test-economy-beplcpdffe-con03a	Only regulation can mitigate harms  It is where the sites operate, not where they are set up that matters for regulation. It is in gambling sites interest to run a trustworthy, responsible business. Whatever they are looking for online, internet users choose trusted brands that have been around for a while. If a gambling site acts badly, for example by changing its odds unfairly, word will soon get around and no one will want to use it. Regulation will mean that sites will have to verify the age of their users and prevent problem gamblers from accessing their site. When there is regulation consumers will go to the sites that are verified by their government and are providing a legal, safe service [13]. regulation, gambling sites, mitigation, online harms, trustworthy business, responsible gambling, site location, consumer trust, brand reputation, unfair odds, user verification, age verification, problem gambling prevention, government verification, legal gambling, safe gambling, regulatory compliance, consumer protection, trusted brands, internet users regulation, gambling sites, online gambling, consumer protection, trustworthy business, responsible gambling, site verification, age verification, problem gamblers, government verification, legal gambling, safe service, brand trust, site reputation, gambling harm mitigation, regulatory compliance, licensed operators, fair odds, online gambling safety, customer trust regulation, gambling sites, consumer protection, trustworthy brands, responsible business, legal compliance, internet users, site verification, age verification, problem gamblers, government oversight, online gambling, reputation, harm mitigation, safe service, fair odds, trusted brands, regulatory compliance, user safety, prevention regulation, gambling sites, consumer protection, online gambling, site verification, responsible gambling, trusted brands, problem gambling, government oversight, legal gambling, age verification, harm mitigation, gambling industry, site reputation, regulatory compliance, safe gambling, fair odds, user safety, trustworthy businesses, online trust regulation, gambling sites, harm mitigation, online gambling, site operation, trustworthy business, responsible gambling, consumer trust, brand reputation, unfair odds, user verification, age verification, problem gambling prevention, government verification, legal gambling, safe service, consumer protection, gambling regulation, regulated gambling, trusted brands
test-science-sghwbdgmo-pro01a	Genetically modified food is too new and little researched to be allowed for public use.  There are two problems associated with scientifically testing the impact of genetically modifying food. The first is that 'Peer review' (the checking of scientific test results by fellow scientists) is often made impossible by the unwillingness of biotechnology companies to give up their results for review. [1]  Furthermore, government agencies are often unwilling to stop GM foodstuffs reaching the shelf because of the clout that the companies have with their government. So in regards to research, there have not yet been unbiased findings showing that GMO crops are safe.  It is true, that in the US, there have been no adverse consequences from over 500 field releases in the United States. U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) evaluated in 1993 data on genetically modified organisms regarding safety claims. The Union of Concerned Scientists (UCS) believes that the USDA evaluation was too small scale, to actually asses the risks. Also many reports also failed to mention or even measure any environmental risks connected with GM food commercialisation. [2]  Also, there are a number of dangers associated with the food itself, even without scientific evaluations. For example, the addition of nut proteins to soybeans caused those with nut allergies to go into shock upon eating the soybeans. Although this was detected in testing, sooner or later a transferred gene will cause risk to human health because the scientists did not conceive it could be a problem. [3] This will become a greater problem as more modifications are introduced. There are also possible dangers associated with the scientific technique itself by which the DNA is modified, an example is the spread of antibiotic resistance.  [1] Pusztai A., Genetically modified foods: Are they a risk to Human/Animal Health ?, published June 2001,  , accessed 09/02/2011  [2] Shah A., Is GE food safe ?, Global Issues,  , accessed 09/02/2011  [3] European Federation of Biotechnology, Allergies from GM food, published September 2000,  , accessed 09/02/2011 genetically modified food, GM food, GMO, public use, research gaps, peer review, scientific testing, biotechnology companies, data transparency, government regulation, USDA, Union of Concerned Scientists, safety claims, field releases, environmental risks, commercialization, health risks, nut allergies, gene transfer, human health, scientific technique, DNA modification, antibiotic resistance, food safety, regulatory agencies, industry influence, bias, allergenicity, unintended effects, risk assessment genetically modified food, GMOs, safety, public health, peer review, biotechnology companies, research bias, government regulation, USDA, Union of Concerned Scientists, environmental risks, allergenicity, nut allergies, gene transfer, human health risks, DNA modification, antibiotic resistance, scientific testing, field trials, commercialisation, transparency, food safety evaluation, regulatory agencies, risk assessment, conflict of interest, scientific technique, unbiased findings, environmental impact, food allergies, biotechnology ethics genetically modified food, GMOs, public safety, scientific testing, peer review, biotechnology companies, data transparency, government regulation, corporate influence, unbiased research, safety evaluation, environmental risks, USDA, Union of Concerned Scientists, health risks, allergenicity, nut proteins, gene transfer, human health, DNA modification, antibiotic resistance, commercialisation, food allergies, risk assessment, regulatory oversight, lack of evidence, adverse effects, scientific methodology, conflict of interest, food policy genetically modified food, GMOs, public safety, scientific research, peer review, biotechnology companies, transparency, government regulation, industry influence, unbiased findings, safety assessment, USDA, Union of Concerned Scientists, field releases, environmental risks, commercialisation, allergenicity, nut allergies, gene transfer, human health risk, scientific technique, DNA modification, antibiotic resistance, Pusztai, Shah, European Federation of Biotechnology genetically modified food, GMOs, scientific testing, peer review, biotechnology companies, research bias, government agencies, corporate influence, safety evaluation, unbiased findings, USDA, Union of Concerned Scientists, environmental risks, commercialization, allergenicity, nut allergies, gene transfer, human health risks, testing limitations, DNA modification, antibiotic resistance, food safety, regulatory oversight, research transparency, field trials, adverse effects, public health, food technology, risk assessment, consumer safety
test-politics-oeplhbuwhmi-pro02a	Britain will have greater ability to respond quickly  Whatever the EU is we can all agree it is not the fastest and most responsive of institutions. As a result of needing the input of 28 countries EU external policy is slow and faltering. Leaving will enable the UK greater freedom to create its own policies and to reframe them in response to changing circumstances and challenges. The UK will no longer need to take into consideration any other country’s views. Britain, UK, EU, European Union, responsiveness, fast response, external policy, slow decision-making, 28 countries, independence, policy freedom, policy flexibility, Brexit, rapid adaptation, self-determination, sovereignty, policy reframing, autonomy, international relations, national policy, unanimous consent Brexit, UK independence, EU responsiveness, policy agility, external policy, UK sovereignty, decision-making speed, national policy, UK flexibility, EU bureaucracy, international relations, UK autonomy, policy freedom, global challenges, institutional constraints Britain, EU, responsiveness, external policy, UK independence, fast decision-making, policy flexibility, 28 countries, leaving EU, greater freedom, UK policy, sovereignty, quick response, challenges, UK autonomy, policy adaptation, national interests, European Union, decision-making speed, international policies Britain, UK, EU, European Union, Brexit, policy autonomy, quick response, responsiveness, external policy, national sovereignty, decision-making, freedom, policy independence, international relations, institutional speed, 28 countries, reframe policy, challenges, external relations, policymaking, sovereignty, rapid response, independence Britain, UK, EU, European Union, quick response, policy flexibility, external policy, freedom, decision-making, sovereignty, responsiveness, policy-making, independence, Brexit, international policy, adaptability, national interest, unilateral action, faster decisions, removing constraints, 28 countries, autonomy
test-science-wsihwclscaaw-pro01a	Cyber attacks are no different from traditional attacks  The world has developed along with the new digital medium. Lots of crucial business and government services have moved online. While the military modernised in relation to digital developments, a definition of an act of war has not caught up with it yet. It is now being suggested that the digital domain is the new realm of warfare for the 21st century. States have already been using cyber attacks in hostilities and as acts of aggression against each other. For instance, USA and Israel have released a virus Stuxnet that sabotaged parts of Iran's nuclear programme in 2010, followed by retaliatory cyber attacks by Iran on USA [7]. In the 1998 war over Kosovo the USA successfully hacked Serbia's air defence systems, which left Serbia vulnerable to air attacks [8] [9]. Cyber attacks are thus attacks that can be perpetrated by states against other states in an effort to weaken the other state, the same way armed attacks are used. Given these realities large scale cyber attacks should be considered acts of war. cyber attacks, traditional attacks, digital warfare, online services, military modernization, act of war, digital domain, 21st century, state-sponsored cyber attacks, acts of aggression, Stuxnet, Iran nuclear program, retaliatory cyber attacks, Kosovo war 1998, Serbia air defense hack, USA cyber operations, international conflict, hostilities, armed attacks, large scale cyber attacks, warfare definition, government services online, cyber sabotage, cyber warfare, state actors, cyber defense cyber attacks, traditional attacks, digital warfare, digital medium, online services, military modernization, act of war, 21st century warfare, state-sponsored cyber attacks, hostilities, cyber aggression, Stuxnet, USA, Israel, Iran, nuclear program, retaliatory attacks, Kosovo war, Serbia, hacked air defense, vulnerability, weakening states, armed attacks, large-scale cyber attacks, war definition, acts of war cyber attacks, traditional attacks, digital warfare, act of war, digital domain, 21st century warfare, state-sponsored cyber attacks, cyber aggression, Stuxnet, Iran nuclear sabotage, cyber retaliation, Kosovo war, Serbia air defense hacking, military modernization, cyber hostilities, state conflict, acts of aggression, large-scale cyber attacks, digital conflict, cyber war definition cyber attacks, traditional attacks, digital warfare, act of war, online services, government cyber security, military modernization, digital domain, 21st century warfare, state-sponsored cyber attacks, cyber hostilities, cyber aggression, Stuxnet, USA, Israel, Iran, Iran nuclear program, retaliatory cyber attacks, Kosovo war, Serbia air defense hack, US military cyber strategy, interstate conflict, scale of cyber attacks, cyber warfare definition, state cyber operations cyber attacks, traditional attacks, digital warfare, online services, government services, military modernization, act of war, digital domain, 21st century warfare, state-sponsored cyber attacks, cyber aggression, Stuxnet, Iran nuclear program, cyber retaliation, Kosovo war, Serbia air defense hacking, state conflict, large scale cyber attacks, acts of war, cyberwar, cyber sabotage, digital hostilities, cyber defense, information warfare, state vulnerabilities, cyber deterrence
test-education-udfakusma-con01a	Universities deserve to profit from their work  Universities are providing a service just like almost any other business. They provide a service in terms of educating students who are enrolled with them and secondly they conduct research on a wide range of subjects. In both of these cases the university deserves to make a profit out of their work.  When acting as an educator universities are in an educational free market, this is the case even when the cost is provided by the state. All universities are aiming to attract as many students as possible and earn as much as possible from fees. If the university is successful it will be able to charge more as it will attract students from further afield.  While Universities may make a profit on research or even teaching this profit is for the benefit of society as a whole as the profits are usually simply reinvested in the University’s education and infrastructure. [1]  [1] Anon. “What does the money get spent on?” The University of Sheffield, 2013. university profit, higher education, educational services, academic research, university funding, profit reinvestment, tuition fees, educational marketplace, research funding, university business model, educational institutions, university revenue, student attraction, public funding, university infrastructure, profit for society, university expenses, higher education economics, financial sustainability, academic institutions universities, profit, higher education, educational services, student fees, university research, university funding, education market, research funding, reinvestment, university infrastructure, educational business, public benefit, university finance, educational profit, competitive education, revenue, research profit, financial sustainability, student attraction, tuition fees universities, profit, education, research, educational services, higher education, free market, student fees, university revenue, reinvestment, infrastructure, societal benefit, university funding, teaching profit, research profit, university business model, financial sustainability, university expenditure, tuition fees, university income universities, profit, higher education, university funding, educational services, research funding, educational market, student enrollment, tuition fees, reinvestment, university infrastructure, university revenue, societal benefit, university business model, research profit, education profit, education market, fee structure, academic services, non-profit universities, university finances, higher education economics university profit, higher education business, university services, educational market, student fees, university research, profit reinvestment, university infrastructure, university funding, financial sustainability, education economics, research funding, tuition revenue, university finance, nonprofit universities, student recruitment, higher education competition
test-international-appghblsba-pro04a	South Africa will gain influence, stability and a better image on the international stage  Bringing South Africa and Lesotho will benefit SA on the global stage. The move would be one to provide aid to a smaller state and provide stability. The dire conditions for the Basotho people are acknowledged by the UN and the Africa Union. Firstly, SA, by the annexation of Lesotho, will prove good intentions in creating a sustainable Sub-Saharan Africa. This will ultimately create a better image and a greater influence in the region if they choose to respond positively to the People’s Charter Movement in Lesotho [1] , a social structure pleading for annexation. The movement, driven by trade unions, has collected 30,000 signatures in favor of their goal and is rising in popularity. Secondly the annexation will provide a boost for the South African Development Community and South African Customs Union by demonstrating the willingness of South Africa to integrate with poorer neighbours and take on some of the responsibility for them.  [1] Smith, 2010, South Africa, Lesotho, annexation, international influence, global stage, stability, image improvement, aid, Basotho people, United Nations, African Union, Sub-Saharan Africa, People’s Charter Movement, trade unions, South African Development Community, South African Customs Union, regional integration, poverty alleviation, social structure, Smith 2010, international relations, regional responsibility, foreign policy, diplomatic benefits, Southern Africa South Africa, influence, international image, stability, Lesotho, annexation, global stage, aid, Basotho people, United Nations, African Union, sustainable Sub-Saharan Africa, People’s Charter Movement, trade unions, integration, South African Development Community, South African Customs Union, regional influence, responsibility, poverty alleviation, international relations, Smith 2010 South Africa, Lesotho, annexation, international influence, global image, regional stability, Sub-Saharan Africa, United Nations, African Union, Basotho people, People’s Charter Movement, trade unions, South African Development Community, South African Customs Union, regional integration, foreign aid, poverty alleviation, international relations, Smith 2010 South Africa, Lesotho, annexation, international influence, regional stability, global image, Sub-Saharan Africa, United Nations, African Union, People’s Charter Movement, trade unions, Basotho, South African Development Community, South African Customs Union, regional integration, aid, poverty alleviation, cross-border cooperation, Smith 2010, political benefits, economic impact, social structure, international relations, diplomatic strategy South Africa, Lesotho, annexation, international influence, regional stability, global image, aid, Basotho, United Nations, African Union, Sub-Saharan Africa, People’s Charter Movement, trade unions, regional integration, South African Development Community, South African Customs Union, poverty alleviation, sustainable development, neighbor integration, Africa geopolitics, international relations, Smith 2010
test-health-hgwhwbjfs-pro02a	Schools are the best place to create lasting lifestyle changes.  Schools are playing an increasingly formative role, in the sense that they’re being tasked with not only knowledge transfer, but also the creation of behaviors and placing emphasis on teaching students how to apply their knowledge. [1]  Given this expanded mandate, the schools are not only obliged to therefore offer choices that would go hand in hand with healthier behavior, but also the perfect pressure point for lawmakers to go about introducing healthier lifestyles.  The simple reason is that our kids are increasingly looking not to their parents, but schools and the environments they provide, for advice on how to live their lives. They are also the traditional environments for youth to continuously invent and reinvent themselves and therefore hold immense potential for behavior modification.  [1] Fitzgerald, E., 'Some insights on new role of schools', New York Times, 21 January 2011,  , accessed 9/11/2011 schools, lifestyle changes, behavior modification, knowledge transfer, healthy behaviors, student learning, formative role, education environment, youth development, policymaking, health promotion, healthy choices, behavior creation, life skills, student guidance, school influence, education policy, child development, behavior intervention, role of education schools, lifestyle changes, behavior modification, healthy behavior, student development, knowledge application, educational environment, role of schools, formative role, health promotion, youth behavior, policy intervention, lawmakers, behavior creation, student well-being, education and health, school influence, health education, student choices, environment for change, adolescent development, healthy lifestyles, school mandate, behavior reinforcement, knowledge transfer schools, lifestyle changes, behavior modification, knowledge transfer, student behavior, healthy lifestyles, formative role, education, youth development, lawmakers, healthy behavior, school environment, behavior creation, student wellbeing, health education, role of schools, behavior change, student health, learning environment, school policy schools, lifestyle changes, behavior modification, knowledge transfer, healthy behavior, student wellbeing, education, formative role, health promotion, policy intervention, youth development, learning environments, behavior formation, health education, student health, social influence, school policies, lawmaker intervention, educational environments, youth behavior schools, lifestyle changes, behavior modification, formative role, knowledge transfer, healthy behaviors, student wellbeing, educational environments, lawmaker intervention, youth development, applied knowledge, school influence, health education, behavior intervention, student lifestyle, school-based programs, environmental influence, childhood development, curriculum reform, school policy
test-education-tuhwastua-con01a	It is the only single standard that everyone ends up taking  All measures applied during University admissions processes are arbitrary to one extent or another. Grades depend on the whims on individual instructors, curriculum choices, and school quality. Every single one of the flaws the proposition applies to the SATs or other standardized tests may well be true, but the fact is that they are true for everyone who takes them. The SATs are the only part of the application to a university that every single applicant will likely have been taken, and therefore the only one where all applicants can be objectively compared. university admissions, standardized tests, SAT, application comparison, single standard, grading arbitrariness, test objectivity, applicant evaluation, admission criteria, curriculum variability, instructor bias, school quality, academic measures, test universality, applicant assessment SAT, standardized tests, university admissions, objective comparison, single standard, admissions measures, grades, instructor variability, curriculum differences, school quality, application process, applicant evaluation, fairness, arbitrariness, evaluation criteria, comparative measure, academic assessment, universality, student comparison, test flaws standardized testing, SAT, university admissions, objective comparison, fairness, academic measures, grading arbitrariness, educational standards, applicant evaluation, test uniformity, admissions criteria, school quality, instructor bias, curriculum differences, assessment flaws standardized tests, SAT, university admissions, objective comparison, academic measures, application process, grading variability, instructor bias, curriculum differences, school quality, fairness, admissions criteria, universal standard, applicant evaluation, test uniformity standardized testing, SAT, university admissions, objective comparison, academic measures, grading variability, instructor bias, curriculum differences, school quality, admissions criteria, application evaluation, educational assessment, test fairness, applicant comparison
test-politics-grcrgshwbr-pro01a	Many symbols are seen as a symbol of oppression on women.  Religious symbols are seen to, in some cases, increase the equality divide between genders. As an example, the Muslim Hijab is considered by some as a very powerful symbol for the oppression of women, particularly in countries such as Saudi Arabia or Afghanistan where it is compulsory. Therefore, when it is worn in Western countries that encourage democracy and equality, the wearing of the Hijab is seen as almost counter-productive to the goals of democratic society. For this reason Belgium has recently banned the wearing of the full Muslim veil, much like France in 2010.1 Often Muslim dress rules for women are seen as more severe than those for men. Inequality between men and women is a form of discrimination and liberal societies should fight all forms of discrimination.  1 ' Belgian ban on full veils comes into force', BBC News Europe, 23rd July 2011, accessed on 23rd July 2011 oppression, women, religious symbols, gender equality, Muslim hijab, women oppression, Saudi Arabia, Afghanistan, compulsory hijab, Western countries, democracy, equality, Hijab debate, Belgium veil ban, France 2010 burqa ban, Muslim dress code, women's rights, men vs. women, gender inequality, discrimination, liberal societies, Islamic dress, women's discrimination, compulsory veiling, secularism, women's empowerment, religious dress laws symbols, oppression, women, religious symbols, gender equality, Muslim hijab, Saudi Arabia, Afghanistan, compulsory hijab, Western countries, democracy, equality, hijab ban, Belgium, France, full veil, discrimination, liberal societies, women's rights, Islamic dress code, gender divide, women's oppression, religious dress, Islamic veil, Europe, secularism, women's empowerment, gender discrimination oppression, women, religious symbols, gender equality, Muslim hijab, compulsory hijab, Saudi Arabia, Afghanistan, Western countries, democracy, equality, hijab ban, Belgium, France, Muslim veil, discrimination, women's rights, dress code, gender inequality, liberal societies, women's oppression, women's dress, Islam, secularism, women's rights in Islam, women's rights in Western countries, face veil ban oppression, women, gender inequality, religious symbols, Muslim Hijab, veil ban, Saudi Arabia, Afghanistan, Western countries, democracy, equality, discrimination, Belgium, France, full veil, Muslim dress codes, women's rights, liberal societies, gender discrimination, Islamic dress, compulsory hijab, cultural conflict women’s oppression, religious symbols, gender equality, Muslim hijab, compulsory veiling, Saudi Arabia, Afghanistan, Western countries, democracy, equality, hijab ban, Belgium, France, full veil, discrimination, women’s rights, men vs women dress code, liberal societies, Islamic dress code, gender discrimination, secularism, women’s empowerment, Muslim women, cultural conflict, religious freedom, government bans, feminist perspective
test-international-aahwstdrtfm-pro01a	"PRC is clearly the China that matters  The Chinese civil war is over, and it is clear that it is the People’s Republic that has won. The 1992 consensus (though the term was coined later) between Taiwan and the PRC is that there is “one China, Different Interpretations” about who controls that China. [1] If there is only one China then it is clear which of the two China’s that one is. The PRC is 266 times larger than RoC, has 58 times the population, and its economy is 13.7 times bigger (by purchasing power parity). [2] States should be recognising the PRC as the “one China”.  [1] Kan, Shirley A., ‘China/Taiwan: Evolution of the “One China” Policy – Key Statements from Washington, Beijing, and Taipei’, Congressional Research Service, 26 August 2013,  , p.47  [2] All figures from The World Factbook, China and Taiwan pages  , PRC, People's Republic of China, China-Taiwan relations, Chinese civil war, One China policy, 1992 consensus, “one China, different interpretations”, Taiwan, Republic of China, international recognition, population comparison, economic comparison, purchasing power parity, World Factbook, cross-strait relations, diplomatic recognition, Shirley A. Kan, Congressional Research Service, Beijing, Taipei, Washington, Asia geopolitics PRC, People's Republic of China, China, Chinese civil war, 1992 consensus, Taiwan, one China policy, different interpretations, recognition, international relations, ROC, Republic of China, population comparison, economic comparison, purchasing power parity, state recognition, Beijing, Taipei, Washington, China-Taiwan relations, One China, Kan Shirley, Congressional Research Service, World Factbook PRC, People's Republic of China, ROC, Republic of China, Taiwan, Chinese civil war, 1992 consensus, one China policy, cross-strait relations, diplomatic recognition, China–Taiwan relations, purchasing power parity, population comparison, territory size, international relations, Beijing, Taipei, sovereignty, reunification, Congress Research Service, World Factbook PRC, People's Republic of China, China, Taiwan, Chinese civil war, 1992 consensus, one China policy, different interpretations, ROC, Republic of China, state recognition, China-Taiwan relations, international recognition, population comparison, economic comparison, purchasing power parity, territorial sovereignty, Shirley A. Kan, Congressional Research Service, World Factbook PRC, China, People's Republic of China, ROC, Republic of China, Chinese civil war, 1992 consensus, one China policy, Taiwan, cross-strait relations, sovereignty, international recognition, population comparison, economic comparison, purchasing power parity, World Factbook, Shirley A. Kan, Congressional Research Service, Beijing, Taipei, ""one China, different interpretations"
test-politics-eppghwgpi-con03a	Immunity for politicians is an unjust double standard  Every victim deserves to have the perpetrator of their suffering answer for their misdeeds. It is unjust that certain offenders would avoid retribution, and certain victims would be denied their day in court, simply because of a factor external to the commission of the crime. Even if the crime is not external to the criminal’s political role, the foundation of a free and fair justice system is that all individuals are treated alike, regardless of perceived importance. Hence, a wealthy philanthropist will not be spared from prosecution simply because they are a pillar of the community. Politicians should receive no greater reprieve. immunity, politicians, double standard, justice, accountability, prosecution, victims, court access, legal equality, political privilege, judicial fairness, rule of law, unequal treatment, privilege abuse, retribution, criminal accountability, legal responsibility, fair justice system political immunity, double standard, justice system, equal treatment, accountability, politician prosecution, victim rights, legal immunity, unfair privilege, legal equality, criminal responsibility, unequal justice, political privilege, legal accountability, prosecuting politicians, legal fairness, impunity, rule of law, crime and punishment, elite immunity political immunity, double standard, justice system, equal treatment, accountability, prosecution of politicians, victim rights, legal immunity, unfair advantage, political privilege, rule of law, impunity, legal equality, abuse of power, legal responsibility, public officials, criminal liability, political corruption, justice for victims, no special treatment political immunity, legal double standards, equal justice, accountability for politicians, victims' rights, legal immunity, rule of law, politician prosecution, fairness in justice, unjust laws, privileged offenders, equality before the law, legal exceptions, political privilege, retribution, justice system Reform, prosecuting officials, impunity, crime and politics political immunity, double standard, politicians, justice system, accountability, prosecution, legal equality, victims' rights, legal immunity, crime, court access, fairness, rule of law, privileged offenders, unequal justice, retribution, politician prosecution, impunity, legal exceptions, equal treatment, community pillars, legal responsibility, unjust immunity
test-law-cpilhbishioe-pro04a	An ICC enforcement arm would make the ICC more credible as an organization  To its critics, the ICC is an organization that can be mocked with Stalin’s dismissal of the influence of the Pope: “how many divisions does he have?”  An ICC capable of arresting its own fugitives would become a more credible organization, not only due to the show of competence through the arrests – it would lead to more trials, and more convictions, that would help contribute to the acceptance of the ICC as a serious court that is effective at bringing international criminals to justice. A legal institution needs to be effective to remain credible. [1] This would make countries much more likely to cooperate because the ICC would be doing more to help them by providing some of the necessary resources.  Henry Kissinger apparently said “Who do I call if I want to speak to Europe?” (he is not sure he said it) because there is no single European leader, and if the US wants political or military cooperation it calls the UK or France. In much the same way if countries need help apprehending and convicting someone they are much more likely to call in the ICC if it can actually help them catch the wanted person. [2]  [1] Perritt, Henry H., ‘Policing International Peace and Security: International Police Forces’, Chicago-Kent College of Law, March 1999,  p.293  [2] Sobczyk, Marcin, ‘Kissinger Still Lacks a Number to Call Europe’, The Wall Street Journal, 27 June 2012, ICC enforcement arm, ICC credibility, international criminal court effectiveness, arresting fugitives, ICC critics, competence, show of force, international justice, legal institution effectiveness, international cooperation, resources for apprehending criminals, policing international peace, international police forces, international court legitimacy, enforcement mechanisms, trials and convictions, acceptance of ICC, international law enforcement, arrest operations, global justice institutions ICC enforcement arm, ICC credibility, ICC critics, international criminal justice, ICC fugitives arrest, international law enforcement, ICC effectiveness, legal institution credibility, international cooperation, international trials, increasing ICC convictions, ICC resources, global policing, international police forces, international peace and security, ICC apprehension capacity, state cooperation with ICC, show of competence, ICC organizational reform, Kissinger Europe quote, international justice enforcement, state support for ICC, ICC as serious court, international criminal accountability ICC enforcement arm, ICC credibility, international criminal court, enforcement mechanism, arrest fugitives, ICC effectiveness, international justice, legal institution credibility, global cooperation, international arrests, ICC trials, international convictions, resources for apprehension, international police force, international peace, international security, policing international law, international law enforcement, ICC organization, international cooperation, international fugitives, state cooperation, global justice, ICC resources, international criminal prosecutions ICC enforcement arm, ICC credibility, international criminal court, arrests, fugitives, international justice, institutional effectiveness, international cooperation, legal institution, enforcement capability, international policing, credibility of ICC, international law enforcement, ICC trials, ICC convictions, acceptance of ICC, international criminals, police forces, international peace and security, Henry Kissinger, international legal institutions, apprehending fugitives, international court resources, ICC criticism, international criminal justice, international organization effectiveness ICC enforcement arm, ICC credibility, institutional effectiveness, arrest fugitives, international criminal court, enforcement capability, international justice, show of competence, trials and convictions, legal institution credibility, cooperation with countries, resource provision, international policing, global law enforcement, international criminal apprehension, Kissinger Europe analogy, international law enforcement, organizational legitimacy, international institutions, bringing criminals to justice
test-politics-nlpdwhbusbuc-pro01a	Cluster Bombs Cause Unacceptable Harm to Civilians  In a modern warfare scenario, the vast majority of combat takes place in civilian areas, such as cities. Whilst cluster bombs are obviously not used for peacekeeping purposes they are used in initial assaults on these areas, particularly against larger formations of enemy troops. This means that due to the indiscriminate nature of cluster bombs, in the same way as with land mines, often both military and civilian targets are encompassed in the blast radius. This is what happened in Zagreb as Martic was targeting Croat forces but the attack due to the use of cluster weapons also killed civilians.  Further, cluster bombs often have a few bomblets which are duds and do not go on initial impact. The issue with bomblets is that they are often brightly coloured and when used in cities or populous areas they can often attract the attention of children who are very unlikely to know to be careful around them. This can result in significant harm to civilian populations well after the attack has been carried out.  Further, due to the sheer volume of duds that cluster bombs put out, attempts to demine cluster bomb bomblets is an incredibly dangerous process that in of itself costs lives.1,2,3 cluster bombs, civilian harm, modern warfare, urban combat, indiscriminate weapons, blast radius, Zagreb attack, Martic, Croat forces, civilian casualties, unexploded bomblets, dud bomblets, child safety, post-conflict danger, humanitarian impact, demining risks, unexploded ordnance, land mines comparison, initial assaults, military-civilian distinction, war crime, explosive remnants cluster bombs, civilian harm, modern warfare, urban combat, indiscriminate weapons, collateral damage, land mines, Zagreb attack, Martic, Croat forces, civilian casualties, unexploded ordnance, cluster bomblets, duds, child danger, post-conflict risk, humanitarian impact, demining, unexploded munitions, long-term effects, civilian protection, international humanitarian law cluster bombs, civilian harm, modern warfare, urban combat, indiscriminate weapons, land mines, blast radius, civilian casualties, Zagreb attack, Martic, Croat forces, unexploded ordnance, bomblets, duds, children, post-conflict danger, demining, humanitarian impact, explosive remnants of war, risk to civilians, international law, war crimes, child safety, urban warfare, remnant explosives, military ethics cluster bombs, civilian harm, modern warfare, urban combat, indiscriminate weapons, land mines, blast radius, civilian casualties, Zagreb attack, Martic, dud bomblets, unexploded ordnance, children at risk, urban areas, post-conflict danger, demining challenges, humanitarian impact, warfare ethics, explosive remnants, civilian protection, international law, war crimes, munitions cleanup, urban warfare, collateral damage cluster bombs, civilian harm, modern warfare, urban combat, indiscriminate weapons, civilian casualties, land mines, blast radius, Zagreb attack, Martic, Croat forces, dud bomblets, unexploded ordnance, children at risk, post-conflict danger, demining, humanitarian impact, civilian areas, warfare ethics, explosive remnants, dangerous demining, long-term effects, international law, war crimes, unexploded munitions
test-digital-freedoms-aihbiahr-con02a	Internet access is a commodity not a human right.  If a human right is inherent and inalienable then if something is to be a human right it has to be freely available for all rather than being much more available to those who are rich. The internet however is a commodity. We are charged for access to it and can be cut off for not paying our bills. We are charged more to be able to download more, in effect to have greater access to this human right. There has never been any suggestion that the equally great media advances of TV and telephones are technologies worthy of being considered a human right. As with the internet these increased the ability to express opinions to a wide audience, they helped democratise news and making it much more international. They meant that human rights violations could be much more easily told to the world in much the same way the internet does. internet access, commodity, human right, digital divide, accessibility, affordability, inherent rights, inalienable rights, socioeconomic inequality, paywall, service charges, information access, telecommunications, TV, telephone, media advances, freedom of expression, international news, democratization of information, technology and rights, utility vs. right, essential services Internet access, commodity, human right, inherent rights, inalienable rights, access inequality, wealth disparity, digital divide, paywall, access restrictions, media technologies, technology and rights, television, telephone, democratization of news, international communication, human rights violations, information access, freedom of expression, communication technology, utility vs. right internet access, commodity, human right, inherent, inalienable, availability, wealth disparity, access inequality, payment, service charges, access restriction, digital divide, download limits, technology, television, telephones, media advances, freedom of expression, democratization, news dissemination, international communication, human rights violations, access comparison, technology and rights internet access, commodity, human right, inherent rights, inalienable rights, access inequality, digital divide, wealth disparity, access charges, service disconnection, data limits, technology comparison, television, telephones, media advances, democratization of news, information dissemination, technology and rights, communication access, freedom of expression, international news, human rights violations, digital rights internet access, commodity, human right, inherent rights, inalienable rights, access inequality, digital divide, internet availability, socioeconomic disparity, paid access, media technology, television, telephones, democratization of news, global communication, human rights violations, freedom of expression, technological advancement, information access, social justice, equity
test-politics-dhbanhrnw-pro01a	All countries have a right to defend themselves with nuclear weapons, even when they lack the capacity in conventional weapons  The nation-state is the fundamental building block of the international system, and is recognized as such in all international treaties and organizations. States are recognized as having the right to defend themselves, and this right must extend to the possession of nuclear deterrence. Often states lack the capacity to defend themselves with conventional weapons. This is particularly true of poor and small states. Even wealthy, small states are susceptible to foreign attack, since their wealth cannot make up for their lack of manpower. With a nuclear deterrent, all states become equal in terms of ability to do harm to one another. [1] If a large state attempts to intimidate, or even invade a smaller neighbour, it will be unable to effectively cow it, since the small state will have the power to grievously wound, or even destroy, the would-be invader with a few well-placed nuclear missiles. [2] For example, the Russian invasion of Georgia in 2008 would likely never have occurred, as Russia would have thought twice when considering the potential loss of several of its cities it would need to exchange for a small piece of Georgian territory. Clearly, nuclear weapons serve in many ways to equalize states irrespective of size, allowing them to more effectively defend themselves. Furthermore, countries will only use nuclear weapons in the vent of existential threat. This is why, for example, North Korea has not used nuclear weapons; for it, like all other states, survival is the order of the day, and using nuclear weapons aggressively would spell its certain destruction. Countries will behave rationally with regard to the use of nuclear weapons, as they have done since their invention and initial proliferation. Weapons in the hands of more people will thus not result in the greater risk of their use.  [1] Jervis, Robert. 2001. “Weapons Without Purpose? Nuclear Strategy in the Post-Cold War Era”. Foreign Affairs.  [2] Mearsheimer, John. 1993. “The Case for a Ukrainian Nuclear Deterrent”. Foreign Affairs. nuclear weapons, self-defense, state sovereignty, international relations, nuclear deterrence, conventional weapons, small states, poor states, military capacity, nation-state, international system, equalization of power, strategic balance, invasion deterrence, nuclear proliferation, rational actor theory, existential threat, North Korea, Russia, Georgia, Foreign Affairs, Jervis, Mearsheimer, arms race, security dilemma, international treaties, military strategy, power dynamics, security guarantees nuclear deterrence, self-defense, nation-state, international system, equalizer, conventional weapons, small states, poor states, nuclear proliferation, security dilemma, power balance, military capacity, nuclear weapons, invasion prevention, state sovereignty, rational actor theory, existential threat, nuclear strategy, non-proliferation, military parity, global security, international law, defense rights, nuclear arms, asymmetric warfare, Mearsheimer, Jervis, North Korea, Russian invasion, Georgia 2008, nuclear policy nuclear weapons, nuclear deterrence, self-defense, nation-state, international system, state sovereignty, international law, conventional weapons, military capacity, small states, poor states, wealthy small states, foreign invasion, military imbalance, power equality, nuclear proliferation, security, rational behavior, existential threat, nuclear strategy, Russian invasion, Georgia 2008, North Korea, international relations, military strategy, arms control, nuclear policy, state equality, deterrence theory, military deterrent, nonproliferation, global security, international treaties, security dilemma, Robert Jervis, John Mearsheimer nuclear weapons, nuclear deterrence, self-defense, nation-state, international system, international law, state sovereignty, conventional weapons, military capacity, small states, poor states, wealthy small states, deterrence theory, power parity, foreign aggression, invasion, Russian invasion of Georgia, nuclear strategy, existential threat, rational actor theory, proliferation, arms race, nuclear equalization, North Korea, strategic stability, security dilemma, international relations, arms control, geopolitical balance, nuclear proliferation, Robert Jervis, John Mearsheimer nuclear deterrence, self-defense, nation-state, international system, nuclear weapons, conventional weapons, small states, poor states, state equality, military capacity, security, invasion, deterrent effect, existential threat, rational actors, proliferation, North Korea, nuclear strategy, Foreign Affairs, Robert Jervis, John Mearsheimer, Ukraine, Russia, Georgia, international relations, military balance, arms race, nuclear proliferation, international treaties, state sovereignty
test-politics-oglilpdwhsn-pro02a	"The New START treaty will help against Iran’s nuclear program.  New START will help bolster US-Russian cooperation, which is necessary for solving the problem of Iran’s nuclear proliferation. On Nov. 19, 2010, the Anti-Defamation League released a statement, which came from Robert G. Sugarman, ADL National Chair, and Abraham H. Foxman, ADL National Director: ""The severe damage that could be inflicted on that relationship by failing to ratify the treaty would inevitably hamper effective American international leadership to stop the Iranian nuclear weapons program. The Iranian nuclear threat is the most serious national security issue facing the United States, Israel, and other allies in the Middle East. While some Senators may have legitimate reservations about the New START treaty or its protocol, we believe the interest of our greater and common goal of preventing Iran from developing nuclear weapons must take precedence."" [1] New START is crucial in getting Russian support against Iran and other rogue nuclear states.  Although the United States needs a strong and reliable nuclear force, the chief nuclear danger today comes not from Russia but from rogue states such as Iran and North Korea and the potential for nuclear material to fall into the hands of terrorists. Given those pressing dangers, some question why an arms control treaty with Russia matters. It matters because it is in both parties' interest that there be transparency and stability in their strategic nuclear relationship. It also matters because Russia's cooperation will be needed if we are to make progress in rolling back the Iranian and North Korean programs. Russian help will be needed to continue our work to secure ""loose nukes"" in Russia and elsewhere. And Russian assistance is needed to improve the situation in Afghanistan, a breeding ground for international terrorism.  Obviously, the United States does not sign arms control agreements just to make friends. Any treaty must be considered on its merits. But the New START agreement is clearly in the US’ national interest, and the ramifications of not ratifying it could be significantly negative. [2] As US Vice President Joe Biden argued in 2010: ""New Start is also a cornerstone of our efforts to reset relations with Russia, which have improved significantly in the last two years. This has led to real benefits for U.S. and global security. Russian cooperation made it possible to secure strong sanctions against Iran over its nuclear ambitions, and Russia canceled a sale to Iran of an advanced anti-aircraft missile system that would have been dangerously destabilizing. Russia has permitted the flow of materiel through its territory for our troops in Afghanistan. And—as the NATO-Russia Council in Lisbon demonstrated—European security has been advanced by the pursuit of a more cooperative relationship with Russia. We should not jeopardize this progress."" [3] Therefore, because New START will have significant positive consequences in terms of aiding relations with Russia, and thus in dealing with rogue nuclear states like Iran, it should be supported.  [1] Weingarten, Elizabeth. “How did New START become a Jewish issue?”. The Atlantic. 1 Decemebr 2010.   [2] Kissinger, Henry A. ; Shultz, George P. ; Baker III, James A’ ; Eagleburger , Lawrence S. ; and Powell, Colin L. ""The Republican case for ratifying New START"". Washington Post. 2 December 2010.   [3] Biden, Joseph. ""The case for ratifying New START"". Wall Street Journal. 25 November 2010. New START treaty, US-Russian cooperation, Iran nuclear program, nuclear proliferation, arms control, treaty ratification, Anti-Defamation League, Robert G. Sugarman, Abraham H. Foxman, US national security, Israeli security, Middle East security, rogue states, North Korea, nuclear terrorism, transparency, strategic nuclear relationship, Russian support, loose nukes, Afghanistan, international terrorism, US foreign policy, sanctions on Iran, missile defense, NATO-Russia relations, nuclear disarmament, Bipartisan support, Joseph Biden, Henry Kissinger, George Shultz, James Baker, Lawrence Eagleburger, Colin Powell, Washington Post, New START, Iran nuclear program, US-Russia cooperation, nuclear proliferation, Anti-Defamation League, Robert G. Sugarman, Abraham H. Foxman, American international leadership, Iranian nuclear threat, national security, Israel, Middle East, nuclear weapons, treaty ratification, rogue states, North Korea, nuclear material security, terrorism, arms control, transparency, strategic nuclear relationship, ""loose nukes"", Afghanistan, international terrorism, Joe Biden, US-Russia relations, sanctions on Iran, anti-aircraft missile system, NATO-Russia Council, European security, Russian cooperation, global security, Republican support, Elizabeth Weingarten, New START treaty, Iran nuclear program, US-Russia cooperation, nuclear proliferation, arms control, nuclear weapons, Russian support, rogue states, North Korea, nuclear security, terrorism, Anti-Defamation League, sanctions on Iran, US national security, Biden, NATO-Russia Council, Russian missile sales, Afghanistan, international relations, transparency, strategic stability, ratification, loose nukes, nuclear material, Middle East security, US foreign policy, global security, nuclear deterrence New START treaty, US-Russia cooperation, Iran nuclear program, nuclear proliferation, nuclear weapons, Anti-Defamation League, Robert Sugarman, Abraham Foxman, American international leadership, Iranian nuclear threat, national security, Israel, Middle East, rogue states, North Korea, arms control, nuclear transparency, nuclear stability, Russian support, loose nukes, Afghanistan, international terrorism, treaty ratification, US national interest, sanctions on Iran, Russian military sales, NATO-Russia Council, European security, Biden, Kissinger, Shultz, Baker, Eagleburger, Powell, nuclear material security, US foreign policy, missile defense, Russian assistance New START treaty, Iran nuclear program, US-Russia cooperation, nuclear proliferation, Anti-Defamation League, Robert G. Sugarman, Abraham H. Foxman, Iranian nuclear threat, US national security, Israel, Middle East, treaty ratification, Russian support, rogue nuclear states, North Korea, nuclear material security, terrorism, strategic nuclear relationship, arms control, Afghanistan, international terrorism, treaty merits, Joe Biden, Russia relations reset, sanctions on Iran, missile sale cancellation, NATO-Russia cooperation, European security, global security, Elizabeth Weingarten, The Atlantic, Henry Kissinger, George Shultz, James Baker, Lawrence"
test-society-cpisydfphwj-con03a	Facebook has a negative impact on learning  For many students, the constant flow of news, status updates, pictures and comments which comes through Facebook every single hour is proving to be a very distracting, which not surprisingly affects their educational progress. It negatively impacts learning. Studies show that students who checked in on social networks while studying had grades that were 20% lower than the grades of those who didn’t.(1)  A 20% difference in grades can be the difference from being awarded a scholarship at a prestigious university at being obliged to enrol in the community college, or very easily between passing and failing. Education is one of the most important things in anybody’s life as it greatly affects future prospects. Of course socialising is important as well but we should try to avoid one negatively affecting the other.  (1) Julie D. Andrews “Is Facebook Good Or Bad For Students? Debate Roils On” April 28, 2011   (2) Larry Rose ”Social Networking’s Good and Bad Impacts on Kids“ American Psychological Association August 6, 2011 Facebook, negative impact, learning, students, distraction, social networks, academic performance, grades, educational progress, social media, scholarship, education, study habits, digital distraction, academic achievement, social networking, school performance, Julie D. Andrews, Larry Rose, psychological effects, focus, concentration, higher education, study outcomes, APA, news feed, study time, student productivity Facebook, negative impact, learning, students, distraction, social media, educational progress, academic performance, grades, social networks, studying, scholarship, community college, education, future prospects, socializing, academic outcomes, Julie D. Andrews, Larry Rose, American Psychological Association, digital distraction, online behavior, academic achievement, news feed, status updates Facebook, negative impact, learning, students, distraction, social media, educational progress, academic performance, grades, social networks, studying, scholarship, community college, education, future prospects, socialising, negative effects, Julie D. Andrews, Larry Rose, American Psychological Association, digital distraction, academic achievement, social networking sites, impact on students, technology and education Facebook, negative impact, learning, students, distraction, social networks, academic performance, grades, educational progress, scholarship, study habits, multitasking, social media, Facebook usage, education, future prospects, digital distraction, cognitive effects, academic achievement, attention span, socializing, educational outcomes, Julie D. Andrews, Larry Rose, American Psychological Association, online distraction, student productivity, technology and education, social networking effects, impact on studying Facebook, negative impact, learning, students, distraction, social media, educational progress, grades, academic performance, news feed, status updates, social networks, multitasking, study habits, academic achievement, scholarship, community college, socialising, Julie D. Andrews, Larry Rose, American Psychological Association, digital distraction, education, future prospects, technology and learning, online behavior, student outcomes
test-law-umtlilhotac-con01a	ICC does not have same problems as other legal systems  The ICC as a court does not have many of the things that a domestic criminal trial would have in terms of disadvantages of televising. Like all other international tribunals, there is no jury, only a panel of professional judges. Judges are going to be less intimidated by there being television broadcasts even if broadcasts of trials typically aim to obscure the identity of the jury. Similarly, there is a competent system of witness protection, and other safeguards. ICC, International Criminal Court, legal systems, court differences, domestic criminal trial, disadvantages, televising trials, international tribunals, no jury, professional judges, television broadcasts, jury anonymity, witness protection, safeguards, trial intimidation, courtroom transparency ICC, international criminal court, legal systems, televising trials, jury, professional judges, witness protection, safeguards, international tribunals, domestic criminal trial, disadvantages, broadcasts, jury intimidation, identity protection, trial transparency, court procedures, judicial panel, trial broadcasting, legal comparison, courtroom security ICC, legal systems, international tribunals, disadvantages, televising, domestic criminal trial, jury, panel of judges, professional judges, television broadcasts, witness protection, safeguards, court procedures, anonymity, intimidation, broadcast impact, trial transparency, legal safeguards, judge impartiality, trial differences, identity protection ICC, international criminal court, legal systems, televising trials, jury absence, professional judges, international tribunals, witness protection, trial disadvantages, domestic criminal trial, safeguards, court transparency, broadcast intimidation, legal system comparison, criminal justice system, televised trials, legal proceedings, judge panel, court broadcasting, international law ICC, international criminal court, legal systems, televising trials, disadvantages, domestic criminal trial, international tribunals, jury, professional judges, intimidation, television broadcasts, witness protection, safeguards, court transparency, trial publicity, legal proceedings, judicial panels, anonymity, legal protections, trial security
test-free-speech-debate-radhbsshr-con03a	Public Decency  Freedom of Speech is something that is highly valued, particularly in a country such as South Africa, where it was in short supply for a large part of its history, but surely for such speech to be worthwhile, it has to be able to convey a message that actually enriches the public domain. Such messages can be critical of government, but it must be best if they do not cause widespread offence in the process.  The problem with ‘The Spear’ is that is causes widespread offence with the graphic depiction of the male genitalia. As a result, the underlying message that Brett Murray is trying to convey is lost in the offence image of the exposed penis, causing needless controversy in the process. [1]  The utilisation of an exposed penis in ‘The Spear’ breaches all notions of public decency, not only causing offence in the public domain, but also personal offence, by depicting President Zuma in such a lewd manner. As such, it is right to ask for the removal of the artwork from public display to prevent further offence from being caused.  [1] Robins. P, ‘The spear that divided the nation’, Amandla, 2012, Public decency, freedom of speech, South Africa, censorship, Brett Murray, The Spear, graphic art, offence, public domain, government criticism, controversial art, artistic expression, exposed genitalia, President Zuma, lewd depiction, artwork removal, offensive imagery, legal limits, societal values, Robins P, Amandla 2012 Public Decency, Freedom of Speech, South Africa, censorship, Brett Murray, The Spear, artistic expression, government criticism, offence, public controversy, male genitalia, exposed penis, public domain, President Zuma, lewd depiction, artwork removal, public display, cultural sensitivity, moral standards, Amandla, 2012, Peter Robins public decency, freedom of speech, South Africa, Brett Murray, The Spear, graphic art, offense, censorship, President Zuma, exposed genitalia, controversy, public domain, lewd depiction, artistic expression, offense in art, Amandla 2012, societal values, political art, art censorship, freedom of expression, public offense, historical context, Robins P Public Decency, Freedom of Speech, South Africa, censorship, Brett Murray, The Spear, President Zuma, offensive art, artistic expression, graphic imagery, public offence, lewd depiction, controversy, public domain, removal of artwork, cultural sensitivity, art and politics, freedom of expression, South African history, social values, censorship debate public decency, freedom of speech, South Africa, history, speech value, public domain, critical messages, government criticism, offence, The Spear, Brett Murray, graphic depiction, male genitalia, controversy, exposed penis, personal offence, President Zuma, lewd depiction, artwork removal, public display, offence prevention, Robins P, Amandla, 2012
test-international-iighbopcc-pro01a	The hard part is the cutting of emissions  The problem with a non-binding agreement, even one where the targets have been submitted by the governments themselves is exactly that it is non-binding. If governments are not bound to cut emissions then there is a good chance that many of them wont. [1] The British government, which has binding targets, has been on course to miss its 2025 targets with reductions of only 23% against targets of 31% due to a decision to reduce subsidies for housing insulation. [2] If countries which have set targets for themselves in the past are missing them what hope do we have for these voluntary targets?  [1] Taylor, Lenore, ‘Paris climate talks: the real test is whether countries will keep their word’, The Guardian, 30 November 2015,   [2] Harvey, Fiona, ‘UK on track to miss carbon targets, climate change advisers warn’, The Guardian, 15 July 2014, emissions reduction, binding agreements, non-binding targets, climate policy, government commitments, voluntary targets, climate change, UK carbon targets, housing insulation subsidies, enforcement, policy effectiveness, Paris climate talks, international agreements, climate targets compliance, emissions gap, environmental governance, self-set targets, accountability, climate action, emissions targets emissions reduction, binding agreements, non-binding targets, government policy, climate change, carbon targets, Paris agreement, voluntary commitments, emissions targets, housing insulation subsidies, UK carbon targets, climate policy, accountability, climate commitments, international agreements, policy enforcement, emissions gap, renewable energy policy, climate governance, compliance emissions reduction, non-binding agreement, binding targets, government commitments, voluntary targets, climate policy, emissions targets, housing insulation subsidies, UK carbon targets, climate change, compliance, international agreements, policy enforcement, government accountability, climate action, carbon reduction, target shortfall, Paris climate talks emissions reduction, non-binding agreements, climate policy, government targets, binding targets, emission commitments, target compliance, voluntary targets, UK carbon targets, housing insulation subsidies, policy effectiveness, Paris climate talks, climate agreement enforcement, failure to meet targets, climate change policy emissions reduction, non-binding agreement, binding targets, voluntary targets, climate policy, government commitments, housing insulation subsidies, Paris climate talks, UK carbon targets, climate change, target compliance, climate agreements, carbon emissions, policy effectiveness, international climate negotiations
test-science-eassgbatj-con01a	Animals don’t have human rights  Humans have large brains, form social groups, communicate and are generally worthy of moral consideration. We also are aware of ourselves and of the nature of death. Some animals have some of these characteristics but not all so should not have the same rights. In harming animals to benefit humans, we enter in to a good moral trade-off to create a greater good. [11] animal rights, human rights, moral consideration, large brains, self-awareness, social groups, communication, greater good, moral trade-off, human superiority, ethics, animal welfare, consciousness, nature of death, species difference, moral philosophy, utilitarianism animal rights, human rights, moral consideration, brain size, self-awareness, communication, social groups, nature of death, moral trade-off, ethical justification, greater good, human-animal difference, speciesism, animal welfare, moral status, justification for harm, utilitarianism, ethical treatment, consciousness, sentience animal rights, human rights, moral consideration, self-awareness, communication, social groups, brain size, consciousness, ethical trade-off, greater good, animal welfare, moral philosophy, speciesism, human-animal differences, moral hierarchy, ethical justification, utility, benefit to humans animal rights, human rights, moral consideration, large brains, social groups, communication, self-awareness, consciousness, nature of death, ethical trade-off, greater good, moral philosophy, human-animal differences, animal cognition, moral worth, sentience, ethical justification, animal welfare, speciesism, moral hierarchy animal rights, human rights, moral consideration, large brains, social groups, communication, self-awareness, nature of death, ethical trade-off, greater good, animal harm, human benefit, moral philosophy, moral worth, species differences, animal consciousness, moral hierarchy, anthropocentrism, moral status, interspecies comparison
test-free-speech-debate-nshbcsbawc-pro02a	Other religions have the right to wear prescribed clothing enshrined in British law, it is hypocritical not to offer Christianity the same protection.  Legislation should be consistent; otherwise it is, by definition, discriminatory. [i] If some faiths are allowed to show outward demonstrations of their faith in the workplace, then that should apply across the board.  Christianity is an established part of the state, as shown by the monarch being head of the Church of England. So it is perverse for two national brands to accept attire that demonstrates an employee’s profession of other faiths but to reject one that is universally recognised as a symbol of Christianity.  The very fact that both women were willing to risk, and lose, their jobs over the issue shows that they considered wearing the cross to be an important part of their faith. That should be enough to demonstrate that it is a matter of conscience. It is demonstrably true that allowing other religious symbols to be worn does not create immense difficulties, both the NHS and Heathrow airport allow sikh’s to wear a kirpan (small dagger). [ii] Their right to do so is respected because it is important to the individual concerned. The same is clearly true here.  Either legislation should respect that commitment in all faiths or it should not do so in any.  [i] The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, 4th ed., Houghton Mifflin Company, 2000,   [ii] The Kirpan, A submission to the Department of Communities and Local Government (UK), British Sikh Consultative Forum, April 2009, P12 religious clothing, British law, Christianity, legal protection, discrimination, workplace attire, religious symbols, consistency in legislation, freedom of religion, cross, Sikh kirpan, equality, Church of England, conscience, faith expression, national brands, case law, religious rights, employment law, UK legislation religious clothing, British law, Christianity, discrimination, workplace attire, faith symbols, religious freedom, legislation consistency, Church of England, cross wearing, religious expression, national brands, conscience rights, Sikh kirpan, NHS, Heathrow airport, equality, religious accommodation, employment rights, religious symbols in workplace religious clothing, British law, Christianity, religious symbols, workplace rights, legislative consistency, discrimination, faith expression, cross, Sikh kirpan, religious equality, employment law, Church of England, religious accommodation, conscience, NHS, Heathrow Airport, religious attire, human rights, national brands religious clothing, British law, Christianity, discrimination, workplace attire, religious symbols, legal consistency, faith expression, cross wearing, sikh kirpan, religious rights, Church of England, monarchy, conscience, national brands, NHS, Heathrow airport, religious equality, religious protection, employment law, religious discrimination, UK legislation religious clothing, British law, Christianity, legal protection, discrimination, workplace attire, religious symbols, faith equality, Church of England, national identity, religious expression, cross, kirpan, Sikhism, NHS, Heathrow airport, conscience rights, uniform policy, religious freedom, consistent legislation, comparative religion rights, employment law, human rights, UK legislation, symbolic attire
test-culture-tlhrilsfhwr-con01a	Making children military targets  The purpose of the ban on the use of child soldiers is to prevent the normalisation of such tactics in conflict zones. It is not an inflexible implementation of a lofty European ideal. The ban, and the role of the ICC in enforcing it, is designed to reduce the likelihood that civilians will be deliberately targeted in developing world war zones. Why is this necessary?  If the defence set out in the motion is used to reduce the number of war crimes convictions attendant on the use of child soldiers, not only will numbers of child soldiers rise, but children themselves will become military targets. Communities ravaged and depleted by war, under the status quo, may be seen as minimally threatening. Armies are not likely to target them as strategic objectives if it is thought that they will offer no resistance. However, if there is no condemnation and investigation of the use of child soldiers, they will become a much more common feature of the battlefield. The increasing militarisation of children will make those children who do not wish to participate in armed conflict- children pursuing some alternate survival strategy- automatic targets. All children will be treated as potential soldiers. The communities that children live in will become military targets.  The resolution, although seeking to enable children to protect themselves, will simply make them targets of the massacres, organised displacement and surprise attacks that characterise warfare in Africa and central Asia. child soldiers, military targets, ban, conflict zones, normalization, International Criminal Court, ICC, war crimes, civilian protection, developing world, war zones, defense motion, increase, recruitment, communities, resistance, condemnation, investigation, battlefield, militarisation of children, non-combatant children, survival strategy, universal suspicion, potential soldiers, targeted communities, massacres, displacement, surprise attacks, Africa, Central Asia, resolution, self-protection, humanitarian impact child soldiers, military targets, war crimes, ICC, conflict zones, civilian protection, recruitment of children, normalization, international law, humanitarian law, African conflicts, Central Asia, enforcement, communities at risk, war zone, targeting civilians, militarization of children, civilian casualties, survival strategies, organized displacement, surprise attacks, battlefield tactics, resistance, war crime convictions, prosecution, massacre prevention, human rights, vulnerable populations, use of children in conflict, legal enforcement, child protection child soldiers, military targets, ICC, war crimes, conflict zones, civilian protection, use of children in armed conflict, normalisation, developing world, war zones, ban enforcement, community safety, communities at risk, strategic objectives, condemnation, investigation, battlefield, militarisation of children, alternate survival strategies, child protection, massacres, organised displacement, surprise attacks, Africa, Central Asia, warfare consequences, recruitment of minors, international law, humanitarian law, civilian casualties child soldiers, military targets, conflict zones, ban, ICC, war crimes, civilian protection, developing world, normalization, armed conflict, war zones, Africa, Central Asia, children militarization, community targeting, strategy, survival, war crimes convictions, battlefield, alternate survival strategy, organised displacement, massacres, surprise attacks, enforcement, child protection, humanitarian law child soldiers, military targets, ban, conflict zones, ICC, war crimes, civilian protection, developing world, war zones, child militarisation, communities, strategic objectives, condemnation, investigation, battlefield, alternate survival strategy, massacres, organised displacement, surprise attacks, Africa, Central Asia, warfare, children protection, legal enforcement, normalization prevention, humanitarian law
test-economy-thhghwhwift-con03a	It hits the most vulnerable part of society hardest  The practical consequence of an additional tax on what the government considers fatty unhealthy food will disproportionately affect the poorest part of the population, who often turn to such food due to economic constraints.  These were the concerns that stopped the Romanian government from introducing a fat tax in 2010. Experts there argued, that the countries people keep turning to junk food simply because they are poor and cannot afford the more expensive fresh produce. What such a fat tax would do is eliminate a very important source of calories from the society’s economic reach and replace the current diet with an even more nutritionally unbalanced one. Even the WHO described such policies as “regressive from an equity perspective.” [1]  Clearly, the government should be focusing its efforts on making healthy fresh produce more accessible and not on making food in general, regardless if it’s considered healthy or not, less accessible for the most vulnerable in our society.  [1] Stracansky, P., 'Fat Tax' May Hurt Poor, published 8/8/2011,  , accessed 9/12/2011 fat tax, regressive tax, unhealthy food, vulnerable populations, poverty, food accessibility, junk food, fresh produce, Romania, 2010, calorie intake, nutritional balance, economic constraints, World Health Organization, health policy, food affordability, food inequality, lower-income, government policy, public health, food equity, tax policy, social impact, dietary habits fat tax, unhealthy food, economic inequality, vulnerable populations, poor, junk food, government policy, fresh produce, nutrition, food accessibility, regressive policies, Romania, 2010, public health, WHO, equity, calorie intake, food tax, socioeconomic impact, diet quality, food affordability fat tax, regressive taxation, socioeconomic impact, vulnerable populations, unhealthy food, junk food, economic constraints, poverty, food accessibility, Romania, public health policy, nutritional imbalance, WHO, equity, fresh produce, government policy, food affordability, calorie source, health disparities, food taxation, Stracansky, 2011 fat tax, regressive tax, food policy, public health, socioeconomic impact, vulnerable populations, poverty, junk food, unhealthy food, fresh produce, nutrition, Romania, government policy, equity, World Health Organization, access to healthy food, food affordability, diet, economic constraints, calorie intake, health disparities, food accessibility, Stracansky, 2011 fat tax, regressive tax, Romania, 2010, unhealthy food, junk food, food tax, poor population, vulnerable groups, socioeconomic impact, equity, WHO, fresh produce access, nutrition, calorie intake, food affordability, government policy, food accessibility, public health, economic constraints, health inequity
test-science-sghwbdgmo-pro02a	Genetically modified food is a danger to eco-systems.  GM foods also present a danger to the environment. The use of these crops is causing fewer strains to be planted. In a traditional ecosystem based on 100 varieties of rice, a disease wiping out one strain is not too much of a problem. However, if just two strains are planted (as now occurs) and one is wiped out the result is catastrophic. In addition, removing certain varieties of crops causes organisms, which feed on these crops, to be wiped out as well, such as the butterfly population decimated by a recent Monsanto field trial. [1] This supports the concerns that GM plants or transgenes can escape into the environment and that the impacts of broad-spectrum herbicides used with the herbicide tolerant GM crops on the countryside ecosystems have consequences. One of the impacts was that the Bacillus Thuringiensis toxin was produced by Bt crops (GMOs) on no-target species (butterflies), which lead to them dying. [2]  Another concern is also that pollen produced from GM crops can be blown into neighboring fields where it fertilizes unmodified crops. This process (cross-pollination) pollutes the natural gene pool. [3] This in turn makes labeling impossible which reduces consumer choice. This can be prevented with the terminator gene. However, use of this is immoral for reasons outlined below. Furthermore, not all companies have access to the terminator technology.  [1] Whitman D., Genetically Modified Foods: Harmful or Helpful, published April 2000,  , accessed 09/02/2011  [2] WWF Switzerland, Genetically modified Organisms (GMOs): A danger to sustainable development of agriculture, published May 2005, www.panda.org/downloads/trash/gmosadangertosustainableagriculture.pdf , p.4 , accessed 09/02/2011  [3] Whitman D., Genetically Modified Foods: Harmful or Helpful, published April 2000,  , accessed 09/02/2011 genetically modified food, GM foods, ecosystem danger, environmental impact, crop diversity, monoculture, rice varieties, catastrophic crop loss, biodiversity, organism extinction, butterfly population decline, Monsanto field trial, GM plant escape, transgene escape, broad-spectrum herbicides, countryside ecosystems, Bacillus Thuringiensis toxin, Bt crops, non-target species, butterfly mortality, pollen drift, cross-pollination, gene pool pollution, GMO labeling, consumer choice, terminator gene, bioethics, terminator technology access, agricultural sustainability, GMO risks, environmental consequences genetically modified food, GM foods, GMOs, ecological impact, ecosystem danger, biodiversity loss, crop diversity, monoculture, rice strains, disease vulnerability, crop extinction, butterfly population, Monsanto field trial, transgene escape, environmental risk, broad-spectrum herbicides, herbicide tolerant crops, Bacillus Thuringiensis toxin, Bt crops, non-target species, organism decline, cross-pollination, gene pool pollution, consumer choice, labeling issues, terminator gene, morality, corporate access, sustainable agriculture genetically modified food, GM foods, GMOs, ecological impact, ecosystem danger, environmental risks, biodiversity, crop strain diversity, monoculture, rice varieties, disease susceptibility, organism extinction, butterfly population, Monsanto field trial, transgene escape, herbicide tolerant crops, broad-spectrum herbicides, countryside ecosystems, Bacillus Thuringiensis toxin, Bt crops, non-target species, butterfly mortality, cross-pollination, gene flow, natural gene pool, consumer choice, labeling, terminator gene, ethical concerns, pollen drift, agricultural sustainability, biodiversity loss, crop genetic diversity, environmental contamination genetically modified food, GMOs, ecosystem impact, biodiversity loss, crop diversity, rice varieties, monoculture, disease vulnerability, environmental danger, organism extinction, butterfly population decline, Monsanto field trial, transgene escape, broad-spectrum herbicides, countryside ecosystems, Bacillus Thuringiensis toxin, Bt crops, non-target species, cross-pollination, gene pool pollution, consumer choice, crop labeling, terminator gene, biotechnology, sustainable agriculture, pollen drift, agricultural morality, genetic contamination, environmental consequences, food security genetically modified food, GM foods, GMOs, environmental impact, ecosystem danger, crop biodiversity loss, monoculture, rice variety, disease risk, organism extinction, butterfly population decline, Monsanto field trial, transgene escape, broad-spectrum herbicides, Bt crops, Bacillus Thuringiensis toxin, non-target species, pollen drift, gene pool pollution, cross-pollination, consumer choice, labeling issues, terminator gene, terminator technology, agricultural sustainability, biodiversity, herbicide tolerant crops, ecosystem balance, reference Whitman, reference WWF Switzerland
test-law-ilppppghb-con02a	"The rise of universal human rights makes self-determination increasingly irrelevant.  Across the developed world, modern nation states are bound into a complex network of treaties and international organisations which together go a long way to guaranteeing citizens very similar rights wherever they live. These supra-national rules make it less and less important on what side of an international boundary you happen to live. What matters is not so much self-determination as whether or not an individual citizen is able to enjoy the same rights and privileges as those of the majority culture.  For example, EU citizens enjoy many common rights, common European citizenship, freedom of movement between member states and so on. Minorities who fifty years ago might have taken up arms to ""free"" themselves from an oppressive nation state – such as Catholics in Northern Ireland – don’t need to do this now, because they have new rights against discrimination, guaranteed and enforced by international treaty. universal human rights, self-determination, nation states, developed world, international treaties, international organisations, supra-national rules, citizenship rights, majority culture, European Union, common European citizenship, freedom of movement, minority rights, anti-discrimination, Catholic Northern Ireland, international enforcement, national boundaries, political sovereignty, global governance, rights protection, minority protection universal human rights, self-determination, nation states, international treaties, international organisations, citizenship rights, supra-national rules, international boundaries, majority culture, minority rights, European Union, European citizenship, freedom of movement, anti-discrimination, international law, Northern Ireland, Catholics, minority protection, national sovereignty, global governance, human rights enforcement, equality, developed world, collective rights, minority integration universal human rights, self-determination, modern nation states, international treaties, international organisations, supra-national rules, citizenship rights, majority culture, European Union, common European citizenship, freedom of movement, minority rights, anti-discrimination, international law, national boundaries, civil liberties, minority integration, Northern Ireland, religious minorities, treaty enforcement, individual rights, human rights protection, cross-border rights, sovereignty, global governance, legal guarantees universal human rights, self-determination, nation states, international treaties, international organisations, supra-national rules, citizenship rights, majority culture, minority rights, European Union, common European citizenship, freedom of movement, anti-discrimination, international law, modern state, developed world, rights enforcement, national boundaries, minority integration, transnational rights, Northern Ireland, political autonomy, cultural rights universal human rights, self-determination, nation states, international treaties, international organisations, citizen rights, supra-national rules, international boundaries, majority culture, minority rights, European Union, European citizenship, freedom of movement, anti-discrimination, Northern Ireland, religious minorities, modern state sovereignty, international law, civil liberties, global governance, human rights enforcement, national identity, legal integration, transnational rights"
test-economy-beplcpdffe-con04a	Other forms of online gambling  What is the difference between gambling and playing the stock market? In each case people are putting money at risk in the hope of a particular outcome. Gambling on horse-racing or games involves knowledge and expertise that can improve your chances of success. In the same way, trading in bonds, shares, currency or derivatives is a bet that your understanding of the economy is better than that of other investors. Why should one kind of online risk-taking be legal and the other not? online gambling, stock market, gambling vs investing, legal differences, risk-taking, horse-racing betting, games of chance, financial trading, bonds, shares, currency trading, derivatives, expertise, probability, legality, regulation, investment risk, gambling laws, financial markets, skill vs luck, economic understanding online gambling, gambling vs stock market, differences gambling stock trading, financial risk, stock market speculation, legality online gambling, horse racing betting, gambling expertise, investment risk, bonds trading, shares trading, currency trading, derivatives trading, legal status gambling, legal status trading, risk comparison gambling trading, investment knowledge, financial markets, online betting, gambling regulation, speculative investments online gambling, stock market, differences, gambling legality, risk-taking, speculation, investing, trading, derivatives, bonds, shares, currency trading, economic knowledge, expertise, horse-racing, games, betting, legal regulation, financial markets, online betting, legal distinction, investment risk, regulatory comparison, skill vs chance, risk management, economic outcomes online gambling, gambling vs stock market, financial risk, stock trading, legal differences, horse racing betting, investing, speculation, risk-taking, bonds, shares, currency trading, derivatives, expertise, knowledge, legality of gambling, legality of investing, gambling regulations, online betting, financial markets, economic understanding online gambling, stock market, gambling vs investing, legal differences, risk-taking, horse racing, financial trading, bonds, shares, currency trading, derivatives, knowledge, expertise, law, legality, probability, economic understanding, investment, betting, financial regulation, online betting, legal status, regulatory differences, risk comparison, speculation, financial markets
test-science-wsihwclscaaw-pro02a	Cyber attacks can do serious damage to the state  Large scale cyber attacks can result in substantial harms to the state equivalent to those of an armed attack. Many states are dependent on flawless functioning of government and financial services online, and attacking them would cause mass disruption. For example, massive cyber attacks can cause serious disruption to economy by targeting financial, banking and commercial services; they can target government websites and steal confidential information that would compromise country's security, as was the case with USA in 2007 [10]; they could target power grids and shut down infrastructure on a massive scale across the country. All these instances cause disruption and leave the targeted country vulnerable with the government unable to operate successfully. This way, for instance, a large scale cyber attack from Russia on Georgia 2008 caused massive disruption to government, banking services, and communication within and outside of the country [11]. For these reasons USA's Pentagon decided to consider a cyber attack that 'produces the death, damage, destruction or high-level disruption that a traditional military attack would cause' an act of war [12]. Given the damage of possible attacks to the state, large-scale cyber attacks should be considered an act of war. cyber attacks, large-scale cyber attacks, state security, critical infrastructure, government services, financial services, mass disruption, economic disruption, confidential information theft, power grid attacks, infrastructure shutdown, national security, USA 2007 cyber attack, Russia Georgia 2008 cyber attack, act of war, Pentagon policy, cyber warfare, digital warfare, government vulnerability, military equivalence, cyber defense, cyber threats, information security, banking system attacks, communication disruption cyber attacks, state security, large scale cyber attacks, armed attack, government services, financial services, economic disruption, banking attacks, commercial services, confidential information, national security, infrastructure attacks, power grid, government websites, information theft, USA 2007, Russia Georgia 2008, communication disruption, Pentagon policy, act of war, cyber warfare, cybersecurity, critical infrastructure, state vulnerability, mass disruption, cyber conflict, state-sponsored attacks, cyber defense, internet security, military response, cyber deterrence cyber attacks, state security, large-scale disruption, armed attack equivalence, government services, financial services, mass disruption, economy, banking, commercial services, government websites, confidential information, national security, power grid, infrastructure, USA 2007 cyber attack, Russia Georgia 2008 cyber attack, communication disruption, act of war, Pentagon policy, military response, information theft, critical infrastructure, cyber warfare, state vulnerability, cybersecurity threats cyber attacks, state security, large-scale cyber attacks, armed attack equivalence, government services, financial services, mass disruption, economic disruption, banking services, commercial services, government websites, confidential information theft, national security, infrastructure shutdown, power grid attacks, vulnerability, government operations, Russia-Georgia 2008 cyber attack, communication disruption, Pentagon cyber warfare policy, act of war, high-level disruption, USA 2007 cyber attack, critical infrastructure, cyber warfare, national defense, military response to cyber attacks cyber attacks, state security, large-scale cyber attacks, state vulnerability, government services disruption, financial services cyber attack, critical infrastructure cyber attack, economic disruption, power grid cyber attack, information theft, national security, government websites hacking, Pentagon cyber warfare policy, act of war, Russia-Georgia cyber attack 2008, USA cyber attack 2007, mass disruption, banking services cyber attack, communication disruption, cyber warfare, cyber attack consequences, digital infrastructure, state response to cyber attacks, military equivalence, cyber defense, cyber attack examples
