrangement is predicated on the understanding that both parties benefit and each has a little room for negotiation. [i] The same should apply here. If prop were to argue that Asian nations should relax there approach to cannabis so that it students could enjoy a more genuine ‘Western student experience’ the statement would be the subject of ridicule, so should this be.  [i] Smith, David, ‘Tesco should give us some of these billions’, guardian.co.uk, 15 May 2009, town and gown, state and university, political and economic stability, service providers, workforce training, faculty opinions, academic politics, institutional rights, supermarket analogy, local laws, student experience, Western norms, academic freedom, state-university relationship, economic benefits, political views, academic-autonomy, legislative compliance, institutional autonomy, societal contribution, mutual benefit, academic responsibilities, state-funded education, governance models, institutional independence, regulatory environment, education policy, academic-community relations, public-private partnership, educational institutions, government intervention, academic governance, institutional roles, societal impact, university-community engagement, policy-making, academic-industry relations, state-university partnership separation of town and gown, state-university relationship, political and economic stability, universities as service providers, training and skilling workforce, academic and political views, institutional rights, university-government interaction, mutual benefits, negotiation, Asian cannabis laws, Western student experience, supermarket analogy, local laws, institutional autonomy, academic freedom, state intervention, educational institution rights, political criticism, service provision, funding, student fees, faculty opinions, institutional justification, commercial analogies, legal compliance, international perspectives, cultural differences, political stability, economic benefits, academic responsibility, state responsibilities, university governance, institutional roles, academic criticism, political engagement, institutional rights separation, town, gown, state, university, interaction, political, economic, stability, service, provider, training, skilling, workforce, expertise, funding, student, fees, faculty, opinions, individual, academics, political, views, institution, rights, supermarket, chain, laws, base, state, food, chain, beef, arrangement, benefit, negotiation, Asian, nations, cannabis, Western, student, experience, Tesco, billions, David, Smith, guardian.co.uk university, state, town and gown, political views, economic stability, service providers, workforce, faculty, academic freedom, supermarket analogy, local laws, negotiation, student experience, cannabis laws, Asian nations, Western student experience town and gown, state and university, political and economic stability, service providers, workforce training, academic freedom, institutional rights, supermarket analogy, legal compliance, negotiation, Western student experience, cannabis laws, Asian nations, academic and political views, funding and student fees, institutional autonomy, state-university relationship, mutual benefit
test-international-bldimehbn-con02a	Citizens deserve the right to know what is happening in their name.  It is up to the public to decide whether those actions that are reported are right or wrong, journalists and broadcasters should not act as a filter in that process. Many of these actions – imprisonments, internments, brutality and others – are conducted by governments in the name of the people. Sometimes this is done under euphemisms such as ‘protecting public morality’ or in the name of a majority religion. This is used as a catch all as shown by the case of journalist Sofiene Chourabi who was arrested for ‘harming public morals’ in response to calling for a protest against the governing party in Tunisia. [1] It seems only reasonable that people have the right to know what is being done in their name, how their morality is being ‘protected’ or what their faith is being used to justify.  The failure to do so assumes that the public – individually and collectively – are either to foolish to understand or too callous to care. Either or both of those things may be true, although it seems unlikely, but it is certainly not the role of the individual journalist or editor to make such an assumption. Even was that assumption true, it still does not change the facts. In the words of C.P. Snow, “Comment is free but facts are sacred”. [2] These events happened, they happened to citizens of that country, they affect how the rest of the world views that country and how the government views and treats its citizens. On every count, that is news.  [1] ‘Tunisian journalist faces ‘public morals’ charge after criticizing government’, Amnesty International, 8 August 2012,   [2] ‘Comment is free’, guardian.co.uk, citizens, right-to-know, public-decision, journalists, broadcasters, government-actions, imprisonments, internments, brutality, public-morality, majority-religion, Sofiene-Chourabi, Tunisia, protest, governing-party, public-morals, freedom-of-speech, C.P.-Snow, facts, news, world-view, government-treatment, citizen-rights, press-freedom, moral-justification, collective-foolishness, editorial-assumption, sacred-facts, comment-freedom, journalistic-integrity, public-awareness, government-accountability, human-rights, political-dissent, moral-pro citizens, right, public, decide, actions, journalists, broadcasters, filter, imprisonments, internments, brutality, governments, people, protecting, public, morality, majority, religion, journalist, Sofiene, Chourabi, arrested, harming, public, morals, protest, governing, party, Tunisia, reasonable, morality, faith, justify, failure, foolish, understand, callous, care, journalist, editor, assumption, facts, sacred, C.P. Snow, events, citizens, country, government, treats, news citizens, right, know, happenings, public, decide, actions, reported, journalists, broadcasters, filter, governments, name, people, imprisonments, internments, brutality, euphemisms, protecting, public, morality, majority, religion, case, journalist, Sofiene, Chourabi, arrested, harming, public, morals, protest, governing, party, Tunisia, reasonable, morality, protected, faith, justify, failure, assume, foolish, callous, individual, journalist, editor, assumption, facts, sacred, C.P. Snow, events, citizens, country, world, views, government, treats citizens, right, transparency, public, actions, government, journalism, broadcasters, filter, imprisonments, internments, brutality, public morality, majority religion, journalist, Sofiene Chourabi, arrested, protest, governing party, Tunisia, reasonable, morality, faith, assumption, C.P. Snow, facts, sacred, events, news, world view, government treatment, citizens citizens, right, know, public, decide, actions, reported, journalists, broadcasters, filter, imprisonments, internments, brutality, governments, people, euphemisms, protecting, public, morality, majority, religion, Sofiene Chourabi, arrested, harming, public, morals, protest, governing, party, Tunisia, reasonable, morality, protected, faith, justify, foolish, understand, callous, care, journalist, editor, assumption, facts, sacred, C.P. Snow, events, happened, citizens, country, views, government, treats, news
test-health-dhiacihwph-pro03a	Reduce the prominence of bad and fake drugs  The increased availability of high quality generic drugs will reduce the numbers of bad and fake pharmaceuticals on the markets. The cost of patented drugs has forced many to search for other options. This is exploited by the billion dollar global counterfeit drug trade [1] . Fake drugs are the cause of around 100,000 deaths in Africa every year. Bad drugs, which are substandard, have also found their way in to Africa; one in six tuberculosis pills have been found to be of a poor quality [2] . The widespread introduction of low cost, high quality drugs will hopefully ensure that consumers do not turn to sellers in market places.  [1] Sambira,J. ‘Counterfeit drugs raise Africa’s temperature’  [2] Ibid reduce, prominence, bad, fake, drugs, high, quality, generic, drugs, cost, patented, drugs, billion, dollar, global, counterfeit, drug, trade, deaths, Africa, substandard, tuberculosis, pills, low, cost, consumers, market, places bad drugs, fake drugs, counterfeit drugs, generic drugs, patented drugs, drug trade, Africa, deaths, tuberculosis, low cost drugs, high quality drugs, marketplaces, substandard drugs, pharmaceuticals, consumers, health, public safety, regulatory measures, enforcement, education, accessibility, affordability, healthcare, quality control, legislation, international cooperation, economic factors, social impact, medical research, treatment efficacy, patient outcomes, public health initiatives, technology solutions, supply chain management, distribution networks, legal frameworks, consumer awareness, drug testing, authentication methods, policy reforms, health policies, drug regulation, market regulation, global health, regional focus reduce, prominence, bad, fake, drugs, high, quality, generic, drugs, availability, cost, patented, drugs, billion, dollar, global, counterfeit, drug, trade, deaths, africa, substandard, tuberculosis, pills, low, cost, market, places, consumers, sellers, widespread, introduction bad drugs, fake drugs, high quality generics, counterfeit drug trade, Africa, pharmaceuticals, tuberculosis, substandard drugs, market places, patented drugs, cost, deaths, low cost drugs, quality assurance, health policy, drug regulation, consumer safety, pharmaceutical regulation, generic drugs availability, healthcare access, public health crisis, illegal trade, medicinal fraud, drug efficacy, pharmaceutical industry, global health, medication quality, drug enforcement, healthcare economics, patent laws, affordable medicine, drug supply chain, medicinal standards, healthcare affordability, pharmacy practice, medical ethics, drug authentication, consumer trust, health interventions, policy reform, drug purity, supply chain bad drugs, fake pharmaceuticals, high quality generics, counterfeit drug trade, patented drugs cost, substandard drugs, tuberculosis pills quality, Africa, market places, low cost drugs, consumer safety
test-culture-mthbah-pro05a	Advertisements tell children that they should have everything they want.  Advertising gives the impression, especially to children, that they can and should have everything they want. This makes people too interested in material things. People are becoming more selfish and obsessed with their possessions, and losing their values of patience, hard work, moderation and the importance of non-material things like family and friends. This harms their relationships and their personal development, which has serious effects for society as a whole. advertisements, children, materialism, selfishness, possessions, values, patience, hard work, moderation, non-material, family, friends, relationships, personal development, society, consumerism, impact, youth, psychological effects, social effects advertisements, children, materialism, selfishness, possessions, values, patience, hard work, moderation, non-material things, family, friends, relationships, personal development, society, consumerism, impact on youth, social values, marketing influence, materialistic culture advertising, children, materialism, selfishness, possessions, values, patience, hard work, moderation, non-material, family, friends, relationships, personal development, society, consumerism, impression, everything, want, harm advertisements, children, materialism, consumerism, selfishness, possessions, values, patience, hard work, moderation, non-material things, family, friends, relationships, personal development, society, effects, impression, wanting everything advertisements, children, materialism, selfishness, possessions, values, patience, hard work, moderation, non-material, family, friends, relationships, personal development, society, consumerism, instant gratification, social impact, emotional well-being
test-law-lghbacpsba-con02a	It better enables Attorneys to advance their client's case  An attorney's main duty is owed to their client. Under Rule 1.04 of the Solicitors' Code of Conduct a solicitor “must act in the best interests of each client”. [1] It is part of the adversarial system that we have that two opposing parties in litigation argue for their best interests. The whole working of the adversarial system of justice is that each party knows the facts but argues the facts that most support their case. To take away client-attorney privilege is to undermine this way of achieving justice.  [1] Rule 1: Core duties, Solicitors’ Code of Conduct 2007,  accessed 18/05/11 Attorneys, client's case, main duty, Rule 1.04, Solicitors' Code of Conduct, best interests, adversarial system, litigation, client-attorney privilege, justice, facts, arguing, supporting case, undermining, legal ethics, professional conduct, legal representation, duty of care, confidentiality Attorneys, client's case, main duty, Rule 1.04, Solicitors' Code of Conduct, best interests, adversarial system, litigation, client-attorney privilege, justice, facts, arguing, undermining, core duties attorneys, client's case, duty, Solicitors' Code of Conduct, Rule 1.04, best interests, adversarial system, litigation, client-attorney privilege, justice Attorneys, client's case, main duty, Rule 1.04, Solicitors' Code of Conduct, best interests, adversarial system, litigation, client-attorney privilege, justice, facts, arguing, legal ethics, professional responsibility, confidentiality, legal representation Attorneys, client's case, duty, Rule 1.04, Solicitors' Code of Conduct, adversarial system, litigation, client-attorney privilege, justice, Core duties
test-international-appghblsba-pro02a	The historical reasons for which the state of Lesotho exists are no longer relevant in a post-apartheid South Africa  The reason why Moshoeshoe, the leader of Lesotho, wished to become a British protectorate was because of the Boers of the Orange Free State was trying to take their land. In 1966, when the Kingdom of Lesotho gained its independence from Britain, it remained separate from SA as it had been a separate colony. Lesotho was under direct rule while South Africa was a dominion. There was no incentive to change at the point of independence because SA was ruled by the apartheid regime. Lesotho was a strong public opponent of the regime and granted a number of SA refugees’ political asylum. The African National Congress, the ruling party in SA since 1994, was founded in Lesotho. Moreover, during the struggle against apartheid, the ANC’s armed wing organized its guerilla units from the enclave. [1] We can firmly say that Lesotho vas a very important actor in a post-apartheid SA, but the times have changed. The ANC is now in power in South Africa and SA and Lesotho are closer together than ever before.  [1] Smith, 2010, Lesotho, post-apartheid, South Africa, historical reasons, Moshoeshoe, British protectorate, Boers, Orange Free State, 1966 independence, apartheid regime, political asylum, African National Congress, ANC, guerilla units, post-apartheid South Africa, ANC in power, closer relations Lesotho, post-apartheid, South Africa, Moshoeshoe, British protectorate, Boers, Orange Free State, independence, British colony, apartheid regime, political asylum, African National Congress, ANC, struggle against apartheid, guerilla units, Smith 2010 Lesotho, apartheid, South Africa, Moshoeshoe, British protectorate, Boers, Orange Free State, independence, 1966, African National Congress, ANC, guerilla units, political asylum, post-apartheid, Smith, 2010 Lesotho, post-apartheid, South Africa, historical reasons, state existence, Moshoeshoe, British protectorate, Boers, Orange Free State, land disputes, 1966 independence, Kingdom of Lesotho, British colony, apartheid regime, political opposition, SA refugees, political asylum, African National Congress, ANC, ANC founding, anti-apartheid struggle, guerilla units, ANC armed wing, historical significance, current relations, Smith 2010 Lesotho, apartheid, South Africa, Moshoeshoe, British protectorate, Boers, Orange Free State, independence, 1966, colonial history, African National Congress, ANC, political asylum, post-apartheid, guerilla units, governance, regional relations, historical context, sovereignty, nationalism, anti-apartheid struggle
test-health-ahiahbgbsp-pro03a	Easy to introduce  A ban on smoking in public places would be simple to enforce – it is an obvious activity, and does not require any form of complex equipment or other special techniques . It would largely be enforced by other users of public places and those working there. If it changes attitudes enough, it could be largely self-enforcing – by changing attitudes and creating peer pressure 1 .  1 See Hartocollis, Anemona, “Why Citizens (gasp) are the smoking police), New York Times, 16 September 2010, public places, smoking ban, enforcement, self-enforcing, peer pressure, citizen enforcement, New York Times, Anemona Hartocollis ban, smoking, public places, enforce, obvious, activity, complex equipment, special techniques, users, public places, workers, attitudes, peer pressure, self-enforcing, citizens, smoking police, New York Times, Hartocollis, Anemona, September 2010 ban, smoking, public places, enforcement, simple, obvious, users, workers, self-enforcing, attitudes, peer pressure, Hartocollis, New York Times, 2010 public places, smoking ban, enforcement, self-enforcing, peer pressure, attitudes, citizens, New York Times, Hartocollis, Anemona ban on smoking, public places, easy enforcement, obvious activity, no special equipment, user enforcement, peer pressure, self-enforcing, attitude change, smoking policy, public health, New York Times, Anemona Hartocollis