test-politics-oeplhbuwhmi-pro03a	EU economic preference will no longer bind Britain  As a customs union the EU has a common external tariff set at the EU level meaning that the UK cannot tailor its external trade policy to its own needs. Instead the UK will be free to negotiate its own free trade agreements with any power it wishes. This may be individually or joining larger trade groupings such as the currently being negotiated Trans Atlantic Trade and Investment Partnership deal between the USA, Canada, and the EU. it also means the UK is free to reject such joint agreements, as many campaigning groups would like with the Trans Atlantic Trade and Investment Partnership deal. [1] Countries which are not in regional blocks have not suffered as a result, South Korea has 24 free trade agreements [2] and despite an economy that is just over half the size of the UK’s has trade in goods worth similar amounts;$1,098bln $1,190bln [3] but importantly gets to negotiate each one itself and to its own terms and conditions.  [1] See #noTTIP,   [2] ‘Free Trade Agreements’, Asia Regional Integration Centre, 2015,   [3] Adding exports and imports of merchandise, ‘Korea, Republic of and United Kingdom’, World Trade Organisation, EU, economic preference, Britain, customs union, common external tariff, UK trade policy, external trade, free trade agreements, trade negotiation, Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership, TTIP, USA, Canada, trade blocs, regional trade, UK independence, campaign groups, South Korea, Asia Regional Integration Centre, World Trade Organisation, merchandise trade, exports, imports, #noTTIP, trade terms, trade conditions, UK-EU relations, Brexit, UK economic autonomy EU, economic preference, Britain, customs union, common external tariff, EU trade policy, UK trade policy, free trade agreements, trade negotiation, Trans Atlantic Trade and Investment Partnership, TTIP, USA, Canada, regional trade blocs, trade independence, South Korea, Asia Regional Integration Centre, World Trade Organisation, UK exports, UK imports, Korean trade agreements, individual trade negotiation, #noTTIP, joint agreements, merchandise trade, external trade, trade terms, campaign groups, trade statistics, regional integration EU, economic preference, Britain, customs union, external tariff, EU level, UK trade policy, free trade agreements, trade negotiation, Trans Atlantic Trade and Investment Partnership, TTIP, USA, Canada, trade groupings, joint agreements, regional blocs, South Korea, Asia Regional Integration Centre, World Trade Organisation, imports, exports, merchandise trade, #noTTIP, trade independence, UK economy, external trade, international trade policy EU, economic preference, Britain, customs union, common external tariff, UK, external trade policy, free trade agreements, trade policy, Trans Atlantic Trade and Investment Partnership, TTIP, USA, Canada, regional blocks, South Korea, Asia Regional Integration Centre, World Trade Organisation, noTTIP, trade negotiation, independent trade agreements, merchandise trade, imports, exports, trade groupings, UK economy, trade bloc, EU trade policy, trade autonomy, Brexit, UK-EU relations EU, Brexit, economic preference, Britain, customs union, common external tariff, external trade policy, free trade agreements, trade negotiation, Trans Atlantic Trade and Investment Partnership, TTIP, USA, Canada, UK trade policy, regional trade blocs, South Korea, Asia Regional Integration Centre, World Trade Organisation, UK exports, UK imports, trade independence, #noTTIP, joint agreements, trade groupings, merchandise trade, trade terms, trade conditions
test-culture-thbcsbptwhht-pro04a	Compensation has the potential to reverse damaged caused by Cultural Appropriation.  Compensation is necessary in the case of cultural appropriation as it helps to provide victims with the resources they need or deserve as compensation for exploitative behaviour. Often it can be easily quantified as would be the case with the Navajo Urban Outfitters case. With stronger legislation and rulings on the provision for compensation for cultural appropriation, minority communities would be significantly better off. This would be a major step towards reversing the damage of said appropriation as it would allow the community to develop and gain recognition for traditional designs and ideas.  Compensation can bring back some justice to small, minority communities as they can gain the appropriate recognition they deserve as well as the benefits that come along with it. It was estimated in 2005 that nearly half of the US $1billion market from native American Arts and Crafts come from the sale of counterfeit goods [1]. Compensation would help protect sales from native American businesses as well as their culture.  [1] Padilla, Helen B., ‘Padilla: Combating fake Indian Arts and Crafts: a proposal for action’, Indian Country Today, 14 October 2008, compensation, cultural appropriation, reparations, minority communities, Navajo Urban Outfitters, legislation, restitution, traditional designs, cultural recognition, indigenous rights, justice, economic impact, counterfeit goods, Native American arts, cultural exploitation, legal rulings, community development, indigenous compensation, intellectual property, exploitative behavior compensation, cultural appropriation, victims, exploitative behavior, Navajo Urban Outfitters, legislation, minority communities, traditional designs, justice, recognition, Native American, arts and crafts, counterfeit goods, indigenous rights, protection, intellectual property, economic impact, legal rulings, reparations, restorative justice, cultural heritage, market protection, community development compensation, cultural appropriation, restorative justice, minority communities, reparations, legal frameworks, Navajo Urban Outfitters case, indigenous rights, intellectual property, legislation, counterfeit goods, traditional designs, recognition, restitution, Native American arts, resource allocation, economic justice, cultural exploitation, market protection, indigenous cultural heritage, damages reversal, legal rulings, recognition for minorities, exploitation remedies, arts and crafts market compensation, cultural appropriation, restorative justice, minority communities, indigenous rights, legislative action, Navajo Urban Outfitters case, traditional designs, intellectual property, counterfeit goods, Native American businesses, arts and crafts market, exploitation, legal redress, economic reparations, cultural preservation, recognition, victim support, policy reform, fair compensation compensation, cultural appropriation, restitution, Navajo, Urban Outfitters case, minority communities, traditional designs, intellectual property, legislation, legal rulings, justice, indigenous rights, counterfeit goods, Native American arts, cultural protection, economic impact, recognition, exploitative behavior, arts and crafts, market value, cultural heritage, reparations, legislative reform, economic restitution, cultural recognition
test-education-udfakusma-con02a	Making everything free to access will damage universities ability to tap private funding  For most universities even if the government is generous with funding it will still need for some projects require private funding. When providing money for research projects the government often requires cost sharing so the university needs to find other sources of funding. [1] Third parties however are unlikely to be willing to help provide funding for research if they know that all the results of that research will be made open to anyone and everyone. These businesses are funding specific research to solve a particular problem with the intention of profiting from the result. Even if universities themselves don’t want to profit from their research they cannot ignore the private funding as it is rapidly growing, up 250% in the U.S. from 1985-2005, while the government support is shrinking. [2]  [1] Anon. (November 2010), “Research & Sponsored Projects”, University of Michigan.   [2] Schindler, Adam, “Follow the Money Corporate funding of university research”, Berkley Science Review, Issue 13. open access, university funding, private funding, research funding, cost sharing, government funding, corporate sponsorship, research commercialization, public research access, intellectual property, research profit, university research, funding sources, research results, open research, funding trends, research incentives, private sector, academic research funding, research availability, research impact, business funding, knowledge dissemination, academic-private partnerships, funding competition open access, university funding, private funding, research funding, cost sharing, government funding, research commercialization, intellectual property, corporate sponsorship, profit motive, research outcomes, funding sources, academic research, public funding, proprietary research, innovation funding, funding trends, university-industry partnerships, research incentives, funding challenges, research impact, sponsored projects, research openness, financial sustainability, research policy open access, university funding, private funding, research funding, cost sharing, government funding, corporate sponsorship, proprietary research, research commercialization, intellectual property, funding sources, knowledge dissemination, research transparency, funding impact, profit motive, public vs private research, research outcomes, academic research, industry collaboration, funding trends, funding incentives, funding constraints, funding growth, research incentives, university-industry partnerships open access, university funding, private funding, research funding, cost sharing, government funding, corporate sponsorship, research projects, funding sources, intellectual property, commercialization, profit motive, funding trends, shrinking government support, growing private investment, research results, business interest, knowledge dissemination, academic research, industry collaboration open access, university funding, private funding, cost sharing, government funding, research projects, third-party funding, corporate funding, research commercialization, academic research, profit motive, public vs private funding, funding trends, funding sources, university-industry partnerships, research incentives, intellectual property, funding requirements, funding challenges, research sponsorship, funding impact, academic-industry collaboration
test-education-tuhwastua-con02a	Alternative factors that can be considered in the admissions process  SATs are mathematical and it is therefore possible to objectively evaluate them. This is why they are so popular, they provide a benchmark of comparison across the whole education system in a way that any non-standardized assessment never could. This does not only benefit universities in providing an objective measure to compare admissions candidates but it also gives the government statistics with which to measure the progress of schools.  Any other form of assessment would mean switching to much more subjective factors. Traditionally such factors, such as extracurricular activities, volunteer work, and even access to references are all more easily available to high income students. Opportunities may not even be offered in poorer school districts. Complaining that poorer and minority students do less well on the SAT ignores the fact that the test provides one of their best opportunities to impress admissions officials. college admissions, alternative assessment, non-standardized evaluation, standardized testing, SAT, objective measures, subjective criteria, extracurricular activities, volunteer work, references, socioeconomic disparities, educational inequality, access to opportunities, low-income students, minority students, school performance metrics, university admissions, school progress measurement, admission benchmarks, education system comparison, equitable assessment college admissions, alternative factors, SAT, standardized tests, objective evaluation, non-standardized assessment, admissions criteria, extracurricular activities, volunteer work, socioeconomic status, equity, access to education, university admissions, benchmarking, subjective factors, educational opportunity, income disparity, school district resources, test fairness, minority students, academic evaluation, references, government statistics, opportunity gap, diversity in admissions admissions process, alternative factors, SAT, standardized testing, objective evaluation, benchmark, non-standardized assessment, assessment methods, subjective factors, extracurricular activities, volunteer work, references, socioeconomic status, high income students, low income students, educational equity, access to opportunities, school districts, minority students, college admissions, university selection, fairness, government statistics, progress measurement, academic evaluation, admissions criteria alternative admissions factors, SAT, standardized testing, objective evaluation, subjective assessment, admissions process, extracurricular activities, volunteer work, reference letters, socioeconomic bias, education inequality, college admissions, non-standardized assessment, benchmark comparisons, school progress measurement, high income students, low income students, minority students, education opportunity, access disparity, university selection criteria admissions process, alternative factors, SAT, standardized testing, objective evaluation, non-standardized assessment, university admissions, benchmark, comparison, educational equity, subjective factors, extracurricular activities, volunteer work, references, socioeconomic disparities, low-income students, minority students, school district differences, educational opportunity, admissions criteria, bias in assessment, access to resources, SAT fairness, college admissions, student evaluation
test-health-hgwhwbjfs-pro03a	Better nutrition leads to better students.  There is a growing body of evidence linking a healthy lifestyle, comprising of both adequate nutrition and physical exercise, with improved memory, concentration and general academic performance. [1] A study has shown that when primary school students consume three or more junk food meals a week literacy and numeracy scores dropped by up to 16% compared to the average. [2]  This is a clear incentive for governments to push forward for healthier meals in schools for two reasons. The first obvious benefit is to the student, whose better grades award her improved upward mobility – especially important for ethnic groups stuck worst by the obesity epidemic and a lower average socioeconomic status.  The second benefit is to the schools, who benefit on standardized testing scores and reduced absenteeism, as well as reduced staff time and attention devoted to students with low academic performance or behavior problems and other hidden costs of low concentration and performance of students. [3]  [1] CDC, 'Student Health and Academic Achievement', 19 October 2010,  , accessed 9/11/2011  [2] Paton, Graeme, ‘Too much fast food ‘harms children’s test scores’’, The Telegraph, 22 May 2009,  accessed 20 September 2011  [3] Society for the Advancement of Education, 'Overweight students cost schools plenty', December 2004,  , 9/11/2011 nutrition, student performance, academic achievement, healthy lifestyle, physical exercise, memory, concentration, school meals, junk food, literacy, numeracy, fast food, test scores, socioeconomic status, obesity, ethnic groups, absenteeism, standardized testing, behavior problems, student health, upward mobility, school policy, childhood obesity, education outcomes, academic performance, government intervention, school nutrition programs nutrition, student performance, healthy lifestyle, academic achievement, memory, concentration, junk food, school meals, physical exercise, literacy scores, numeracy scores, standardized testing, absenteeism, obesity, socioeconomic status, behavior problems, childhood obesity, healthy eating, primary school, educational outcomes, fast food, school nutrition programs, student health, cognitive function, academic performance, government policy, educational equity nutrition, student performance, academic achievement, healthy lifestyle, physical exercise, memory, concentration, junk food, school meals, literacy, numeracy, childhood obesity, socioeconomic status, standardized testing, absenteeism, behavior problems, educational outcomes, government policy, school nutrition programs, fast food, cognitive development, student health, upward mobility, school costs, evidence-based interventions nutrition, academic performance, healthy lifestyle, physical exercise, memory, concentration, junk food, literacy, numeracy, school meals, government policy, student health, socioeconomic status, obesity epidemic, standardized testing, absenteeism, behavior problems, student outcomes, school costs, childhood obesity, educational attainment, dietary habits, primary school students, fast food, upward mobility, ethnic groups, education policy, student wellbeing, cognitive function, school nutrition programs nutrition, healthy lifestyle, academic performance, memory, concentration, physical exercise, junk food, primary school, literacy scores, numeracy scores, healthy school meals, obesity, socioeconomic status, standardized test scores, absenteeism, student behavior, academic achievement, school nutrition policies, ethnic groups, fast food, student health, school performance, childhood obesity, educational attainment, student well-being
test-international-aahwstdrtfm-pro02a	Economically beneficial  Switching diplomatic recognition to China can be economically beneficial. A country that changes recognition is both likely to be given a reward for the change and then be much capable of engaging in joint economic projects with the PRC. Malawi for example cut its ties with Taiwan at the end of 2007. PRC offered a $6billion financial package for the defection. [1] Malawi has since benefited from large amounts of Chinese investment; Chinese companies have been involved in building vital infrastructure such as schools and roads, and even a new parliament building. [2] And trade between China and Malawi has been booming with growth of 25% in 2010 alone. [3] Even the Chinese believe that recognition occurs as a result of the economic incentive the Chinese envoy to Malawi having been quoted calling Malawi beggars. [4]  [1] Hsu, Jenny W., ‘Malawi, Taiwan end 42-year relations’, Taipei Times, 15 January 2008,   [2] Ngozo, Claire, ‘China puts its mark on Malawi’, theguardian.com, 7 May 2011,   [3] Jomo, Frank, ‘Malawi, China Trade to Grow 25% on Cotton, Daily Times Reports’, Bloomberg, 15 December 2010,   [4] ‘Chinese Envoy's Remarks on Malawi Breed Resentment’, Voice of America, 1 November 2009, diplomatic recognition, China, PRC, economic benefits, economic incentives, Malawi, Taiwan, foreign investment, Chinese investment, infrastructure projects, trade growth, financial aid, bilateral relations, joint economic projects, diplomatic switch, international relations, foreign policy, development assistance, reward for recognition, Chinese companies, infrastructure development, parliament building, China-Malawi relations, trade increase, economic ties, political incentives. diplomatic recognition, China, economic benefits, Malawi, Taiwan, PRC, financial incentives, joint economic projects, Chinese investment, infrastructure development, schools, roads, parliament building, China-Malawi trade, trade growth, economic incentives, diplomatic switch, financial package, China-Africa relations, foreign aid, Chinese companies, bilateral relations, international diplomacy, switching alliances, development aid, South-South cooperation diplomatic recognition, China, economic benefits, Malawi, Taiwan, China-Malawi relations, Chinese investment, financial aid, infrastructure projects, trade growth, foreign policy, international relations, economic incentives, joint economic projects, PRC, infrastructure development, economic partnership, cotton trade, Chinese companies, Beijing, development aid, economic diplomacy, bilateral trade, aid-for-recognition, incentives for recognition, foreign direct investment, parliament building, reward for recognition, economic cooperation, African diplomacy, Chinese foreign policy, diplomatic switch, China-Africa relations diplomatic recognition, China, economic benefits, rewards, joint economic projects, Malawi, Taiwan, Chinese investment, infrastructure development, financial package, trade growth, schools, roads, parliament building, Chinese companies, economic incentive, Sino-African relations, foreign aid, international relations, Chinese foreign policy, bilateral trade, PRC, diplomacy, development aid, economic cooperation diplomatic recognition, China, Taiwan, economic benefits, financial incentives, Chinese investment, infrastructure development, Malawi, joint economic projects, trade growth, foreign aid, diplomatic defection, PRC, economic rewards, international relations, South-South cooperation, Chinese companies, financial package, bilateral trade, political recognition, economic diplomacy, Africa-China relations, foreign policy, development assistance
test-health-hdond-pro01a	A Practical Solution  There are many mechanisms by which this policy could be implemented. The one common thread is that those hoping to receive organs would be divided into those registered as donors, and those who are non-donors. Potential recipients who are non-donors would only receive an organ if all requests by donors for such an organ are filled. For example, if there is a scarcity of donated kidneys with the B serotype, organ donors requiring a B kidney would all receive kidneys before any non-donors receive them. The existing metrics for deciding priority among recipients can still be applied within these lists – among both donors and non-donors, individuals could be ranked on who receives an organ first based on who has been on the waiting list longer, or who has more priority based on life expectancy; this policy simply adds the caveat that non-donors only access organs once all donors for their particular organ are satisfied. What defines a “donor” could vary; it could be that they must have been a donor for a certain number of years, or that they must have been a donor prior to needing a transplant, or even a pledge to become a donor henceforth (and indeed, even if they are terminally ill and for other reasons do not recover, some of their organs may still be usable). Finally this policy need not preclude private donations or swaps of organs, and instead can simply be applied to the public system. organ allocation, donor priority, organ transplantation policy, donor vs non-donor, recipient prioritization, waiting list, organ scarcity, organ donation registration, kidney transplant, B serotype, life expectancy, transplant eligibility, public organ system, private organ donation, organ swap, donor definition, transplant policy mechanism, eligibility criteria, donor incentives, organ distribution ethics, transplant waiting time organ donation, organ allocation policy, donor priority, non-donor access, organ transplant, organ scarcity, priority metrics, B serotype kidneys, waiting list, life expectancy, recipient ranking, donor definition, donor registration, donor pledge, private organ donation, organ swaps, public organ donation system, transplant ethics, allocation mechanisms, eligibility criteria, organ recipient classification organ allocation policy, organ donation, donor priority, recipient selection, donor vs non-donor, transplant eligibility, organ scarcity, waiting list, allocation mechanisms, public organ system, private organ donation, organ swaps, donor registration, life expectancy, waiting time, transplant ethics, donation pledge, donor status, organ transplant, eligibility criteria organ donation policy, recipient prioritization, donor vs non-donor, organ allocation, transplant ethics, B serotype kidney, organ scarcity, waiting list priority, life expectancy criteria, donor registration, donor eligibility, organ allocation mechanisms, public transplant system, private organ donation, donor pledge, organ swaps, transplant fairness, implementation strategies, allocation caveats, transplant waiting list, organ matching organ allocation, donor priority, organ transplantation policy, donor vs non-donor, transplant eligibility, organ scarcity, recipient prioritization, waiting list system, organ matching, kidney donation, B serotype, organ donation incentives, transplant ethics, organ pledge, public organ system, transplant recipient ranking, donor registration, private organ donation, organ swaps, transplant waiting time, life expectancy prioritization, donation eligibility criteria, donor status, organ allocation mechanisms, health policy
test-international-ghwcitca-pro01a	Arenas of potential conflict must be regulated  Conflict needs to be regulated, and something that can start conflicts even more so. Warfare and conflict is currently regulated by the Geneva Conventions that seek to limit the effects of armed conflict and regulate the conduct of the involved actors. [1] Just as importantly there are rules on what weapons can be used through various treaties that ban weapons such as the Land Mine Ban, [2] and on when a state can legally initiate conflict through the UN Charter.  In just the same way when a new area of potential conflict arises that too must be regulated by treaty. The internet and the threat of cyber-conflict is that new area at the moment. While cyber warfare is not currently a large scale threat it is still a form of conflict that could escalate just like any other - the Pentagon has explicitly stated it could respond militarily to a cyber-attack. [3] As a result it is most sensible to draw up the rules and regulations early, to ensure everyone knows the consequences and prevent damage by making sure that states agree not to engage in offence cyber-attacks against each other.  [1] ‘The Geneva Conventions of 1949 and their Additional Protocols’, ICRC, 29 October 2010,   [2] ‘Convention on the prohibition of the use, stockpiling, production and transfer of anti-personnel mines and on their destruction’, un.org, 18 September 1997,   [3] Brookes, Adam, ‘US Pentagon to treat cyber-attacks as ‘acts of war’’, BBC News, 1 June 2011, conflict regulation, Geneva Conventions, warfare regulation, armed conflict, weapon bans, Land Mine Ban, international treaties, UN Charter, initiation of conflict, cyber warfare, cyber conflict, internet security, cyber-attack, Pentagon response, cyber law, international law, military response, cyber treaties, cyber norms, early regulation, state actors, cyber security, offensive cyber-attacks, international agreements, conflict escalation, law of war, cyber defense, cybersecurity policy conflict regulation, Geneva Conventions, armed conflict, weapon treaties, Land Mine Ban, UN Charter, legal initiation of conflict, international law, cyber-conflict, cyber warfare, internet regulation, cyber-attack, military response, international treaties, cyber security, offensive cyber operations, state responsibility, preventive regulation, escalation, Pentagon policy, prohibitions, arms control, conflict prevention, international agreements, security policy conflict regulation, Geneva Conventions, armed conflict, conduct regulation, weapon treaties, Land Mine Ban, UN Charter, initiation of conflict, treaty regulation, cyber-conflict, cyber warfare, internet conflict, cyber-attack, military response, Pentagon, rules and regulations, state behavior, international law, offensive cyber-attacks, prevention, arms control, international treaties, ICRC, prohibition of weapons, escalation, damage prevention conflict regulation, conflict prevention, Geneva Conventions, warfare law, international law, armed conflict, weapon treaties, Land Mine Ban, UN Charter, jus ad bellum, cyber-conflict, cyber warfare, cyber-attack, digital conflict, cyber security, cyber war regulation, international treaties, military response, offense cyber-attacks, inter-state conflict, rules of war, laws of war, arms control, escalation prevention, Pentagon policy, state responsibility, peacekeeping, internet governance, cyber defense, global security conflict regulation, Geneva Conventions, armed conflict, international law, warfare regulation, weapon treaties, land mine ban, UN Charter, conflict initiation, treaty regulation, cyber-conflict, cyber warfare, internet security, cyber-attacks, military response, cyber warfare treaties, international agreements, state conduct, cyber security policy, offense cyber-attacks prevention, escalation prevention, rules of war, contemporary conflict, digital warfare regulation
test-law-cpilhbishioe-pro03a	An ICC Enforcement arm would bring in a higher proportion of defendants in to trial  Eight out of the thirty people indicted by the ICC (four in the Darfur situation, including Omar al-Bashir, three Lord’s Resistance Army leaders in Uganda and one in the DR Congo investigation) are still alive and avoiding justice. An in-house enforcement arm would be more effective at capturing indictees than many of the forces of the state parties, as it is likely to be more competent than many of the under-resourced or under-trained national forces. An in house force would be solely focused on capturing the wanted war criminals so would both be focusing resources and much less likely to be sidetracked by other priorities (many of which may be influenced by politics) than national forces. One of the suggested solutions to the failure to capture Joseph Kony and leaders of the LRA is to have greater involvement of peacekeepers; an ICC force would provide the same kind of help. [1]  [1] Van Woudenberg, Anneke, ‘How to Catch Joseph Kony’, Human Rights Watch, 9 March 2012, ICC enforcement arm, international criminal court, defendant apprehension, war criminals, indictee capture, in-house enforcement, national forces, state parties, Joseph Kony, Lord’s Resistance Army, Darfur, Omar al-Bashir, Democratic Republic of Congo, peacekeepers, effectiveness, resource allocation, national politics, Human Rights Watch, Anneke Van Woudenberg, international justice, tribunal enforcement, failure to capture, judicial effectiveness, ICC indictments, war crimes, international law enforcement ICC enforcement arm, International Criminal Court, defendants, trial attendance, indictees, fugitives, Darfur, Omar al-Bashir, Lord’s Resistance Army, Uganda, DR Congo, justice evasion, in-house enforcement, national forces, competency, resource allocation, political influence, war criminals, capture, Joseph Kony, peacekeepers, Human Rights Watch, Anneke Van Woudenberg, effectiveness, law enforcement, state parties, accountability, international justice ICC enforcement arm, international criminal court, defendant capture, war criminals, indictment, justice evasion, in-house enforcement, state parties, national forces, resource allocation, competency, political influence, Joseph Kony, Lord’s Resistance Army, Darfur, Omar al-Bashir, DR Congo, peacekeepers, Human Rights Watch, war crimes, international law enforcement ICC, International Criminal Court, enforcement arm, in-house enforcement, war criminals, capture, indictees, defendants, trial, Darfur, Omar al-Bashir, Lord’s Resistance Army, LRA, Uganda, DR Congo, justice, state parties, national forces, peacekeepers, Joseph Kony, Human Rights Watch, Anneke Van Woudenberg, effectiveness, resourcing, political influence, law enforcement, fugitive apprehension, international justice, accountability, prosecution ICC Enforcement arm, international criminal court, defendants, trial, indictees, Darfur, Omar al-Bashir, Lord’s Resistance Army, Uganda, DR Congo, in-house enforcement, capturing war criminals, state parties, national forces, resources, competence, international justice, wanted individuals, peacekeepers, Joseph Kony, LRA, capture strategies, Human Rights Watch, Van Woudenberg, enforcement effectiveness, under-resourced, political influence, enforcement solutions
test-politics-grcrgshwbr-pro02a	Religious symbols cause problems in schools.  As well as division in society in general, religious symbols are also a source of division within school environments. The Hijab causes schools many problems. It is potentially divisive in the classroom, marking some children out as different from the others and above the rules that the school enforces for everyone else. This may lead to alienation and bullying. Full headscarves may also be impractical or dangerous in some lessons, for example PE, swimming, or in technology and science lessons where machinery is being operated. In the same way, there have been discussions as to whether to ban the display of Crucifixes in public classrooms. Authorities in Italy have followed through with the ban saying that such a Christian symbol segregates those who are not Christian.1  1 'Decision due in Crucifix ban case', Times of Malta, March 17th 2011 , accessed on 24th July 2011 religious symbols, schools, division, society, Hijab, school problems, classroom division, student alienation, bullying, headscarves, safety, PE, swimming, technology lessons, science lessons, machinery, Crucifix, public classrooms, religious display ban, Italy, Christian symbols, segregation, non-Christian students, school uniform policy, inclusion, discrimination, educational environment religious symbols, schools, division, social cohesion, Hijab, problems, classroom, differences, school rules, alienation, bullying, headscarves, safety, PE, swimming, technology lessons, science lessons, machinery, Crucifix, public classrooms, Italy ban, Christian symbols, segregation, non-Christians, controversy, policy, school environment, religious attire, bans, multiculturalism, educational policy religious symbols, schools, division, society, classroom, hijab, problems, alienation, bullying, headscarves, impractical, safety, PE, swimming, technology lessons, science lessons, machinery, crucifix, ban, Italy, Christian symbol, segregation, public classrooms, school rules, enforcement, student differences, authority decisions, religion in education religious symbols, schools, division, society, hijab, classroom, student identity, school rules, alienation, bullying, headscarves, safety concerns, PE class, swimming, technology lessons, science lessons, machinery safety, crucifix display, public classrooms, religious bans, Italy, Christian symbols, segregation, religious diversity, education policy, uniform policy, inclusivity, secularism, religious expression, school controversies, minority students religious symbols, schools, division, society, classroom, Hijab, problems, alienation, bullying, headscarves, impractical, dangerous, PE, swimming, technology, science lessons, machinery, Crucifix, public classrooms, Italy, ban, Christian symbol, segregation, non-Christian, religious display, controversy, education policy, school rules, authority decisions
test-law-thgglcplgphw-con01a	Unrestricted Coca production would increase the availability of cocaine  Cocaine can be readily extracted from the coca leaf. In 1992 the World Health Organization’s Expert Committee on Drug Dependence (ECDD) undertook a ‘prereview’ of coca leaf at its 28th meeting. The 28th ECDD report concluded that, “the coca leaf is appropriately scheduled [as a narcotic] under the Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs, 1961, since cocaine is readily extractable from the leaf.” [1] The active ingredient in coca leaf is the same as in cocaine, just more concentrated. Because the raw material of coca and its more potent relative cocaine are so closely aligned, it is impossible to disassociate the two, and so any attempt to consider cocaine a narcotic and stop its spread must also forbid coca. Globally, cocaine is also most produced where coca is legal, and this is a clear correlation. In Bolivia, coca eradication efforts in the 1980s and 90s helped reduce cocaine production. However, as Evo Morales took power and legalized coca production and consumption, cocaine production has shot up, despite his efforts to fight cocaine production. [2] Thus legalizing coca makes it easier for cocaine producers to operate. Legalizing the cultivation of the coca leaf would therefore simply make cocaine more readily available, thus increasing all the harms that come with widespread cocaine use in society.  [1] Jelsma, Martin. “Lifting the Ban on Coca Chewing”. Transnational Institute, Series on Legislative Reform of Drug Policies Nr. 11. March 2011.  [2] Forero, Juan. “Bolivia's Knot: No to Cocaine, but Yes to Coca”. New York Times. February 12, 2006. unrestricted coca production, cocaine availability, coca leaf extraction, World Health Organization, Expert Committee on Drug Dependence, ECDD, Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs 1961, coca scheduled narcotic, cocaine extraction, coca leaf active ingredient, coca cocaine relationship, narcotic regulation, coca-cocaine dissociation, coca legality cocaine production, Bolivia coca eradication, Evo Morales coca legalization, cocaine production increase, coca leaf cultivation, cocaine-related harms, drug policy, coca chewing ban, coca consumption legalization, transnational drug policy, drug dependence, drug legislation reform, New York Times cocaine, Bolivia cocaine, narcotic drug control unrestricted coca production, cocaine availability, coca leaf extraction, World Health Organization, Expert Committee on Drug Dependence, coca leaf scheduling, Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs 1961, cocaine extractability, coca leaf active ingredient, coca vs cocaine, narcotic classification, coca cultivation legalization, cocaine production correlation, Bolivia coca eradication, Evo Morales coca policy, coca legalization effects, cocaine harm, drug policy reform, coca chewing, Transnational Institute, New York Times, coca production and cocaine, drug control, narcotics regulation, coca-cocaine relationship, global cocaine production, coca leaf prohibition unrestricted coca production, cocaine availability, coca leaf extraction, World Health Organization, ECDD, drug dependence, Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs, narcotic scheduling, coca-cocaine link, coca legality, cocaine production, Bolivia, coca eradication, Evo Morales, legal coca cultivation, drug policy, cocaine harms, coca legalization, coca cultivation impact, global cocaine production, coca policy reform unrestricted coca production, cocaine availability, coca leaf extraction, World Health Organization, Expert Committee on Drug Dependence, ECDD, 28th ECDD report, Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs 1961, narcotic scheduling, coca vs cocaine, active ingredient, drug dependence, cocaine production, Bolivia, coca eradication, Evo Morales, coca legalization, cocaine legalization, Bolivian drug policy, coca cultivation, global cocaine production, coca-cocaine correlation, drug trafficking, harm increase, societal harms, drug control policies, Transnational Institute, legislative drug reform unrestricted coca production, cocaine availability, coca leaf extraction, World Health Organization, Expert Committee on Drug Dependence, ECDD, Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs 1961, coca leaf scheduling, narcotics, cocaine extraction, active ingredient coca, coca versus cocaine, raw material, coca cocaine correlation, coca legality, cocaine production statistics, Bolivia coca eradication, Evo Morales, coca legalization Bolivia, cocaine production increase, harm reduction, coca cultivation legalization, drug policy, drug enforcement, Transnational Institute, New York Times, legislative drug reform, coca chewing ban
test-digital-freedoms-aihbiahr-con03a	Internet access is an enabler of rights not a right in itself.  The internet is an enabler and so has little value on its own. [1] No one would consider the internet a human right if there was no content or information on the internet, what good would be a right to stare at a screen? It is not therefore access to the internet that is the human right it is access to information. The internet is obviously useful for this but it is not essential. If someone was denied access to the internet while being locked in a library would he or she really have had any right to information infringed? In such a case the only argument for a right to the internet is that it faster to access the information through the internet than it would be to look it up in the books that are all around. There cannot therefore be considered to be a right to the internet even as part of any right to information because the right to information would simply require that a government provides access to this information not that it has to be via the internet. Moreover as an enabling technology it is quite possible that the internet may at some point be out of date and replaces by some new method of storing information. As something that is transitory it does not make sense to consider there to be any kind of inalienable right to the internet.  [1] Cerf, Vinton G., ‘Internet Access Is Not a Human Right’, The New York Times, 4 January 2012. internet access, human rights, right to information, information access, internet as enabler, enabling technologies, digital rights, Vinton Cerf, internet utility, information retrieval, technology and rights, information sources, human rights debate, digital literacy, libraries vs internet, information distribution, entitlement to internet, transient technology, government responsibility, information access methods, essential services, technology obsolescence internet access, enabler of rights, human rights, right to information, access to information, enabling technology, Vinton Cerf, not essential, library argument, government provision, information retrieval, technological obsolescence, transitory technology, digital rights, information access, content value, internet content, alternative access, information society, human rights debate internet access, enabler of rights, human rights, right to information, information access, content, essential services, Vinton Cerf, library access, enabling technology, transitory technology, government obligation, digital rights, replacement technology, inalienable rights, internet value, access methods, technology and rights, NYT 2012, information retrieval, internet vs information internet access, enabler of rights, human rights, right to information, information access, enabling technology, digital rights, Vinton Cerf, content value, library analogy, government obligation, information retrieval, media neutrality, technology obsolescence, transitory technology, inalienable rights, access to knowledge, digital divide, information sources, rights framework, essential services internet access, enabler of rights, right to information, human rights, internet as enabler, information access, access to content, technology and rights, libraries vs internet, essential information, non-essential technology, government information provision, information retrieval, Vinton Cerf, transient technology, digital rights, information sources, internet utility, fundamental rights, evolving technology, content availability
test-free-speech-debate-radhbsshr-con04a	Masculinity  The problem with leaving the painting, the spear, up is that to many young men President Zuma symbolises what excessive wealth can ‘buy’ you. He is the figure head of the nation, the pinnacle of capitalism and masculinity, of which the penis and sex are instrumental in this image. By leaving the painting up, it encourages hyper-masculinity (which is inherently violent), [1] because it assumes there is an inherent link between power and the penis. This is unhelpful, both for women and men who are trying to live in equity.  [1] Scheff, Thomas J., ‘Hypermasculinity and Violence as a Social System’, Universitas, Vol.2, Issue 2, Fall 2006, masculinity, hypermasculinity, violence, President Zuma, capitalism, excessive wealth, gender equity, male power, symbolism, penis, sex, painting controversy, male identity, social system, gender roles, patriarchy, sexism, instrumental sexuality, media representation, gender dynamics, Scheff Thomas J masculinity, hypermasculinity, President Zuma, The Spear painting, excessive wealth, capitalism, power, penis, sex, violence, gender equity, male identity, symbolism, art controversy, social systems, Thomas J. Scheff, Universitas, representation, patriarchy, gender roles, South Africa masculinity, hypermasculinity, painting, President Zuma, excessive wealth, capitalism, power, penis, sex, gender, violence, equity, social system, Thomas J. Scheff, representation, male identity, art controversy, symbolism, patriarchy, sexual imagery masculinity, hypermasculinity, President Zuma, painting, spear, excessive wealth, capitalism, male power, penis symbolism, sex, gender roles, violence, equity, social system, Scheff, Thomas J., male identity, patriarchy, representation, young men, symbolism, South Africa, art controversy, toxic masculinity masculinity, hypermasculinity, painting controversy, President Zuma, symbolism, excessive wealth, capitalism, male power, penis symbolism, sexual imagery, nation figurehead, violence, gender equity, social systems, Thomas J. Scheff, media representation, gender stereotypes, power dynamics, art controversy, gender roles, instrumental sex, toxic masculinity, South Africa, gender relations, socio-political critique
test-international-iighbopcc-pro02a	Only an international treaty can create penalties for non-compliance  A non-binding agreement will not have any penalties for any countries that do not comply with it, this sets the agreement up for failure. Without a binding agreement a government will find it difficult to bind its successors who may back track in the decades that follow. Some states are backtracking even before the agreement is finalised; the UK has been abandoning its green policies – cutting subsidies for renewables, cancelling carbon capture and storage, reducing funding for domestic energy efficiency, and selling the green investment bank. [1] If governments will take such measures before the agreement is even finished then what hope does it have in the future if there is nothing to persuade sovereign governments to comply with their pledges?  [1] Monbiot, George, ‘On climate change this government is indifferent to life, in love with death’, The Guardian, 2 December 2015, international treaty, penalties, non-compliance, non-binding agreement, binding agreement, government successors, policy backtracking, UK green policies, renewables subsidies, carbon capture cancellation, energy efficiency funding, green investment bank, enforcement mechanisms, sovereign governments, climate change, compliance, pledges, policy reversal, climate policy, governance, international law, environmental agreements international treaty, penalties, non-compliance, non-binding agreement, binding agreement, government succession, policy backtracking, UK green policies, renewable subsidies, carbon capture cancellation, energy efficiency funding, green investment bank, government compliance, climate change policy, sovereign government enforcement, climate agreement, Monbiot, The Guardian, December 2015 international treaty, penalties, non-compliance, non-binding agreement, binding agreement, government succession, policy backtracking, UK green policies, subsidies, renewables, carbon capture, energy efficiency, green investment bank, compliance, climate change, sovereign governments, policy enforcement, legal obligations, Monbiot, The Guardian, climate pledges, government measures, agreement failure, treaty enforcement international treaty, penalties, non-compliance, non-binding agreement, binding agreement, government successors, policy backtracking, green policies, UK, renewables subsidies, carbon capture, domestic energy efficiency, green investment bank, climate change, government enforcement, sovereign governments, compliance, voluntary agreements, legal obligations, climate pledges, international law, environmental policy, enforcement mechanisms, implementation challenges, Monbiot, The Guardian, climate governance international treaty, penalties, non-compliance, non-binding agreement, failure, binding agreement, government successors, policy backtracking, UK green policies, renewable subsidies, carbon capture and storage, energy efficiency funding, green investment bank, government compliance, sovereign governments, climate change, climate agreement, policy enforcement, Monbiot, The Guardian, environmental policy, international law, state obligation, treaty enforcement, climate commitments
test-politics-eppghwgpi-con02a	Politicians who commit crimes are likely unfit to serve.  The sort of person who commits an offense has demonstrated irresponsibility and so is unworthy of the public trust. Would any reasonable citizen wanted to be represented by a domestic abuser, or have a fraudster manage the public treasury? While almost all people are capable of atonement and redemption, someone who commits crimes worthy of prosecution while in office ought to be immediately removed for the betterment of the state. politicians, crime, unfit to serve, public trust, irresponsibility, domestic abuser, fraudster, public treasury, prosecution, removal from office, redemption, atonement, public officials, criminal behavior, government ethics, misconduct, political accountability, officeholder removal, criminal prosecution politicians, crime, unfit to serve, public trust, irresponsibility, criminal offense, domestic abuser, fraudster, public treasury, atonement, redemption, prosecution, removal from office, state improvement, political accountability, ethical standards, political corruption, public representation, criminal behavior, office misconduct politicians, crime, unfit for office, public trust, irresponsibility, domestic abuse, fraud, prosecution, removal from office, redemption, atonement, public service, criminal behavior, political ethics, misconduct, disqualification, public representation, public treasury, political accountability, political integrity politicians, crimes, unfit to serve, public trust, irresponsibility, domestic abuse, fraud, prosecution, removal from office, redemption, atonement, public officials, criminal behavior, political accountability, ethical standards, misconduct, fit for office, public representation, legal consequences, government integrity politicians, crimes, unfit to serve, public trust, criminal offense, irresponsibility, domestic abuse, fraud, public treasury, prosecution, removal from office, redemption, atonement, political ethics, public officials, criminal behavior, government accountability, elected officials, misconduct, public service, state betterment
test-politics-oglilpdwhsn-pro01a	"The New START treaty will make for a safer world.  Reducing US and Russian nuclear weapons stockpiles makes for a safer world, as Dr. David Gushee states: ""The issue on the table is a nuclear arms reduction and verification treaty between the United States and Russia. The treaty, called New START, would reduce Russian and American deployed nuclear weapons to 1,550 and delivery vehicles to 700 each. This would be a 33 percent reduction in the existing arsenals, which is worth achieving and celebrating even as we know that countless cities and millions of precious human beings could be destroyed by the use of even part of the remaining arsenals. Still, these reductions would be a great step on the way to a safer world, as would the re-establishment of bilateral, intrusive verification measures for both sides, also part of the treaty."" [1]  The world is simply a much less secure place without New Start, and not just because New START means there are physically fewer nuclear weapons and thus a lesser chance of nuclear disasters (although this in itself is compelling). Rather, New START also has immense symbolic value, in demonstrating that the two greatest powers have enough in common and are interested enough in their mutual security that they can agree to deduce nuclear weapons together. It shows that these nations regard each other as partners for world peace, not as enemies.  The alternative world, without New START, would be one in which the mutual suspicion and animosity of the Cold War might continue. It is notable that Prime Minister Vladimir Putin said in an interview released in early December 2010 that Russia might be forced to build up its nuclear forces against the West if the United States fails to ratify the New START treaty. [2] The threat of Russia, or even the US, resuming nuclear build-ups is a frightening thought for both nations, for the world and for peace.  On top of its other benefits, New START is key to opening Russian nuclear weapons up for verification, which contributes to trust and peace. As former Secretaries of State Kissinger, Shultz, Eagleburger, Baker and Powell argue “the agreement emphasizes verification, providing a valuable window into Russia's nuclear arsenal. Since the original START expired last December, Russia has not been required to provide notifications about changes in its strategic nuclear arsenal, and the United States has been unable to conduct on-site inspections. Each day, America's understanding of Russia's arsenal has been degraded, and resources have been diverted from national security tasks to try to fill the gaps. Our military planners increasingly lack the best possible insight into Russia's activity with its strategic nuclear arsenal, making it more difficult to carry out their nuclear deterrent mission.” [3] Therefore New START should be supported as it represents a positive step for peace and cooperation in the world.  [1] Gushee, Dr David P. ""Security, Sin and Nuclear Weapons: A Christian Plea for the New START Treaty"". Huffington Post. 4 December 2010.   [2] Abdullaev, Nabi. “Putin Issues Warning on New START”. The Moscow Times. 2 December 2010.   [3] Kissinger, Henry A. ; Shultz, George P. ; Baker III, James A’ ; Eagleburger , Lawrence S. ; and Powell, Colin L. ""The Republican case for ratifying New START"". Washington Post. 2 December 2010. New START treaty, nuclear arms reduction, US-Russia relations, nuclear weapons stockpiles, verification measures, bilateral agreements, international security, nuclear disarmament, world peace, Cold War, nuclear build-up, mutual trust, strategic nuclear arsenal, on-site inspections, arms control, nonproliferation, treaty ratification, national security, transparency, Russia, United States, symbolic value, deterrence, Vladimir Putin, Kissinger, Shultz, Baker, Eagleburger, Powell, nuclear verification, military planning, global cooperation, peace initiatives New START treaty, nuclear arms reduction, US-Russia relations, nuclear weapons stockpiles, verification measures, disarmament, bilateral agreements, treaty ratification, nuclear deterrence, world security, strategic nuclear arsenal, onsite inspections, international cooperation, Cold War, mutual security, peacebuilding, Russia nuclear policy, US national security, symbolic value, arms control, Vladimir Putin, Kissinger, Shultz, Baker, Eagleburger, Powell, Republican support, nuclear build-up threat, trust-building, diplomatic relations, global peace, strategic stability, arsenal transparency, nonproliferation, treaty verification, security policy, geopolitical stability, nuclear New START, nuclear arms reduction, US-Russia relations, nuclear weapons stockpiles, treaty verification, bilateral verification, deployed nuclear weapons, delivery vehicles, nuclear deterrence, strategic stability, Cold War, disarmament, peace, security, mutual trust, symbolic value, inspections, transparency, Kissinger, Shultz, Eagleburger, Baker, Powell, Vladimir Putin, nuclear build-up, ratification, international cooperation, strategic arsenal, national security, arms control, Moscow Times, Huffington Post, Washington Post, Dr. David Gushee, Republican support, nuclear disaster prevention, mutual security, world peace, intrusive verification, nuclear notifications, New START treaty, nuclear arms reduction, US-Russia relations, nuclear weapons stockpiles, nuclear verification, bilateral agreements, strategic arms limitation, nuclear disarmament, deterrence, Cold War, mutual security, nuclear inspections, trust-building, nuclear nonproliferation, international security, arms control, Vladimir Putin, START ratification, peace cooperation, nuclear arsenal transparency, Kissinger, Shultz, Eagleburger, Baker, Powell, military planners, strategic stability, Russian nuclear forces, US-Russia partnerships, global security, nuclear treaties, weapons delivery vehicles New START treaty, nuclear arms reduction, US-Russia relations, nuclear weapons stockpiles, deployed nuclear weapons, delivery vehicles, arsenal reduction, verification measures, bilateral verification, treaty ratification, nuclear disarmament, symbolic value, US-Russia cooperation, mutual security, world peace, Cold War, nuclear build-up threat, Vladimir Putin, Russia nuclear policy, arms control, trust building, verification protocols, strategic nuclear arsenal, on-site inspections, nuclear deterrence, national security, arms control agreements, Kissinger, Shultz, Eagleburger, Baker, Powell, nuclear transparency, peace initiatives, nuclear non-proliferation"
test-international-aghbfcpspr-pro05a	Reparations demonstrate a true concern for the developing world.  Even alongside the colonial justifications for providing reparations, there are also many other strong reasons why former colonial powers should grant reparations. Former colonial powers tend to be economically developed, like America, Britain and France. The developed world should recognise the dire poverty and social challenges fed by the developing world today. Giving aid as an act of charity can sometimes be seen as derogatory [1] , and is even rejected by the potential recipients [2] [3] [4] . However, reparations allows a transfer of wealth between these countries in a way which is sensitive to the history between them, and which also demonstrates a desire to improve their relationship. It allows aid to be given to the developing world in a means which is dignified but not spurious.  [1] Accessed from  on 12/09/11  [2] Accessed from  on 12/09/11  [3] Accessed from  on 12/09/11  [4] Accessed from  on 12/09/11 reparations, colonialism, developing world, former colonial powers, economic development, poverty, social challenges, aid, charity, wealth transfer, historical sensitivity, international relations, dignity, post-colonial, Britain, France, America, global justice, development assistance, neo-colonialism, justification for reparations, recipient rejection, donor-recipient relationship, foreign aid, global inequality reparations, developing world, colonialism, former colonial powers, economic development, poverty, social challenges, America, Britain, France, developed world, aid, charity, derogatory, rejected aid, wealth transfer, historical sensitivity, international relations, dignified aid, postcolonial, justification for reparations, global inequality, north-south relations, ethical responsibility, global justice reparations, developing world, colonialism, former colonial powers, economic development, America, Britain, France, poverty, social challenges, aid, charity, dignified aid, wealth transfer, historical responsibility, international relations, post-colonial, donor-recipient relationship, justification for reparations, global inequality, wealth distribution reparations, colonialism, developing world, developed countries, economic development, Britain, France, America, poverty, social challenges, charity, aid, dignity, wealth transfer, historical sensitivity, international relations, postcolonial justice, former colonial powers, global inequality reparations, developing world, colonial powers, economic development, poverty, social challenges, aid, charity, wealth transfer, history, international relations, dignity, developed countries, America, Britain, France, post-colonialism, global inequality, recipient rejection, justified reparations, historical responsibility
test-free-speech-debate-nshbcsbawc-pro01a	Declaration of the faith is a key part of Christianity and that should be respected.  The UK is a nation that claims to be tolerant of all faiths and to respect religious beliefs. If that is the case then it must be accepted that the law should respect actions in accordance with those beliefs insofar as they do not harm or infringe on the rights of others. Demonstrating one’s commitment to the cross is part of that faith [i] and should, therefore be shown some respect in a religiously diverse and tolerant society.  There may be more militant forms of religious profession that would be inappropriate in a workplace but wearing a simple piece of jewellery causes no harm or offence to others.  Both women have stated that they felt that wearing the cross was an important part of their faith [ii] and respect for those beliefs should be shown if society’s claims of tolerance and diversity are to have credibility.  As with the demonstration of any right, the fact that its exercise may not be convenient does not supersede its validity. Indeed the only way of demonstrating that a society is, in fact, a tolerant one is, by definition, when it tolerates the exercise of legitimate practices which are inconvenient.  [i] Galatians 6:14 among others  [ii] BBC News Website. “Shirley Chaplin and Nadia Eweida Take Cross Fight to Europe.” 12 March 2012. Christianity, declaration of faith, religious tolerance, UK law, religious beliefs, cross, religious jewellery, freedom of religion, workplace rights, religious expression, diversity, respect, Galatians 6:14, Shirley Chaplin, Nadia Eweida, legal rights, human rights, discrimination, religious diversity, legitimate practices, secularism, religious accommodation, BBC News, European Court, religious symbolism religious freedom, Christianity, declaration of faith, religious tolerance, UK law, respect for beliefs, religious symbols, workplace rights, cross jewelry, religious diversity, human rights, freedom of expression, religious accommodation, Galatians 6:14, Shirley Chaplin, Nadia Eweida, European Court, BBC News, tolerance in society, religious discrimination, rights in the workplace, religious practices, secularism, inconvenience and rights, symbolism in religion Christianity, declaration of faith, religious tolerance, UK law, respect for beliefs, religious diversity, cross jewelry, workplace religious expression, freedom of religion, religious rights, religious accommodation, Shirley Chaplin, Nadia Eweida, Galatians 6:14, faith symbols, religious practice, harm principle, rights of others, diversity, BBC News, inconvenient rights, legitimate practices. Christianity, declaration of faith, religious tolerance, UK, respect for beliefs, religious diversity, religious symbols, cross, wearing cross, freedom of religion, workplace, religious expression, religious rights, jewellery, harm principle, Shirly Chaplin, Nadia Eweida, Galatians 6:14, BBC News, European Court of Human Rights, employment law, religious discrimination, tolerance, diversity, societal values Christianity, declaration of faith, UK, religious tolerance, religious beliefs, law, respect, religious actions, harm principle, religious rights, cross, workplace, religious diversity, religious jewellery, freedom of expression, women, importance of faith, social tolerance, militant religion, inconvenience, legitimacy, Galatians 6:14, Shirley Chaplin, Nadia Eweida, European Court of Human Rights, BBC News, religious accommodation, human rights, diversity, equality, employment law
test-science-sghwbdgmo-pro03a	"GMOs would create too much dependency on biotechnology companies  The legislative framework and historical behavior governing and guiding the operation of big business is geared towards maximizing shareholder returns. This propensity has been demonstrated time and again and might suggest that the GM companies are not modifying the food in the interests of better health, but of better profit. This is reinforced by the nature of many of the GM modifications, including terminator seeds (infertile seed requiring a re-purchase of seed stock each season), various forms of pest and herbicide resistance potentially leading to pests (and weeds) resistant to the current crop of chemical defenses. One of the more disturbing manifestations of this is the licensing of genes that are naturally occurring and suing those who dare to grow them, even if they are there because of cross contamination by wind-blown seeds or some other mechanism. [1] One has only to look at the history of corporations under North American and similar corporations’ law to see the effect of this pressure to perform on behalf of the shareholder. The pollution of water supplies, the continued sale of tobacco, dioxins, asbestos, and the list goes on. Most of those anti-social examples are done with the full knowledge of the corporation involved. [2]  The example of potato farmers in the US illustrates big company dependence: ""By ''opening and using this product,'' it is stated, that farmers only have the license to grow these potatoes for a single generation. The problem is that the genes remain the intellectual property of Monsanto, protected under numerous United States patents (Nos. 5,196,525, 5,164,316, 5,322,938 and 5,352,605), under these patents, people are not allowed to save even crop for next year, because with this they would break Federal law of intellectual property. [3]  [1] Barlett D., Monsanto’s Harvest of Fear, published May 2008,  , accessed 08/27/2011  [2] Hurt H., The Toxic Ten, published 02/19/2008,  , accessed 09/05/2011  [3] Pollan M., Playing God in the Garden, published 10/25/1998,  , accessed 09/02/2011 GMOs, biotechnology companies, corporate dependency, legislative framework, shareholder returns, profit motive, terminator seeds, infertile seeds, seed patents, pest resistance, herbicide resistance, superweeds, gene licensing, intellectual property, cross contamination, corporate history, North American corporate law, environmental pollution, tobacco industry, dioxins, asbestos, Monsanto, potato farmers, plant patents, seed saving restrictions, patent lawsuits, agribusiness ethics, regulatory issues, big agribusiness, food security, farmer rights, single-use seeds, crop genetic modification, anti-competitive practices, corporate accountability, agricultural monopolies GMOs, dependency, biotechnology companies, shareholder returns, corporate behavior, profit motive, health interests, terminator seeds, infertile seeds, seed re-purchase, pest resistance, herbicide resistance, resistant pests, resistant weeds, gene licensing, intellectual property, patent law, cross contamination, wind-blown seeds, Monsanto, potato farmers, seed patents, crop saving restrictions, US corporate law, environmental pollution, tobacco industry, dioxins, asbestos, corporate accountability, anti-social corporate actions, agricultural patents, gene ownership, licensing restrictions, big agri-business, biotechnology regulation, food sovereignty, farmer rights, seed monopoly, agribusiness GMOs, biotechnology companies, corporate dependency, shareholder returns, profit motive, health concerns, terminator seeds, infertile seeds, seed licensing, gene patents, intellectual property, patent law, Monsanto, pest resistance, herbicide resistance, superweeds, gene ownership, cross contamination, corporate behavior, historical precedent, regulatory framework, North American corporations, environmental pollution, corporate ethics, potato farmers, seed re-purchase, anti-social corporate actions, tobacco, dioxins, asbestos, agricultural patents, farmer rights, patent infringement, food security, agribusiness, corporate control, seed sovereignty, Barlett, Monsanto’s Harvest of Fear, GMOs, biotechnology companies, corporate dependency, shareholder returns, legislative framework, profit motive, food modification, terminator seeds, infertile seeds, seed licensing, gene patenting, cross contamination, intellectual property, Monsanto, patent law, pest resistance, herbicide resistance, corporate history, corporate misconduct, environmental pollution, toxic chemicals, tobacco, dioxins, asbestos, US potato farmers, seed saving restrictions, agricultural patents, corporate control, big agribusiness, anti-social corporate behavior, US patent numbers GMOs, biotechnology companies, dependency, legislative framework, corporate behavior, shareholder returns, profit motive, health concerns, terminator seeds, infertile seeds, seed re-purchase, pest resistance, herbicide resistance, chemical defenses, gene licensing, intellectual property, cross contamination, patent law, Monsanto, potato farmers, licensing restrictions, corporate law, corporate misconduct, water pollution, tobacco, dioxins, asbestos, anti-social corporate behavior, US patents, seed saving, agricultural patents, Monsanto Harvest of Fear, The Toxic Ten, Playing God in the Garden"
test-law-ilppppghb-con03a	Self-determination can destabilise nation states, sometimes with very destructive consequences.  If we accept self-determination as such an important principle that it trumps all others, this will encourage people to self-identify along nationalistic, racial or religious lines, at a time in human development when we are moving away from racist and nationalist ideologies. Nationalism is about difference, which flies in the face of the idea of the global citizen. Taken to its extremes, it encourages increased conflict, separatist terrorism. For example, the ethnic conflicts that led to the breakup of Yugoslavia in the 1990s were fuelled by nationalist ideologies and the stressing of the differences between ethnic and religious groups that made up that country. self-determination, nation states, destabilisation, destructive consequences, nationalism, national identity, racial identity, religious identity, global citizenship, separatism, ethnic conflict, nationalist ideologies, Yugoslavia breakup, 1990s, ethnic differences, religious differences, separatist terrorism, racism, conflict, sovereignty, group identity, political violence, minority rights, international relations, state sovereignty self-determination, nation state destabilization, destructive consequences, nationalism, ethnic conflict, separatist terrorism, global citizenship, identity politics, nationalistic ideologies, racial divisions, religious divisions, Yugoslavia breakup, 1990s ethnic wars, nationalist vs global identity, group self-identification, principle hierarchy, conflict escalation, separatism, racism, ideological divides self-determination, nationalism, nation states, destabilisation, destructive consequences, separatism, ethnic conflict, national identity, racial identity, religious identity, global citizenship, nationalist ideologies, separatist terrorism, Yugoslavia breakup, 1990s ethnic conflict, racism, multiculturalism, sovereignty, minority rights, international relations, political fragmentation, identity politics, nationalism vs globalism, state sovereignty, group identity, ethnic violence self-determination, nation-state destabilization, destructive consequences, nationalism, national identity, global citizenship, separatism, ethnic conflict, breakup of Yugoslavia, nationalist ideologies, racial identity, religious identity, separatist terrorism, ethnic differences, territorial integrity, political sovereignty, post-nationalism, group identity, minority rights, civic nationalism, violent conflict, identity politics, fragmentation, ethnic nationalism self-determination, nationalism, nation states, global citizenship, ethnic conflict, separatism, nationalist ideologies, racial identity, religious identity, separatist terrorism, Yugoslavia breakup, destructive consequences, ethnic differences, ideological conflict, national identity, group identity, political destabilization, sovereignty, minority rights, intergroup conflict, post-nationalism, group self-identification, violent conflict, identity politics, state fragmentation
test-culture-tlhrilsfhwr-con02a	Punishing objectively harmful conduct  Of the tens of thousands of children exposed to armed conflict throughout the world, most are recruited into armed political groups. Quite contrary to the image of child soldiers constructed by the proposition, these youngsters are not de-facto adults, nor are they seeking to defend communities who will be in some way grateful for their contributions and sacrifices. Child soldiers join groups with defined political and military objectives.  Children may volunteer for military units after encountering propaganda. Many children join up to escape social disintegration within their communities. Several female child soldiers have revealed that they joined because to escape domestic violence or forced marriage. Many children who do not volunteer can be forcibly abducted by military organisations. One former child soldier from Congo reported that “they gave me a uniform and told me that now I was in the army. They said that they would come back and kill my parents if I didn’t do as they said.” [i]  Once inducted into the army, children are vulnerable to abuse and exploitation. They are usually viewed as expendable, employed as minesweepers or spies. The inexperience and gullibility of children is used to convince them that they are immune to bullets, or will be financially rewarded for committing atrocities. Many children are controlled through the use of drugs, to which they inevitably become addicted [ii] .  For every account the proposition can provide of a child who took up arms to defend his family, there are many more children who were coerced or threatened into becoming soldiers. Whatever standard of relativist morality side proposition may choose to employ, actions and abuses of the type described above are object4ively harmful to children.  Moreover, the process of turning a child into a soldier is irreversible and often more brutal and dehumanising than combat itself. Proposition concedes that child soldiers will be in need of care and treatment after demobilising, but they underestimate the difficulty of healing damage this horrific.  The use of child soldiers is an unpardonable crime, which creates suffering of a type universally understood to be unnecessary and destructive. It should not be diluted or justified by relativist arguments.  It would undermine the ICC’s role in promoting universal values if officers and politicians complicit in the abuses described above were allowed to publicly argue cultural relativism as their defence. Moreover, it would give an unacceptable air of legitimacy to warlords and brigands seeking to operate under the pretence of leading legitimate resistance movements  [i] Child Soldiers International,   [ii] “Child Soldiers: Global Report 2008”, Coalition to Stop the Use of Child Soldiers, 2007, p299, child soldiers, armed conflict, recruitment, political groups, coercion, forced abduction, propaganda, domestic violence, social disintegration, exploitation, abuse, expendable, minesweepers, spies, drugs, addiction, atrocities, moral relativism, irreversible harm, dehumanization, demobilization, unpardonable crime, ICC, universal values, cultural relativism, war crimes, warlords, resistance movements, accountability, international law, psychological trauma, female child soldiers, forced marriage child soldiers, armed conflict, recruitment, political groups, forced conscription, abduction, coercion, propaganda, social disintegration, domestic violence, forced marriage, abuse, exploitation, addiction, drugs, expendability, minesweepers, spies, atrocities, psychological trauma, dehumanization, war crimes, International Criminal Court, ICC, universal values, cultural relativism, warlords, human rights violations, demobilization, accountability, impunity, child protection, humanitarian law, military objectives, resistance movements child soldiers, armed conflict, recruitment, political groups, forced conscription, child exploitation, military propaganda, social disintegration, female child soldiers, domestic violence, forced marriage, abduction, abuse, exploitation, expendable, minesweepers, spies, drug addiction, coercion, threats, objective harm, dehumanization, psychological trauma, irreversible damage, universal values, ICC, cultural relativism, war crimes, accountability, warlords, impunity, war crimes prosecution, international law, humanitarian law, children's rights, demobilization, post-conflict care, rehabilitation, atrocity, unnecessary suffering, global report, Child Soldiers International child soldiers, armed conflict, recruitment, political groups, propaganda, social disintegration, domestic violence, forced marriage, abduction, exploitation, abuse, minesweepers, spies, drug addiction, coercion, atrocities, objective harm, demobilisation, trauma, irreversible damage, unpardonable crime, universal values, ICC, cultural relativism, warlords, resistance movements, Child Soldiers International, Coalition to Stop the Use of Child Soldiers, accountability, human rights, rehabilitation, military objectives, moral responsibility child soldiers, armed conflict, recruitment, forced conscription, voluntary enlistment, armed political groups, abuse, exploitation, domestic violence, forced marriage, abduction, military propaganda, psychological trauma, drugs, addiction, war crimes, ICC, universal values, cultural relativism, human rights violations, dehumanization, demobilization, accountability, international law, minors, humanitarian law, warlord legitimacy, child exploitation, mental health, child protection, irreversible harm, military objectives, female child soldiers, child abduction, atrocities, expendability, moral responsibility
test-economy-thhghwhwift-con02a	A tax is not an effective instrument to fight obesity  There are very legitimate concerns whether artificially increasing the cost of fatty food by specifically targeting it with a tax would have a significant effect on the obesity trend.  In fact, research shows that a fat tax would produce only a marginal change in consumption – not the dramatic shift in public awareness the proponents of the fat tax are hoping for. The reason, LSE researchers believe, is simple: “those on the very poorest diets will continue to eat badly.” [1]  Other than the economic reasons for such behavior, it could be argued that is also a thing of habit and culture: fast fatty food is quick, accessible and tasty. [2] Thus while a tax might be useful in reducing things such as the use of cigarettes – which are at heart an unnecessary “luxury” and thus more easily affected by the price – eating food, whether junk or not, is necessary. It also seems that the fast fatty kind of food is fulfilling a specific need, a need for a quick, tasty and filling meal, something people consider worth paying good money for.  The fight against obesity ought to be multifaceted, complex and well thought out – and a fat tax is none of those things. We should approach the issue with more cunning and introduce other programs: such as increasing the availability of healthy food by introducing healthy vending machines; [3] increasing the amount of physics exercise by requiring it in school, improving possibilities for recreation and access to public transportation thus encouraging people to burn more calories [4] and, most importantly, proper education on the topic if we want to create lasting change. [5]  [1] Tiffin, R., Salois, M., A fat tax is a double whammy for the poor – it will do little to prevent obesity in those on lower incomes, and will hurt them financially, published 9/2/2011,  , accessed 9/12/2011  [2] Hitti, M., Top 11 Reasons For Fast Food's Popularity, published 12/3/2008,  , accessed 9/14/2011  [3] Yara, S., Best And Worst Vending Machine Snacks, published 10/6/2005,  , accessed 9/14/2011  [4] CDC, Recommended Community Strategies and Measurements to Prevent Obesity in the United States, published 7/24/2009,  , accessed 9/14/2011  [5] Bunce, L., ‘Fat tax’ solutions ignore wider social factors driving junk food habits, published 8/16/2010,  , accessed 9/12/2011 fat tax, obesity, policy effectiveness, junk food, consumption habits, economic impact, public health, low-income, dietary behavior, fast food, food pricing, health interventions, healthy food access, vending machines, physical exercise, recreation, education, calorie intake, public transportation, behavioral change, social factors, obesity prevention, taxation policy, health promotion, culture, eating habits, public awareness, food policy fat tax, obesity, effectiveness, dietary habits, consumption, economic factors, public health, junk food, fast food, price elasticity, low income, health policy, cultural factors, unhealthy food, habit, accessibility, taste, nutrition, healthy food availability, vending machines, physical exercise, school programs, recreation, public transportation, calorie burning, health education, behavioral change, public awareness, smoking tax comparison, multifaceted approach, social factors, food choices, taxation policy, prevention programs, socioeconomic impact, LSE research fat tax, obesity, junk food, food tax effectiveness, public health, consumption habits, socioeconomic factors, unhealthy diet, fast food, dietary culture, behavioral economics, price elasticity, low-income impact, healthy vending machines, physical activity, school exercise, recreation access, public transportation, obesity prevention, nutrition education, public policy, health interventions, food accessibility, eating behavior, lifestyle change fat tax, obesity, public health policy, effectiveness, consumption behavior, unhealthy diets, socioeconomic factors, food pricing, junk food, fast food, eating habits, culture, quick meals, taste preference, poverty, dietary patterns, economic impact, luxury goods, health interventions, multifaceted approach, healthy food availability, vending machines, physical activity, exercise in schools, recreation, public transportation, calorie burning, health education, behavioral change, social determinants, low-income populations, obesity prevention, policy alternatives, tax effectiveness fat tax, obesity, ineffective intervention, food tax, consumption patterns, socioeconomic factors, diet habits, cultural factors, public health policy, poverty, fast food, pricing strategies, healthy food access, vending machines, physical exercise, school requirements, recreation, public transportation, calorie burning, nutrition education, multifaceted approach, behavioral economics, junk food, food accessibility, health promotion, social determinants, economic impact, price sensitivity, addiction, luxury goods, policy alternatives, intervention effectiveness, food choice, awareness campaigns, health disparities, research evidence
test-economy-beplcpdffe-con05a	Government only objects to online gambling because they dont benefit  Governments are hypocritical about gambling. They say they don’t like it but they often use it for their own purposes. Sometimes they only allow gambling in certain places in order to boost a local economy. Sometimes they profit themselves by running the only legal gambling business, such as a National Lottery [15] or public racecourse betting. This is bad for the public who want to gamble. Online gambling firms can break through government control by offering better odds and attractive new games. government hypocrisy, online gambling, gambling regulation, government profit, national lottery, public betting, local economy, gambling monopoly, gambling control, legal gambling, attractive odds, gambling restrictions, public gambling, online betting, private gambling firms, gambling policy, economic impact, gambling industry, government intervention, gambling access government hypocrisy, online gambling, government profit, gambling regulation, national lottery, public betting, local economy, government control, gambling policy, gambling monopoly, better odds, gambling restrictions, legal gambling, public gambling businesses, online gambling benefits, government intervention, gambling industry, gambling laws, state-run gambling, gambling alternatives government hypocrisy, online gambling, government profit, gambling regulation, national lottery, public betting, local economy, gambling monopoly, government control, gambling legalization, public gambling access, online gambling firms, gambling odds, gambling policy, government benefit, legal gambling, gambling industry, gambling restrictions, economic boost, gambling business government hypocrisy, online gambling, government regulation, gambling profits, national lottery, public betting, local economy, legal gambling, government control, gambling policy, gambling industry, online gaming, gambling restrictions, state-run gambling, gambling laws, economic impact, government monopoly, gambling economy, online betting, gambling legislation government hypocrisy, online gambling, government profit, national lottery, public betting, regulated gambling, gambling regulation, economic boost, local economy, government monopoly, gambling restrictions, legal gambling, public lottery, racecourse betting, better odds, new gambling games, online gambling benefits, government control, gambling policy, gambling industry
test-education-udfakusma-con03a	Less incentive to study at university  If everything that University provides is open to all then there is less incentive to study at university. Anyone who is studying in order to learn about a subject rather than achieve a particular qualification will no longer need to attend the university in order to fulfil their aim. The actual benefit of university education is less in learning content per se than engaging with new ideas critically, something that is frequently more difficult in an online environment.  Moreover if only some countries or institutions were to implement such open access then it makes more sense for any students who are intending to study internationally to go elsewhere as they will still be able to use the resources made available by that university. Open access if not implemented universally is therefore damaging to universities attempts to attract lucrative international students who often pay high tuition fees. university incentives, open access, university education, learning motivation, critical engagement, online learning, educational resources, international students, tuition fees, student recruitment, education value, global implementation, higher education, student attendance, qualification attainment, exclusive access, competitive advantage, academic resources, education policy, global universities less incentive, university study, open access, university resources, learning content, critical thinking, online learning, international students, tuition fees, university benefits, higher education, student motivation, global implementation, university engagement, educational access, academic resources, studying abroad, educational quality, financial impact, student recruitment university incentive, open access, reduced motivation, university study, learning resources, critical engagement, online learning, qualification, international students, tuition fees, global implementation, education benefits, exclusive access, student attraction, higher education, learning environment, content accessibility, university competition university incentive, open access, university education, student motivation, learning content, critical engagement, online learning, traditional university, international students, tuition fees, study abroad, access to resources, education value, open resources, university recruitment, higher education funding, academic exclusivity, global education, competitive advantage, institutional reputation university, incentive, study, open access, higher education, learning, critical engagement, online learning, international students, tuition fees, university resources, academic motivation, open educational resources, student recruitment, educational value, university attendance, qualification, global education, institutional competition, academic benefits
test-sport-otshwbe2uuyt-con05a	Europe needs to prevent Russian influence in Ukraine  If Europe shuns Ukraine then Yanukovych has an obvious alternative he can turn to; Russia. Putin, the newly re-elected President of Russia, is holding out the option of a customs union with Ukraine which Yanukovych despite initially rejecting [1] is now showing more interest in joining. [2] Only a few years ago Ukraine was being touted for possible NATO membership and Vice President Biden called Ukraine a “European country where democracy rules”. [3] A turn towards Russia therefore represents a failure of the European Union and NATO’s policy towards its eastern neighbours where the aim is to promote democracy and human rights.  [1] Interfax-Ukraine, ‘Putin: Yanukovych statement Ukraine will not join Customs Union conveys political emotions’, Kyiv Post, 16 September 2011 .  [2] Interfax-Ukraine, ‘Official: Ukraine shows keen interest in Customs Union’, Kyiv Post, 15 March 2012 .  [3] ‘Biden: U.S. supports Ukraine’s NATO bid’, USA Today, 21 July 2009 . Europe, Russian influence, Ukraine, Yanukovych, Putin, customs union, European Union, NATO, democracy, human rights, eastern neighbors, policy failure, Ukraine NATO membership, Biden, EU-Ukraine relations, Russia-Ukraine relations, political alignment, geopolitical influence, Ukraine democracy, Ukrainian sovereignty, Russian foreign policy Europe, Russian influence, Ukraine, Yanukovych, Putin, customs union, European Union, NATO, democracy, human rights, eastern neighbours, Ukraine-Russia relations, EU policy, NATO policy, Biden, Ukraine NATO membership, Ukraine democracy, Russian policy, Ukraine foreign relations, geopolitical influence, Kyiv Post, Interfax-Ukraine Europe,Russian influence,Ukraine,customs union,Yanukovych,Putin,NATO,European Union,EU policy,democracy,human rights,foreign policy,eastern neighbours,Russia-Ukraine relations,geopolitics,shunning Ukraine,Putin re-election,NATO membership,Biden,political alignment,post-Soviet space Europe, Russian influence, Ukraine, European Union, EU policy, NATO, Yanukovych, Putin, customs union, democracy, human rights, eastern neighbors, Russian relations, Ukrainian politics, EU-Ukraine relations, NATO-Ukraine, foreign policy, Russian-Ukrainian relations, Biden, Ukraine democracy, Ukraine-Russia alignment, geopolitical influence, security policy, Western integration, Ukraine foreign policy Europe, Russian influence, Ukraine, Yanukovych, Russia, Putin, customs union, European Union, NATO, democracy, human rights, foreign policy, eastern neighbours, EU-Ukraine relations, Ukraine NATO membership, Biden, geopolitical strategy, Ukraine-Russia relations, democracy promotion, post-Soviet states, political alignment, EU foreign policy, Ukraine foreign affairs, influence prevention, Ukrainian politics
test-health-hdond-pro02a	Prioritizing donors creates an incentive to become a donor  The greatest argument for this policy is also the simplest: it will save thousands, perhaps millions of lives. A policy of prioritizing transplants for donors would massively increase the proportion of donors from the status quo of (at best) just over 30% {Confirmed Organ Donors}. Given the number of people who die under circumstances that render many of their organs useless, the rate of donor registration must be as high as possible. The overwhelming incentive that this policy would create to register may well eliminate the scarcity for certain organs altogether; a bonus benefit of this would mean that for organs where the scarcity was eliminated, this policy would not even need to make good on its threat of denial of organs to non-donors (and even if this happened for every organ and thus reduced the incentive to register as a donor, the number of donors could only fall as far as until there was a scarcity again, thus reviving the incentive to donate until the rate of donation reaches an equilibrium with demand.) organ donation, donor prioritization, transplant policy, donor incentive, organ scarcity, donor registration, life-saving policy, transplant allocation, organ donor rates, non-donor denial, equilibrium donation rate, increased donor proportion, organ demand, donor supply, incentive to register, organ transplant ethics, confirmed organ donors, public health policy, organ transplant scarcity, supply-demand equilibrium organ donation, donor prioritization, transplant incentives, organ scarcity, donor registration rates, organ allocation policy, saving lives, organ transplant policy, incentive to donate, confirmed organ donors, organ donation equilibrium, organ demand, non-donor exclusion, organ transplant ethics, organ availability, donor scarcity, organ donor policy, healthcare incentives, medical resource allocation, altruism vs. incentive organ donation, donor prioritization, donor incentives, transplant policy, donor registration rates, saving lives, organ scarcity, transplant recipient priority, confirmed organ donors, incentive to donate, transplant allocation, organ shortage, equilibrium donation rates, policy impact organ transplants, increasing donor rates organ donation, donor prioritization, transplant policy, donor incentive, organ scarcity, donor registration rates, confirmed organ donors, life-saving policy, transplant eligibility, organ allocation, donation equilibrium, organ demand, non-donor access, health policy, organ donor incentives donor prioritization, organ donation incentives, transplant policy, donor registration rates, organ scarcity, organ allocation, saving lives, organ donor proportion, transplant access, donor incentives, organ supply and demand, confirmed organ donors, incentive-based donation, donor equilibrium, transplant waiting list, life-saving policy, non-donor access, donor policy impact, organ registration motivation, scarcity elimination
test-philosophy-ippelhbcp-pro01a	Encourages a culture of respect for human rights  Capital punishment is, in general seen as a significant human rights violation by the international community - not only most liberal democracies, but much of international civil society.  Abolition will help lead to the development of a culture of human rights and the rule of law by acting as a benchmark of progress, and a symbol of a commitment to these principles. It is notable that Guinea Bissau is the only abolitionist nation in the bottom ten countries in Africa for the rule of law – according to the Ibrahim Index of African Governance’s safety and rule of law category, compared to six abolitionist countries in the top ten [1] .  [1] Mo Ibrahim Foundation, “Ibrahim Index of African Governance”, Mo Ibrahim Foundation, 2013, capital punishment, human rights, culture of respect, international community, human rights violation, abolition, rule of law, liberal democracies, international civil society, human rights progress, benchmark, commitment, Guinea Bissau, abolitionist nations, Africa, Ibrahim Index of African Governance, safety, rule of law category, Mo Ibrahim Foundation, governance, legal reform, symbolic commitment capital punishment, human rights, abolition, rule of law, international community, liberal democracies, civil society, human rights violation, human rights culture, Guinea Bissau, African governance, Ibrahim Index, Mo Ibrahim Foundation, safety, legal benchmark, human rights commitment, abolitionist countries, governance ranking, Africa, international principles capital punishment, human rights, culture of respect, abolition, international community, liberal democracies, civil society, rule of law, benchmark, progress, commitment, Guinea Bissau, abolitionist nation, Africa, Ibrahim Index, African Governance, safety, Mo Ibrahim Foundation, development, symbol, violation, international standards, legal reform human rights, respect, culture, capital punishment, death penalty, international community, liberal democracies, civil society, abolition, rule of law, progress, commitment, Guinea Bissau, abolitionist nations, Africa, Ibrahim Index, African Governance, safety, Mo Ibrahim Foundation capital punishment, human rights, abolition, international community, liberal democracies, civil society, rule of law, human rights culture, governance, Guinea Bissau, abolitionist nations, Africa, Mo Ibrahim Foundation, Ibrahim Index of African Governance, safety, legal reforms, international standards, symbolic commitment, progress benchmarks
test-politics-grcrgshwbr-pro03a	Religious symbols cause division within Western society.  Religious symbols can be seen as possible tools for fuelling division within society. When some women wear the Hijab it creates pressure on other Muslim women to also cover their heads. Pressure comes both socially from wanting to look like other women in their community and religiously from imams and family leaders pressing for observance. As such, Muslims themselves are divided and religious oppression against women is internalized.1 Approving of Muslim head coverings in society cements the Hijab as an essential tenet of Islam, in the minds of non-Muslims as well as believers. However, many different schools of Islam exist and as on other issues, they often disagree how to interpret the Koran's dress prescriptions. Moderate interpretations accept modest forms of modern dress while severe interpretations require full covering with the Burka or similar veil. Banning the veil furthers the cause of moderate interpretations and prevents the entrenchment of severe interpretations.  1 Rumy Hassan, 'Banning the hijab', Workers Power 283 February 2004, accessed on 24th July 2011 religious symbols, division, Western society, Hijab, Muslim women, social pressure, religious pressure, community conformity, imams, family leaders, internalized oppression, religious oppression, Islamic dress code, moderate interpretations, severe interpretations, Burka, veil, religious tenets, Islam, Koran interpretation, modern dress, banning veil, Muslim schools of thought, societal approval, women's rights, secularism, Rumy Hassan religious symbols, division, Western society, Hijab, Muslim women, social pressure, religious pressure, community standards, imams, family leaders, internalized oppression, religious oppression, head coverings, Islam, tenets, non-Muslims, schools of Islam, Koran interpretation, moderate Islam, severe interpretations, Burka, veil, banning hijab, modern dress, religious dress code, women's rights, Rumy Hassan, Workers Power religious symbols, division, Western society, hijab, Muslim women, social pressure, religious pressure, imams, community norms, religious observance, internalized oppression, women's rights, Muslim head coverings, Islam, Islamic schools, Koran interpretation, moderate Islam, severe interpretation, burka, veil, dress code, banning veil, religious diversity, societal impact, religious identity, secularism, Rumy Hassan, cultural pressure, religious conformity, workers power religious symbols, Western society, division, Hijab, Muslim women, social pressure, religious pressure, imams, family leaders, internalized oppression, Muslim community, head coverings, Islam, tenets, religious observance, Islamic schools of thought, Koran interpretation, modest dress, Burka, veil, severe interpretations, moderate interpretations, banning veil, women's rights, secularism, religious freedom, Rumy Hassan religious symbols, division, Western society, hijab, Muslim women, social pressure, religious pressure, internalized oppression, head coverings, Islamic tenets, schools of Islam, Koran interpretation, moderate Islam, severe Islam, dress codes, burka, veiling, religious oppression, banning veil, identity, assimilation, Rumy Hassan, Workers Power
test-health-hpehwadvoee-pro01a	It is a natural thing to do  We are biologically programmed to want to preserve our species. As such, our offspring will often be more important to ourselves than our own persons. Many doctors hear parents tell them how they wish that they could “take over” their child’s terminal illness rather than have the child suffer. [1] It is therefore natural and right for the older generation to sacrifice itself where possible to save the younger generation. As crass as this might seem, they are statistically more likely to die earlier than their offspring in any event and stand to lose less. They have had the chance to experience more of a life than their child. They are furthermore the cause of the child’s existence, and owe it to the child to protect it at any cost.  [1] Monforte-Royo, C. and M.V. Roqué. “The organ donation process: A humanist perspective based on the experience of nursing care.” Nursing Philosophy 13.4 (2012): 295-301. biological imperative, parental sacrifice, parent-child relationship, generational duty, self-preservation, offspring protection, terminal illness, child suffering, organ donation, older generation, younger generation, ethical responsibility, life experience, caregiver perspective, intergenerational ethics, altruism, evolutionary psychology, nursing care, humanist perspective, Monforte-Royo, Roqué, Nursing Philosophy biological programming, species preservation, parental sacrifice, generational self-sacrifice, offspring importance, terminal illness, parental empathy, intergenerational ethics, life experience, organ donation, nursing care, humanist perspective, altruism, child protection, evolutionary psychology, ethical duty, Monforte-Royo, Roqué, Nursing Philosophy, elder sacrifice, survival instinct biological imperative, self-sacrifice, parent-child relationship, generational sacrifice, organ donation, evolutionary biology, preservation of species, parental instinct, terminal illness, mortality, ethical considerations, nursing care, humanist perspective, medical ethics, statistical longevity, offspring protection, altruism, life experience, intergenerational duty, healthcare, bioethics biological imperative, parental sacrifice, intergenerational ethics, offspring prioritization, organ donation, terminal illness, parental altruism, evolutionary psychology, life experience, generational duty, species preservation, moral obligation, elder self-sacrifice, child protection, caregiving ethics, humanist perspective, parental responsibility, nursing care, healthcare decision-making, statistical mortality, ethical decision-making, Monforte-Royo, Nursing Philosophy biological imperative, parental sacrifice, species preservation, offspring protection, generational responsibility, altruism, terminal illness, organ donation, humanist ethics, nursing care, life value, mortality, self-sacrifice, parent-child relationship, ethical decision making, intergenerational duty, Monforte-Royo, Roqué, Nursing Philosophy, utilitarian reasoning
test-digital-freedoms-aihbiahr-con04a	Internet access cannot be a human right when it is not available to all.  If human rights are inalienable and inherent in humans then no technology can be a human right as not everyone can ever expect access all of the time. Certainly at the moment huge swathes of the world have no internet access and this does not mean that their governments are violating their human rights.  The analogy might be given to freedom of movement. Freedom of movement is a human right however we don’t need the aid of a car to be able to exercise this right the technology itself is unnecessary as we have an inherent ability to move just as we do to communicate. Internet access, human rights, inalienable rights, technology, global availability, digital divide, inherent rights, universal access, freedom of movement, access inequality, government responsibility, technological dependency, communication rights, universal human rights, civil liberties, digital rights Internet access, human rights, technology, inalienable rights, inherent rights, accessibility, global digital divide, freedom of movement, technological inequality, universal access, government responsibility, communication rights, availability, natural rights, digital rights, essential services, technological dependency, right to communication, equality, human rights violation, digital inclusion internet access, human rights, inalienable rights, technology, global access, digital divide, inherent rights, freedom of movement, government responsibility, right to communication, universal availability, technological dependency, access inequality, car analogy, essential rights, ICT, international law internet access, human rights, technology, inalienable rights, inherent rights, digital divide, global internet availability, government responsibility, freedom of movement, technological rights, accessibility, communication rights, universal access, essential services, inequality, digital inclusion, technology and rights, human rights violation Internet access, human rights, technology, availability, inalienable rights, inherent rights, digital divide, access inequality, freedom of movement, governments, violation, communication, technology dependency, universal access, rights definition, essential rights, global disparity, infrastructural limitations, technological rights, car analogy, natural rights
test-law-thgglcplgphw-con02a	Legalising coca production would undemine the wider war on the drugs economy  The UN International Narcotics Control Board (INCB) said in 2011 that exceptions for Bolivia would undermine international narcotics control efforts: “[Allowing coca] would undermine the integrity of the global drug control system, undoing the good work of governments over many years.” [1] A US official said in January of 2011: “there is evidence to suggest that a substantial percentage” of the increased coca production in Bolivia over the past several years, registered in U.N. surveys, “has indeed gone into the network and the marketplace for cocaine.” [2] These examples thus show that legalizing coca cultivation would undermine the wider war on drugs, because it shifts the policy away from one of eradicating crops which could be turned into narcotics and instead turns towards making them acceptable on the global market. It encourages countries to take eradication efforts less seriously, and seemingly undermines the commitment of the international community to the war on drugs, once it gives in on this narcotic. This will make not just cocaine but many other drugs more widely available, leading to even more ruined lives through drug abuse.  [1] M&C News. “Bolivia undermines global anti-drug efforts, UN warns”. M&C News. Jul 5, 2011.   [2] Associated Press. “U.S. to fight Bolivia on allowing coca-leaf chewing”. The Portland Press Herald. January 19 2011. legalising coca production, war on drugs, international narcotics control, coca cultivation, Bolivia, UN International Narcotics Control Board, INCB, global drug control system, coca exceptions, US officials, cocaine production, drug eradication, narcotics policy, international drug policy, global drug market, drug abuse, anti-drug efforts, United Nations, policy shift, global narcotics regulation, coca leaf, drug availability, international community, narcotics enforcement, coca legalization impact, cocaine market legalising coca production, undermining war on drugs, UN International Narcotics Control Board, INCB 2011 report, Bolivia exceptions, international narcotics control, global drug control system, coca cultivation, cocaine production, drug policy shift, crop eradication, narcotics market, US official coca evidence, international community drug policy, anti-drug efforts, global market coca, increased drug availability, drug abuse consequences, coca-leaf chewing, Bolivia drug legalization, undermining eradication efforts legalizing coca production, war on drugs, UN International Narcotics Control Board, INCB, Bolivia, international narcotics control, coca cultivation, drug policy, cocaine production, global drug control system, narcotics eradication, drug marketplace, anti-drug efforts, US official, international community, drug abuse, global drug market, drug regulation, coca leaf, narcotic crops, drug control undermining, international agreement, drug legalization, coca exceptions, UN surveys coca production, legalization, drug policy, war on drugs, international narcotics control, UN INCB, Bolivia, coca cultivation, cocaine market, global drug control system, crop eradication, narcotics regulation, drug trafficking, United States, drug abuse, international community, drug enforcement, anti-drug efforts, Bolivia exceptions, controlled substances, cocaine trade, narcotic crops, global drug policy, UN drug treaties, drug market expansion legalizing coca production, undermining war on drugs, UN International Narcotics Control Board, INCB 2011, Bolivia coca exception, international narcotics control, global drug control system, coca cultivation legalization, drug eradication policy, cocaine market, U.N. drug surveys, U.S. official statement 2011, coca production increase Bolivia, global anti-drug efforts, narcotics policy, international community war on drugs, coca-leaf chewing, drug abuse, drug availability, narcotics legalization impact, Bolivia drug policy
test-politics-eppghwgpi-con01a	The ability to prosecute politicians is the ultimate protection against the abuse of power.  It is impossible to overstate the power that the threat of prosecution has to stay the hand of anyone, including a politician, from transgressing the laws of the state. In fact, we need more aggressive prosecution of politicians. Not a single person has been prosecuted for approval illegal torture or wiretapping. These are illegal actions actually happening which the populace, with only the blunt instrument of voting for or against a politician on the sum total of their policies, is unable to effectively influence. There is no greater deterrent that could be used against politicians. prosecution of politicians, abuse of power, deterrence, political accountability, illegal actions, torture, wiretapping, aggressive prosecution, legal consequences, political corruption, impunity, law enforcement, government oversight, political crime, political responsibility, legal deterrents, justice system, politician misconduct, rule of law, executive accountability prosecution, politicians, abuse of power, deterrence, accountability, illegal actions, torture, wiretapping, law enforcement, aggressive prosecution, political corruption, legal consequences, political immunity, criminal prosecution, state law, oversight, government accountability, public influence, political impunity, legal deterrent prosecution, politicians, abuse of power, accountability, deterrence, aggressive prosecution, illegal actions, torture, wiretapping, legal enforcement, political corruption, government oversight, rule of law, justice, public influence, state laws, political immunity, criminal responsibility, political misconduct, legal deterrents prosecution, politicians, abuse of power, deterrence, legal accountability, illegal torture, illegal wiretapping, political corruption, legal deterrent, aggressive prosecution, rule of law, political accountability, oversight, democratic safeguards, executive overreach, criminal liability, government misconduct, justice system, anti-corruption, enforcement politician prosecution, abuse of power, legal accountability, prosecuting politicians, political immunity, deterrence, illegal actions, torture, wiretapping, aggressive prosecution, rule of law, government corruption, legal deterrents, political crime, accountability mechanisms, political oversight, justice system, political transgressions, prosecution threat, public influence, checks and balances
test-free-speech-debate-nshbcsbawc-pro04a	Freedom of expression, like any right is fairly meaningless if it’s only respected when it’s convenient.  Recognising rights when there is no inconvenience to anybody involved is verging on the irrelevant. This is, perhaps, especially true, with freedom of expression. If I recognise your right to express yourself freely - so long as I never have to see, hear or be aware of you doing – rather misses the point.  Likewise if the individual is free only so long as there aren’t any rules saying they shouldn’t be, goes somewhat against the grain of defending liberties. Indeed the history of the idea that people can exercise all the freedom they like as long as it’s out of sight, out of mind and doesn’t break any rules is not a noble one; among other absurd forms of “freedom”, it was used to justify both segregation and apartheid.  Although the effect and extent of the prejudice is clearly different here, the logic is the same: you are completely free to do whatever I think you should do.  Having a right to freely express oneself means to do so when it is inconvenient, challenging or offensive to others [i] . The rules being broken here were, as has already been mentioned, fairly petty and the sanctions comparatively minor – although the loss of someone’s livelihood should not be understated. The case is important because of the precedent it sets; what if the two women were risking not just their jobs but their liberty?  The UK considers itself to be a tolerant country. Tolerance means accepting those declarations and statements that are inconvenient. If the law is incapable of defending a statement as benign as wearing a small piece of jewellery, it is worrying to think how it would cope with something more forthright.  [i] UN Declaration of Human Rights. Articles 18, 19 and 23. freedom of expression, human rights, tolerance, inconvenience, expression rights, speech rights, freedom limitations, liberty, UK law, civil liberties, rule breaking, sanctions, precedent, employment rights, jewellery, symbolic expression, offensive speech, challenging rights, inconvenient expression, UN Declaration of Human Rights, Articles 18, Articles 19, Articles 23, segregation, apartheid, law and liberty, expression restrictions, history of rights, defending liberties freedom of expression, rights, inconvenience, individual liberty, tolerance, UK law, free speech, expression restrictions, human rights, UN Declaration, Articles 18, 19, 23, segregation, apartheid, freedom limitations, offensive expression, civil liberties, precedent, jewellery case, liberty risk, workplace rights, minority rights, challenging expression, freedom boundaries, legal sanctions, personal freedoms freedom of expression, human rights, tolerance, inconvenience, liberty, UK law, expression rights, freedom limits, rules, sanctions, precedent, segregation, apartheid, offensive speech, individual liberties, UN Declaration of Human Rights, Articles 18, Articles 19, Articles 23, challenging expression, benign statement, symbolic expression, jewellery, employment, loss of livelihood, defending liberties, minority rights, legal protection, civil liberties, free speech, controversial expression freedom of expression, civil liberties, human rights, tolerance, inconvenient speech, freedom of speech, legal precedent, UK law, expression rights, UN Declaration of Human Rights, Article 18, Article 19, Article 23, liberty, offensive expression, challenging speech, segregation, apartheid, symbolic expression, jewellery, workplace rights, individual rights, restriction of expression, legal sanctions, societal tolerance, minority rights, precedent setting, out of sight out of mind, discrimination, freedom to offend, expression in law freedom of expression, rights, tolerance, inconvenience, liberty, offensive speech, UK law, expression limitations, civil liberties, human rights, UN Declaration, Articles 18, 19, 23, rule-breaking, precedent, speech sanctions, individual rights, segregation, apartheid, prejudice, loss of livelihood, jewellery case, freedom restrictions, challenging speech, defending liberties
test-free-speech-debate-radhbsshr-con01a	Defamation  While South African Law does allow for freedom of speech, and the constitution is one of the most liberal in the world for protecting such freedoms, it must be measured against the need for responsibility in the use of such freedoms to prevent offence.  Whatever one believes about ‘The Spear’ it is clear that Murray attacked President Zuma based upon his personal life rather than any critique of policy. The depiction of the President with his penis exposed is a reminder of the accusations of rape against him, of which he was acquitted in 2007.  To remind those who view the painting of the accusation is to hint at Zuma’s guilt in the case despite it being proved otherwise in a court of law. This is effectively libel and as such defames Zuma’s character. As such, Zuma was right to sue for defamation and it was right for the artwork to be removed as it implied and spread a falsehood in the public domain that is damaging to Zuma. Defamation, South African Law, freedom of speech, constitution, responsibility, offence, The Spear, Brett Murray, President Zuma, art controversy, personal life, policy critique, exposed penis, rape accusation, acquittal 2007, reminder, implication of guilt, court of law, libel, defamation of character, lawsuit, artwork removal, public domain, spreading falsehood, damage to reputation, artistic expression, legal rights, constitutional limits, dignity, media controversy defamation, South African law, freedom of speech, constitution, responsibility, offence, The Spear, Brett Murray, President Zuma, personal life, policy critique, exposed penis, rape accusations, acquittal, 2007, libel, character defamation, lawsuit, artwork removal, falsehood, public domain, damage to reputation, freedom vs responsibility, legal action, South Africa, artistic expression defamation, South African law, freedom of speech, constitution, responsibility, offence, The Spear, Brett Murray, President Zuma, personal life, policy critique, exposed penis, rape accusation, acquittal, 2007, court of law, libel, character defamation, lawsuit, artwork removal, public domain, reputational harm, falsehood, legal rights, expression limits, media controversy defamation, South African law, freedom of speech, constitutional rights, freedom of expression, responsibility, offence, The Spear, Brett Murray, President Zuma, Jacob Zuma, personal life, policy critique, exposed penis, rape accusations, 2007 acquittal, libel, character defamation, lawsuit, artwork removal, public domain, falsehood, damage to reputation, legal action, artistic freedom, constitution, media law, South Africa, art controversy, judicial acquittal defamation, South African law, freedom of speech, constitution, responsibility, offence, The Spear, Brett Murray, President Zuma, personal life, policy critique, exposed, rape accusation, acquittal, 2007, implication of guilt, court of law, libel, character defamation, lawsuit, artwork removal, falsehood, public domain, reputation, legal protections, human rights, expression limits
test-education-usuprmhbu-pro02a	"Affirmative action removes the cyclical disadvantages of discrimination  Affirmative action evens the playing field for those who have suffered past discrimination.  Discrimination in the past not only leaves a feeling of rejection by one’s community, but also a legacy of disadvantage and perpetual poverty. Discrimination is not only psychologically damaging, but tangibly. The denial of opportunities for education and employment in the past has left families in situations where they are stuck in a poverty trap and cannot afford to achieve the basic opportunities that others can as they are stuck in a cycle of poverty [1] .  A good example of this can be seen in the example of Brazil, where poverty is much more wide-spread in African communities who were previously used as slaves [2] .  There is no equality of opportunity in cases of past discrimination. Affirmative action helps level the playing field for selection by assisting those who are held back from a continual historical denial of opportunity and providing them the equality of opportunity everyone deserves.  [1] Aka, Philip. ""Affirmative Action and the Black Experience in America."" American Bar Association. 36.4 (2009): Print.  [2] Telles, Edward. ""Discrimination and Affirmative Action in Brazil."" PBS Wide Angle. N.p., 01 Jun 2009. Web. 23 Aug 2011. <  . affirmative action, cyclical disadvantage, discrimination, equality of opportunity, poverty trap, legacy of disadvantage, historical denial, education access, employment barriers, psychological impact, poverty cycle, Brazil, African communities, past discrimination, diversity initiatives, leveling the playing field, social mobility, economic inequality, underrepresentation, social justice affirmative action, cyclical disadvantage, historical discrimination, equality of opportunity, poverty trap, legacy of disadvantage, social mobility, education access, employment discrimination, psychological effects, poverty perpetuation, Brazil, African communities, slavery legacy, opportunity denial, minority rights, remedial policies, socioeconomic disparity, leveling the playing field, selection fairness, perpetual poverty, anti-discrimination policies, American Bar Association, PBS Wide Angle, Edward Telles, Philip Aka affirmative action, discrimination, cyclical disadvantages, legacy of poverty, historical inequity, equality of opportunity, poverty trap, denial of opportunity, psychological impact, African communities, Brazil, slavery, socioeconomic disadvantage, education access, employment opportunities, perpetual poverty, playing field, past discrimination, Philip Aka, Edward Telles affirmative action, cyclical disadvantage, discrimination, equality of opportunity, poverty trap, legacy of disadvantage, historical denial, psychological impact, education access, employment access, intergenerational poverty, Brazil, African communities, slavery, social mobility, level playing field, socioeconomic inequality, diversity policy, opportunity gaps, minority advancement, Philip Aka, Edward Telles affirmative action, cyclical disadvantage, past discrimination, poverty trap, legacy of disadvantage, equality of opportunity, historical denial, psychological impact, education access, employment opportunities, poverty, Brazil, African communities, slavery legacy, selection processes, American Bar Association, Philip Aka, Edward Telles, PBS Wide Angle, leveling the playing field, social mobility, economic disadvantage, intergenerational poverty, discrimination consequences"
test-environment-assgbatj-con02a	People will die if we don’t do animal testing  Every year, 23 new drugs are introduced in the UK alone.[13] Almost all will be tested on animals. A new drug will be used for a long time. Think of all the people saved by the use of penicillin. If drugs cost more to test, that means drug companies will develop less. This means more people suffering and dying animal testing, drug development, drug safety, medical research, drug approval, human health, life-saving drugs, pharmaceutical testing, penicillin, drug costs, public health, animal experiments, UK drugs, new drug introduction, clinical trials, drug regulation, mortality prevention, disease treatment, drug company innovation, ethical testing, drug industry, medical advancements animal testing, drug development, drug safety, new drugs, UK pharmaceuticals, penicillin, human survival, pharmaceutical research, medical innovation, drug approval, drug company costs, public health, impact of animal testing, drug testing ethics, human suffering, cost of drug testing, life-saving drugs, medical progress, animal research, drug regulation animal testing, drug development, medical research, drug safety, human health, new drugs, UK pharmaceuticals, penicillin, drug testing costs, pharmaceutical companies, patient safety, clinical trials, lifesaving drugs, drug introduction, ethical considerations, animal experimentation, drug approval, public health, suffering, mortality, cost of drug testing animal testing, drug development, human safety, new drugs, UK, penicillin, pharmaceutical testing, drug approval, drug costs, medical advancements, public health, drug companies, life-saving medicine, clinical trials, animal research ethics, medical research, drug regulation, reduced innovation, drug pricing, mortality rates animal testing, drug development, drug safety, medical research, drug approval, human health, penicillin, life-saving drugs, drug costs, pharmaceutical industry, new drugs, UK, animal experiments, healthcare, public health, clinical trials, drug regulation, drug accessibility, medical ethics, drug testing alternatives, mortality, suffering, drug innovation
test-economy-thsptr-con01a	Individuals’ property and income are an index of deserving achievement, and of value contributed in the market place to society  A progressive taxation system essentially assumes that the property rights of the poor are more sacred than those of the wealthy. Somehow the wealthy have a less proportionate ownership right than do the less well-off simply by dint of their greater wealth. [1] This is the height of injustice. An individual’s income is a measure of his overarching societal worth, by reflecting his ability to produce goods and services people find socially desirable and to signify his level of competence and desirability by his employer. The state should not punish people for this greater social worth by taxing them disproportionally to others. When it does so it expects people to work for the sake of others to an extent that is not fair, effectively consigning them to a kind of forced labor, by which parts of the wealth they work to acquire is appropriated by the state to a degree beyond which it is willing to do to others. [2] Such a regime is manifestly unjust.  [1] Seligman, Edwin. “Progressive Taxation in Theory and Practice”. Publications of the American Economic Association 9(1): 7-222. 1894.  [2] Nozick, R. Anarchy, State and Utopia. New York: Basic Books. 1974. property rights, income, deserving achievement, market value, progressive taxation, wealthy, poor, injustice, societal worth, competence, employer, taxation fairness, forced labor, wealth appropriation, state intervention, economic justice, Seligman, Nozick, tax policy, distributive justice, income inequality, economic incentives, meritocracy, taxation ethics property rights, income inequality, deserving achievement, market value, progressive taxation, wealth redistribution, justice, fairness, social worth, competence, forced labor, state intervention, taxation philosophy, economic justice, individual rights, Seligman, Nozick, tax policy, income distribution, economic theory, disproportionate taxation, societal contribution, wealth ownership, libertarianism, moral philosophy property rights, income, deserving achievement, market value, progressive taxation, wealth, injustice, societal worth, competence, employer valuation, tax fairness, forced labor, state appropriation, wealth distribution, tax proportionality, Seligman, Nozick, economic justice, individual rights, inequality, taxation ethics progressive taxation, property rights, income inequality, market value, wealth redistribution, social justice, taxation ethics, economic fairness, individual achievement, meritocracy, forced labor, income tax, distributive justice, state intervention, societal worth, capitalist theory, tax policy, Seligman, Nozick, libertarianism, economic philosophy, earned wealth, tax injustice, property ownership, social contribution, economic competence property rights, income, deserving achievement, market value, progressive taxation, wealth inequality, justice, individual income, societal worth, competence, social desirability, employer evaluation, state intervention, disproportionate taxation, fairness, forced labor, wealth appropriation, economic justice, Seligman, Nozick, taxation theory, property ownership, redistribution, economic philosophy, libertarianism
test-education-udfakusma-con04a	Who will write and edit the work?  You can’t take the end result out of the system and assume all the rest of it will continue as usual. Journal articles don’t write themselves; there will still be costs for editors, typesetters, reviewing etc., as well as the time and cost of the writer. The average cost of publishing an article is about £4000. [1]  There have been two suggested forms of open access ‘Gold’ in which authors pay publishers article publication charges and ‘Green’ under which the author self-archives their papers in open access repositories. The gold option that the UK intends to implement could mean universities having to find an extra £60million a year. [2] In either case the cost is being put on the author.  This is exactly the same when asking academics to put their lectures, lecture notes, bibliographies etc online. They are being asked to put in more hours grappling with technology without being paid for it.  [1] Moghaddam, Golnessa Galyani, “Why Are Scholarly Journals Costly even with Electronic Publishing?”  p.9  [2] Ayris, Paul, “Why panning for gold may be detrimental to open access research”, Guardian Professional, 23 July 2012. academic publishing, journal article costs, editor costs, writer costs, open access, Gold open access, Green open access, article processing charges, self-archiving, publishing expenses, university publishing costs, scholarly journals, electronic publishing, academic labor, unpaid academic work, online lectures, technology workload, UK open access policy, bibliographies online, typesetting costs, peer review costs, academic publishing economics scholarly publishing, article processing charges, open access, gold open access, green open access, publishing costs, editorial costs, university expenses, academic labor, typesetting, peer review, author self-archiving, publication charges, UK open access policy, academic workload, online educational resources, lecture notes, unpaid academic work, technology adoption, academic publishing economics writing, editing, academic publishing, journal articles, editors, typesetters, peer review, publication costs, open access, Gold open access, Green open access, article publication charges, self-archiving, open access repositories, university funding, author costs, academic labor, technology adoption, lecture materials, electronic publishing, scholarly journals, UK open access policy, academic workload, publication fees academic publishing, article publishing costs, journal editing, peer review, open access, gold open access, green open access, article processing charges, self-archiving, author costs, university publishing expenses, editorial costs, electronic publishing, scholarly journals, academic labor, lecture materials, technology burden, institutional funding, academic compensation, UK open access policy, publishing workflow, typesetting costs, bibliographies online, academic workload, research dissemination academic publishing, article publication costs, journal article production, editing costs, typesetting costs, peer review costs, editorial expenses, author time, open access, Gold open access, Green open access, author fees, university costs, scholarly journals, electronic publishing, self-archiving, article processing charges, publishing economics, academic labor, online course materials, unpaid academic work, open access repositories, research funding, UK open access policy, academic technology demands
test-politics-oeplhbuwhmi-pro01a	The UK would have a completely independent foreign policy  Britain’s is not completely sovereign within the European Union with the EU having a common foreign and security policy and all economic negotiations taking place under the auspices of the EU trade commissioner, it is what the EU refers to as an ‘exclusive power’, rather than the Foreign Office. [1] Exiting would give these powers back to the UK. Regardless of how these powers are used this will mean the UK has more influence and freedom to manoeuvre as it will have more options with which it can negotiate with other powers.  [1] ‘Policy making: What is trade policy’, European Commission, UK foreign policy, British sovereignty, EU common foreign and security policy, EU trade commissioner, EU exclusive power, Foreign Office, Brexit, UK independence, EU membership, trade negotiations, policy-making, European Commission, economic sovereignty, diplomatic freedom, international negotiation, repatriation of powers, UK-EU relations, post-Brexit influence, national autonomy, foreign affairs UK foreign policy, British sovereignty, European Union, EU foreign policy, EU security policy, EU trade commissioner, exclusive power, Foreign Office, Brexit, UK independence, EU common policy, economic negotiations, policy making, trade policy, European Commission, UK influence, UK negotiation powers, regaining powers, UK freedom, EU member state powers UK foreign policy, British sovereignty, European Union, EU common foreign and security policy, EU economic negotiations, EU trade commissioner, exclusive power, Foreign Office, Brexit, repatriation of powers, UK independence, UK international influence, UK negotiation options, trade policy, European Commission UK foreign policy, UK sovereignty, EU common foreign and security policy, EU trade commissioner, EU exclusive powers, Foreign Office, Brexit, UK independence, economic negotiations, trade policy, European Union, policy making, international negotiations, European Commission, UK influence, UK freedom, foreign relations, UK-EU relations, power repatriation, UK trade negotiations UK foreign policy, British sovereignty, European Union, EU common foreign and security policy, economic negotiations, EU trade commissioner, exclusive power, Foreign Office, Brexit, UK independence, trade negotiations, policy-making, EU trade policy, power repatriation, UK influence, negotiation options, EU membership, UK autonomy, security policy, European Commission
test-health-dhiacihwph-con01a	Dominance of generic drugs will reduce reinvestment and innovation in donating countries  The production of high quality generic drugs endangers pharmaceutical progress. In order to export high quality generic drugs, some countries have suggested allowing generic drug manufacturers access to patented drugs. In Canada, amendments to Canada’s Access to Medicine Regime (CAMR) would have forced pharmaceutical research companies to give up their patents [1] . This is problematic however as research based companies invest a large proportion of their profits back in to the industry. The requirements proposed for some Western countries for obligatory quantities of generic drugs to be given to Africa have been accused to removing any incentive to invest in research to combat disease [2] .  [1] Taylor,D. ‘Generic-drug “solution” for Africa not needed’  [2] ibid generic drugs, reinvestment, innovation, pharmaceutical progress, high quality generics, patent access, Canada’s Access to Medicine Regime, CAMR, patent rights, pharmaceutical research, research investment, drug exports, Western countries, obligatory generic drug donations, Africa, incentive removal, disease research, patented drugs, pharmaceutical companies, generic drug policy, drug innovation generic drugs, pharmaceutical innovation, reinvestment, drug patents, Canada Access to Medicine Regime, CAMR, high quality generics, pharmaceutical research, patent access, drug exporting, patent relinquishment, research-based companies, profit reinvestment, Africa drug donation, innovation disincentive, obligatory generic quantities, Western countries, disease research investment, generic drug policy, pharmaceutical progress generic drugs, reinvestment, innovation, donating countries, pharmaceutical progress, high quality generics, patent access, patent policy, Canada, Canada’s Access to Medicine Regime, CAMR, pharmaceutical research companies, profit reinvestment, research incentives, Western countries, obligatory generics, Africa, drug export, intellectual property, generic drug manufacturers, research investment, disease research, patent protection, pharmaceutical industry, drug patents, innovation impact generic drugs, pharmaceutical innovation, reinvestment, donating countries, high quality generics, pharmaceutical progress, patent access, Canada Access to Medicines Regime, CAMR, patent rights, pharmaceutical research, profit reinvestment, Africa, obligatory generic drug donations, research incentives, drug patents, Western countries, generic drug export, pharmaceutical industry, disease research, investment incentives generic drugs, pharmaceutical innovation, reinvestment, high quality generics, patent access, Canada’s Access to Medicine Regime, CAMR, pharmaceutical research companies, patent relinquishment, drug exports, Western countries, obligatory generic drug donations, research incentives, Africa, disease research, pharmaceutical progress, intellectual property, drug patents, generic manufacturer rights, global health policy
test-health-hgwhwbjfs-pro01a	Schools need to practice what they preach  Under the pressure of increasing media coverage and civil society initiatives, schools are being called upon to “take up arms” against childhood obesity, both by introducing more nutritional and physical education classes, as well as transforming the meals they are offering in their cafeterias. [1]  Never before has school been so central to a child’s personal and social education. According to a study conducted by the University of Michigan, American children and teenagers spend in school about 32.5 hours per week homework a week – 7.5 hours more, than 20 years ago [2] . School curricula now cover topics such as personal finance, sex and relationships and citizenship. A precedent for teaching pupils about living well and living responsibly has already been established. Some schools, under national health programs, have given out free milk and fruit to try and make sure that children get enough calcium and vitamins, in case they are not getting enough at home [3] .  While we are seeing various nutritional and health food curricula cropping up [4] , revamping the school lunch is proving to be a more challenging task. “Limited resources and budget cuts hamper schools from offering both healthful, good-tasting alternatives and physical education programs,“ says Sanchez-Vaznaugh, a San Francisco State University researcher. [5]  With expert groups such as the Obesity Society urging policy makers to take into account the complex nature of the obesity epidemic [6] , especially the interplay of biological and social factors that lead to individuals developing the disease, it has become time for governments to urge schools to put their education into practice and give students an environment that allows them to make the healthy choices they learn about in class.  [1] Stolberg, S. G., 'Michelle Obama Leads Campaign Against Obesity', New York Times, 9 February 2010,  , accessed 9/11/2011  [2] University of Michigan, 'U.S. children and teens spend more time on academics', 17 November 2004,  , accessed 09/08/2011  [3] Kent County Council, Nutritional Standards, published September 2007  , accessed 09/08/2011  [4] Veggiecation, 'The Veggiecation Program Announced as First Educational Partner of New York Coalition for Healthy School Food',18 May 2011,  , accessed 9/11/2011  [5] ScienceDaily, 'Eliminating Junk Foods at Schools May Help Prevent Childhood Obesity', 7 March 2010,  , accessed 9/11/2011  [6] Kushner, R. F., et al., 'SOLUTIONS: Eradicating America’s obesity epidemic', Washington Times, 16 August 2009,  , accessed 9/11/2011 schools, childhood obesity, nutritional education, physical education, school cafeterias, healthy school lunches, school health programs, media coverage, civil society, curriculum reform, school meals, free milk, free fruit, student health, school budget cuts, Obesity Society, policy makers, health in schools, bio-social factors, healthy choices, school environment, education and practice, school lunch reform, school wellness, government intervention, nutritional standards, health campaigns, student nutrition, academic pressure, social responsibility, cafeteria food, food policy, public health, school initiatives school nutrition, childhood obesity, healthy school lunches, nutritional education, physical education, school cafeteria, health policy, school curriculum, media coverage, civil society, school health programs, free milk programs, free fruit programs, government policy, obesity epidemic, biological factors, social factors, student health, budget cuts, resource limitations, personal responsibility, school food reform, Michelle Obama obesity campaign, school meals, student wellbeing, environmental influences, healthy eating, academic pressure, school initiatives, public health, health education, student nutrition, lunch program improvement schools, childhood obesity, nutrition education, physical education, school cafeterias, healthy school meals, health curriculum, school lunch programs, media coverage, civil society initiatives, student health, American children, obesity prevention, educational policy, budget cuts, limited resources, school environment, national health programs, free milk, free fruit, school wellness, Obesity Society, policy makers, healthy choices, biological factors, social factors, healthful alternatives, personal and social education, government intervention, junk food elimination, school nutrition standards, Michelle Obama, educational reforms schools, childhood obesity, nutrition education, physical education, school cafeterias, healthy school meals, nutritional programs, media coverage, civil society, school curriculum, personal and social education, health education, budget cuts, school resources, healthy choices, government policy, obesity epidemic, biological factors, social factors, expert groups, policy makers, free milk programs, school health initiatives, student health, academic hours, healthy environment, junk food elimination, school lunch transformation schools, childhood obesity, nutritional education, physical education, school meals, school cafeteria, health curriculum, personal and social education, healthy eating, school lunch programs, budget cuts, nutritional standards, free school milk, free school fruit, national health programs, media coverage, civil society initiatives, policy makers, obesity prevention, biological and social factors, healthful alternatives, student health, wellness programs, educational policy, extracurricular activities, school environment, healthy choices, public health, Obesity Society, government intervention, school nutrition, resource limitations, academic time, school reform, school-based interventions, teacher role, community involvement, food policy, student well-being
test-health-hpehwadvoee-pro02a	The guilt may be too heavy a burden for the relative who could have saved a life  It is not fair to ask of a parent to live with the guilt of having been able to save their child and not doing so. Believing that they are guilty of their child’s death can cause Post-Traumatic Stress Syndrome, which in turn is a major cause of suicides. [1]  [1] Monforte-Royo, C., et al. “The wish to hasten death: a review of clinical studies.” Psycho-Oncology 20.8 (2011): 795-804. guilt, parental guilt, bereavement, child loss, suicide risk, post-traumatic stress, PTSD, psychological burden, familial guilt, wish to hasten death, Psycho-Oncology, Monforte-Royo, clinical studies, mental health, grief, suicide causation, trauma, parent-child relationship, emotional distress, survivor's guilt guilt, parental guilt, bereavement, family member, grief, child loss, suicide risk, Post-Traumatic Stress Syndrome, PTSD, psychological burden, wish to hasten death, Psycho-Oncology, Monforte-Royo, emotional distress, mental health, survivor’s guilt, parental trauma, suicide, save a life, clinical studies, child death guilt, burden, family members, relative, responsibility, parental guilt, child loss, bereavement, grief, suicide risk, Post-Traumatic Stress Syndrome, PTSD, psychological impact, emotional distress, life-saving failure, survivor guilt, suicide causation, wish to hasten death, clinical studies, Monforte-Royo, Psycho-Oncology, mental health, trauma, parental loss, guilt and suicide guilt, caregiver burden, parental guilt, child loss, Post-Traumatic Stress Syndrome, PTSD, suicide risk, bereavement, moral responsibility, survivor guilt, psychological impact, death of a child, mental health, wish to hasten death, Monforte-Royo, psycho-oncology, clinical studies, grief, emotional trauma, parental trauma guilt, caregiver burden, parental guilt, bereavement, complicated grief, PTSD, suicide risk, psychological distress, child loss, moral injury, trauma, wish to hasten death, psycho-oncology, mental health, life-saving responsibility, survivor guilt, Monforte-Royo, parental loss, clinical studies, psychological impact
test-politics-oglilpdwhsn-pro03a	"The New START treaty maintains US nuclear and missile defence.  The US’ Nuclear armament will be modernized along with New START. “The Obama administration has agreed to provide for modernization of the infrastructure essential to maintaining our nuclear arsenal. Funding these efforts has become part of the negotiations in the ratification process. The administration has put forth a 10-year plan to spend $84 billion on the Energy Department's nuclear weapons complex. Much of the credit for getting the administration to add $14 billion to the originally proposed $70 billion for modernization goes to Sen. Jon Kyl, the Arizona Republican who has been vigilant in this effort. Implementing this modernization program in a timely fashion would be important in ensuring that our nuclear arsenal is maintained appropriately over the next decade and beyond.” [1]  Both US Military and civilian leaders insist that the new START treaty will still allow the US to deploy effective missile defenses, something which Russia was opposed to, and so will not affect US missile defense plans. The main limit on missile defense is that the treaty prevents the conversion of existing launchers for this purpose this would be more expensive than building new missiles specifically for defense purposes. [2]  Furthermore, as Joe Biden argues, New START is important to Russian cooperation on missile defense: ""This [missile defense] system demonstrates America's enduring commitment to Article 5 of the Washington Treaty—that an attack on one is an attack on all. NATO missile defense also provides the opportunity for further improvements in both NATO-Russian and U.S.-Russian relations. NATO and Russia agreed at Lisbon to carry out a joint ballistic missile threat assessment, to resume theater missile-defense exercises, and to explore further cooperation on territorial missile defense—things that were nearly unimaginable two years ago. These agreements underscore the strategic importance the alliance attaches to improving its relationship with Russia. But trust and confidence in our relationship with Russia would be undermined without Senate approval of the New Start Treaty, which reduces strategic nuclear forces to levels not seen since the 1950s, and restores important verification mechanisms that ceased when the first Start Treaty expired last December."" [3]  In many ways, in the 21st Century having an abundance of nuclear weapons, particularly having too many, is more of a liability than an advantage. The United States will be far safer with fewer nuclear weapons in the world and a stronger, more stable relationship with Russia under New START, and this is desirable. Therefore it is clear that New START maintains the important parts of US nuclear capabilities while removing the over-abundance which may become a liability due to security and medical concerns, and so New START should be supported.  [1] Kissinger, Henry A. ; Shultz, George P. ; Baker III, James A’ ; Eagleburger , Lawrence S. ; and Powell, Colin L. ""The Republican case for ratifying New START"". Washington Post. 2 December 2010.   [2] ibid  [3] Biden, Joseph. ""The case for ratifying New START"". Wall Street Journal. 25 November 2010. New START treaty, US nuclear modernization, missile defense, nuclear arsenal maintenance, Obama administration, nuclear weapons funding, Energy Department, Sen. Jon Kyl, treaty ratification, modernization program, US military, civilian leaders, missile defense deployment, Russia opposition, launcher conversion restrictions, Biden, NATO missile defense, Article 5, US-Russian relations, NATO-Russian cooperation, ballistic missile threat assessment, territorial missile defense, strategic verification mechanisms, nuclear force reductions, nuclear liability, security concerns, medical concerns, Republican support, Senate approval, Washington Post, Wall Street Journal New START treaty, US nuclear modernization, missile defense, nuclear arsenal, Obama administration, Energy Department, funding, Sen. Jon Kyl, modernization program, US-Russia relations, NATO missile defense, strategic nuclear forces, verification mechanisms, treaty ratification, nuclear weapons reduction, security concerns, US military, civilian leadership, Russian cooperation, ballistic missile threat assessment, NATO-Russian relations, Senate approval, Article 5, Washington Treaty, nuclear weapons modernization, missile launcher conversion, US deterrence, nuclear infrastructure, medical concerns, arms control, strategic stability, nuclear proliferation New START treaty, US nuclear modernization, missile defense, nuclear arsenal, Obama administration, Energy Department, Jon Kyl, nuclear weapons complex, $84 billion nuclear plan, US-Russia relations, Senate ratification, NATO missile defense, Russian cooperation, strategic nuclear forces, treaty verification, launcher conversion, theater missile-defense exercises, nuclear arms reduction, Article 5 Washington Treaty, US security policy, nuclear deterrence, nuclear liability, arms control, NATO-Russian relations, US military leadership, civilian leadership, modernization funding, compliance mechanisms, ballistic missile threat assessment, nuclear weapons infrastructure, nuclear arms negotiations New START treaty, US nuclear modernization, missile defense, nuclear arsenal, US-Russia relations, arms control, Senate ratification, nuclear weapons complex, US military, civilian leaders, NATO missile defense, Article 5, verification mechanisms, strategic nuclear forces, nuclear arms reduction, missile launcher conversion, Obama administration, Jon Kyl, Joe Biden, US strategic capabilities, security concerns, nuclear liability, US energy department, modernization funding, theater missile-defense, NATO-Russian cooperation, ballistic missile threat assessment, Washington Treaty, Cold War nuclear levels New START treaty, US nuclear modernization, US missile defense, nuclear arsenal, Obama administration, nuclear weapons complex, Energy Department, Sen. Jon Kyl, treaty ratification, $84 billion plan, nuclear infrastructure, strategic nuclear forces, verification mechanisms, NATO missile defense, US-Russian relations, ballistic missile threat assessment, theater missile-defense exercises, territorial missile defense, Lisbon agreement, Article 5, NATO-Russian cooperation, nuclear liability, nuclear security, nuclear arms reduction, Senate approval, Cold War arms control, bipartisan support, nuclear verification, US defense policy, missile launcher conversion restrictions, Russian opposition, Biden statements, Republican support, strategic"
test-law-thgglcplgphw-con03a	"Coca chewing is harmful and should be proscribed  The original decision to ban coca chewing was based on evidence that this was indeed harmful to human health. A 1950 report elaborated by the UN Commission of Inquiry on the Coca Leaf with a mandate from ECOSOC states that: ""We believe that the daily, inveterate use of coca leaves by chewing ... is thoroughly noxious and therefore detrimental."" [1] Therefore the risk of health harms should not be dismissed or undermined. Coca is also different to caffeine and other similar products in in its capacity to be diverted to highly potent, dangerous, and damaging use in cocaine. Therefore it has unique health considerations which make its prohibition acceptable.  [1] Jelsma, Martin. “Lifting the Ban on Coca Chewing”. Transnational Institute, Series on Legislative Reform of Drug Policies Nr. 11. March 2011. coca chewing, harmful effects, health risks, prohibition, UN Commission of Inquiry on the Coca Leaf, ECOSOC, noxious, detrimental, coca ban, coca vs caffeine, cocaine, drug policy, legislative reform, Martin Jelsma, transnational institute, health impact, addiction, controlled substances, psychoactive plants, drug regulation coca chewing, health harms, prohibition, UN Commission of Inquiry on the Coca Leaf, 1950 report, ECOSOC, noxious effects, detrimental health, ban justification, cocaine production, drug policy, health risks, Martin Jelsma, Transnational Institute, legislative reform, stimulant comparison, caffeine difference, controlled substances coca chewing, health harms, prohibition, UN Commission of Inquiry on the Coca Leaf, ECOSOC, noxious effects, human health, coca leaf ban, legislative reform, drug policy, cocaine, health risks, caffeine comparison, addictive substances, coca diversion, Transnational Institute, Martin Jelsma, policy evidence, 1950 report, regulatory decision, proscribed practices coca chewing, health risks, prohibition, UN Commission of Inquiry on the Coca Leaf, ECOSOC, harmful effects, noxious, detrimental, cocaine production, legislative reform, drug policy, Martin Jelsma, Transnational Institute, caffeine comparison, health harms, coca regulation, 1950 report, drug diversion, psychoactive substances, unique risks, evidence-based policy coca chewing, health risks, prohibition, UN Commission of Inquiry on the Coca Leaf, ECOSOC, 1950 report, harmful effects, human health, noxious, detrimental, drug policy, Martin Jelsma, Transnational Institute, caffeine comparison, coca leaf ban, cocaine production, legislative reform, drug regulation, substance abuse, psychostimulants"
test-health-hdond-pro03a	Organ donors are more deserving of organs  Reciprocity is a basic moral principle: afford others the good treatment you yourself would like to receive. In most cases, it is a hypothetical; one must place oneself in the other person’s position even though one will never actually be in their place. However, how donor and non-donors are treated when they themselves are in need is a situation in which reciprocity becomes a practical reality. This principle of reciprocity suggests that people who are willing to donate their organs more deserve to receive organs when they need them. And there is good reason to believe in reciprocity. Those who would flaunt this principle are basically stating that they expect something of other people that they themselves are unwilling to do; this is a position that is either incoherent, or based on the unjustified premise that oneself is more objectively valuable than other people. The concept of desert has a foundational role in our society. For example, innocent people deserve not to be put in prison, even if it would be useful to frame and make an example of an innocent person in order to quell a period of civil unrest. organ donation, donor reciprocity, moral principle, organ allocation, deserving recipients, ethical allocation, fairness, organ donor priority, distributive justice, moral desert, ethics of organ transplants, reciprocity ethics, altruism, equity in transplantation, organ recipient eligibility, donation incentives, desert theory, distributive ethics, fairness principle, ethical organ distribution organ donation, reciprocity, moral principle, desert, ethics, organ donor deservingness, fairness, justice, allocation of organs, eligibility, altruism, utilitarianism, fairness in healthcare, distributive justice, medical ethics, moral deservingness, principle of reciprocity, transplant ethics, reward for donation, eligibility criteria, organ recipient prioritization, self-interest, social contract, equity, healthcare rationing organ donation, organ donors, organ recipients, reciprocity, moral principles, ethics, allocation, fairness, desert, deservingness, distributive justice, eligibility, altruism, donor status, organ allocation policy, bioethics, moral desert, equity, priority, non-donors, ethical justification, healthcare ethics, priority criteria, fairness in medicine, transplantation ethics, justice in allocation organ donation, reciprocity, moral principle, deserving, organ allocation, fairness, ethical allocation, donor prioritization, desert, justice, equity, transplantation ethics, organ recipients, donor incentives, moral deservingness, distributive justice, bioethics, altruism, fairness in medicine, reciprocal obligation, merit-based distribution organ donation, organ recipient priority, donor reciprocity, moral desert, bioethics, just distribution, fairness in transplantation, ethical allocation, deservingness, reciprocity principle, organ allocation ethics, justice in healthcare, altruism, medical ethics, distributive justice, non-donor exclusion, reciprocity in medicine, priority rule, deserving organ transplants, fairness policy
test-free-speech-debate-nshbcsbawc-pro03a	The confession of religious faith is far more important than the rather petty rules that banned the wearing of the cross.  People of faith attest that those beliefs determine the nature of their own identity and their place in the Universe. In the case of Nadia Eweida, at least, the employer’s case was based on the idea that wearing a symbol of that faith might not enhance their uniform. The difference between the significance of the claims could not be greater.  Indeed, British Airways, Eweida’s employer, has since changed their policy to permit staff to wear religious or charitable imagery [i] in large part because of the absurdity of the position.  The case against Chaplin was based on health and safety legislation - but not because the cross and chain posed a risk to others but to herself [ii] ; a risk she was, presumably, prepared to accept.  On one hand there are individuals protecting their sincere beliefs in the most profound of issues and, on the other, managers applying what the Archbishop of Canterbury described as “wooden-headed bureaucratic silliness”. [iii] There is no suggestion that harm to another could have been caused here and, therefore, no reason not to respect the heartfelt beliefs of the individuals involved.  [i] BBC News Website. “Christian Airline Employee Loses Cross ban Appeal”. 12 February 2010.  [ii] Daily Mail. “It's a very bad day for Christianity: Nurse's verdict after tribunal rules she can't wear crucifix at work”  [iii] The Telegraph, ‘Archbishop of Canterbury hits out at cross ban’, 4 April 2010, religious faith, cross ban, British Airways, Nadia Eweida, religious symbols, workplace policy, employee rights, identity, expression, uniform policy, health and safety, Shirley Chaplin, employment tribunal, Christianity, religious freedom, dress code, discrimination, legal case, UK law, personal belief, staff uniform, faith expression, religious accommodation, Archbishop of Canterbury, bureaucratic policy, harm, BBC News, Daily Mail, The Telegraph religious freedom, cross ban, Nadia Eweida, British Airways, faith expression, workplace discrimination, religious symbolism, uniform policy, health and safety, Shirley Chaplin, employment law, identity and religion, UK employment tribunal, Christian beliefs, religious accommodation, human rights, religious attire, personal belief, workplace rights, bureaucracy, policy change religious faith, confession, identity, religious symbols, cross, uniform policy, British Airways, Nadia Eweida, religious expression, employment, workplace, discrimination, policy change, religious imagery, Chaplin case, health and safety, risk assessment, personal belief, religious rights, bureaucracy, Archbishop of Canterbury, court case, Christianity, tribunal, human rights, workplace accommodation, religious freedom, BBC News, Daily Mail, The Telegraph Nadia Eweida, British Airways, religious symbols, cross ban, religious freedom, identity, faith, workplace policy, Chaplin case, health and safety, employment law, uniform policy, UK employment discrimination, Christian beliefs, religious accommodation, management decisions, bureaucratic silliness, religious expression, employee rights, workplace diversity, policy change, Archbishop of Canterbury, court cases, BBC News, Daily Mail, The Telegraph, religious imagery, personal beliefs, UK law, discrimination cases religious faith, confession, cross ban, religious symbols, British Airways, Nadia Eweida, identity, employer policy, religious expression, workplace rules, health and safety, Chaplin case, uniform policy, charitable imagery, employee rights, religious freedom, faith symbols, bureaucracy, discrimination, Christianity, workplace accommodation, personal beliefs, religious attire, UK employment law, religious discrimination, human rights, workplace diversity, secularism, religious tolerance, cross wearing, court cases, Archbishop of Canterbury, BBC News, Daily Mail, The Telegraph
test-free-speech-debate-radhbsshr-con02a	Infantilisation and Prejudice  Those who dismiss the reaction to ‘The Spear’ forget the historical context which may trigger the sorts of responses seen to the artwork. [1]  South Africa’s past problems can be seen to derive from the gross caricaturing of Black people and Black Men in particular as lascivious, overtly sexual and threatening, playing into a narrative of Blacks as ‘inferior beings’ justifying inhumane treatment over a number of centuries.  Portraying the President with his genitals exposed could also be seen to pass negative comment upon his polygamy, which is permitted in his Zulu culture. Such comment upon something which can determine social standing can also be viewed as offensive by many, triggering such reactions. [2]  With this in mind then the right action for both The Goodman Gallery and City Press to take would be to remove such offensive art to avoid any hurt caused and to quell the protest which were borne out of genuine offence, not political grandstanding as opposition seem to imply.  [1] Hlongwane, Sipho, ‘The Spear: Millions of people were insulted’, Daily Maverick, 28 May 2012,   [2] Dana, Simphiwe, ‘The 'Sarah Baartmanisation' of the black body’, Mail & Guardian, 12 June 2012, Infantilisation, prejudice, The Spear, historical context, South Africa, caricature, Black people, Black men, stereotypes, lascivious, sexualisation, inferiority, inhumane treatment, exposed genitals, polygamy, Zulu culture, social standing, offence, protest, Goodman Gallery, City Press, offensive art, Sipho Hlongwane, Daily Maverick, Simphiwe Dana, Sarah Baartman, black body, Mail & Guardian Infantilisation, prejudice, The Spear, historical context, South Africa, caricature, Black people, Black men, racism, stereotype, lasciviousness, sexualization, inferiority, inhumane treatment, polygamy, Zulu culture, offense, social standing, Goodman Gallery, City Press, offensive art, protest, genuine offense, political grandstanding, Sipho Hlongwane, Daily Maverick, Simphiwe Dana, Sarah Baartman, black body, Mail & Guardian, art controversy, cultural sensitivity, representation, post-apartheid, media reactions, racial dynamics, dehumanization, visual infantilisation, prejudice, The Spear, historical context, South Africa, caricature, Black people, Black men, stereotypes, lascivious, sexualization, threatening, inferiority narrative, inhumane treatment, exposed genitals, polygamy, Zulu culture, social standing, offense, Goodman Gallery, City Press, art censorship, protest, Sarah Baartmanisation, black body, Sipho Hlongwane, Simphiwe Dana, racism, cultural sensitivity, dehumanization, political opposition, media controversy infantilisation, prejudice, The Spear, South Africa, historical context, caricature, Black men, sexual stereotypes, racism, inferiority narrative, inhumane treatment, polygamy, Zulu culture, cultural offense, Goodman Gallery, City Press, offensive art, protest, social standing, Sarah Baartman, black body, Sipho Hlongwane, Simphiwe Dana, media response, art controversy, cultural sensitivity, racial discrimination, public reaction, representation, gaze, stereotype, dehumanization infantilisation, prejudice, The Spear, historical context, South Africa, caricature, Black people, Black men, lascivious stereotypes, overt sexuality, threatening imagery, inferiority narrative, inhumane treatment, presidential portrayal, exposed genitals, polygamy, Zulu culture, social standing, offense, Goodman Gallery, City Press, art removal, protest, genuine offense, political grandstanding, Sipho Hlongwane, Simphiwe Dana, Sarah Baartmanisation, black body, Mail & Guardian, Daily Maverick
test-politics-grcrgshwbr-pro04a	A ban would be simple to enforce.  A ban would be simple to create and enforce. Religious symbols are for the most part meant to be shown therefore it is simple for police or authorities to check that someone is not wearing them. There are many societies that have had bans on a religious symbol in public buildings, for example in France where there is a ban on religious symbols in schools has been in force since 2004. In France the ban is made even easier to enforce by restricting it to 'conspicuous' religious apparel.1 Moreover when the ban is only when entering public buildings it can be enforced by the teacher, or the building's security guards rather than being an issue for the police to deal with.  1 BBC News, 'French scarf ban comes into force', 2 September 2004 , accessed 28/8/11 ban enforcement, religious symbols, public buildings, France, conspicuous religious apparel, school ban, police, authorities, security guards, enforcement simplicity, French scarf ban, 2004, BBC News, public schools, teacher enforcement, religious symbol ban history, legal restrictions, secularism, policy implementation, public dress code ban, enforcement, religious symbols, public buildings, France, schools, conspicuous apparel, policy, legal restriction, police, authorities, teachers, security guards, public spaces, secularism, law, implementation, visibility, dress code, case study, international examples, BBC News, French scarf ban ban enforcement, religious symbols, public buildings, France, French ban, schools, conspicuous religious apparel, authorities, police, security guards, teacher enforcement, legality, implementation, simplicity, secularism, law, headscarf ban, BBC News, 2004, case study ban enforcement, religious symbols, public buildings, France, schools, conspicuous apparel, police, authorities, security guards, teacher, simple enforcement, French scarf ban, 2004 law, BBC News, public spaces, religious apparel restrictions, secularism, religious dress code, law implementation, legal precedent, European bans ban enforcement, religious symbols, public buildings, France, conspicuous apparel, police, authorities, schools, 2004, teacher enforcement, security guards, French scarf ban, public spaces, law implementation, secularism, BBC News, legal restrictions, society, headscarf ban, religious apparel, policy enforcement
test-education-usuprmhbu-pro01a	"There is a moral obligation to provide affirmative action programs  Society has a moral obligation to right its wrongs and compensate those they have treated unjustly.  Discrimination, whether overt or convert, is an unacceptable practice that arbitrarily disadvantages certain people on grounds that they have no control over. Discrimination not only is theoretically a bad thing to do to people, but also has tangible negative impacts. Discrimination against groups such as the African American community in the USA has left them without the education or employment opportunities to even have a chance at achieving the success and happiness they deserve [1] . Discrimination is unacceptable practice for any society to engage in and victims of discrimination deserve compensation for the physical and psychological harms they suffered from being rejected by their very own community [2] .  Past discrimination has left communities without the physical goods and psychological feelings of acceptance and safety all individuals deserve from their country and thus there is a moral obligation of society to take steps to offer the physical and symbolic advantages they have been denied through affirmative action.  [1] Aka, Philip. ""Affirmative Action and the Black Experience in America."" American Bar Association. 36.4 (2009): Print.  [2] Aka, Philip. ""Affirmative Action and the Black Experience in America."" American Bar Association. 36.4 (2009): Print. moral obligation, affirmative action, discrimination, social justice, compensation, reparations, historical injustice, African American, marginalized groups, equality, equity, education opportunity, employment opportunity, societal responsibility, psychological harm, physical harm, exclusion, righting wrongs, community acceptance, symbolic advantages, diversity, ethical responsibility, American Bar Association, Philip Aka, black experience affirmative action, moral obligation, discrimination, compensation, social justice, African American, United States, education opportunities, employment opportunities, historical injustice, societal responsibility, equity, reparations, psychological harm, physical harm, community, righting wrongs, anti-discrimination, marginalized groups, inclusion, social policy, restorative justice, symbolic advantages, past discrimination, minority rights, fairness, equal opportunity moral obligation, affirmative action, discrimination, compensation, social justice, historical injustice, African American, employment opportunities, education opportunities, psychological harm, physical harm, societal responsibility, equality, reparations, minority rights, social inequality, civil rights, corrective action, community disadvantage, ethical duty, societal compensation, past discrimination, symbolic advantage, physical advantage, inclusion, diversity programs, redress, racism, justice, fair treatment moral obligation, affirmative action, compensation for discrimination, social justice, righting historical wrongs, reparations, discrimination impacts, African American community, educational opportunity, employment opportunity, psychological harm, physical harm, equality, societal responsibility, fairness, justice, moral duty, historical discrimination, anti-discrimination policy, social equity, marginalized groups, restitution, community healing, affirmative action programs, systemic inequality moral obligation, affirmative action, discrimination, social justice, compensation, unjust treatment, African American community, education inequality, employment opportunities, psychological harm, physical harm, reparations, historical injustice, equal opportunity, societal responsibility, diversity, inclusion, righting wrongs, anti-discrimination, past discrimination, marginalized groups, symbolic advantages, minority rights, social equity, restorative justice"
test-environment-assgbatj-con01a	Animals don’t have human rights  Humans have large brains, form social groups, communicate and are generally worthy of moral consideration. We also are aware of ourselves and of the nature of death. Some animals have some of these characteristics but not all so should not have the same rights. In harming animals to benefit humans, we enter in to a good moral trade-off to create a greater good. [11] animal rights, human rights, moral consideration, large brains, self-awareness, communication, social groups, moral trade-off, greater good, ethical treatment, species differences, consciousness, animal welfare, personhood, harm to animals, moral philosophy, human superiority, animal cognition, moral status, ethical justification animal rights, human rights, moral consideration, cognitive abilities, brain size, self-awareness, social groups, communication, moral trade-off, ethical justification, greater good, speciesism, human-animal distinction, moral status, animal cognition, ethical treatment, animal welfare animal rights, human rights, moral consideration, brain size, self-awareness, social groups, communication, moral trade-off, greater good, species differences, ethical justification, human-animal comparison, consciousness, value of life, ethical hierarchy animal rights, human rights, moral consideration, large brains, self-awareness, social groups, communication, nature of death, greater good, moral trade-off, ethical treatment, human-animal difference, animal consciousness, moral philosophy, ethical debate animals, human rights, moral consideration, consciousness, self-awareness, brain size, social groups, communication, ethical trade-off, animal rights, moral philosophy, greater good, animal welfare, species difference, utilitarianism, human-animal relationship, ethical justification, moral status, sentience, harm-benefit analysis
test-law-cppshbcjsfm-con04a	Rehabilitation Constitutes an Unjustifiable Further Expense  The evidence from all over the world suggests that recidivism rates are difficult to reduce and that some offenders just can’t be rehabilitated. It therefore makes economic sense to cut all rehabilitation programs and concentrate on ensuring that prisoners serve the time they deserve for their crimes and are kept off the streets where they are bound to re-offend. As it can be seen that some deserving of a longer sentence only receive short sentences due to lack of time and space and some who have committed shorter sentences are given long sentences aimed at making a point or sending a message.  Currently, the government will continue to be gambling tax payers’ money on programs that will not give anything back into the society that it took from. Britain spends £45,000 a year on each of its prisoners and yet 50% will go on to re-offend, ‘which translates into a dead investment of £2 billion annually. [1] Rehabilitation programs should be scrapped and taxpayers asked only to pay the bare minimum to keep offenders off the streets. They can’t harm society if they are behind bars.  [1] Bois, N. D., ‘Retribution and Rehabilitation: A Modern Conservative Justice Policy’. Dale & Co. 20 July 2011. rehabilitation, recidivism, offender rehabilitation, incarceration costs, economic efficiency, justice policy, prison sentences, reoffending rates, tax payer burden, criminal justice spending, conservative justice, prison reform, deterrence, punitive measures, rehabilitation program effectiveness, criminal justice economics, UK prison system, retributive justice, public safety, prison overcrowding, expenditure on prisoners, dead investment, criminal sentencing rehabilitation, recidivism, economic analysis, offender rehabilitation, prison costs, reoffending rates, criminal justice policy, taxpayer money, rehabilitation program effectiveness, incarceration, sentencing policy, prison overcrowding, criminal justice spending, cost-benefit analysis, punitive justice, public safety, criminal rehabilitation debate, anti-rehabilitation arguments, UK prison spending, retributive justice, prison sentences, dead investment rehabilitation programs, recidivism rates, offenders, economic argument, prison expenses, taxpayer money, re-offending, incarceration, justice policy, prison sentences, cost-benefit analysis, criminal justice, public safety, sentencing policy, crime prevention, prison costs, conservative justice, rehabilitation effectiveness, criminal rehabilitation, government spending, criminal policy, dead investment, UK prisons, sentencing disparities, retribution rehabilitation programs, recidivism rates, offender rehabilitation, prison expenses, cost-benefit analysis, criminal justice policy, sentencing policy, taxpayer burden, prisoner reoffending, incarceration costs, crime prevention, punitive justice, economic impact, rehabilitation effectiveness, public safety, prison overcrowding, justice reform, criminal sentencing, conservative justice policy, dead investment, government expenditure, prison population, rehabilitation vs punishment, United Kingdom prisons, reoffending statistics rehabilitation, recidivism, offender rehabilitation, economic costs, rehabilitation programs, prison expenses, recidivism rates, public safety, incarceration, sentencing policy, taxpayer money, cost-benefit analysis, prison funding, criminal justice policy, punitive justice, retribution, prison overcrowding, government spending, criminal rehabilitation effectiveness, UK prison costs, justice system efficiency, conservative justice policy, Bois 2011, dead investment, taxpayer burden, criminal deterrence
test-sport-otshwbe2uuyt-con03a	"The boycott would affect Poland and the Ukrainian people as well as Yanukovych  A boycott of Euro 2012 even if it was meant to be limited to Ukraine would negatively impact on the whole tournament. Polish Prime Minister Donald Tust argued ""It is in Poland's undisputed interest to hold the games in Poland and Ukraine without a hitch and to prevent politics from ruining the great effort"", [1] any boycott would unnecessarily move the attention away from the games itself towards politics.  It should also be remembered that Viktor Yanukovych does not represent the whole of Ukraine and only won by a narrow margin with 48.95% of the vote compared to Yulia Timoshenko’s 45.47% in the second round. [2] Arseniy Yatsenyuk leader of the Front for Change has urged leaders not to boycott ""The best scenario would be if the European leaders attended the championship, but did not meet President Yanukovych. It's supposed to be a visit to Ukrainians, not to Yanukovych"". [3] This would show that European countries support the Ukrainian people and their democratic aspirations and even hope they may be eventually will join the European Union while showing displeasure at Yanukovych’s policies and lack of support for democracy.  [1] ‘ Poland slams calls for Ukraine Euro 2012 boycott’, The Warsaw Voice online, 4 May 2012.  [2] Nesterov, Andrei, ‘How the News is Reported in Russia’, School of Russian and Asian, 19 February 2010.  [3] Dorosh, Svitlana, ‘Ukraine fights Euro 2012 boycott’, BBC Ukrainian, 9 May 2012. Euro 2012, boycott, Ukraine, Poland, Yanukovych, Polish Prime Minister, Donald Tusk, politics, tournament, Arseniy Yatsenyuk, Front for Change, European leaders, European Union, democratic aspirations, Yulia Timoshenko, election results, support for democracy, Polish-Ukrainian relations, Viktor Yanukovych, international relations, political protest, UEFA, public opinion, sporting events, diplomacy, human rights, impact of boycott, attendance, sports and politics, EU-Ukraine relations Euro 2012, boycott, Poland, Ukraine, Viktor Yanukovych, Yulia Timoshenko, Arseniy Yatsenyuk, Donald Tusk, democratic aspirations, European Union, international relations, sports politics, tournament impact, political protest, Eastern Europe, election results, political legitimacy, European leaders, public opinion, front for change, media coverage, Warsaw Voice, BBC Ukrainian, political dissent, Ukraine democracy, Polish-Ukrainian relations Euro 2012, boycott, Poland, Ukraine, Viktor Yanukovych, Polish Prime Minister, Donald Tusk, political impact, tournament, European leaders, Yulia Timoshenko, Arseniy Yatsenyuk, Front for Change, democracy, European Union, international relations, sports politics, public opinion, Ukrainian people, political protest, tournament impact, government criticism, international boycott, election results Euro 2012, boycott, Poland, Ukraine, Yanukovych, Polish Prime Minister, Donald Tusk, politics, tournament, Viktor Yanukovych, Yulia Tymoshenko, Arseniy Yatsenyuk, Front for Change, European leaders, democratic aspirations, European Union, support, lack of democracy, presidential election, international relations, political impact, media coverage, UEFA, public opinion, football championship, diplomatic relations, human rights, government policies, opposition, protests, Poland-Ukraine relations, sports diplomacy Euro 2012, Poland, Ukraine, boycott, Viktor Yanukovych, Ukrainian people, Polish Prime Minister, Donald Tusk, politics, tournament, impact, European leaders, Yulia Timoshenko, Arseniy Yatsenyuk, Front for Change, democratic aspirations, European Union, support, championship, vote margin, human rights, international relations, political protest, sports diplomacy, media coverage, public opinion, co-hosting, government, civil society, Warsaw Voice, BBC Ukrainian"
test-international-apwhbaucmip-con02a	Africa is the most warlike continent  In 2012 Africa had the most distinct conflicts of any region with 13 ongoing conflicts. [1] While Africa and Asia have throughout most of the last fifty years had roughly similar numbers of conflicts – approximately 10 per year [2] - Africa has had many more non state conflicts and the number has not declined since 2004 when there were 20 non-state conflicts; in 2011 there were 22. [3] All in all there is little hope of managing to end all these conflicts by 2020.  [1] ‘Armed Conflicts 2012’, Uppsala Conflict Data Program, 2013,   [2] ‘Armed Conflict by Region’, UCDP, 2013,   [3] ‘Non-state Conflicts by Region, 1989-2011’, UCDP, 2012, Africa, warlike continent, conflicts, 2012, armed conflicts, distinct conflicts, regional conflicts, non-state conflicts, Asia, conflict numbers, conflict trends, conflict decline, Uppsala Conflict Data Program, UCDP, conflict data, non-state violence, conflict management, conflict resolution, historical conflicts, conflict statistics, sub-Saharan Africa, intrastate conflict, interstate conflict, civil wars, conflict frequency, peace efforts, violence trends, annual conflicts, 1989-2011, 2004, 2011, conflict persistence, conflict regions, conflict comparison, Africa vs Asia Africa, warlike continent, armed conflicts, conflict statistics, 2012, ongoing conflicts, regional conflicts, Asia, non-state conflicts, conflict trends, Uppsala Conflict Data Program, UCDP, armed conflict data, non-state violence, conflict management, conflict resolution, Africa conflict history, conflict prevalence, trends 1989-2011, conflict in Asia, conflict frequency, African wars, conflict decline, peace prospects, conflict by region Africa, armed conflict, continent comparison, warlike, 2012, ongoing conflicts, Uppsala Conflict Data Program, UCDP, Asia, conflict frequency, non-state conflicts, regional conflict trends, conflict statistics, global conflict, 2004, 2011, conflict management, peace prospects, conflict decline, Africa vs Asia, conflict data, conflict by region, historic trends, end of conflicts, war regions Africa, warlike continent, 2012, armed conflicts, regions, distinct conflicts, conflict data, Uppsala Conflict Data Program, UCDP, conflict frequency, non-state conflicts, Asia, conflict trends, ongoing conflicts, conflict management, conflict statistics, 2004, 2011, conflict decline, conflict resolution, regional comparison, non-state actors, conflict numbers, Africa-Asia comparison, global conflict distribution Africa, warlike continent, conflicts, 2012, ongoing conflicts, distinct conflicts, non-state conflicts, Asia, regional conflicts, Uppsala Conflict Data Program, UCDP, 1989-2011, armed conflict, conflict trends, conflict statistics, conflict management, conflict resolution, conflict frequency, region comparison, historical conflict data, peace in Africa, Asia-Africa conflict comparison, conflict incidence, Africa conflict analysis