test-law-sdfclhrppph-con01a	Free speech allows challenges to orthodox beliefs  Free speech is not merely a ‘nice thing to have’, it is a mechanism which brings real, tangible benefits to society by allowing people to challenge orthodoxy. States that do not allow orthodox beliefs to be challenged stagnate and decline.  Reducing restrictions on free speech to ‘special exceptions’ frustrates the whole point because it is precisely those special exceptions where established truth needs to be challenged. This is not restricted to matters of pure opinion – the modern scientific process relies upon professionals being able to vehemently disagree on matters of crucial fact. “Real science depends for its progress on continual challenges to the current state of always-imperfect knowledge.” [1]  [1] Sarewitz, Daniel, ‘The voice of science: let’s agree to disagree’, Nature, Vol 487, No.7, 5 October 2011, free speech, challenges, orthodox beliefs, societal benefits, state stagnation, special exceptions, scientific process, professional disagreement, scientific progress, imperfect knowledge, Sarewitz, Nature Free speech, challenges, orthodox beliefs, societal benefits, state stagnation, restrictions, special exceptions, established truth, scientific process, professional disagreement, imperfect knowledge, scientific progress, disagree, Sarewitz, Daniel, Nature, voice of science Free speech, challenges, orthodox beliefs, societal benefits, state stagnation, restrictions, special exceptions, scientific process, professional disagreement, scientific progress, imperfect knowledge, Sarewitz, Nature free speech, challenges, orthodox beliefs, social benefits, state stagnation, special exceptions, scientific process, professional disagreement, scientific progress, imperfect knowledge, Sarewitz, Nature Free speech, challenges, orthodox beliefs, societal benefits, state stagnation, restrictions, special exceptions, scientific process, professional disagreement, scientific progress, imperfect knowledge, Daniel Sarewitz, Nature journal
test-international-sepiahbaaw-pro03a	Foreign companies gain most of the profits  The majority of investment in Africa by Trans National Companies (TNCs) goes towards resource extraction [1] . Many companies use transfer pricing, tax avoidance and anonymous company ownership to increase profits at the expense of resource abundant nations [2] . Production sharing agreements, where companies and states share in the profit of a venture, can often benefit the former over the latter. In 2012 Ugandan activists sued the government for one such deal where the country was to likely to receive only half the profits rather than three quarters [3] .  Kofi Annan, former United Nations Security General, has claimed that Africa’s outflow of funds by TNCs in the extractive industries is twice as high as inflows to the continent. Businesses such as Barclays have been criticised for their promotion of tax havens in Africa [4] . These allow TNCs to avoid government taxation for projects such as resource extraction, a symptom of the attitude of foreign companies to investment in Africa. The unfavourable inflow/outflow balance prevents reinvestment in Africa’s infrastructure, education and health services.  [1] African Development Bank ‘African Development Report 2007’ pg.110   [2] Stewart,H. ‘Annan calls for end to ‘unconscionable’ exploitation of Africa’s resources’ The Guardian 10 May 2013   [3] Akankwasa,S. ‘Uganda activists sue government over oil Production Sharing Agreements.’ International Bar Association 01/05/2012   [4] Provost,C. ‘Row as Barclays promotes tax havens as ‘gateway for investment in Africa’ The Guardian 20 November 2013 Foreign companies, profits, investment, Africa, Trans National Companies, TNCs, resource extraction, transfer pricing, tax avoidance, anonymous company ownership, production sharing agreements, Kofi Annan, United Nations, outflow of funds, Barclays, tax havens, infrastructure, education, health services Foreign companies, profits, Africa, Trans National Companies, TNCs, resource extraction, transfer pricing, tax avoidance, anonymous company ownership, Production Sharing Agreements, Kofi Annan, United Nations, outflow of funds, Barclays, tax havens, reinvestment, infrastructure, education, health services foreign companies, profits, investment, Africa, Trans National Companies, TNCs, resource extraction, transfer pricing, tax avoidance, anonymous company ownership, production sharing agreements, Kofi Annan, United Nations, outflow of funds, Barclays, tax havens, infrastructure, education, health services Foreign companies, profits, Africa, Trans National Companies, TNCs, resource extraction, transfer pricing, tax avoidance, anonymous company ownership, production sharing agreements, Ugandan activists, Kofi Annan, United Nations, Barclays, tax havens, infrastructure, education, health services Foreign companies, profits, Africa, Trans National Companies, TNCs, resource extraction, transfer pricing, tax avoidance, anonymous company ownership, production sharing agreements, Kofi Annan, United Nations, outflow of funds, Barclays, tax havens, investment, infrastructure, education, health services
test-culture-tlhrilsfhwr-pro02a	The failure of rule of law  As the anthropologist and lawyer Sally Falk-Moore observed “law is only ever a piecemeal intervention by the state in the life of society.” [i]  Laws are, ultimately, social norms that are taught, enforced and arbitrated on by the state. The value of these norms is such that they are deemed to be a vital part of a society’s identity and the state is entrusted with their protection. However, this ideal can be difficult to achieve. Debate as to which norms the state should be custodian of is constant. Where there is a disconnect between a law and the daily lives, aspirations and struggles of a society, it becomes unlikely that that law will be complied with. Generally, a state will not be able to give a pronouncement the force of law if it does not reflect the values held by a majority of a society.  Compliance with the law can be even harder to obtain in highly plural societies. Even in plural societies ruled peacefully by an effective central government (such as India), communities’ conceptions of children’s rights may be radically different from those set down in law. The Indian child marriage restraint act has been in force since 1929, but the practice remains endemic in southern India to this day [ii] . Governments can attempt to enforce compliance with a law, through education, incentives or deterrence.  What if the state that is intended to mount the “piecemeal intervention” of banning the use of child soldiers is weak, corrupt or non-existent? What if a state cannot carry out structured interventions of the type described above? Norms that state that the conscription of children is acceptable- due to tradition or need- will be dominant.  Situations of this type will be the rule rather than the exception in underdeveloped states and states where conflict is so rife that children have become participants in warfare. The ICC has jurisdiction to prosecute individuals with command over military units who use children as combatants [iii] , but how should the concept of a “commander” be defined in these circumstances?  In order for the juristic principles underlying the authority of the ICC to function properly, it is necessary for there to be a degree of certainty and accessibility underlying laws promulgated by a state. While ignorance of the law is not a defence before the ICC, it impossible to call a system of law fair or just that is not overseen by a stable or accepted government. This is not possible if a state is so corrupt that it does not command the trust of its people; if a state is so poor that it cannot afford to operate an open, reliable and transparent court and advocacy system; if territory with a state’s borders is occupied by an armed aggressor. Western notions of rule-of-law are almost impossible to enforce under such conditions. All of these are scenarios encountered frequently in Africa, and central and southern Asia.  Some regions within developing nations are so isolated from the influence of the state, or so heavily contested in internecine conflicts, that communities living within them cannot be expected to know that the state nominally responsible for them has signed the Convention of the Rights of The Child or the Rome Statute. Nor can the state attempt to inform them of this fact. Laws still exist and are enforced within such communities, but these are not state-made forms of law.  For an individual living within a community of the type described above- an individual living in the DRC, in pre-secession South Sudan [iv] or an ethnic minority enclave on the border of Myanmar [v] - the question is a simple one. Does the most immediate source of authority and protection within his world- his community- condone the role that children play in armed conflict? He should not be made liable for abiding by laws and norms that have sprung up to fill a void created by a weak or corrupt central state. There is little hope that he will ever be able to access the counter-point that state sponsored education and engagement could provide.  Child soldiers and their commanders are simply obeying the strongest, the most effective and the most stable source of law in their immediate environment.  [i] “Comparative Law in a Global Context: The Legal Systems of Asia and Africa”, Werner Menski, Cambridge University Press, 2006  [ii] “State of the World’s Children 2009”, UNICEF, United Nations, 2008  [iii] “Elements of Crimes”, International Criminal Court,   [iv] “Child Soldiers: Global Report 2008”, Coalition to Stop the Use of Child Soldiers, 2007, p315,   [v] “Child Soldiers: Global Report 2008”, Coalition to Stop the Use of Child Soldiers, 2007, p240, rule of law, Sally Falk-Moore, social norms, state intervention, compliance, plural societies, child marriage, India, child soldiers, weak states, corruption, ICC, command responsibility, underdeveloped states, conflict, jurisdiction, legal certainty, accessibility, Western notions, enforcement, DRC, South Sudan, Myanmar, community law, education, engagement, commanders, legal systems, Asia, Africa, UNICEF, Coalition to Stop the Use of Child Soldiers, Rome Statute, Convention on the Rights of the Child rule of law, Sally Falk-Moore, social norms, state intervention, compliance, plural societies, children's rights, child marriage, India, enforcement, weak state, corruption, child soldiers, ICC jurisdiction, commanders, underdeveloped states, conflict, Convention on the Rights of the Child, Rome Statute, DRC, South Sudan, Myanmar, ethnic minorities, legal systems, UNICEF, International Criminal Court, Coalition to Stop the Use of Child Soldiers, Global Report 2008, Werner Menski, Comparative Law in a Global Context rule of law, Sally Falk-Moore, social norms, state intervention, society identity, compliance, plural societies, child marriage, India, law enforcement, weak state, corruption, non-existent state, child soldiers, conflict, underdeveloped states, ICC, commander, stability, accessibility, legal principles, Western rule-of-law, Africa, central Asia, southern Asia, Convention on the Rights of the Child, Rome Statute, developing nations, internecine conflicts, DRC, South Sudan, Myanmar, ethnic minorities, immediate authority, community laws, state-sponsored education, legal liability, strongest law, effective law, stable law rule of law, Sally Falk-Moore, social norms, state intervention, plural societies, child marriage, India, child soldiers, weak states, corruption, ICC, command responsibility, legal accessibility, underdeveloped states, conflict, DRC, South Sudan, Myanmar, ethnic minorities, legal pluralism, Convention on the Rights of the Child, Rome Statute, state-sponsored education, community law, international law enforcement, legal certainty, legal systems, Werner Menski, UNICEF, Coalition to Stop the Use of Child Soldiers rule of law, Sally Falk-Moore, social norms, state intervention, compliance, plural societies, child marriage, India, child rights, enforcement, education, incentives, deterrence, weak states, corruption, child soldiers, conflict, underdeveloped states, International Criminal Court, commanders, war, jurisdiction, legal principles, accessibility, stable government, trustworthy state, poor state, reliable court system, transparency, Western rule-of-law, conditions, Africa, central Asia, southern Asia, isolated regions, internecine conflicts, developing nations, Convention on the Rights of the Child, Rome Statute, DRC, South Sudan, Myanmar
test-international-epglghbni-con01a	Unification would be damaging for the economies of both parts of Ireland  The Republic of Ireland is currently in a crisis. It is the I in P.I.G.S, the European Union countries whose economies are bust and require a bailout package. It would not be to the benefit of either Northern Ireland joining such a fragile economy, nor would it be good for the Republic of Ireland, having the cut back on public spending whilst trying to integrate Northern Irish transport/police systems etc.  Northern Ireland is a weak economy anyway and a lot of employment comes from the public sector, 30% compared to the UK average of 21%.* The region is £9billion in the red or £5,502 per person, three times the UK average.** These jobs will obviously no longer be an option under re-unification and so there is likely to be mass employment amongst the newly integrated Northern Irish. To counter this, money from Republican taxpayers will have to go to subsidize business/building projects etc in the way the Germans in the West still subsidize the Eastern parts of Germany, over 50 years since the wall came down.  *HM Treasury, 2011, p.9   **Fitzpatrick, 2011, unification, economies, Ireland, Republic of Ireland, crisis, P.I.G.S, European Union, bailout, Northern Ireland, fragile economy, public spending, integration, transport systems, police systems, weak economy, public sector, employment, UK average, deficit, mass unemployment, Republican taxpayers, subsidies, Germany, West Germany, East Germany, Berlin Wall Unification, economies, Ireland, Republic of Ireland, crisis, PIGS, European Union, bailout, Northern Ireland, fragile economy, public spending, transport systems, police systems, weak economy, public sector, employment, £9billion, per person, UK average, mass unemployment, Republican taxpayers, subsidies, Germany, West Germany, East Germany, HM Treasury, Fitzpatrick Unification, Ireland, economies, crisis, P.I.G.S, European Union, bailout, Northern Ireland, Republic of Ireland, public spending, integration, transport, police systems, weak economy, public sector, employment, financial deficit, taxpayers, German reunification, subsidies, Fitzpatrick, HM Treasury Unification, damaging, economies, Ireland, Republic of Ireland, crisis, P.I.G.S, European Union, bailout, Northern Ireland, fragile economy, public spending, integrate, transport systems, police systems, weak economy, public sector, employment, deficit, taxpayers, subsidies, Germany, East Germany, West Germany, reunification, fiscal impact, economic burden Unification, Ireland, Economy, Republic of Ireland, Crisis, PIGS, European Union, Bailout, Northern Ireland, Integration, Public Spending, Transport Systems, Police Systems, Weak Economy, Public Sector Employment, UK Average, Budget Deficit, Mass Unemployment, Republican Taxpayers, Subsidization, Germany, East-West, Berlin Wall
test-culture-mmciahbans-con02a	Prohibition is counterproductive  As tempting as it is to feel that banning is the solution to problems, it doesn’t work. Almost all states prohibits certain drugs, but that does not stop them being used. [1] Despite being banned in Ghana, skin whitening creams are still openly advertised on billboards [2] .  Counterfeit cosmetics of all types exist worldwide [3] , they are illegal for a variety of reasons, not least intellectual property abuse: banning skin lighting creams would simply give more space to the counterfeits. A ban could lead users towards either a homemade substance, or pills and injections which would almost certainly be more damaging as a result of a lack of regulation.  [1] See the Debatabase debate ‘ This House supports the legalisation of drugs’  [2] Al Jazeera English, “The Stream: Fair Beauty”, YouTube, 22 August 2013,  , roughly 18 minutes in  [3] RIA Novosti, “Counterfeit cosmetics: Turning beauties in to beasts”, RT, 08 November 2010, prohibition, counterproductive, banning, problems, drugs, Ghana, skin whitening creams, counterfeit cosmetics, intellectual property, homemade substances, pills, injections, regulation, Debatabase, legalisation, Al Jazeera, The Stream, Fair Beauty, RIA Novosti, turning beauties into beasts prohibition, counterproductive, banning, drug laws, skin whitening creams, counterfeit cosmetics, intellectual property, homemade substances, unregulated products, legalisation of drugs, Al Jazeera, RIA Novosti prohibition, counterproductive, drug laws, skin whitening creams, counterfeit cosmetics, intellectual property, legalisation, drugs, homemade substances, pills, injections, regulation, Ghana, billboards, debate, cosmetics safety, health risks, unregulated substances Prohibition, Counterproductive, Banning, Drugs, Skin Whitening, Creams, Counterfeit Cosmetics, Intellectual Property, Homemade Substances, Pills, Injections, Regulation, Legalisation, Debate, Fair Beauty, YouTube, Al Jazeera, RIA Novosti, RT prohibition, counterproductive, banning, drug laws, skin whitening creams, counterfeit cosmetics, intellectual property, homemade substances, pills, injections, regulation, legalisation of drugs, debate, Al Jazeera English, RIA Novosti, The Stream, Fair Beauty, Turning beauties into beasts
test-religion-wcprrgrhbmi-con03a	"Parents have the right to use their best judgment, in the light of medical advice, as to what is in the best interest of their child  There is compelling evidence that shortly after birth is the best time to perform this operation and that the rate of complications at this age is generally agreed to be between 0.2 and 0.4 percent. When performed later in life the risk of complications increases ten-fold to between two and four percent. In the light of this it is appropriate to recognize the rights of parents to approve a procedure that would be riskier if elected later in life on behalf of their child [i] .  [i] Michael Benatar. ""How Not to Argue About Circumcision"". The American Journal of Bioethics. 2003 parents, rights, judgment, medical, advice, best, interest, child, evidence, birth, operation, complications, age, risk, later, life, increase, ten-fold, recognize, approve, procedure, risky, circumcision, bioethics, Michael, Benatar,argument parents, best judgment, medical advice, best interest, child, compelling evidence, shortly after birth, operation, complications, age, increases, ten-fold, later life, recognize rights, approve procedure, riskier, circumcision, bioethics, Michael Benatar parents' rights, medical advice, child's best interest, neonatal circumcision, complication rates, age of circumcision, risk assessment, parental consent, medical ethics, bioethics, Michael Benatar, circumcision timing, health outcomes, infant surgery, legal guardianship, medical procedures, pediatric surgery, risk comparison, delayed circumcision, circumcision benefits parents, rights, judgment, medical, advice, best, interest, child, evidence, birth, operation, complications, age, increases, ten-fold, recognize, approve, procedure, riskier, life, circumcision, bioethics, Michael Benatar, argument, ethics, health, pediatric, surgery, decision-making Parents, judgment, medical advice, child's best interest, early circumcision, complications, risk, rights, Michael Benatar, circumcision timing, infant health, bioethics"
test-culture-mmciahbans-con01a	Personal autonomy  Like many other debates, this simply boils down to personal autonomy. Individuals should be free to take actions, even ones harmful to them as long as they do not harm others, at least not without good reason. Thus things that are almost entirely harmful such as smoking are allowed.  It is a matter of personal choice – to suggest otherwise non-white women do not have the capacity to make that choice. personal autonomy, individual freedom, personal choice, self-determination, non-harm principle, autonomy debates, smoking legality, capacity for choice, non-white women autonomy personal autonomy, individual freedom, personal choice, self-determination, non-harm principle, smoking, self-harm, capacity for choice, non-white women, decision-making ability personal autonomy, individual freedom, personal choice, self-determination, non-harm principle, smoking, self-governance, capacity for choice, non-white women, autonomy debates personal autonomy, individual freedom, personal choice, self-determination, non-harm principle, smoking, self-harm, capacity for choice, non-white women, autonomy debates personal autonomy, individual freedom, personal choice, non-harm principle, self-determination, smoking, harmful actions, non-white women, decision-making capacity, liberty, rights, ethics, autonomy debate
test-digital-freedoms-aihwbasmn-con05a	It is better to monitor riots through the social media rioters are using  It is wrong to suggest that social networks only provide advantages to the rioters in a riot. Many of the networks that can be used are open to the public and even where they are not as with blackberry messenger the police and intelligence services can likely gain access. This means that the police can also benefit from rioters use of social networks. Allowing the rioters to communicate can help the police to track what the rioters are doing and potentially to intercept any plans before they can be put into action. The same logic is used with websites that promote extremist ideologies; it is often better to monitor them for the intelligence they provide. The police already monitor protest groups in this way during demonstrations and even use it to help police impromptu raves so will surely apply it to riots. [1] Yet the social media is useful in other ways, particularly after the rioting it can be used to work out who was involved and to provide evidence against them so making the police much more efficient at catching and charging rioters.  [1] Rawlinson, K., “Activists warned to watch what they say as social media monitoring becomes 'next big thing in law enforcement”, The Independent, 1 October 2012, social media, rioters, police, intelligence, monitoring, networks, public access, blackberry messenger, communication, tracking, plans interception, extremism, websites, ideologies, protests, demonstrations, raves, rioting, evidence, charging, law enforcement, activists, social media monitoring social media, riot monitoring, law enforcement, intelligence gathering, public networks, police tactics, rioters communication, interception, extremist ideologies, protest groups, demonstrations, impromptu raves, rioting evidence, charging rioters, social media monitoring, law enforcement strategies, activists, courtroom evidence, digital surveillance riot monitoring, social media, rioters, police intelligence, public networks, blackberry messenger, extremist websites, protest groups, demonstrations, impromptu raves, post-riot identification, evidence gathering, social media monitoring, law enforcement social media, rioters, police, intelligence, monitoring, advantages, disadvantages, public access, blackberry messenger, communication, tracking, plans, interception, extremist ideologies, websites, protest groups, demonstrations, impromptu raves, rioting, evidence, law enforcement, activists, charging, efficiency riot monitoring, social media, rioters, police intelligence, public networks, blackberry messenger, extremist ideologies, protest groups, demonstrations, impromptu raves, social media monitoring, law enforcement, evidence collection, riot aftermath, charging rioters
test-environment-assgbatj-pro04a	Most animals can suffer more than some people  It’s possible to think of people that can’t suffer, like those in a persistent vegetative state, or with significant intellectual disabilities.  We could go for one of three options. Either we could experiment on animals, but not such people, which is morally not consistent. We could allow both, but do we want to do painful medical research on the disabled? Or, we could do neither.[9] animal suffering, human suffering, moral consistency, medical research, disabled persons, vegetative state, intellectual disabilities, ethical experimentation, pain, morality animal suffering, human suffering, moral consistency, medical research, disabled individuals, vegetative state, intellectual disabilities, ethical experimentation, pain, medical ethics animal suffering, human suffering, moral consistency, medical research, disabled individuals, ethical considerations, vegetative state, intellectual disabilities, animal experimentation, human experimentation, ethical dilemmas, pain, medical ethics, research ethics, compassion, animal rights, human rights animal suffering, human suffering, moral consistency, medical research ethics, disabled individuals, vegetative state, intellectual disabilities, ethical experimentation, pain in animals, pain in humans, moral philosophy, bioethics, animal rights, human rights, research ethics, ethical dilemmas, moral equivalence, compassionate treatment, humane research practices, non-invasive research methods animal suffering, human suffering, moral consistency, medical research, disabled individuals, vegetative state, intellectual disabilities, ethical experimentation, pain, morality, animal rights, human rights, ethical dilemma, research ethics
test-sport-tshbmlbscac-con01a	Collisions are dangerous and lead to injury.  Ray Fosse and Buster Posey (mentioned above in the Introduction) are just two examples of players who suffered major injuries in crashes at home plate. Texas Rangers star Josh Hamilton, reigning Most Valuable Player of the American League, broke his arm when he collided with a catcher in 2011. In August 2010, Cleveland Indians catcher Carlos Santana suffered a season-ending knee injury when he was hit by Red Sox runner Ryan Kalish. To go back a few more seasons, Braves catcher Greg Olson was having a career year in 1992 until Ken Caminiti broke his leg in a collision. There have been literally dozens of severe injuries suffered in bang-bang plays at the plate.  This high rate of injury should come as no surprise, given the physics involved in this type of play. A simulation with a crash-test dummy wired with sensors showed that a catcher can get hit by a runner travelling 18 miles per hour, resulting in 3,200 pounds of force—much worse than an American football hit, with much less padding. [1]  Teams make heavy investments in their players, paying them millions of dollars a year. Thus, serious injuries are very expensive, both because of the treatment required and because the player is missing many games. This is why the Oakland Athletics instructed their top catcher, Kurt Suzuki, to avoid blocking the plate—because their investment in him is worth more than whatever runs he allows by failing to stop the runner from scoring. [2]  When players are injured in these plays, it’s also bad for fans, who will lose the opportunity to see their favourite athletes on the field. As Bruce Bochy, Busty Posey’s manager with the Giants, told the media after he lost his star catcher to injury: “And here’s a guy that’s very popular in baseball. Fans want to see him play, and now he’s out for a while.” [3]  [1] Joel Siegel, Barbara Pinto, and Tahman Bradley, “Catcher Collision Ignites Baseball Rules Debate,” ABC News, May 28, 2011,  .  [2] Buster Olney, “Billy Beane issues home plate directive,” ESPN The Magazine, June 1, 2011,  .  [3] Tim Kawakami, “Bochy on Posey’s injury: ‘Hopefully the guys are not happy—I’m certainly not happy,’” MercuryNews.com (Talking Points blog), May 26, 2011,  . Collisions, dangerous, injury, Ray Fosse, Buster Posey, Josh Hamilton, Texas Rangers, American League, Most Valuable Player, broken arm, 2011, Carlos Santana, Cleveland Indians, knee injury, Ryan Kalish, Red Sox, 2010, Greg Olson, Braves, Ken Caminiti, career year, 1992, broken leg, severe injuries, physics, crash-test dummy, sensors, 18 miles per hour, 3,200 pounds force, American football, padding, team investments, players, millions dollars, serious injuries, expensive, collisions, dangerous, injury, Ray Fosse, Buster Posey, Josh Hamilton, Carlos Santana, Ryan Kalish, Greg Olson, Ken Caminiti, American League, Most Valuable Player, Texas Rangers, Cleveland Indians, Braves, physics, crash-test dummy, force, padding, investments, player costs, Oakland Athletics, Kurt Suzuki, blocking the plate, fans, Bruce Bochy, Buster Posey, Giants, baseball, rules debate, Billy Beane, home plate directive, Tim Kawakami, Bochy, Posey injury Collisions, injury, Ray Fosse, Buster Posey, Josh Hamilton, Carlos Santana, Ryan Kalish, Greg Olson, Ken Caminiti, physics, force, crash-test dummy, team investments, player salaries, Kurt Suzuki, Oakland Athletics, fan experience, Bruce Bochy, Giants, baseball rules, Billy Beane, home plate directive, ESPN, ABC News, MercuryNews.com, Tim Kawakami, Buster Olney Collisions, injury, Ray Fosse, Buster Posey, Josh Hamilton, Carlos Santana, Ryan Kalish, Greg Olson, Ken Caminiti, physics, crash-test dummy, force, American football, player investments, treatments, missed games, Kurt Suzuki, Oakland Athletics, blocking the plate, Bruce Bochy, San Francisco Giants, baseball rules, ESPN, Billy Beane, MercuryNews, Tim Kawakami collisions, dangerous, injury, Ray Fosse, Buster Posey, Josh Hamilton, Carlos Santana, Ryan Kalish, Greg Olson, Ken Caminiti, physics, crash-test dummy, force, American football, team investments, players, Kurt Suzuki, Oakland Athletics, runs, fans, Bruce Bochy, San Francisco Giants, baseball rules, Billy Beane, home plate directive
test-education-pteuhwfphe-pro02a	A graduate tax would make university funding more sustainable  A graduate tax would potentially give universities more than they get from traditional funding, as a contribution would depend directly on a person’s salary rather than just being a flat rate fare for services rendered over a short time. For example a person earning £40,000 would pay about £125 per month. (Shepard, J. 2009) That over 20 years could amount to £30,000, more than enough to cover the costs of a university education in a way which is manageable. Admittedly that sum is based on a person rising like a rocket but it still hints at the possibilities of the tax and how it could bring in more money than simply universities rising their fees. Secondly, it would change as a person’s salary rises or falls over a twenty year period, being more sustainable and increasing the chance of the costs being recovered. Thirdly, rather than giving a person a required fee to pay it would be giving a person a chance to pay over a set time period, reducing the financial impact of the bill. graduate tax, university funding, sustainable, salary-based contribution, flat rate, fee, financial impact, recovery costs, time period, Shepard 2009, income-dependent payment, educational finance, higher education, economic sustainability graduate tax, university funding, sustainable, salary-based contribution, financial impact, long-term recovery, dynamic funding, reduced financial burden, equitable payment, education finance graduate tax, university funding, sustainable, salary-based contribution, flat rate fare, financial impact, revenue potential, salary fluctuations, cost recovery, payment over time graduate tax, university funding, sustainable funding, salary-based contribution, flat rate fare, earnings-dependent payment, financial sustainability, long-term funding, fee recovery, reduced financial impact, payment over time, income-contingent repayment graduate tax, university funding, sustainable, salary-based contribution, flat rate fare, earnings-linked payment, long-term financing, financial recovery, reduced financial impact, payment over time, higher education finance, Shepard 2009
test-philosophy-pppthbtcb-pro03a	Terrorism can bring attention  Terrorism can raise the profile of a neglected cause. The hi-jackings of the 1970s and 1980s brought publicity to the Palestinian cause, helping to bring it to the attention of the world. [1] States can use their wealth and media to put across their side of the story; their opponents do not have these resources and perhaps need to resort to terrorism to publicise their cause. In this way, limited and focused use of violence can have a dramatic international impact.  [1] Tristam, P. (n.d.). The 1970 Palestinian Hijackings of Three Jets to Jordan. Retrieved August 3, 2011, from About.com: Terrorism, attention, profile, neglected cause, hi-jackings, 1970s, 1980s, Palestinian, publicity, world, states, wealth, media, opponents, resources, violence, international impact, Tristam, 1970, Palestinian Hijackings, Jordan, About.com terrorism, attention, profile, neglected, cause, hi-jackings, 1970s, 1980s, Palestinian, publicity, world, states, wealth, media, opponents, resources, violence, international, impact, dramatic, limited, focused, Tristam, 1970, Palestinian, Hijackings, jets, Jordan, About.com terrorism, attention, raise, profile, neglected, cause, hi-jackings, 1970s, 1980s, Palestinian, publicity, world, states, wealth, media, opponents, resources, resort, publicise, limited, focused, violence, dramatic, international, impact, Tristam, P, 1970, Palestinian, Hijackings, Jets, Jordan, About.com terrorism, attention, profile, neglected cause, hijackings, 1970s, 1980s, Palestinian, publicity, states, wealth, media, resources, violence, international impact, Tristam, About.com terrorism, attention, profile, neglected cause, hi-jackings, 1970s, 1980s, Palestinian, publicity, world, states, wealth, media, opponents, resources, violence, dramatic, international, impact, Tristam, About.com