test-health-dhiacihwph-con02a	Cheaper drugs aren’t trusted by consumers  The differences in price between generic and patented drugs can be disconcerting to those wishing to buy pharmaceuticals. As with other product, logic generally follows the rule that the more expensive option is the most effective. There are reports from the USA of generic drugs causing suicidal tendencies [1] . These factors, combined with the lower levels of screening for drugs in Africa, mean that cheaper drugs are generally distrusted [2] .  [1] Childs,D. ‘Generic Drugs: Dangerous Differences?’  [2] Mercurio,B. ‘Resolving the Public Health Crisis in the Developing World: Problems and Barriers of Access to Essential Medicines’ cheaper drugs, consumer trust, generic drugs, patented drugs, drug pricing, pharmaceutical perception, effectiveness, drug safety, suicidal tendencies, Africa, drug screening, public health, essential medicines, drug access barriers, drug distrust, generic drug risks, developing world, medicine affordability, branded drugs, drug regulation cheaper drugs, consumer trust, generic drugs, patented drugs, drug prices, pharmaceuticals, drug effectiveness, generic drug safety, suicidal tendencies, drug screening, Africa, drug distrust, developing world, access to medicines, essential medicines, public health, drug regulation, medicine quality, drug safety issues, drug affordability cheaper drugs, generic drugs, drug trust, consumer perception, drug price differences, patented drugs, pharmaceutical effectiveness, drug safety, generic drug risks, suicidal tendencies, drug screening, Africa, drug distrust, essential medicines, public health, drug regulation, medicine access barriers, developing world, generic vs branded drugs, drug quality perception cheaper drugs, consumer trust, generic drugs, patented drugs, drug price differences, pharmaceuticals, drug effectiveness, generic drug safety, suicidal tendencies, drug regulation, Africa drug screening, drug distrust, developing world, essential medicines, public health crisis, access barriers, drug screening levels, drug safety perceptions, United States, drug reputation, health outcomes generic drugs, patented drugs, drug pricing, consumer trust, pharmaceutical distrust, drug effectiveness, generic drug safety, drug screening Africa, drug price perception, generic drugs suicidal tendencies, public health access, essential medicines, developing world pharmaceuticals, drug regulation, drug quality
test-international-iwiaghbss-pro01a	Moving is an imperative  It is clear that if the Seychelles wishes to remain as a sovereign nation it will have to relocate almost all of its population and it makes sense for this to be in one place so keeping the nation together. The way to do this is through purchasing land and sovereignty from another country that has land to spare. There is clearly little other choice and some of the small island states have already accepted this. Kiribati for example has already bought land from Fiji with the intent of using it as a last resort for its people. [1]  [1] Yu, Bobby, ‘The Sinking Nation of Kiribati: The Lonely Stand Against Statelessness And Displacement from Rising Oceans’, The Arizona Journal of Environmental Law & Policy, 11 January 2013, Seychelles, sovereignty, relocation, population displacement, land purchase, climate change, rising sea levels, statelessness, small island states, Kiribati, Fiji, environmental migration, last resort, national relocation, land sovereignty, nation preservation, resettlement, environmental law, climate refugees, ocean rise, forced migration Seychelles, relocation, sovereignty, population displacement, land purchase, rising sea levels, climate migration, island nations, statelessness, Kiribati, Fiji, environmental refugees, national resettlement, climate change, cross-border relocation, sovereign land acquisition, sea level rise, environmental policy, small island states Seychelles, sovereign nation, relocation, population displacement, land purchase, sovereignty transfer, climate change migration, small island states, statelessness, Kiribati, Fiji, rising sea levels, environmental displacement, nation preservation, national relocation, international land acquisition Seychelles, relocation, sovereignty, population displacement, land purchase, climate change, small island states, Kiribati, Fiji, statelessness, rising sea levels, national survival, environmental migration, international law, territory acquisition, climate refugees Seychelles, relocation, population displacement, sovereignty, land purchase, climate migration, small island states, statelessness, rising sea levels, Kiribati, Fiji, national relocation, environmental refugees, sovereign nation, land acquisition, climate change, forced migration, environmental law, resettlement, purchasing territory, ocean rise, nation preservation
test-law-hrpepthwuto-con01a	Allowing torture under any circumstances will allow the prospect of its routine use  The advantage of a complete ban on torture is that it leaves no room for doubt, no possibility for confusion, no need to apply personal judgement. Under the status quo, it is simply illegal to use force or the threat of force to solicit information from a suspect, regardless of the charge.  The moment that becomes something other than a complete ban then it puts an intolerable pressure on security officials to decide when it is justified and when it is not.  The experience of Abu Grahib demonstrates how the use of abusive treatment can become routine, even trivial, all too quickly. If it is acceptable to use torture to prevent mass-murder, then why not murder? If for murder than why not rape? And so on. torture, complete ban, legality, ethical implications, security officials, personal judgement, routine abuse, Abu Ghraib, slippery slope, human rights, legal clarity, interrogation, force, moral boundaries, abuse prevention, law enforcement ethics, precedent, justification, abuse of power, criminal investigation, anti-torture policy torture, complete ban, legality, routine use, abuse, security officials, moral judgment, Abu Ghraib, human rights, slippery slope, precedent, law enforcement, ethical dilemma, force, interrogations, abuse prevention, policy, precedent danger, criminal justice, suspect treatment torture, complete ban, legality, abuse, security officials, personal judgement, routine use, Abu Ghraib, human rights, moral slippery slope, interrogation, ethical dilemma, legal standards, abuse prevention, force, threat, law enforcement, suspect treatment, justification, escalation, moral boundaries torture, complete ban, legality, security officials, personal judgement, status quo, Abu Ghraib, abusive treatment, routine use, human rights, ethical implications, law enforcement, slippery slope, moral boundaries, justification, pressure, use of force, suspects, interrogation, mass-murder, escalation, precedent torture, complete ban, routine use, legality, security officials, personal judgement, Abu Ghraib, abusive treatment, ethical dilemma, slippery slope, human rights, interrogation, force, threat, information extraction, moral boundaries, law enforcement, criminal justice, legal prohibition, torture justification, abuse of power
test-economy-fiahwpamu-pro01a	A livelihoods approach  The livelihoods approach provides a useful model to understand how poor people live [1] ; and remains important to recognising the benefits of microfinance.  The provision of microfinance reduces vulnerability to shocks and changes such as losing a job; enhances people’s access to assets that they use and need (such as finance, friend networks, and land); and this fundamentally acts to change the lives of the poor. Microfinance provides social protection through tapping into social capital. Further, microfinance means aid is not simply provided, but the individual is taught valuable financial skills and given the means to sustain themselves for their lifetime.  [1] See further readings: IFAD, 2013. livelihoods approach, microfinance, poverty reduction, vulnerability, shocks, access to assets, social capital, financial skills, sustainable development, social protection, financial inclusion, poverty alleviation, IFAD, empowerment, self-sufficiency, asset building, community networks, financial literacy, economic resilience, aid effectiveness livelihoods approach, microfinance, poverty reduction, vulnerability, shocks, asset access, financial inclusion, social capital, social protection, financial skills, sustainable development, IFAD 2013, poor communities, empowerment, self-sufficiency, economic resilience, financial literacy, community networks, development models, poverty alleviation livelihoods approach, microfinance, poverty reduction, vulnerability, shocks, access to assets, financial inclusion, social capital, social protection, financial skills, self-sufficiency, sustainable livelihoods, financial empowerment, poor communities, microcredit, IFAD 2013, asset building, poverty alleviation, resilience, community networks, development models, capacity building, economic empowerment livelihoods approach, microfinance, poverty reduction, vulnerability, shocks, asset access, financial inclusion, social capital, social protection, financial skills, self-sufficiency, sustainable development, IFAD 2013, poor communities, empowerment, aid models, financial services, poverty alleviation, development interventions, resilience livelihoods approach, microfinance, poverty reduction, vulnerability, social protection, financial inclusion, asset access, social capital, sustainable development, financial skills, self-sufficiency, poor communities, empowerment, IFAD, financial education, resilience, aid effectiveness, economic empowerment, income generation, community networks
test-international-ghwcitca-pro04a	A cyber treaty benefits everyone  A treaty that bans, or sharply curtails cyber-attacks would benefit every state. Even those who may currently benefit from cyber espionage would be better off signing up to the treaty.  First most cyber-attacks are not carried out by the state even in countries like China where the state is using the internet as an offensive tool. In its annual report to congress the Department of Defence stated some cyber-attacks “appear to be attributable directly to the Chinese government and military” but this does not sound like a majority. [1]  Secondly no state wants a risk of conflict as a result of an unregulated new field of potential conflict. Or even to risk relations with other nations; cyber-attacks in large part go on because they are cost free.  And finally all nations are the victims of cyber-attacks. The United States has repeatedly condemned cyber-attacks against it but China also claims that it is the victim of cyber-attacks. China’s Minister of National Defense General Chang Wanquan says “China is one of the primary victims of hacker attacks in the world.” [2] Having a treaty against cyber attacks would not only make business easier for all countries but it would build up trust between nations where it is currently being eroded.  [1] Office of the Secretary of Defense, ‘Annual; Report to Congress Military and Security Developments Involving the People’s Republic of China 2013’, Department of Defense,  p.36  [2] Brook, Tom Vanden, ‘Cyber attack? What cyber attack?’, USA Today, 19 August 2013, cyber treaty, cyber-attacks, cyber espionage, international agreements, state-sponsored attacks, China, United States, cyber conflict, cyber regulations, global cybersecurity, cross-border cybercrime, diplomatic relations, cyber defense, Department of Defense report, military cyber operations, hacker attacks, cyber victimization, cyber trust, international cooperation, cyber norms, cyber peace, cyber deterrence, cyber risk, conflict prevention, business cybersecurity, treaty benefits cyber treaty, cyber-attacks, cyber security, international relations, cyber-espionage, state-sponsored attacks, China, United States, Department of Defense, cyber conflict, regulation, hacker attacks, cybercrime, global cooperation, treaty benefits, conflict prevention, cyber regulation, trust building, international law, diplomatic relations, cyber warfare, national security, cross-border attacks, treaty enforcement, digital diplomacy, cyber norms cyber treaty, cyber-attacks, international agreement, cyber espionage, state-sponsored cyber operations, China, United States, Department of Defense, cyber conflict, cyber risk, internet security, hacker attacks, global cybersecurity, conflict prevention, diplomatic relations, trust building, cyber norms, cyber regulation, international law, cyber defense, multilateral treaty, cyber policy, national security, cyber cooperation, regulation of cyberspace cyber treaty, cyber-attacks, international agreement, cyber espionage, state-sponsored attacks, China, United States, conflict prevention, cyber regulation, diplomatic relations, cyber defense, hacking, global security, trust building, cybersecurity policy, military cyber operations, hacker victims, international law, cyber norms, cybercrime prevention, cyber diplomacy, cyber incident attribution, national security, treaty benefits, cyber peace, cyber threat cyber treaty, cyber-attacks, international relations, cyber espionage, state actors, non-state actors, conflict prevention, cyber security, national security, China, United States, Department of Defense, hacker attacks, global cooperation, trust building, cyber regulation, international law, cyber warfare, diplomatic relations, cybercrime, treaty benefits, cyber peace, global governance, multilateral agreement, cybersecurity policy
test-health-dhgsshbesbc-pro02a	It’s in the interests of employees  It’s in the interests of the HIV positive employee. Right now, although in many countries it is illegal to fire someone for having HIV [1] prejudiced employers can claim that they didn’t know their employer had HIV when they fired him, so they must have been acting on other grounds. The employee then has to try and prove that they did know, which can be very hard. Furthermore, once informed the employer can reasonably be expected to display a minimum level of understanding and compassion to the employee.  [1] Civil Rights Division, Ouestions and Answers: The Americans with Disabilities Act and Persons with HIV/AIDS’, U.S. Department of Justice, HIV, HIV positive employee, employee rights, workplace discrimination, employer prejudice, illegal firing, HIV disclosure, employment law, Americans with Disabilities Act, ADA, workplace compassion, civil rights, HIV stigma, employee protection, U.S. Department of Justice HIV positive employees, workplace discrimination, employee rights, HIV-related firing, employer prejudice, proof of knowledge, legal protection, Americans with Disabilities Act, HIV/AIDS workplace law, employer awareness, compassion in workplace, U.S. Department of Justice, civil rights, employment termination, disability discrimination, workplace accommodation, HIV stigma, employee legal recourse HIV-positive employees, employment discrimination, workplace rights, HIV stigma, employee protection, wrongful termination, employer knowledge, legal framework, Americans with Disabilities Act, ADA, HIV/AIDS employment law, civil rights, workplace compassion, employer responsibilities, anti-discrimination law, proof of discrimination, workplace policy, U.S. Department of Justice, employee legal recourse, workplace equality HIV, employee rights, workplace discrimination, HIV positive, employment law, termination, employee protection, prejudice, employer knowledge, burden of proof, Americans with Disabilities Act, ADA, workplace compassion, HIV/AIDS, legal protection, civil rights, firing employees, discrimination law, employer obligations, workplace understanding HIV positive employee, workplace discrimination, employee rights, employer obligations, HIV/AIDS, employment law, illegal firing, prejudice, burden of proof, workplace compassion, Americans with Disabilities Act, Civil Rights Division, U.S. Department of Justice, workplace policies, HIV disclosure, reasonable accommodation, employment protection, wrongful termination, compassionate workplace, legal recourse
test-digital-freedoms-piidfaihbg-pro01a	Not censoring its search results is a victory for human rights  The problem with Google censoring its results, is that in doing so, it is complicit in China’s repression of free speech: it adapts its own search engine to display only the results the Chinese government wants, thereby limiting its citizens’ basic human right to free access to information (a corollary to free speech). By avoiding this complicity, Google is taking a bold, praiseworthy step towards enhancing respect for human rights in China and with it, Google can set an important example for other businesses with dealings in China. [1]  [1] Human Rights Watch, ‘China: Google Challenges Censorship’, January 12, 2010. URL: Google, censorship, search results, human rights, free speech, China, information access, repression, internet freedom, corporate responsibility, Human Rights Watch, China Google censorship, business ethics, digital rights, freedom of information, governmental control, Google China example Google, censorship, human rights, China, free speech, search results, information access, repression, Chinese government, corporate responsibility, Human Rights Watch, internet freedom, business ethics, global standards, digital rights, freedom of expression, online censorship, multinational corporations, technology companies, policy, international law Google, censorship, search results, human rights, free speech, China, information access, repression, Chinese government, internet freedom, corporate responsibility, Human Rights Watch, business ethics, information control, digital rights, multinational corporations, global policy, internet censorship, freedom of expression, technology ethics Google, censorship, search results, human rights, free speech, China, information access, repression, Chinese government, corporate responsibility, international business, Human Rights Watch, digital rights, freedom of information, internet freedom Google, censorship, search results, human rights, free speech, China, information access, repression, corporate responsibility, internet freedom, Human Rights Watch, business ethics, example, government control, information suppression, digital rights, Google China, global businesses, policy, advocacy
test-international-aghbfcpspr-pro02a	Reparations would be a step towards closing colonial scars.  It is difficult for former colonies to feel as if they can move on and develop a wholly independent identity when their ties to the past, and to their former colonisers, have not been definitively ended. For example, while it is important to remember those who suffered under slavery, the overwhelming memory of it [1] overpowers the history of those countries and innately links them back to former colonial powers. Furthermore, many of the problems now faced by former colonies can be traced back to the actions of colonial-era masters, for example the birth of ethnic tensions between minorities in Rwanda [2] and Burundi [3] . In order to move on from that damaging legacy, and to conclusively prove that such prejudices are always wrong, it is necessary for former colonial powers to show a tangible move towards closing that colonial chapter of their history. In this way they can begin to move towards a fresh, equal and co-operative relationship with the developing countries which were their former colonies, without the background of history which currently warps such relationships. Italy’s payment of reparations to Libya [4] allowed Libya to ‘mend fences with the West’ [5] and to improve international relationships. This is a step to recognise developing countries as a nation, rather than an economic opportunity. In this way, reparations would be an effective way of demonstrating a global community and spirit.  [1] Accessed from  on 12/09/11  [2] Accessed from  on 12/09/11  [3] Accessed from  on 12/09/11.  [4] Time. ‘Italy Pays Reparations to Libya’. Published 02/09/2008. Accessed from  on 12/09/11.  [5] Accessed from  on 12/09/11 reparations, colonialism, colonial legacy, former colonies, independent identity, slavery, historical memory, postcolonial relations, ethnic tensions, Rwanda, Burundi, Italy, Libya, international relations, developing countries, economic opportunity, global community, reconciliation, healing colonial wounds, postcolonial development, justice, acknowledgment, colonial powers, inequality, global cooperation reparations, colonial legacy, post-colonial identity, former colonies, colonial powers, slavery memory, ethnic tensions, Rwanda, Burundi, colonial-era consequences, historical injustices, international relations, Italy, Libya, reparations payments, decolonization, global community, equality, recognition, developing countries, economic exploitation, mending fences, historical reconciliation, nationalism, cooperative relationships, symbolic gestures, international cooperation, post-slavery societies, historical acknowledgment, power dynamics, Western countries reparations, colonial legacy, colonialism, former colonies, independent identity, postcolonial development, slavery memory, historical trauma, colonial ties, colonial powers, ethnic tensions, Rwanda, Burundi, Italy reparations, Libya, international relations, economic exploitation, global community, post-colonial justice, historical accountability, international cooperation, decolonization, recognition, reparative justice, mending fences, Western relations, nation-building, underdevelopment, historical injustice, memory politics, equitable relationships reparations, colonial legacy, former colonies, independence, postcolonial identity, colonial scars, slavery memory, historical trauma, ethnic tensions, Rwanda, Burundi, colonial-era actions, prejudice, international relations, Italy-Libya reparations, develop cooperation, global community, Western relations, developing countries, economic exploitation, nation recognition, historical justice reparations, colonialism, post-colonial identity, former colonies, decolonization, colonial legacy, slavery, historical memory, ethnic tensions, Rwanda, Burundi, international relations, Italy, Libya, reparations payment, West-African relations, global community, equality, co-operation, economic exploitation, developing countries, colonial powers, prejudice, history, national identity, international reconciliation
test-philosophy-apessghwba-pro03a	Research can be done effectively without experimenting on living creature  As experimenting on animals is immoral we should stop using animals for experiments. But apart from it being morally wrong practically we will never know how much we will be able to advance without animal experimentation if we never stop experimenting on animals. Animal research has been the historical gold standard, and in the case of some chemical screening tests, was for many years, by many western states, required by law before a compound could be released on sale. Science and technology has moved faster than research protocols however, and so there is no longer a need for animals to be experimented on. We now know the chemical properties of most substances, and powerful computers allow us to predict the outcome of chemical interactions. Experimenting on live tissue culture also allows us to gain insight as to how living cells react when exposed to different substances, with no animals required. Even human skin leftover from operations provides an effective medium for experimentation, and being human, provides a more reliable guide to the likely impact on a human subject. The previous necessity of the use of animals is no longer a good excuse for continued use of animals for research. We would still retain all the benefits that previous animal research has brought us but should not engage in any more. Thus modern research has no excuse for using animals. [1]  [1] PETA. 2011. Alternatives: Testing Without Torture. animal experimentation, animal testing, alternatives to animal testing, morality of animal research, ethics, animal rights, chemical screening alternatives, tissue culture, computer modeling, in vitro testing, human tissue research, laboratory animals, non-animal methodologies, biomedical research, predictive toxicology, historical use of animal models, PETA, scientific advancement, research ethics, cruelty-free research, regulatory requirements, replacement alternatives, technological advances in research, animal welfare, computer simulations, human-based research methods, modern science, ethical research, legislation on animal testing animal experimentation, animal research, alternatives to animal testing, ethics, morality, research protocols, computer modeling, in vitro testing, tissue culture, human tissue research, chemical interaction prediction, scientific advancement, historical gold standard, chemical screening, legal requirements, animal-free research, science and technology, PETA, animal welfare, non-animal methods, human cell experimentation, biomedical research, laboratory alternatives, animal rights, biomedical ethics, law and animal testing, predictive modeling, cosmetic testing, drug development, humane research, laboratory animals animal experimentation, animal testing, ethics, immoral, alternatives, scientific research, animal rights, computer modeling, in vitro testing, tissue culture, human tissue, chemical screening, research protocols, legislation, non-animal methods, chemical interactions, medical advances, historical standard, laboratory animals, human skin, technology advancement, biomedical research, predictive models, PETA, animal-free research animal experimentation, animal testing, ethics, morality, research alternatives, non-animal methods, computational modeling, in vitro studies, tissue culture, human skin testing, scientific advancement, chemical screening, historical context, legal requirements, biomedical research, computer simulations, PETA, predictive toxicology, research protocols, animal welfare, human-relevant models, cruelty-free research, modern science, alternative methods, scientific necessity, animal rights, medical research, laboratory animals, animal use reduction, experimental design animal experimentation, animal testing, alternatives to animal testing, ethical research, morality, laboratory animals, in vitro methods, tissue culture, computer modeling, chemical screening, human tissue, research protocols, scientific advancement, technology in research, PETA, non-animal testing, predictive modeling, historical use of animals, regulatory requirements, humane science, biomedical research, ethical alternatives, animal rights, scientific progress, non-animal methodologies
test-politics-ypppgvhwmv-pro03a	It will cause more people to become interested in politics  Compulsory voting increases the number of people who cast their vote 1. People who know they will have to vote will take politics more seriously and start to take a more active role. Compulsory voting will potentially encourage voters to research the candidates' political positions more thoroughly. This may force candidates to be more open and transparent about their positions on many complex and controversial issues. Citizens will be willing to inform themselves even about unpopular policies and burning issues that need to be tackled. Better-informed voters will, therefore, oppose a plan that is unrealistic or would present an unnecessary budget-drain. This means that such a system could produce better political decisions that are not contradicting each other, quite upon the contrary.  1 Peter Tucker, The median Australian voter and the values that influence their vote choice presented by the author at the 3rd European Consortium for Political Research Conference in Budapest, September 10, 2005. compulsory voting, political engagement, voter turnout, informed electorate, voter education, political participation, candidate transparency, policy awareness, unpopular policies, burning issues, better political decisions, voter research, median voter, Australia, voter values, electoral behavior, political knowledge, policy impact, transparency, budget issues compulsory voting, political engagement, voter turnout, political awareness, informed voters, candidate transparency, public policy, unpopular policies, controversial issues, political decision-making, budget impact, median voter, voter behavior, political research, civic responsibility, political participation, policy research, electoral impact, political education, voter motivation compulsory voting, political engagement, voter turnout, political participation, informed voters, candidate transparency, controversial issues, political decision making, voter research, policy evaluation, public policy, unpopular policies, budget impact, Australian voting behavior, electoral reform, voter education, democratic processes, voter motivation, political awareness, political accountability compulsory voting, political engagement, voter turnout, political awareness, informed voting, candidate transparency, policy research, controversial issues, unpopular policies, voter education, public participation, political decision-making, median voter, Peter Tucker, European Consortium for Political Research, electoral behavior, active citizenship, democratic participation compulsory voting, political engagement, voter turnout, political awareness, civic participation, informed electorate, candidate transparency, controversial issues, policy research, voter behavior, electoral decision-making, political education, public policy, unpopular policies, budget impact, democratic process, voter motivation, political issues, candidate accountability, median voter theory, Australia, voter influence, political research, election studies
test-health-hdond-pro04a	People ought to donate their organs anyway  Organ donation, in all its forms, saves lives. More to the point, it saves lives with almost no loss to the donor. One obviously has no material need for one’s organs after death, and thus it does not meaningfully inhibit bodily integrity to incentivize people to give up their organs at this time. If one is registered as an organ donor, every attempt is still made to save their life {Organ Donation FAQ}. The state is always more justified in demanding beneficial acts of citizens if the cost to the citizen is minimal. This is why the state can demand that people wear seatbelts, but cannot conscript citizens for use as research subjects. Because there is no good reason not to become an organ donor, the state ought to do everything in its power to ensure that people do so. organ donation, ethical justification, saving lives, donor consent, posthumous donation, bodily integrity, state intervention, public health policy, minimal donor risk, organ donor registration, government incentives, moral obligation, beneficial acts, organ donation laws, opt-out system, altruism, medical ethics, state mandates, citizen responsibility, life-saving interventions organ donation, ethical obligation, saving lives, minimal donor cost, posthumous donation, bodily integrity, state justification, public health policy, incentivizing donation, consent, organ donor registration, state intervention, beneficial acts, civic duty, moral responsibility, organ donation laws organ donation, donate organs, saving lives, minimal cost, bodily integrity, after death, organ donor registration, incentivize donation, state intervention, public health policy, ethical justification, state mandate, donation benefits, citizen responsibility, organ donation ethics, consent, legal obligation, seatbelt analogy, government regulation, post-mortem donation organ donation, organ donor, save lives, minimal loss, bodily integrity, posthumous donation, incentivize donation, state justification, beneficial acts, low cost, moral obligation, ethical duty, mandatory donation, state intervention, public health, registration, consent, organ donor registry, altruism, life-saving, legal requirement, individual rights, public policy, organ shortage, donation ethics organ donation, ethical obligation, state policy, incentivizing organ donation, minimal donor risk, posthumous donation, bodily integrity, public health benefits, organ donor registration, state intervention, life-saving, individual cost-benefit, state justification, donation consent, organ donation laws, altruism, seatbelt analogy, public responsibility, citizen duty, medical ethics
test-politics-cpegiepgh-pro01a	"Britain will lose economically if she stays out of the Euro over the long term.  Joining the European single currency (the Euro) may appear unfavourable to Britain, but the negative effect of not joining would be more unfavourable. As explained by Anthony Browne in The Euro: Should Britain join?, ""Euroland businesses are now…able to raise money for investment across the entire single currency zone, making it easier and cheaper. British companies, on the other hand, are still largely constrained to drumming up money from within Britain if they want to expand.”1Eurozone businesses find it easy to raise money, for they are spared currency conversion charges. The carmaker Nissan has previously told the British government that eliminating exchange rate risk by siting production in the same currency zone as its sales market will be its preferred option’2.  1Browne, A., ""The Euro: Should Britain Join?"", Page 89  2Morgan, O. ""Nissan tells Blair 'join Euro'"", 27 May 2011, The Guardian Britain, Euro, economic impact, European single currency, Eurozone, investment, currency conversion charges, exchange rate risk, British companies, Euroland businesses, Nissan, car industry, business expansion, single currency zone, Anthony Browne, ""The Euro: Should Britain Join?"", cross-border investment, monetary union, economic disadvantages, euro adoption, international finance, foreign direct investment, UK economy, costs of non-membership, business competitiveness, financial integration, Nissan investment, exchange rate volatility, The Guardian, Oliver Morgan Britain, Euro, economic impact, European single currency, Eurozone, business investment, exchange rate risk, currency conversion charges, Anthony Browne, Nissan, foreign investment, monetary union, UK economy, financial integration, Brexit, competitiveness, trade barriers, The Guardian, economic disadvantages, single market, business expansion Britain, Euro, European single currency, economic impact, long term, Eurozone, currency conversion charges, British companies, investment, exchange rate risk, Anthony Browne, Euroland businesses, Nissan, production location, business expansion, financial constraints, The Euro: Should Britain Join?, The Guardian, UK economy, currency zone, business competitiveness, single market, joining Euro, disadvantages, economic arguments, foreign investment Britain, Euro, European single currency, economic impact, Eurozone, investment, currency conversion charges, exchange rate risk, business expansion, Anthony Browne, The Euro: Should Britain Join?, Nissan, production, sales market, Morgan, The Guardian, long-term effects, UK economy, financial integration, monetary union, business financing Britain, Euro, European single currency, economic impact, long-term effects, Anthony Browne, Euroland businesses, investment, currency zone, currency conversion charges, British companies, exchange rate risk, Nissan, production, sales market, Eurozone, business expansion, raising capital, economic integration, UK economy, foreign investment, competitiveness, The Guardian"
test-environment-assgbatj-con04a	Animal research is only used when it’s needed  EU member states and the US have laws to stop animals being used for research if there is any alternative. The 3Rs principles are commonly used. Animal testing is being Refined for better results and less suffering, Replaced, and Reduced in terms of the number of animals used. This means that less animals have to suffer, and the research is better. animal research, EU laws, US laws, animal testing, alternatives, 3Rs principles, refinement, replacement, reduction, animal welfare, ethical research, regulation, reduction in animal use, improved research, animal suffering, scientific alternatives, research legislation, humane science, biomedical ethics, regulatory compliance animal research, necessity, EU legislation, US laws, alternatives, 3Rs principles, refinement, replacement, reduction, animal testing, animal welfare, ethical research, suffering reduction, animal numbers, humane science, regulatory requirements, scientific advancements, alternative methods, compliance, biomedical research, laboratory animals animal research, EU regulations, US laws, animal testing alternatives, 3Rs principles, Replacement, Reduction, Refinement, animal welfare, research ethics, animal suffering, laboratory animals, humane research, legislation, animal use reduction, scientific research standards animal research, necessity, EU laws, US laws, animal testing alternatives, 3Rs principles, refinement, reduction, replacement, ethical research, animal welfare, legislation, alternative methods, research regulation, minimizing suffering, humane research, laboratory animals, responsible research, animal use reduction animal research, EU laws, US regulations, animal testing alternatives, 3Rs principles, replacement, refinement, reduction, animal welfare, ethical research, legislation, animal suffering, research improvement, alternatives to animal testing, humane research practices, scientific regulations
test-digital-freedoms-piidfiphwu-con01a	The graduate response policy constitutes an invasion of privacy by the state  Graduated response would require huge amounts of monitoring and logging of all internet traffic using technical systems called ‘deep packet inspection’ (DPI) equipment. This means that a computer program will look in close detail at all of the information someone sends over the internet in order to check whether it violates some protocol, for example a ‘fingerprint’ of copyrighted data that the content creator put in.  This means a copyright holder, or a third party paid by the copyright holder to monitor internet traffic, suddenly has access to everything every consumer sends over the internet. This is a massive violation of privacy. Given the fact that advertising companies are already using DPI illegitimately for targeted advertising, it is obvious that content companies will also feel tempted to ‘do more’ with all that data they suddenly have access to. [1]  [1] Angela Daly, ‘The Legality of Deep Packet Inspection’, 2010. Presented at the First Interdisciplinary Workshop on Communications Policy and Regulation 'Communications and Competition Law and Policy – Challenges of the New Decade', University of Glasgow 17 June 2010. URL for download: graduate response policy, invasion of privacy, deep packet inspection, DPI, internet surveillance, internet traffic monitoring, privacy violation, copyright enforcement, data logging, consumer data, targeted advertising, copyright holder monitoring, digital fingerprinting, third-party monitoring, content companies, data access, data misuse, internet privacy, surveillance technology, Angela Daly graduate response policy, invasion of privacy, state surveillance, internet monitoring, deep packet inspection, DPI, internet traffic logging, privacy violation, copyright infringement monitoring, fingerprint copyrighted data, content creator, third-party monitoring, consumer data access, advertising companies, targeted advertising, data misuse, data privacy, Angela Daly, legality of DPI, communications policy, communications regulation, copyright enforcement, digital rights, internet security, surveillance technologies, information security graduate response policy, invasion of privacy, state surveillance, internet monitoring, logging internet traffic, deep packet inspection, DPI, privacy violation, copyright enforcement, copyright monitoring, consumer data access, content creators, internet traffic analysis, data fingerprinting, third-party monitoring, advertising companies, targeted advertising, data misuse, data security, communications policy, Angela Daly, legality of DPI, University of Glasgow, communications regulation, digital rights, copyright law, online surveillance graduate response policy, invasion of privacy, state surveillance, deep packet inspection, DPI, internet monitoring, internet traffic logging, data fingerprinting, copyright enforcement, privacy violation, content creator, third party monitoring, consumer data, targeted advertising, data abuse, copyright holder, internet privacy, surveillance technology, data access, communication regulation, Angela Daly, legality of DPI, communications policy, competition law, University of Glasgow graduate response policy, invasion of privacy, state surveillance, internet monitoring, logging, deep packet inspection, DPI, copyright enforcement, privacy violation, internet traffic, data fingerprinting, copyrighted data, content creators, third-party monitoring, consumer data access, advertising companies, targeted advertising, data misuse, Angela Daly, legality, communications policy, regulation, competition law, University of Glasgow, 2010
test-international-glilpdwhsn-pro02a	"The New START treaty will help against Iran’s nuclear program.  New START will help bolster US-Russian cooperation, which is necessary for solving the problem of Iran’s nuclear proliferation. On Nov. 19, 2010, the Anti-Defamation League released a statement, which came from Robert G. Sugarman, ADL National Chair, and Abraham H. Foxman, ADL National Director: ""The severe damage that could be inflicted on that relationship by failing to ratify the treaty would inevitably hamper effective American international leadership to stop the Iranian nuclear weapons program. The Iranian nuclear threat is the most serious national security issue facing the United States, Israel, and other allies in the Middle East. While some Senators may have legitimate reservations about the New START treaty or its protocol, we believe the interest of our greater and common goal of preventing Iran from developing nuclear weapons must take precedence."" [1] New START is crucial in getting Russian support against Iran and other rogue nuclear states.  Although the United States needs a strong and reliable nuclear force, the chief nuclear danger today comes not from Russia but from rogue states such as Iran and North Korea and the potential for nuclear material to fall into the hands of terrorists. Given those pressing dangers, some question why an arms control treaty with Russia matters. It matters because it is in both parties' interest that there be transparency and stability in their strategic nuclear relationship. It also matters because Russia's cooperation will be needed if we are to make progress in rolling back the Iranian and North Korean programs. Russian help will be needed to continue our work to secure ""loose nukes"" in Russia and elsewhere. And Russian assistance is needed to improve the situation in Afghanistan, a breeding ground for international terrorism.  Obviously, the United States does not sign arms control agreements just to make friends. Any treaty must be considered on its merits. But the New START agreement is clearly in the US’ national interest, and the ramifications of not ratifying it could be significantly negative. [2] As US Vice President Joe Biden argued in 2010: ""New Start is also a cornerstone of our efforts to reset relations with Russia, which have improved significantly in the last two years. This has led to real benefits for U.S. and global security. Russian cooperation made it possible to secure strong sanctions against Iran over its nuclear ambitions, and Russia canceled a sale to Iran of an advanced anti-aircraft missile system that would have been dangerously destabilizing. Russia has permitted the flow of materiel through its territory for our troops in Afghanistan. And—as the NATO-Russia Council in Lisbon demonstrated—European security has been advanced by the pursuit of a more cooperative relationship with Russia. We should not jeopardize this progress."" [3] Therefore, because New START will have significant positive consequences in terms of aiding relations with Russia, and thus in dealing with rogue nuclear states like Iran, it should be supported.  [1] Weingarten, Elizabeth. “How did New START become a Jewish issue?”. The Atlantic. 1 Decemebr 2010.   [2] Kissinger, Henry A. ; Shultz, George P. ; Baker III, James A’ ; Eagleburger , Lawrence S. ; and Powell, Colin L. ""The Republican case for ratifying New START"". Washington Post. 2 December 2010.   [3] Biden, Joseph. ""The case for ratifying New START"". Wall Street Journal. 25 November 2010. New START treaty, Iran nuclear program, US-Russia cooperation, nuclear proliferation, Anti-Defamation League, Robert G. Sugarman, Abraham H. Foxman, treaty ratification, American international leadership, Iranian nuclear threat, US national security, Israel, Middle East, arms control, Russian support, rogue nuclear states, North Korea, nuclear terrorism, transparency, nuclear stability, NATO-Russia relations, Afghanistan, loose nukes, Joe Biden, Russian sanctions Iran, missile system sale, materiel flow Afghanistan, European security, US foreign policy, nuclear arms reduction, diplomatic relations, Russia cooperation, NATO, global security, reset relations Russia New START treaty, US-Russian cooperation, Iran nuclear program, nuclear proliferation, arms control, treaty ratification, Russian support, nuclear weapons, national security, Middle East, Anti-Defamation League, ADL, Robert G. Sugarman, Abraham H. Foxman, American international leadership, Iran nuclear threat, rogue states, North Korea, nuclear material security, terrorism, Afghanistan, US national interest, Joe Biden, Russia relations, sanctions on Iran, missile defense systems, NATO-Russia Council, European security, treaty benefits, loose nukes, Republican support for New START, US foreign policy, international cooperation, nonprolifer New START treaty, Iran nuclear program, US-Russia cooperation, nuclear proliferation, Anti-Defamation League, Robert G. Sugarman, Abraham H. Foxman, US national security, Israeli security, Middle East, Senate ratification, arms control, rogue states, North Korea, nuclear material, nuclear terrorism, nuclear transparency, strategic stability, loose nukes, Afghanistan, international terrorism, arms control agreements, US foreign policy, Joe Biden, Russia sanctions, anti-aircraft missile Iran, NATO-Russia Council, European security, Russia cooperation, global security, ratification consequences, Elizabeth Weingarten, Henry Kissinger, George Shultz New START treaty, US-Russia relations, Iran nuclear program, nuclear proliferation, arms control, treaty ratification, Russian cooperation, nuclear weapons, rogue states, North Korea, nuclear security, international leadership, Anti-Defamation League, US national security, Afghan security, loose nukes, transparency, strategic stability, US foreign policy, sanctions on Iran, missile systems, NATO-Russia Council, global security, Vice President Joe Biden, Middle East security, arms reduction, Russian assistance, terrorism, nuclear material, Israeli security, US allies, resetting US-Russian relations New START, arms control, Russia, US-Russian cooperation, Iran nuclear program, Iranian nuclear threat, nuclear proliferation, nuclear weapons, US national security, nuclear arms treaty, Senate ratification, Anti-Defamation League, Robert G. Sugarman, Abraham H. Foxman, US foreign policy, rogue states, North Korea, nuclear terrorism, loose nukes, Afghanistan, NATO-Russia relations, Joe Biden, sanctions on Iran, missile defense, nuclear transparency, global security, Middle East security, US-Israel relations, international leadership, Russian sanctions, nuclear stability, US-Russia reset, strategic nuclear forces"
test-international-gpsmhbsosb-pro01a	"South Ossetia has a right to self-determination  The 1993 Vienna Declaration, which reaffirmed the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the UN Charter (and so sets the standard in current international law), unequivocally gives all peoples the right to self-determination: ""All people have the right to self-determination. Owing to this right they freely establish their political status and freely provide their economic, social and cultural development...World Conference on Human Rights considers refusal of the right to self-determination as a violation of human rights and emphasizes the necessity of effective realization of this right"". [1]  By this measure, South Ossetia has the right to self-determination (by democratic processes), and any suppression of that right should be seen as a human rights violation. In 2006, South Ossetia held a referendum that found over 99% of its population of over 100,000 desire independence from Georgia. 95% of the population turned out to vote. The referendum was monitored by a team of 34 international observers. [2] These facts are the core of the case for South Ossetian independence. It demonstrates that South Ossetians are entirely unified and enthusiastic in their desire for independence. The strength and unity of these calls for independence are almost unprecedented and cannot be ignored by the international community. And, certainly, the percentage of a population that desires independence is of relevance to assessing the legitimacy of the call and a country's right to self-determination. By this standard, South Ossetia's right to self-determination is highly legitimate.  [1] United Nations World Conference on Human Rights. “VIENNA DECLARATION AND PROGRAMME OF ACTION”. United Nations. 14-25 June 1993.   [2] BBC News. “S Ossetia votes for independence”. BBC News. 13 November 2006. South Ossetia, self-determination, Vienna Declaration, Universal Declaration of Human Rights, UN Charter, international law, independence, human rights, Georgia, 2006 referendum, international observers, World Conference on Human Rights, legitimacy, right to self-determination, BBC News, political status, cultural development, economic development, democratic processes, independence referendum, human rights violation, international community, population vote, UN rights, secession, sovereignty, national autonomy South Ossetia, self-determination, Vienna Declaration, Universal Declaration of Human Rights, UN Charter, international law, human rights, independence, referendum, 2006, Georgia, population, political status, economic development, social development, cultural development, World Conference on Human Rights, legitimate, international community, human rights violation, democratic processes, international observers, independence movement, legitimacy, international recognition, sovereignty, BBC News South Ossetia, self-determination, Vienna Declaration, Universal Declaration of Human Rights, UN Charter, international law, human rights, independence, referendums, Georgia, political status, economic development, cultural development, World Conference on Human Rights, human rights violation, democratic processes, 2006 referendum, international observers, legitimacy, population, international community, secession, national sovereignty, independence movement, minority rights South Ossetia, self-determination, Vienna Declaration, Universal Declaration of Human Rights, UN Charter, international law, human rights, independence, referendum, Georgia, 2006, political status, economic development, cultural development, World Conference on Human Rights, human rights violation, legitimacy, international community, population vote, international observers, sovereignty, minority rights, right to self-determination, secession, democratic process, ethnic conflict, disputed territories, autonomy, independence movement South Ossetia, self-determination, Vienna Declaration, Universal Declaration of Human Rights, UN Charter, international law, human rights, independence, referendum, Georgia, legitimacy, World Conference on Human Rights, democratic process, human rights violation, international observers, sovereignty, secession, right to independence, self-governance, minority rights, 2006 referendum, population support, political status, cultural development"
test-economy-fiahwpamu-pro02a	Small is beautiful: community empowerment  Microfinance is empowering the communities that are using it - showing in development, small is beautiful. Communities are empowered to change their conditions. For example taking the case of savings - microfinance allows for savings. Half of the adults that saved in Sub-Saharan Africa, during 2013, used an informal, community-based approach (CARE, 2014). First, having savings reduces household risk. CARE is one of many organisations working in innovations for microfinance. At CARE savings have been mobilised across Africa by working with Village Savings and Loans Associations. Overtime, CARE has targeted over 30,000,000 poor people in Africa, to provide necessary finance. Savings ensures households have financial capital, can invest resources in education, health, and the future. Savings is security in livelihoods.  Second, microfinance is providing key skills. Oxfam’s Savings for Change Initiative provides training on savings, and lending, to women in communities in Senegal and Mali. Evidence from Mali indicates startup capital provided has ensured better food security, women’s empowerment in the financial decision-making of households, and crucially, a sense of community bond among the women (Oxfam, 2013). Gender based violence within households may also be reduced [1] .  [1] See further readings: Kim et al, 2007. community empowerment, microfinance, small is beautiful, development, savings, Sub-Saharan Africa, informal savings, community-based approaches, CARE, Village Savings and Loans Associations, financial inclusion, poverty alleviation, financial capital, education investment, health investment, livelihood security, skill development, Oxfam, Savings for Change Initiative, women empowerment, Senegal, Mali, food security, decision-making, community bonds, gender-based violence reduction, financial training, startup capital, household risk reduction microfinance, community empowerment, small is beautiful, community-based microfinance, savings, Sub-Saharan Africa, CARE, Village Savings and Loans Associations, financial inclusion, household risk reduction, livelihood security, financial capital, education investment, health investment, Oxfam, Savings for Change, women's empowerment, Senegal, Mali, startup capital, food security, financial decision-making, community bonds, gender-based violence reduction, informal savings, development, poverty alleviation, skills training, Africa, community innovation, women’s savings groups community empowerment, microfinance, informal savings, community-based finance, Sub-Saharan Africa, Village Savings and Loans Associations, CARE, Oxfam, Savings for Change, financial inclusion, household risk reduction, women empowerment, financial decision-making, development, poverty alleviation, community development, financial capital, investment in education, investment in health, livelihood security, startup capital, food security, gender-based violence reduction, financial skills training, women’s communities, social cohesion, financial innovation, Africa, Senegal, Mali microfinance, community empowerment, small is beautiful, development, savings, Sub-Saharan Africa, informal financial systems, CARE, Village Savings and Loan Associations, financial inclusion, poverty reduction, household risk, financial capital, education investment, health investment, livelihood security, financial skills, Oxfam, Savings for Change Initiative, women empowerment, Senegal, Mali, startup capital, food security, financial decision-making, community bonds, gender-based violence, microfinance innovations, financial training, grassroots development, Africa, community-based microfinance community empowerment, microfinance, development, savings, informal finance, Sub-Saharan Africa, CARE, Village Savings and Loans Associations, poor communities, financial inclusion, financial capital, household risk reduction, education investment, health investment, livelihood security, skill development, Oxfam, Savings for Change, women's empowerment, financial decision-making, community bonds, Senegal, Mali, startup capital, food security, gender-based violence, financial training, Africa, women, household finance, poverty alleviation
test-international-apwhbaucmip-con01a	War is in human nature  War and conflict between groups is in human nature. As Hobbes famously wrote “the life of man, solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short… Nature should thus dissociate and render men apt to invade and destroy one another”. [1] Although the motives have changed, conflict has been a constant throughout human history. The first militaries were created around 2700 BC but conflict between societies almost certainly occurred before this. [2] Pledging to end all war is high minded, but it is unlikely to actually succeed in overturning human nature.  [1] Hobbes, Thomas, ‘Chapter XIII of the Natural Condition of Mankind as concerning their felicity and misery’, Leviathan,   [2] Gabriel, Richard A., and Metz, Karen S., A Short History of War, 1992, human nature, war, conflict, group behavior, Hobbes, Leviathan, human history, militaries, warfare origins, aggression, society, violence, natural condition, anthropology, sociology, inevitability of war, Richard Gabriel, Karen Metz, history of war, conflict motives, end of war human nature, war, conflict, group conflict, Hobbes, Leviathan, human aggression, history of war, militaries, warfare origins, violence, anthropology, psychology of conflict, inevitability of war, Richard A. Gabriel, Karen S. Metz, natural condition, society, military history, human behavior, end of war, philosophy of war war, human nature, conflict, Hobbes, Leviathan, group conflict, history of war, militaries, natural condition, violence, aggression, society, innate violence, Thomas Hobbes, anthropology, Richard Gabriel, Karen Metz, history, innate conflict, human behavior, origins of war, human aggression, inevitability of war, psychology of war, prehistory, ancient military war, human nature, conflict, groups, Hobbes, Leviathan, natural condition, aggression, history, militaries, violence, society, invasion, destruction, human behavior, Richard Gabriel, Karen Metz, history of war, origins of war, inevitability, anthropology, psychology, sociology, warfare, human instincts, historical conflict, peace, human evolution war, human nature, conflict, Hobbes, Leviathan, human history, group conflict, militaries, violence, aggression, invasion, destruction, natural condition, social behavior, anthropology, warfare origins, war history, Richard Gabriel, Karen Metz, military history, innate aggression, historical conflict, perpetual war, human psychology, group dynamics
test-health-dhiacihwph-con03a	Most vital drugs are already generic  Many drugs which are used in the treatment of HIV, malaria and cancer are already generic drugs which are produced in their millions [1] . This removes the necessity to provide further high quality generic drugs as there is already an easily accessible source of pharmaceuticals. Effective treatments for Malaria, in conjunction with prevention methods, have resulted in a 33% decrease in African deaths from the disease since 2000 [2] . The drugs responsible for this have been readily available to Africa, demonstrating a lack of any further need to produce pharmaceuticals for the continent.  [1] Taylor,D. ‘Generic-drug “solution” for Africa not needed’  [2] World Health Organisation ’10 facts on malaria’, March 2013 generic drugs, HIV treatment, malaria treatment, cancer treatment, pharmaceutical access, drug availability, high quality generics, Africa pharmaceuticals, malaria mortality reduction, effective treatments, prevention methods, essential medicines, World Health Organization, drug production, healthcare access, Taylor D., generic-drug solution generic drugs, vital drugs, HIV treatment, malaria treatment, cancer treatment, pharmaceutical access, drug accessibility, Africa, drug availability, high quality generics, malaria prevention, reduction in malaria deaths, antiretroviral drugs, essential medicines, WHO, pharmaceutical production, drug supply Africa, public health, generic pharmaceuticals, healthcare Africa generic drugs, HIV treatment, malaria treatment, cancer drugs, pharmaceutical accessibility, Africa, high quality generics, effective malaria treatment, decrease malaria deaths, drug availability, WHO malaria facts, essential medicines, pharmaceutical production, health in Africa, Taylor D, generic-drug solution, World Health Organization generic drugs, vital medicines, HIV treatment, malaria drugs, cancer drugs, pharmaceutical accessibility, Africa, effective malaria treatments, drug availability, pharmaceutical production, generic drug necessity, public health, World Health Organisation, drug supply, decreased malaria deaths, global health, generic drug market, essential medicines, Africa pharmaceuticals, drug manufacturing generic drugs, vital drugs, HIV treatment, malaria treatment, cancer treatment, drug accessibility, pharmaceutical production, Africa, high quality generics, malaria prevention, mortality reduction, affordable medicine, public health, antiretrovirals, essential medicines, World Health Organization, generic drug availability, healthcare Africa, pharmaceutical supply, disease treatment effectiveness
test-philosophy-apessghwba-pro01a	Animals have a right not to be harmed  The differences between us and other vertebrates are a matter of degree rather than kind. [1] Not only do they closely resemble us anatomically and physiologically, but so too do they behave in ways which seem to convey meaning. They recoil from pain, appear to express fear of a tormentor, and appear to take pleasure in activities; a point clear to anyone who has observed the behaviour of a pet dog on hearing the word “walk”. Our reasons for believing that our fellow humans are capable of experiencing feelings like ourselves can surely only be that they resemble us both in appearance and behaviour (we cannot read their minds). Thus any animal sharing our anatomical, physiological, and behavioural characteristics is surely likely to have feelings like us. If we accept as true for sake of argument, that all humans have a right not to be harmed, simply by virtue of existing as a being of moral worth, then we must ask what makes animals so different. If animals can feel what we feel, and suffer as we suffer, then to discriminate merely on the arbitrary difference of belonging to a different species, is analogous to discriminating on the basis of any other morally arbitrary characteristic, such as race or sex. If sexual and racial moral discrimination is wrong, then so too is specieism. [2]  [1] Clark, S., The Nature of the Beast: are animals moral?, (Oxford : Oxford University Press, 1982)  [2] Singer, P., “All Animals are Equal”, in La Follette (ed.), Ethics in Practice, (Malden, Mass; Oxford : Blackwell Pub, 2007) animal rights, moral worth, speciesism, vertebrates, animal suffering, discrimination, moral philosophy, animal pain, ethical treatment, animal consciousness, human-animal similarities, Peter Singer, moral discrimination, sentience, equality, anatomical resemblance, physiological resemblance, behavioral resemblance, empathy, ethical theory, animal welfare, Clark S., animal feelings, anti-speciesism, moral status, Oxford University Press, Blackwell Publishing animal rights, animal suffering, moral status, speciesism, vertebrates, animal consciousness, ethical treatment, pain perception, animal sentience, human-animal similarities, discrimination, moral worth, Peter Singer, Steve Clark, animal behavior, anti-speciesism, equality, ethics, animal welfare, suffering, moral philosophy, nonhuman animals, rights theory, analogy to racism, analogy to sexism animal rights, animal welfare, moral consideration, vertebrates, speciesism, suffering, pain perception, sentience, ethical treatment, discrimination, moral worth, animal consciousness, human-animal similarities, physiological resemblance, behavioral resemblance, Peter Singer, moral philosophy, animal ethics, equality, moral status, non-human animals, anti-speciesism, Oxford University Press, ethical discrimination, rights of animals, La Follette, empathy, justice, human-animal comparison, feelings, fear, pleasure, right not to be harmed, race discrimination, sex discrimination, Stephen Clark, animal behavior, animal consciousness animal rights, animal suffering, moral consideration, speciesism, discrimination, moral worth, sentience, animal consciousness, vertebrates, ethical treatment, pain perception, pleasure in animals, animal behavior, human-animal similarities, anti-speciesism, Peter Singer, S. Clark, animal ethics, moral philosophy, nonhuman animals, equality, moral discrimination, physiological resemblance, anatomical resemblance, behavioral resemblance, harm prevention, animal feelings, interspecies ethics animal rights, animal welfare, speciesism, moral worth, ethical treatment of animals, animal suffering, animal sentience, vertebrate similarities, discrimination, pain perception, animal behavior, moral philosophy, human-animal comparison, Peter Singer, animal ethics, Stephen Clark, moral arbitrariness, anti-speciesism, animal consciousness, rights of animals, ethical consistency, pleasure and pain, physiological resemblance, anatomical resemblance, anti-discrimination
test-sport-otshwbe2uuyt-con04a	Boycotts did not take place for the 2008 Olympics despite the far worst human rights background  It would be hypocritical for European leaders to boycott the Euro 2012 finals because of Ukraine’s recent human rights record. It an absurd overreaction when the focus is on the poor treatment of one woman, Timoshenko. Countries with poor human rights records have hosted major sporting events before without there being boycotts. President Bush was urged by some in the US such as former president Clinton to boycott the Beijing Olympics and only a few countries boycotted on human rights grounds. This was despite China having a considerably worse human rights record than Ukraine and engaged in a violent crackdown in Tibet in the run up to the games. [1] Similarly Russia will be hosting the next Winter Olympics in 2014 should leaders essentially commit to boycotting these games too?  [1] ‘Bush will attend opening of Beijing Olympics’ CNN, 3 July 2008. boycotts, 2008 Olympics, human rights, European leaders, Euro 2012, Ukraine, Timoshenko, sporting events, host countries, major sports events, Bush, Beijing Olympics, Clinton, China, Tibet crackdown, Russia, Winter Olympics 2014, hypocrisy, human rights violations, international response, political protests boycotts, 2008 Olympics, human rights, Euro 2012, Ukraine, hypocrisy, European leaders, Timoshenko, sporting events, hosting, President Bush, Beijing Olympics, China, Tibet crackdown, Russia, Winter Olympics 2014, major events, political protests, international pressure, boycott history, ethical consistency Olympics boycotts, 2008 Beijing Olympics, Euro 2012, Ukraine human rights, Yulia Timoshenko, European leaders, hypocrisy, sporting event boycotts, China human rights, Tibet crackdown, Russia Winter Olympics 2014, political protests, international sporting events, government responses, Bush Beijing Olympics, Clinton boycott proposal boycotts, 2008 Olympics, human rights, Euro 2012, Ukraine, European leaders, Timoshenko, sporting events, President Bush, Beijing Olympics, Clinton, China, Tibet crackdown, Russia, Winter Olympics 2014, hypocrisy, international relations, sports diplomacy, event hosting, political protests, selective boycotting Olympics, 2008 Beijing, Euro 2012, boycotts, human rights, Ukraine, Timoshenko, European leaders, hypocrisy, major sporting events, China, Tibet crackdown, President Bush, Clinton, Russia, 2014 Winter Olympics, sporting event hosts, international relations, political overreaction, sporting boycott history, human rights record, global politics
test-education-usuprmhbu-pro03a	Affirmative action reduces social prejudice  Past discrimination lingers on in society through subtle prejudice that must be righted.  Past discrimination against particular groups lingers today through the perception of those groups and how they perceive themselves. By using affirmative action, a demonstration effect is created where individuals are previously discriminated groups prove to society and other members of their racial or gender group that they are capable of gaining power and functioning in the same positions of power, responsibility and success as those of other groups in society.  This challenges society’s perception of these groups as the poor people in society and proves to them that the individuals of this race/gender are equally capable and deserving members of society and can and should function in the same positions of society as them. affirmative action, social prejudice, past discrimination, lingering discrimination, subtle prejudice, group perception, self-perception, demonstration effect, racial groups, gender groups, power dynamics, representation, social mobility, perception change, equality, merit, societal stereotypes, capability, opportunity, disadvantaged groups, inclusivity, equity, stereotype reduction, empowerment, social justice affirmative action, social prejudice, past discrimination, lingering effects, subtle prejudice, group perception, self-perception, demonstration effect, opportunity equality, racial groups, gender groups, power dynamics, social mobility, perception shift, societal attitudes, capability, deservingness, inclusion, diversity, representation, stereotype reduction, equality in positions, minority empowerment affirmative action, social prejudice, past discrimination, lingering bias, subtle prejudice, righting historical wrongs, group perception, self-perception, demonstration effect, racial groups, gender groups, empowerment, social mobility, position of power, equality, success, societal perception, stigma reduction, capability, deserving members, diversity, inclusion, opportunity, overcoming stereotypes affirmative action, social prejudice, past discrimination, lingering discrimination, subtle prejudice, righting discrimination, perception of marginalized groups, self-perception, demonstration effect, power positions, racial equality, gender equality, societal perceptions, reducing bias, equal opportunity, minority empowerment, societal integration, group capability, stereotypes, representation, diversity, social justice, discrimination remediation, prejudice reduction, role models affirmative action, social prejudice, past discrimination, subtle prejudice, group perception, self-perception, demonstration effect, power positions, group success, racial equality, gender equality, societal perceptions, prejudice reduction, equal opportunity, social mobility, stereotype challenge, perception change, capability demonstration, group empowerment, discrimination remediation
test-digital-freedoms-piidfaihbg-pro02a	"Not censoring helps Google’s business proposition and corporate identity  Google’s corporate motto is ‘don’t be evil’. This is partly an issue of corporate identity, and partly a clever business proposition. In both cases, complying with Chinese censorship rules damages Google as a company.  The key to Google’s dominance in the search market is that users know Google will always deliver the search results most relevant to them. By adhering to censorship laws, users will trust the relevance of Google’s search results less, which hence erodes Google’s business position as users will be more likely to try alternative search engines. [1]  [1] Rebecca Blood, ‘Google's China decision is pragmatic, not idealistic’, January 2010. URL: Google, censorship, business proposition, corporate identity, don't be evil, search market dominance, user trust, search result relevance, Chinese censorship, corporate motto, alternative search engines, business position, compliance, Rebecca Blood, China decision Google, censorship, business proposition, corporate identity, corporate motto, don't be evil, Chinese censorship, search relevance, user trust, market dominance, alternative search engines, corporate reputation, compliance, business position, search engine competition, China, Rebecca Blood Google, censorship, business proposition, corporate identity, don't be evil, search engine, China, user trust, relevance, corporate motto, Chinese censorship, search market, alternative search engines, corporate reputation, user perception, business impact, compliance, market dominance, Rebecca Blood, China decision Google, censorship, corporate identity, business proposition, corporate motto, ""don't be evil"", search market dominance, user trust, search result relevance, Chinese censorship, alternative search engines, Rebecca Blood, China decision, business impact, brand reputation, user perception, search engine competition, compliance, company values, corporate ethics Google, censorship, corporate identity, business proposition, don't be evil, search engine, relevance, user trust, China, corporate motto, market dominance, alternative search engines, compliance, corporate reputation, search results, Chinese censorship, user perception, Rebecca Blood"
test-health-dhgsshbesbc-pro01a	It’s in the interests of employers  It’s in the interests of employers. A long, incurable and debilitating condition has stricken one of their employees. They will have to make provision for possible sickness cover and replacement workers, potentially for medical and/or retirement costs. HIV can make people tired and can lead to being sick more often as it means the immune system will not be able to fight off infections as well as it normally would. [1] The employee’s productivity might be reduced to the point at which their continued employment is no longer viable. If things are made difficult for employers with HIV positive workers, then they are less likely in the future to employ people who (they suspect) are HIV positive. Employers must be listened to in this debate – in many HIV-stricken countries, they’re the last thing between a semi-functioning society and complete economic and social collapse. Traditional rights ideas such as concerns about privacy of medical records are less important than the benefit to society of being able to cope with the unique problem of HIV more effectively.  [1] Dickens, Carol, ‘Signs of HIV, AIDS symptoms’, AIDS Symptoms, HIV, employees, employers, workplace, productivity, sickness cover, replacement workers, medical costs, retirement costs, chronic illness, incurable condition, immune system, infection, absenteeism, HIV positive, employment discrimination, privacy, medical records, economic impact, social collapse, workplace policy, HIV stigma, labor rights, workplace health, employee benefits, disability, workforce management, occupational health, HIV/AIDS, workplace discrimination HIV, AIDS, employers, employment, employee health, sickness cover, workplace productivity, chronic illness, debilitating condition, medical costs, retirement costs, HIV stigma, workplace discrimination, immune system, absenteeism, replacement workers, privacy, medical records, social impact, economic impact, workplace policy, labor rights, HIV-positive employees, workforce management, occupational health, societal benefit HIV, employers, sickness cover, replacement workers, medical costs, retirement costs, employee productivity, incurable condition, debilitating illness, immune system, workplace policy, employment discrimination, HIV positive workers, privacy, medical records, economic impact, social impact, HIV stigma, workforce management, workplace rights, employee health, HIV symptoms, AIDS, occupational health, employer perspective, public health, labor market, workforce sustainability employers, HIV, workplace, sickness cover, replacement workers, medical costs, retirement costs, employee productivity, immune system, illness, employment viability, workplace discrimination, HIV positive workers, employer concerns, social impact, economic impact, privacy of medical records, employee rights, HIV stigma, labor market, chronic illness, occupational health, workforce management, AIDS, medical disclosure, workplace policy, public health, workplace accommodations, disability, social collapse prevention employers, HIV, employee health, workplace productivity, sickness cover, replacement workers, medical costs, retirement costs, immune system, absenteeism, workforce management, employment viability, HIV positive workers, workplace discrimination, privacy of medical records, societal impact, employer perspective, economic stability, social collapse, HIV-related stigma, employee rights, HIV management, occupational health, labor policy, AIDS symptoms
test-international-aghbfcpspr-pro01a	What happened during the colonial era was morally wrong.  The entire basis for colonisation was predicated on an innate ‘understanding’ and judgment of one superior culture and race [1] . This ethnocentric approach idolised western traditions while simultaneously undermining the traditions of the countries which were colonised. For example, during the colonisation of America, colonists imposed a Westernised school system on Native American children. This denied their right to wear traditional clothing [2] or to speak their native language [3] , and the children were often subject to physical and sexual abuse and forced labour [4] . The cause of this was simply ignorance of culture differences on behalf of the colonists, which was idyllically labelled and disguised as ‘The White Man’s Burden’ [5] . Colonial powers undermined the social and property rights [6] of the colonies, using military force to rule if civilians should rebel against colonisation in countries such as India [7] . After Indian fighters rebelled against British colonial force in the Indian Mutiny of 1857-58 [8] , the British struck back with terrible force, and forced the rebels to ‘lick up part of the blood’ from the floors of the houses [9] . The actions which occurred during colonisation are considered completely inappropriate and undesirable behaviour in a modern world, and in terms of indigenous rights to culture and to property, as well as human rights more generally. Reparations would be a meaningful act of apology for the wrongs which were committed during the past.  [1] Accessed from  on 11/09/11  [2] Accessed from  on 11/09/11  [3] Accessed from  on 11/09/11  [4] Accessed from  on 11/09/11  [5] Accessed from  on 11/09/11  [6] Accessed from  on 11/09/11  [7] Accessed from  on 11/09/11.  [8] Accessed from  on 11/09/11  [9] Accessed from  on 11/09/11 colonial era, colonisation, moral wrong, ethnocentrism, cultural superiority, western traditions, indigenous traditions, Native Americans, Westernised school system, traditional clothing, native language suppression, physical abuse, sexual abuse, forced labour, cultural ignorance, White Man’s Burden, social rights, property rights, military force, rebellion, colonisation in India, Indian Mutiny, 1857-58, British colonial rule, punitive measures, indigenous rights, human rights, reparations, apology, historical injustice, oppression, cultural assimilation colonial era, colonisation, moral wrong, superior culture, superior race, ethnocentrism, Western traditions, indigenous traditions, cultural oppression, Native Americans, Westernized school system, traditional clothing, native language suppression, physical abuse, sexual abuse, forced labor, cultural ignorance, White Man’s Burden, social rights, property rights, military force, colonial rebellion, India, Indian Mutiny 1857-58, British colonialism, indigenous rights, human rights, reparations, apology, colonized countries, imperialism, cultural assimilation, cultural erasure, systemic violence, historical injustices colonial era, colonisation, moral wrong, ethnocentrism, western superiority, cultural oppression, western traditions, indigenous traditions, Native American education, forced assimilation, traditional clothing bans, language suppression, physical abuse, sexual abuse, forced labor, cultural ignorance, White Man’s Burden, social rights, property rights, military force, rebellion, Indian Mutiny 1857, British colonialism, indigenous rights, human rights violations, reparations, apology, historical injustice, colonial violence, cultural erasure, postcolonialism colonial era, colonialism, moral wrong, superior culture, race, ethnocentrism, western traditions, indigenous traditions, colonisation of America, Native American children, westernised school system, denial of traditional clothing, language suppression, physical abuse, sexual abuse, forced labour, White Man’s Burden, cultural ignorance, property rights, social rights, military force, rebellion, Indian Mutiny 1857, British colonial force, violent repression, indigenous rights, human rights, reparations, apology, cultural imposition, discrimination, imperialism, exploitation, historical injustice colonial era, colonisation, moral wrong, ethnocentrism, western traditions, cultural superiority, racial superiority, indigenous traditions, Native Americans, westernised education, traditional clothing, native language, cultural assimilation, physical abuse, sexual abuse, forced labour, cultural ignorance, White Man’s Burden, social rights, property rights, military force, rebellion, Indian Mutiny, British Empire, colonial violence, indigenous rights, human rights, reparations, apology, colonial legacy, cultural oppression, postcolonialism, colonial history, decolonisation
test-philosophy-apessghwba-pro02a	Animal research necessitates significant harm to the animals involved  Animal research, by its very nature necessitates harm to the animals. Even if they are not made to suffer as part of the experiment, the vast majority of animals used, must be killed at the conclusion of the experiment. With 115 million animals being used in the status quo this is no small issue. Even if we were to vastly reduce animal experimentation, releasing domesticated animals into the wild, would be a death sentence, and it hardly seems realistic to think that many behaviourally abnormal animals, often mice or rats, might be readily moveable into the pet trade. [1] It is prima fasciae obvious, that it is not in the interest of the animals involved to be killed, or harmed to such an extent that such killing might seem merciful. Even if the opposition counterargument, that animals lack the capacity to truly suffer, is believed, research should none the less be banned in order to prevent the death of millions of animals.  [1] European Commission, 1997. Euthanasia of experimental animals. Luxembourg: Office for official publications animal research, animal harm, animal suffering, animal euthanasia, animal experimentation, animal welfare, laboratory animals, animal death, animal ethics, animal rights, animal mortality, animal testing, post-experiment outcomes, domesticated animal release, behavioral abnormalities, mice, rats, pet trade, reduction of animal experiments, opposition arguments, animal suffering capacity, research ban, European Commission, experimental animal euthanasia, animal use statistics, biomedical research ethics animal research, animal experimentation, animal harm, animal welfare, animal suffering, euthanasia, experimental animals, animal rights, animal deaths, lab animals, animal ethics, animal use statistics, animal killing, animal release, domesticated animals, behavioral abnormality, laboratory rodents, pet trade feasibility, animal interest, opposition arguments, animal suffering capacity, research ban, European Commission, animal euthanasia policy, animal protection, laboratory animal policy animal research, animal experimentation, animal harm, animal suffering, animal euthanasia, animal welfare, laboratory animals, animal rights, ethics, animal death, animal killing, animal use statistics, experimental animals, animal release, domesticated animals, wild release, behavioral abnormalities, pet trade, animal capacity to suffer, opposition counterargument, ban animal research, European Commission, euthanasia guidelines, animal interests animal research, animal experimentation, animal harm, animal suffering, euthanasia, experimental animals, animal welfare, laboratory animals, animal killing, animal ethics, animal rights, animal mortality, animal use statistics, domesticated animals, animal release, behaviorally abnormal animals, pet trade, animal suffering debate, animal interest, research ethics, European Commission, animal euthanasia, animal death, animal suffering prevention, animal experimentation ban animal research, animal experimentation, animal harm, animal suffering, euthanasia, laboratory animals, animal welfare, animal ethics, animal rights, animal death, animal use, vivisection, animal experimentation statistics, domesticated animals, animal release, pet trade, behavioral abnormalities, research ethics, animal capacity to suffer, animal welfare regulations, European Commission, experimental animals
test-politics-ypppgvhwmv-pro04a	Compulsory voting has been implemented successfully.  Australia is one of the most notable examples of compulsory voting and shows how it can be implemented. In Australia Compulsory voting was introduced at federal elections in 1924 1. Every Australian citizen who is over eighteen has to vote unless they have a ‘valid and sufficient reason for failing to vote’ which is decided by the electoral commission whether a reason is sufficient 2. If the elector who fails to vote does not provide such a reason they pay a penalty and if (s)he does not pay then the matter is dealt with in court 3. There is little reason to believe that this would be more difficult to implement in any other country. 1 Evans, Tim, 'Compulsory voting in Australia', Australian Electoral Commission, (January 2006), (accessed 4/8/11) 2 Harrison, Brianna, and Lynch, Philip. Votes for the Homeless, (March 2003), (accessed 4/8/11) 3 Voter Turnout for Referendums and Elections 1901 , Australian Electoral Commission, 2010 compulsory voting, Australia, implementation, federal elections, 1924, voting laws, electoral commission, penalty, court, suffrage, mandatory voting, voter turnout, enforcement, exemptions, valid reasons, legal consequences, Australian citizens, election participation, international comparison, electoral policy, case study, democratic participation, statutory requirement, references, historical context compulsory voting, Australia, compulsory voting implementation, federal elections, voting laws, Australian Electoral Commission, voter penalty, voter turnout, compulsory voting success, electoral enforcement, voting age Australia, voting compliance, valid reasons for not voting, voting fines, compulsory voting history, Tim Evans, Brianna Harrison, Philip Lynch, Votes for the Homeless, voting legislation, global implementation, international comparison, 1924 voting law, voting for citizens, court penalty voting compulsory voting, Australia, implementation, federal elections, voting laws, electoral commission, voter turnout, penalties, legal enforcement, suffrage, voting requirements, Australian citizens, valid reason, court proceedings, election management, voting compliance, international comparison, historical introduction, 1924, case study, success example, voter participation, policy analysis compulsory voting, Australia, federal elections, 1924, electoral commission, penalty, voter turnout, implementation, legal requirements, suffrage, court, enforcement, electoral law, Australian citizens, voting obligation, valid reason, voting penalty, civic duty, electoral process, election law, case studies, international comparison, successful implementation, voting compliance, administration, references, Tim Evans, Brianna Harrison, Philip Lynch, Australian Electoral Commission, Votes for the Homeless compulsory voting, Australia, electoral commission, federal elections, voter turnout, voting penalties, implementation, valid reason, voting law, suffrage, court penalties, Australian Electoral Commission, citizen voting, compulsory voting examples, international implementation, voting compliance, voting age, mandatory voting, Tim Evans, Brianna Harrison, Philip Lynch, Votes for the Homeless, historical voting laws, election law enforcement, compulsory voting success, global applicability
test-economy-egecegphw-con01a	The third run-way would cause noise and pollution problems  The high population density of the area around Heathrow means it is not an ideal location for a bigger airport. It makes sense to increase capacity in an area with lower population density instead of trying to do so within a location that is constrained by adjacent urbanized areas. Expanding Heathrow airport would mean increasing the problem of noise for the about 700,000 people living under the flight path. According to the HACAN report the Department for Transport only accepts that noise is a problem if a community is subjected to over 57 decibels of noise over the course of a year according to a 1985 Government study. In which case only the boroughs of Richmond and Hounslow would be affected. However this does not tie in with Londoner’s experiences. BAA says that 258,000 people are currently affected by high noise levels but the local community believes the real number is more like 1 million people affected. [1] Any argument that states that noise levels will not increase is flawed at best and outright fraudulent at worst, clearly a large expansion in the number of flights will increase the amount of noise and possibly the numbers affected.  [1] Johnson, Tim, ‘Approach Noise at Heathrow: Concentrating the Problem’, HACAN, March 2010,  p.12 Heathrow, third runway, airport expansion, noise pollution, air pollution, population density, urbanization, flight path, HACAN report, Department for Transport, decibel levels, Richmond, Hounslow, London, BAA, affected residents, community impact, environmental impact, noise thresholds, flight increase, government study, local opposition, noise monitoring, public health, Tim Johnson, airport capacity Heathrow airport, third runway, noise pollution, air pollution, population density, urban expansion, flight path, community impact, Department for Transport, decibel levels, Richmond, Hounslow, BAA, affected residents, HACAN report, airport expansion, environmental concerns, urbanized areas, noise measurement, Tim Johnson, Approach Noise, local community, capacity increase, government study, air traffic, public health, London flights Heathrow Airport, third runway, airport expansion, noise pollution, air pollution, population density, urban areas, flight path, HACAN report, Department for Transport, decibel levels, Richmond, Hounslow, London, BAA, local community, affected population, noise increase, government study, Tim Johnson, approach noise, capacity increase, airport location, environmental impact, urban constraints, airport noise, flight capacity Heathrow Airport, third runway, noise pollution, air pollution, population density, airport expansion, urban constraints, flight path, noise levels, Department for Transport, HACAN report, affected communities, Richmond, Hounslow, decibel threshold, London, BAA, community impact, aviation capacity, environmental concerns, Tim Johnson, Approach Noise at Heathrow, 2010, noise affected population, government study Heathrow expansion, third runway, airport noise, air pollution, population density, urban constraints, flight path, noise impact, community health, noise decibels, Department for Transport, HACAN report, BAA statistics, Richmond borough, Hounslow borough, London noise, environmental concerns, affected population, airport capacity, urban development, aviation policy, local opposition, environmental impact, transport policy, government study, noise measurement, flight increase, public health, environmental justice, London airports, infrastructure expansion