test-international-appghblsba-pro01a	Annexation will allow the free movement of Basotho people, goods and services  For the Basotho in a landlocked country the free movement of their people is a right that is in large part dependent on the South African (SA) government rather their own national one. Its importance is shown by 40% of border crossings into South Africa being from Lesotho. Acknowledging the fact that Lesotho is an enclave state surrounded by SA, the ability of people to move freely depends on whether they are allowed to enter SA or not. There is corruption at border posts and the number of crossings results in long queues and slow service; 63% of border crossers experience problems. [1] This is sometimes made even more difficult by SA government actions as before the World Cup in 2010 when border restrictions were tightened making it almost impossible for Basotho to leave their country. [2] This happened due to the detention of several Lesotho nationals after a spate of criminal activities along the border.  The same situation applies to trade. Lesotho is dependent on the trade with South Africa, even for goods that come from beyond South Africa as Lesotho has no port of its own most goods will have to be transported through South Africa. This dependency is rising. In 1980, Lesotho produced 80% of the cereals it consumed. Now it imports 70%. [3] Annexation would eliminate these borders boosting trade between the countries, helping to make both richer. In the best interest of Basotho is to be able to control and be listened to by the entity that is metaphorically and literally feeding them.  [1] Crush, Jonathan, ‘The border within: The future of the Lesotho-South African international boundary’, Migration Policy Series No.26,   [2] Patel, Khadija, Lesotho and South Africa: ‘Good fences make good neighbours’, 19 April 2013,   [3] Smith, Alex Duval, ‘Lesotho's people plead with South Africa to annex their troubled country’, theguardian.com, 6 June 2010 Annexation, Basotho, free movement, Lesotho, South Africa, border crossings, corruption, trade, economic dependency, port, cereals, import, World Cup, border restrictions, crime, Lesotho nationals, detention, international boundary, good fences, neighbours, annex troubled country annexation, free movement, Basotho people, goods, services, landlocked, South African government, border crossings, corruption, border posts, long queues, slow service, World Cup 2010, border restrictions, trade, dependency, port, cereals, imports, economic benefits, control, representation annexation, free movement, Basotho people, goods, services, landlocked, Lesotho, South African government, border crossings, corruption, border posts, long queues, slow service, trade, World Cup 2010, border restrictions, criminal activities, dependency, port, cereals, imports, economic benefit Annexation, Basotho, free movement, Lesotho, South Africa, border crossings, corruption, trade, dependency, cereals, imports, economic integration, border restrictions, World Cup, criminal activities, port, transportation, economic benefits, policy, international relations, border control, enclave state, migration, services, queues, service efficiency, national security, humanitarian issues, political influence, economic stability, regional cooperation, food security, policy reforms, legal entry, border management, security measures, economic dependency, trade barriers, market access, transport infrastructure, cross-border trade, social integration, political Annexation, economic Annexation, annexation, free movement, Basotho people, goods, services, landlocked, Lesotho, South Africa, border crossings, corruption, border posts, long queues, slow service, World Cup 2010, border restrictions, trade, cereals, imports, economic dependency, political control
test-sport-otshwbe2uuyt-pro01a	Europe must not give approval to this regime.  Viktor Yanukovych fairly came to power in 2010 however since then he has set about attacking the country’s fragile democracy. There are numerous cases showing this democratic decline. For example changes to the constitution that occurred after the Orange revolution have been rolled back to give more power to the presidency. [1] Most visibly opponents of the regime such as Yulia Timoshenko have been jailed in politically motivated trials. At the same time there have been attacks on the freedom of the media and Ukraine has fallen down rankings of press freedom in 2010-11 with its score from freedom house falling from 56 to 59 with its ranking falling to 130th. [2]  Ukraine, like its neighbours Russia and Belarus, has become a ‘virtual mafia state’ where the SBU (Ukraine’s successor to the KGB) is all powerful and the elite are unaccountable. [3] It is becoming more and more corrupt as is shown by its fall down the Corruption Perceptions Index from 118th in 2007 to 152nd in 2011. [4] Ukraine is clearly going in the wrong direction and European leaders need to stand up and show that the will not allow this to continue.  [1] Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor, ‘2010 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices Report’, U.S. Department of State, 8 April 2011.  [2] Karlekar, Karin Deutsch and Dunham, Jennifer, ‘Press Freedom in 2011: Breakthroughs and Pushback in the Middle East’, Freedom House, 2012, pp.7, 16.  [3] Luzio, Taras, ‘Ukraine, Like Russia, Is Becoming a ‘Virtual Mafia State’’, Atlantic Council, 1 March 2012.  [4] Transparency International, Corruption Perceptions Index 2011 , Transparency International, Corruption Perceptions Index 2007 . Europe, regime, Viktor Yanukovych, democracy, constitution, Orange Revolution, Yulia Timoshenko, media freedom, press freedom, SBU, KGB, corruption, Corruption Perceptions Index, Transparency International, human rights, Freedom House, political trials, virtual mafia state, Atlantic Council, Belarus, accountability, European leaders, political opposition, judicial system, political repression, civil liberties, governance, political stability, foreign policy, international relations, democracy decline, rule of law, political reforms, political prisoners, media censorship, political violence, Ukrainian politics, Ukrainian government, political corruption, Ukrainian judicial system, political trials, European Union Europe, approval, regime, Viktor Yanukovych, 2010, democratic decline, constitution, Orange revolution, presidency power, Yulia Timoshenko, politically motivated trials, freedom of media, press freedom, Freedom House, virtual mafia state, SBU, KGB, corruption, Corruption Perceptions Index, Transparency International, European leaders, human rights, political prisoners, media censorship, Ukraine, Russia, Belarus Europe, approval, regime, Viktor Yanukovych, 2010, fragile democracy, constitutional changes, Orange Revolution, presidency power, Yulia Timoshenko, politically motivated trials, media freedom, Ukraine, Freedom House, ranking, press freedom, virtual mafia state, SBU, KGB, elite unaccountability, corruption, Corruption Perceptions Index, European leaders, human rights, Freedom of the Press, Transparency International Europe, Viktor Yanukovych, democracy, constitution, Orange revolution, Yulia Timoshenko, media freedom, press freedom, SBU, KGB, virtual mafia state, corruption, Corruption Perceptions Index, Transparency International, Freedom House, political trials, human rights, Atlantic Council Europe, approval, regime, Viktor Yanukovych, power, democracy, constitutional changes, Orange Revolution, presidential power, political opponents, Yulia Timoshenko, jail, politically motivated trials, media freedom, freedom house, corruption, SBU, KGB, virtual mafia state, elite accountability, Corruption Perceptions Index, human rights, press freedom, Atlantic Council, Transparency International, Ukraine, Russia, Belarus
test-health-dhiacihwph-pro02a	Savings can be used in other sections of medical care  The decreased cost of pharmaceuticals allows African states to focus on other aspects of medical schemes. Pharmaceuticals are not the only aspect in treatment, there needs to be sufficient staff, medical equipment and infrastructure [1] . These requirements cost money, which the savings made on pharmaceuticals provide. In Europe, 50% of dispensed medicines are generic yet they cost only 18% of pharmaceutical expenditure, with a similar model predicted for South Africa. This allows the state to focus on other aspects of medical schemes [2] .  [1] Ibid  [2] Health24, ‘South Africans embrace generic meds’ savings, medical care, decreased cost, pharmaceuticals, African states, medical schemes, staff, medical equipment, infrastructure, generic medicines, pharmaceutical expenditure, South Africa, Health24 savings, medical care, decreased cost, pharmaceuticals, African states, medical schemes, staff, medical equipment, infrastructure, generics, pharmaceutical expenditure, South Africa, Health24, South Africans, generic meds savings, medical care, pharmaceuticals, African states, medical schemes, staff, medical equipment, infrastructure, generic medicines, pharmaceutical expenditure, South Africa, Health24 savings, medical care, decreased cost, pharmaceuticals, African states, medical schemes, staff, medical equipment, infrastructure, generic medicines, pharmaceutical expenditure, South Africa, Health24 savings, medical care, decreased cost, pharmaceuticals, African states, medical schemes, staff, medical equipment, infrastructure, generic medicines, pharmaceutical expenditure, South Africa, Health24
test-international-aegmeppghw-pro03a	"Turkey joining the EU would help the international fight against terrorism  Turkey is a key geo-political strategic ally to the West and should be integrated fully in order to ensure its continued cooperation. ""Turkey is a secular Muslim democracy and a crucial ally for the West. The eastern flank of NATO, straddling Europe and Asia, it played a critical role in containing the Soviet Union during the Cold War. In the 1990s, it helped monitor Saddam Hussein and protect Iraqi Kurds by permitting U.S. warplanes to use its bases. After the September 11, 2001, attacks, it became a staging area for coalition forces in Afghanistan, where Turkish forces eventually assumed overall command of the International Stabilization Force. Turkey continues to be a pivotal partner in the fight against al Qaeda and other terrorist groups, despite attacks by radical Islamists at home."" [1]  [1]  ‘Turkey’s Dreams of Accession’ by David Phillips, Foreign Affairs September/October 2004 Turkey, EU, terrorism, geo-political, ally, West, secular, Muslim, democracy, NATO, Cold War, Soviet Union, Saddam Hussein, Iraqi Kurds, September 11, 2001, coalition forces, Afghanistan, al Qaeda, radical Islamists, International Stabilization Force Turkey, EU, international, terrorism, geo-political, strategic ally, West, integration, cooperation, secular, Muslim, democracy, crucial ally, eastern flank, NATO, Europe, Asia, Cold War, Soviet Union, 1990s, Saddam Hussein, Iraqi Kurds, U.S. warplanes, September 11, 2001, coalition forces, Afghanistan, International Stabilization Force, command, pivotal partner, al Qaeda, terrorist groups, radical Islamists, attacks, home, Dreams of Accession, David Phillips, Foreign Affairs, September/October 2004 Turkey, EU, international, terrorism, geopolitical, strategic ally, West, secular, Muslim, democracy, NATO, Cold War, Soviet Union, Saddam Hussein, Iraqi Kurds, September 11, coalition forces, Afghanistan, International Stabilization Force, al Qaeda, radical Islamists, accession, David Phillips, Foreign Affairs Turkey, EU, international, terrorism, geo-political, ally, West, integration, cooperation, secular, Muslim, democracy, NATO, Europe, Asia, Cold War, Soviet Union, Saddam Hussein, Iraqi Kurds, September 11, 2001, Afghanistan, coalition forces, International Stabilization Force, al Qaeda, terrorist groups, radical Islamists, David Phillips, Foreign Affairs, 2004 Turkey, EU, international, terrorism, geo-political, strategic ally, secular, Muslim, democracy, NATO, Cold War, Soviet Union, Iraq, Saddam Hussein, Kurdish, September 11, 2001, Afghanistan, coalition forces, International Stabilization Force, al Qaeda, terrorist groups, radical Islamists"
test-sport-aastshsrqsar-pro01a	Radical action needed for racial equality in South Africa  It is plain for all to see how unrepresentative rugby union in South Africa is. While there is not necessarily a deliberate policy of racism, it is very easy for biases to creep in. Across the division where the quotas will come in only about 6% of players are black, a number that should increase to 33%. [1] Quotas could help concentrate the mind to ensure that the best team is picked.  At grass roots level, there have been some cases of flat-out racial abuse of non-white players, including using racial terms that are particularly offensive in a South African context.  [1] Peacock, James, ‘Peter de Villiers says racial quotas are ‘waste of time’, BBC Sport, 15 August 2013, racial equality, South Africa, rugby union, representation, quotas, racial bias, grassroots, racial abuse, Peter de Villiers, BBC Sport racial equality, South Africa, rugby union, representation, racial quotas, biases, grass roots, racial abuse, non-white players, Peter de Villiers, BBC Sport Radical, action, racial, equality, South, Africa, rugby, union, unrepresentative, biases, quotas, 6%, 33%, best, team, grass, roots, racial, abuse, non-white, players, offensive, Peter, de, Villiers, BBC, Sport racial equality, South Africa, rugby union, representation, quotas, racial quotas, biases, grass roots, racial abuse, non-white players, Peter de Villiers, BBC Sport radical, action, racial, equality, South, Africa, rugby, union, unrepresentative, biases, quotas, players, black, increase, concentration, best, team, grass, roots, racial, abuse, non-white, offensive, Peter, de, Villiers, waste, time, BBC, Sport
test-science-eassgbatj-con03a	Testing is needed for really new drugs  The real benefit of animal testing is making totally new drugs, which is about a quarter of them. After non-animal and then animal tests, it will be tested on humans. The reason why the risk is low (but not non-existent) for these brave volunteers, is because of the animal tests.  These new chemicals are the ones most likely to produce improvements to people’s lives, because they are new. You couldn’t do research on these new drugs without either animal testing or putting humans at a much higher risk. Testing, new drugs, animal testing, non-animal tests, human volunteers, drug research, chemical compounds, pharmaceutical improvements, human risk, animal ethics testing, new drugs, animal testing, human volunteers, non-animal tests, drug development, chemical research, pharmaceutical improvements, risk assessment, medical advancements Testing, new drugs, animal testing, human testing, drug development, pharmaceutical research, clinical trials, drug safety, chemical compounds, medical advancements, research ethics, human volunteers, risk assessment, non-animal testing, drug benefits, innovation in medicine, pharmaceutical innovation, drug discovery, human risk, animal welfare, ethical research, pharmaceutical industry, regulatory requirements, scientific progress, medicinal chemistry, therapeutic advances, health improvements, drug efficacy, preclinical studies,毒理学, 生物利用度, 药代动力学, 药物相互作用, 新药申请, 临床前研究, 临床研究, Testing, new drugs, animal testing, human volunteers, risk, chemical improvements, research, drug development, non-animal tests, pharmaceutical innovation animal testing, new drugs, drug development, human volunteers, non-animal tests, drug research, chemical testing, medical advancements, human risk, drug safety, pharmaceutical testing, clinical trials, experimental drugs, drug efficacy, animal models, human subjects, pharmaceutical innovation, drug approval process, preclinical testing, drug discovery
test-politics-oapghwliva-pro01a	The present system of earmarking in Congress is wide open to abuse. The party leaderships in each house can use the offer of pork, or the threat to withhold it to enforce party discipline. “Logrolling” occurs whereby an earmark is obtained in return for support on an unrelated piece of legislation. All this leads to legislators who put party above country and vote for bad legislation in pursuit of their own vested interest. They basically “are federal dollars that members of Congress dole out to favor seekers — often campaign donors. In the process, lawmakers advocate for the companies, helping them bypass the normal system of evaluation and competition.”1Forcing pork out in the open by making Congress vote to defend it after a Presidential line-item veto is the best way to remedy matters. Overall the President is more accountable to the people as a whole than individual representatives, and with their national mandate, more able to stand up to powerful interest groups.  1 David Heath and Hal Bernton, $4.5 million for a boat that nobody wanted, The Seattle Times, 15/10/07 , accessed 5/5/11 earmarking, Congress, abuse, party leadership, pork, party discipline, logrolling, legislators, country, bad legislation, vested interest, federal dollars, members of Congress, favor seekers, campaign donors, companies, evaluation, competition, Presidential line-item veto, accountability, people, national mandate, interest groups, David Heath, Hal Bernton, Seattle Times earmarking, Congress, abuse, party leadership, pork, logrolling, party discipline, bad legislation, vested interest, federal dollars, campaign donors, normal system, evaluation, competition, Presidential line-item veto, accountability, powerful interest groups, national mandate, Seattle Times, David Heath, Hal Bernton earmarking, Congress, abuse, party leadership, pork, logrolling, party discipline, legislators, country, bad legislation, vested interest, federal dollars, campaign donors, evaluation, competition, Presidential line-item veto, accountability, people, representatives, interest groups, Seattle Times, David Heath, Hal Bernton earmark, abuse, party, discipline, logrolling, legislation, vested, interest, federal, dollars, members, Congress, favor, campaign, donors, evaluation, competition, line-item, veto, President, accountable, national, mandate, interest, groups, pork, voting, defense, Seattle, Times, David, Heath, Hal, Bernton, boat, unwanted, funding, political, influence, public, oversight, reform, transparency earmarking, abuse, party leadership, pork, logrolling, party discipline, bad legislation, federal dollars, vested interest, campaign donors, evaluation, competition, presidential line-item veto, accountability, interest groups, national mandate, public representation, legislative process, government transparency, ethical governance
test-education-pstrgsehwt-pro05a	Communities should have a say in what is taught in schools, and many communities want to teach creationism.  Society is made up of communities with their own views on politics, religion, education, etc. School boards should be able to set curriculum based on the desires of the public, not just on what the scientific elites command to be taught. Children deserve to hear that their beliefs and those of their community are respected in the classroom. This is why Creationism, a belief held to varying extents in many countries, should be taught in the classroom. This is particularly true in the United States, where in several states the majority of people does not accept evolution, but have instead adopted Creationism, considering the evidence for the latter to be more convincing. [1] In a poll in 2009 a majority (57%) said that creationism should be taught in schools either without evolution or alongside it. [2] The teaching of Creationism should not be taught exclusively, but should share time with other prevailing theories, particularly those of evolution and abiogenesis. Furthermore, evolution taught exclusively threatens religious belief, telling children they are no more than animals and lack the spark of grace given by God. It is important for social stability that schools are allowed to teach what communities believe to be true.  [1] Goodstein, Laurie. 2005. “Teaching of Creationism is Endorsed in New Survey”. New York Times.  [2] HarrisInteractive. 2009. “No Consensus, and Much Confusion, on Evolution and the Origin of Species.” BBC World News America/The Harris Poll, 18th February, 2009. communities, say, curriculum, creationism, education, school boards, public desires, scientific elites, children, beliefs, respect, classroom, United States, states, majority, acceptance, evolution, religious belief, social stability, teaching, theories, abiogenesis, poll, survey, New York Times, HarrisInteractive, BBC World News America, confusion, species origin, religious freedom, science education, community values, educational policy, teaching methods, scientific theory, creationist beliefs, public opinion, societal views, academic freedom, inclusive education, evolution controversy, religious education, state education, public schooling, curriculum development, educational standards, science instruction creationism, evolution, school curriculum, community values, religious beliefs, scientific elites, public opinion, school boards, education policy, social stability, children's beliefs, religious education, poll data, United States, scientific theories, abiogenesis, teaching methods, societal views, education reform, religious freedom Communities, say, curriculum, creationism, society, views, politics, religion, education, school boards, public desires, scientific elites, children, beliefs, classroom, respect, United States, states, majority, acceptance, evolution, 2009 poll, teaching, exclusively, social stability, religious belief, animals, spark, grace, God, social stability, schools, community truths, Goodstein, Laurie, New York Times, HarrisInteractive, BBC World News America, Harris Poll, confusion, origin species Communities, say, taught, schools, creationism, society, views, politics, religion, education, school boards, curriculum, public, scientific elites, children, beliefs, classroom, countries, United States, states, majority, people, adopted, evidence, poll, 2009, majority, creationism, taught, evolution, alongside, exclusively, theories, abiogenesis, religious belief, social stability, allowed, true communities, say, taught, schools, creationism, society, views, politics, religion, education, school boards, curriculum, public desires, scientific elites, children, beliefs, respect, classroom, United States, states, majority, people, adopted, evidence, convincing, poll, 2009, majority, creationism, evolution, alongside, teaching, exclusively, theories, threats, religious belief, social stability, allowed, true
test-environment-aeghhgwpe-pro04a	Being vegetarian reduces risks of food poisoning  Almost all dangerous types of food poisoning are passed on through meat or eggs. So Campylobacter bacteria, the most common cause of food poisoning in England, are usually found in raw meat and poultry, unpasteurised milk and untreated water. Salmonella come from raw meat, poultry and dairy products and most cases of escherichia coli (E-Coli) food poisoning occur after eating undercooked beef or drinking unpasteurised milk. [1]  Close contact between humans and animals also leads to zoonosis – diseases such as bird ‘flu which can be passed on from animals to humans. Using animal brains in the processed feed for livestock led to BSE in cattle and to CJD in humans who ate beef from infected cows.  [1] Causes of food poisoning, nhs.co.uk, 23rd June 2009 vegetarian, food poisoning, meat, eggs, Campylobacter, Salmonella, E-Coli, raw meat, poultry, unpasteurised milk, untreated water, dairy products, undercooked beef, zoonosis, bird flu, BSE, CJD, livestock, processed feed, cattle, humans vegetarian, food poisoning, meat, eggs, Campylobacter, Salmonella, E-Coli, raw meat, poultry, unpasteurised milk, untreated water, dairy products, undercooked beef, zoonosis, bird flu, BSE, CJD, livestock, animal brains, processed feed, cattle, humans vegetarian, food poisoning, meat, eggs, Campylobacter, Salmonella, E-Coli, raw meat, poultry, unpasteurised milk, untreated water, dairy products, zoonosis, bird flu, BSE, CJD, livestock, processed feed, humans, beef, causes, nhs.co.uk vegetarian, food poisoning, meat, eggs, Campylobacter, Salmonella, E-Coli, raw meat, poultry, unpasteurised milk, untreated water, dairy products, zoonosis, bird flu, BSE, CJD, cattle, humans, processed feed, livestock vegetarian, food poisoning, meat, eggs, Campylobacter, Salmonella, E-Coli, raw meat, poultry, unpasteurised milk, untreated water, dairy products, zoonosis, bird flu, BSE, CJD, cattle, humans, beef, processed feed, livestock
test-education-ufsdfkhbwu-con03a	Universities should exchange ideas not impose them  Of all possible institutions, for a university to suggest that it is not open to defending its ideas rather than insisting that they be artificially imported seems counter-intuitive. As Asian and European intellectual traditions increasingly interact as a result of economic interaction there are going to be clashes between and attempts to integrate the Confucian and Socratic approaches [i] . Part of that is the relationship between academia and the state. Western institutions seeking to establish themselves as a presence in Asia should at least be open to the idea that a different approach may have something to offer. After all a willingness to accept new ideas and attitudes is key to the ethic of any university – the assumption that such an exchange would only flow in one direction is astonishingly arrogant.  [i] This is true at every level, including simple things such as the approach taken by students to their studies. Inevitably, universities have responded to these in different ways in the two traditions.  Paton, Michael, ‘Asian Students, Critical Thinking and English as an Academic Lingua Franca’, Analytic teaching and philosophical praxis, Vol.32, No.1, pp.27-39 p.28 universities, exchange, ideas, impose, institutions, open, defend, artificially, imported, counter-intuitive, Asian, European, intellectual, traditions, economic, interaction, clashes, integrate, Confucian, Socratic, approaches, academia, state, Western, presence, Asia, open-minded, new, attitudes, ethic, unidirectional, arrogant, students, studies, Paton, Michael, Asian, Students, Critical, Thinking, English, Academic, Lingua, Franca, Analytic, teaching, philosophical, praxis universities, idea exchange, intellectual traditions, Confucian, Socratic, academia, state, Western institutions, Asian presence, new ideas, academic interaction, critical thinking, English, academic lingua franca, student approaches, cultural integration, academic ethics, intellectual arrogance, educational methods, Paton, Michael universities, exchange ideas, impose ideas, academic openness, Confucian, Socratic, intellectual traditions, academia, state, Western institutions, Asia, new ideas, academic ethics, critical thinking, English, academic lingua franca, student approaches, cultural interaction, educational traditions, intellectual integration universities, exchange ideas, impose ideas, intellectual traditions, Confucian, Socratic, academia, state, Western institutions, Asian presence, new ideas, academic ethics, critical thinking, English, academic lingua franca, student studies, cultural interaction, educational approaches, intellectual integration universities, idea exchange, intellectual traditions, Confucian, Socratic, academia, state, Western institutions, Asian presence, new ideas, academic approaches, student studies, critical thinking, English, academic lingua franca, cultural interaction, academic ethics, intellectual arrogance, educational clash, integration methods
test-law-lghbacpsba-con01a	It supports the principle that everyone is entitled to a defence  In criminal, civil or commercial matters, it is important that everyone has equal access to the law. This ensures a fair and just system. In order to facilitate this principle, even those in the wrong need to know that what they say to their legal representative will not be used against them at a later date. It is this principle that provides equality in the court room and therefore the principle of client attorney privilege needs to be maintained. client attorney privilege, equal access to law, fair and just system, legal representation, criminal matters, civil matters, commercial matters, confidentiality, legal rights, principle of defence, equality in courtroom, legal privilege maintenance client attorney privilege, equal access to law, fair and just system, criminal matters, civil matters, commercial matters, defence entitlement, legal representation confidentiality, courtroom equality defence, equal access, law, fair, just system, client attorney privilege, legal representative, confidentiality, rights, justice, legal protection, courtroom equality, legal ethics, advocacy, representation principle, entitled, defence, criminal, civil, commercial, matters, equal, access, law, fair, just, system, client, attorney, privilege, maintained, courtroom, equality, legal, representative, confidentiality, wrong, say, used, later, date principle, entitled, defence, criminal, civil, commercial, matters, equal, access, law, fair, just, system, wrong, legal, representative, say, client, attorney, privilege, maintained
test-education-pstrgsehwt-pro04a	Creationism is as valid a scientific theory as those of evolution and abiogenesis, and should therefore be given equal time in the classroom.  Creationism can be drawn as an entirely reasonable scientific hypothesis, and it forms a coherent theory of the origin and development of life that opposes the naturalist theories of abiogenesis and evolution. Abiogenesis describes the development of life from nonliving materials and evolution seeks to explain the development and diversity of life through a gradual process of mutation and natural selection, yet no one has ever demonstrated either process sufficiently in the laboratory. In the case of abiogenesis, all experiments to create an environment similar to the supposed prebiotic soup whence life first sprang have resulted in no new life forming. In the case of evolution, evolutionists consistently fail to show the development of new kinds of organisms [1] . While there is no doubt that some change occurs within species, such as the breeding of wolves into dogs, it appears to happen only within certain limited bounds. Certainly no experiment or study has shown evolution to be capable of explaining such huge diversity in the world of living things. Creationism, on the other hand, offers the explanation that abiogenesis and evolution cannot. The diversity of life and its origin are rationally explicable as the product of intelligent agency. This is not a statement of religious belief, but of scientific observation. Describing the nature of the designer, however, is another question all together, one that need not be answered in order to accept that there is such a designer.  [1] Wells, Jonathan. 2009. “Why Darwinism is False”. Discovery Institute. Creationism, evolution, abiogenesis, scientific theory, classroom, naturalist theories, origin of life, development of life, prebiotic soup, mutation, natural selection, laboratory demonstration, new life formation, organisms, species change, diversity, intelligent agency, scientific observation, religious belief, designer, Jonathan Wells, Darwinism creationism, scientific theory, evolution, abiogenesis, classroom, naturalist theories, origin of life, development of life, laboratory demonstration, prebiotic soup, new life forming, mutation, natural selection, new kinds of organisms, species change, diversity of life, intelligent agency, scientific observation, Jonathan Wells, Darwinism, Discovery Institute Creationism, evolution, abiogenesis, scientific theory, classroom, naturalist theories, prebiotic soup, mutation, natural selection, laboratory demonstration, new kinds of organisms, species change, diversity of life, intelligent agency, scientific observation, religious belief, designer, Jonathan Wells, Darwinism Creationism, evolution, abiogenesis, intelligent design, natural selection, mutation, scientific theory, classroom, prebiotic soup, laboratory, diversity, species, Darwinism, Jonathan Wells, Discovery Institute, origin of life, development of life, nonliving materials, new kinds, organisms, breeding, wolves, dogs, religious belief, scientific observation, designer, rational explanation creationism, scientific theory, evolution, abiogenesis, classroom, naturalist theories, origin and development of life, prebiotic soup, mutation, natural selection, laboratory demonstration, new kinds of organisms, species change, intelligent agency, scientific observation, religious belief, designer, Jonathan Wells, Darwinism, Discovery Institute
test-health-ahiahbgbsp-pro02a	Reduce smoking  A ban on smoking in public places would help reduce the rates of people smoking, by making it appear socially unusual – people will have to leave enclosed public places to smoke, each time they want to smoke. This is particularly important in Africa which is at an early stage of the tobacco epidemic where it can be prevented from ever coming to be seen as being normal.  The ban both through the new obstacle and the change in norms could reduce smoking rates. In England, nine months after such a ban, the fall in smoking rates (such as with much of the Global North) accelerated 1 - it has been claimed by up to 400,000.  1 Daily Mail Reporter, “Smoking ban spurs 400,000 people to quit the habit”, Daily Mail, 4 July 2008, reduce smoking, public places, smoking ban, social norms, tobacco epidemic, Africa, England, smoking rates, Global North, smoking reduction, quit smoking, health policy, tobacco control reduce smoking, public places ban, social norms, tobacco epidemic, africa, prevention, smoking rates, obstacles, norm change, england, global north, smoking ban, quit smoking, daily mail, 400000 quitters reduce smoking, public places ban, social norms, tobacco epidemic, africa, smoking rates, england, global north, smoking ban impact, quit smoking, daily mail, health policy, public health intervention, tobacco control reduce smoking, public places, smoking ban, social norms, tobacco epidemic, africa, prevention, smoking rates, england, global north, daily mail, smoking cessation reduce smoking, public places, smoking ban, social norms, Africa, tobacco epidemic, England, smoking rates, Daily Mail, quit smoking