test-politics-cpegiepgh-pro02a	"Britain may not like losing the Queen's head on banknotes but London will be at a huge economic disadvantage if Britain stays out.  London will further lose its position as Europe’s financial centre, and the financial influence this brings with it. Britain’s staying out of the Euro has already depleted London’s status as the European financial centre. As explained by Anthony Browne in The Euro: Should Britain join?, “The European Central Bank – the second most powerful in the world – had a natural home in London, but ended up in Frankfurt because of our indecision over the Euro.”1 Germany used this to her advantage, for it “reinvigorated Germany’s bid to ensure that Frankfurt becomes Europe’s financial centre, with a massive office-building programme to rival London’s Docklands.”1Germany seizing London’s sphere of influence will only increase if Britain stays out of the Euro. Moreover, if Britain’s indecision over the Euro continues, “it would lead to a serious rethink by foreign owners of many of the City’s financial institutions about where their core activities should be located.”1 If Britain does not join the Euro, her economic activity both at home and between fellow Member States will be badly affected.  1Browne, A., 2001, ""The Euro: Should Britain Join?"", page 92 Britain, Queen's head, banknotes, London, economic disadvantage, Europe, financial centre, Euro, European Central Bank, Frankfurt, Germany, financial influence, Anthony Browne, foreign owners, City of London, financial institutions, office-building, Docklands, monetary union, economic activity, Member States, eurozone, financial sector, Britain out of Euro, financial status, relocation, European integration Britain, Queen's head, banknotes, economic disadvantage, London, financial centre, Euro, European Central Bank, Frankfurt, Germany, financial influence, European Union, foreign investment, City of London, office-building, Docklands, financial institutions, economic activity, Member States, Anthony Browne Britain, Queen's head, banknotes, London, economic disadvantage, financial centre, financial influence, Euro, European Central Bank, Frankfurt, Germany, financial status, Anthony Browne, office-building programme, Docklands, sphere of influence, foreign owners, financial institutions, economic activity, Member States, EU membership, single currency, financial services, Eurozone, financial markets, economic integration, Euro membership, monetary policy, financial relocation, City of London Britain, Queen's head, banknotes, London, economic disadvantage, financial centre, financial influence, Euro, European Central Bank, Frankfurt, Germany, European financial centre, Anthony Browne, indecision, foreign owners, City financial institutions, core activities, economic activity, Member States, The Euro: Should Britain Join, office-building programme, Docklands, eurozone, monetary policy, financial status, relocation, finance industry, European integration, currency, financial markets, economic consequences, UK economy Britain, Euro, London, financial centre, economic disadvantage, European Central Bank, Frankfurt, Germany, banknotes, Queen's head, Anthony Browne, foreign investment, financial institutions, economic activity, Member States, office-building programme, Docklands, sphere of influence, currency, Eurozone, financial influence, status, European financial centre, relocation, foreign owners, economic impact, monetary union, decision-making, integration, financial markets, banking sector, UK economy"
test-digital-freedoms-piidfiphwu-con02a	ISP will not cooperate with a graduated response policy  The graduated response model requires cooperation from all Internet Service Providers. If just one ISP refuses, users will flock towards that ISP to be able to keep on downloading. Therefore there will always be an incentive to be the ISP that refuses so as to gain custom from others who have agreed to cooperate. ISPs will also have an incentive to not cooperate because the cost of monitoring and identifying is large, and significantly more so for smaller ISPs: initial estimates of the cost of graduated response for ISPs were around 500 million pounds over a period of ten years. [1]  [1] Michael Geist, ‘Estimating the cost of a three strikes and you’re out system’, January 26, 2010. URL: ISP cooperation, graduated response policy, Internet Service Providers, non-cooperation, user migration, ISP incentives, monitoring costs, identification costs, smaller ISPs, cost estimates, three strikes policy, enforcement challenges, customer retention, compliance costs, digital piracy, Michael Geist, copyright enforcement ISP cooperation, graduated response, Internet Service Providers, policy compliance, monitoring costs, enforcement incentives, user migration, non-cooperative ISP, cost estimates, Michael Geist, three strikes policy, digital piracy, copyright enforcement, incentive structure, implementation cost, market competition, user retention, compliance challenges ISP non-cooperation, graduated response policy, Internet Service Providers, incentive to refuse, user migration, monitoring costs, implementation costs, smaller ISPs, compliance challenges, copyright enforcement, three strikes system, Michael Geist, cost estimates, policy effectiveness, digital piracy, regulatory burden graduated response, ISP cooperation, Internet Service Providers, enforcement policy, non-cooperation incentive, user migration, monitoring costs, copyright enforcement, graduated response cost, three strikes system, ISP competition, compliance challenges, policy implementation, cost estimates, Michael Geist, digital piracy, copyright infringement, three strikes law, policy resistance, smaller ISPs, customer retention, economic impact, enforcement costs, regulatory challenges, UK ISPs ISP cooperation, graduated response, Internet Service Providers, non-cooperative ISP, policy enforcement, customer migration, monitoring costs, identification costs, cost estimates, incentive to defect, three strikes policy, copyright enforcement, compliance challenges, cost burden, Michael Geist, digital piracy, policy implementation, industry regulation, competitive advantage, smaller ISPs
test-environment-assgbatj-con03a	Testing is needed for really new drugs  The real benefit of animal testing is making totally new drugs, which is about a quarter of them. After non-animal and then animal tests, it will be tested on humans. The reason why the risk is low (but not non-existent) for these brave volunteers, is because of the animal tests.  These new chemicals are the ones most likely to produce improvements to people’s lives, because they are new. You couldn’t do research on these new drugs without either animal testing or putting humans at a much higher risk. animal testing, new drugs, drug development, clinical trials, safety assessment, human volunteers, risk reduction, preclinical testing, medical research, pharmaceutical innovation, drug safety, benefits of animal testing, scientific research, non-animal tests, chemical testing, medical improvements animal testing, new drugs, drug development, clinical trials, human testing, drug safety, medical research, pharmaceutical research, risk reduction, drug efficacy, volunteer safety, non-animal testing, chemical innovation, biomedical research, drug approval process, drug discovery, preclinical testing, human risk, therapeutic innovation, scientific advancement animal testing, new drugs, drug development, medical research, human trials, drug safety, drug efficacy, clinical trials, drug innovation, preclinical testing, volunteer safety, pharmaceutical research, non-animal testing, risk reduction, biomedical research, therapeutic advancements, drug approval, experimental drugs, scientific research, drug discovery animal testing, new drug development, drug safety, clinical trials, human volunteers, drug research, non-animal testing, drug efficacy, pharmaceutical testing, risk reduction, medical innovation, preclinical testing, chemical compounds, biomedical research, drug approval, ethical considerations new drugs, animal testing, drug development, human trials, safety testing, clinical trials, non-animal tests, pharmaceutical innovation, chemical compounds, medical research, volunteer risk, drug safety, biomedical ethics, preclinical testing, research ethics, drug approval, breakthrough medicines, drug efficacy, toxicology studies, experimental drugs
test-international-glilpdwhsn-pro03a	"The New START treaty maintains US nuclear and missile defence.  The US’ Nuclear armament will be modernized along with New START. “The Obama administration has agreed to provide for modernization of the infrastructure essential to maintaining our nuclear arsenal. Funding these efforts has become part of the negotiations in the ratification process. The administration has put forth a 10-year plan to spend $84 billion on the Energy Department's nuclear weapons complex. Much of the credit for getting the administration to add $14 billion to the originally proposed $70 billion for modernization goes to Sen. Jon Kyl, the Arizona Republican who has been vigilant in this effort. Implementing this modernization program in a timely fashion would be important in ensuring that our nuclear arsenal is maintained appropriately over the next decade and beyond.” [1]  Both US Military and civilian leaders insist that the new START treaty will still allow the US to deploy effective missile defenses, something which Russia was opposed to, and so will not affect US missile defense plans. The main limit on missile defense is that the treaty prevents the conversion of existing launchers for this purpose this would be more expensive than building new missiles specifically for defense purposes. [2]  Furthermore, as Joe Biden argues, New START is important to Russian cooperation on missile defense: ""This [missile defense] system demonstrates America's enduring commitment to Article 5 of the Washington Treaty—that an attack on one is an attack on all. NATO missile defense also provides the opportunity for further improvements in both NATO-Russian and U.S.-Russian relations. NATO and Russia agreed at Lisbon to carry out a joint ballistic missile threat assessment, to resume theater missile-defense exercises, and to explore further cooperation on territorial missile defense—things that were nearly unimaginable two years ago. These agreements underscore the strategic importance the alliance attaches to improving its relationship with Russia. But trust and confidence in our relationship with Russia would be undermined without Senate approval of the New Start Treaty, which reduces strategic nuclear forces to levels not seen since the 1950s, and restores important verification mechanisms that ceased when the first Start Treaty expired last December."" [3]  In many ways, in the 21st Century having an abundance of nuclear weapons, particularly having too many, is more of a liability than an advantage. The United States will be far safer with fewer nuclear weapons in the world and a stronger, more stable relationship with Russia under New START, and this is desirable. Therefore it is clear that New START maintains the important parts of US nuclear capabilities while removing the over-abundance which may become a liability due to security and medical concerns, and so New START should be supported.  [1] Kissinger, Henry A. ; Shultz, George P. ; Baker III, James A’ ; Eagleburger , Lawrence S. ; and Powell, Colin L. ""The Republican case for ratifying New START"". Washington Post. 2 December 2010.   [2] ibid  [3] Biden, Joseph. ""The case for ratifying New START"". Wall Street Journal. 25 November 2010. New START treaty, US nuclear modernization, US missile defense, nuclear arsenal, Obama administration, nuclear weapons funding, Sen. Jon Kyl, Energy Department, $84 billion plan, missile defense limitations, launcher conversion, US-Russian relations, NATO missile defense, ballistic missile threat assessment, theater missile-defense exercises, Senate ratification, strategic nuclear forces reduction, verification mechanisms, nuclear weapons liability, nuclear security, nuclear safety, Republican support, Biden, Henry Kissinger, George Shultz, James Baker, Lawrence Eagleburger, Colin Powell, Washington Post, Wall Street Journal New START treaty, US nuclear modernization, missile defense, nuclear armament, US-Russia relations, Senate ratification, nuclear arsenal infrastructure, Department of Energy, funding modernization, Sen. Jon Kyl, Joe Biden, NATO missile defense, Article 5 Washington Treaty, NATO-Russia cooperation, ballistic missile threat assessment, theater missile-defense exercises, strategic nuclear reductions, verification mechanisms, nuclear liability, security concerns, medical concerns, US missile defense plans, launcher conversion, nuclear weapons complex, alliance relations, deterrence, nuclear disarmament, treaty negotiations, verification regime New START treaty, US nuclear modernization, missile defense, nuclear arsenal, Obama administration, Energy Department, nuclear weapons complex, Jon Kyl, ratification negotiations, Senate approval, NATO missile defense, US-Russia relations, strategic nuclear forces, verification mechanisms, Article 5, Washington Treaty, NATO-Russian cooperation, theater missile-defense exercises, ballistic missile threat assessment, nuclear arms reduction, security, medical concerns, over-abundance liability, Republican support, Biden, Kissinger, Wall Street Journal, Washington Post New START treaty, US nuclear modernization, nuclear arsenal, missile defense, Obama administration, nuclear weapons complex, Sen. Jon Kyl, nuclear infrastructure funding, US-Russia relations, strategic arms reduction, NATO missile defense, Article 5, Lisbon agreement, ballistic missile threat assessment, missile-defense cooperation, strategic verification, Senate ratification, nuclear force reduction, Cold War arms control, deterrence stability, modernization funding, NATO-Russian cooperation, security liability, nuclear proliferation, bipartisan support, arms treaty verification, nuclear security, US missile defense limitations, nuclear armament, US strategic defense, nuclear reductions, treaty compliance, bipartisan case, security policy New START treaty, US nuclear modernization, missile defense, Obama administration, nuclear arsenal, Senate ratification, Energy Department, $84 billion plan, Sen. Jon Kyl, modernization funding, US-Russia relations, NATO missile defense, Article 5, Lisbon summit, ballistic missile assessment, verification mechanisms, strategic nuclear forces, nuclear weapons reduction, security concerns, medical concerns, US military, civilian leaders, Russian cooperation, NATO-Russian cooperation, launchers conversion, Biden, Washington Treaty, nuclear deterrence, modernization program, nuclear liabilities, Republican case, bipartisan support, Cold War, arms control, strategic stability"
test-international-miasimyhw-con03a	Who is left behind?  In promoting a free labour market, we need to ask: who is left behind? To understand the developmental nature of migration investigation is needed into who doesn’t migrate - the non-migrant’s lifestyles raise key concerns.  Data from the EAC indicates the EAC labour market remains popular among over 65's and in favour of men; and further, a majority of employment occurs within agriculture [1] . The labour market remains inadequate in providing jobs for women and youths. Women and youths reflect disproportionate numbers of those forced to adapt, and create, new livelihoods following migration. Further, migrants are returning home, retiring, and therefore with limited effect on productivity.  The impact of migration is distributed unequally. In a previous study by Brown (1983) the detrimental effect of male out-migration from rural areas in Botswana was indicated. Family units were altered, changing to being predominantly female-headed households, the lack of human capital resulted in sustaining the agrarian crisis, and women were forced to cope with the burden of care. Little assurance was found as to whether the men would return, or remit resources.  [1] EAC, 2012. free labour market, left behind, migration, non-migrants, EAC, labour market, over 65s, gender disparity, agriculture employment, women, youth, job inadequacy, livelihoods, return migration, productivity, unequal impact, male out-migration, Botswana, rural areas, female-headed households, human capital, agrarian crisis, care burden, remittances, developmental migration, employment distribution, demographic disparities free labour market, left behind, non-migrants, migration, developmental impact, EAC, employment, over 65's, men, agriculture sector, labour market inadequacy, women, youth, livelihood creation, return migration, retirement, productivity, unequal impact, gender disparity, male out-migration, rural Botswana, female-headed households, human capital, agrarian crisis, burden of care, remittances, family structure, job creation, migration effects, labour market challenges left behind, free labour market, non-migrants, migration, EAC, over 65, gender disparity, men, women, youth, agriculture employment, job inadequacy, livelihoods, return migration, retirement, productivity, unequal impact, male out-migration, rural Botswana, female-headed households, human capital, agrarian crisis, burden of care, remittances, employment disparities, developmental migration, EAC labour data left behind, free labour market, migration, non-migrants, EAC, employment, agriculture, women, youth, labour force participation, gender disparities, rural areas, Botswana, male out-migration, female-headed households, agrarian crisis, remittances, livelihoods, productivity, retirement, unequal impact, human capital, adaptation, labour market inadequacies, care burden, migration effects, EAC labour market, development, migration patterns left behind, free labour market, non-migrants, migration, EAC, employment, agriculture, women, youth, labor market inequality, gender disparity, rural migration, male out-migration, Botswana, female-headed households, agrarian crisis, remittances, livelihoods, productivity, return migration, human capital, burden of care, development, East African Community, migrant impact, labor participation, demographic trends
test-law-cppshbcjsfm-con02a	Rehabilitation Doesn’t Actually Work  While some rehabilitative programmes work with some offenders (those who would probably change by themselves anyway), most do not. Many programs cannot overcome, or even appreciably reduce, the powerful tendency for offenders to continue in criminal behaviour. In Britain, where rehabilitation has long been purported to stop re-offending, 58 per cent of those over-21 find themselves in trouble with the law within two years of release. [1] The rehabilitation programs simply do not work. ‘Rehabilitation’ is therefore a false promise – and the danger with such an illusory and impossible goal is that it is used as a front to justify keeping offenders locked up for longer than they deserve and sometimes even indefinitely (‘if we keep him here longer maybe he might change’). We cannot justify passing any heavier or more onerous a sentence on a person in the name of “rehabilitation” if “rehabilitation” does not work.  [1] Stanford, P., ‘The road to redemption: Does the rehabilitation of prisoners work?’, The Independent, 23 August 2007. rehabilitation effectiveness, prisoner recidivism, offender reoffending rates, criminal behavior persistence, rehabilitation program failure, United Kingdom, criminal justice, reoffending statistics, sentencing justification, rehabilitation myth, correctional policy, recidivism rates UK, false promise rehabilitation, criminal justice reform, indefinite detention, correctional programs inefficacy, justice system critique, prisoner rehabilitation, offender management, penal system flaws rehabilitation effectiveness, offender recidivism, rehabilitative programs, criminal behavior persistence, reoffending rates UK, prison rehabilitation critique, false promise rehabilitation, justification for longer sentencing, indefinite incarceration, rehabilitation program failure, recidivism statistics, reform effectiveness, criminal justice policy, prisoner rehabilitation outcomes, correctional program critique rehabilitation effectiveness, offender recidivism, criminal behavior persistence, rehabilitative program failure, re-offending rates UK, prisoner rehabilitation, sentence justification, false promise rehabilitation, criminal justice policy, indefinite incarceration, evidence-based corrections, programme evaluation, prison outcomes, rehabilitation myth, Stanford P. The Independent rehabilitation, prisoner reform, recidivism, re-offending rates, effectiveness, criminal justice, offender behavior, sentencing policy, United Kingdom, incarceration, criminal justice reform, rehabilitation failure, false promises, criminal justice system, prisoner outcomes, UK prisons, program efficacy, correctional programs, offender rehabilitation, long-term imprisonment, justice policy, recidivism statistics, criminal behavior, punitive sentencing, rehabilitation criticism rehabilitation effectiveness, offender recidivism, criminal behaviour, rehabilitative programs, recidivism rates UK, prisoner reoffending, criminal justice, program failure, correctional programs, sentencing justification, false rehabilitation promise, extended incarceration, UK rehabilitation statistics, criminal justice reform, punishment vs rehabilitation, Stanford P. Independent 2007
test-science-wsihwclscaaw-pro03a	Currently there is no way to legally respond to cyber attacks by other states  Currently international law on how a state can respond to cyber attacks by another state is lacking: it only covers cyber attacks during armed conflicts or those are tantamount to an armed conflict [15]. An attacked state thus has no legitimate means to respond to cyber attacks. This leaves them no option of self-defence, which is an important element in international law. Moreover, without international law regulating cyber warfare between states, there is no actual illegitimacy for cyber attacks. Despite their far-reaching and grave consequences, cyber attacks by other states do not feature heavily in the news. Few people actually know about cyber attacks between USA and Iran, which would be an unimaginable situation should these states resorted to military attacks. This apparent lack of condemnation and attention in the wider society to cyber attacks further decreases ability of the state to defend themselves or even call out an aggressor publically as there is little to fear from global opinion for such actions cyber attacks, international law, state response, legal framework, self-defence, cyber warfare, state-sponsored cyber attacks, legitimacy, armed conflict, USA, Iran, attribution, international condemnation, public awareness, state sovereignty, norm development, military response, cyber norms, global opinion, cyber conflict, regulation, legal vacuum, escalation, international relations, accountability, deterrence international law, cyber attacks, state response, cyber warfare, self-defence, legal framework, state-sponsored cyber attacks, armed conflict, state sovereignty, legitimacy, USA-Iran cyber conflict, global opinion, public awareness, condemnation, regulation gaps, attribution, international norms, cyber defense, legal response mechanisms, state responsibility international law, cyber attacks, state response, legal framework, self-defence, cyber warfare, sovereignty, USA Iran cyber conflict, illegitimacy, armed conflict, state responsibility, cyber norms, state-sponsored cyber attacks, global opinion, public condemnation, international regulation, attribution, accountability, lack of regulation, news coverage, legal response, grey zone conflict, cyber deterrence, international security, escalation, cyber aggression cyber attacks, state responsibility, international law, cyber warfare, legal response, state self-defence, illegitimacy, armed conflict, USA, Iran, cyber security, condemnation, global opinion, legitimacy, inter-state conflict, regulation, policy gaps, attribution, news coverage, public awareness, sovereignty, norms, retaliation, accountability, non-kinetic conflict cyber attacks, international law, state response, legal framework, cyber warfare, self-defense, state sovereignty, armed conflict, state responsibility, cyber defense, global opinion, state accountability, USA Iran cyber attacks, lack of condemnation, public awareness, rules of engagement, legitimacy, cross-border cyber operations, international norms, attribution, non-kinetic warfare, escalation, legal loopholes, state-sponsored cyber attacks
test-economy-beplcpdffe-con01a	Personal freedom  Gambling is a leisure activity enjoyed by many millions of people. Governments should not tell people what they can do with their own money. Those who don’t like gambling should be free to buy adverts warning people against it, but they should not be able to use the law to impose their own beliefs. Online gambling has got rid of the rules that in the past made it hard to gamble for pleasure and allowed many more ordinary people to enjoy a bet from time to time. It provides the freedom to gamble, whenever and wherever and with whatever method the individual prefers. personal freedom, gambling, leisure activity, government regulation, individual rights, personal choice, online gambling, legal restrictions, advertising, anti-gambling campaigns, autonomy, law, beliefs, bet, accessibility, gambling laws, gambling policy, online betting, legislative intervention, user freedom, social responsibility personal freedom, gambling, leisure activity, government regulation, individual rights, online gambling, financial autonomy, advertising, personal choice, legal restrictions, freedom to gamble, gambling laws, self-determination, responsible gambling, anti-gambling campaigns, beliefs imposition, recreational gambling, access to gambling, gambling enjoyment, policy debate personal freedom, gambling rights, leisure activity, individual choice, government regulation, online gambling, legal restrictions, personal responsibility, financial autonomy, advertising, anti-gambling campaigns, freedom of choice, legislative control, public opinion, leisure pursuits, internet betting, gambling laws, recreational gambling, civil liberties, morality and law personal freedom, gambling, leisure activity, government regulation, individual rights, personal money, anti-gambling adverts, beliefs, law, online gambling, gambling pleasure, accessibility, betting, gambling rules, gambling restrictions, enjoyment, freedom of choice, gambling regulation, individual preference personal freedom, gambling, leisure activity, government regulation, individual rights, personal autonomy, online gambling, legal restrictions, financial freedom, gambling laws, anti-gambling campaigns, advertising, personal choice, regulatory policy, freedom of expression, gambling access, betting, digital gambling, public policy, social norms
test-sport-otshwbe2uuyt-con01a	This is a sports event not a political event  Sport and politics are separate and should be kept separate. This is the position of the organisers “Uefa has no position and will not take any regarding the political situation in Ukraine, and will not interfere with internal government matters.” [1] Euro 2012 is a football tournament that is about entertainment and bringing nations together in a common love of a game in a non-political sphere. Even pro-democracy activists such as Vatali Klitschko are “against the politicization of sports”. [2] Politicization would be exactly what politicians are doing by engaging in cheap political stunts, such as a boycott, to promote their own human rights agendas.  [1] Scott, Matt, ‘Sports minister Hugh Robertson could boycott Ukraine during Euro 2012’, The Telegraph, 2 May 2012.  [2] Keating, Joshua, ‘European leaders consider Euro Cup boycott over Tymoshenko’, Passport Foreignpolicy.com, 1 May 2012. sports event, political event, sport and politics, UEFA, Euro 2012, football tournament, entertainment, non-political, bringing nations together, Ukraine, internal government matters, politicization of sports, boycott, human rights agenda, pro-democracy activists, Vatali Klitschko, sports minister, Hugh Robertson, Tymoshenko, European leaders, activism, Foreignpolicy.com, The Telegraph sports event, political event, sport politics separation, UEFA position, Ukraine, Euro 2012, football tournament, non-political, entertainment, bringing nations together, pro-democracy activists, Vatali Klitschko, politicization of sports, political boycott, human rights agenda, government interference, political stunts, Tymoshenko, European leaders boycott, sports minister Hugh Robertson, football politics, sport neutrality Euro 2012, football tournament, sports and politics, political neutrality, Uefa position, Ukraine political situation, sport politicization, sports boycott, human rights agenda, sports event, entertainment, Vatali Klitschko, pro-democracy activists, political stunts, government interference, European leaders, Tymoshenko, sports minister Hugh Robertson, Euro Cup boycott, sports and government, sports organization statements Euro 2012, football tournament, sports event, political event, sports and politics, separation, UEFA, Ukraine, political situation, entertainment, nations, non-political, politicization of sports, pro-democracy activists, Vatali Klitschko, political stunts, boycott, human rights agenda, government matters, European leaders, Tymoshenko, Sports minister, Hugh Robertson, political interference sports event, politics, political event, separation of sports and politics, Uefa stance, Ukraine, Euro 2012, football tournament, entertainment, nations together, non-political sphere, pro-democracy activists, Vatali Klitschko, politicization of sports, political stunts, boycott, human rights agenda, government interference, European leaders, Tymoshenko, sports minister Hugh Robertson, media coverage, political neutrality, political boycott, sports and society, sport governance
test-economy-fiahwpamu-pro03a	Ending poverty through entrepreneurialism  Introducing finance provides communities with access to startup capital. Access to financial capital is vital in several respects for initiating capitalism. Firstly, access to capital enables entrepreneurialism. The poor have business ideas that would benefit both themselves and their community they just require access to capital to invest in such ideas. The Initiative ‘Lend with Care’ is providing access to capital to empower entrepreneurs [1] .  Secondly, the cumulative effect of small-scale savings and borrowing, enabled through microfinance enables individuals, families and communities, to enter markets - of land and property. Being able to buy property and land can enable personal security, dignity, and increasing returns.  [1] See further readings: Lend with Care, 2013. ending poverty, entrepreneurialism, access to capital, startup capital, financial inclusion, microfinance, Lend with Care, empowering entrepreneurs, small-scale savings, borrowing, community development, poverty alleviation, market entry, property ownership, land ownership, personal security, economic empowerment, dignity, capitalism, finance for the poor entrepreneurialism, poverty alleviation, microfinance, startup capital, financial inclusion, access to finance, community empowerment, small business funding, Lend with Care, economic development, financial capital, market access, property ownership, land acquisition, social impact, microloans, personal security, sustainable development, inclusive economy, business empowerment ending poverty, entrepreneurialism, access to capital, startup capital, financial inclusion, microfinance, community empowerment, small business finance, poverty alleviation, Lend with Care, microloans, economic development, property ownership, financial empowerment, market entry, personal security, financial dignity, accumulating savings, microenterprise, inclusive finance ending poverty, entrepreneurialism, finance, access to capital, startup capital, financial inclusion, microfinance, community empowerment, startup funding, capitalism, business ideas, poverty alleviation, Lend with Care, small-scale savings, borrowing, market access, land ownership, property acquisition, personal security, economic development, financial empowerment, community development, economic returns, financial dignity poverty alleviation, entrepreneurialism, microfinance, access to capital, startup funding, financial inclusion, community empowerment, Lend with Care, small business loans, economic development, capitalism initiation, business ideas, microloans, personal security, property ownership, land acquisition, financial empowerment, market entry, economic mobility, dignity, increasing returns, savings, borrowing, microenterprise, social impact finance
test-free-speech-debate-ldhwprhs-pro02a	"Because religion promotes certainty of belief, divinely inspired hatred is easy to use to justify and promote violent actions and discriminatory practices.  Free speech must come second when there is the potential for that speech to cause harm. The mantra of “With God on our side” has been used, and continues to be used, to justify massacre and barbarity throughout history. Although it is rarely the prelates and preachers who do the killing the certainty they promote gives surety to those who do.  The purpose of the Act [1] used in this particular case was an entirely practical one. It’s main role was to tidy up existing legislation on rioting and public disorder but one section recognised that homophobic and racist language do lead to violence. It is all well and good to talk of freedom of speech but the reality is that homophobic speeches, particularly those of a religious nature, may well lead to violence. For example in New York there were a series of homophobic attacks after anti-gay statements by republican politicians. [2] Preventing hate speech helps prevent that violence from occurring so justifying restrictions on freedom of speech.  [1] Legislation.gov.uk, ‘Public Order Act 1986’, The National Archives, 1986 c.64.  [2] Harris, Paul, ‘US shaken by sudden surge of violence against gay people’, The Observer, 17 October 2010 . religion, certainty of belief, divinely inspired hatred, justification of violence, discriminatory practices, free speech, harm, God on our side, massacre, barbarity, preachers, sureness, Public Order Act 1986, rioting, public disorder, homophobic language, racist language, violence, freedom of speech, religious speeches, New York, homophobic attacks, anti-gay statements, republican politicians, hate speech, violence prevention, speech restriction, legislation, historical examples, religious justification, discrimination, public safety religion, certainty of belief, divinely inspired hatred, justification, violent actions, discriminatory practices, free speech, harm, God on our side, massacre, barbarity, preachers, legislative purpose, Public Order Act 1986, rioting, public disorder, homophobic language, racist language, violence, homophobic speeches, religious nature, anti-gay statements, republican politicians, hate speech, freedom of speech restrictions, New York, homophobic attacks, prevention, justification, Paul Harris, Legislation.gov.uk religion, certainty of belief, divinely inspired hatred, justification of violence, discriminatory practices, free speech, harm, ""With God on our side"", massacre, barbarity, history, preachers, certainty, Public Order Act 1986, legislation, rioting, public disorder, homophobic language, racist language, violence, freedom of speech, religious speeches, homophobic attacks, anti-gay statements, politicians, hate speech, restriction of speech, prevention of violence, homophobia, discrimination, New York, republican politicians, The Observer, Paul Harris religion, certainty of belief, divinely inspired hatred, justification of violence, discrimination, free speech, harm, ""With God on our side"", massacre, barbarity, preachers, preached violence, legislative response, Public Order Act 1986, rioting, public disorder, homophobic language, racist language, freedom of speech, religious homophobic speech, violence, anti-gay statements, republican politicians, hate speech, restriction of speech, prevention of violence, legislative justification, hate crime, historical justification, speech regulation religion, certainty of belief, divinely inspired hatred, justification of violence, discriminatory practices, free speech limitations, harm from speech, ""With God on our side"", massacre, barbarity, religious certainty, preachers, Public Order Act 1986, rioting, public disorder, homophobic language, racist language, incitement to violence, religious speech, homophobic speeches, anti-gay statements, republican politicians, New York, homophobic attacks, hate speech prevention, freedom of speech, violence prevention, legal restrictions, legislation, historical justification of violence, speech regulation, discrimination"
test-politics-ypppgvhwmv-pro01a	Voting is a civic duty  Other civic duties also exist “which are recognised as necessary in order to live in a better, more cohesive, stable society” 1 like paying taxes, attending school, obeying road rules and, in some countries, military conscription and jury duty. All of these obligatory activities require far more time and effort than voting does, thus compulsory voting can be seen as constituting a much smaller intrusion of freedom than any of these other activities.  The right to vote in a democracy has been fought for throughout modern history . In the last century alone the soldiers of numerous wars and the suffragettes of many countries fought and died for enfranchisement. It is our duty to respect their sacrifice by voting.  1. Liberal Democrat Voice , 2006 compulsory voting, civic duty, democratic participation, enfranchisement, voting rights, suffrage, military conscription, jury duty, paying taxes, road rules, attending school, societal obligation, democracy, freedom, sacrifice, political responsibility, Liberal Democrat Voice, societal cohesion, stable society, voter turnout, historical struggle, civic responsibility compulsory voting, civic duty, civic responsibilities, paying taxes, attending school, obeying laws, road rules, military conscription, jury duty, democracy, voting rights, suffrage, enfranchisement, freedom, obligation, stability, social cohesion, historical struggle, Liberal Democrat Voice, voter participation, democratic society, citizen obligations, modern history, sacrifice, suffragettes, war, respect for democracy voting, civic duty, compulsory voting, civic responsibilities, pay taxes, attending school, obeying laws, obeying road rules, military conscription, jury duty, democracy, right to vote, enfranchisement, suffragettes, sacrifice, societal cohesion, liberal democracy, mandatory voting, individual freedom, societal stability, historical struggle, voting rights, citizen obligations voting, civic duty, compulsory voting, civic responsibilities, taxes, education, school attendance, obeying laws, road rules, military conscription, jury duty, democracy, right to vote, suffragettes, enfranchisement, historical sacrifice, societal cohesion, societal stability, liberal democratic values, individual freedom, public duty, modern history, political participation, obligation, sacrifice, Liberal Democrat Voice voting, civic duty, compulsory voting, democracy, suffragettes, enfranchisement, paying taxes, attending school, obeying road rules, military conscription, jury duty, citizen obligations, freedom, societal stability, rights, historical sacrifice, voting rights, universal suffrage, Liberal Democrat Voice
test-international-ghwcitca-pro02a	States will monitor each other, and an international body could be set up  Once a treaty is set up to limit or eliminate cyber-attacks monitoring is unlikely to be a problem because states will be willing to monitor each other. States in order to defend themselves from cyber-attacks already monitor the cyber-attacks that occur – the United States for example already has several cyber defense forces. [1] If that is not enough then there are numerous private groups that will be monitoring cyber-attacks as most are made against corporate rather than government targets. For example private company Mandiant exposed a unit of the People’s Liberation Army for its cyber-attacks in February 2013. [2] Once a cyber-attack has been traced and evidence gathered if the appropriate domestic authorities won’t deal with the culprit then an independent international institution can decide on the punishment for the government that is not living up to its treaty commitments.  If there is a need for international monitoring rather than simply a dispute settlement mechanism then there are models available through current treaties; a UN organisation similar to the International Atomic Energy Agency or International Criminal Court could be set up that can investigate incidents when asked.  [1] US Department of Defense, ‘The Cyber Domain Security and Operations’   [2] Mandiant, ‘Exposing One of China’s Cyber Espionage Units’, mandiant.com, February 2013, cyber-attacks, state monitoring, international body, treaty, cyber defense, United States, cyber defense forces, private groups, corporate targets, Mandiant, People’s Liberation Army, evidence gathering, domestic authorities, independent institution, punishment, treaty commitments, international monitoring, dispute settlement, UN organisation, International Atomic Energy Agency, International Criminal Court, investigation, cyber domain security, cyber espionage, China, cyber treaties cyber-attack monitoring, international treaty, cyber defense, state surveillance, international body, cyber-attack attribution, UN organization, dispute settlement, cybercrime investigation, private cybersecurity firms, Mandiant, People’s Liberation Army cyber-attacks, cybersecurity governance, evidence gathering, treaty enforcement, international punishment, International Atomic Energy Agency model, International Criminal Court model, US Department of Defense cyber operations, cyber espionage, international monitoring, cyber treaty compliance, transnational cyber threats cyber-attacks, international monitoring, treaty enforcement, state monitoring, international body, cyber defense, cyber espionage, private cyber security firms, Mandiant, People’s Liberation Army, UN organization, International Atomic Energy Agency, International Criminal Court, dispute settlement, cyber security treaties, evidence gathering, cyber threat attribution, cyber sovereignty, domestic authorities, punishment mechanisms, cyber treaty compliance, interstate cyber relations, cyber incident investigation, cyber governance, cyber diplomacy cybersecurity, international monitoring, cyber-attacks, treaty, states cooperation, cyber defense, international body, cyber treaty, UN organization, International Atomic Energy Agency, International Criminal Court, Mandiant, cyber espionage, cyber crime investigation, private monitoring groups, cyber defense forces, state surveillance, attribution, evidence gathering, dispute settlement, international punishment, treaty enforcement, cyber defense policy, cyber governance cyber-attacks, international monitoring, treaty enforcement, cyber defense, state monitoring, independent international institution, dispute settlement, United Nations, International Atomic Energy Agency, International Criminal Court, cyber-espionage, Mandiant, People’s Liberation Army, evidence gathering, private cybersecurity groups, cyber treaty, cross-border cyber security, international cyber law, cyber incident investigation, government accountability, cyber threat detection
test-law-hrpepthwuto-con03a	If legal principles are abandoned then there is little point in defending the liberties that democratic governments say they are so keen to defend  If we accept that this is a war, then its focus is not so much political control of territory as the preservation of a way of life. It is ridiculous to fight to defend principles of equality and decency using the tool of abandoning them the moment they become inconvenient.  The forces of religious extremism wish to undo 1,400 years of democratic development. We should not assist them in that process by allowing the major powers of the West throw out the most basic principles of the rule of law. Such a move, ultimately, has the potential to be vastly more destructive than the actions of a few fanatics legal principles, rule of law, democratic values, liberties, religious extremism, preservation of way of life, equality, decency, democratic development, political control, abandonment of principles, Western powers, government defense, destructive consequences, war on terror, fundamental rights, principle compromise, democracy, fanaticism, major powers legal principles, liberties, democratic governments, war, political control, preservation, way of life, equality, decency, religious extremism, democratic development, rule of law, Western powers, abandoning principles, destruction, fanaticism, civil liberties, justice, major powers, ethical standards, democracy, legal integrity legal principles, rule of law, democratic values, civil liberties, religious extremism, war on terror, political control, equality, decency, democratic development, Western powers, abandonment of principles, preservation of way of life, destruction, fanaticism, major powers, defense of liberty, democratic government, basic principles, human rights legal principles, defending liberties, democratic governments, war, preservation, way of life, equality, decency, religious extremism, democratic development, rule of law, Western powers, abandoning principles, political control, destructive consequences, fanaticism, basic principles, major powers, civil rights, justice, law, democracy, freedom, human rights legal principles, rule of law, democratic governments, liberties, war, political control, preservation, way of life, equality, decency, religious extremism, democratic development, Western powers, abandonment, destructive consequences, civil liberties, democracy, fanaticism, basic principles, legal integrity
test-law-cpilhbishioe-pro02a	An ICC enforcement arm would be quicker  If international criminals are to be caught it needs to be clear that there is an organisation with the responsibility and authority to catch them. This is especially important when the criminal in question is able to slip across borders to avoid the national authorities in one state as Joseph Kony has done as the ICC would be able to cross borders itself and coordinate the response from multiple countries. The importance of an organisation that is able to catch international criminals can be highlighted by the experience of the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia where despite a Memorandum of Understanding relating to the detention of war criminals in Bosnia NATO denied it had the power to make arrests so leading to patrols actively avoiding wanted men to avoid a situation in which they might have to engage in arrests. [1] A lack of clarity over whether an organisation can enforce its warrants for arrest results in arrests not being made. Ultimately the ICTY was successful because this situation was resolved with the creation of multinational police forces backed up with traditional NATO military power if necessary leading to the arrest of 126 individuals. [2]  [1] Zhou, Han-Ru, ‘The Enforcement of Arrest Warrants by International Forces From the ICTY to the ICC’, Journal of International Criminal Justice, Vol.4, 2006, pp.202-18,  pp214-6  [2] Ibid, p.203 ICC enforcement, international criminal court, cross-border arrest, multinational police, war criminals, international law enforcement, Joseph Kony, ICTY, NATO arrest power, arrest warrants, international tribunal, transnational crime, coordinated response, arrest authority, ICC mandate, effectiveness, organizational responsibility, international criminals, cross-border jurisdiction, Bosnia experience, criminal apprehension, detainment operations, international prosecution, legal enforcement, international justice, tribunal enforcement, arrest challenges, multinational cooperation ICC enforcement, international criminal justice, arrest warrants, cross-border law enforcement, international criminals, Joseph Kony, ICTY, multinational police, NATO arrests, war criminals, organizational authority, law enforcement coordination, international tribunal, enforcement clarity, extradition, international cooperation, police powers, ICTY enforcement, arrest authority, cross-border pursuit, enforcement mechanisms, international arrest coordination, war crimes prosecution, legal mandate, arrest operations, international law enforcement agencies ICC enforcement, international criminal court, arrest warrants, cross-border authority, international criminals, multinational police, ICTY, Yugoslavia tribunal, NATO arrests, intergovernmental cooperation, criminal accountability, Joseph Kony, war crimes, law enforcement coordination, international justice, jurisdictional clarity, fugitive apprehension, international law enforcement, arrest powers, enforcement mechanisms, detention authority, multinational response, international tribunals, Han-Ru Zhou, ICTY enforcement, ICC authority ICC enforcement arm, international criminals, cross-border authority, multinational coordination, arrest warrants, international criminal justice, Joseph Kony, enforcement responsibility, ICTY experience, NATO arrest power, multinational police forces, international law enforcement, war criminals, arrest clarity, ICTY success, ICC jurisdiction, cross-border law enforcement, international criminal tribunals, coordination among nations, enforcement mechanism, international arrest, multinational cooperation, international criminal court, international cooperation, arrest authority ICC enforcement, international criminals, transnational crime, cross-border jurisdiction, international arrest warrants, multinational police forces, ICC authority, international criminal justice, extradition, Joseph Kony, ICTY, NATO arrest powers, war criminals, law enforcement coordination, international organizations, cross-border enforcement, arrest warrant enforcement, international legal authority, multinational law enforcement, international cooperation, judicial enforcement, memorandum of understanding, security coordination, arrest operations, international tribunal, criminal apprehension, international policing, enforcement challenges, NATO military support, international law
test-law-umtlilhotac-con03a	Broadcasting provides a public record  Unlike many other criminal trials, since Nuremberg a key principle of International Criminal Law is that it aims to set a historical record. The events that it deals with are important as they are heinous crimes that change regions forever. A trial helps to get to the bottom of events that happened preventing there being multiple conflicting versions of events. This record also can help to act as a deterrent to others considering similar measures.  Broadcasting the trial will bolster this record by providing footage of the trial itself (which may reduce myths about it being unfair, for example) and providing a voice to the victims through their evidence, in their own words, being recorded for posterity and future study. broadcasting, public record, international criminal law, Nuremberg, historical record, criminal trials, heinous crimes, regional impact, conflicting versions, deterrence, trial footage, fairness, victim testimony, posterity, historical documentation, trial broadcasting, transparency, legal history, victim voice, myth reduction, evidence recording broadcasting, public record, international criminal law, Nuremberg, historical record, criminal trials, heinous crimes, trial transparency, deterrence, trial footage, myth reduction, victim testimony, evidence recording, posterity, judicial accountability, legal documentation, fair trial, international justice, precedent, media coverage, historical documentation broadcasting, public record, international criminal law, Nuremberg, historical record, criminal trials, documentation, deterrence, trial footage, victim testimony, myth reduction, transparency, historical events, legal accountability, public awareness, trial recording, persecutor accountability, judicial process, evidence preservation, posterity, future study, legal history international criminal law, public record, broadcasting trials, Nuremberg principle, historical record, criminal trials, deterrence, victim testimony, trial transparency, footage, trial fairness, documenting crimes, legal history, myth reduction, victim voice, evidence recording, posterity, future study, trial legitimacy, heinous crimes broadcasting trials, public record, international criminal law, historical record, Nuremberg principle, criminal trials, heinous crimes, deterrence, trial footage, legal transparency, victim testimony, myth reduction, fairness perception, evidence recording, posterity, future study, conflicting versions, legal documentation, judicial transparency, legal history, victim voice
test-politics-eppghwgpi-con05a	Immunity creates a perverse incentive to hang on to their office as long as possible.  Prosecutorial immunity brings about a massive side-benefit to being in office. It is easy to get used to a life where minor indiscretions go regularly unpunished, as has happened with dignitaries holding diplomatic immunity. [1] Immunity from prosecution may spur a politician to seek reelection into their old age when they are significantly less effective at performing their duties. This is one reason why in the vast majority of democracies elected representatives, while far from poor, are not paid massive salaries; we don’t want people getting into politics for the wrong reasons.  [1] Uhlig, Mark A., ‘Court Won’t Bar Return of Boy in Abuse Case to Zimbabwe’, The New York Times, 1 January 1988,  [Accessed September 9, 2011] prosecutorial immunity, perverse incentive, political office, reelection motivation, diplomatic immunity, minor indiscretions, unpunished misconduct, political accountability, democratic governance, public office benefits, politician salary, motivation for office, abuse of power, elderly politicians, electoral incentives, immunity from prosecution, political ethics, office tenure, incentive structures, democratic institutions political immunity, prosecutorial immunity, perverse incentives, office tenure, reelection motivation, diplomatic immunity, age and effectiveness, political accountability, elite impunity, incentive structures, politician salaries, elected representatives, democratic norms, prosecution exemption, abuse of power, incentives for misconduct, democratic governance prosecutorial immunity, perverse incentive, political office, reelection, diplomatic immunity, unpunished misconduct, dignitaries, politician motivation, minor indiscretions, salary incentives, democracy, abuse of office, effectiveness decline, officeholder longevity, political accountability, electoral incentives, immunity consequences, office tenure, immunity abuse, public office ethics immunity, perverse incentive, prosecutorial immunity, office tenure, diplomatic immunity, politicians, reelection, age, effectiveness, prosecution, unpunished crimes, democratic systems, political salaries, incentives, elected representatives, abuse of power, accountability, Mark A. Uhlig, New York Times, political motivation, public office, legal protection, misconduct, political career, democratic governance political immunity, prosecutorial immunity, perverse incentives, diplomatic immunity, reelection, office retention, abuse of power, aging politicians, democratic salaries, misconduct, prosecution, political accountability, incentives for politicians, electoral motivation, immunity consequences
test-politics-nlpdwhbusbuc-pro03a	Rejecting the Ban on Cluster Bombs Hurts the international image of the U.S.  The U.S. is one of the only remaining Western Liberal democracies to allow the U.S. of cluster bombs. The continued refusal of the U.S. to tow the same line as fellow liberal democracies makes it look bad internationally; especially considering that one of the main instigators behind the cluster bomb ban is the U.K. traditionally a great ally of the U.S. politically.  The U.S. is often seen as the greatest representative of Western liberal democracy as it is the most economically powerful. Part of this political clout however, comes from the continued cooperation of other Western Liberal democracies with the U.S. in failing to the sign the cluster bomb treaty despite pressure from other countries, the U.S. fails in this capacity and loses the support of the countries that it relies on to maintain its political status.  Moreover, given that the U.S. currently does not help with demining work, this further worsens relationships with other countries.6 cluster bombs, ban, U.S. international image, Western liberal democracies, U.S. policy, treaty refusal, international reputation, U.K. alliance, political clout, economic power, treaty non-signatory, demining, diplomatic relations, humanitarian law, U.S. foreign policy, international cooperation, arms control, munition ban, reputation damage, allied relations, international law, global perception cluster bombs, U.S. international image, Western liberal democracies, cluster bomb ban, U.S. policy, treaty refusal, international relations, U.K. allies, political reputation, economic power, political clout, treaty non-signatories, diplomatic impact, demining work, humanitarian issues, global opinion, U.S. foreign policy, arms control, transatlantic relations, international law, military policy, human rights, U.S. allies, coalition cooperation, reputational damage, global perception cluster bombs, U.S. international image, Western liberal democracies, cluster munitions ban, U.S. refusal, UK cluster bomb ban, allied relations, political status, U.S. foreign policy, treaty non-signatory, demining efforts, international reputation, military policy, arms treaties, Western alliances, political clout, humanitarian concerns, U.S.–UK relations, global perception, weapons ban compliance cluster bombs, U.S. international image, Western liberal democracies, cluster bomb ban, treaty refusal, U.K. relations, U.S. political clout, international cooperation, liberal democracy, military policy, demining, foreign relations, diplomatic reputation, arms treaties, international law, U.S. allies, humanitarian impact, global perception, arms control, U.S. foreign policy cluster bombs, U.S. international image, ban on cluster munitions, Western liberal democracies, humanitarian law, U.S.-U.K. relations, Convention on Cluster Munitions, diplomatic reputation, U.S. foreign policy, demining, treaty non-signatories, international cooperation, political alliances, military ethics, global perception, U.S. allies, political clout, weapon prohibition, U.S. diplomacy, international criticism
test-digital-freedoms-piidfaihbg-pro03a	Not censoring puts global pressure on China to change its free speech policies  Google’s decision to stop censoring was world news, and has put internet freedom on everyone’s agenda – even so much so, that U.S. Secretary of State mentioned internet companies ganging up to censor the Chinese corner of the internet specifically as a threat to freedom worldwide in a recent speech. [1] This helps to inform ordinary citizens of other countries who may not know about the ‘great firewall’ what the Chinese government is doing. By making a high-profile decision like this, and by engaging and informing the governments and publics of free and democratic countries like this, Google increases the public and political pressure on China to change its ways.  [1] Hillary Clinton, ‘Conference on Internet Freedom’, December 8, 2011. URL: Google, censorship, China, free speech, internet freedom, global pressure, government policy, public awareness, Great Firewall, democratic countries, political pressure, Hillary Clinton, US Secretary of State, internet companies, informational campaigns, international relations, media coverage, world news, Conference on Internet Freedom, digital rights Google, censorship, China, free speech, internet freedom, global pressure, public pressure, political pressure, Great Firewall, Hillary Clinton, US Secretary of State, internet companies, freedom of expression, government policies, Conference on Internet Freedom, digital rights, online censorship, world news, democratic countries, international relations Google, censorship, China, free speech, global pressure, internet freedom, world news, international attention, U.S. Secretary of State, internet companies, Chinese internet, threat to freedom, great firewall, public awareness, political pressure, democratic countries, government policy, internet governance, human rights, Hillary Clinton, Conference on Internet Freedom, 2011 Google, censorship, China, free speech, internet freedom, global pressure, public awareness, great firewall, Hillary Clinton, US Secretary of State, democratic countries, political pressure, government policies, international response, media coverage, conference on Internet freedom, internet companies, information control, world news, activism Google, censorship, China, free speech, internet freedom, global pressure, great firewall, U.S. Secretary of State, Hillary Clinton, internet companies, public awareness, political pressure, global agenda, democratic countries, information control, internet policy, media coverage, international relations, digital rights, online censorship
test-economy-egecegphw-con02a	Expanding Heathrow would be at the expense of the environment  Expanding Heathrow will directly contribute to climate change and make it impossible for the UK to stay within the EU legal limits. The EU has established limits on the levels of harmful pollution and the UK has signed a commitment to reduce Green House Gases by 80% by 2050 and also to emit no more CO2 in 2050 than it did in 2005. However, building a third runway would be enabling and encouraging greater number of flights which would result in Heathrow becoming the biggest emitter of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the country. [1] Attempts by the government to weaken pollution laws by lobbying Brussels would enable the third runway but at a deeply nefarious price, that of human health, currently fifty deaths a year are linked to Heathrow but with expansion this would go up to 150. [2]  [1] Stewart, John, ‘A briefing on Heathrow from HACAN: June 2012’   [2] Wilcockm David, and Harrism Dominic, ‘Heathrow third runway ‘would triple pollution deaths’’, The Independent, 13 October 2012, Heathrow expansion, environment impact, climate change, EU legal limits, pollution, greenhouse gas reduction, UK carbon targets, third runway, flight emissions, carbon dioxide, Heathrow emissions, government lobbying, Brussels, air quality laws, human health risks, pollution deaths, HACAN, Heathrow briefing, pollution levels, UK-EU commitments Heathrow expansion, environmental impact, climate change, EU legal limits, UK emissions targets, greenhouse gases, third runway, carbon dioxide emissions, air pollution, government lobbying, pollution laws, human health, pollution-related deaths, aviation emissions, EU pollution regulations, UK climate policy, airport expansion, air quality, environmental regulations, carbon reduction commitments Heathrow expansion, environment impact, climate change, EU pollution limits, UK greenhouse gas targets, carbon dioxide emissions, third runway, air pollution, government lobbying, Brussels, pollution laws, human health, Heathrow deaths, flight increase, CO2 UK, Greenhouse Gas Reduction, airport expansion, legal compliance, UK climate policy, aviation emissions, air quality, 2050 targets, EU regulations, environmental health, pollution deaths, HACAN, Heathrow Third Runway, UK emission commitment, aviation policy Heathrow expansion, environmental impact, climate change, EU legal limits, air pollution, greenhouse gases, 2050 emissions target, CO2 emissions, third runway, UK government, pollution laws, lobbying Brussels, human health, pollution-related deaths, carbon dioxide, HACAN, airport emissions, The Independent, air quality, UK environmental policy Heathrow expansion, environmental impact, climate change, EU pollution limits, UK greenhouse gas reduction, carbon dioxide emissions, third runway, air pollution, government lobbying, public health, pollution deaths, legal compliance, greenhouse gases, airport emissions, UK 2050 climate target
test-international-aghbfcpspr-pro04a	Reparations would effectively right the economic imbalance caused by colonialism.  Given that much of the motive for colonisation was economic, many former colonies have suffered damage to their natural resources [1] or human resources, [2] which has left them less able to sustain a healthy economy. Colonists targeted countries with rich natural resources and little ability to defend themselves from invasion and manipulation. By this method, they could supply their own markets with the natural resources which they had already exploited at home [3] , and find cheap (or free) human labour for their markets [4] . Given that powerful countries such as Britain [5] and France [6] gained their own economic prosperity through the exploitation of the economic potential of the colonies, it is entirely appropriate and logical that they should pay reparations as compensation. In this way, the economic disparity between former colonies and colonists would be equalised.  [1] Accessed from  on12/09/11  [2] Accessed from  on 12/09/11  [3] Accessed from  12/09/11  [4] Accessed from  on 12/09/11  [5] Accessed from  on 12/09/11  [6] ‘The Haitian Revolution and its Effects’. Patrick E. Bryan. Accessed from  on 12/09/11. reparations, economic imbalance, colonialism, former colonies, natural resources, human resources, exploitation, colonists, economic disparity, compensation, Britain, France, economic damage, resource extraction, labor exploitation, economic motives, decolonization, colonial legacy, economic justice, wealth redistribution, post-colonial economies, historical accountability, global inequality reparations, economic imbalance, colonialism, former colonies, natural resources exploitation, human resources exploitation, economic disparity, compensation, Britain, France, colonial economic impact, post-colonial development, resource extraction, colonial legacy, colonial powers, wealth transfer, colonial exploitation, labor exploitation, restitution, economic justice, global inequality reparations, economic imbalance, colonialism, former colonies, natural resources, human resources, economic damage, colonists, exploitation, Britain, France, compensation, economic disparity, wealth transfer, post-colonial economics, colonial exploitation, resource extraction, labour exploitation, colonial legacy, justice, wealth redistribution, economic justice, decolonisation, financial compensation reparations, economic imbalance, colonialism, former colonies, natural resources, human resources, economic damage, exploitation, colonization, economic motive, colonial powers, Britain, France, compensation, economic disparity, wealth redistribution, market exploitation, cheap labor, free labor, post-colonial economy, resource extraction, colonial legacy, reparative justice, economic justice, colonial exploitation reparations, economic imbalance, colonialism, former colonies, natural resources exploitation, human resources exploitation, economic damage, colonisation motives, post-colonial economies, resource extraction, economic disparity, Britain, France, colonial compensation, equalisation, historical injustice, colonial powers, underdevelopment, market exploitation, decolonisation, wealth redistribution, colonist gains, reparative justice
test-philosophy-apessghwba-pro05a	Would send a positive social message, increasing animal welfare rights more generally in society  Most countries have laws restricting the ways in which animals can be treated. These would ordinarily prohibit treating animals in the manner that animal research laboratories claim is necessary for their research. Thus legal exceptions such as the 1986 Animals (Scientific Procedures) Act in the UK exist to protect these organisations, from what would otherwise be a criminal offense. This creates a clear moral tension, as one group within society is able to inflect what to any other group would be illegal suffering and cruelty toward animals. If states are serious about persuading people against cock fighting, dancing bears, and the simple maltreatment of pets and farm animals, then such goals would be enhanced by a more consistent legal position about the treatment of animals by everyone in society. animal welfare, animal rights, animal research, animal cruelty, legal exceptions, 1986 Animals Scientific Procedures Act, UK animal law, ethical treatment, animal suffering, laboratory animals, animal protection, criminal offense, moral tension, societal attitudes, animal experimentation, consistency in law, animal maltreatment, animal legislation, animal ethics, public opinion, animal advocacy, animal abuse, animal protection laws, animal justice, animal policy animal welfare, animal rights, legal exceptions, animal research, animal cruelty, animal protection laws, scientific procedures, Animals (Scientific Procedures) Act 1986, moral tension, animal suffering, laboratory animals, animal experimentation, legal consistency, animal treatment, societal attitudes, criminal offense, cock fighting, dancing bears, pet maltreatment, farm animals, humane treatment, animal legislation, societal norms, legal protection, animal advocacy, ethical standards animal welfare, animal rights, social message, animal research, legal exceptions, animal cruelty, animal laws, 1986 Animals Scientific Procedures Act, UK animal law, moral tension, animal suffering, criminal offense, laboratory animals, animal protection, animal maltreatment, cock fighting, dancing bears, pet welfare, farm animal welfare, legal consistency, animal treatment, animal ethics, state responsibility, public persuasion, animal legislation animal welfare, animal rights, legal exceptions, animal research, animal laboratories, animal cruelty, animal suffering, scientific procedures, 1986 Animals Act, UK animal law, moral tension, animal protection, animal legislation, cock fighting, dancing bears, pet maltreatment, farm animal treatment, animal ethics, consistency in animal law, positive social message, societal animal rights animal welfare, animal rights, animal research, animal testing laws, 1986 Animals (Scientific Procedures) Act, legal exceptions, animal cruelty, moral tension, animal protection, laboratory animal treatment, animal suffering, criminal offense, animal experiments, animal ethics, animal legislation, societal attitudes, consistent animal laws, animal abuse, animal maltreatment, legal protection animals, cock fighting, dancing bears, pet welfare, farm animal rights, animal law consistency, social messaging animals, animal advocacy, animal law reform
test-politics-cpegiepgh-pro03a	"Amid all the Euroscepticism (sic) and xenophobic scaremongering so typical of the British tabloids, Britain forgets the advantage of cheaper goods would come with her entry into the European single currency.  There will be initial conversion costs and inflation, but this will be short lived. If Britain accepts the Euro, “There will be far more powerful forces – price transparency and economies of scale in a massive single market – that will continuously push the price of British goods down to European levels [resulting in] massive savings.”1. The end of cheaper goods justifies the means of attaining them.  1Browne, A., 2001, ""The Euro: Should Britain Join"", Page 91 Euroscepticism, xenophobia, British tabloids, European single currency, Euro adoption, entry costs, inflation, price transparency, economies of scale, single market, cheaper goods, price reduction, British economy, European integration, consumer benefits, currency conversion, market forces, economic impact, Browne 2001, UK Euro debate Euroscepticism, xenophobia, British tabloids, Britain, European single currency, Euro adoption, cheaper goods, conversion costs, inflation, price transparency, economies of scale, single market, price levels, British goods, European prices, economic integration, savings, currency union, Eurozone, Browne 2001 Euroscepticism, xenophobia, British tabloids, European single currency, Euro, cheaper goods, conversion costs, inflation, price transparency, economies of scale, single market, British economy, price reduction, consumer savings, UK Eurozone membership, European integration, currency adoption, market forces, economic benefits, eurozone advantages, UK-European Union relations Euroscepticism, xenophobia, British tabloids, European single currency, Euro adoption, conversion costs, inflation, price transparency, economies of scale, single market, cheaper goods, British economy, price levels, savings, European integration, UK Euro debate, currency union, economic benefits, trade, Britain Euro entry Euroscepticism, xenophobia, British tabloids, Britain, European single currency, Eurozone, Euro adoption, cheaper goods, conversion costs, inflation, price transparency, economies of scale, single market, British goods, price reduction, consumer savings, UK Euro debate, currency integration, economic impact, European Union, Browne 2001, Euro benefits"
test-digital-freedoms-piidfiphwu-con03a	The graduated response is a violation of the basic right to due process  Detection of copyright infringement isn’t usually done by a detective sitting behind a computer. It relies on software like automated crawlers and fingerprinting, often created by commercial vendors and hired by the copyright holders. This software automatically sends detected infringements to the ISP, without someone actually checking if this allegation is correct. This means many consumers can be unjustly accused of copyright infringement.  Moreover, most graduated response policies proposed require no judicial intervention at all for the sanction to be invoked. This means private organisations get to decide who has committed a crime and deserves the punishment. The ISPs and copyright holders therefore act as accuser, prosecution, judge and executioner. On top of this if a consumer would go to court, he would also face a reversal of the burden of proof: since he is suing against being fined, he has to prove that he is not guilty, a reversal of the presumption of innocence. [1]  [1] Peter K. Yu, ‘The Graduated Response’. 2010. Florida Law Review, Volume 62. Available for download (PDF) at: graduated response, due process, copyright infringement, automated detection, fingerprinting, commercial vendors, copyright holders, software crawlers, ISPs, judicial intervention, sanction, private organisations, accusation, prosecution, judge, executioner, presumption of innocence, reversal of burden of proof, consumer rights, unjust accusation, legal process, Peter K. Yu, Florida Law Review graduated response, due process, copyright infringement, automated detection, software crawlers, fingerprinting, commercial vendors, ISPs, judicial intervention, private enforcement, presumption of innocence, burden of proof, consumer rights, unfair accusations, copyright holders, sanctions, legal process, accusation, prosecution, punishment, reversal of burden, copyright law, Peter K. Yu, Florida Law Review graduated response, due process violation, copyright infringement detection, automated crawlers, fingerprinting software, commercial copyright enforcement, ISPs, judicial intervention, private enforcement, presumption of innocence, reversal burden of proof, consumer rights, automated copyright accusations, digital rights, sanctions, copyright policy, legal safeguards, fair trial, due process rights, Peter K. Yu, Florida Law Review, copyright enforcement software graduated response, due process violation, copyright infringement detection, automated software, crawlers, fingerprinting, commercial vendors, ISPs, copyright holders, unjust accusations, judicial intervention, private enforcement, presumption of innocence, reversal of burden of proof, user rights, automated allegations, legal process bypass, digital rights, Peter K. Yu, Florida Law Review graduated response, due process, copyright infringement, detection software, automated crawlers, fingerprinting, commercial vendors, ISPs, judicial intervention, sanctions, private enforcement, presumption of innocence, burden of proof, accusation, consumer rights, copyright holders, reversal of burden, punishment, legal process, accusation error, Florida Law Review, Peter K. Yu
test-culture-tlhrilsfhwr-con03a	Universal rights and collective compromises  Cultural relativism is the philosophical belief that all cultures and cultural beliefs are of equal value and that right and wrong are relative and dependant on cultural contexts. Accordingly, relativists hold that universal human rights cannot exist, as there are no truly universal human values. If rights are relative, the laws that protect them must also be relative.  If we accept proposition’s contention that culturally relative values can evolve in response to conflicts and crises, then any perverse or destructive behaviour given the force of ritual and regularity by a group’s conduct can be taken to be relative. If the group believes that a practice is right, if it ties into that group’s conception of what is just and good or beneficial to their survival, then there can be no counter argument against it – whether that practice has been continuous for a hundred years or a hundred days.  Systems of law, however, reflect the opinions, practices and values of everyone within a state’s territory, no matter how plural its population may be. Similarly, objections to specific aspects of the universal human rights doctrine are fragmentary, not collective. While a handful of communities in Yemen may object to a ban on the use of child soldiers, many more throughout the world would find this a sensible and morally valuable principle. It is necessary for both the international community and individual nation states to adjust their laws to reconcile the competing demands of plural value systems. Occasionally, a value common among a majority of cultures must overrule the objections of the minority.  It is perverse to give charismatic leaders who convince impoverished communities to send their sons and daughters into combat an opportunity to use cultural relativism to excuse their culpability for what would otherwise be a war crime. Officers, politicians or dissident commanders are much more likely than Yemeni tribesmen or orphaned Sudanese boys to understand the intricacies of such a defence, and much more likely to abuse it. The commanders of child soldiers are the only class of individuals who should fear the ICC. universal rights, collective compromises, cultural relativism, philosophical belief, cultural beliefs, moral relativism, universal human rights, human values, legal relativism, law systems, cultural context, pluralism, value systems, moral diversity, minority rights, majority rule, war crimes, child soldiers, international law, human rights doctrine, ICC, cultural practices, ritual behavior, justice, ethical debates, legal pluralism, objections, cultural evolution, national law, international community, collective values, group conduct, legal protections, perverse practices, cultural justification, culpability, charismatic leaders, moral principles universal rights, collective compromises, cultural relativism, philosophical belief, cultural values, universal human rights, moral relativism, legal relativism, laws, legal systems, pluralism, value systems, international law, minority rights, majority rule, Yemen, child soldiers, war crimes, ICC, charismatic leaders, moral philosophy, human rights doctrine, cultural practices, ethical relativism, international community, nation states, legal reconciliation, crime accountability, cultural objections, moral universality universal rights, collective compromises, cultural relativism, philosophical belief, cultural values, right and wrong, relative morality, human rights, universal values, relativist critique, legal relativism, pluralism, law systems, cultural conflicts, value evolution, group conduct, ritual behavior, moral justification, justice, survival, cultural practices, state laws, plural populations, human rights objections, collective values, minority vs majority, international law, value reconciliation, child soldiers, war crimes, cultural excuses, charismatic leaders, community manipulation, ICC, command responsibility, global ethics universal rights, collective compromises, cultural relativism, human rights, moral relativism, cultural values, legal systems, pluralism, international law, minority rights, majority rule, value systems, collective responsibility, war crimes, child soldiers, ICC, cultural context, ethical relativism, justice, moral principles universal rights, collective compromises, cultural relativism, philosophical belief, cultural beliefs, value systems, right and wrong, cultural context, universal human rights, human values, law relativity, cultural values, moral relativism, legal systems, pluralism, state opinion, doctrine objections, international community, national laws, competing demands, majority culture, minority objections, charismatic leaders, war crimes, child soldiers, ICC, cultural excuses, ethical universality, legal adaptation, group conduct, ritual practices, survival, justice, moral value
test-economy-thhghwhwift-con01a	A fat tax infringes on individual choice  Introducing such a tax would constitute an overstepping of the government’s authority. The role of government in a society should not expand further than providing basic services such as education, legal protection, i.e. only the services necessary for a society to function and for the individual’s rights to be protected.  Such a specific tax is completely uncalled for and very unreasonable in the context of a fair society with a government that knows its place in it.  Protecting the individual should go no further than the protection against the actions of a third person. For instance: we can all agree that governments should put measures in place to protect us from thieves, scammers, etc. But should it also protect us from frivolous spending? Limit us in the number of credit cards we can own? Tell us how we can invest our money?  Of course not. But what this tax does is exactly that – it is punishing the citizens for a specific choice they are making by artificially inflating its cost.  Thus it is clear that levying such a tax against a specific choice an individual should be able to legitimately make is a clear overstepping of the government’s authority. [1]  [1] Wilkinson, W., Tax the fat, not their food, published 7/26/2011,  , accessed 12/9/2011 fat tax, individual choice, government authority, personal freedom, limited government, overreach, public policy, basic services, taxation ethics, liberty, paternalism, government intervention, autonomy, personal responsibility, anti-nanny state, societal role of government, consumer rights, punitive taxation, regulated behaviors, freedom of choice, policy critique, tax fairness fat tax, individual choice, government authority, personal freedom, tax policy, overreach, paternalism, basic services, individual rights, state intervention, fair society, government limits, consumer autonomy, personal responsibility, public health policy, taxation ethics, freedom of choice, liberty, food taxation, civil liberties, government intrusion, economic freedom, personal autonomy fat tax, individual choice, government authority, personal freedom, basic services, education, legal protection, limited government, government intervention, taxation, autonomy, fair society, paternalism, liberty, public policy, personal responsibility, overreach, consumer rights, economic freedom, market regulation, civil liberties fat tax, individual choice, government authority, personal freedom, overreach, basic services, role of government, legal protection, individual rights, taxation, paternalism, public policy, economic liberty, autonomy, nanny state, freedom of choice, personal responsibility, public health policy, civil liberties, justification of taxation, government intervention, unreasonable tax, government limits fat tax, individual choice, personal freedom, government authority, overreach, role of government, basic services, legal protection, fair society, paternalism, public policy, personal responsibility, taxation, liberty, autonomy, government intervention, restrictive policies, freedom of choice, punitive taxation, economic liberty, paternalistic policy, civil liberties, food tax, regulation, state intervention, social contract, state control, public health policy, individual rights, freedom from interference
test-health-dhgsshbesbc-pro04a	Tackling HIV requires a responsible and active position by everyone  Businesses ought to take a responsible and active position on HIV. The issue isn’t going to go away. Successful programs designed to help HIV-positive employees remain in the workplace for as long as they want to do so should be developed. Procedures for treating personnel with fairness and dignity must be put in place. The potential fears and prejudices of other employees must be combated. The beginning of that process is ensuring they know about the problem and, crucially, the scale of it. Without knowledge of the numbers involved, employers may put in place inadequate medical and pensions arrangements that will ultimately prove inadequate. HIV, workplace, employee support, corporate responsibility, HIV-positive employees, fair treatment, workplace dignity, employee retention, workplace prejudice, HIV awareness, HIV education, employee benefits, medical arrangements, pension arrangements, workplace policy, HIV stigma, business role, inclusive programs, HIV impact, health programs, employee welfare HIV, workplace, business responsibility, employee support, HIV-positive employees, workplace inclusion, fairness, dignity, HIV education, stigma reduction, employer programs, retention, workplace policy, medical arrangements, pensions, health benefits, awareness, discrimination, workplace prejudice, HIV statistics, employee well-being HIV, workplace, businesses responsibility, employee programs, HIV-positive employees, workplace inclusion, fairness, dignity, employee rights, workplace discrimination, prejudice, staff education, awareness, program development, medical arrangements, pension arrangements, corporate social responsibility, health policy, workplace diversity, employee support, HIV awareness, stigma reduction, workplace policy, employee welfare HIV, workplace, employee support, HIV-positive, business responsibility, workplace programs, fair treatment, employee dignity, workplace prejudice, HIV education, HIV awareness, medical arrangements, pensions, employer responsibility, workplace health, employee retention, stigma reduction HIV, workplace, employee support, business responsibility, HIV-positive employees, workplace programs, fairness, dignity, employee rights, workplace policies, stigma reduction, workplace discrimination, HIV awareness, employer responsibility, medical arrangements, pension arrangements, workplace inclusivity, HIV education, workplace health, combating prejudice, HIV statistics, employee wellbeing, support procedures
test-economy-beplcpdffe-con02a	Cant enforce an online gambling ban  Governments can’t actually do anything to enforce a ban on the world wide web. Domestic laws can only stop internet companies using servers and offices in their own country. They cannot stop their citizens going online to gamble using sites based elsewhere. Governments can try to block sites they disapprove of, but new ones will keep springing up and their citizens will find ways around the ban. So practically there is little the government can do to stop people gambling online. Despite it being illegal the American Gambling Association has found that 4% of Americans already engage in online gambling [11]. online gambling ban, enforcement challenges, government regulation, internet jurisdiction, domestic laws, offshore gambling sites, website blocking, circumvention, internet censorship, legal limitations, gambling accessibility, American Gambling Association, prevalence statistics, online betting, internet policy, ineffective bans online gambling ban, enforcement, government regulation, internet jurisdiction, cross-border gambling, domestic laws, website blocking, censorship, offshore gambling sites, legal limitations, cyberspace regulation, American Gambling Association, illegal gambling statistics, internet policy, digital enforcement challenges, web anonymity, online betting, law evasion, internet restrictions, gambling legislation online gambling ban, enforcement challenges, government regulation, internet jurisdiction, offshore gambling sites, domestic laws, online gambling bypass, site blocking, legal limitations, internet censorship, gambling statistics, American Gambling Association, illegal online gambling, global internet, cyber law enforcement online gambling ban, enforcement, internet regulations, government limitations, cross-border gambling, domestic laws, offshore gambling sites, site blocking, internet censorship, legal loopholes, web-based gambling, circumvention, American Gambling Association, online gambling prevalence, illegal gambling, regulatory challenges, jurisdiction issues, global internet, gambling legislation, online betting restrictions online gambling, enforcement, government regulation, internet ban, jurisdiction, domestic laws, offshore websites, site blocking, circumvention, legal limitations, American Gambling Association, illegal gambling, online betting, web restrictions, international servers, user access, digital enforcement, policy challenges, internet censorship, gambling statistics
test-law-cppshbcjsfm-con03a	How Would One Know a System of Rehabilitation Is Really Working  The question “does it work” must be joined by the second question: “even if it does work, how can you tell, with each individual offender, when it has worked?” How would we check if this system is really working? Tagging prisoners? Free counselling for the prisoner for the rest of their life? These measures would require huge administration costs and then the question follows would it even be feasible to enforce such a system?  The root of criminality exists before exposure to the prison system; otherwise criminals would have no reason to be there in the first place. What may be more sensible is to analyse the root causes of what makes criminals offend in the first instance and introduce reform to counteract it, for example the economic crisis. [1]  Some have cited the education system as failing to instil a sense of morality in people. Others suggest that a lack of welfare leads individuals to lose faith in society and therefore be unwilling to follow the law. Assuming that the right time to change people’s outlook on society is after they have offended is naïve – criminal urges are better ‘nipped in the bud’.  It could be argued that criminal mentalities are inherent within certain individuals, either due to their inborn psyche or their upbringing. If one accepts this, then basic rehabilitation into society is going to do little to stop re-offending, whereas incarceration will keep them in a position where they cannot offend. Allowing them easy passage back into the world, with minimal supervision, could provide a gateway for them to commit more serious crimes.  [1] Dodd, Vikram, ‘Police face years of public disorder, former Met chief warns’, guardian.co.uk, 6 December 2011. rehabilitation effectiveness, offender recidivism, system evaluation, rehabilitation assessment, individual offender progress, criminal justice reform, prisoner monitoring, administrative costs, feasibility of rehabilitation, root causes of crime, criminality analysis, economic factors in crime, education system and morality, welfare and crime, social reintegration, crime prevention, inborn criminal tendencies, criminal psychology, recidivism prevention, incarceration vs rehabilitation, supervision post-release, offender re-entry, criminal justice policy, mental health and crime, free counselling for offenders, prison reform, offender support programs, recidivism measurement, criminogenic factors, public safety, criminal behavior causes rehabilitation effectiveness, offender recidivism, program evaluation, correctional system outcomes, prisoner monitoring, cost-benefit analysis, feasibility of enforcement, root causes of crime, criminal psychology, education and crime, welfare and crime, crime prevention, social reform, offender supervision, criminal mentality, recidivism prevention, penal policy, societal reintegration, individual outcome assessment, criminal justice reform, criminogenic factors rehabilitation effectiveness, offender recidivism, program evaluation, individual assessment, criminal rehabilitation, outcome measurement, reoffending rates, monitoring offenders, prisoner supervision, post-release counselling, administrative costs, feasibility of enforcement, root causes of crime, criminal psychology, social reform, economic factors, education system, morality, welfare and crime, early intervention, innate criminality, upbringing and crime, recidivism prevention, incarceration vs rehabilitation, prisoner reintegration, criminal justice reform rehabilitation effectiveness, offender recidivism, measuring rehabilitation success, criminal justice reform, recidivism rates, offender assessment, individualized progress tracking, system feasibility, rehabilitation costs, administrative burden, prisoner monitoring, root causes of crime, socioeconomic factors, education system failure, welfare and crime, prevention strategies, early intervention, criminal psychology, innate criminality, upbringing and crime, morality in education, social reintegration, post-release supervision, incarceration vs. rehabilitation, reoffending risk, criminal behavior analysis, reducing recidivism, societal impact, policy evaluation, economic crisis and crime, public safety rehabilitation effectiveness, offender recidivism, criminal justice reform, program evaluation, recidivism rates, measuring rehabilitation, offender reintegration, cost of rehabilitation, feasibility of enforcement, tagging prisoners, post-release supervision, offender counseling, root causes of crime, influence of education, social welfare and crime, criminal psychology, prison alternatives, reoffending prevention, criminal mentality, impact of upbringing, criminal justice expenditure, societal reintegration, criminal behavior analysis, early intervention, prison system effectiveness, morality and criminality, economic factors crime
test-sport-otshwbe2uuyt-con02a	A boycott won’t help resolve the issues at question  European leaders need to consider whether their methods are likely to achieve the result they want. What Europe’s leaders want is first of all Yulia Timoshenko released and secondly improvements in Ukrainian human rights. Timoshenko is unlikely to be released as she has been convicted on charges of abuse of office and sentenced to seven years in prison; the best that could be hoped for is an improvement in her treatment. Similarly the result is not likely to be positive for human rights and democracy. There might be an improvement during the games while the eyes of the world are on Ukraine but long term there will be no impact unless Yanukovych is persuaded that improvements are in his benefit. This would require more concrete and long term actions than one off boycotts.  Past boycotts have demonstrated a lack of success in changing the situation on the ground. In the 1980 Olympics held in Moscow during the Cold War the USA boycotted in response to the 1979 invasion by the USSR of Afghanistan. The result was that the Soviet Union stayed in Afghanistan, won most medals in the Olympics and retaliated by boycotting the 1984 games held in Los Angeles. [1]  [1] Gera, Vanessa, ‘Boycott of Ukraine During Euro 2012 Carries Risk’, Associated Press, 11 May 2012. boycott, European leaders, Ukraine, Yulia Timoshenko, human rights, democracy, abuse of office, Yanukovych, long-term actions, short-term impact, Cold War, 1980 Olympics, Moscow, USSR, Afghanistan invasion, USA boycott, Soviet Union, Euro 2012, retaliation, human rights improvement, political prisoners, effectiveness, international pressure, sporting events, Associated Press, Vanessa Gera boycott, European leaders, Yulia Timoshenko, Ukraine, human rights, democracy, abuse of office, Yanukovych, diplomatic pressure, effectiveness, international relations, Euro 2012, civil liberties, political prisoners, Soviet Union, 1980 Olympics, 1984 Olympics, US-Soviet relations, international boycotts, historical comparisons, regime change, Associated Press, Vanessa Gera, prisoner treatment, sanctions, long-term strategy boycott, European leaders, Ukraine, Yulia Timoshenko, human rights, democracy, Yanukovych, EU policy, political prisoners, abuse of office, Euro 2012, European Union, Olympic boycotts, 1980 Olympics, 1984 Olympics, Soviet Union, Afghanistan invasion, international pressure, political reform, human rights improvement, effectiveness, sporting events, diplomatic strategy, historical examples, policy outcomes, government response, international relations, AP article, Vanessa Gera boycott, Ukraine, European leaders, Yulia Timoshenko, human rights, democracy, Yanukovych, abuse of office, political prisoners, European Union, Euro 2012, international relations, sports boycotts, Olympic boycott, Moscow 1980, Los Angeles 1984, USSR, Afghanistan invasion, long-term solutions, effectiveness of boycotts, diplomatic pressure, human rights improvement, global attention, sports and politics, Cold War, punitive measures, international diplomacy boycott, European leaders, Yulia Timoshenko, Ukraine, human rights, democracy, Yanukovych, abuse of office, political prisoners, international pressure, Olympic boycotts, Moscow 1980, Cold War, USSR, Afghanistan invasion, Euro 2012, effectiveness of boycotts, sanctions, diplomatic actions, historical examples, human rights improvements, political reform, major sporting events, Western response, Associated Press, Vanessa Gera
test-economy-fiahwpamu-pro04a	Rebuilding agricultural systems  Africa is faced with an agrarian crisis. Microfinance is providing rural communities a chance to gain food security and reduce vulnerability to risks such as climate change, unstable demand, and political tensions. Microfinance supports small scale agriculture – which is more sustainable, effective for growth, and beneficial for communities than larger scale agriculture. In Zimbabwe, small scale farming has the capability to improve production, benefiting households, communities, and the Nation (IRIN, 2013; Morrison, 2012).  Kiva, a microfinance NGO, is providing affordable capital to remote communities. Loans have been provided to small-scale farmers and a rental system has been set-up enabling farmers to borrow tools and resources needed. agricultural systems, Africa, agrarian crisis, microfinance, rural communities, food security, risk reduction, climate change, unstable demand, political tensions, small-scale agriculture, sustainable agriculture, agricultural growth, community benefits, Zimbabwe, small-scale farming, agricultural production, Kiva, microfinance NGO, affordable capital, remote communities, loans, farmer support, rental system, tools, farming resources agricultural systems, Africa, agrarian crisis, microfinance, rural communities, food security, climate change, risk reduction, unstable demand, political tensions, small-scale agriculture, sustainable agriculture, community benefits, Zimbabwe, agricultural production, household benefits, Kiva, microfinance NGO, affordable capital, remote communities, agricultural loans, resource rental system, farming tools, agricultural resources, rural development rebuilding agricultural systems, Africa, agrarian crisis, microfinance, rural communities, food security, risk reduction, climate change, unstable demand, political tensions, small scale agriculture, sustainable agriculture, agricultural growth, community benefits, large scale agriculture, Zimbabwe, small scale farming, agricultural production, household benefits, national benefits, Kiva, microfinance NGO, affordable capital, remote communities, agricultural loans, small-scale farmers, tool rental system, resource access, agricultural tools agricultural systems, Africa, agrarian crisis, microfinance, rural communities, food security, risk reduction, climate change, unstable demand, political tensions, small-scale agriculture, sustainable agriculture, agricultural growth, community benefits, Zimbabwe, smallholder farming, agricultural production, household benefits, national benefits, IRIN 2013, Morrison 2012, Kiva, microfinance NGO, affordable capital, remote communities, agricultural loans, small-scale farmers, tool rental, resource access, agriculture development rebuilding agricultural systems, Africa, agrarian crisis, microfinance, rural communities, food security, climate change, risk reduction, unstable demand, political tensions, small scale agriculture, sustainability, agricultural growth, community benefits, Zimbabwe, smallholder farming, production improvement, household benefits, national development, IRIN 2013, Morrison 2012, Kiva, microfinance NGO, affordable capital, remote communities, agricultural loans, small-scale farmers, tool rental, resource access
test-politics-ypppgvhwmv-pro02a	Compulsory voting broadens representation of disadvantaged groups  Voter apathy is highest among the poorest and most excluded sectors of society. As the Institute for Public Policy Research highlight, “the higher the income a citizen enjoys, and the higher the educational qualifications attained, the more likely it is that he or she will turn out to vote”. Since they do not vote, the political parties do not create policies for their needs, which leads to a vicious circle of increasing isolation. By making the most disenfranchised vote the major political parties are forced to take notice of them and this would reduce political polarisation 1. An example of this is in the UK where the Labour party abandoned its core supporters to pursue ‘middle England’. Political parties are drawn towards those groups to whom favourable policies will be rewarded in the form of vote. Compulsory voting ensures that all stakeholders in society are proportionally considered in governmental policy.  1 William Galston, 'Mandatory Voting Would Loosen Partisan Gridlock' US News and World Report, July 8th 2010 compulsory voting, voter turnout, disadvantaged groups, voter apathy, socioeconomic status, political representation, disenfranchised voters, electoral participation, policy formation, social exclusion, income inequality, educational attainment, political parties, political polarisation, mandatory voting, Labour party, middle England, public policy, proportional representation, partisan gridlock compulsory voting, voter turnout, disadvantaged groups, political representation, voter apathy, excluded sectors, low income, low education, political parties, policy creation, disenfranchised voters, political isolation, political polarisation, Labour party, middle England, government policy, proportional representation, mandatory voting, partisan gridlock, social inclusion, public policy, voting behavior, electoral participation, social equity, marginalized communities, policy responsiveness compulsory voting, disadvantaged groups, voter apathy, voter turnout, socioeconomic status, political representation, political exclusion, policy making, educational attainment, income inequality, political parties, voting behavior, political disengagement, mandatory voting, enfranchisement, social inclusion, Labour party, middle England, political polarization, stakeholder representation, partisan gridlock, UK politics, electoral participation, policy responsiveness, social justice, Institute for Public Policy Research compulsory voting, voter turnout, disadvantaged groups, political representation, voter apathy, low-income voters, educational attainment, political policies, political exclusion, voter disenfranchisement, policy responsiveness, political parties, political polarisation, mandatory voting, social inclusion, voter participation, United Kingdom, Labour party, middle England, stakeholder engagement, governmental policy, partisan gridlock, William Galston, public policy research compulsory voting, disadvantaged groups, voter apathy, political representation, excluded sectors, low-income voters, educational attainment, voting behavior, political parties, policy-making, vicious cycle, political engagement, disenfranchised, major political parties, political polarization, UK Labour Party, middle England, electoral incentives, proportional representation, mandatory voting, partisan gridlock, universal suffrage, social inclusion, stakeholder consideration, policy responsiveness
test-international-ghwcitca-pro03a	The use of the internet undermines the state by demonopolizing the use of force  Ever since the state rose to ascendancy over powerful internal actors, such as the nobility in a feudal system, the state has had a monopoly on the use of force. The state quickly became the only institution with the resources to maintain military forces and has become the only legitimate wielder of force. The internet however changes this. Cyber-attacks are often by individuals or groups who can carry out a cross border attack without the aid of their home country.  In 2011 CIA director Leon Panetta told Congress “when it comes to national security, I think this represents the battleground for the future. I've often said that I think the potential for the next Pearl Harbor could very well be a cyber-attack.” [1] If cyber-attacks are so important it stands to reason that the groups who are able to engage in such activities should be as limited as possible. While it is not always possible states try to make sure that the weapons of war for the most part remain in the hands of responsible actors. This should apply as much in cyberspace as elsewhere. While terrorist groups do exist – and are occasionally armed by states – for the most part they are seen by every government as being illegitimate.  [1] Serrano, Richard A., ‘U.S. intelligence officials concerned about cyber attack’, Los Angeles Times, 11 February 2011, internet, state power, monopoly of force, cyber-attacks, cyber warfare, digital security, non-state actors, cross-border attacks, sovereignty, military resources, online threats, national security, cyber Pearl Harbor, Leon Panetta, cyber weapons, responsible actors, legitimacy, terrorist groups, armed groups, cyber capabilities, cyberspace, state sovereignty, digital warfare, decentralized violence, information warfare internet, state monopoly, use of force, demonopolization, cyber-attacks, non-state actors, cyber warfare, state legitimacy, digital security, cross-border attacks, cyber threats, military power, national security, cyberspace, cyber weapons, cyber Pearl Harbor, Leon Panetta, cyber-terrorism, digital sovereignty, state power erosion, information warfare, asymmetric warfare, internet-enabled conflict, cyber capabilities, cyber defense, non-state actors in cyberspace, state control, cyber policy internet, state monopoly, use of force, demonopolization, cyber-attacks, cyber warfare, state legitimacy, military power, non-state actors, cross-border attacks, cyber security, Leon Panetta, cyber Pearl Harbor, national security, weaponization of cyberspace, responsible actors, illegitimate actors, terrorist groups, state control, cyber threats, state sovereignty, government response, cyber defense, digital warfare, information technology, state authority internet, state monopoly, use of force, cyber-attacks, cyberwarfare, state sovereignty, democratization of violence, non-state actors, digital security, cross-border attacks, legitimacy of force, military monopoly, cyber threats, national security, Leon Panetta, Pearl Harbor, responsible actors, cyberspace governance, cyber weapons, terrorist groups, state legitimacy, feudal system, cybersecurity policy, intelligence agencies, digital warfare, weaponization of internet state monopoly on force, internet, cyber-attacks, cyber warfare, state legitimacy, demonopolization, non-state actors, military force, digital security, cross-border attacks, cyber-terrorism, Leon Panetta, Pearl Harbor cyber-attack, monopoly of violence, anonymity online, cyber weapons, government control, responsible actors, feudal system, state power, weaponization of cyberspace, terrorism, information security, cybersecurity policy, stateless threats, national security, cybercrime, cyber defense, global cybersecurity, Los Angeles Times, 2011
test-law-hrpepthwuto-con02a	Introducing the use of violence into the justice system means that liberties that have taken centuries to secure are lost  The principle that all people are presumed innocent and, as a result, should not be abused either physically or mentally by officers of the state is one that took centuries- not to mention a great deal of blood and sweat- to establish. In the words of British Chief Justice Phillips this respect for human rights is, in and of itself, “a vital part in the fight against terror”, as if terrorism is to be defeated states that ascribe to such principles must show that they remain true to them in order to win the ideological battle.  Using torture on suspected terrorist would be to tear apart that basic principle in response to crimes, which, it has been noted, are on nothing like the scale of the industrialised warfare of the twentieth century, would be a massively damaging step. Regardless of the scale of the crime the individual must have protections against false accusation and punishment, this means that a fair trial is necessary in order to determine innocence or guilt. violence in justice system, civil liberties, presumption of innocence, human rights, British Chief Justice Phillips, fight against terror, torture, suspected terrorists, ideological battle, fair trial, due process, false accusation, punishment, legal protections, abuse by state, rule of law, protection of rights, terrorism, justice principles, state authority abuse violence, justice system, civil liberties, human rights, presumed innocent, abuse by state, physical abuse, mental abuse, Chief Justice Phillips, fight against terror, terrorism, state principles, ideological battle, torture, suspected terrorists, basic principle, fair trial, false accusation, punishment, protections, innocence, guilt, due process, legal rights, rule of law, state conduct, historical context, twentieth century, abuse prevention violence, justice system, civil liberties, presumption of innocence, human rights, state abuse, Chief Justice Phillips, fight against terror, terrorism, torture, suspected terrorists, fair trial, false accusation, punishment, ideological battle, human rights principles, due process, legal protections, rule of law, state power, abuse of authority, historical context, criminal justice, fair treatment, civil rights, state violence violence, justice system, civil liberties, human rights, presumption of innocence, abuse by state, physical abuse, mental abuse, British Chief Justice Phillips, fight against terror, terrorism, ideological battle, torture, suspected terrorists, legal principles, fair trial, protections against false accusation, punishment, due process, rule of law, state abuse, historical legal development, anti-terrorism, criminal justice, human dignity, state violence, legal safeguards violence, justice system, human rights, rule of law, presumption of innocence, civil liberties, torture, terrorism, fair trial, due process, false accusation, abuse by authorities, state violence, Chief Justice Phillips, ideological battle, rights protection, legal safeguards, historical liberties, anti-terrorism, ethical principles, legal traditions
test-free-speech-debate-ldhwprhs-pro03a	Ill-informed prejudice has no place in society. The veneer of religion has been used to justify hatred, prejudice and division and should be confronted.  Homophobia is the last respectable prejudice [1] and should be tackled with the same passion and force that others have been, and continue to be, confronted. If the speaker had been condemning black people or women they would have been arrested for public disorder if they represented an organisation that was overtly racist, it would be quite likely to be banned.  For some reason Churches that hold views on homosexuality that are comparable in their vitriol to those on race held by neo-Nazi groups are not only tolerated but frequently supported by the state.  Hatred is hatred and there is no reason why homophobia should be given a free pass that would not be given to racism or sexism.  All of the Abrahamic faiths have, at their core, an authority focussed on maintaining ‘the natural order’. From the fourteenth century on – although interestingly less so before that point – homosexuality has been singled out as one of the gravest of sins [2] , with the Catechism identifying it as one of four sins that “calls out to Heaven for vengeance”. That is not merely offensive but dangerous in a modern society.  [1] Maguire, Daniel C., ‘Heterosexism in Contemporary World Religion’, The Religious Consultation.  [2] Boswell, John, The Marriage of Likeness, Harper Collins, Chapter Eight. homophobia, prejudice, religion, discrimination, societal division, hate speech, intolerance, racism, sexism, churches, state support, neo-Nazi, Abrahamic faiths, natural order, sin, catechism, public disorder, LGBT rights, hatred, bigotry, justification, social justice, historical context, tolerance, equality, Daniel C. Maguire, John Boswell, religious authority homophobia, prejudice, religion, hatred, discrimination, neo-Nazi, racism, sexism, public disorder, Abrahamic faiths, natural order, homosexuality, sin, religious authority, Catechism, vengeance, societal division, state support, tolerance, heterosexism, dangerous beliefs, moral condemnation, historical attitudes, lgbt rights, church and state, religious justification, contemporary religion, John Boswell, Daniel Maguire homophobia, prejudice, religion, religious justification, societal division, discrimination, respectability, racism, sexism, state support, churches, Abrahamic faiths, natural order, historical views, homosexuality, sin, catechism, public disorder, neo-Nazi, vitriol, hate speech, heterosexism, contemporary world religion, Maguire, Boswell, Marriage of Likeness, public tolerance, oppression, modern society, religious authority, vengeance homophobia, prejudice, religious justification, hatred, discrimination, societal division, racism, sexism, public disorder, neo-Nazi groups, church views, state support, Abrahamic faiths, natural order, sins, catechism, vengeance, heterosexism, contemporary religion, historical attitudes, John Boswell, the marriage of likeness, Daniel Maguire, religious consultation, intolerance, equality, modern society, LGBTQ rights, religious intolerance, anti-gay rhetoric, societal acceptance homophobia, prejudice, religion, hatred, discrimination, social justice, state support, racism, sexism, neo-Nazi, public disorder, Abrahamic faiths, natural order, homosexuality, sin, religious intolerance, Catechism, historical context, societal division, contemporary issues, dangerous ideology, authority, moral standards, LGBTQ rights, state complicity, anti-gay prejudice
test-education-ughbuesbf-con05a	State control of acceptance/curriculum criteria has negative effects  When the state has control of the purse strings, it wields a great deal of power over universities. In the case of Ireland, for example, the government has so much influence over higher education that it altered the governing structures of the major universities in 2000 through legislation and has representation on the Boards of each university. This degree of control is negative to the academic independence of universities.1 Universities operate best when they are independent of outside control and agendas. For the sake of free scholarship, free university education should not be instituted.  1 Government of Ireland. 1997. “Universities Act, 1997”. Available: state control, curriculum criteria, negative effects, government influence, higher education, university independence, academic freedom, Ireland, university governance, Universities Act 1997, educational policy, state funding, Board representation, legislative control, free scholarship, free university education, academic autonomy, government intervention, university policy, outside agendas, public funding influence state control, acceptance criteria, curriculum criteria, negative effects, universities, government influence, higher education, academic independence, Ireland, Universities Act 1997, university governance, board representation, legislative control, free scholarship, free university education, outside control, university autonomy, state funding, academic freedom, policy impact state control, acceptance criteria, curriculum criteria, negative effects, university autonomy, government influence, higher education, Ireland, academic independence, university governance, government legislation, board representation, free scholarship, university independence, free university education, Universities Act 1997 state control, curriculum criteria, negative effects, academic independence, university governance, government influence, higher education, Ireland, Universities Act 1997, legislative control, university boards, academic freedom, state funding, institutional autonomy, external control, free scholarship, public universities, government intervention, academic policy, university legislation state control, curriculum criteria, negative effects, academic independence, government funding, higher education, Ireland universities, university governance, legislative influence, university boards, academic freedom, external control, government intervention, free scholarship, university autonomy, Universities Act 1997, institutional autonomy, education policy, public universities, state influence
test-politics-eppghwgpi-con04a	Immunity for politicians hurts the image of their office  Far from the worst PR for an office being that a holder of it is on trial, the worst possible public perception of a political institution is that it is wracked with corruption, with it not even theoretically possible to hold its members to account. Prosecuting politicians makes it clear that their office is not a den of impunity, and in the wake of a scandal, restoring public confidence in politicians to come. The public wants their politicians to be accountable and granting immunity harms accountability by denying an option. political immunity, politicians, accountability, public perception, corruption, political office, prosecution, public confidence, scandal, impunity, political institutions, politician trials, transparency, trust in government, holding politicians accountable, immunity harms accountability, public trust, government ethics, political scandals, officeholder responsibility politician immunity, public perception, political accountability, corruption, public confidence, prosecuting politicians, political office image, political scandal, public trust, legal accountability, immunity harms, political corruption, holding politicians accountable, democratic institutions, accountability denial politician immunity, public perception, political accountability, corruption, political office, political scandal, prosecuting politicians, public confidence, political impunity, officeholder prosecution, institutional trust, accountability in politics, politician scandals, legal immunity, restoring trust, democratic institutions, political responsibility, anti-corruption measures politician immunity, political accountability, public perception, corruption, political office image, prosecuting politicians, public trust, political scandal, impunity, restoring confidence, political institution, holding politicians accountable, immunity harms accountability, denial of justice, political corruption, transparency, ethical governance, public expectations, legal accountability, political PR politician immunity, political accountability, public confidence, corruption, political office reputation, prosecuting politicians, political scandals, public perception, impunity, political institution trust, holding politicians accountable, legal immunity effects, political corruption, restoring trust, government transparency
test-health-dhgsshbesbc-pro03a	It’s in the interests of co-workers  It’s in the interests of other workers. The possibility of transmission, while very unlikely, is real and one they have a right to know about so as to be able to guard against it. While most of the time it will not be problem as transmission requires a transfer of bodily fluids this may occasionally happen in a workplace. [1] This is particularly true of healthworkers (e.g. doctors, nurses, dentists, midwives, paramedics, etc) who should have both a moral and a legal obligation to disclose if they are HIV-positive. Even outside the medical field industrial accidents may expose employees to risk. Employers have a duty to protect their workforce.  [1] Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, ‘HIV Transmission’, Department of Health and Human Services, HIV transmission, workplace safety, employee disclosure, healthworkers, occupational risk, bodily fluids, employers' duty, workforce protection, legal obligation, moral obligation, HIV-positive status, industrial accidents, CDC, Department of Health and Human Services, co-worker safety, medical professionals, occupational health, workplace exposure prevention, risk management, HIV workplace policy HIV transmission, workplace risk, co-worker safety, disclosure obligation, healthworkers, medical professionals, bodily fluids, industrial accidents, legal responsibility, moral responsibility, employer duty, employee protection, occupational health, CDC guidelines, HIV-positive disclosure, transmission prevention, workplace safety, public health, infection control, occupational exposure HIV transmission, workplace safety, occupational health, disclosure obligation, healthworkers, medical staff, industrial accidents, employee protection, bodily fluids, legal duty, moral duty, employer responsibility, CDC, Department of Health and Human Services, HIV-positive disclosure, risk of infection, workplace exposure, healthcare workforce, employee rights, infectious diseases HIV disclosure, workplace transmission, employee safety, healthworker obligations, legal duty, moral duty, occupational risk, bodily fluids, HIV-positive healthcare worker, industrial accidents, employer responsibility, CDC HIV transmission, workplace health policy, employee rights, occupational health, infectious disease prevention, HIV workplace guidelines, medical staff disclosure, transmission risk, healthcare safety HIV disclosure, workplace safety, co-worker protection, HIV transmission risk, occupational exposure, bodily fluids, healthworkers, legal obligation, moral obligation, employer responsibility, industrial accidents, HIV-positive employees, workforce protection, CDC HIV guidelines, employee health rights, medical field disclosure, HIV workplace policy, employer duties, employee risk awareness, occupational health
test-law-cpilhbishioe-pro01a	An ICC enforcement is a necessity if there is to be international criminal justice  The remit of the ICC is unlike the remit of any national court. It deals exclusively in crimes so unacceptable there is an international consensus behind their illegality and the need for prosecutions. The parties that signed up to the Rome Statute’s reason for the creation of the ICC was “that such grave crimes threaten the peace, security and well-being of the world” the perpetrators of such crimes clearly need to be brought to book, and to do that they need to be apprehended. The same agreement said the signatories were “Resolved to guarantee lasting respect for and the enforcement of international justice” if this is the case then there should be agreement on enabling that enforcement by creating an ICC enforcement arm. Again the Rome statute makes clear that the agreement “shall not be taken as authorizing” intervention by another state. This is why the enforcement needs to be done by a separate international force who could not be considered a threat to any state. [1] Quite simply there is little point in international criminal justice if there is no force to bring the criminals to the court.  [1] ‘Preamble’ Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court, 1 July 2002, ICC enforcement, international criminal justice, Rome Statute, international crimes, ICC mandate, prosecution of grave crimes, international consensus, enforcement arm, international law, apprehension of perpetrators, international prosecution, independent enforcement, international force, state sovereignty, ICC jurisdiction, global justice, accountability, peace and security, Rome Statute preamble, legal enforcement mechanisms ICC enforcement, international criminal justice, Rome Statute, international law, ICC jurisdiction, apprehension of criminals, international prosecution, enforcement arm, grave crimes, crimes against humanity, international consensus, peace and security, enforcement mechanism, international court, state sovereignty, international force, prosecution of perpetrators, international justice enforcement, ICC mandate, ICC preamble ICC enforcement, International Criminal Court, Rome Statute, international criminal justice, international crimes, enforcement arm, international consensus, international law, global justice, apprehension of criminals, international prosecution, international security, international well-being, grave crimes, international enforcement mechanism, state sovereignty, separate international force, treaty obligations, preamble Rome Statute, international tribunal, arrest operations, legal mandate, international cooperation, criminal accountability, transnational justice ICC enforcement, international criminal justice, Rome Statute, international law, international prosecutions, enforcement arm, ICC remit, international crimes, grave crimes, international consensus, apprehension of perpetrators, international justice enforcement, peace and security, international criminal court, prosecution mechanism, non-state intervention, international force, criminal accountability, ICC jurisdiction, international court enforcement, crimes against humanity, war crimes, enforcement necessity, Rome Statute preamble ICC enforcement, international criminal justice, Rome Statute, international crimes, enforcement arm, international consensus, apprehension of perpetrators, prosecution of grave crimes, peace and security, international well-being, international enforcement force, signatory obligations, non-state intervention, international justice enforcement, accountability, international law, legal jurisdiction, international court authority, state sovereignty, criminal prosecution, Preamble Rome Statute
test-environment-assgbatj-con05a	Research animals are well treated  Animals used in research generally don’t suffer. While they may be in pain, they are generally given pain killers, and when they are put down this is done humanely. [16] They are looked after, as healthy animals mean better experimental results. These animals live better lives than they would in the wild.  As long as animals are treated well there shouldn’t be a moral objection to animal research. This is exactly the same as with raising animals that will be used for meat. animal research, animal welfare, humane treatment, pain management, ethical considerations, laboratory animals, animal care, animal experimentation, research ethics, animal suffering, painkillers, euthanasia, animal health, animal experimentation ethics, animal living conditions, animal rights, animal use in science, laboratory animal care, moral objection, experimental results animal research, animal welfare, humane treatment, pain management, ethical considerations, laboratory animals, animal experimentation, animal suffering, painkillers, euthanasia, animal care, research ethics, animal wellbeing, experimental animals, animal rights, moral objection, animal husbandry, animal use in science, animal health, animal studies animal research, animal welfare, humane treatment, pain management, research ethics, animal suffering, biomedical research, laboratory animals, animal rights, animal care, experimental animals, pain relief, euthanasia, ethical treatment, animal testing, animal well-being, animal experimentation, animal health, animal use in research, moral objections, animal husbandry, animal living conditions, comparison with wild, meat production ethics animal research, animal welfare, humane treatment, pain management, pain killers, euthanasia, ethical considerations, laboratory animals, animal suffering, experimental animals, animal care, animal health, moral objections, animal rights, animal use, animal experimentation, animal ethics, animal husbandry, animal experimentation benefits, animal well-being animal research, animal welfare, humane treatment, pain management, euthanasia, laboratory animals, ethical research, animal suffering, painkillers, animal care, animal health, experimental animals, moral objection, animal ethics, animal experimentation, animal well-being, animal husbandry, animals in science, animal use in research, comparison with meat production
test-digital-freedoms-aihbiahr-con01a	Human rights are dependent upon the state  There is clearly not universal or even widespread acceptance of the idea that internet access should be a human right. Human rights are dependent upon the state, the desires of the community, and that depends upon the state’s socio economic context. [1] The internet cannot therefore be considered a universal human right because not all states are advanced enough to take responsibility for this right.  International law is based upon several sources; state practice, customary law, treaties and judicial decisions. [2] None of these sources yet recognise internet access as a human right, indeed if state practice is taken as deciding if human rights exist then the whole concept of human rights is open to question. [3]  [1] Turkin, G., Theory of International Law, 1974, p.81  [2] Shaw, Malcolm N., International Law 4th ed., Cambridge University press, 1997, Chapter 3.  [3] Watson, J.S., Legal theory, efficacy and validity in the development of human rights norms in international law, University of Illinois law forum, 1979, p.609 human rights, state dependency, internet access, universal human rights, international law, state practice, customary law, treaties, judicial decisions, socio-economic context, state responsibility, legal recognition, human rights norms, legal theory, community desires, Turkin, international law theory, Malcolm Shaw, Watson, development of human rights, efficacy, validity, Cambridge University Press, University of Illinois Law Forum human rights, state dependency, internet access, universal human rights, international law, state practice, customary law, treaties, judicial decisions, socio-economic context, community desires, legal theory, recognition of rights, human rights norms, internet as a right, international human rights, state responsibility, Turkin, Shaw, Watson, human rights development, legal validity, efficacy, Cambridge University Press, universal acceptance human rights, state dependency, internet access, universal human rights, state responsibility, socio-economic context, international law, state practice, customary law, treaties, judicial decisions, recognition, legal theory, development, human rights norms, international human rights, access to internet, legitimacy, Turkin, Shaw, Watson human rights, state dependence, internet access, universal human rights, international law, state practice, customary law, treaties, judicial decisions, socio-economic context, community desires, legal recognition, right to internet, international norms, legal theory, human rights validity, human rights development, Turkin, Shaw, Watson, efficacy of human rights, human rights acceptance, legal sources, human rights limitations, internet as human right human rights, internet access, universal rights, state dependency, socio-economic context, state responsibility, international law, state practice, customary law, treaties, judicial decisions, legal recognition, internet human right, community desires, legal theory, development of human rights, international law sources, universality, Turkin, Malcolm Shaw, Watson
test-religion-yercfrggms-con01a	In the absence of positive evidence for the existence of God the rational position is agnosticism, not atheism:  In a situation where there is an absence of either positive evidence for a claim or definite negative evidence for it, the natural response is not rejection of the claim, but rather skepticism and admission of lack of knowledge one way or the other. [1] In the case of religion and God, this position is agnosticism. Humans are fallible organisms, and thus all statements about truth and about the Universe must be qualified by some degree of doubt. Positively rejecting the existence of God, as atheism does, ignores this requisite doubt even though it cannot prove that there is no God. Rather, in the absence of evidence for or against the existence of God, the most the atheist can say honestly is that he does not know. The claims of atheism are positive ones and thus require evidence; an atheist position is thus faith-based in the same way a theist one is.  [1] Hume, David. 1748. An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding. New York: Oxford University Press (2008). agnosticism, atheism, existence of God, rational position, absence of evidence, skepticism, fallibility, epistemology, doubt, knowledge, theism, belief, positive evidence, negative evidence, David Hume, Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding, faith-based, burden of proof, religion, philosophical skepticism agnosticism, atheism, skepticism, absence of evidence, existence of God, rational position, fallibility, doubt, positive evidence, negative evidence, epistemology, belief, knowledge, David Hume, burden of proof, religious claims, faith, theism, Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding, evidence standards, natural response, philosophical skepticism agnosticism, atheism, God, existence, evidence, rationality, skepticism, doubt, knowledge, religion, positive evidence, negative evidence, fallibility, truth, universe, rejection, claim, belief, faith, David Hume, Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding agnosticism, atheism, existence of God, evidence, skepticism, knowledge, doubt, rational position, fallibility, belief, faith, theism, epistemology, David Hume, Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding, positive evidence, negative evidence, religious philosophy, claims, natural response, absence of evidence, philosophical skepticism, proof, rationalism, admission of ignorance agnosticism, atheism, existence of God, positive evidence, negative evidence, skepticism, rational position, lack of knowledge, doubt, fallibility, religion, epistemology, David Hume, Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding, belief, faith-based claims, proof, philosophical skepticism, burden of proof, theism, uncertainty, rationalism, evidence-based belief
test-international-aghbfcpspr-pro03a	There is already a precedent for paying reparations to such states.  In the past, dominating global powers have paid reparations and compensation for historical wrongs. For example, Germany pays an annual amount of money to Israel to recognise wrongs committed against Jews during the Holocaust, and to recognise the theft of Jewish property at this time [1] . These reparations have helped Israeli infrastructure enormously, providing ‘railways and telephones, dock installations and irrigation plants, whole areas of industry and agriculture’ [2] and contributing to Israeli economic security. Japan also paid reparations to Korea after World War II as the Koreans were ‘deprived of their nation and their identity’ [4] . Britain has paid compensation to the New Zealand Maoris for the damage done during colonial times and the seizure of their land [5] , and Iraq pays compensation to Kuwait for damage done during the invasion and occupation of 1990-91 [6] . There is little reason why other nations should not be paid for the grievances caused to them by domination countries. There is support for the notion that colonial powers should pay for free universal education in Africa [7] ; this would be an entirely appropriate and desirable measure.  [1] 'Holocaust Restitution: German Reparations', Jewish Virtual Library, accessed 16/1/2014,   [2] 'Holocaust Restitution: German Reparations', Jewish Virtual Library, accessed 16/1/2014,   [4] Accessed from  on 12/09/11  [5] Accessed from  on 12/09/11  [6] Accessed from  on 12/09/11  [7] Accessed from  on 12/09/11 reparations, compensation, historical wrongs, global powers, Germany, Israel, Holocaust, Jewish property, infrastructure, economic security, Japan, Korea, World War II, national identity, Britain, New Zealand, Maori, colonial damage, land seizure, Iraq, Kuwait, invasion, occupation, colonial powers, universal education, Africa, post-colonial reparations, precedents, comparative case studies, restitution reparations, compensation, historical wrongs, Germany, Israel, Holocaust, Jewish property, infrastructure, economic security, Japan, Korea, World War II, identity deprivation, Britain, New Zealand Maoris, colonial damage, land seizure, Iraq, Kuwait, invasion, occupation, colonial powers, universal education, Africa, restitution, precedent, global powers, colonialism, redress, grievance, post-conflict compensation, international relations reparations, compensation, historical wrongs, precedent, Germany, Israel, Holocaust, Jewish property, infrastructure, economic security, Japan, Korea, World War II, colonization, Britain, New Zealand, Maori, land seizure, Iraq, Kuwait, invasion, occupation, colonial powers, universal education, Africa, global powers, justice, restitution, international responsibility, grievance, domination countries reparations, compensation, historical wrongs, global powers, Germany, Israel, Holocaust, Jewish property, infrastructure, economic security, Japan, Korea, World War II, Britain, New Zealand, Maoris, colonialism, land seizure, Iraq, Kuwait, invasion, occupation, universal education, Africa, colonial powers, precedent, state compensation, international relations, restitution, post-war settlements reparations, compensation, historical wrongs, global powers, Germany, Israel, Holocaust, Jewish property, infrastructure, economic security, Japan, Korea, World War II, national identity, Britain, New Zealand, Maoris, colonialism, land seizure, Iraq, Kuwait, invasion, occupation, grievances, domination, universal education, Africa, colonial powers, precedent, monetary payment, international compensation
test-politics-nlpdwhbusbuc-pro02a	Cluster Bombs Are Inconsistent With International Law  The international legal system is dependent on being robust and transparent in order for it to be respected by countries and states that accept it. The refusal by the U.S. to ban cluster bombs prevents the international community from doing the same within international law as the U.S. has enough political power that should it choose to ignore the law, the law itself is considered to be irrelevant.  In failing to ban cluster bombs the U.S. maintains an inconsistency within international law. Since dud cluster bombs effectively act as land mines for all intents and purposes, they are well hidden and cause indiscriminate damage, the fact that they aren’t banned is inconsistent with existing bans on land mines already. This inconsistency within international law makes the international legal system seem less credible, owing to contradictions as well as illustrating its weakness to the influence of the U.S. This makes it more difficult for countries to enforce the rules of the international legal system, such as preventing human rights violations because fewer countries will accept international law as being legitimate and will not agree to subject themselves to those rules.5 cluster bombs, international law, U.S. refusal, legal inconsistency, international legal system, transparency, robustness, land mines, dud munitions, indiscriminate damage, legal credibility, international community, political power, enforcement, human rights violations, legitimacy, international conventions, ban cluster munitions, U.S. influence, treaty compliance cluster bombs, international law, U.S., ban, inconsistency, legal system, transparency, international community, political power, refusal, land mines, indiscriminate damage, credibility, human rights violations, enforcement, legitimacy, influence, contradictions, compliance, international legal system, weapon bans cluster bombs, international law, U.S. refusal, ban, transparency, robustness, legal system, political power, international community, land mines, dud munitions, indiscriminate damage, inconsistency, credibility, enforcement, human rights violations, legitimacy, international legal system, U.S. influence, compliance, treaty obligations, weapon prohibition, humanitarian law, legal contradictions cluster bombs, international law, U.S. refusal, legal inconsistency, land mines, dud munitions, indiscriminate damage, international legal system, legal credibility, political power, international community, law enforcement, human rights violations, treaty compliance, legal transparency, international bans, legal legitimacy, treaty obligations, U.S. influence, arms control, disarmament, humanitarian law cluster bombs, international law, legal inconsistency, U.S. refusal, international legal system, transparency, robustness, political power, law enforcement, land mines, dud munitions, indiscriminate damage, humanitarian law, credibility, international community, bans, legal contradictions, U.S. influence, human rights violations, legitimacy, enforcement challenges, treaty compliance, international relations, weapons bans
test-economy-egecegphw-con03a	The economic case for expansion does not add up  A study conducted by the NEF revealed that the cost of expansion will outweigh the benefits by at least £5billion. [1] London has six airports and seven runways meaning that London already has the best connections globally. Together, London airports have a greater number of flights to the world’s main business destinations than other European cities, despite serving less ‘leisure’ destinations than Paris’s airports. [2] The solution to making air travel efficient lies in increasing the size of planes and filling them up rather than running half empty flights on small planes, something which is particularly prevalent on short haul flights. Short haul flights could also be re-directed to alternative airports such as Gatwick, City airport, Luton and Stansted so as to free up more space at Heathrow.  The expansion case also assumes ever increasing numbers flying, yet passenger numbers dropped for the first time in the wake of the recession, [3] and eventually technology may reduce demand for business travel. There are also other restrictions aside from runway capacity that prevents more flights, for example the UK has an agreement with China that restricts the UK to 62 flights to China per week. [4]  [1] New Economics Foundation, ‘A new approach to re-evaluating Runway 3’, 19 April 2010,   [2] Stewart, John, ‘No economic case for expansion’, November 2011,   [3] Rutherford, Tom, “Air transport statistics’, House of Commons Library, 4 July 2011, SN/SG/3760, p.4 www.parliament.uk/briefing-papers/SN03760.pdf  [4] HACAN, ‘BAA challenged on claim that it is lack of runway capacity at Heathrow that is limiting flights to China’, airportwatch, 14 November 2012, economic case, airport expansion, NEF study, cost-benefit analysis, London airports, runway capacity, Heathrow, air travel efficiency, short haul flights, alternative airports, Gatwick, Luton, Stansted, City airport, plane size, passenger numbers, recession impact, business travel demand, technology effects, UK-China flight agreement, flight restrictions, global connectivity, main business destinations, expansion criticism, air transport statistics, New Economics Foundation, runway 3, flight redirection, leisure destinations, capacity limitations economic case, airport expansion, NEF study, cost-benefit analysis, Heathrow, London airports, runway capacity, business destinations, short haul flights, alternative airports, Gatwick, City airport, Luton, Stansted, plane size, flight occupancy, passenger numbers, recession impact, business travel technology, UK-China flight agreement, flight restrictions, airport connections, European cities comparison, leisure destinations, air travel efficiency, infrastructure limits economic case, airport expansion, NEF study, cost-benefit analysis, £5 billion, London airports, runways, global connections, business destinations, leisure destinations, efficient air travel, plane size, passenger load, short haul flights, alternative airports, Gatwick, City airport, Luton, Stansted, Heathrow, passenger numbers, recession, technology, business travel demand, flight restrictions, UK-China flight agreement, runway capacity, air transport statistics, airportwatch, New Economics Foundation, HACAN, BAA, business travel reduction, Heathrow expansion, capacity constraints Heathrow expansion, economic case, cost-benefit analysis, NEF study, London airports, runway capacity, business destinations, leisure destinations, short haul flights, flight efficiency, alternative airports, Gatwick, City airport, Luton, Stansted, passenger demand, business travel, technology impact, flight restrictions, UK-China flight agreement, air travel efficiency, recession impact, airport connectivity, business case, air transport statistics, runway utilization, New Economics Foundation, capacity constraints, airport expansion alternatives, flight redistribution, airportwatch, BAA challenge economic case, airport expansion, NEF study, cost-benefit analysis, London airports, runway capacity, global business connections, flight efficiency, plane size, passenger load factor, short haul flights, alternative airports, Heathrow, Gatwick, City airport, Luton, Stansted, leisure destinations, Paris airports, passenger demand, recession effect, business travel, technology impact, UK-China flight agreement, international flight restrictions, New Economics Foundation, business destinations, air transport statistics, BAA, HACAN, airport capacity, aviation policy
test-law-umtlilhotac-con02a	Open justice – crimes with large numbers of victims  The principle of open justice, including the right to a public trial [1] , is enshrined in many legal systems. The best show of commitment to open justice is to allow everyone to watch it, the best method of doing so is for the trial to be televised. This is all the more the case when the victims can't all be in court, either because of the numbers or because of the distance.  Television coverage will help bring the trial closer to the victims. International criminal trials regularly take place outside the location of the offences, either in The Netherlands such as the ICTY, ICC and Charles Taylor trial, or elsewhere, such as the ICTR sitting in Arusha, Tanzania. It would be helpful in terms of providing closure to the victims, who should be witnessing proceedings.  [1] See the 6th Amendment to the US Constitution, Article 6 of the European Convention on Human Rights open justice, public trial, right to a public trial, televised trials, television coverage, victim access, international criminal trials, ICTY, ICC, Charles Taylor trial, ICTR, remote victims, large number of victims, legal transparency, court proceedings, victim closure, victim participation, court accessibility, Article 6 ECHR, 6th Amendment, legal systems, justice visibility, public access to justice open justice, public trial, right to public trial, televised trials, victims, multiple victims, mass crimes, transparency, court accessibility, international criminal trials, ICTY, ICC, Charles Taylor trial, ICTR, Arusha, legal systems, closure for victims, trial broadcast, 6th Amendment, US Constitution, Article 6, European Convention on Human Rights, victim participation, remote viewing, judicial transparency, crime victims, justice accessibility open justice, public trial, televised trial, media coverage, victims' rights, large-scale crimes, mass victimization, international criminal trials, court transparency, remote victims, trial accessibility, legal transparency, ICTY, ICC, Charles Taylor trial, ICTR, Arusha, The Hague, victim closure, 6th Amendment, European Convention on Human Rights, Article 6, trial broadcasting, justice visibility, courtroom access, judicial openness open justice, public trial, televised trials, crime victims, large-scale crimes, court accessibility, international criminal law, victim participation, trial transparency, media coverage, ICTY, ICC, Charles Taylor trial, ICTR, Arusha, The Netherlands, closure for victims, remote access, justice visibility, 6th Amendment, US Constitution, Article 6 ECHR, legal transparency, court proceedings, victim rights, international tribunals open justice, public trial, televised trials, large victim cases, victim access, legal transparency, international criminal trials, ICTY, ICC, Charles Taylor trial, ICTR, court accessibility, witness proceedings, victims' rights, closure for victims, Article 6 ECHR, 6th Amendment US Constitution, legal rights, court broadcasting, justice visibility, remote victims, legal accountability
test-philosophy-apessghwba-pro04a	"Some groups of people have less capacity for suffering than most animals  It is possible to conceive of human persons almost totally lacking in a capacity for suffering, or indeed a capacity to develop and possess interests. Take for example a person in a persistent vegetative state, or a person born with the most severe of cognitive impairments.  We can take three possible stances toward such persons within this debate. Firstly we could experiment on animals, but not such persons. This would be a morally inconsistent and specieist stance to adopt, and as such unsatisfactory. We could be morally consistent, and experiment on both animals and such persons. Common morality suggests that it would be abhorrent to conduct potentially painful medical research on the severely disabled, and so this stance seems equally unsatisfactory. Finally we could maintain moral consistency and avoid experimenting on the disabled, by adopting the stance of experimenting on neither group, thus prohibiting experimentation upon animals. [1]  [1] Fox, M. A., “The Moral Community”, in La Follette (ed.), Ethics in Practice, (Malden, Mass; Oxford : Blackwell Pub, 2007) capacity for suffering, human persons, persistent vegetative state, severe cognitive impairment, animal experimentation, moral inconsistency, speciesism, moral consistency, medical research ethics, severely disabled, moral community, Fox M.A., ethics in practice, disability ethics, animal rights, experimentation ethics, interests, moral status, comparative suffering, research ethics, La Follette, Blackwell Pub capacity for suffering, moral community, cognitive impairment, persistent vegetative state, animal experimentation, speciesism, moral consistency, medical research ethics, disabled persons, interests, painful research, moral stance, animal rights, ethical debate, Michael A. Fox, Ethics in Practice capacity for suffering, animals, cognitive impairment, persistent vegetative state, moral community, moral consistency, speciesism, medical research ethics, experimentation, disabled persons, animal experimentation, interests, severe disability, pain, moral philosophy, Fox M.A., moral status, ethics in practice, human persons, La Follette, moral stance, research ethics, personhood capacity for suffering, animals, human persons, cognitive impairment, persistent vegetative state, moral consistency, speciesism, experimentation ethics, moral community, medical research, disability, interests, animal experimentation, human experimentation, Fox M.A., Ethics in Practice capacity for suffering, animal experimentation, cognitive impairment, moral community, persistent vegetative state, moral consistency, speciesism, medical research ethics, disability ethics, moral status, interests, personhood, severe cognitive disability, animal rights, human non-persons, ethical stance, sentience, pain perception, moral exclusion, experimental ethics, Fox ""The Moral Community"
test-politics-cpegiepgh-pro04a	"Joining the Euro would reduce the cost of travel in Europe.  Before the arrival of the single currency, holiday makers would spend much money on preparing for the trip, before they had even bought a single souvenir or postcard; “travellers touring this fragmented continent could spend large amounts of their money simply changing it from one currency to another.”1 The loss incurred by currency conversion would be eliminated and accommodation abroad will also be cheaper and easier to book; “Joining the Euro will also make it cheaper to send money around Europe. Sending money to book a holiday cottage in another country with another currency can cost £40. Within Euroland, it would cost less than one Euro - much less than one pound.”2  1Browne, A., 2001, ""The Euro: Should Britain Join"". page 102  2Browne, A., 2001, ""The Euro: Should Britain Join"". page 103 Euro adoption, travel costs, Europe, currency conversion, single currency, holiday expenses, accommodation booking, money transfer, transaction fees, Euroland, British travelers, tourism, financial savings, Europe integration, exchange rates, cross-border payments, Eurozone benefits, Browne 2001 euro, single currency, travel costs, currency conversion, holiday makers, europe, accommodation, exchange rates, cross-border payments, booking hotels, eurozone, sending money, transaction fees, tourism, cost savings, britain, travel expenses, euro adoption, financial convenience, european integration Euro adoption, currency conversion costs, travel expenses Europe, single currency benefits, holidaymakers, cross-border payments, accommodation booking, sending money Europe, transaction fees, tourism costs Europe, currency exchange losses, Euroland, European integration, British travel costs, Eurozone advantages Euro, single currency, European travel, currency conversion, travel costs, holidaymakers, exchange rates, accommodation booking, cross-border payments, money transfer fees, Eurozone, tourism, travel expenses, financial savings, Britain, cost reduction, Browne 2001 euro adoption, cost of travel, currency conversion, single currency, travel expenses, holiday makers, money exchange, accommodation costs, cross-border payments, booking holiday abroad, eurozone benefits, sending money Europe, transaction fees, pre-euro travel, British tourism, Browne 2001, travel savings, economic integration, eurozone travel, travel convenience"
test-international-glilpdwhsn-pro01a	"The New START treaty will make for a safer world.  Reducing US and Russian nuclear weapons stockpiles makes for a safer world, as Dr. David Gushee states: ""The issue on the table is a nuclear arms reduction and verification treaty between the United States and Russia. The treaty, called New START, would reduce Russian and American deployed nuclear weapons to 1,550 and delivery vehicles to 700 each. This would be a 33 percent reduction in the existing arsenals, which is worth achieving and celebrating even as we know that countless cities and millions of precious human beings could be destroyed by the use of even part of the remaining arsenals. Still, these reductions would be a great step on the way to a safer world, as would the re-establishment of bilateral, intrusive verification measures for both sides, also part of the treaty."" [1]  The world is simply a much less secure place without New Start, and not just because New START means there are physically fewer nuclear weapons and thus a lesser chance of nuclear disasters (although this in itself is compelling). Rather, New START also has immense symbolic value, in demonstrating that the two greatest powers have enough in common and are interested enough in their mutual security that they can agree to deduce nuclear weapons together. It shows that these nations regard each other as partners for world peace, not as enemies.  The alternative world, without New START, would be one in which the mutual suspicion and animosity of the Cold War might continue. It is notable that Prime Minister Vladimir Putin said in an interview released in early December 2010 that Russia might be forced to build up its nuclear forces against the West if the United States fails to ratify the New START treaty. [2] The threat of Russia, or even the US, resuming nuclear build-ups is a frightening thought for both nations, for the world and for peace.  On top of its other benefits, New START is key to opening Russian nuclear weapons up for verification, which contributes to trust and peace. As former Secretaries of State Kissinger, Shultz, Eagleburger, Baker and Powell argue “the agreement emphasizes verification, providing a valuable window into Russia's nuclear arsenal. Since the original START expired last December, Russia has not been required to provide notifications about changes in its strategic nuclear arsenal, and the United States has been unable to conduct on-site inspections. Each day, America's understanding of Russia's arsenal has been degraded, and resources have been diverted from national security tasks to try to fill the gaps. Our military planners increasingly lack the best possible insight into Russia's activity with its strategic nuclear arsenal, making it more difficult to carry out their nuclear deterrent mission.” [3] Therefore New START should be supported as it represents a positive step for peace and cooperation in the world.  [1] Gushee, Dr David P. ""Security, Sin and Nuclear Weapons: A Christian Plea for the New START Treaty"". Huffington Post. 4 December 2010.   [2] Abdullaev, Nabi. “Putin Issues Warning on New START”. The Moscow Times. 2 December 2010.   [3] Kissinger, Henry A. ; Shultz, George P. ; Baker III, James A’ ; Eagleburger , Lawrence S. ; and Powell, Colin L. ""The Republican case for ratifying New START"". Washington Post. 2 December 2010. New START treaty, nuclear arms reduction, US-Russia relations, nuclear weapons stockpiles, verification measures, bilateral agreements, nuclear disarmament, strategic arms limitation, deployed nuclear warheads, delivery vehicles, arms control, international security, Cold War, nuclear deterrence, peace treaties, mutual security, arms race, Vladimir Putin, US ratification, Russian nuclear forces, trust building, on-site inspections, national security, Kissinger, Shultz, Powell, Eagleburger, Baker, symbolic value, world peace, treaty verification, military planners, strategic stability New START treaty, nuclear arms reduction, US Russia nuclear weapons, nuclear stockpiles, weapons verification, bilateral agreements, arms control, nuclear disarmament, Russia US relations, strategic arms limitation, global security, nonproliferation, nuclear deterrence, cold war legacy, peacebuilding, trust measures, on-site inspections, mutual security, Vladimir Putin, ratification, verification measures, strategic nuclear forces, arms control agreements, international cooperation, military transparency, nuclear arsenal notifications, Republican support for New START, national security, human survival, world peace, missile delivery vehicles, reduction percentage, intrusive verification New START treaty, US-Russia nuclear arms reduction, nuclear weapons stockpiles, strategic arms limitation, verification measures, arms control agreement, nuclear disarmament, bilateral treaties, nuclear security, Cold War, mutual trust, nuclear deterrence, intrusive inspections, ratification, strategic stability, peace, cooperation, Vladimir Putin, nuclear arsenal transparency, national security, Kissinger, Shultz, Eagleburger, Baker, Powell, strategic nuclear forces, nuclear build-up, Republican support, on-site inspections, weapons delivery systems, symbolic value, world peace, arms race prevention, NATO-Russia relations, US-Russia relations, security assurance, international New START treaty, nuclear arms reduction, US-Russia relations, nuclear weapons verification, deployed nuclear warheads, strategic arms control, bilateral agreements, nuclear disarmament, mutual security, Cold War, nuclear build-up threat, arms race, peace and cooperation, nuclear inspections, verification measures, nuclear arsenal transparency, Henry Kissinger, George Shultz, Colin Powell, James Baker, Lawrence Eagleburger, Vladimir Putin, ratification, trust-building, international security, nuclear deterrence, Russia, United States, symbolic value, weapons stockpiles, arms reduction treaty, treaty compliance, diplomacy, military planners, strategic stability New START treaty, nuclear arms reduction, US-Russia relations, nuclear weapons stockpiles, verification measures, nuclear disarmament, bilateral agreements, strategic nuclear arsenal, peace and security, Cold War, mutual trust, nuclear inspections, arms control, treaty ratification, deterrence, verification regime, nuclear build-up, Putin, Kissinger, Shultz, inspection, transparency, nonproliferation, nuclear verification, global security, international cooperation, Republican support, on-site inspections, reduction of delivery vehicles, symbolic value, national security"
test-law-ilppppghb-con01a	"What matters are individual democratic rights, not necessarily collective self-determination.  Simply being a minority in a nation should not be enough to claim the right to self-determination. As long as people have democratic rights, such as the right to protest, to lobby and to vote , they enjoy the same rights and protections as those of the majority community in that country; there should be no obligation on the state to go further in granting them self-determination. For example, during the Franco era in Spain, minority nationalities such as Basques and Catalans were for a long time discriminated against and excluded from real political power, and backed political parties that explicitly represented their community. As their position in society has improved, however, so the hold of identity-based politics has loosened, and the pull of secession has weakened1.  1 Macko, Kalyna: ""The Effect of Franco in the Basque Nation"", Salve Regina University, July 2011. individual democratic rights, collective self-determination, minority rights, nation-state, right to protest, right to lobby, right to vote, majority community, state obligations, self-determination claims, minority nationalities, Basques, Catalans, discrimination, political power, identity politics, secession, Franco era, Spain, political representation, integration, Macko Kalyna individual democratic rights, collective self-determination, minority rights, right to protest, right to vote, right to lobby, majority community, state obligation, political power, discrimination, Basques, Catalans, Franco era, Spain, minority nationalities, identity politics, secession, political representation, civil rights, national self-determination, minority discrimination individual rights, democratic rights, collective self-determination, minority rights, nationhood, right to protest, right to vote, political participation, state obligations, political power, Basques, Catalans, Franco era, Spain, identity politics, secession, minority discrimination, majority community, self-determination claims, political representation, minority nationalities, political rights, human rights, minority protections individual democratic rights, collective self-determination, minority rights, nation, right to protest, right to vote, right to lobby, majority community, political equality, state obligation, self-determination claim, minority nationalities, Franco era, Spain, Basques, Catalans, political discrimination, identity politics, secession, political power, historical context, Macko Kalyna, Basque Nation, minority protections individual democratic rights, collective self-determination, minority rights, national minorities, right to protest, right to vote, political participation, equal protection, state obligations, identity-based politics, secession, Franco era, Spain, Basques, Catalans, political power, discrimination, minority representation, democracy, minority claims, self-determination limits"
test-economy-epegiahsc-pro01a	Free trade is good for development and growth.  Free trade essentially removes barriers for companies to do business across countries and regions. This leads to competition between countries in those regions, and between companies and industries in those countries. It leads to the sharing of innovation, drives down the cost of production, and allows workers to move freely where their labour and skills are needed. This is good for all those involved in the transaction. It is good for companies, because they have more resources and markets at their disposal, good for consumers, because competition between companies drives down prices and drives the innovation that improves products, and it is good for workers, because they have greater opportunities to find employment for their labour and skills [1] .  [1] DanBen-David, Håkan Nordström, LAlanWinters. “Trade, Income Disparity and Poverty”. World Trade Organization. 1999. free trade, economic development, economic growth, trade barriers, international business, competition, innovation sharing, production costs, labor mobility, market access, consumer benefits, price reduction, product innovation, employment opportunities, global trade, income disparity, poverty reduction, World Trade Organization, DanBen-David, Håkan Nordström, L Alan Winters free trade, economic development, economic growth, trade barriers, international business, global competition, innovation sharing, production costs, labor mobility, market access, consumer benefits, price reduction, product innovation, employment opportunities, income disparity, poverty, World Trade Organization, global trade, cross-border trade, trade liberalization free trade, economic development, economic growth, trade barriers, international business, global competition, innovation sharing, production costs, labor mobility, employment opportunities, consumer benefits, market access, price reduction, product innovation, company resources, income disparity, poverty reduction, World Trade Organization, Dan Ben-David, Håkan Nordström, L. Alan Winters free trade, economic development, economic growth, trade barriers, international business, competition, innovation sharing, production costs, labor mobility, workforce opportunity, cross-border trade, market access, consumer benefits, price reduction, product innovation, employment opportunities, trade policy, income disparity, poverty reduction, World Trade Organization, globalization, international markets, resource allocation, global trade free trade, economic development, economic growth, trade barriers, international business, regional competition, innovation sharing, production costs, labor mobility, global markets, consumer benefits, price reduction, product innovation, employment opportunities, trade policy, income disparity, poverty reduction, World Trade Organization, globalization, market access
test-environment-chbwtlgcc-pro03a	Failure to reach global accord  The Kyoto Protocol failed to reduce global GHG emissions and in the midst of an economic crisis, world leaders were unable to even agree to a replacement treaty when it expired. There is no meaningful global emissions reduction treaty ready for ratification and no reason to be optimistic that one is forthcoming. The developing world believes it has a legitimate right to expand economically without emissions caps because the rich world is responsible for the vast majority of emissions over the last 200 years and per capita emissions in developing countries are still far lower than in the developed world. As such, developing countries will only agree to a global accord that pays for their emissions reductions/abatement. However, the developed world is unwilling to transfer wealth in exchange for a right to emit, particularly at a time when so many have large budget deficits 1. Given that the growth of annual emissions is being driven by developing countries, many developed countries (like the US) believe that any treaty that does not include developing countries (particularly China) would be fruitless.  1. The Economist, 'A bad climate for development', 17th September 2009. Kyoto Protocol, global emissions reduction, GHG emissions, economic crisis, treaty ratification, global accord, developing countries, developed countries, emissions caps, per capita emissions, emissions abatement, wealth transfer, budget deficits, annual emissions growth, US climate policy, China emissions, climate treaty failure, environmental policy, international climate negotiations, historical emissions responsibility Kyoto Protocol, global emissions, greenhouse gas reduction, global accord, economic crisis, treaty failure, emissions cap, developing countries, developed countries, per capita emissions, emissions abatement, wealth transfer, budget deficits, climate negotiations, China, United States, global governance, climate policy, international agreement, historical responsibility, climate justice, climate finance, ratification, global cooperation, international climate treaty, emissions growth, climate change, replacement treaty, world leaders, developed world, developing world Kyoto Protocol, global GHG emissions, climate change, emissions reduction, treaty failure, international agreement, economic crisis, global accord, developing countries, developed countries, emissions caps, per capita emissions, emissions responsibility, wealth transfer, emissions abatement, budget deficits, United States, China, global treaty, climate policy, The Economist, climate negotiations, treaty ratification, global cooperation, carbon emissions, climate finance Kyoto Protocol, global accord failure, GHG emissions, global emissions reduction, economic crisis, replacement treaty, emissions ratification, developed countries, developing countries, emissions caps, historical responsibility, per capita emissions, emissions abatement, wealth transfer, budget deficits, annual emissions growth, China, US, climate treaty, international climate policy, climate negotiations, climate finance, emissions responsibility, climate equity, The Economist 2009 Kyoto Protocol, global accord, emissions reduction, greenhouse gas emissions, economic crisis, treaty failure, ratification, global warming treaty, developing countries, developed countries, per capita emissions, emissions caps, wealth transfer, emissions abatement, budget deficits, China, United States, climate negotiations, treaty replacement, international climate policy, climate agreement, economic development, responsibility for emissions, climate change, global governance, climate finance
test-international-ehbfe-pro04a	The federal model has proved to be a success previously  The success of federal states elsewhere in providing peace and prosperity for their citizens, alongside democratic safeguards, point to the advantages of pursuing this model in Europe. The USA, Australia and Canada provide standards of living for their citizens which most Europeans would envy, while federal India is the best example of a long-term democratic success in the developing world.  The application of the principles of federalism to the European social and environmental policy s the key to European success. The creation of the single market meant that much national regulation of social and environmental issues ceased to be effective: only a European approach at the same level as the regulation of business would be able to work. Otherwise, companies might simply transfer from one member state with a great deal of regulation in these areas to another member state with less. If what economists call “externalities” were not to go unaddressed altogether, European social and environmental policies became necessary. Therefore only federal unity can bring EU states closer together in order for them to work as successfully as others federal countries. federal model, federalism, European Union, EU, federal states, success, peace, prosperity, democratic safeguards, USA, Australia, Canada, India, living standards, democracy, developing world, European policy, social policy, environmental policy, single market, national regulation, regulation harmonization, business regulation, member states, externalities, European approach, federal unity, European integration, economic integration, social integration, environmental regulation, policy effectiveness federal model, federalism, federal states, success, peace, prosperity, democratic safeguards, Europe, USA, Australia, Canada, standard of living, India, developing world, European policy, social policy, environmental policy, single market, national regulation, European approach, business regulation, externalities, European Union, EU, federal unity, economic integration, member states, regulation harmonization, comparative federalism, policy effectiveness, democratic success, cross-border regulation federal model, success, federal states, peace, prosperity, democratic safeguards, advantages, Europe, USA, Australia, Canada, standards of living, federal India, democratic success, developing world, federalism, European social policy, European environmental policy, single market, national regulation, European approach, business regulation, externalities, European policies, federal unity, EU states, integration, policy effectiveness, social regulation, environmental regulation, member states, economic competitiveness, federal countries federal model, federalism, federal states, Europe, European Union, democratic safeguards, peace, prosperity, USA, Australia, Canada, India, single market, social policy, environmental policy, regulation, European approach, business regulation, externalities, European success, EU member states, federal unity, long-term democracy, policy harmonization, economic integration, social cohesion, environmental protection, transnational regulation, comparative federalism, standards of living, developing world, unity, cross-border issues federalism, federal model, European Union, EU, social policy, environmental policy, single market, regulation, federal states, USA, Australia, Canada, India, democracy, peace, prosperity, standards of living, democratic safeguards, policy harmonization, externalities, business regulation, European integration, federal unity, national regulation, member states, successful federations, European social policy, European environmental policy
test-digital-freedoms-phwnaccpdt-con02a	The sort of information being kept and sold is legitimate for firms to utilize in this fashion  Personal information given to companies is dispersed into the public sphere in a limited fashion. Once placed into the hands of a firm it ceases to be any sort of absolutely protected private right (if it ever was), and is instead now within the sphere of the company with which the individual has opted to interact. It is the natural evolution of how people’s information informs the economic sphere. [1] With regard to selling that information on, it is clearly information the individual is willing to disclose in the realm of commerce so it should make little difference what commercial entity is in possession of the data, especially considering that the information is then only utilized to make their experience online more efficient and valuable. It is also important to consider the exact kinds of information conventionally revealed through the personal data mining efforts of firms. They rarely even access the true identity of the user, but rather make use of second-hand information gathered from search histories, cookies, etc. to generate a consumer profile the firm hopes reflects the preference map of the user. The individual's identity is not revealed in these most frequent cases and the information is usable through the impermeable intermediary of security settings, etc. Thus firms get information about users without ever being able to ascertain the actual identity of those individuals, protecting their individual privacy, if such is a concern. [2] For this reason it cannot be said that there is any true violation of privacy. All of these data-gathering efforts of companies reflect the continuation of firms’ age-old effort to better understand their clients in order to best cater to their desires.  [1] Acquisti, A. “The Economics of Personal Data and the Economics of Privacy”. OECD. 2010,   [2] Story, L. “AOL Brings Out the Penguins to Explain Ad Targeting”. New York Times. 3 September 2008, personal information, data privacy, data sharing, consumer data, data protection, private rights, information disclosure, firms, economic sphere, data mining, user identity, privacy concerns, commercial data use, consumer profiling, search histories, cookies, intermediary security, privacy violation, data security, client understanding, targeted advertising personal data, information privacy, data sharing, data sale, firms, commercial use, consumer profile, search histories, cookies, data mining, user consent, online experience, economic sphere, security settings, anonymity, identity protection, preference mapping, privacy violation, corporate data practices, client understanding, targeted advertising, Acquisti, OECD, Story, New York Times personal information, data privacy, data sale, information protection, firm data use, commercial data, user consent, data mining, consumer profiling, anonymous data, search histories, cookies, online privacy, identity protection, data security, economic implications, privacy rights, targeted advertising, informed consent, data economics, user preferences, privacy concerns, firm-client relationship, commercial entity, information disclosure personal data, data privacy, data protection, information disclosure, data mining, user privacy, consumer profile, search history, cookies, data selling, commercial data use, privacy rights, data security, economic sphere, online experience, anonymized data, firm-client relationship, targeted advertising, privacy concerns, data utilization, personal information, privacy evolution, user consent, corporate data practices personal information, data privacy, data protection, consumer data, data mining, commercial use of data, data disclosure, user consent, identity protection, data anonymization, targeted advertising, economic sphere, online privacy, user profiles, cookies, search histories, privacy rights, data security, commercial entities, information sale, privacy concerns, data-driven marketing, anonymized data, consumer profiling, digital privacy, firm-client relationship, data collection, information sharing, preference mapping, data intermediaries, privacy evolution
test-politics-cpecfiepg-con03a	A Greek default would have a negative domino-effect on other Eurozone countries.  A Greek default will leave tremendous shockwaves across the Eurozone. Investors will instantly become wary of default in Portugal, Spain, Italy or Ireland, particularly given the sudden nature of the Greek default. Consequently, huge volumes of capital will flow out of these countries and into other more secure ones like Germany and the Netherlands. [1] This will, in turn, heighten speculation about the danger of default of other Eurozone nations. Speculation of default is particularly dangerous because it drives demand for government bonds down. This leads to the interest payments on government bonds rising which in turn raises the interest rates governments need to pay on their outstanding debt. The new, higher payments governments must make on their debt increases their budget deficit % GDP ratio, thus making it more likely that the country will actually default. We thus see how increased fears about the future of Italy, Portugal, Spain and Ireland that will arise from a Greek default, will cause big problems and will put even more strain on the ECB and primarily Germany in providing financial support.  [1] Kapoor, Sony, “Viewpoints: What if Greece exits euro?”, BBC News, 13 July 2012, Greek default, Eurozone crisis, contagion effect, domino effect, financial shockwaves, investor confidence, sovereign debt, Portugal, Spain, Italy, Ireland, capital flight, Germany, Netherlands, government bonds, bond yields, interest rates, budget deficit, speculation, ECB, financial support, euro exit, fiscal instability, debt crisis, default risk, economic impact, eurozone stability Greek default, Eurozone, domino effect, financial contagion, shockwaves, investors, Portugal, Spain, Italy, Ireland, capital flight, Germany, Netherlands, speculation, government bonds, bond yields, interest rates, sovereign debt, budget deficit, ECB, financial support, Euro crisis, debt crisis, default risk, market confidence, fiscal stability Greek default, Eurozone crisis, domino effect, contagion, sovereign debt, investor confidence, capital flight, Portugal, Spain, Italy, Ireland, government bonds, bond yields, interest payments, budget deficit, GDP ratio, financial stability, speculation, ECB, Germany, Netherlands, financial support, euro exit, default risk, debt crisis, Eurozone stability, shockwaves, sovereign risk Greek default, Eurozone, domino effect, financial contagion, investor confidence, capital flight, government bonds, interest rates, Portugal, Spain, Italy, Ireland, Germany, Netherlands, debt crisis, budget deficit, ECB, speculation, sovereign risk, fiscal instability, bailout, euro exit, sovereign debt, monetary union, economic shock, bond yields Greek default, domino effect, Eurozone crisis, investor confidence, sovereign debt, contagion, Portugal, Spain, Italy, Ireland, capital flight, bond yields, government bonds, interest rates, budget deficit, GDP ratio, ECB, Germany, Netherlands, financial support, speculation, bond market, euro exit, fiscal instability, financial shockwaves, sovereign risk