test-health-dhiacihwph-pro04a	Unfair to apply same patent laws universally  It is unrealistic to expect poorer countries, such as those in Africa, to pay the same price as the developed world’s markets. Current patent laws for many countries dictate that prices for buying patented drugs should be universally the same. This makes it extremely difficult for African countries to purchase pharmaceuticals set at the market price of developed countries. In the US there are nine patented drugs which cost in excess of $200,000 [1] . To expect developing African states to afford this price is unfair and reinforces the exploitative relationship between the developed and developing world. Generic drugs escape this problem due to their universally low prices.  [1] Herper,M. ‘The World’s Most Expensive Drugs’ patent laws, universal pricing, pharmaceuticals, developing countries, Africa, drug costs, market price, developed world, generic drugs, healthcare inequality, exploitation, medication affordability patent laws, universal application, price equality, poorer countries, African nations, pharmaceutical costs, developed world, market price, patented drugs, affordability, generic drugs, low prices, exploitation, developing states, drug pricing, healthcare inequality, global health policy, pharmaceutical industry, economic disparity, access to medication patent laws, poorer countries, Africa, drug prices, developed world, universal pricing, pharmaceuticals, market price, US, patented drugs, expensive drugs, developing African states, generic drugs, low prices, exploitative relationship, healthcare inequality, global health, pharmaceutical industry, access to medicine patent laws, universal application, pharmaceutical pricing, poorer countries, Africa, developed world, market price, patented drugs, unfairness, exploitative relationship, generic drugs, low prices, Herper, expensive drugs patent laws, pharmaceuticals, drug prices, developing countries, Africa, universal pricing, unfair application, market price, developed world, generic drugs, expensive drugs, healthcare inequality, economic disparity, pharmaceutical patents, global health policy
test-religion-msgfhwbamec-pro01a	Individual Freedom  Even if marriages are not made absolutely mandatory, covert family pressure can still propel people into unions where they will be unhappy. This is a form of restricted liberty as the consequences of people rebelling against arranged marriages can include being forced to leave home or suffering stigmatisation and reduced contact with family members. The stigma may also be the other way with the family feeling shame when their children reject their arrangements this in turn can lead to attempts at compulsion and even some cases like that of Shafilea Ahmed murder for the rejection of the marriage. [1] Clearly there is a thin line between arranged and forced marriages. Although things like stigmatisation are harder to police than physical intimidation or violence, it is only right that the state steps in to regulate these harms, giving people the legal mandate to challenge the practice as well as to discourage relatives from attempting it from the outset.  [1] Carter, Helen, ‘Shafilea Ahmed killed by parents for bringing shame on family, court hears’, guardian.co.uk, 21 May 2012, Individual Freedom, Covert Family Pressure, Unhappy Unions, Restricted Liberty, Rebellions Against Arranged Marriages, Forced to Leave Home, Stigmatisation, Reduced Family Contact, Family Shame, Children Rejecting Arrangements, Compulsion, Murder, Shafilea Ahmed, Thin Line Between Arranged and Forced Marriages, Physical Intimidation, Legal Mandate, Challenge Practice, Discourage Relatives, State Intervention, Regulation of Harms Individual Freedom, Arranged Marriages, Covert Family Pressure, Restricted Liberty, Stigmatisation, Family Shame, Forced Marriages, Physical Intimidation, Legal Regulation, State Intervention, Shafilea Ahmed, Honor Killing, Social Pressure, Psychological Coercion, Human Rights Violation, Cultural Practices, Legal Protection, Family Conflict, Intergenerational Tension, Societal Norms, Marriage Autonomy, Legal Mandate, Societal Harm, Human Dignity, Parental Control, Domestic Violence Individual Freedom, Covert Family Pressure, Unhappy Unions, Restricted Liberty, Rebellion, Arranged Marriages, Forced to Leave Home, Stigmatisation, Reduced Family Contact, Family Shame, Children Rejecting Arrangements, Compulsion, Murder, Shafilea Ahmed, Thin Line, Arranged Marriages, Forced Marriages, State Regulation, Legal Mandate, Discourage Relatives, Police Harms, Physical Intimidation, Violence Individual Freedom, Arranged Marriages, Covert Family Pressure, Restricted Liberty, Unhappiness, Stigmatization, Reduced Family Contact, Rejection, Family Shame, Compulsion, Forced Marriages, Physical Intimidation, Violence, State Regulation, Legal Mandate, Prevention, Shafilea Ahmed, Murder, Honor Killing, Shame, Policing, Social Pressure, Legal Protection, Family Honor, Cultural Practices, Human Rights Individual Freedom, Covert Family Pressure, Unhappy Unions, Restricted Liberty, Rebelling Against Arranged Marriages, Forced to Leave Home, Stigmatisation, Reduced Family Contact, Family Shame, Children Rejecting Arrangements, Compulsion, Forced Marriages, Physical Intimidation, Legal Mandate, Challenge Practice, State Intervention, Harm Regulation, Shafilea Ahmed Murder, Honor Killing, Police Involvement, Social Stigma, Legal Protection, Family Pressure, Arranged Marriages, Forced Marriages Regulation, Human Rights, Personal Autonomy, Cultural Practices, Legal Reform, Social Intervention, Community Awareness, Victim Support,
test-culture-mthbah-pro04a	Advertisements try to make people feel bad about not having the product  Many adverts do more than just advertising products. Some try to make people feel inferior if they don't have the product, or if they have something which the product would change. Perceptions of beauty and fashion in particular have been terribly distorted. Many young people have low self-esteem, and lead unhealthy lifestyles because they feel they should be thinner and more attractive like the models they see in adverts. This leads to serious problems like eating-disorders and self-harm. Research that proved this effect also concluded that 'the media can boost self-esteem (happiness with one's self) where it is providing examples of a variety of body shapes. However, it often tends to portray a limited (small) number of body shapes'1.  1 Skinny models 'send unhealthy message'. The Guardian. advertisements, inferiority, product, self-esteem, beauty, fashion, distorted, young, unhealthy, lifestyles, thinner, attractive, models, problems, eating-disorders, self-harm, research, media, body, shapes, variety, limited, skinny, unhealthy, message, The, Guardian advertisements, inferiority, self-esteem, body-image, eating-disorders, self-harm, media-influence, skinny-models, unhealthy-message, body-shapes, young-people, fashion, beauty-perception, lifestyle-impact, research-findings advertisements, inferiority, product, perceptions, beauty, fashion, distorted, young, people, low, self-esteem, unhealthy, lifestyles, thinner, attractive, models, adverts, eating-disorders, self-harm, research, media, boost, self-esteem, happiness, variety, body, shapes, limited, number, skinny, models, unhealthy, message, The, Guardian advertisements, self-esteem, body-image, media-influence, unhealthy-standards, eating-disorders, self-harm, skinny-models, fashion-industry, perception-of-beauty, low-self-esteem, unhealthy-lifestyles, distorted-perceptions, limited-body-shapes, media-portrayal, variety-of-body-shapes, self-confidence, mental-health, societal- pressures, body-shape-diversity advertisements, inferiority, product, beauty, fashion, distorted, self-esteem, unhealthy, lifestyles, thinner, attractive, models, eating-disorders, self-harm, media, body, shapes, variety, limited, skinny, unhealthy, message, research, boost, happiness
test-international-appghblsba-pro03a	Lesotho is in a dire condition and needs help from its closest ally  With about 40% of Basotho people living below the international poverty line [1] , Lesotho needs urgent help both from the economic and social perspective. A third of the population is infected with HIV and in urban areas; about 50% of the women under 40 have the virus. [2] There is a major lack of funding and corruption in the system is halting any progress. The Kingdom of Lesotho is clearly unable to deal with its issues and should be annexed by SA. Annexation is the only way in which the SA government is going to care about this enclave territory. Give Basotho citizenship and the right to vote in elections and they will be taken into consideration. Give SA the power to control and they will assume the responsibility for pulling the Basotho out of poverty, giving them a better social system and a country in which they can thrive. A simple look at the GDP per capita of each state shows the potential benefit to Lesotho and ability of SA to deliver. While Lesotho is stable at $1,700 per capita, SA has a GDP of $10,700 per person. Only by giving them full responsibility of the territory, the SA government is going to step in and make the necessary change.  [1] Human Development Reports, United Nations Development Project,   [2] The World Factbook, ‘Lesotho’, cia.gov, 11 March 2014, Lesotho, poverty, HIV, corruption, annexation, SA, GDP, Basotho, citizenship, social system, economic aid, United Nations Development Project, The World Factbook, health crisis, political stability, international intervention, human development, African politics, humanitarian assistance Lesotho, poverty, HIV, Basotho, annexation, South Africa, GDP, corruption, HIV infection rates, urban women, international poverty line, GDP per capita, human development, UNDP, CIA World Factbook, citizenship, social system, economic aid, political responsibility, enclave territory Lesotho, dire condition, needs help, closest ally, Basotho people, international poverty line, urgent help, economic perspective, social perspective, HIV infection, urban areas, women under 40, lack of funding, corruption, annexation, SA government, citizenship, voting rights, GDP per capita, potential benefit, Human Development Reports, United Nations Development Project, The World Factbook, CIA, economic development, social improvement, poverty reduction, governance, responsibility, territorial integration Lesotho, poverty, HIV, corruption, annexation, South Africa, GDP, citizenship, Basotho, social system, economic support, UNDP, CIA World Factbook, international poverty line, urban areas, women, healthcare, governance, development, responsibility, change, stability Lesotho, poverty, Basotho, HIV, economic, social, funding, corruption, annexation, SA, citizenship, GDP, per capita, United Nations Development Project, CIA World Factbook
test-international-amehbuaisji-pro01a	The ICC is a force for good, and the all states should be seen to be standing fully behind it.  The International Criminal Court is a major breakthrough in providing a permanent and durable system that can effectively prosecute and independently try war criminals.  In the past there was no permanent framework for dealing with grave breaches of human rights protection, often allowing states to perform evil acts with impunity. Only for the very worst atrocities were special courts and tribunals set up. It should also act as a deterrent to future violations; it may not reduce conflict but will encourage states to keep a tighter rein on their militaries.  An attempt at a solution to the problem of enforcement of international criminal law is something to be applauded, for the same reason the criminal law on the domestic sphere is – it saves lives, protects human rights and provides civilization to what would otherwise be anarchy. ICC, International Criminal Court, states support, permanent framework, prosecute war criminals, human rights protection, impunity, special courts, tribunals, deterrent, future violations, conflict reduction, militaries control, enforcement, international criminal law, domestic criminal law, save lives, protect human rights, prevent anarchy ICC, International Criminal Court, war criminals, human rights protection, permanent framework, special courts, tribunals, deterrence, violations, militaries, enforcement, international criminal law, domestic sphere, anarchy, civilization, conflict reduction, protection, prosecution, independence, atrocities, states, support, breakthrough, evil acts, impunity ICC, International Criminal Court, force for good, states support, permanent system, prosecute, independent trials, war criminals, human rights protection, grave breaches, impunity, special courts, tribunals, atrocities, deterrence, violations, conflict reduction, militaries control, enforcement, international criminal law, solution, criminal law, domestic sphere, saves lives, human rights, civilization, anarchy prevention ICC, International Criminal Court, force for good, states support, permanent system, prosecute, independently try, war criminals, human rights protection, breaches, impunity, special courts, tribunals, atrocities, deterrent, future violations, conflict reduction, militaries control, enforcement, international criminal law, solution, criminal law, domestic sphere, saves lives, human rights, civilization, anarchy prevention ICC, International Criminal Court, force for good, states support, permanent system, prosecute, independently try, war criminals, human rights protection, breaches, impunity, special courts, tribunals, atrocities, deter, future violations, conflict reduction, military control, enforcement, international criminal law, criminal law, domestic sphere, save lives, human rights, civilization, anarchy prevention
test-international-sepiahbaaw-pro04a	Resources are a source of conflict  There is a strong connection between the presence of natural resources and conflict within Africa. Natural resources, especially those with a high commodity price such as diamonds, are a useful means of funding rebellions and governments [1] . The 1991 civil war in Sierra Leone became infamous for the blood diamonds which came from mines with forced slavery. These diamonds were used to fund the Revolutionary United Front (RUF) for eleven years, extending the blood-shed. Continued conflict in the Congo is also attributed to the control of mineral wealth [2] and exemplifies how resources have negatively impacted Africa.  [1] Pandergast, 2008,   [2] Kharlamov,I. ‘Africa’s “Resource Wars” Assume Epidemic Proportions’ Global Research 24 November 2014 resources, conflict, Africa, natural resources, high commodity price, diamonds, funding, rebellions, governments, blood diamonds, civil war, Sierra Leone, forced slavery, Revolutionary United Front, RUF, Congo, mineral wealth, negative impact, resource wars, epidemic proportions natural resources, conflict, Africa, high commodity price, diamonds, funding rebellions, governments, blood diamonds, Sierra Leone, civil war, Revolutionary United Front, RUF, eleven years, Congo, mineral wealth, negatively impacted, resource wars, epidemic proportions resources, conflict, Africa, natural resources, high commodity price, diamonds, blood diamonds, funding rebellions, governments, civil war, Sierra Leone, Revolutionary United Front, RUF, Congo, mineral wealth, negative impact, resource wars, epidemic proportions natural resources, conflict, Africa, high commodity price, diamonds, funding rebellions, governments, blood diamonds, forced slavery, Sierra Leone, civil war, Revolutionary United Front, RUF, Congo, mineral wealth, negative impact, resource wars, epidemic proportions natural resources, conflict, Africa, high commodity price, diamonds, funding rebellions, governments, blood diamonds, Sierra Leone, civil war, Revolutionary United Front, RUF, Congo, mineral wealth, resource wars, epidemic proportions
test-culture-mmciahbans-con03a	Banning these is papering over the issue  It would be all too tempting for governments to consider that a ban on these products would sort out issues of skin tone discrimination as they would be hidden away from public view.  Class and race are both divisive issues, and are often inextricably linked. Those with lighter skin will still have advantages over those with darker skin hues. The banning of whiteners will simply reduce the ability of individuals to change how others perceive them. We can all agree that there needs to be less colourism but that has to be achieved by reducing prejudices. Only broader education on the issue of skin colour discrimination can achieve such a change. banning, papering, issue, governments, ban, products, skin, tone, discrimination, hidden, public, view, class, race, divisive, linked, lighter, advantages, darker, hues, whiteners, reduce, ability, change, perception, colourism, prejudices, broader, education, change, skin, colour, discrimination banning, skin-whitening, products, papering, issue, governments, ban, sort, issues, skin-tone, discrimination, hidden, public, view, class, race, divisive, inextricably, linked, lighter, skin, advantages, darker, hues, reduce, ability, change, perception, colourism, prejudices, broader, education, achieve, change banning, papering, issue, governments, ban, products, skin, tone, discrimination, hidden, public, view, class, race, divisive, linked, lighter, advantages, darker, hues, whiteners, change, perception, colourism, prejudices, education, change, skin, colour, discrimination banning, papering, issue, government, products, skin, tone, discrimination, hidden, class, race, linked, lighter, advantages, darker, whiteners, ability, change, perception, colourism, prejudices, education, change, skin, colour, discrimination banning, papering, issue, governments, ban, products, sort, issues, skin, tone, discrimination, hidden, public, view, class, race, divisive, inextricably, linked, lighter, skin, advantages, darker, hues, whiteners, reduce, ability, change, perception, colourism, prejudices, broader, education, change, skin, colour, discrimination