test-economy-eptpghdtre-con03a	“After three years, it is clear that President Obama’s budget-busting policies have not created jobs and have only added to our debt,”  The Obama administration has been profligate with taxpayers’ money, has failed to deal with the economic crisis and has increased the debt. His policies on health care show that he is more interested in controlling people’s lives than he is in encouraging enterprise and industry. It’s the same story that is always heard from Democrats; they say that they’re interested in encouraging business but instead all they really want to focus on is getting the government involved in as many areas of life as possible – especially in the running of the market. After three years in office Obama has done nothing to improve the life chances of the American people, growth and employment have stagnated, GDP growth has been under 1% per year while unemployment is up to 9.1% from 7.8%, [i] while regulation and taxation have blossomed.  [i] Kristol, William, ‘Weekly Standard: Obama No FDR ON Unemployment’, npr, 2 September 2011, Obama administration, budget deficit, job creation, federal debt, economic crisis, taxpayers’ money, profligate spending, healthcare policy, government control, enterprise, industry, Democrats, business policy, government intervention, market regulation, economic growth, unemployment rate, GDP growth, regulation, taxation, William Kristol, Weekly Standard, NPR, 2011, economic policy, US presidency, stagnation, economic performance, criticism, public spending Obama administration, economic crisis, budget deficit, national debt, job creation, unemployment rate, GDP growth, healthcare policy, government intervention, regulation, taxation, enterprise, industry, Democratic policies, market regulation, economic stagnation, profligate spending, taxpayer money, business environment, economic recovery, William Kristol, Weekly Standard, NPR, 2011 Obama administration, budget deficit, job creation, economic crisis, national debt, healthcare policy, government control, enterprise, industry, Democratic Party, business regulation, government intervention, market regulation, economic growth, unemployment rate, GDP growth, taxation, regulatory policies, public spending, fiscal policy, U.S. economy, William Kristol, Weekly Standard, NPR, 2011 Obama administration, budget-busting policies, job creation, national debt, profligate spending, taxpayers’ money, economic crisis, healthcare policy, government control, enterprise, industry, Democratic Party policies, government intervention, market regulation, economic stagnation, GDP growth, unemployment rate, increased regulation, increased taxation, Obama presidency, economic performance, business climate, William Kristol, Weekly Standard, NPR, 2011 Obama administration, budget deficits, unemployment, economic crisis, national debt, health care policy, government intervention, business regulation, GDP growth, taxation, enterprise encouragement, Democratic policies, job creation, economic stagnation, government spending, market regulation, William Kristol, NPR, Weekly Standard, profligacy, economic policy critique, US economy, Obama presidency, employment statistics, regulation increase
test-education-xeegshwfeu-pro01a	Equality of opportunity between richer and poorer children  State education in some areas of the UK is continuing to fail, despite increased investment. This will allow those pupils who are currently locked into sub-standard state education access to the private schools enjoyed by their more privileged peers (because you can spend the vouchers anywhere). Even if private school fees can only be subsidised by the voucher scheme, most private schools are charitable organisations that do not run a profit, and so in the vast majority of circumstances the voucher will make private schools accessible to poorer families. equality of opportunity, education inequality, state education, UK education, wealth disparities, richer children, poorer children, educational investment, private schools, education vouchers, school choice, access to education, educational subsidies, charitable schools, educational reform, socioeconomic status, education policy, school funding, education accessibility, state vs private education, disadvantaged pupils, social mobility, education funding, vouchers for education equality of opportunity, richer children, poorer children, state education, UK, education investment, education failure, educational vouchers, private schools, voucher scheme, access to private education, educational inequality, social mobility, charitable schools, school fees, subsidised education, educational access, disadvantaged pupils, education reform, education policy, educational funding equality of opportunity, richer children, poorer children, state education, UK education, educational inequality, investment in education, education vouchers, private schools, disadvantaged pupils, access to private education, social mobility, school choice, educational policy, education funding, state vs private schools, education reform, subsidised fees, charitable schools, barriers to education, education access equality of opportunity, educational inequality, rich and poor children, state education, UK, education failure, increased investment, access to education, private schools, school vouchers, voucher scheme, education policy, education funding, social mobility, disadvantaged pupils, educational access, charitable schools, non-profit schools, subsidised fees, education reform, education equity equality of opportunity, richer children, poorer children, state education, UK education, education funding, education vouchers, private schools, access to education, educational inequality, subsidised fees, charitable schools, school choice, socio-economic disparity, educational investment, underperforming schools, educational access, social mobility, disadvantaged students, education reform, state vs private schools
test-religion-msgfhwbamec-con03a	The state should not be allowed to intrude in such personal matters  Matters relating to how individuals conduct themselves in a private and consensual environment are arguably not the concern of the state. This extends to how people get married and within which tradition, religion or denomination. European states are increasingly allowing non-traditional marriages such as gay marriages [1] so not allowing arranged marriages for those who want them would be a perverse step backwards. Given that arranged marriages in themselves do not have any proven harms, and that, as it has already been asserted, the harmful side of arranged marriages, like forced marriages have already been outlawed, the state cannot keep regulating something with such an arbitrary and wide-ranging definition that includes so many consenting adults.  Were EU states to do this, the harm caused would risk infringing on the very rights of the people the proposition claims they are meant to be protecting in the first place.  [1] ‘Countries Where Gay Marriage Is Legal: Netherlands, Argentina & More, The Daily Beast, 9 May 2012, state intervention, personal autonomy, private matters, individual freedom, marriage regulation, arranged marriages, consensual relationships, state intrusion, gay marriage, non-traditional marriage, European states, religious marriage, cultural traditions, legal rights, consenting adults, forced marriage, legal harms, state regulation, human rights, marriage equality, marriage laws, private life, civil liberties state intervention, personal matters, private conduct, consensual environment, marriage regulation, arranged marriage, tradition, religion, denomination, European states, non-traditional marriage, gay marriage, individual rights, forced marriage, legal harm, state regulation, consenting adults, EU states, personal freedom, human rights, marriage laws, cultural practices, autonomy, legal precedent, civil liberties state intervention, personal autonomy, private matters, consensual relationships, marriage regulation, arranged marriage, forced marriage, human rights, individual freedom, religious tradition, cultural practices, European states, non-traditional marriage, gay marriage, marriage equality, legal regulation, government intrusion, civil liberties, personal choice, societal norms state intervention, personal autonomy, private matters, individual rights, consensual environment, marriage regulation, arranged marriages, non-traditional marriages, gay marriage, religious traditions, cultural traditions, EU states, legal harm, forced marriage, consent, adult choice, state regulation, marriage equality, Europe, personal freedoms, human rights, legal precedent, state intrusion, marriage laws state intrusion, personal matters, private environment, consensual relationships, marriage regulation, arranged marriages, non-traditional marriages, gay marriage, religious tradition, denomination, individual autonomy, European states, legal rights, consenting adults, forced marriage, marital freedom, government regulation, civil liberties, legal precedent, human rights, social policy, marriage equality, EU states, discrimination, personal freedom
test-environment-ehwsnwu-con03a	Nuclear waste should be reused to create more electricity.  There are new kinds of nuclear reactor such as ‘Integral Fast Reactors’, which can be powered by the waste from normal nuclear reactors (or from uranium the same as any other nuclear reactor). This means that the waste from other reactors or dismantled nuclear weapons could be used to power these new reactors. The Integral Fast Reactor extends the ability to produce energy roughly by a factor of 100. This would therefore be a very long term energy source. [1]  The waste at the end of the process is not nearly as much of a problem, as it is from current reactors. Because the IFR recycles the waste hundreds of times there is very much less waste remaining and what there is has a much shorter half-life, only tens of years rather than thousands. This makes storage for the remainder much more feasible, as there would be much less space required. [2]  [1] Till, Charles, ‘Nuclear Reaction Why DO Americans Fear Nuclear Power’, PBS,   [2] Monbiot, George, ‘We need to talk about Sellafield, and a nuclear solution that ticks all our boxes’, guardian.co.uk, 5 December 2011, nuclear waste reuse, electricity generation, integral fast reactor, IFR, advanced nuclear reactors, nuclear waste recycling, spent fuel, nuclear weapons waste, energy production efficiency, long-term energy source, waste reduction, shorter half-life, nuclear waste storage, reactor technology, uranium fuel cycle, radioactive waste management, transmutation, nuclear power sustainability, nuclear fuel reprocessing, environmental impact, next-generation reactors, nuclear proliferation, nuclear policy, Sellafield, Charles Till, George Monbiot nuclear waste reuse, nuclear waste recycling, nuclear electricity generation, Integral Fast Reactor, IFR, nuclear reactor innovation, fast breeder reactor, spent fuel, nuclear weapons waste, energy production, advanced reactors, nuclear waste reduction, short half-life waste, radioactive waste storage, uranium fuel cycle, long-term energy source, nuclear waste disposal, closed fuel cycle, nuclear technology, sustainable nuclear energy nuclear waste, nuclear waste reuse, electricity generation, integral fast reactors, IFR, fast reactors, nuclear reactors, nuclear waste recycling, spent nuclear fuel, nuclear weapons reprocessing, uranium fuel, advanced nuclear technology, long-term energy, radioactive waste reduction, waste half-life, nuclear waste storage, nuclear power, nuclear energy, energy sustainability, waste minimization, Sellafield, PBS, Guardian, Charles Till, George Monbiot nuclear waste, nuclear energy, electricity generation, Integral Fast Reactor, IFR, nuclear reactor, waste recycling, nuclear weapons repurposing, advanced nuclear technology, nuclear waste reduction, short half-life, radioactive waste, uranium fuel, energy sustainability, long-term energy source, nuclear power, waste management, reactor efficiency, nuclear waste storage, Sellafield, nuclear innovation, fast breeder reactor, power generation, nuclear waste reuse, environmental impact nuclear waste reuse, electricity generation, Integral Fast Reactor, IFR, fast breeder reactor, advanced nuclear reactor, nuclear waste recycling, spent nuclear fuel, uranium reuse, plutonium reuse, nuclear weapons dismantling, energy extension, long-term energy source, radioactive waste reduction, waste minimization, short half-life waste, nuclear waste storage, nuclear waste management, nuclear fuel cycle, sustainable nuclear power, Charles Till, George Monbiot, Sellafield, new nuclear technology, advanced reactor design, nuclear energy policy
test-economy-bepiehbesa-pro03a	It harms the economies of developing world  The current model of CAP results in major oversupply of food and beverages. In 2008 the stockpiles of cereals rising to 717 810 tons while the surplus of wine was about 2.3 million hectolitres. [1] This excess of supply is then often sold to developing countries for prices so low that the local producers cannot cope with them. The low prices of European food can be attributed to the higher efficiency of producing food because of use of advanced technologies as well as the CAP. Agriculture makes a small fraction of GDP in Europe, but in developing countries of Africa or Asia it is entirely different with large numbers dependent on much smaller plots of land. Hence, the consequences of CAP and high production in the EU can be the rise of unemployment and decline of self-sufficiency of these affected countries.  [1] Castle, Stephen, ‘EU’s butter mountain is back’, The New York Times, 2 February 2009, CAP, Common Agricultural Policy, European Union, food oversupply, agricultural subsidies, developing countries, cereal stockpiles, wine surplus, dumping, low food prices, local producers, advanced agricultural technology, economic impact, unemployment, self-sufficiency decline, global trade, Africa, Asia, agricultural efficiency, GDP agriculture, EU food exports, market distortion, farm support, rural livelihoods, international competition CAP, Common Agricultural Policy, oversupply, food surplus, wine surplus, cereals stockpiles, dumping, developing countries, local producers, low prices, agricultural exports, EU agriculture, advanced technologies, European food, unemployment, self-sufficiency, GDP agriculture, Africa, Asia, economic impact, trade distortion, global markets, rural livelihoods, food security, market competition, agricultural subsidies, import competition, Stephen Castle, EU butter mountain CAP, Common Agricultural Policy, EU, developing countries, food oversupply, beverage oversupply, cereal stockpiles, wine surplus, price dumping, local producers, advanced technology, food prices, African agriculture, Asian agriculture, unemployment, self-sufficiency, import competition, economic impact, agricultural exports, subsidized food, global trade, rural livelihoods, agricultural policy, European Union CAP, Common Agricultural Policy, developing countries, economic impact, food oversupply, agricultural surplus, cereal stockpiles, wine surplus, low prices, European food exports, advanced agricultural technology, local producers, market competition, Africa, Asia, unemployment, self-sufficiency, GDP agriculture, EU agricultural policy, trade distortion, poverty, rural livelihoods CAP, Common Agricultural Policy, oversupply, food surplus, developing countries, negative impact, cereal stockpiles, wine surplus, low-priced exports, local producers, agricultural efficiency, advanced technology, European food prices, GDP agriculture, Africa, Asia, unemployment, self-sufficiency decline, EU agriculture, European Union, trade distortion, market disruption, export dumping, agricultural policy, rural economies, economic harm, food security, global trade
test-economy-egppphbcb-con01a	Socialism leads to a more humane equal society  The gap between poor and rich countries has never been as great as it is today, Warren Buffet's wealth was estimated to be a net worth of approximately US$62 billion in 20081, this while one in seven people on earth goes to bed hungry every night and 6.54 million children die of starvation and malnutrition every year2. The absurd inequality between people's wages is because of the capitalist system, since the capitalist's only aim is to generate profit there is no reason to keep anything other than a minimum wage for the workers. In a globalized world, rich countries can outsource industries to poorer countries where workers will not expect so high a wage. The lower the wages a capitalist can pay to the labourers, the more profit he can generate. A capitalist does not care whether his labourers' living standards are good, acceptable or bad (although he does want to maintain a level where the labourers will not die or rebel), as long as they deliver the work for the lowest wage possible3. Therefore a company CEO can gain an absurd amount of money since he will reap all the profit made from all the labourers in his company while the lowest worker in the hierarchy will only earn enough to survive. The ordinary worker does not have a free choice whether he wants to work or not since he is at such an inferior bargaining position that he has to accept the capitalist's offer in order to survive. According to socialism this inequality is atrocious, it can by no means be justifiable that an ordinary labourer who works equally as hard, or harder than a CEO should struggle for his survival while the CEO lives in unimaginable luxury. In socialism, production and wages are directed to human needs, there is consequently no need to maximise profit and thus this gross inequality would be evened.4  1 The World?s Billionaires: #1 Warren Buffett. (2008, March). Forbes.  2 Hunger. (2011). World Food Programme. Retrieved June 7, 2011  3 Engels, Frederick. (2005). The principles of Communism. Marxist Internet Archive. Retrieved June 7, 2011  4 Marx, K. (n.d.). Critique of the Gotha Programme: I. Marxist Internet Archive. socialism, humane society, equality, wealth gap, income inequality, rich countries, poor countries, Warren Buffet, net worth, global hunger, child malnutrition, capitalist system, minimum wage, outsourcing, labor exploitation, profit maximization, wage disparity, CEO compensation, worker survival, bargaining power, class struggle, production for need, distribution of wealth, social justice, Marxism, Engels, capitalism critique, human needs, economic redistribution, living standards, global inequality, labor rights, ethical economics, wage fairness, social welfare, economic justice socialism, humane society, equality, income inequality, wealth gap, rich countries, poor countries, Warren Buffet, global hunger, child malnutrition, capitalism, minimum wage, globalization, outsourcing, labor exploitation, profit maximization, wage disparity, living standards, CEO pay, worker survival, bargaining power, social justice, Marxism, Engels, Karl Marx, human needs, production, redistribution, wage system, capital accumulation socialism, humane society, equality, wealth gap, income inequality, rich countries, poor countries, Warren Buffet, net worth, hunger, malnutrition, child starvation, capitalist system, profit motive, minimum wage, globalization, outsourcing, labour exploitation, wage disparity, CEO salaries, worker survival, bargaining power, labour conditions, social justice, redistribution, human needs, Marx, Engels, Communist principles, Critique of the Gotha Programme, economic justice, capitalism critique, wealth redistribution, worker rights socialism, humane society, equality, wealth gap, rich countries, poor countries, Warren Buffet, inequality, capitalism, minimum wage, globalization, outsourcing, labor exploitation, profit motive, CEO pay, workers' wages, living standards, labor bargaining power, survival, labor conditions, socialist critique, production for needs, wage equality, Marx, Engels, class struggle, malnutrition, starvation, hunger, income disparity, economic justice, working class, capitalist system, social justice socialism, humane society, equality, wealth gap, global inequality, rich vs poor, Warren Buffet, billionaires, hunger, starvation, malnutrition, wage disparity, capitalism, profit motive, minimum wage, globalization, outsourcing, labor exploitation, living standards, CEO pay, income inequality, worker survival, labor bargaining power, social justice, economic systems, production for needs, wage structure, human needs, profit maximization, Marx, Engels, Communism, Critique of Gotha Programme
test-economy-fiahwpamu-pro05a	Microfinance and protection  Access to a small loan provides benefits for the poor’s ability to access high quality health care. A lack of access to banking facilities - loans and credit - may mean the poor are left excluded from health care services as these are usually not free. Microfinance institutions accept the irregularities of the poor’s income, so enabling health care to be affordable to the poor by providing access to finance. As Ofori-Adjei (2007) shows the integration of microfinance institutions within healthcare systems in Ghana is required to resolve the issue of inaccessibility. Ill health should not put a household into a state of poverty - microfinance provides this protection.  Microfinance schemes not only provide loans to access health care but are now integrating non-financial services, such as health education, within their finance schemes. microfinance, health care access, small loans, poor, banking facilities, credit, financial exclusion, healthcare services, affordable health care, irregular income, microfinance institutions, Ghana, healthcare integration, poverty protection, microfinance schemes, non-financial services, health education, financial inclusion, health care financing, Ofori-Adjei microfinance, health care access, poor, small loans, banking facilities, financial exclusion, credit, microfinance institutions, income irregularity, health care affordability, Ghana, integration, healthcare systems, poverty protection, non-financial services, health education, Ofori-Adjei, healthcare financing, social protection, microfinance schemes microfinance, protection, small loans, health care access, poor, banking facilities, credit, exclusion, health care services, microfinance institutions, irregular income, affordability, finance access, Ghana, healthcare systems, Ofori-Adjei, poverty prevention, non-financial services, health education, microfinance schemes, integrated services, financial inclusion, health outcomes, household poverty, social protection microfinance, health protection, access to health care, small loans, poverty alleviation, banking exclusion, loan accessibility, credit access, healthcare affordability, irregular income, microfinance institutions, Ghana, healthcare integration, poverty protection, healthcare exclusion, financial inclusion, non-financial services, health education, microfinance schemes, healthcare finance, income irregularities, social protection, loan schemes, healthcare access, microfinance benefits, healthcare poverty, Ofori-Adjei microfinance, healthcare access, small loans, poor, poverty reduction, banking facilities, financial exclusion, health care affordability, microfinance institutions, irregular income, Ghana, health care integration, health services, financial protection, health-related poverty, microfinance schemes, non-financial services, health education, credit access, finance-health integration, Ofori-Adjei 2007
test-international-gmehbisrip1b-con02a	"Returning to the 1967 borders would make war more likely.  The Foreign Minister of Israel, Avigdor Lieberman, said in 2009: “A return to the pre-1967 lines, with a Palestinian state in Judea and Samaria, would bring the conflict into Israel's borders. Establishing a Palestinian state will not bring an end to the conflict.” [1] This is why the American ambassador to the UN at the time of the 1967 war pointed out that “Israel's prior frontiers had proved to be notably insecure”, and American President Lyndon Johnson, shortly after the war, declared that Israel's return to its former lines would be “not a prescription for peace but for renewed hostilities.” Johnson advocated new 'recognized boundaries' that would provide ""security against terror, destruction, and war.” [2] An Israel that withdrew completely to the 1967 borders would offer a very tempting target, since it would be a narrow country with no strategic depth whose main population centres and strategic infrastructure would be within tactical range of forces deployed along the commanding heights of the West Bank. This would hurt Israel's ability to deter future attacks and thus make conflict in the region even more likely. This ability of Israel to deter aggressors is particularly important not only due to the region's history of aggression against Israel, but also due to the unpredictable future events in the highly volatile Middle East. There is no way, for example, to guarantee that Iraq will not evolve into a radical Shi'ite state that is dependent on Iran and hostile to Israel (indeed, King Abdullah of Jordan has warned of a hostile Shi'ite axis that could include Iran, Iraq, and Syria), nor that a Jordan's Palestinian majority might seize power in the state (leaving Israel to defend itself against a Palestinian state that stretches from Iraq to Kalkilya), nor that in the future, militant Islamic elements will not succeed in gaining control of the Egyptian regime. [3]  Given its narrow geographical dimensions, a future attack launched from the pre-1967 borders against Israel's nine-mile-wide waist could easily split the country in two. Especially seeing as Islamic militants throughout the Middle East are unlikely to be reconciled to Israel even by a withdrawal to the 1967 borders, such a withdrawal therefore would actually make peace in the region less likely and encourage war against Israel. [4]  [1] Lazaroff, Tovah. “Lieberman warns against '67 borders”. Jerusalem Post. 27 November 2009.   [2] Levin, Kenneth. “Peace Now: A 30-Year Fraud”. FrontPageMag.com. 5 September 2008.   [3] Amidror, Maj.-Gen. (res.) Yaakov. “Israel's Requirement for Defensible Borders”. Defensible Borders for a Lasting Peace. 2005.   [4] El-Khodary, Taghreed and Bronner, Ethan. “Hamas Fights Over Gaza’s Islamist Identity”. New York Times. 5 September 2009. 1967 borders, pre-1967 lines, Israeli security, Avigdor Lieberman, Judea and Samaria, Palestinian state, conflict escalation, strategic depth, West Bank, Israeli deterrence, Middle East instability, regional aggression, UN ambassador 1967, Lyndon Johnson, recognized boundaries, insecure borders, war likelihood, Middle East volatility, Shi'ite axis, Iran Iraq Syria alliance, Jordan Palestinian majority, Egyptian regime stability, Islamic militants, Israel vulnerability, national security, defensive borders, peace prospects, Gaza conflict, Hamas, FrontPageMag, Jerusalem Post 1967 borders, Israeli security, Avigdor Lieberman, pre-1967 lines, Palestinian state, Judea and Samaria, Israeli-Palestinian conflict, strategic depth, West Bank, U.S. policy Israel, Lyndon Johnson, recognized boundaries, Middle East volatility, Shi'ite axis, Iran-Iraq-Syria, King Abdullah Jordan, Jordanian Palestinians, Islamic militants, Gaza, Hamas, regional aggression, Israel deterrence, border security, renewed hostilities, peace prospects, Arab-Israeli wars, military vulnerability, territorial concessions, defensible borders, Israeli infrastructure, population centres, American foreign policy, threat 1967 borders, pre-1967 lines, Israeli security, Avigdor Lieberman, Judea and Samaria, Palestinian state, Israeli deterrence, strategic depth, West Bank, renewed hostilities, Lyndon Johnson, American ambassador UN, insecure frontiers, Middle East volatility, Shi'ite axis, Iran, Iraq, Syria, Jordan, Palestinian majority, Islamic militants, Egyptian regime, regional aggression, Israel-Palestine conflict, defensible borders, Gaza, Hamas, recognized boundaries, peace process, Israeli population centers, security threats, military vulnerability, US foreign policy, hostile neighbors, regional instability 1967 borders, Israel security, Avigdor Lieberman, pre-1967 lines, Palestinian state, Judea and Samaria, Israel conflict, recognized boundaries, strategic depth, Middle East instability, regional aggression, deterrence, Israeli defense, West Bank highlands, American ambassador UN 1967, Lyndon Johnson, Arab-Israeli war, border insecurity, Jordan Palestinian majority, Shi'ite axis, Iran Iraq Syria, militant Islam, Egyptian regime, Gaza Hamas, Israel vulnerability, population centers, peace prospects, Israeli military, territorial withdrawal, national security, Israeli-Palestinian conflict, strategic infrastructure, nine-mile-wide 1967 borders, pre-1967 lines, Israel security, Avigdor Lieberman, Judea and Samaria, Palestinian state, Israeli-Palestinian conflict, recognized boundaries, strategic depth, deterrence, regional aggression, Middle East stability, hostile Shi'ite axis, Iran, Iraq, Syria, Jordan, Islamic militants, Egyptian regime, nine-mile-wide waist, territorial vulnerability, renewed hostilities, U.N. ambassador, Lyndon Johnson, defensible borders, Gaza, Hamas, settlement policy, war likelihood, peace prospects, territorial withdrawal"
test-politics-cdmaggpdgdf-pro04a	Transparency prevents, or corrects, mistakes  Transparency is fundamental in making sure that mistakes don’t happen, or when they do that they are found and corrected quickly with appropriate accountability. This applies as much, if not more, to the security apparatus than other walks of life. In security mistakes are much more likely to be a matter of life and death than in most other walks of life. They are also likely to be costly; something the military and national security apparatus is particularly known for. [1] An audit of the Pentagon in 2011 found that the US Department of Defense wasted $70 billion over two years. [2] This kind of waste can only be corrected if it is found out about, and for that transparency is necessary.  [1] Schneier, Bruce, ‘Transparency and Accountability Don’t Hurt Security – They’re Crucial to It’, The Atlantic, 8 May 2012  [2] Schweizer, Peter, ‘Crony Capitalism Creeps Into the Defense Budget’, The Daily Beast, 22 May 2012 transparency, accountability, mistakes prevention, error correction, security sector, military, national security, Pentagon audit, Department of Defense waste, defense spending, government oversight, public accountability, financial oversight, waste detection, transparency in security, defense budget, military accountability, Bruce Schneier, Peter Schweizer, crony capitalism, corrective action, security apparatus, auditing, public sector transparency, organizational transparency, financial mismanagement transparency, accountability, mistake prevention, error correction, security, national security, military, defense, Pentagon audit, waste, government oversight, public accountability, defense budget, financial audit, organizational transparency, cost overruns, security apparatus, military waste, defense spending, Bruce Schneier, Peter Schweizer transparency, accountability, mistake prevention, error correction, security, military, national security, defense, defense budget, Pentagon audit, waste, government oversight, public accountability, transparency in security, military spending, defense spending, cost overruns, transparency mechanisms, bureaucratic oversight, audit, US Department of Defense, security apparatus, accountability in government, government transparency, public sector transparency, military errors, life and death decisions, waste detection, government waste, security transparency, Bruce Schneier, Peter Schweizer, transparency impact, defense waste transparency, accountability, security, mistake prevention, error correction, defense, military, national security, Pentagon audit, waste, waste reduction, Department of Defense, oversight, public accountability, government transparency, defense budget, audit, life and death, transparency benefits, security apparatus, military spending, financial oversight, Bruce Schneier, Peter Schweizer transparency, accountability, mistake prevention, error correction, security apparatus, military transparency, national security, defense spending, Pentagon audit, government waste, oversight, military accountability, public accountability, defense budget, transparency in security, error detection, military mistakes, corrective measures, defense oversight, cost of mistakes, Bruce Schneier, defense audits, US Department of Defense, waste reduction, military spending, public sector transparency
test-law-tahglcphsld-con02a	More people will take drugs if they are legal  Considering that drug use has so many negative consequences, it would be disastrous to have it increase. However, the free availability of drugs once they are legal will make it far easier for individuals to buy and use them. In most cases, under 1% of the population of OECD countries regularly use illegal drugs; many more drink alcohol or smoke tobacco. [1] This must at least partly to do with the illegality. Indeed, in an Australian survey, 29% of those who had never used cannabis cited the illegality of the substance as their reason for never using the drug, while 19% of those who had ceased use of cannabis cited its illegality as their reason. [2]  [1] UN Office on Drugs and Crime, World Drug Report 2009,   [2] NSW Bureau of Crime and Statistics, ‘Does Prohibition Deter Cannabis use?’, 23 August 2001,  $file/mr_cjb58.pdf drug legalization, drug use increase, negative consequences, drug availability, legal drugs, illegal drugs, OECD countries, alcohol consumption, tobacco use, drug deterrence, drug prohibition, cannabis survey, drug policy, UN World Drug Report, NSW Bureau of Crime and Statistics, cannabis illegality, substance use statistics, prohibition effects, public health, legal consequences, recreational drug use drug legalization, drug use consequences, drug availability, illegal drugs, drug consumption rates, OECD countries, alcohol vs drugs, tobacco comparison, deterrence effect, illegality impact, cannabis prohibition, Australian drug survey, reasons for not using drugs, UNODC World Drug Report, NSW Bureau of Crime and Statistics, prohibition effectiveness, substance abuse statistics, legal barriers, drug policy, public health risk drug legalization, drug use increase, negative consequences, drug availability, illegal drugs, legal drugs, alcohol consumption, tobacco use, deterrence effect, drug prohibition, OECD countries, cannabis usage, reasons for nonuse, Australian survey, drug policy, crime statistics, UN World Drug Report, NSW Bureau of Crime Statistics, prohibition effectiveness, harm reduction drug legalization, drug use increase, negative consequences, legal drugs, illegal drugs, OECD countries, drug availability, cannabis legality, prohibition effect, UN World Drug Report, tobacco use, alcohol use, Australian survey, NSW Bureau of Crime, deterrence, public health risks, substance abuse, drug policies, societal impact, cannabis prohibition drug legalization, drug use increase, negative consequences, free availability, legal drugs, illegal drugs, drug consumption rates, OECD countries, alcohol use, tobacco use, deterrent effect, survey evidence, Australia, cannabis use, prohibition, policy impact, drug deterrence, UNODC World Drug Report, NSW Bureau of Crime Statistics, public health, substance abuse, behavioral impact, social consequences, legality influence
test-digital-freedoms-dfiphbgs-pro01a	Open source software is more adaptable to government needs.  Open source software starts from a completely different viewpoint of how products should be created. Rather than resembling a traditional hierarchical organisation (such as an early twentieth century business, an army or a monastic order) where everyone has their own clearly defined role and are told how to proceed by a top-down central authority, open-source software development is more like an open market where everyone is engaged in the same activity but come at it from different directions. [i]  Out of this cacophonous market, a more fluid product emerges. The basic advantage of open source software is that, as users can read, redistribute, and modify the source code for a piece of software, it evolves. This means that users and programmers can improve, adapt and fix the software at a much faster pace than Microsoft or another closed source developer can match. The highly collegiate culture in which contemporary approaches to coding evolved continues to create programmers who are naturally curious about the functions and features of new software. Open source software harnesses the wide range of ideas and methodologies that different coders use to writer software to refine and improve existing programmes. Open source software solicits a wide variety of solutions to particular coding problems; the more solutions that coders generate, the more likely it is that an optimal solution will be discovered.  Not only does the approach described above result in the creation of higher quality programmes, it also allows businesses and individual coders to easily adapt existing programmes to their needs. Monopolistic producers like Microsoft have an incentive to slow the pace of change, whereas the open source community will simply choose the best solution. In this way, open source software is more robust and more responsive to governments’ changing needs than closed source alternatives.  [i] Raymond, Eric. “The Cathedral and the Bazaar.” Cunningham & Cunningham. 18 February 2010. open source software, government adaptability, hierarchical organization, decentralized development, collaborative coding, open market, software evolution, source code modification, rapid innovation, closed source comparison, Microsoft, collegiate culture, programmer curiosity, diversity of solutions, optimal outcomes, program customization, monopolistic producers, software robustness, responsiveness, Eric Raymond, Cathedral and Bazaar open source software, adaptability, government needs, software development models, hierarchical organization, open market, collaborative coding, fluid product, source code access, modification, redistribution, software evolution, rapid improvement, closed source software, Microsoft, programmer curiosity, diverse methodologies, problem solving, optimal solutions, high quality software, customization, business needs, monopolistic producers, software robustness, responsiveness, Eric Raymond, Cathedral and the Bazaar open source software, adaptability, government needs, software development models, collaborative development, decentralized organization, open market, user modification, source code access, rapid evolution, software improvement, programmer culture, innovation, coding methodologies, problem solving, optimal solutions, high quality programs, business adaptation, individual customization, monopolistic software, Microsoft, closed source, responsiveness, robustness, government technology, Eric Raymond, The Cathedral and the Bazaar open source software, adaptability, government needs, collaborative development, decentralized model, open market, software evolution, user modification, programmer improvement, rapid adaptation, closed source comparison, Microsoft, collegiate culture, coder curiosity, coding diversity, problem-solving, solution variety, optimal solutions, software quality, business customization, monopolistic industry, pace of change, community-driven, robustness, responsiveness, The Cathedral and the Bazaar, Eric Raymond open source software, adaptability, government needs, collaborative development, decentralized organization, hierarchical structure, open market, software evolution, source code accessibility, user modification, rapid improvement, Microsoft, closed source, coding culture, programmer curiosity, innovation, diverse methodologies, software refinement, problem-solving, optimal solutions, software customization, business adaptation, monopolistic producers, robustness, responsiveness, software quality, Eric Raymond, The Cathedral and the Bazaar
test-international-segiahbarr-con02a	Majority of states are still undemocratic  While there is a lot of contention over government type, democracy is seen as an aspiration in Western eyes, and African dictators have a history of running brutal and corrupt regimes. In Africa the majority of states are still dictatorships. Only 25 of the 55 states are democratic, whilst the rest are authoritarian or hybrid regimes. These dictators are commonly associated with poor governance, which in turn can affect economic growth. Recent pictures of Robert Mugabe and his team of ministers asleep at an African-Arab economic summit demonstrate how little enthusiasm some of these leaders have for the progress of their country [1] .  [1] Moyo, ‘Mugabe and his ministers sleep through economic summit’, 2013 Africa, democracy, authoritarianism, dictatorships, governance, economic growth, Western perspective, African leaders, Robert Mugabe, corrupt regimes, hybrid regimes, political systems, African states, regime type, government, political transition, African democracy, poor governance, economic summit, leadership, political aspiration, state majority, undemocratic, African dictators, democratic states, regime dynamics Africa, democracy, authoritarian regimes, dictatorships, governance, economic growth, Robert Mugabe, African states, Western perspective, hybrid regimes, corrupt regimes, political systems, leadership, African dictators, democratic transition, regime type, political stability, government type, summit, Moyo 2013 Africa, undemocratic states, dictatorships, authoritarian regimes, hybrid regimes, democracy, Western perspective, African dictators, poor governance, economic growth, Robert Mugabe, government type, African governance, political regimes, state democracy, leadership, corruption, economic summit, regime classification, ministerial behavior, democratic aspirations, African politics African governance, authoritarian regimes, democracy in Africa, African dictatorships, hybrid regimes, Robert Mugabe, poor governance, economic growth Africa, African politics, corruption, undemocratic states, leadership Africa, Western perception democracy, African political systems, state governance, democratic deficit, government types Africa, political leadership Africa Africa, dictatorship, authoritarian regimes, hybrid regimes, democracy, governance, economic growth, Robert Mugabe, African dictators, corrupt regimes, Western perspective, government type, African states, political systems, development, leaders, democratic transition, political instability, regime type, poor governance, summit, African politics, leadership, economic summit, state governance
test-politics-lghwdecm-con04a	Mayors could split economic regions  The value of a mayor is dependent upon that mayor having a distinct area of control. However often this area is set too small. Cities are the hubs for neighbouring towns and countryside as well as the inner city. This could then end up splitting up economic regions. Birmingham and Coventry are very close to each other but at some point in the future could potentially have different city mayors. There would then be confusion; who runs regional transport policy or the West Midlands police that affects both cities? [1]  [1] McCabe, Steve, ‘An executive mayor – can we afford it?, Birmingham Mail, 17 April 2012. mayors, economic regions, city control, regional governance, city mayors, city boundaries, urban hubs, policy fragmentation, Birmingham, Coventry, metropolitan areas, local government, administrative division, transport policy, regional police, West Midlands, mayoral authority, city governance, intercity issues, governance confusion, jurisdiction, neighboring towns, public administration, executive mayor, local policy mayors, economic regions, city governance, regional control, administrative boundaries, urban hubs, neighboring towns, countryside, city mayors, Birmingham, Coventry, regional transport policy, West Midlands police, urban planning, political authority, local government, metropolitan areas, division of regions, policy confusion, executive mayor, city administration, regional cooperation, municipal management mayors, economic regions, city governance, regional control, city boundaries, urban hubs, metropolitan areas, jurisdiction, Birmingham, Coventry, city mayors, regional transport policy, West Midlands police, local government, administrative division, governance challenges, urban policy, intercity coordination, municipal authority, regional planning mayors, economic regions, city boundaries, governance, urban policy, administrative control, regional hubs, city mayors, jurisdiction, Birmingham, Coventry, transport policy, regional police, West Midlands, local government, executive mayor, political boundaries, metropolitan areas, intercity coordination, municipal leadership, regional division, city-region integration, overlapping authority, urban administration, public policy, Steve McCabe, Birmingham Mail mayors, economic regions, city boundaries, local governance, regional administration, city mayors, administrative regions, urban policy, metropolitan areas, Birmingham, Coventry, West Midlands, regional transport policy, police jurisdiction, city hubs, municipal control, local government structure, executive mayor, intercity coordination, regional planning, political boundaries
test-culture-cgeeghwmeo-con03a	Even within the United States people speak English differently  Even within the United States people speak many different dialects. From Boston to New York to the rural South, accents and diversity within the English language express the exact same types of historical, cultural, and even political traditions that those pushing English find so horrifying if made in another language.  It would be hard to set a standard for what is English, and ignore the fact that Americans have long used linguistic differences as a sign of identity. It therefore makes no sense to try to paper over these linguistic differences by imposing English as an official language; rather the diversity of languages and dialects should be celebrated. United States, English, dialects, accents, language diversity, linguistic identity, Boston, New York, rural South, historical traditions, cultural traditions, political traditions, language standardization, linguistic differences, official language, American English, language policy, language celebration, language variation, regional accents, sociolinguistics United States, English, dialects, accents, language diversity, regional variation, linguistic identity, cultural traditions, historical traditions, political traditions, language policy, official language, language standardization, language differences, language celebration, Boston, New York, rural South, linguistic diversity, American identity, language imposition United States, English dialects, language diversity, regional accents, Boston, New York, rural South, linguistic identity, cultural traditions, historical traditions, political traditions, English language variation, official language debate, language policy, language standardization, linguistic diversity, accent differences, American English, language as identity, language celebration, opposition to official English, sociolinguistics, dialectal variation, language and culture, linguistic heritage English dialects, American English, regional accents, language diversity, linguistic identity, language policy, official language debate, cultural traditions, historical linguistics, political implications, linguistic diversity, Boston accent, New York English, Southern dialects, language standardization, sociolinguistics, language variation, American identity, language discrimination, celebration of diversity United States, English language, dialects, accents, linguistic diversity, regional variation, Boston, New York, rural South, historical traditions, cultural identity, political traditions, language policy, official language, linguistic differences, American identity, language standardization, language diversity, language celebration, language imposition, sociolinguistics
test-law-tahglcphsld-con03a	Drugs will either be too cheap or too expensive  Low prices for drugs will hugely increase consumption of drugs, amongst all groups - addicts, previously casual users, and those who were not previously users. If drug provision is strictly regulated, an illegal black market may remain. drug pricing, drug affordability, drug consumption, drug regulation, drug legalization, black market drugs, drug addiction, drug policy, drug economics, low drug prices, drug use increase, illegal drug trade, drug market regulation, drug availability, substance abuse economics drug pricing, drug affordability, drug consumption, drug regulation, drug legalization, black market, illegal drugs, addiction rates, drug demand, drug supply, drug control, drug policy, drug access, substance abuse, regulated market, illegal trade, drug economics, drug use prevention, drug market dynamics, drug enforcement drug pricing, drug affordability, drug consumption, drug regulation, drug policy, black market drugs, illegal drug trade, drug addiction, drug use patterns, drug legalization, drug cost effects, drug market, drug enforcement, substance abuse, regulated vs unregulated drugs drug pricing, drug affordability, drug regulation, black market drugs, drug consumption, drug addiction, drug policy, drug accessibility, illegal drugs, price regulation, recreational drug use, drug economics, drug legalization, drug demand, substance abuse drug pricing, drug affordability, drug regulation, drug consumption, drug use patterns, addicts, casual users, new users, black market, illegal drug market, drug policy, low drug prices, high drug prices, drug legalization, drug enforcement, drug accessibility, drug supply, drug demand, drug market control, drug abuse
test-international-sepiahbaaw-con01a	Source of trade  Natural resources are a source of economic revenue for Africa. If managed well then this can become a genuine source of prosperity. Africa does not currently have developed secondary and tertiary sectors yet [1] , most of the continent’s economics surrounds primary sector activity such as resource extraction and farming. The high commodity price of items such as gold, diamonds and uranium is therefore valuable for Africa’s trade. Profits from this trade have allowed countries to strengthen their economic position by reducing debt and accumulating external reserves, a prime example of this being Nigeria.  [1] Maritz,J. ‘Manufacturing: Can Africa become the next China?’ How We Made Africa 24 May 2011 Africa, natural resources, economic revenue, resource extraction, primary sector, trade, commodity prices, gold, diamonds, uranium, economic prosperity, secondary sector, tertiary sector, farming, debt reduction, external reserves, Nigeria, manufacturing, Africa-China comparison, economic development, Maritz, How We Made Africa Africa, natural resources, economic revenue, trade, prosperity, primary sector, resource extraction, farming, commodity prices, gold, diamonds, uranium, secondary sector, tertiary sector, economic growth, external reserves, debt reduction, Nigeria, manufacturing, Africa-China comparison Africa, natural resources, economic revenue, trade, prosperity, primary sector, resource extraction, farming, commodity prices, gold, diamonds, uranium, economic development, secondary sector, tertiary sector, external reserves, debt reduction, Nigeria, manufacturing, economic growth, exports, Africa trade, Maritz, foreign reserves, Africa economy, value chain, industrialization Africa, trade, natural resources, economic revenue, prosperity, primary sector, resource extraction, farming, commodity prices, gold, diamonds, uranium, secondary sector, tertiary sector, economic development, exports, economic position, debt reduction, external reserves, Nigeria, manufacturing, economic growth, How We Made Africa natural resources, economic revenue, Africa, prosperity, secondary sector, tertiary sector, primary sector, resource extraction, farming, commodity prices, gold, diamonds, uranium, trade, economic development, external reserves, debt reduction, manufacturing, Nigeria, industrialization, economic growth
test-culture-mmctghwbsa-con03a	"Any changes in advertising should come from businesses themselves rather than through banning.  Banning requires a legal framework and enforcement mechanism. External organizations interfere with the ability of business to conduct business. Should the social cultural environment change, businesses are likely to respond to the attitudes of their consumers. A recent change in the California Milk Board's website occurred due to public pressure.1 Social corporate responsibility is another possibility which business could embrace if changing social attitudes develop.2Banning is a repressive method which interferes with competition. Self determined methods should be allowed to competitors in the economic marketplace. Therefore, any changes in advertising should come from the business community rather than through banning. 1 Kumar, Sheila. ""Milk Board Alters Sexist PMS-Themed Ad Campaign."" The Huffington Post. 2011/July 22. 2 Skibola, Nicole. ""Gender and Ethics in Advertising: The New CSR."" Forbes.com. 2011/August 4 advertising changes, business autonomy, advertising bans, legal framework, enforcement mechanism, external regulation, business operations, social cultural environment, consumer attitudes, public pressure, California Milk Board, corporate social responsibility, CSR, social attitudes, competition, economic marketplace, self-regulation, repressive methods, business community, ethics in advertising, gender ethics, advertising regulation, consumer influence, business self-regulation, marketplace competition, business ethics advertising, self-regulation, banning, legal framework, enforcement, external organizations, business autonomy, social cultural environment, consumer attitudes, public pressure, California Milk Board, corporate social responsibility, CSR, social change, competition, economic marketplace, business community, sexist advertising, ethical advertising, gender, business ethics, regulatory intervention, market-driven change, self-determined methods advertising, self-regulation, business autonomy, banning, legal framework, enforcement, external organizations, consumer attitudes, public pressure, California Milk Board, social corporate responsibility, social attitudes, competition, economic marketplace, corporate ethics, CSR, gender ethics, advertising regulation, business community, market response, advertising change advertising change, business self-regulation, advertising bans, legal enforcement, business autonomy, external regulation, consumer attitudes, public pressure, corporate social responsibility, economic competition, marketplace, California Milk Board, sexist advertising, CSR, social attitudes, business community, advertising ethics, regulatory frameworks, enforcement mechanisms, self-determined methods, gender and advertising advertising changes, business self-regulation, advertising bans, legal framework, enforcement mechanisms, external organizations, business autonomy, social cultural environment, consumer attitudes, public pressure, California Milk Board, social corporate responsibility, corporate social responsibility, CSR, social attitudes, competition, economic marketplace, self-determined methods, banning vs self-regulation, ethical advertising, advertising ethics"
test-politics-epvhbfsmsaop-pro01a	Personality politics is harmful to the democratic process  Celebrity involvement in the political process may increase the extent to which politicians need to court media attention in order to promote their policies.  Many people get their political information from ‘soft-news’ outlets [1] , i.e. entertainment channels and magazines that often focus on ‘celebrity gossip’. Shows such as Oprah Winfrey get millions of viewers many of whom don’t get news through other mediums and although soft news is the preferred format for a minority (10.2%) for a great many more it is in their top three. [2] The involvement of celebrities in the political sphere increases the power of “soft-news” over the political process: due to the wide reach of “soft-news” it is not possible to counter its effects using narrow-reach opinion pieces and policy analysis. Rather, politicians are forced either to package their ideas in a way acceptable to these magazines and talk shows (i.e. reduce the analysis; ‘dumb down’), for example Obama in 2009 became the first sitting president to appear on a late night comedy show; Tonight Show with Jay Leno, [3] or to counter attack by seeking celebrity endorsement of their own.  This makes political debate increasingly shallow, and voters’ decisions correspondingly less well-informed. The harmful impacts upon our democratic process are two-fold: first, voters being less informed means they are less likely to truly be voting in a way that is aligned with their best interests or political beliefs; second, the debate is skewed towards ideas that can be conveyed in short ‘sound-bites’ and away from ideas that require more complicated discussion.  [1] Drezner, Daniel W., ‘Foreign Policy Goes Glam’, The National Interest, Nov./Dec. 2007,   [2] Prior, Markus, ‘Any Good News in Soft News? The Impact of Soft News Preferences on Political Knowledge’, Political Communication, Vol. 20, 2003, pp.149-171, p.151   [3] Baum, Matthew A., and Jamison, Angela, ‘Soft News and the four Oprah effects’, November 2011, personality politics, democratic process, celebrity involvement, media attention, soft-news, entertainment channels, political information, celebrity gossip, Oprah Winfrey, political communication, policy promotion, celebrity endorsement, late night shows, voter information, sound-bites, shallow debate, political discourse, policy analysis, informed electorate, political knowledge, voter decision-making, public opinion, news media, superficial coverage, political campaigning, celebrity politics, democratic harm personality politics, democratic process, celebrity involvement, media attention, soft news, entertainment channels, celebrity gossip, political information, political communication, Oprah Winfrey, mass media, talk shows, policy dumbing down, celebrity endorsement, political debate, voter information, sound bites, political knowledge, policy analysis, late night comedy shows, political campaigns, informed electorate, media influence, shallow debate, political beliefs, voting behavior, opinion pieces, public discourse, news consumption, media reach personality politics, democratic process, celebrity involvement, political process, media attention, soft-news, entertainment channels, celebrity gossip, political information, Oprah Winfrey, audience reach, news consumption, political communication, celebrity endorsement, shallow debate, voter information, sound bites, policy analysis, political knowledge, late night comedy shows, Tonight Show, media influence, informed voting, public opinion, political discourse, simplified messaging, Markus Prior, Daniel Drezner, Matthew Baum, Angela Jamison personality politics, democracy, celebrity involvement, political process, media attention, soft news, entertainment channels, celebrity gossip, political information, talk shows, voter knowledge, policy analysis, political debate, sound bites, shallow debate, celebrity endorsement, Oprah Winfrey, late night shows, political communication, voter decision-making, information quality, democratic harm, policy promotion, political discourse, journalism, media influence, political awareness, public opinion, political knowledge, soft news impact, news consumption, voting behavior, media coverage, political campaigns, political messaging personality politics, democratic process, celebrity involvement, media attention, political communication, soft-news, entertainment media, celebrity politics, political information sources, Oprah Winfrey effect, late-night talk shows, celebrity endorsement, policy promotion, shallow political debate, voter information, sound bites, political beliefs, public discourse, news consumption, impact on democracy, political knowledge, political campaigning, media influence, political analysis, voter decision-making, simplified messaging, political debate quality
test-international-gsciidffe-con01a	"The international system is based on equality and non-interference  Relations between states are based upon “the principle of the sovereign equality of all its Members.” The UN Charter emphasises “Nothing contained in the present Charter shall authorize the United Nations to intervene in matters which are essentially within the domestic jurisdiction of any state”. [1] Within a state only the government is legitimate as the supreme authority within its territory. [2] Without such rules the bigger, richer, states would be able to pray on the weaker ones. This cannot simply be put aside because one state does not like how the other state runs its own internal affairs. The United Nations has gone so far as to explicitly state “all peoples have the right, freely and without external interference, to determine their political status and to pursue their economic, social and cultural development.” [3] Circumventing censorship would clearly be another power attempting to impose its own ideas of political cultural and social development.  [1] UN General Assembly, Article 2, Charter of the United Nations, 26 June 1945,   [2] Philpott, Dan, ""Sovereignty"", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Summer 2010 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.),   [3] UN General Assembly, “Respect for the principles of national sovereignty and non-interference in the internal affairs of States in their electoral processes”, 18 December 1990, A/RES/45/151 sovereign equality, non-interference, international system, UN Charter, domestic jurisdiction, state sovereignty, legitimacy of government, relations between states, intervention, United Nations, political status, self-determination, external interference, cultural development, economic development, social development, international law, state authority, non-intervention principle, national sovereignty, electoral processes, UN General Assembly, principle of equality, supremacy of state, internal affairs, non-intervention, censorship, state legitimacy international system, sovereign equality, non-interference, UN Charter, state sovereignty, domestic jurisdiction, government legitimacy, supremacy of authority, intervention, state relations, principle of equality, non-intervention, United Nations, political status, economic development, social development, cultural development, external interference, international law, power dynamics, censorship, interstate relations, article 2, UN General Assembly, sovereignty, internal affairs, national sovereignty, electoral processes, small states, large states, state legitimacy, international norms international system, equality, non-interference, sovereign equality, UN Charter, domestic jurisdiction, state sovereignty, government legitimacy, state authority, powerful states, weaker states, internal affairs, United Nations, self-determination, external interference, political status, economic development, social development, cultural development, censorship, international law, UN General Assembly, Article 2, national sovereignty, electoral processes, state relations, intervention, international relations, principles of sovereignty international system, sovereign equality, non-interference, United Nations Charter, domestic jurisdiction, state sovereignty, legitimacy, supreme authority, state relations, international law, UN General Assembly, self-determination, external interference, political status, cultural development, censorship, international order, weaker states, stronger states, intervention, non-intervention, internal affairs, Article 2, national sovereignty, electoral processes international system, equality, non-interference, sovereign equality, states relations, UN Charter, domestic jurisdiction, state sovereignty, government legitimacy, power dynamics, intervention, United Nations, political status, self-determination, economic development, social development, cultural development, censorship, external interference, national sovereignty, internal affairs, electoral processes, Article 2, international law, state authority, principle of non-intervention"
test-free-speech-debate-magghbcrg-con01a	Community radio just gives a megaphone to extremists.  Experience suggests that the airwaves, unregulated, tend to attract pedagogues seeking followers more than democrats seeking the views of others. Particularly in areas of high sectarian divisions, technologies that propagate the views of every mullah with a mic are unlikely to help democracy in the middle east. Indeed the experience with the nearest equivalent in the US, talk radio, shows how fantastically divisive it can be. [i]  Community radio in areas that do not have a history of plurality and diversity of opinion would be likely to see the spread of radio stations pandering to the specific views of every shard and splinter of opinion, reinforcing that particular set of beliefs while ignoring all others – it is difficult to imagine a more toxic – and less democratic – option to encourage in the Arab world [ii] .  The difficulty, as shown in the reference given in the previous paragraph, is that exactly the same ease of access applies to fanatics as to democrats – who may, frequently, be the same people. In the instance of Rwanda, extremists inciting violence (almost entirely Hutus) had acquired small scale radio equipment. The government couldn’t afford the jamming equipment (the US jamming flights would cost $8500 per hour) and sought assistance from the Americans. The UN objected as such actions were clearly sectarian. However, the wide use of Radio – initially funded by the West – which, in part at least had lead to the genocide then left a toxic legacy of fanatics dominating the airwaves, those involved were eventually convicted in 2003. [iii]  [i] Noriega, Chin A, and Iribarren, Francisco Javier, ‘Quantifying Hate Speech on Commercial Talk Radio’, Chicano Studies Research Center, November 2011.  [ii] Wisner, Frank G., ‘Memorandum for deputy assistant to the president for national security affairs, national security council, Department of Defense, 5 May 1994.  [iii] Smith, Russell, ‘The impact of hate media in Rwanda’, BBC News, 3 December 2003.  Dale, Alexander C., ‘Countering hate messages that lead to violence: The United Nations’s chapter VII authority to use radio jamming to halt incendiary broadcasts’, Duke Journal of Comparative & International Law, Vol 11. 2001. community radio, extremism, hate speech, sectarian divisions, unregulated airwaves, democracy, Middle East, talk radio, divisiveness, plurality, diversity of opinion, radio propaganda, fanaticism, Arab world, access to media, Rwanda genocide, hate media, radio incitement, radio jamming, United Nations, media regulation, Western funding, toxic legacy, conviction, media influence, Chicano Studies, Frank Wisner, Russell Smith, Alexander Dale, broadcast regulation, violent extremism community radio, extremism, hate speech, airwaves, unregulated media, sectarian divisions, Middle East, democracy, talk radio, divisiveness, plurality, diversity of opinion, radio pandering, belief reinforcement, toxic media, Arab world, fanatic access, democrat access, Rwanda genocide, radio incitement, small scale radio equipment, radio jamming, UN intervention, hate media, Western funding, legacy of violence, media regulation, media pluralism, speech propagation, talk radio US, media toxicity, incitement to violence, radio broadcast consequences, sectarian conflict, mullahs, media democratization, information warfare, community radio, extremism, sectarianism, hate speech, democracy, Middle East, airwaves regulation, media pluralism, fanatics, talk radio, divisive media, radio incitement, Rwanda genocide, radio jamming, hate media, US talk radio, sectarian violence, Arab world, plurality, diversity of opinion, small-scale radio, propaganda, toxic legacy, Western-funded media, United Nations, radio regulation, radio equipment, incitement, media influence, media policy, hate broadcasts community radio, extremism, sectarian divisions, hate speech, unregulated airwaves, democracy, Middle East, talk radio, divisiveness, plurality, diversity of opinion, fanatics, propaganda, radio jamming, Rwanda genocide, mullahs, toxic media, incitement to violence, US media, Arab world, media regulation, radio equipment, hate media, influential broadcasts, divisive technology, radio legacy, conviction for hate crimes community radio, extremism, hate speech, sectarianism, media regulation, democracy, Middle East, talk radio, divisiveness, plurality, diversity of opinion, propaganda, mullahs, Arab world, fanaticism, Rwanda genocide, radio incitement, hate media, radio jamming, UN intervention, Western funding, toxic legacy, small scale radio, airwaves, US jamming, conviction, media influence, group polarization, broadcasting, incitement to violence, influence of technology, talk radio US, radio and democracy
test-philosophy-pppthbtcb-con03a	Exacerbation of poor conditions  Terrorism creates a perpetual situation of poverty and anxiety within the community. Terrorism creates an unsafe situation for the local community, which has several consequences: firstly, people are less able to continue their daily actions, such as going to work or school of they are afraid of attacks. Secondly, people are less likely to save or to take risks such as setting up a business when they are uncertain about the their future. Thirdly, international companies are less likely to set up business in a location which is seen as unstable, and with the local market which has little to spend. This all lead to a continuation of poor conditions where many people live in poverty and anxiety, and see little opportunity than continuing the violence themselves. In Northern Ireland, the political violence which is present, combined with the high rates of poverty, creates a vicious circle where the unstable situation is continued. [1]  [1] Horgan, G. (2011, July 12). Equality of misery? Poverty and political violence in Northern Ireland. Retrieved August 3, 2011, from Politico: terrorism, poverty, anxiety, community safety, daily activities, economic instability, risk aversion, business investment, international companies, unstable environments, local markets, cycle of violence, political violence, Northern Ireland, social consequences, economic consequences, high poverty rates, fear, insecurity, vicious circle, employment disruption, education disruption, opportunity loss, violence perpetuation, social instability, conflict zones terrorism, poverty, anxiety, local community, unsafe conditions, daily life disruption, work attendance, school attendance, economic uncertainty, risk aversion, business investment, international companies, economic instability, market instability, violence perpetuation, Northern Ireland, political violence, poverty cycle, vicious cycle, social consequences, community impact, perpetuation of violence, economic consequences, Horgan, unstable situation, Politico terrorism, poverty, anxiety, local community, instability, daily activities disruption, economic insecurity, business investment, international companies, unstable locations, vicious cycle, Northern Ireland, political violence, poor conditions, opportunity loss, perpetuation of violence, social consequences, job insecurity, education disruption, risk aversion, poverty cycle, community safety, Horgan G, Politico, economic impact, social impact, poverty rates, violence effects terrorism, poverty, anxiety, community impact, unsafe conditions, political violence, daily life disruption, economic instability, business investment, local economy, unemployment, risk aversion, market instability, social consequences, Northern Ireland, vicious cycle, perpetuation of violence, poverty cycle, international business, insecurity, livelihood disruption, violence and poverty, long-term effects, Horgan 2011 terrorism, poverty, anxiety, unsafe communities, daily life disruption, economic instability, local businesses, business risk aversion, foreign investment, unstable regions, cycle of violence, Northern Ireland, political violence, poverty perpetuation, social consequences, economic impact, community fear, disruptive violence, security concerns, unemployment, education disruption, economic opportunity, perpetuating instability, community suffering
test-health-dhghhbampt-con03a	Alternative medical practitioners tend to spend more time with their patients and get a better understanding of them as a whole, as a result they are more likely to treat the person than the symptom  Modern medicine tends to treat an individual symptom without putting it in the context of the whole person and so will often fail to see it as part of a wider pathology.  Alternative practitioners tend to spend more time with their patients and so are better placed to asses individual symptoms as a part of the person as a whole rather than just dealing with symptoms one as a time as the crop up. alternative medicine, holistic care, patient-centered care, practitioner-patient relationship, symptom vs person, comprehensive assessment, modern medicine limitations, integrative medicine, time spent with patients, whole person approach, individualized treatment, pathology context, traditional medicine, symptom management, medical diagnosis, medical approach comparison, holistic understanding, alternative practitioners, conventional medicine, health assessment alternative medicine, holistic care, patient-practitioner relationship, whole-person approach, symptom vs. person, time spent with patients, individualized treatment, modern medicine, allopathic medicine, patient assessment, integrative health, comprehensive care, context of symptoms, pathology understanding, personalized care, medical practice comparison alternative medicine, holistic care, patient-practitioner relationship, whole-person approach, patient-centered care, modern medicine, symptom-based treatment, integrative medicine, time spent with patients, comprehensive assessment, individualized treatment, alternative practitioners, medical consultation duration, pathology context, person-centered therapy alternative medicine, holistic care, patient-centered approach, practitioner-patient time, whole person treatment, symptom context, modern medicine critique, individualized care, integrative health, pathology assessment, symptom-based treatment, comprehensive assessment, patient understanding, conventional medicine comparison, health care models alternative medicine, holistic care, patient-centered care, whole person approach, individualized treatment, practitioner-patient relationship, modern medicine, symptom-based treatment, time spent with patients, comprehensive assessment, integrative healthcare, pathology context, healthcare comparison, medical consultation duration, holistic assessment
test-economy-bepighbdb-con01a	Democracy acts in the interest of the general population, which is good for development  It can be argued that a good economic policy, such as China’s economic policies, have helped development. But a free market policy can be done with any form of government, and cannot be exclusively attached to a dictatorship or a democracy. Any political system can use it. Although it has been noted that South Korea was an autocracy during economic ‘takeoff’ its economy has also grown significantly since democratization with GNI per capita growing from $3,320 in 1987 to $22,670 in 2012. [1]  Another example is that Spanish economic growth in the 1950-2000 period. The 1960s economic miracle in Spain was not necessarily caused by Franco’s regime – he controlled the country in the 1950s, when the country did not have such economic success. In 1959, Franco opened up the Spanish economy internationally, ending the isolationist economic policies established following the Civil War so making the country free market bringing dividends. As a result Spain also grew economically after the collapse of the Franco government, continuing on following on from EU membership.  [1] The World Bank, ‘GNI per capita, Atlas method (current US$)’, data.worldbank.org, democracy, economic development, general population, economic policy, China, free market, government forms, dictatorship, autocracy, democracy, South Korea, economic takeoff, democratization, GNI per capita, Spain, economic growth, Franco regime, isolationist policies, international economy, EU membership, World Bank, Atlas method, economic miracle, political systems, development outcomes democracy, economic development, economic policy, China, free market, autocracy, dictatorship, political systems, South Korea, democratization, GNI per capita, Spain, economic growth, Franco regime, isolationist policies, international economy, EU membership, World Bank, comparative development, political economy, economic miracle democracy, economic development, economic policy, China, free market, political system, dictatorship, autocracy, democratization, South Korea, GNI per capita, economic growth, Spain, Franco regime, economic miracle, international economic policy, isolationism, EU membership, World Bank, Atlas method, comparative development, governance structure, economic reforms, political transition, policy impact democracy, economic development, economic policy, China, free market, government systems, dictatorship, autocracy, South Korea, democratization, GNI per capita, economic takeoff, Spanish economic growth, economic miracle, Franco regime, isolationist policy, international economic policy, EU membership, World Bank, comparative economic growth, political systems, economic growth factors, transition economies, market liberalization, development indicators democracy, economic development, economic policy, China economic policy, free market, dictatorship, political systems, South Korea, autocracy, democratization, GNI per capita, Spanish economic growth, Franco regime, isolationist policies, economic miracle, EU membership, World Bank, Atlas method, comparative development, government types, market liberalization
test-law-sdiflhrdffe-con02a	The liberal democratic paradigm is not the only legitimate model of government, a fact that democracies should accept and embrace  Ultimately, states’ laws have to be respected. Liberal democracy has not proven to be the end of history as Fukuyama suggested, but is rather one robust system of government among many. China has become the example of a state-led capitalist model that relies on a covenant with the people fundamentally different from that between democratic governments and their citizens. [1] Chinas ruling communist party has legitimacy as a result of its performance and its role in modernising the country. [2] China’s people have accepted a trade-off; economic growth and prosperity in exchange for their liberties. When dissidents challenge this paradigm, the government becomes aggrieved and seeks to re-establish its power and authority. If the dissidents are breaking that country’s laws then the state has every right to punish them. Singapore similarly has an authoritarian version of democracy that delivers an efficient, peaceful state at the expense of constraints on the ability to criticise the government. [3] This collective model of rights has no inherent value that is lesser to that of the civil liberties-centric model of liberal democracy. In the end, as the geopolitical map becomes complicated with different versions of governance, states must learn to live with one another. The problem of offering amnesty to bloggers is that democracies and the West seek to enforce their paradigm onto that of states that differ. This will engender resentment and conflict. The world economy and social system relies on cooperation, trade, and peace. The difference between systems and cultures should be celebrated rather than simply assuming that there is only one true model and all others are somehow inferior.  [1] Acemoglu, D. and Robinson, J. “Is State Capitalism Winning?”. Project Syndicate. 31 December 2012.   [2] Li, Eric X, “The Life of the Party”, Foreign Affairs, January/February 2013,   [3] Henderson, Drew, “Singapore suppresses dissident” Yale Daily News, 5 November 2010, liberal democracy, alternative governance models, legitimacy, government systems, state sovereignty, Fukuyama, end of history, China, state-led capitalism, performance legitimacy, modernization, trade-off, economic growth, civil liberties, authoritarian democracy, Singapore, collective rights, civil liberties-centric model, geopolitical diversity, coexistence, amnesty, bloggers, Western paradigm, cultural differences, cooperation, global governance, state capitalism, dissident suppression, governance legitimacy, comparative politics liberal democracy, alternative governance models, legitimacy, state capitalism, China, performance legitimacy, authoritarianism, civil liberties, trade-off, economic growth, social contract, dissidents, government authority, Singapore, authoritarian democracy, collective rights, civil rights, geopolitical diversity, governance systems, international relations, amnesty, bloggers, Western paradigm, cultural differences, cooperation, global economy, political systems, Fukuyama, end of history, state sovereignty, Acemoglu, Robinson, Eric X. Li, modernisation, rule of law liberal democracy, legitimacy, government models, state sovereignty, Fukuyama, end of history, state capitalism, China governance, authoritarianism, performance legitimacy, modernization, economic trade-offs, civil liberties, dissidents, rule of law, Singapore, efficient governance, collective rights, civil liberties vs collective rights, geopolitical diversity, governance systems, amnesty, bloggers, Western paradigm, international relations, cooperation, cultural differences, governance legitimacy, state-led capitalism, political systems, cross-cultural acceptance liberal democracy, alternative governance models, government legitimacy, state capitalism, China political system, performance legitimacy, modernization, civil liberties, economic trade-off, authoritarian democracy, Singapore governance, collective rights, civil liberties-centric model, geopolitical diversity, amnesty for dissidents, Western paradigm, global cooperation, governance comparison, state sovereignty, democracy criticism, cultural differences, Fukuyama, end of history, political legitimacy, amnesty bloggers, authoritarian efficiency, trade and peace, Western imposition, state law enforcement, dissent punishment liberal democracy, alternative governance models, legitimacy, state sovereignty, end of history, Fukuyama, China, state-led capitalism, performance legitimacy, economic growth, liberties trade-off, dissidents, law enforcement, Singapore, authoritarian democracy, collective rights, civil liberties, geopolitical diversity, intercultural relations, Western paradigm, amnesty for bloggers, international cooperation, governance systems comparison, modernization, constraints on criticism, state power, social system, trade, global peace, political culture, Acemoglu and Robinson, Eric X Li, Drew Henderson
test-politics-cdfsaphgiap-pro04a	A lack of transparency can endanger the leader  A person is most likely to survive when they have an accident, a heart attack, or some other condition if they get prompt treatment and doctors are aware of any underlying conditions. Mills may well have lived, or lived longer if there had been more transparency about his death. There had been no prior warning that the president might be rushed to hospital despite the doctors having been called in the previous day. For the same reason his outriders were not available leading to indecision over whether to send off the ambulance. And finally he was initially turned away from the emergency ward because they did not know it was the President they were being asked to treat. 1 Transparency would allow procedures to be in place and advance notice given possibly gaining a few minutes and enabling survival.  1 Daily Guide, ‘How Mills died: Sister tells it all’, My Joy Online, 31 August 2012, transparency, leadership, emergency response, prompt treatment, underlying conditions, survival, medical disclosure, Mills death, Ghana president, hospital procedures, medical history, advance notice, ambulance coordination, emergency ward, patient identification, leadership health, presidential health, crisis management, information sharing, medical preparedness, My Joy Online, Daily Guide, August 2012 transparency, leadership, medical emergencies, prompt treatment, underlying conditions, John Atta Mills, death, hospital procedures, emergency response, presidential security, healthcare communication, advance notice, survival rates, decision-making, ambulance delay, emergency ward, Ghana, presidential health, medical disclosure, crisis management, administrative protocols transparency, leadership, emergency response, medical disclosure, underlying conditions, prompt treatment, advance warning, patient identification, decision-making, hospital procedures, President Mills, Ghana, health communication, medical protocol, survival chances, ambulance availability, medical emergency, leadership risk, crisis management, Daily Guide, My Joy Online, 2012 transparency, leadership, medical emergency, prompt treatment, underlying conditions, Mills, presidential health, advance notice, emergency procedures, death, survival, hospital admission, communication breakdown, medical history disclosure, healthcare protocol, crisis management, emergency response, presidential security, Ghana, John Atta Mills, media report, Daily Guide, My Joy Online, 2012, accountability, decision-making, leadership vulnerability, healthcare transparency, medical confidentiality, political leadership transparency, leadership, medical emergencies, accident survival, heart attack, underlying conditions, prompt treatment, medical history, presidential health, John Atta Mills, Ghana, lack of disclosure, hospital procedures, emergency response, miscommunication, advance notice, medical protocols, leadership vulnerability, crisis management, accountability, Daily Guide, My Joy Online
test-law-hrilpgwhwr-con03a	The ICC has too much authority.  The ICC will lead to political prosecution. American service members and senior military and political strategists will be subject to charges for legitimate military action. Any State has the power to refer an issue for investigation to the Prosecutor and the Prosecutor also has the power to commence an investigation ex proprio motu. There is no UN Security Council veto over the discretion of the Prosecutor. Moreover, the phantom of political prosecution has already materialised in the preliminary investigation mounted by the Office of the Prosecutor of the ICTY into the NATO bombing of Kosovo and the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia in the course of 'Operation Allied Force'. The Prosecutor chose to investigate a campaign that had been undertaken with clinical precision, that had received the ex post facto support of the Security Council, and that had been directed against a military infrastructure effecting a brutal policy of ethnic cleansing. This grim precedent suggests that a Prosecutor will not hesitate to investigate any other good faith and successful military actions across the globe. ICC authority, political prosecution, American service members, military strategists, legitimate military action, state referral, Prosecutor discretion, ex proprio motu, UN Security Council veto, ICTY, NATO bombing, Kosovo, Operation Allied Force, Security Council support, military infrastructure, ethnic cleansing, prosecutorial precedent, global investigations, good faith military actions, international law, prosecutorial overreach ICC, authority, political prosecution, American service members, military strategists, charges, legitimate military action, State referral, Prosecutor powers, ex proprio motu, UN Security Council veto, Prosecutor discretion, ICTY, NATO bombing, Kosovo, Operation Allied Force, Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, preliminary investigation, Security Council support, military infrastructure, ethnic cleansing, precedent, global military actions, good faith military actions, successful military operations, Prosecutor investigation ICC authority, political prosecution, American service members, senior military strategists, military action charges, state referral, Prosecutor power, ex proprio motu, UN Security Council veto, Prosecutor discretion, ICTY preliminary investigation, NATO bombing, Kosovo, Yugoslavia, Operation Allied Force, Prosecutor investigation, Security Council support, ethnic cleansing, precedent, good faith military actions, global prosecution risk ICC, authority, political prosecution, American service members, military strategists, legitimate military action, State referral, Prosecutor power, ex proprio motu, UN Security Council, veto, prosecution discretion, ICTY, NATO bombing, Kosovo, Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, Operation Allied Force, preliminary investigation, clinical precision, Security Council support, military infrastructure, ethnic cleansing, precedent, good faith military actions, global investigations ICC authority, political prosecution, American service members, senior military strategists, legitimate military action, State referral, Prosecutor discretion, ex proprio motu, UN Security Council veto, Prosecutor investigation power, ICTY, NATO bombing Kosovo, Operation Allied Force, Security Council support, ethnic cleansing, military infrastructure, precedent, prosecutorial overreach, international criminal law, military intervention, war crimes, accountability, international justice, judicial overreach, sovereignty, global investigations
test-economy-epegiahsc-pro02a	Multilateralism is preferable to bilateralism.  It is preferable for Latin American countries to band together when negotiating trade deals with the US and Canada, to better protect their interests. After FTAA negotiations failed, the US focused on bilateral strategies and trade deals where the imbalance of power was much greater in favour of the US, and it therefore could more easily dictate terms of the agreement that were detrimental to the interests of the developing country. For example, El Salvador, who is a member of CAFTA (Central America Free Trade Agreement), together with only five other Central American countries, has found itself under legal attacks by foreign investors when it refused to lower its environmental standards in the gold mining industry [1] . Having an emerging global power, like Brazil, be part of the agreement, would counterbalance US influence over the terms.  [1] Gallager, Kevin. “Stop private firms exploiting poor states.” The Guardian. 5 February 2010. multilateralism, bilateralism, Latin America, trade negotiations, US, Canada, FTAA, CAFTA, power imbalance, trade agreements, developing countries, El Salvador, foreign investors, environmental standards, gold mining, Brazil, US influence, Central America, trade policy, regional cooperation, private firms, economic development, legal disputes, global power, collective bargaining, negotiation strategy multilateralism, bilateralism, Latin America, trade negotiations, US, Canada, FTAA, CAFTA, power imbalance, developing countries, trade agreements, El Salvador, environmental standards, gold mining, foreign investors, legal disputes, Brazil, global power, US influence, trade policy, regional cooperation, economic integration, trade strategy, international trade, developing nations, investor-state disputes multilateralism, bilateralism, Latin America, trade negotiations, United States, Canada, FTAA, trade agreements, power imbalance, developing countries, CAFTA, El Salvador, foreign investors, environmental standards, gold mining, Brazil, global power, US influence, economic diplomacy, legal disputes, investor-state disputes, trade policy, regional cooperation, trade blocs, negotiation strategies, developing world interests multilateralism, bilateralism, Latin America, trade negotiations, US, Canada, FTAA, CAFTA, power imbalance, developing countries, trade agreements, US influence, Brazil, environmental standards, gold mining, investor-state disputes, foreign investors, regional alliances, trade protection, economic diplomacy, legal attacks, global power multilateralism, bilateralism, Latin America, trade negotiations, US, Canada, FTAA, trade agreements, power imbalance, developing countries, CAFTA, El Salvador, Central America, legal attacks, foreign investors, environmental standards, gold mining, Brazil, emerging global power, US influence, trade policy, regional cooperation, investor-state disputes, trade justice, negotiation strategies, economic integration, trade blocs, sovereignty, developing world, North-South relations