test-international-bldimehbn-con01a	The job of a journalist is to report the world and events as they see them. Cultural sensibilities do not alter the fact that these events have happened.  It is difficult to see how a matter that is undeniably controversial on the international stage and impacts on the perception of the perpetrating government around the world could not be deemed newsworthy [1] . It should not be the responsibility of journalists to determine whether or not viewers and readers might find something of interest but, rather, to report events that have happened and that may have an impact on the lives of consumers either as individuals or as a nation. By that standard, these matters are clearly news.  News organisations and individual journalists do not report on military, political, financial or terrorist actions because they agree with them but do so because of their impact on the world in which their consumers live. Often the very stories which are the most important to report – and do so impartially – are those very stories that evoke strong feelings on both – or all – sides. Al Jazeera gained its reputation by being willing to go where other Arabic channels had not gone such as showing Israeli guests speaking Hebrew which shocked the Arab world. [2] It should be willing to do the same with gay issues.  [1] CNN. Hala Gorani. The Struggle for Gay Rights in the Middle East. June 02 2006.  [2] Yeginsu, Ceylan, ‘Al Jazeera English Fresh outlook from the Middle East’, Global Media Wars, journalist, report, world, events, cultural, sensibilities, controversial, international, newsworthy, responsibility, viewers, readers, military, political, financial, terrorist, impact, impartial, important, strong, feelings, Al Jazeera, reputation, Arabic, channels, Israeli, guests, Hebrew, Arab, world, gay, issues, CNN, Hala Gorani, gay rights, Middle East, Global Media Wars, Ceylan Yeginsu journalist, report, events, cultural, sensibilities, controversial, international, perception, government, newsworthy, responsibility, viewers, readers, impact, consumers, individuals, nation, news, organizations, military, political, financial, terrorist, actions, impartially, feelings, sides, Al Jazeera, reputation, Arabic, channels, Israeli, guests, Hebrew, Arab world, gay issues, CNN, Hala Gorani, gay rights, Middle East, Yeginsu, Ceylan, Global Media Wars journalist, reporting, world, events, cultural, sensibilities, controversial, international, perception, government, newsworthy, responsibility, viewers, readers, report, impact, lives, consumers, news, news organisations, military, political, financial, terrorist, actions, agreement, world, consumers, important, impartial, feelings, Al Jazeera, reputation, Arabic, channels, Israeli, guests, Hebrew, Arab world, gay issues, CNN, Hala Gorani, Struggle, Gay Rights, Middle East, Yeginsu, Ceylan, Al Jazeera English, Fresh outlook, Global Media Wars journalist, report, world, events, cultural, sensibilities, controversial, international, government, newsworthy, responsibility, viewers, readers, impact, consumers, military, political, financial, terrorist, actions, impartial, important, strong, feelings, sides, Al Jazeera, reputation, Arabic, channels, Israeli, guests, Hebrew, Arab, world, gay, issues, CNN, Hala Gorani, Struggle, Gay Rights, Middle East, Yeginsu, Ceylan, Global Media Wars journalist, report, world, events, cultural, sensibilities, controversial, international, newsworthy, responsibility, viewers, readers, impact, consumers, military, political, financial, terrorist, actions, impartial, important, feelings, Al Jazeera, reputation, Arabic, channels, Israeli, guests, Hebrew, Arab world, gay issues, CNN, Hala Gorani, Struggle, Gay Rights, Middle East, Ceylan Yeginsu, Global Media Wars
test-culture-tlhrilsfhwr-pro01a	Cultural relativism and adapting to conflict  The issues underlying all debates on child soldiers go to the very heart of intercultural justice, politics and governance. International and supranational legislation notwithstanding, the notion that children should be protected from all forms of violence at any cost is expressly western.  The facts stated in the introduction are not sufficient to support the creation of a defence of cultural relativism to charges of recruiting and using child soldiers. “Cultures” are not simply sets of practices defined by history and tradition. They are also methods of living, of survival and of ordering societies that change and develop in response to societies’ environments. Within many communities, children are inducted (or induct themselves) into military organisations as a result of necessity. The traditional providers of physical safety within a society may have been killed or displaced by war. Communities left vulnerable by long running and vaguely defined conflicts may have no other option but to begin arming their children, in order to help them avoid violent exploitation. A great many child soldiers in South Sudan actively sought out units of the rebel army known to accept child recruits [i] . Following the death of parents and the dispersal of extended families, children gravitated towards known sources of safety and strength – organisations capable of providing protection and independence within nations utterly distorted and ruined by conflict.  Western notions of inviolate childhood, free of worry and violence, are merely a cultural construct. This construct cannot be duplicated in societies beset by forms of privation and conflict that have been alien to western liberal democracies for the last seventy years. Attempting to enforce this construct as law- and as a form of law that can trump domestic legislation- endangers vulnerable communities, inhibits the creation of democratic norms and can even criminalise the children it claims to protect.  [i] “Raised by war: Child Soldiers of the Southern Sudanese Second Civil War”, Christine Emily Ryan, PhD Thesis, University of London, 2009 Cultural relativism, conflict, child soldiers, intercultural justice, politics, governance, western protection, violence, cultural practices, survival, societal change, military organisations, physical safety, vulnerability, rebel army, South Sudan, protection, independence, inviolate childhood, cultural construct, privation, western democracies, law enforcement, domestic legislation, vulnerable communities, democratic norms, criminalisation Cultural relativism, conflict adaptation, intercultural justice, child soldiers, western protectionism, international legislation, supranational law, cultural practices, societal survival, military induction, community vulnerability, armed conflict, South Sudan, rebel army, inviolate childhood, western construct, democratic norms, vulnerable communities, legal enforcement, child criminalisation cultural relativism, child soldiers, intercultural justice, western legislation, child protection, military organisations, survival, conflict, South Sudan, rebel army, childhood constructs, privation, democratic norms, vulnerable communities, legal enforcement, Christine Emily Ryan, PhD Thesis, University of London Cultural relativism, child soldiers, intercultural justice, politics, governance, western protection, violence, cultural practices, survival, societal development, military induction, necessity, physical safety, conflict, South Sudan, rebel army, parental death, extended families, protection, independence, inviolate childhood, western construct, legal enforcement, domestic legislation, vulnerable communities, democratic norms, criminalisation cultural relativism, child soldiers, intercultural justice, politics, governance, western protection, violence, cultural practices, survival, societal development, military induction, necessity, physical safety, conflict, protection, independence, inviolate childhood, privation, western democracies, domestic legislation, vulnerable communities, democratic norms, criminalisation
test-international-epglghbni-con02a	The majority of the inhabitants of Northern Ireland do not support unification  The Good Friday agreement affirmed “That if, in the future, the people of the island of Ireland exercise their right of self-determination … to bring about a united Ireland, it will be a binding obligation on both Governments [UK and Ireland] to introduce and support in their respective Parliaments legislation to give effect to that wish”.* However as yet the Northern Irish do not wish to exercise this right. In a recent survey conducted by The Northern Ireland Life and Times it transpired that, “Overall, 73 per cent believe the long-term policy for the North should be maintaining the union, with 58 per cent supporting devolution and 15 per cent in favour of direct rule. Just 16 per cent want a united Ireland, with 3 per favoring an independent Northern Ireland.” This is not just amongst the Protestant population. The survey also showed that, “just one in three Catholics (33 per cent) wants a united Ireland, while 52 per cent want the North to stay in the UK, with 46 per cent of Catholics happy with the devolved arrangements and 6 per cent favoring a return to direct rule from Westminster.”**  *NIO, 1998,   **Moriarty, 2011, Northern Ireland, unification, Good Friday Agreement, self-determination, United Kingdom, Ireland, survey, Northern Ireland Life and Times, union, devolution, direct rule, Catholics, Protestants, Moriarty, 2011, NIO, 1998 Northern Ireland, unification, Good Friday Agreement, self-determination, United Kingdom, Ireland, survey, Northern Ireland Life and Times, union, devolution, direct rule, Catholics, Protestant, Moriarty, 2011, NIO, 1998 Northern Ireland, unification, Good Friday Agreement, self-determination, united Ireland, survey, Northern Ireland Life and Times, union, devolution, direct rule, Protestant, Catholic, Moriarty, 2011, NIO, 1998 Northern Ireland, unification, Good Friday Agreement, self-determination, union, devolution, direct rule, united Ireland, survey, Northern Ireland Life and Times, Protestant, Catholic, Moriarty, 2011, NIO, 1998 Northern Ireland, unification, Good Friday Agreement, right of self-determination, union, devolution, direct rule, united Ireland, Northern Irish, Protestant, Catholic, survey, Moriarty, 2011, NIO, 1998, UK, Ireland, self-determination, legislation, Parliaments, long-term policy, independent Northern Ireland
test-sport-tshbmlbscac-con02a	Collisions are an example of violence that has no place in baseball.  Baseball is not a contact sport. It is not a sport that is supposed to rely on violence. This is one commentator’s point: “if you want to watch violent collisions, you can watch [American] football. Or hockey. Or MMA. There’s no reason baseball needs to have similar kinds of plays; it’s an entirely different sport with a different premise and different rules.” [1]  Baseball tries to make the game safe for its players. That’s why beanballs—pitches that endanger hitters—are disallowed. Baseball should not promote violence, and it certainly shouldn’t allow it when players’ careers hang in the balance.  [1] Dave Cameron, “It’s Time to End Home Plate Collisions,” FanGraphs, May 26, 2011,  . collisions, violence, baseball, contact sport, football, hockey, MMA, safety, players, beanballs, pitches, home plate collisions, Dave Cameron, FanGraphs collisions, violence, baseball, contact sport, American football, hockey, MMA, safety, players, beanballs, pitches, endanger, hitters, careers, home plate collisions, FanGraphs, Dave Cameron collisions, violence, baseball, contact sport, football, hockey, MMA, safety, players, careers, beanballs, home plate collisions, Dave Cameron, FanGraphs baseball, collisions, violence, contact sport, football, hockey, MMA, safety, players, careers, beanballs, pitches, home plate collisions, Dave Cameron, FanGraphs collisions, violence, baseball, contact sport, football, hockey, MMA, safety, players, careers, beanballs, pitches, home plate collisions, Dave Cameron, FanGraphs, sports ethics, player protection, non-violent sports, rule enforcement, game integrity
test-education-pteuhwfphe-pro03a	A graduate tax would make access to higher education fairer and more equitable  A graduate tax would be fairer for everyone in society. Graduates earn considerably more than non-graduates, on average over £100,000 more in a lifetime (Channel 4 News, 2010.), experience lower rates of unemployment and greater job security, they therefore benefit hugely from higher education. They should therefore be expected to pay for the privilege of having an education which has put them in that position rather than having the rest of society fund there degrees, going to university should be an honor and not a privilege. While having a degree is useful it is not necessary for getting on with life, if someone wants to go to university they should have that opportunity regardless of their background but they should be expected to contribute to that education which is why the graduate tax works as students of all social classes can join university, not be loaded with debt and can contribute fiscally when viable. graduate tax, higher education, fairer, equitable, society, graduates, non-graduates, lifetime earnings, unemployment, job security, education benefits, privilege, funding, university, social classes, debt, fiscal contribution, opportunity, background, necessary, getting on with life, honor, privilege, works, viable graduate tax, higher education, equity, fairness, society, earnings, unemployment, job security, benefits, privilege, education funding, social classes, debt, fiscal contribution graduate tax, fairer access, higher education, equitable, societal benefit, income disparity, unemployment rates, job security, privilege, social contribution, fiscal responsibility, educational opportunity, social mobility, debt reduction, merit-based education, public funding, lifetime earnings, non-graduates, educational privilege, societal honor graduate tax, higher education, fairness, equity, societal benefit, graduate earnings, unemployment rates, job security, education privilege, social funding, university honor, degree utility, social mobility, debt-free education, fiscal contribution graduate tax, higher education, equitable, fair, society, graduates, non-graduates, lifetime earnings, unemployment, job security, benefit, education, privilege, funding, opportunity, social classes, debt, fiscal contribution, university, degree, necessary, life, background
test-environment-assgbatj-pro03a	It isn’t necessary  We don’t know how we will be able to develop new drugs without animal testing until we end it. We now know how most chemicals work, and computer simulations of chemicals are very good.[6] Experimenting on tissue can show how drugs work, without the need for actual animals. Even skin left over from surgery can be experiment on, and being human, is more useful.  The fact that animal research was needed in the past isn’t a good excuse any more. We still have all the advancements from animal testing in the past, but it’s no longer needed. [7] animal testing, drug development, computer simulations, tissue experimentation, human skin samples, animal research, past advancements, ethical alternatives, chemical behavior, non-animal methods animal testing, drug development, computer simulations, chemical reactions, tissue experiments, human skin testing, past advancements, ethical research, non-animal alternatives, medical progress animal testing, drug development, computer simulations, chemical reactions, tissue experiments, human skin testing, past research, medical advancements, ethical alternatives, animal research necessity animal testing, drug development, computer simulations, chemical reactions, tissue experimentation, human skin samples, past advancements, ethical research methods, non-animal alternatives, scientific progress, animal welfare, pharmaceutical innovation animal testing, drug development, computer simulations, chemical reactions, tissue experimentation, human skin samples, medical advancements, ethical research,替代动物实验, 皮肤测试, 计算机模拟, 化学物质, 组织研究, 医学进步, 伦理研究
test-philosophy-pppthbtcb-pro04a	Terrorism is relative  The definition of terrorism depends very much upon your point of view - the proposition does not need to defend every atrocity against innocent civilians to argue that terrorism is sometimes justified. A broad definition would say terrorism was the use of violence for political ends by any group which breaks the Geneva Conventions (which govern actions between armies in wartime) or ignores generally accepted concepts of human rights. Under such a broad definition, states and their armed forces could be accused of terrorism. So could many resistance groups in wartime or freedom fighters struggling against dictatorships, as well as participants in civil wars - all irregular groups outside the scope of the Geneva Conventions.  A narrower definition would say that terrorism was the use of violence against innocent civilians to achieve a political end. Such a definition would allow freedom fighters and resistance groups with a legitimate grievance to use force against dictatorship and occupation, providing they only targeted the troops and other agents of oppression. Yet even this tight definition has grey areas - what if the soldiers being targeted are reluctant conscripts? Are not civilian settlers in occupied territories legitimate targets as agents of oppression? What about their children? Doesn't it make a difference if civilians are armed or unarmed? Don't civil servants such as teachers and doctors count as agents of an occupying or oppressive state?  There will always be grey areas that might be justified, under the broader definition most armed forces in history could be accused of terrorism particularly acts such as the bombing of cities during World War II. While under the narrower definition the various resisitance groups during the same war would count. Perhaps at a half way house would be independence movements including the American Revolution. terrorism, relative, definition, point of view, justified, violence, political ends, Geneva Conventions, human rights, states, armed forces, resistance groups, freedom fighters, dictatorships, civil wars, irregular groups, innocent civilians, legitimate grievance, troops, agents of oppression, reluctant conscripts, civilian settlers, occupied territories, armed civilians, civil servants, teachers, doctors, occupying state, bombing, World War II, independence movements, American Revolution terrorism, definition, point of view, justified, violence, political ends, Geneva Conventions, human rights, states, armed forces, resistance groups, freedom fighters, civil wars, narrow definition, innocent civilians, legitimate grievance, force, dictatorship, occupation, grey areas, reluctant conscripts, civilian settlers, occupied territories, agents of oppression, armed, unarmed, civil servants, teachers, doctors, occupying state, oppressive state, history, bombing of cities, World War II, independence movements, American Revolution terrorism, definition, point of view, justified, violence, political ends, Geneva Conventions, human rights, states, armed forces, resistance groups, freedom fighters, civil wars, innocent civilians, legitimate grievance, dictatorship, occupation, troops, agents of oppression, reluctant conscripts, civilian settlers, armed civilians, civil servants, teachers, doctors, occupying state, bombing cities, World War II, independence movements, American Revolution terrorism, definition, point of view, justification, violence, political ends, Geneva Conventions, human rights, states, armed forces, resistance groups, freedom fighters, civil wars, civilians, targets, oppression, grey areas, World War II, independence movements, American Revolution terrorism, definition, point of view, justification, violence, political ends, Geneva Conventions, human rights, states, armed forces, resistance groups, freedom fighters, dictatorships, civil wars, innocent civilians, grey areas, reluctant conscripts, civilian settlers, armed civilians, civil servants, occupying state, World War II, bombing of cities, independence movements, American Revolution
test-economy-bhahwbsps-con01a	This ban would be difficult to enforce.  Given the popularity of smoking, a ban on smoking in all enclosed public places would be difficult to enforce, requiring constant vigilance by many police officers or security cameras. It has been reported that smoking bans are not being enforced in Yakima, Washington 1, Atlantic City2, Berlin 3and other places. In New York City, the major has said that the New York Police Department (NYPD) are too busy to enforce the ban on smoking in their parks and on their beaches, and that the job will be left to citizens4.  1. Guenthner, Hayley, 'Smoking Ban Difficult to Enforce in Yakima', KIMA TV, 1 April 2011,   2. Sajor, Stephanie, 'Smoking Ban Not Enforced at Atlantic City Casinos', ThirdAge.com, 25 April 2011,   3. AFP, 'Smoking Ban not Enforced in Parts of Germany', Spiegel Online, 2 July 2008,   4. 'NYC Smoking Ban In Parks Will Not Be Enforced By NYPD: Mayor', Huffington Post, 2 November 2011, ban enforcement, smoking ban, public places, police officers, security cameras, Yakima, Atlantic City, Berlin, New York City, NYPD, parks, beaches, citizen enforcement, non-compliance,igarette regulation, government policy, public health measures, legal challenges, enforcement strategies, law implementation smoking ban, enforcement difficulties, public places, police officers, security cameras, Yakima, Atlantic City, Berlin, New York City, Mayor, NYPD, parks, beaches, citizen enforcement smoking ban, enforcement difficulties, public places, police officers, security cameras, Yakima, Atlantic City, Berlin, New York City, NYPD, citizen enforcement, non-compliance, ThirdAge.com, KIMA TV, Spiegel Online, Huffington Post smoking ban, enforcement difficulties, public places, police officers, security cameras, Yakima, Atlantic City, Berlin, New York City, NYPD, citizen enforcement smoking ban, enforcement difficulties, enclosed public places, police officers, security cameras, Yakima, Atlantic City, Berlin, New York City, NYPD, citizen enforcement, ThirdAge.com, KIMA TV, Spiegel Online, Huffington Post
test-law-lgplhbssbco-con03a	We are all dying  Death is an inevitable fact of life. We will all die. Suicide is therefore not a matter of choosing between life and death per se, but of choosing the time and manner of death one wishes. We would all prefer a painless death over a slow and agonising one, and it is better to be able to prepare oneself and if possible anyone else who will be affected, so why should the difference between the two be a matter of luck and not one of choice? death, inevitable, suicide, choice, painless, preparation, affected, luck, control, dignity, end-of-life, euthanasia, suffering, morality, legal, ethical, compassion, autonomy death, inevitability, suicide, choice, time, manner, painless, agonising, preparation, luck, moral, ethical, human, rights, autonomy death, inevitability, suicide, choice, time, manner, painless, agonising, preparation, luck, morality, euthanasia, right to die, assisted suicide, dignity, suffering, humane, control, terminal illness, mental health, Legalization, ethics, compassion, palliative care, quality of life, autonomy, decision-making, societal norms, medical assistance, end-of-life options, psychological impact, family involvement, legislative considerations, public opinion, advocacy, debate, philosophical perspectives, religious views, cultural attitudes, medical ethics, bioethics, human rights, dignity in dying, hospice care, advanced directives, death, dying, suicide, life, painless, agonising, choice, preparation, inevitability, matters, luck death, inevitable, suicide, choice, time, manner, painless, agonising, preparation, luck, morality, euthanasia, right-to-die
test-science-eassgbatj-con02a	People will die if we don’t do animal testing  Every year, 23 new drugs are introduced in the UK alone.[13] Almost all will be tested on animals. A new drug will be used for a long time. Think of all the people saved by the use of penicillin. If drugs cost more to test, that means drug companies will develop less. This means more people suffering and dying animal testing, drug development, pharmaceutical industry, UK drugs, penicillin, medical research, drug costs, patient safety, drug efficacy, human health, animal ethics, medical advancement, drug approval process, clinical trials, animal substitutes, public health, drug innovation, healthcare costs, treatment availability, medical ethics animal testing, drug development, UK, new drugs, penicillin, drug cost, drug companies, people saved, suffering, death prevention animal testing, drug development, UK, new drugs, drug testing, cost, drug companies, penicillin, people saved, suffering, dying animal testing, drug development, UK, new drugs, drug testing, cost, drug companies, penicillin, public health, medical research, ethics, human safety, drug efficacy, pharmaceutical industry, clinical trials, animal rights, health benefits, scientific research, regulatory requirements, medical innovation, drug approval process animal testing, drug development, UK, new drugs, penicillin, cost, drug companies, people saved, suffering, dying
test-international-aegmeppghw-pro04a	Any country that fulfils the accession criteria should be allowed to join  Turkey was promised a chance to join the EU by a unanimous vote at the Helsinki summit in 1999, when its candidacy was unanimously accepted after three decades of consistent Turkish requests. As a candidate country Turkey should be allowed in once it meets the membership criteria which were first set out in the Copenhagen European Council of 1993. These were stability of institutions guaranteeing democracy, the rule of law, human rights and respect for and protection of minorities, the existence of a functioning market economy as well as the capacity to cope with competitive pressure and market forces within the Union and the ability to take on the obligations of membership including adherence to the aims of political, economic & monetary union. [1] Clearly economic and political reforms are necessary, but that is true of all states attempting to join the EU and should not be used as an excuse to backtrack now. It would be hypocritical to apply one set of criteria to Central and Eastern European states and another to Turkey. Such blatant hypocrisy would have consequences, if the EU is seen to break its promise to Turkey it may turn a potential friend and partner into a suspicious and hostile neighbour.  [1]  European Commission Enlargement, Accession criteria, 30th October 2010 accession criteria, Turkey, EU, Helsinki summit, 1999, candidate country, membership criteria, Copenhagen European Council, 1993, stability of institutions, democracy, rule of law, human rights, protection of minorities, market economy, competitive pressure, obligations of membership, political union, economic union, monetary union, economic reforms, political reforms, Central and Eastern European states, hypocrisy, consequences, potential friend, suspicious, hostile neighbor, European Commission Enlargement Turkey, EU, accession, Copenhagen criteria, Helsinki summit, democracy, rule of law, human rights, market economy, political reforms, economic reforms, candidate country, membership criteria, Central and Eastern European states, hypocrisy, potential friend, hostile neighbour, European Commission, enlargement, political union, economic union, monetary union Turkey, EU, accession criteria, Helsinki summit, Copenhagen criteria, democracy, rule of law, human rights, market economy, political union, economic reforms, Central and Eastern European states, hypocrisy, consequences, partnership, neighbour relations EU accession, Turkey, Helsinki summit, Copenhagen criteria, democracy, rule of law, human rights, market economy, political reforms, economic reforms, EU enlargement, candidate country, membership obligations, Central and Eastern European states, hypocrisy, EU-Turkey relations, political union, economic union, monetary union, minority protection, institutional stability, competitive pressure, market forces, EU promises, potential ally, hostile neighbor Turkey, EU, accession, criteria, Helsinki, summit, 1999, candidacy, Copenhagen, European, Council, 1993, stability, democracy, rule, law, human, rights, minorities, market, economy, competitive, pressure, obligations, membership, reforms, Central, Eastern, European, states, hypocrisy, promise, consequences, neighbour, European, Commission, Enlargement
test-sport-aastshsrqsar-pro02a	Broadening participation  The talent pool in South African rugby is not as racially diverse as one would expect from the “Rainbow Nation” – some commentators have argued that England and France produce more top level black players than South Africa [1] . This is because top level players are a result of development from the grassroots up.  Targets or quotas could not only improve the talent pool of today, but could broaden it for the future. A new generation of youth across all races in South Africa would be able to see that rugby union is a sport that accepts people from their backgrounds, making them more likely to participate in rugby union, either as players, coaches, referees or as a general part of the rugby fraternity.  [1] Blackwell, James, ‘South African Rugby Quotas – Right or Wrong?’, Sporting Mad, 16 September 2013, Broadening participation,South African rugby,racial diversity,Rainbow Nation,England,France,top level black players,grassroots development,targets,quotas,talent pool,future generation,youth participation,rugby fraternity,rugby union,coaches,referees,James Blackwell,Sporting Mad,South African Rugby Quotas Broadening participation, South African rugby, racial diversity, talent pool, Rainbow Nation, England, France, top-level black players, grassroots development, targets, quotas, youth participation, rugby union, players, coaches, referees, rugby fraternity, James Blackwell, South African Rugby Quotas Broadening participation, South African rugby, racial diversity, talent pool, Rainbow Nation, England, France, top level players, grassroots development, targets, quotas, youth participation, rugby union, racial inclusion, sports development, Blackwell, James, South African Rugby Quotas Broadening participation, South African rugby, racial diversity, Rainbow Nation, England, France, top level players, grassroots development, quotas, talent pool, youth participation, rugby union, racial inclusion, coaches, referees, rugby fraternity, Blackwell, James, South African Rugby Quotas Broadening participation,Racial diversity,South African rugby,Rainbow Nation,Top level players,Grassroots development,England,France,Black players,Targets,Quotas,Talent pool,Future generation,Youth,Rugby union,Players,Coaches,Referees,Rugby fraternity,South African Rugby Quotas
test-environment-aeghhgwpe-pro03a	Vegetarianism is healthier  There are significant health benefits to 'going veggie'; a vegetarian diet contains high quantities of fibre, vitamins, and minerals, and is low in fat. (A vegan diet is even better since eggs and dairy products are high in cholesterol.) The risk of contracting many forms of cancer is increased by eating meat: in 1996 the American Cancer Society recommended that red meat should be excluded from the diet entirely. Eating meat also increases the risk of heart disease - vegetables contain no cholesterol, which can build up to cause blocked arteries in meat-eaters. An American study found out that: “that men in the highest quintile of red-meat consumption — those who ate about 5 oz. of red meat a day, roughly the equivalent of a small steak had a 31% higher risk of death over a 10-year period than men in the lowest-consumption quintile, who ate less than 1 oz. of red meat per day, or approximately three slices of corned beef.” [1] A vegetarian diet reduces the risk for chronic degenerative diseases such as obesity, high blood pressure, diabetes and types of cancer including colon, breast, stomach, and lung cancer because of it's low fat/cholesterol content. There are plenty of vegetarian sources of protein, such as beans and bean curd; and spinach is one of the best sources of iron.  [1] Tiffany Sharples, ‘The Growing Case Against Red Meat’, Time, 23rd March 2009 Vegetarianism, health benefits, fibre, vitamins, minerals, low fat, vegan diet, cholesterol, meat, cancer, American Cancer Society, red meat, heart disease, cholesterol buildup, arteries, American study, chronic degenerative diseases, obesity, high blood pressure, diabetes, colon cancer, breast cancer, stomach cancer, lung cancer, vegetarian protein sources, beans, bean curd, spinach, iron Vegetarianism, health benefits, high fibre, vitamins, minerals, low fat, vegan diet, cholesterol, meat, cancer, American Cancer Society, red meat, heart disease, cholesterol-free, blocked arteries, chronic degenerative diseases, obesity, high blood pressure, diabetes, colon cancer, breast cancer, stomach cancer, lung cancer, protein sources, beans, bean curd, iron, spinach, Tiffany Sharples, Time Magazine Vegetarianism, health benefits, vegan diet, cholesterol, meat, cancer, heart disease, red meat, chronic diseases, protein sources, iron, vegetables, fibre, vitamins, minerals, low fat, blocked arteries, obesity, high blood pressure, diabetes, colon cancer, breast cancer, stomach cancer, lung cancer, beans, bean curd, spinach Vegetarianism, health benefits, vegan diet, high fibre, vitamins, minerals, low fat, cholesterol, cancer risk, heart disease, red meat consumption, death risk, chronic degenerative diseases, obesity, high blood pressure, diabetes, vegetarian protein sources, beans, bean curd, spinach, iron source Vegetarianism, health benefits, going veggie, vegetarian diet, fibre, vitamins, minerals, low fat, vegan diet, cholesterol, meat, cancer, American Cancer Society, red meat, heart disease, cholesterol build-up, blocked arteries, risk of death, chronic degenerative diseases, obesity, high blood pressure, diabetes, cancer, colon cancer, breast cancer, stomach cancer, lung cancer, protein sources, beans, bean curd, spinach, iron