test-digital-freedoms-phwnaccpdt-con03a	The storing and sale of personal data aids companies by making marketing more efficient and allows niche markets to thrive  Businesses have been able to use consumers’ personal information to produce far better, more efficient, and more targeted advertising. Traditionally advertisement has been used to reach mass markets and has thus been used mostly as a blunt instrument, targeting the largest and wealthiest demographics in order to get the most efficient use of scarce advertising budgets. The focus on large markets has often left smaller, more niche, markets by the wayside. [1] Yet with the advent of the internet, targeted marketing, and data collection services, firms have been able to create whole new markets that cater to less homogenous needs and wants. The result has been a Renaissance of specialty manufacturers and service providers that could never arise if it were not for the collection of personal consumer data. By targeting their advertising, firms have been able to scale back on the broader advertising, making the whole endeavour less costly and more efficient. On the broader level, companies are able to utilize the vast amounts of individual data compiled to allow them to determine broader changes in society’s consumer desires, to establish aggregate trends. [2] E-commerce accounts for more than $300 billion in the US. This information gathering makes all businesses more responsive to consumer demands and to cause them to change their offered services and products far more swiftly, to the benefit of all consumers. Businesses have thus been able to flourish that might once have languished without access to a means of accessing their market or been unable to change with changing tastes. Because of the proliferation of personal information aggregation we can enjoy a far more efficient business world, with lots of producers that can compete with the larger mainstream on a more even footing, and a mainstream that is more able to meet the ever-changing demand structure of consumers.  [1] Columbus Metropolitan Library. “Using Demographics to Target Your Market”. 2012. personal data, data storage, data sale, targeted marketing, niche markets, advertising efficiency, consumer information, online advertising, internet marketing, data collection, specialty markets, market segmentation, consumer trends, business responsiveness, aggregate trends, e-commerce, demographic targeting, business innovation, efficient advertising, market analytics, consumer demand, digital marketing, advertising budgets, information aggregation, specialty manufacturers, consumer behavior, business competition, changing consumer tastes personal data, data storage, data sale, targeted marketing, niche markets, advertising efficiency, consumer information, targeted advertising, mass markets, data collection, internet marketing, specialty manufacturers, service providers, aggregate trends, e-commerce, consumer demands, business responsiveness, market access, consumer data aggregation, market trends, business growth, personalized marketing, advertising budgets, demographic targeting, online advertising, business competition, changing consumer tastes, information gathering, data-driven marketing personal data storage, personal data sale, targeted marketing, data-driven advertising, niche markets, consumer information, market segmentation, specialty manufacturers, internet marketing, data collection services, advertising efficiency, aggregate consumer trends, e-commerce, responsive business strategies, consumer demand analysis, personalization, demographic targeting, business innovation, data aggregation, competitive marketplace, digital advertising, online consumer behavior, market adaptation, targeted advertising, market responsiveness, business growth personal data, data storage, data sale, targeted marketing, niche markets, consumer information, targeted advertising, internet marketing, data collection, specialty manufacturers, service providers, efficiency, advertising budgets, market segmentation, consumer trends, e-commerce, information gathering, consumer demands, business responsiveness, market access, consumer tastes, personal information aggregation, business competition, market adaptation, demographic targeting personal data, data storage, data sale, targeted marketing, targeted advertising, niche markets, consumer information, data collection, specialty manufacturers, advertising efficiency, aggregate trends, e-commerce, consumer demands, product responsiveness, business adaptation, consumer preferences, market segmentation, advertising budgets, demographic targeting, internet marketing, personal information aggregation, business efficiency, market competition, digital advertising, consumer data analysis
test-environment-chbwtlgcc-pro02a	"Developing world  Developing countries such as China and India are growing rapidly and causing massive increases in global GHG emissions through fossil fuel use and deforestation. It took developed countries 100s of years to create a standard of living high enough for an environmental movement to develop. It is more likely than not that developing countries will continue to increase their annual emissions for decades, greatly eclipsing any potential reductions in the developed world. According to Joseph Romm, former US assistant secretary for energy efficiency and renewable energy, ""China's growth in emissions could erode all other countries' efforts to stabilize the world's temperature"" 1. As a result, atmospheric GHGs will continue to increase, causing greater climate change.  1. Romm, Joseph, 'How Copenhagen can succeed where Kyoto failed', Foreign Policy, June 18, 2009. developing world, developing countries, China, India, rapid growth, global GHG emissions, greenhouse gases, fossil fuel use, deforestation, developed countries, standard of living, environmental movement, emissions increase, annual emissions, Joseph Romm, China emissions, stabilization, climate change, atmospheric GHGs, Copenhagen, Kyoto, Foreign Policy, renewable energy, energy efficiency, climate policy, emission reductions developing world, developing countries, China, India, rapid growth, global GHG emissions, fossil fuel use, deforestation, developed countries, standard of living, environmental movement, annual emissions, Joseph Romm, energy efficiency, renewable energy, China emissions, climate change, atmospheric GHGs, temperature stabilization, Copenhagen, Kyoto, Foreign Policy, emission increases, climate policy, emission reductions, emerging economies developing countries, China, India, global GHG emissions, fossil fuel use, deforestation, developed countries, standard of living, environmental movement, emissions growth, climate change, emission reductions, Joseph Romm, China emissions, global temperature, atmospheric greenhouse gases, Copenhagen, Kyoto, foreign policy, climate policy developing countries, China, India, rapid growth, global GHG emissions, fossil fuel use, deforestation, standard of living, environmental movement, annual emissions, developed countries, Joseph Romm, energy efficiency, renewable energy, atmospheric greenhouse gases, climate change, emissions increase, Copenhagen, Kyoto Protocol, climate policy, Foreign Policy developing world, developing countries, China, India, rapid growth, global GHG emissions, fossil fuel use, deforestation, standard of living, environmental movement, annual emissions, developed countries, emissions increase, climate change, Joseph Romm, energy efficiency, renewable energy, atmospheric GHGs, temperature stabilization, Copenhagen, Kyoto, Foreign Policy"
test-international-ehbfe-pro05a	A federal Europe will ensure that large, multinational businesses remain accountable for their actions  In a globalised economy, there is a need to tame multinational corporations, which would be otherwise capable of playing national governments off against each other in search for low wages, social costs and state protection. A federal Europe would be powerful enough to demand high standards of behaviour from such companies, because only a powerful and economically significant player can dictate restricting conditions. This would ensure fair wages, safe working conditions and - additionally - Europe would be able to force the multinational companies to implement correct and holistic policies and would also be in a position to make a greater difference on environmental issues such as global warming. Sovereignty becomes less relevant when effective independence is lost anyway as the economy and the problems faced by all nations are increasingly globalised. federal Europe, multinational businesses, accountability, globalised economy, multinational corporations, government competition, low wages, social costs, state protection, economic power, high standards, corporate behavior, fair wages, working conditions, corporate responsibility, environmental policy, global warming, sovereignty, economic independence, globalization, corporate regulation, policy enforcement, labor standards, environmental standards, multinational regulation, European Union, corporate governance federal Europe, multinational businesses, accountability, globalised economy, multinational corporations, national governments, low wages, social costs, state protection, high standards, corporate behavior, powerful Europe, economic significance, fair wages, safe working conditions, holistic policies, environmental issues, global warming, sovereignty, independence, global challenges, corporate regulation, labor standards, policy enforcement, European Union, transnational regulation federal Europe, multinational businesses, accountability, globalised economy, multinational corporations, national governments, low wages, social costs, state protection, high standards, fair wages, safe working conditions, corporate regulation, economic significance, environmental policy, global warming, sovereignty, independence, holistic policies, Europe, corporate responsibility, labour standards, transnational regulation, economic integration, policy enforcement federal Europe, multinational businesses, accountability, globalised economy, multinational corporations, national governments, low wages, social costs, state protection, high standards, fair wages, safe working conditions, holistic policies, environmental issues, global warming, sovereignty, economic independence, globalisation, corporate regulation, European Union, policy enforcement, corporate responsibility federal Europe, multinational corporations, accountability, globalised economy, corporate regulation, fair wages, safe working conditions, labor standards, social costs, state protection, economic integration, environmental policy, global warming, corporate responsibility, sovereignty, policy enforcement, European Union, economic power, regulatory standards, transnational companies, corporate governance, multinational accountability, cross-border regulation, harmonization, economic globalization
test-politics-cpecfiepg-con04a	Leaving the Eurozone would be detrimental for Greece in the long-run.  Even if the proposition are correct in claiming defaulting and leaving the Eurozone would stimulate growth in the Greek economy, such benefits are transitory whereas the benefits of remaining in the Eurozone are permanent. [1] Having the Euro provides stability for the Greek economy – investors know that the currency will not collapse, making their invested capital worthless. The gravity of the outcomes of a Greek default cannot be known for sure, however some economists have even suggested that hyperinflation could occur – leading to disastrous consequences for Greece. [2] Moreover, in the long term, a single currency makes investment and transactions with other Eurozone members much more efficient and profitable. This is particularly important given that the vast majority of Greek trade is carried out with other European members. In light of these benefits, a short term cost that comes with the austerity measures enforced under the status quo, would be worthwhile in the long term.  [1] Barrell, Ray: “Eurozone crisis: what if… Greece leaves the single currency”, 14 May 2012, The Guardian,   [2] Ruparel, Raoul and Persson, Mats: “Better off Out? The short-term options for Greece inside and outside of the euro”, June 2012, Open Europe, 2012 Eurozone exit, Greece, long-term impact, economic stability, single currency, investor confidence, hyperinflation risk, trade efficiency, Euro benefits, austerity measures, default consequences, Eurozone membership, Greek economy, foreign investment, monetary policy, transitory growth, permanent benefits, European trade, transaction efficiency, financial markets, economic integration. Greece, Eurozone, Grexit, single currency, economic stability, hyperinflation, investor confidence, economic growth, long-term benefits, short-term costs, default, austerity measures, trade efficiency, European trade, currency collapse, capital investment, economic consequences, Euro area, monetary union, financial crisis, Greek economy, investment climate, transaction costs, economic integration, permanent benefits, temporary growth, policy outcomes Greece, Eurozone, Euro, single currency, economic stability, investor confidence, hyperinflation, default, economic growth, austerity measures, long-term benefits, short-term costs, trade efficiency, European trade, currency collapse, financial crisis, investment, transitory growth, permanent benefits, Greek economy, Eurozone membership, monetary union, fiscal policy, economic integration, crisis, exit, disadvantages, consequences, uncertainty, Open Europe, The Guardian Eurozone, Greece, long-term impact, currency stability, investor confidence, economic growth, default, hyperinflation, austerity measures, single currency, trade efficiency, European Union, capital flight, economic policy, transitory benefits, permanent benefits, financial crisis, market integration, investment, transaction costs, economic integration, Greek economy, monetary union, international trade, fiscal policy, economic stability Greece, Eurozone, currency stability, economic growth, long-term effects, default, hyperinflation, investment, trade, austerity measures, single currency, investor confidence, European Union, capital flight, economic integration, transitory benefits, permanent benefits, trade efficiency, economic crisis, Greek economy, euro benefits, financial stability, cross-border transactions, euro exit, macroeconomic stability
test-economy-eptpghdtre-con02a	Republicans more enthusiastically support market capitalism  A free market is at the core of many of the other freedoms we enjoy. When government gets too involved in the running of commerce – whether through taxation, regulation or the state ownership of companies, history has shown us that they start controlling other aspects of citizens lives in an effort to get the economic outcomes that they want. Corporations – along with organised religion – provide useful counter-balance to too much government power. As nice as it sounds that we should divert the wages of the rich to bring the poor up to middle class standards of living, it just doesn’t work [i] .  [i] “Why am I a Republican?” Early Riser. 7 February 2006. Republican, market capitalism, free market, government involvement, taxation, regulation, state ownership, economic freedom, corporate power, organized religion, counter-balance, government control, redistribution, income inequality, conservative economic policy, limited government, private enterprise, Republican ideology, economic outcomes, opposition to socialism Republicans, market capitalism, free market, economic freedom, government intervention, taxation, regulation, state ownership, commerce, corporate power, organized religion, government control, redistribution of wealth, economic outcomes, conservative ideology, limited government, individual liberty, private enterprise, economic policy, Republican support, Early Riser, 2006, political philosophy, economic history Republicans, market capitalism, free market, government intervention, taxation, regulation, state ownership, economic freedom, corporate power, organized religion, government control, income redistribution, conservative ideology, economic policy, Republican support, economic outcomes, wealth distribution, capitalism vs socialism, Early Riser, 2006 Republicans, market capitalism, free market, government intervention, taxation, regulation, state ownership, economic freedom, commerce, corporate power, organized religion, government control, redistribution of wealth, economic policy, conservative ideology, economic outcomes, capitalism, counter-balance, limited government, individual liberty, Republican support, economic theory, early riser, political ideology Republicans, market capitalism, free market, government intervention, taxation, regulation, state ownership, economic freedom, corporate power, organized religion, government control, economic outcomes, redistribution of wealth, middle class, conservative ideology, limited government, economic policy, political philosophy, anti-socialism, capitalism vs socialism, individual liberty, Republican values, economic history
test-law-ralhrilglv-con01a	Criminal defendants don’t get to pick and choose trial dates  Irrespective of who they are, Kenyatta and Ruto are nothing special – they’re just another two criminal defendants.  A person who is on trial murder or any other offence, whoever they are, can’t pick and choose their trial date for their own convenience or for their own business interests – why should these two particular defendants get a special privilege? Silvio Berlusconi was prosecuted by the Italian courts; the slow speed was due to the glacial pace of the Italian legal system rather than him particularly agitating for a special hold-up. The court cases were not done at his convenience. criminal defendants, trial dates, special privilege, Kenyatta, Ruto, court cases, defendant rights, legal system, prosecution, Silvio Berlusconi, judicial process, trial scheduling, equality before law, high-profile trials, judicial fairness, Italian courts, due process, criminal justice, legal proceedings, influence on trials criminal defendants, trial dates, legal privilege, equal treatment, Kenyatta, Ruto, special treatment, criminal justice, court scheduling, defendant rights, Silvio Berlusconi, Italian courts, legal system, judicial process, prosecution, business interests, convenience, legal fairness, criminal trial, case management criminal defendants, trial dates, legal privilege, Kenyatta, Ruto, special treatment, criminal justice, legal process, court scheduling, defendant rights, Berlusconi, Italian courts, prosecution, legal convenience, business interests, legal precedent, judicial fairness, trial scheduling, equal treatment, high-profile defendants criminal defendants, trial dates, judicial impartiality, Kenyatta, Ruto, special privilege, equal treatment, legal precedent, court scheduling, high-profile defendants, Berlusconi, Italian courts, legal system delays, defendant rights, justice system fairness criminal defendants, trial dates, judicial privilege, equal treatment, Kenyatta, Ruto, special privilege, legal process, defendant rights, scheduling, court proceedings, Berlusconi, Italian courts, business interests, prosecution, criminal justice, legal system, court convenience, fairness, justice system
test-society-tlhrilsfhwr-con01a	Making children military targets  The purpose of the ban on the use of child soldiers is to prevent the normalisation of such tactics in conflict zones. It is not an inflexible implementation of a lofty European ideal. The ban, and the role of the ICC in enforcing it, is designed to reduce the likelihood that civilians will be deliberately targeted in developing world war zones. Why is this necessary?  If the defence set out in the motion is used to reduce the number of war crimes convictions attendant on the use of child soldiers, not only will numbers of child soldiers rise, but children themselves will become military targets. Communities ravaged and depleted by war, under the status quo, may be seen as minimally threatening. Armies are not likely to target them as strategic objectives if it is thought that they will offer no resistance. However, if there is no condemnation and investigation of the use of child soldiers, they will become a much more common feature of the battlefield. The increasing militarisation of children will make those children who do not wish to participate in armed conflict- children pursuing some alternate survival strategy- automatic targets. All children will be treated as potential soldiers. The communities that children live in will become military targets.  The resolution, although seeking to enable children to protect themselves, will simply make them targets of the massacres, organised displacement and surprise attacks that characterise warfare in Africa and central Asia. child soldiers, military targets, conflict zones, ICC enforcement, war crimes, civilian protection, developing world, normalization, war crimes convictions, community targeting, child militarization, battlefield, warfare, Africa, Central Asia, civilian casualties, organized displacement, surprise attacks, children in armed conflict, international law, humanitarian law, child protection, mass violence, strategic objectives, survival strategy, victimization, massacre, armed conflict, legal accountability, non-state actors, youth in conflict child soldiers, military targets, civilian protection, conflict zones, ICC enforcement, war crimes, child militarisation, developing world wars, community targeting, warfare, Africa, central Asia, use of children in armed conflict, war zone policy, child protection, communities at risk, battlefield tactics, civilian casualties, survival strategies, condemnation of child soldier use, legal frameworks, international humanitarian law, strategic objectives, child involvement in warfare, prevention of child soldier recruitment, massacre prevention, humanitarian consequences, military engagement with children, societal impacts of war, enforcement of child soldier bans child soldiers, military targets, conflict zones, ban, ICC, war crimes, civilian protection, developing world, normalization, armies, legal enforcement, militarization of children, battlefield, survival strategy, communities, strategic objectives, human rights, Africa, Central Asia, organized displacement, massacres, surprise attacks, humanitarian law, children in war, war zone targeting, international law, protection of civilians child soldiers, military targets, use of children in conflict, ICC enforcement, war crimes, civilian targeting, developing world war zones, normalization of child soldier tactics, communities in war, increased child soldier recruitment, militarization of children, child protection in armed conflict, targeting civilians, Africa warfare, Central Asia warfare, massacre risk, organized displacement, surprise military attacks, international law, humanitarian protection, war crime convictions, battlefield engagement, prevention of child soldier use, consequences of ban removal, legal defense and child soldiers, civilian population in conflict zones child soldiers, military targets, conflict zones, ICC enforcement, war crimes, civilian protection, use of children in warfare, normalisation, developing world, humanitarian law, children in armed conflict, condemnation, investigation, increased risk, battlefield militarisation, community vulnerability, civilian targeting, African warfare, Central Asia conflict, displacement, massacres, surprise attacks, child protection, survival strategies, war zone children, humanitarian impact
test-religion-msgfhwbamec-con02a	It will cause resentment and make certain communities feel targeted.  Arranged marriages are seen as a very important aspect of the identity of lots of Euro-Asian communities. At a time when tensions between non-Muslims and Muslims in Europe are high enough, for example there were protests in London against the film innocence of Muslims, [1] targeting a practice carried out by many Muslim families could help extremist tendencies to flare up. It is important not try and cloak laws that are little more than blind intolerance with terms that make them seem like secular liberalism. Attempting to ban practices like wearing the veil in the name of inclusion have been proven to only inflame tensions, not improve integration. [2] Banning arranged marriages outright would therefore not only be intolerant, but potentially dangerous.  [1] Walker, Paul, ‘Anti-US protesters in London condemn controversial film’, guardian.co.uk, 16 September 2012,   [2] Younge, Gary, ‘Europe: Hotbed of Islampobic Extremism,’ 14 June 2012 - arranged marriages, Euro-Asian communities, Muslim communities, Europe, resentment, extremism, secular liberalism, integration, intolerance, veil ban, identity, cultural practices, protests, Islamophobia, community tensions, inclusion, targeted legislation, multiculturalism, anti-Muslim sentiment, minority rights, social cohesion resentment, targeted communities, arranged marriages, Euro-Asian identity, Muslim communities, Europe tensions, protests, Islamophobia, intolerance, secular liberalism, veil ban, integration, extremist tendencies, multiculturalism, legislation, community relations, cultural practices, inclusion, religious freedom, London protests resentment, targeted communities, arranged marriages, Euro-Asian identity, Muslim communities, Muslim-non-Muslim tensions, protests, London, Innocence of Muslims, extremism, secular liberalism, intolerance, veil bans, inclusion, integration, Europe, Islamophobia, banning practices, religious freedom, multiculturalism, community relations, Paul Walker, Gary Younge, anti-Muslim sentiment resentment, targeting communities, arranged marriages, Euro-Asian identity, tensions, non-Muslims, Muslims, Europe, London protests, innocence of Muslims, Muslim families, extremist tendencies, secular liberalism, intolerance, veil ban, inclusion, integration, banning arranged marriages, danger, Paul Walker, anti-US protesters, controversial film, Gary Younge, Islamophobic extremism resentment, targeted communities, arranged marriages, Euro-Asian identity, Muslim communities, Europe, non-Muslim tensions, London protests, innocence of Muslims, secular liberalism, veil ban, integration, intolerance, extremism, dangerous legislation, anti-Muslim sentiment, inclusion, cultural identity, flame tensions, Guardian references, Islampobic extremism, multiculturalism, social cohesion, legislative impact, cultural practices
test-economy-bepiehbesa-pro02a	It is unfair to new members of EU  Not only are the largest recipients of CAP western countries – France, Spain and Germany - also the payments per hectare of arable lands differ significantly between new and old members of EU. The new members of EU with their economies often struggling and more dependent on agriculture (as is the case of Poland, Bulgaria or Romania) need more monetary support compared to their western counterparts to produce food of same quality and be competitive in EU market. However, the payments for hectare of land vary from 500€ in Greece to less than 100 € in Latvia. [1] These different conditions undermine the EU’s ethos of fairness and equality of countries.  [1] EurActive, ‘Eastern EU states call for ‘bolder, speedier’ farm reforms’, 14 July 2011, EU, new members, CAP, Common Agricultural Policy, payment disparities, arable land, France, Spain, Germany, Poland, Bulgaria, Romania, monetary support, agriculture, food quality, competitiveness, EU market, payment per hectare, subsidies, Greece, Latvia, fairness, equality, Western countries, Eastern EU, farm reform, EurActive, agricultural policy, structural inequality, rural development, financial aid, agricultural competitiveness EU, CAP, new member states, Common Agricultural Policy, payment disparities, arable land, Western countries, France, Spain, Germany, Poland, Bulgaria, Romania, monetary support, agricultural dependency, EU market, competitiveness, payment per hectare, farm subsidies, regional inequality, agricultural policy, fairness, equality, Eastern EU, farm reforms, rural development, Greece, Latvia, subsidy distribution, economic disparity, food production, policy reform, EurActive EU, CAP, Common Agricultural Policy, new member states, old member states, payment disparity, agricultural subsidies, arable land, monetary support, Western Europe, Eastern Europe, Poland, Bulgaria, Romania, France, Spain, Germany, Greece, Latvia, farm reform, agricultural policy, economic inequality, rural development, subsidy allocation, agricultural competitiveness, EU market, fairness, equality, policy reform, recipient countries, payment per hectare EU, CAP, Common Agricultural Policy, new member states, old member states, payment disparities, agricultural subsidies, per hectare payments, Western Europe, Eastern Europe, France, Spain, Germany, Poland, Bulgaria, Romania, Greece, Latvia, agricultural economy, monetary support, subsidy inequality, EU fairness, competitiveness, food production, subsidy reform, EU market, EurActiv, farm reforms, subsidy allocation, rural development, agricultural policy reform EU, Common Agricultural Policy, CAP, new member states, payments per hectare, arable land, Western Europe, Eastern Europe, agricultural subsidies, funding inequality, France, Spain, Germany, Poland, Bulgaria, Romania, Greece, Latvia, farm reforms, monetary support, EU fairness, EU equality, competitive agriculture, subsidy distribution, agricultural policy, EU market, economic disparity, subsidy reform, rural development
test-free-speech-debate-ldhwprhs-pro01a	Religion simply justifies reactionary views which many find offensive. There is no reason for vitriol to be tolerated just because it presents a mask of religion.  Views on issues such as abortion, women, and what constitutes an acceptable family expressed by those who are extremely religious are simply bigoted views which are given credibility by being wrapped in a cassock.  It is in the nature of religious belief that any set of views can adopt a religious justification and there is no objective measure against which to hold the views. For example the homophobic views which have common currency in many churches can be contrasted with a gay liberation trend discernible in others. In the light of this, it makes sense to judge the views on their own basis, regardless of the religiosity surrounding them.  The views expressed by Harry Hammond, and others [1] , need to be stripped of their religious veneer and shown that at their heart they are simply offensive. There is absolutely no reason why LGBT people should have to endure vitriol and condemnation as they go about their daily lives. It is a useful exercise to consider how we would respond to a secular speaker saying that the actions of two people who were in love with each other should condemn them to torment and suffering. Oddly however, the moment this is done in the name of God, it somehow becomes acceptable.  [1] Blake, Heidi. “Christian Preacher Arrested for Saying Homosexuality is a Sin”. The Daily Telegraph, 2 May 2010. religion, reactionary views, offensive speech, religious justification, bigotry, abortion, women's rights, family values, religious extremism, cassock, subjectivity, homophobia, church, gay liberation, objective morality, Harry Hammond, LGBT rights, vitriol, condemnation, secularism, freedom of expression, religious tolerance, discrimination, hate speech, Christian preacher, homosexuality, public discourse, religious criticism, social justice, equal rights religion, reactionary views, offensive speech, religious justification, vitriol, intolerance, abortion, women, family values, religious extremism, bigotry, religious credibility, cassock, subjective morality, homophobia, gay liberation, religious homophobia, secular judgment, Harry Hammond, LGBT rights, condemnation, religious veneer, offensive views, religious tolerance, free speech, Heidi Blake, Christian preacher, homosexuality, sin, Daily Telegraph religion, reactionary views, offensive views, vitriol, religious justification, abortion, women's rights, family values, extremism, bigotry, cassock, religious credibility, objective morality, homophobia, gay liberation, religious belief, Harry Hammond, LGBT rights, condemnation, secular perspective, freedom of speech, intolerance, discrimination, Christianity, religious veneer, offensive speech, Heidi Blake, The Daily Telegraph religion, reactionary views, offensive speech, religious justification, vitriol, bigotry, abortion, women's rights, family values, homophobia, churches, gay liberation, religious belief, objective morality, Harry Hammond, LGBT rights, religious tolerance, secularism, condemnation, free speech, religious veneer, discrimination, hate speech, Christian preacher, homosexuality, religious criticism, religious privilege, religious intolerance religion, reactionary views, offensive speech, religious justification, vitriol, intolerance, bigotry, abortion, women's rights, family values, religious extremism, religious credibility, cassock, subjective morality, homophobia, LGBT rights, gay liberation, secular vs religious, Harry Hammond, freedom of speech, religious veneer, condemnation, discrimination, religious tolerance, Heidi Blake, Christian preacher, homosexuality, sin, The Daily Telegraph, religious versus secular judgment
test-environment-ehwsnwu-con02a	There Are Better Alternatives to Underground Nuclear Waste Storage  France is the largest nuclear energy producer in the world. It generates 80% of its electricity from nuclear power. [1] It is very important to note, therefore, that it does not rely on underground nuclear waste storage. Instead, it relies on above ground, on-site storage. This kind of storage combined with heavy reprocessing and recycling of nuclear waste, makes underground storage unnecessary. [2]  As such it seems logical that in most western liberal democracies that are able to reach the same level of technological progress as France, it makes more sense to store nuclear waste above ground. Above ground, checks and balances can be put into place that allow the maintenance of these nuclear storage facilities to be monitored more closely. Furthermore, reprocessing and recycling leads to less wasted Uranium overall. This is important as Uranium, whilst being plentiful in the earth, is often difficult to mine and mill. As such, savings here often significantly benefit things such as the environment and lower the economic cost of the entire operation.  [1] BBC News, ‘France nuclear power funding gets 1bn euro boost’, 27 June 2011,   [2] Palfreman, Jon. “Why the French Like Nuclear Energy.” PBS. nuclear waste storage, underground storage, above ground storage, nuclear energy, France, nuclear power, reprocessing, recycling, uranium, nuclear waste alternatives, on-site storage, western liberal democracies, environmental benefits, economic cost, nuclear facility monitoring, nuclear waste management, uranium mining, uranium milling, technological progress, nuclear policy, France nuclear model nuclear waste storage, alternatives, underground storage, above ground storage, nuclear energy, France, nuclear power, on-site storage, reprocessing, recycling, uranium savings, environmental benefits, economic cost, western liberal democracies, storage monitoring, nuclear facility maintenance, technological progress, BBC News, PBS, France nuclear policy underground nuclear waste storage, above ground nuclear waste storage, nuclear waste alternatives, nuclear waste reprocessing, nuclear waste recycling, France nuclear energy, nuclear waste management, on-site nuclear storage, nuclear waste monitoring, Uranium reprocessing, nuclear energy France, nuclear waste policy, nuclear waste economic benefits, nuclear waste environmental impact, energy policy France, western liberal democracies nuclear energy, spent nuclear fuel, high-level radioactive waste, nuclear power plant waste, nuclear waste facility maintenance nuclear waste alternatives, underground storage, above-ground nuclear storage, France nuclear energy, nuclear power, nuclear waste reprocessing, nuclear waste recycling, onsite storage, nuclear waste management, western democracies, technological progress, uranium recycling, uranium reprocessing, uranium savings, environmental benefits, nuclear waste monitoring, economic cost nuclear, nuclear energy policy, nuclear waste checks, France nuclear policy above-ground nuclear waste storage, nuclear waste reprocessing, nuclear waste recycling, France nuclear energy, alternatives to underground storage, nuclear power waste management, on-site nuclear waste storage, uranium recycling, nuclear waste policy, nuclear waste monitoring, environmental benefits nuclear storage, economic benefits nuclear storage, France nuclear waste practices, western democracies nuclear waste, nuclear waste maintenance, nuclear fuel cycle, spent nuclear fuel, uranium conservation, nuclear waste reduction, nuclear storage technology
test-international-gmehbisrip1b-con03a	Many Israelis now live in the occupied territories.  Israel has more than just national security at stake in the occupied territory of the West Bank -hundreds of thousands of Israeli citizens now live there, many in areas which are not strategically essential (the areas described above). Between the West Bank, East Jerusalem and the Golan Heights (all outside of Israel's 1967 borders), over 400,000 Israelis live in settlements in the occupied territories. [1] These ever-expanding settlements represent a barrier to Israeli withdrawing to its 1967 borders. In 1993, when Israeli Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin and Palestine Liberation Organization leader Yasser Arafat famously shook hands on the White House lawn, there were only 109,000 Israelis living in settlements across the West Bank (not including Jerusalem). Today there are more than 230 settlements and strategically placed 'outposts' designed to cement a permanent Jewish presence on Palestinian land. [2] Forcibly removing these settlers would be too difficult, could foment a kind of Jewish civil war, and would create a level of resentment among fundamentalist Jews that would likely inflame the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. Furthermore it should be remembered that these settlers are Israeli citizens, with families, who moved to these areas because the Israeli government told them it was safe and that they would be allowed to stay, and thus Israel has a moral duty to live up to these promises by not withdrawing. Israel cannot afford this sort of internal turmoil, and should not neglect its duty to protect the rights of these citizens, and so it should not withdraw to its 1967 borders.  [1] Levinson, Chaim. “IDF: More than 300,000 settlers live in West Bank”. Haaretz.com. 27 July 2009.   [2] Tolan, Sandy. “George Mitchell and the end of the two-state solution”. The Christian Science Monitor. 4 February 2009. Israel, occupied territories, Israeli settlers, West Bank, East Jerusalem, Golan Heights, 1967 borders, settlements, Jewish presence, outposts, national security, withdrawal, Israeli-Palestinian conflict, settlement expansion, Israeli government, moral duty, internal turmoil, Yitzhak Rabin, Palestine Liberation Organization, Yasser Arafat, Haaretz, Christian Science Monitor Israeli settlements, occupied territories, West Bank, East Jerusalem, Golan Heights, 1967 borders, Israeli citizens, settlements expansion, national security, outposts, Palestinian land, Jewish settlers, Israeli-Palestinian conflict, withdrawal, Yitzhak Rabin, Yasser Arafat, two-state solution, Israeli government, internal turmoil, fundamentalist Jews, moral duty, Haaretz, Christian Science Monitor Israeli settlements, occupied territories, West Bank, East Jerusalem, Golan Heights, 1967 borders, settlement expansion, Israeli citizens, strategic areas, security, Palestinian land, Jewish settlers, Israeli government policy, outposts, withdrawal, morale duty, civil war risk, Yitzhak Rabin, Yasser Arafat, two-state solution, internal turmoil, fundamentalist Jews, Israeli-Palestinian conflict, settlement numbers, demographics, Israeli national security, withdrawal resistance, peace process, Haaretz, Christian Science Monitor, historical population, settlement policy, land disputes Israeli settlements, occupied territories, West Bank, East Jerusalem, Golan Heights, 1967 borders, Israeli citizens, settlement expansion, strategic outposts, Jewish presence, Palestinian land, Israeli withdrawal, settler removal, Jewish civil war, Israeli-Palestinian conflict, government promises, settler rights, internal turmoil, moral duty, two-state solution, security concerns, Yitzhak Rabin, Yasser Arafat, settlement statistics, Haaretz, Christian Science Monitor Israel, Israeli settlements, occupied territories, West Bank, East Jerusalem, Golan Heights, 1967 borders, strategic areas, settlement expansion, settlers, outposts, Jewish presence, Palestinian land, Israeli withdrawal, Israeli citizens, national security, civil war, fundamentalist Jews, Israeli-Palestinian conflict, government policy, moral duty, internal turmoil, two-state solution, Yitzhak Rabin, Yasser Arafat, Palestine Liberation Organization, peace process, Haaretz, Christian Science Monitor
test-politics-cdmaggpdgdf-pro03a	Transparency helps reduce international tension  Transparency is necessary in international relations. States need to know what each other are doing to assess their actions. Without any transparency the hole is filled by suspicion and threat inflation that can easily lead to miscalculation and even war.  The Cuban missile crisis is a clear example where a lack of transparency on either side about what they were willing to accept and what they were doing almost lead to nuclear war. [1] It is notable that one of the responses to prevent a similar crisis was to install a hotline between the White House and Kremlin. A very small, but vital, step in terms of openness.  Today this is still a problem; China currently worries about the US ‘pivot’ towards Asia complaining it “has aroused a great deal of suspicion in China.” “A huge deficit of strategic trust lies at the bottom of all problems between China and the United States.” The result would be an inevitable arms race and possible conflict. [2]  [1] Frohwein, Ashley, ‘Embassy Moscow: A Diplomatic Perspective of the Cuban Missile Crisis’, Georgetown University School of Foreign Service, 7 May 2013  [2] Yafei, He, ‘The Trust Deficit’, Foreign Policy, 13 May 2013 transparency, international relations, tension reduction, suspicion, threat inflation, miscalculation, war prevention, Cuban missile crisis, communication hotline, openness, strategic trust, US-China relations, arms race, international conflict, diplomatic communication, mistrust, crisis management, nuclear war, strategic transparency, diplomatic relations transparency, international relations, international tension, trust, suspicion, threat inflation, miscalculation, war, Cuban missile crisis, communication, White House-Kremlin hotline, strategic trust, US-China relations, arms race, conflict, openness, diplomatic relations, crisis prevention, deterrence, conflict resolution, geopolitical tension, strategic transparency, diplomatic trust, military transparency transparency, international relations, suspicion, threat inflation, miscalculation, war, Cuban missile crisis, nuclear war, hotline, White House, Kremlin, openness, US-China relations, strategic trust, arms race, conflict, diplomatic communication, trust deficit, crisis prevention, international tension, diplomatic transparency transparency, international relations, international tension, trust deficit, suspicion, threat inflation, miscalculation, conflict prevention, Cuban missile crisis, nuclear war, diplomatic communication, White House-Kremlin hotline, openness, US-China relations, strategic trust, arms race, crisis management, policy transparency, interstate communication, historical examples, conflict escalation transparency, international relations, tension reduction, state actions, suspicion, threat inflation, miscalculation, war prevention, Cuban missile crisis, nuclear war, hotline, White House, Kremlin, openness, US-China relations, strategic trust, arms race, conflict prevention, diplomatic communication, trust deficit
test-law-cppshbcjsfm-con01a	Rehabilitation Does Not Serve The Needs of Society  The primary goal of our criminal justice system is to remove offenders from general society and protect law abiding citizens. Many criminals are repeat offenders and rehabilitation can be a long and expensive process. In Jamaica, police claim repeat offenders are responsible for over 80% of local crime despite rehabilitation programmes in prisons. [1] Ideally therefore, retribution and rehabilitation should work hand in hand to protect citizens in the short and long term. There are some successful examples of this happening, where prisons encourage inmates to take part in group activities such as football. Some prisons have started cooking programmes where inmates learn to cook in a professional environment and leave with a qualification. However the first priority is the removal of the convicted criminal from society in order to protect the innocent. Rehabilitation should be a secondary concern. The primary concern of the criminal justice system should be the protection of the non-guilty parties. The needs of society are therefore met by the immediate removal of the offender.  In addition a more retributive approach serves society through the message it conveys. Most modern defences of retribution would emphasize its role in reinforcing the moral values of society and expressing the public's outrage at certain crimes. Rehabilitation therefore weakens the strong message of disgust as to the offender’s actions that a traditional prison sentence symbolises and the deterrent that it thus provides.  [1] Chang, K. O. ‘Lock up repeat offenders for life’. Jamaica Gleaner, 17 September 2006 . criminal justice system, rehabilitation, retribution, repeat offenders, recidivism, societal protection, Jamaica, prison programmes, group activities, cooking programmes, offender removal, public safety, crime deterrence, moral values, punishment, prison sentence, crime prevention, law abiding citizens, retributive justice, criminal rehabilitation effectiveness, societal needs criminal justice, recidivism Jamaica, rehabilitation criticism, incarceration, offender management, deterrent effect, prison effectiveness, public outrage, offender reintegration rehabilitation, criminal justice system, retribution, offender removal, society protection, repeat offenders, crime Jamaica, prison programmes, recidivism, retributive justice, deterrence, moral values, public outrage, incarceration, secondary rehabilitation, law abiding citizens, punishment vs rehabilitation, group activities prisons, inmate qualifications, criminal deterrent, Jamaica Gleaner rehabilitation, criminal justice system, society needs, offender removal, public protection, repeat offenders, Jamaica crime, recidivism, prison programmes, retribution, group activities, inmate rehabilitation, prison education, criminal deterrence, moral values, public outrage, traditional sentencing, criminal punishment, retributive justice, secondary concern rehabilitation, offender isolation, law abiding citizens, prison effectiveness, rehabilitation vs punishment, societal protection, recidivism rates, cost of rehabilitation, long-term safety, immediate removal, criminal justice priorities rehabilitation, criminal justice system, removal of offenders, protection, law abiding citizens, repeat offenders, recidivism, Jamaica, police statistics, crime rate, prison programmes, retribution, group activities, prison sports, cooking programmes, inmate training, offender removal, public safety, secondary concern, punishment, moral values, public outrage, deterrence, traditional sentencing, societal needs, prison system, criminal punishment, retributive justice, rehabilitation effectiveness, justice policy criminal justice system, rehabilitation, retribution, society needs, offender removal, public protection, repeat offenders, Jamaica crime, prison programmes, recidivism, punishment versus rehabilitation, prison reformation, moral values, deterrent effect, inmate rehabilitation, group activities prison, cooking programmes prison, incarceration, public safety, criminal punishment, societal message, cost of rehabilitation, retributive justice
test-international-segiahbarr-con01a	Millennium Development Goals have not yet been reached  While the majority of African governments have made efforts to reach the Millennium Development Goals (MDG), the deadlines for achieving them are fast approaching with little sign of complete success. The MDGs were established in 2000, and laid out a set of criteria which each country should aspire to in order to become developed. These development goals are essential for Africa to be able to effectively grow. The United Nations Development Programme readily recognises that the eradication of hunger, reduction of child mortality, improvement of maternal health and ensuring environmental sustainability are all off track in Africa [1] . Observing the causes of this failure, the inequality existing in Africa is blamed as a fundamental roadblock.  [1] UNDP, ‘MDG Progress Reports – Africa’, 2013 Millennium Development Goals, MDGs, Africa, development, UNDP, progress, deadline, failure, inequality, hunger eradication, child mortality, maternal health, environmental sustainability, government efforts, 2013, African countries, underachievement, United Nations, social inequality, economic development, poverty reduction Millennium Development Goals, MDG, Africa, development, progress, United Nations, UNDP, deadline, goal achievement, hunger eradication, child mortality, maternal health, environmental sustainability, inequality, underdevelopment, progress reports, challenges, barriers, economic growth, sub-Saharan Africa, poverty reduction, health indicators, sustainable development, African governments, development targets, development failure Millennium Development Goals, MDGs, Africa, UNDP, development goals, 2000, deadline, progress, eradication of hunger, child mortality, maternal health, environmental sustainability, inequality, roadblocks, underachievement, government efforts, United Nations Development Programme, African development, socio-economic challenges, failure causes, MDG Progress Reports, 2013 Millennium Development Goals, MDG, Africa, development, United Nations Development Programme, UNDP, 2013, progress, targets, deadline, failure, inequality, hunger eradication, child mortality, maternal health, environmental sustainability, development criteria, roadblocks, government efforts, underachievement, sustainable development, Africa progress, MDG challenges Millennium Development Goals, MDG, Africa, UNDP, development goals, hunger eradication, child mortality, maternal health, environmental sustainability, inequality, progress reports, development challenges, goal achievement, 2013, United Nations Development Programme, African governments, deadline, failure causes, socioeconomic inequality, underdevelopment, sustainable development, Africa MDG progress, policy implementation, poverty reduction, public health, environmental goals
test-politics-lghwdecm-con03a	Mayors will come at a cost  Having Mayors is costly. First of all there is the referendum and the election of the Mayor himself which Bristol council has said could cost up to £400,000. [1] This is then followed by the extra administrative cost created by having a Mayor who will of course have to have deputies, staff, offices, cars and a publicity budget, which could mean up to £3 million a year. [2] This is money that at a time where councils are facing budget cuts could be better spent on shoring up the services councils provide.  [1] The Economist, ‘Why elected mayors matter’, 19 April 2012.  [2] McCabe, Steve, ‘An executive mayor – can we afford it?, Birmingham Mail, 17 April 2012. elected mayors, cost of mayors, referendum costs, mayoral election expenses, administrative costs, Bristol council, council budget cuts, public spending, mayoral staff, mayoral offices, mayoral cars, mayoral publicity budget, local government expenses, council services funding, executive mayors, UK mayors, urban governance, council finance, elected officials costs, mayoral system expenses elected mayors, cost, expenses, administrative cost, mayoral referendum, election cost, Bristol council, budget cuts, council services, deputies, mayoral staff, offices, cars, publicity budget, annual cost, public spending, local government, service funding, council budgets, financial impact, UK local councils mayors, cost, referendum, election, Bristol council, administrative expenses, deputies, staff, offices, cars, publicity budget, annual cost, council budget cuts, public services, executive mayor, financial impact, local government, expenditure, resource allocation, public spending, The Economist, Birmingham Mail mayor costs, mayoral referendum, election expenses, administrative expenses, council budget, Bristol council, mayoral staff, mayor offices, mayoral cars, publicity budget, annual costs, council budget cuts, public services funding, elected mayor, referendum expenses, city governance, executive mayor, local government spending, municipal expenses, council services, civic administration costs, UK mayors, municipal budget allocation cost of elected mayors, mayoral referendum expenses, mayor election costs, Bristol council mayor costs, administrative expenses mayors, mayor deputies budget, mayor staff costs, mayor office expenses, mayor cars budget, mayor publicity spending, annual mayoral costs, local council budget cuts, council services funding, opportunity cost mayors, elected mayor financial impact, executive mayor affordability
test-culture-cgeeghwmeo-con04a	The US has a long tradition of multiple languages  There is a long historical tradition in the United States to which different languages contributed. Most Americans do not have ancestors who arrived from England prior to 1776, and even among the colonists before independence there were Frenchman, Dutch, Swedes, Scots and Irish. [1] The languages of these early immigrants remain, for example Cajun, an offshoot of French remains a de facto official language in Louisiana. [2]  The historical importance of Native American languages or of the immigrants who came in and contributed so much is also ignored. All of these groups are stigmatized and their contributions ignored.  The descendants of most of the groups listed above speak English today, so the issue is not an ease of access one. It is however one of historical justice and giving full recognition to the full-range of contributors to American history.  [1] ‘Ethnic Composition of the Thirteen Colonies, 1750’, teacher’s Brunch,   [2] Melancon, Megan, ‘Cajun English’, PBS, US multilingual tradition, American linguistic history, immigrant languages, pre-1776 ancestry, French heritage America, Dutch influence United States, Scots Irish colonists, Cajun language Louisiana, Native American languages, linguistic diversity USA, language contributions US history, language stigmatization America, language heritage recognition, English-speaking descendants, historical justice languages, cultural contributions United States, American ethnic diversity, colonial language influence, Cajun French, language history colonial America multilingualism, United States, US history, language diversity, immigrant languages, colonial languages, Native American languages, Cajun French, historical contribution, language stigma, ethnic groups, linguistic heritage, language policy, Louisiana, cultural recognition, historical justice, immigration, language preservation, colonists, French Americans, Dutch Americans, Swedish Americans, Scottish Americans, Irish Americans, language assimilation, minority languages, language and identity multilingualism, United States, language history, immigrant languages, Cajun French, Louisiana, Native American languages, colonial languages, ethnic groups, French immigrants, Dutch immigrants, Swedish immigrants, Scottish immigrants, Irish immigrants, language contributions, linguistic diversity, historical justice, language recognition, colonial America, language stigmatization, American heritage, language preservation, ancestral languages, English adoption, American history, cultural contributions multilingualism, United States, American history, immigrant languages, language diversity, early settlers, French influence, Cajun language, Louisiana, Native American languages, language heritage, ethnic groups, colonists, historical justice, language recognition, Dutch settlers, Swedish settlers, Scots, Irish, language contribution, stigmatization, assimilation, official languages, language preservation, cultural heritage, historical tradition multilingualism, United States, language history, early immigrants, colonial languages, French influence, Dutch settlers, Swedish settlers, Scottish immigrants, Irish immigrants, Cajun language, Louisiana, Native American languages, language contribution, cultural diversity, historical justice, ethnic composition, American history, linguistic heritage, language recognition, stigmatization, ancestry, colonial America
test-culture-mmctghwbsa-con02a	Sexist advertising is subjective so would be too difficult to codify.  Effective advertising appeals to the social, cultural, and personal values of consumers. Through the connection of values to products, services and ideas, advertising is able to accomplish its goal of adoption. Failure to make meaningful appeals to audience members seriously diminishes the outcomes of marketing. Since differing beliefs about beauty, body types, sexuality, and gender roles exist across societies and cultures, universal definitions of sexist advertising are too difficult to determine. As an example, biological differences exist between women and what may be considered excessively thin in one society may not be so in another. Any type of censoring calls into questions such as who will censor and how will such censorship be applied. The development of standards could favour cultural imperialism. Therefore, sexist advertising is too difficult to codify. sexist advertising, subjectivity, codify, effective advertising, consumer values, social values, cultural values, personal values, advertising appeals, adoption, marketing outcomes, audience perception, beauty standards, body image, sexuality, gender roles, cross-cultural differences, universal definitions, censorship, cultural imperialism, standard development, cultural standards, regulatory challenges, media ethics sexist advertising, subjectivity, codification, advertising effectiveness, social values, cultural values, personal values, consumer appeal, value connection, marketing outcomes, audience appeal, beauty standards, body image, sexuality, gender roles, cross-cultural differences, societal beliefs, universal definitions, biological differences, censorship, censorship standards, cultural imperialism, advertising standards, diversity, regulation challenges sexist advertising, subjectivity, codification, advertising effectiveness, cultural values, social values, personal values, consumer behavior, value connection, adoption, marketing outcomes, audience appeal, beauty standards, body image, sexuality, gender roles, cross-cultural differences, universal definitions, censorship, cultural imperialism, advertising standards, societal beliefs, regulation challenges, media regulation, ethical advertising, cultural diversity sexist advertising, subjectivity, codification, cultural values, social values, personal values, advertising effectiveness, value connection, consumer adoption, audience appeal, marketing outcomes, belief differences, beauty standards, body image, sexuality, gender roles, cross-cultural differences, universal definitions, censorship, cultural imperialism, advertising standards, societal norms, biological differences, cultural diversity, regulatory challenges sexist advertising, subjectivity, codification, cultural values, social values, personal values, consumer perception, advertising effectiveness, marketing outcomes, belief differences, beauty standards, body image, sexuality, gender roles, cultural diversity, universal definitions, censorship, regulation, standard development, cultural imperialism, advertising standards, societal norms, media representation, cross-cultural differences
test-philosophy-pppthbtcb-con04a	Corrupt states  States or institutions created in concession to terror are often corrupt, dominated by men of violence with links to organised crime. Nothing is achieved to improve the lives of the people in whose name terror has been used. Terrorist organisations have often a military and violent character. The sort of people who attracted to committing acts of terror often glorify illegitimate acts of violence and justify the possible harm done to civilians by proving their complicity or the outcome of the actions. More precisely, they have only the interest of their ideology or the minority they are supporting. When these people are put in a position of power, they are likely to follow the same lines as before, especially when they do not have a political background. They are likely to be ignorant of how political processes work, and will appoint people that have the ideology in other powerful positions. This will make the whole political system inefficient and biased towards a minority or a fringe interest. As a result, level of corruption could rise, and in extreme cases people with other opinions can be persecuted. Iran went from a Westernizing state to an Islamic one, and is now hostile to dissidents. [1]  [1] BBC News. (2012). Iran Profile, Retrieved 17 February 2012 from BBC News: corrupt states, terrorism, political corruption, organised crime, violent institutions, terror-linked governments, militant leadership, ideological bias, minority rule, inefficient governance, persecution, dissidents, Iran regime change, political inexperience, systemic bias, ideological appointment, rise in corruption, hostile to opposition, extremist governance, state violence, terror-state concessions corrupt states, terrorism, terror-linked institutions, organized crime, violent leadership, minority ideology, political inexperience, inefficient government, biased systems, persecution, civilian harm, military character, Iran, political corruption, fringe interests, dissident repression, institutional corruption, unrepresentative governance, terrorist organizations, appointment bias, BBC Iran profile corrupt states, terrorism, terror organizations, violent governance, organized crime, political corruption, ideology, minority rule, political inexperience, biased political systems, persecution, inefficiency, Iran, regime change, dissidents, authoritarianism, terror-linked governance, illegitimate violence, civilian harm, power consolidation, political appointments, fringe interests corrupt states, terrorism, institutions, organised crime, political corruption, violent organizations, ideological governance, minority rule, military character, terror-linked leadership, inefficient political systems, persecution, oppressive regimes, Iran, political transitions, dissidents, biased governance, political inexperience, power consolidation, fringe interests, terror justification, state transformation, Westernizing to Islamic state, BBC News Iran, state corruption corrupt states, concession to terror, institutions, dominated by violence, organised crime, terrorist organisations, military character, violent character, ideology, minority interests, political power, lack of political background, biased political system, political inefficiency, fringe interests, corruption, persecution of dissidents, Iran, regime change, Islamic state, hostile to dissidents, power consolidation, illegitimate violence, civilian harm, terrorism, BBC News Iran profile
test-international-aghwrem-con04a	Vested international interest are harming Myanmar  Certain members of the international community, especially regional players like China and India, have tended to ignore questions of legitimacy of the regime for economic and political benefits. While this may be beneficial to them in the short term, it is very harmful for Myanmar as a democracy in the future. Politically, a blind eye is being turned to a culture of violating human rights. If and when Myanmar becomes a real democracy, it is unlikely that it will magically transform into a model democratic state, unless enough emphasis is provided to fundamental principles of good governance at the outset. Economically, investment is being provided in a highly monopolistic and imperfect environment, without addressing problems of corruption and inadequacy of legal processes. In the long run, even if a democratic constitutional framework exists, the country is likely to continue to have high economic disparity and corrupt markets due to these reasons (in a manner comparable to how Russian markets have evolved since the 1990s). Reengagement should not be setting the stage for a shift from a military-controlled government to a poor democracy, which would also be harmful for stability in the region as a whole. Myanmar, vested international interests, regime legitimacy, China, India, economic benefits, political benefits, democracy, human rights violations, good governance, foreign investment, monopolistic markets, corruption, legal inadequacy, economic disparity, regional stability, military government, democratic transition, Russian market comparison, reengagement, Southeast Asia, political economy Myanmar, vested interests, international community, China, India, regime legitimacy, economic benefits, political benefits, democracy, human rights, good governance, investment, monopolistic environment, corruption, legal inadequacy, economic disparity, corrupt markets, Russian markets, reengagement, military government, regional stability Myanmar, vested interests, international community, China, India, legitimacy, regime, economic benefits, political benefits, democracy, human rights, governance, investment, monopolistic environment, corruption, legal processes, economic disparity, market corruption, military government, regional stability, democratic transition, Russian markets, reengagement, good governance, imperfect markets, constitutional framework Myanmar, vested international interests, China, India, regime legitimacy, economic benefits, political benefits, democracy, human rights, good governance, foreign investment, monopolistic markets, corruption, legal inadequacy, economic disparity, imperfect markets, Russian economy comparison, military government, poor democracy, regional stability, international community, reengagement, constitutional framework, democratic transition Myanmar, vested interests, international community, China, India, regime legitimacy, economic benefits, political benefits, democracy, human rights, good governance, foreign investment, monopolistic environment, corruption, legal inadequacy, economic disparity, market evolution, Russian markets, military government, poor democracy, regional stability, reengagement, democratization, constitutional framework, governance challenges, Southeast Asia, foreign policy, authoritarianism, transition politics, comparative politics
test-international-gsciidffe-con02a	Governments enable censorship to protect their citizens  What censorship is it legitimate to undermine? Censorship is often created in order to protect the people not to strip them of freedoms. This is most obvious when we consider that filters to prevent hate speech or child pornography are forms of censorship that may be enabled with the intention of protecting citizens not repressing them. Iceland for example has recently decided to ban pornography and it would be enabled in a similar way to censorship by regimes like China or Iran. [1] Even harsher censorship that naturally looks more repressive to us may be considered a legitimate means of protecting the people and their values. When a government is using censorship to ensure stability is that censorship not justified when compared to the alternative? While there may be divisions internally about the legitimacy of this censorship it is certainly not legitimate for outside actors to impose their own idea of how much censorship there should be.  [1] Kiss, Jemima, “Iceland’s porn ban ‘conflicts with the idea of a free society’, say critics”, guardian.co.uk, 28 February 2013, government censorship, legitimate censorship, protective censorship, hate speech, child pornography, online filters, freedom of expression, Iceland pornography ban, censorship justification, repressive censorship, societal values, freedom vs security, political stability, external intervention, censorship legitimacy, international norms, free society, state regulation, China censorship, Iran censorship government censorship, legitimate censorship, protecting citizens, freedom of speech, hate speech filters, child pornography censorship, Iceland porn ban, censorship justification, repressive regimes, stability through censorship, values protection, external interference, censorship legitimacy, comparative censorship, authoritarian censorship, social values, internet filters, freedom vs protection, criticism of censorship, societal stability, ethical censorship, national sovereignty, civil liberties, information control, cultural norms government censorship, protection of citizens, legitimate censorship, undermining censorship, hate speech, child pornography, Iceland porn ban, freedom vs security, censorship justification, stability, external intervention, regime censorship, free society, repressive censorship, government values, moral censorship, filters, state control, societal values, freedom of expression government censorship, censorship legitimacy, protective censorship, hate speech censorship, child pornography censorship, justified censorship, state stability, Iceland pornography ban, free society, government repression, external intervention, censorship debate, media freedom, value protection, authoritarian regimes, moral censorship, censorship justifications, citizens protection, restrictive policies, censorship ethics government censorship, legitimate censorship, protection of citizens, freedom of expression, hate speech filters, child pornography, justified censorship, Iceland pornography ban, repressive regimes, China censorship, Iran censorship, censorship for stability, societal values, external intervention, censorship legitimacy, free society, media regulation, online filtering, public safety, human rights, censorship ethics
test-international-amehbuaisji-con01a	Ratification of the International Criminal Court would be a violation of national sovereignty  Any state ratifying the Rome Statute, is placing its citizens at the mercy of a court that operates outside of national control. This is an unacceptable ceding of national sovereignty – thus no state other than the US has the power to deal with American criminals, and no one but Israel should deal with Israeli criminals. International criminal law and national sovereignty are inevitably enemies  Not only does the ICC threaten American sovereignty, it threatens the sovereignty of all nations – the ICC can, in some cases, prosecute citizens of nations that are not state parties. Authority for justice within one’s territory is however at the heart of the concept of sovereignty. As a matter of principle the US should not be supporting measures that affect the sovereignty of any nation, let alone the US itself. International Criminal Court, ICC, Rome Statute, ratification, national sovereignty, international law, US sovereignty, jurisdiction, extradition, state parties, international justice, American criminals, Israeli criminals, external authority, prosecutorial reach, legal autonomy, international prosecution, state consent, sovereignty conflict, opposition to ICC International Criminal Court, ICC, Rome Statute, national sovereignty, ratification, international law, criminal jurisdiction, US sovereignty, state sovereignty, international justice, extraterritorial jurisdiction, opposition to ICC, American criminals, Israeli criminals, national control, supranational courts, state parties, prosecution, justice authority, United States, international agreements, sovereignty conflict, national autonomy, transnational law, principle of non-interference International Criminal Court, Rome Statute, national sovereignty, ratification, international law, US sovereignty, state parties, jurisdiction, extraterritorial prosecution, justice authority, ICC criticism, American criminals, Israeli criminals, ceding sovereignty, legal autonomy, international justice, sovereignty conflict, transnational law, external court authority, supranational jurisdiction, domestic legal system, principle of sovereignty, ICC jurisdiction, justice sovereignty International Criminal Court, ICC, Rome Statute, ratification, national sovereignty, state sovereignty, jurisdiction, international law, national control, American criminals, Israeli criminals, authority for justice, territorial jurisdiction, state parties, US sovereignty, international prosecution, national legal authority, principle of sovereignty, opposition to ICC, sovereignty conflict, legal autonomy International Criminal Court, ICC, Rome Statute, national sovereignty, ratification, international law, state sovereignty, US sovereignty, American criminals, Israeli criminals, jurisdiction, international prosecution, extraterritorial jurisdiction, state parties, sovereignty violation, justice authority, international justice, national control, sovereignty conflict, US policy, ICC criticism
test-health-dhghhbampt-con02a	The pharmaceutical and medical industries are worth billions of dollars annually. They have an interest in ignoring the efficacy of remedies that are, for the most part, free or considerably cheaper  It’s understandable that the medical establishment has an interest in ignoring treatments that are freely available. Pharmaceutical companies make billions each year selling drugs that cost pennies to manufacture.  There is an enormous vested interest in insuring that the world in general- and the West in particular-remain tied to the idea that the only solution to disease is to swallow a pill provided by a man in a white coat. There are other solutions that have been used for thousands of years before anybody worked out how to make a buck out of it. For much of the world these therapies continue to be the ones people rely on and the rush of pharmaceutical companies to issue patents on genes of some of these traditional remedies suggests that there must be at least some truth in them. pharmaceutical industry, medical industry, drug profits, traditional remedies, alternative medicine, vested interests, pharmaceutical patents, medical establishment, cost of drugs, free treatments, efficacy of remedies, Western medicine, healthcare economics, natural therapies, big pharma, profit motives, traditional medicine, patenting natural remedies, healthcare monopoly, drug manufacturing costs pharmaceutical industry, medical industry, annual revenue, drug manufacturing, pharmaceutical profits, affordable remedies, free treatments, medical establishment, vested interests, traditional medicine, alternative therapies, Western medicine, drug patents, gene patents, natural remedies, therapy efficacy, conventional medicine, healthcare industry, profit motives, overmedication, indigenous therapies, non-pharmaceutical treatments, corporate interests, drug marketing, healthcare commercialization pharmaceutical industry, medical industry, drug profits, alternative medicine, natural remedies, treatment efficacy, vested interests, medical establishment, healthcare economics, traditional therapies, drug manufacturing costs, free treatments, medical monopoly, gene patents, historical remedies, Western medicine, commercial interests, patents on remedies, healthcare costs, pharmaceutical patents pharmaceutical industry, medical industry, drug profits, alternative medicine, natural remedies, traditional therapies, vested interests, drug patents, healthcare costs, pharmaceutical companies, conventional medicine, free treatments, medical establishment, gene patents, western medicine, drug manufacturing costs, alternative treatments, traditional medicine, health economics, medical monopolies pharmaceutical industry, medical industry, drug profits, alternative medicine, traditional remedies, vested interests, drug manufacturing costs, medical establishment, free treatments, low-cost therapies, pharmaceutical patents, gene patents, Western medicine, traditional therapies, efficacy of remedies, healthcare economics, medical monopolies, drug marketing, profit motives, natural treatments
test-law-hrilpgwhwr-con02a	It may be in the best interests of victims and their state for war criminals not to be brought to trial.  The ICC may well lead to the political prosecution of war criminals, but that is not necessarily the most effective means to peace, or lasting peace for victims. As U.S. policy papers have pointed out, despots like Pol Pot and Saddam Hussein did not consult lawyers over potential legal ramifications before they committed their respective human rights violations1. Furthermore, the impact on an oppressed population of a long, protracted trial of their fallen dictator is not always therapeutic for it can dredge up events of particularly melancholic qualities and grants the dictator a platform to continue his psychological control over his population.  1 Elsea, J. K. (2006). U.S. Policy Regarding the International Criminal Court. Congressional Research Service, p. 22. war criminals, ICC, political prosecution, international criminal court, victim interests, state interests, U.S. policy, Pol Pot, Saddam Hussein, human rights violations, peace process, transitional justice, legal ramifications, dictator trials, psychological impact, oppressed populations, protracted trials, reconciliation, therapeutic justice, Elsea 2006, Congressional Research Service, political justice, peace versus justice, trauma, mental health, lasting peace, prosecution effectiveness war criminals, ICC, international criminal court, political prosecution, victims, peace, US policy, Pol Pot, Saddam Hussein, human rights violations, dictators, protracted trials, therapeutic impact, psychological control, oppressed populations, transitional justice, legal ramifications, post-conflict justice, accountability, restorative justice, reconciliation, justice vs. peace, policy analysis, war crimes, victim interests, congressional research, Elsea war criminals, prosecution, ICC, International Criminal Court, victims, peace, lasting peace, U.S. policy, despots, human rights violations, Pol Pot, Saddam Hussein, legal ramifications, oppressed populations, dictators, psychological control, protracted trials, therapeutic impact, justice, political prosecution, transitional justice, trials consequences, post-conflict societies, reconciliation, state interests, victim interests war criminals, international criminal court, ICC, political prosecution, victim interests, peace process, transitional justice, legal accountability, dictators, Pol Pot, Saddam Hussein, US policy, human rights violations, criminal trials, oppressed populations, psychological impact, therapeutic justice, despot trials, legal ramifications, peace versus justice, post-conflict reconciliation, trauma, justice effectiveness, political considerations, Elsea 2006, Congressional Research Service war criminals, ICC, International Criminal Court, political prosecution, victim interests, lasting peace, peacebuilding, accountability, human rights violations, US policy, Pol Pot, Saddam Hussein, legal ramifications, despots, therapeutic impact, prolonged trials, psychological control, oppressed populations, justice versus peace, transitional justice, trial consequences, post-conflict societies, accountability alternatives, trauma, dictator prosecution
test-philosophy-elhbrd-con01a	It is impossible to frame a structure which respects the right to die for the individual but that cannot be abused by others.  In terms of moral absolutes, killing people is wrong sets the bar fairly low. Pretty much all societies have accepted this as a line that cannot be crossed without the explicit and specific agreement of the state which only happens in very rare circumstances such as in times of war.  There is a simple reason for a blanket ban. It allows for no caveats, no misunderstandings, no fudging of the issue, and no shades of grey. Again, the reason for this approach is equally simple; anything other than such a clear cut approach will inevitably be abused [i] . As things stand guilt in the case of murder is determined entirely on the basis that it is proven that someone took another life. Their reasons for doing so may be reflected in sentencing but the court is not required to consider whether someone was justified in killing another.  It is in the nature of a court case that it happens after the event and nobody other than the murderer and the deceased know what actually took place between them. If we take shaken baby syndrome cases as an example the parent still loves the child, they have acted in the madness of a moment out of frustration. It’s still murder. Supporting a dying relative can be no less frustrating but killing them would still be murder, even where that comes after a prolonged period of coercion to fill in forms and achieve the appearance of consent. It would, however, be very hard to prove. At least with a baby we can assume consent was not given, that would not be the case here.  [i] Stephen Drake and Diane Coleman. ‘Second Thoughts’ Grow on Assisted Suicide. The Wall Street Journal. 5 August 2012. right to die, assisted suicide, euthanasia, abuse prevention, moral absolutes, killing is wrong, legal structure, blanket ban, societal norms, murder law, court requirements, sentencing, justification, shaken baby syndrome, consent issues, coercion, legal ambiguity, abuse potential, guilt determination, state authority, rare exceptions, legal grey areas, proving consent, judicial process, Second Thoughts, Stephen Drake, Diane Coleman, Wall Street Journal, ethical dilemmas, end-of-life decisions right to die, euthanasia, assisted suicide, moral absolutes, killing wrong, legal framework, abuse prevention, blanket ban, murder, sentencing, court decisions, consent, state authority, rare exceptions, war, ethical dilemmas, slippery slope, coercion, consent appearance, shaken baby syndrome, case law, justification, criminal law, Stephen Drake, Diane Coleman, Second Thoughts, Wall Street Journal right to die, euthanasia, assisted suicide, moral absolutes, killing prohibition, societal norms, state authorization, murder law, legal justification, court cases, sentencing, proof of guilt, consent, abuse prevention, blanket ban, misuse risk, coercion, informed consent, legal loopholes, moral reasoning, legal ethics, shaken baby syndrome, murder definition, end-of-life decisions, legal safeguards, abuse potential, legal structure, ethical dilemmas, societal values, justice system, moral clarity right to die, euthanasia, assisted suicide, moral absolutes, killing is wrong, blanket ban, abuse prevention, legal structure, consent, murder, judicial system, sentencing, court considerations, justifiable homicide, shaken baby syndrome, familial frustration, coercion, appearance of consent, proof challenges, societal norms, legal clarity, abuse potential, consent ambiguity, Stephen Drake, Diane Coleman, assisted suicide debate, Wall Street Journal, law and morality, state authority, exceptional circumstances, war, ethical line, legal gray area right to die, euthanasia, assisted suicide, moral absolutes, killing, murder, abuse prevention, blanket ban, legal framework, court cases, sentencing, justification, consent, coercion, shaken baby syndrome, societal norms, abuse of law, legal loopholes, state authority, war exceptions, moral philosophy, criminal law, consent ambiguity, judicial process, Stephen Drake, Diane Coleman, Wall Street Journal
test-law-sdiflhrdffe-con03a	The offer of amnesty allows home governments to discredit bloggers and paint them as foreign agents of disruption  When Western states and democracies offer amnesty to bloggers under threat from their home governments, the blogger’s views and comments immediately become coloured in the eyes of the public. The government is able to point to the Western powers offering this amnesty and can easily claim that their offers are the result of collusion between bloggers and their foreign patrons to spread propaganda, so the blogger is therefore guilty of treason. As unfortunate as it may be in individual cases, the result is that offering amnesty will only weaken the cause of democracy. Being sent to prison for their beliefs will do far more to serve their cause than seeking succour in the arms of another state, one that has demonstrated antagonism toward their homeland. The ability for governments to stoke nationalist fires has been thoroughly demonstrated in recent months by China’s reaction toward territorial disputes with Japan. [1] It is very easy to rile the public against a perceived external aggressor, especially given that these states often control much of the mainstream media outlets, and those who offer amnesty give themselves up on a platter as an adversary to be exploited in the public consciousness. The better plan for democracies in pursuit of their goals is to condemn acts of oppression and to seek diplomatic redress, but direct interference in the course of states’ justice will doing nothing but harm relations with regimes and turn the people against the proponents of reform.  [1] The Economist. “Barren Rocks, Barren Nationalism”. 25 August 2012. amnesty, bloggers, foreign agents, government propaganda, discredit bloggers, Western states, democracy, public perception, collusion, treason accusations, media control, nationalism, external aggressor, mainstream media, territorial disputes, China, Japan, state oppression, diplomatic redress, regime relations, interference, public sentiment, reform proponents, political asylum, freedom of expression, state-controlled media, foreign intervention, political dissidents, international relations, soft power, national sovereignty amnesty, bloggers, home governments, discredit, foreign agents, Western states, democracies, propaganda, treason, democracy, prison, beliefs, nationalism, public perception, collusion, media control, territorial disputes, China, Japan, external aggressor, mainstream media, diplomatic redress, state justice, oppression, relations, reform, public consciousness, antagonism, government narrative, political asylum, regime relations, human rights, state sovereignty, foreign intervention amnesty, bloggers, foreign agents, government propaganda, democracy, Western states, political asylum, collusion, treason, nationalistic rhetoric, media control, public perception, diplomatic intervention, oppression, regime relations, nationalist fires, external aggressors, state-controlled media, territorial disputes, public opinion, reform proponents, international relations, human rights, transnational activism, state sovereignty, information warfare amnesty, bloggers, home governments, discredit, foreign agents, Western states, democracies, propaganda, treason, nationalism, public perception, collusion, freedom of speech, political prisoners, democratic reform, diplomatic response, government control, media influence, external interference, territorial disputes, political repression, China, Japan, public opinion, regime relations, international relations, human rights, state sovereignty, freedom of expression, political asylum amnesty, bloggers, foreign agents, discredit, government propaganda, Western democracies, collusion, treason, democracy, political prisoners, nationalist sentiment, public perception, state-controlled media, diplomatic intervention, oppression, international relations, democratization, exile, foreign interference, public opinion, regime response, human rights, political asylum, reform movements, nationalist rhetoric, external aggressor, media manipulation
test-society-tlhrilsfhwr-con02a	Punishing objectively harmful conduct  Of the tens of thousands of children exposed to armed conflict throughout the world, most are recruited into armed political groups. Quite contrary to the image of child soldiers constructed by the proposition, these youngsters are not de-facto adults, nor are they seeking to defend communities who will be in some way grateful for their contributions and sacrifices. Child soldiers join groups with defined political and military objectives.  Children may volunteer for military units after encountering propaganda. Many children join up to escape social disintegration within their communities. Several female child soldiers have revealed that they joined because to escape domestic violence or forced marriage. Many children who do not volunteer can be forcibly abducted by military organisations. One former child soldier from Congo reported that “they gave me a uniform and told me that now I was in the army. They said that they would come back and kill my parents if I didn’t do as they said.” [i]  Once inducted into the army, children are vulnerable to abuse and exploitation. They are usually viewed as expendable, employed as minesweepers or spies. The inexperience and gullibility of children is used to convince them that they are immune to bullets, or will be financially rewarded for committing atrocities. Many children are controlled through the use of drugs, to which they inevitably become addicted [ii] .  For every account the proposition can provide of a child who took up arms to defend his family, there are many more children who were coerced or threatened into becoming soldiers. Whatever standard of relativist morality side proposition may choose to employ, actions and abuses of the type described above are object4ively harmful to children.  Moreover, the process of turning a child into a soldier is irreversible and often more brutal and dehumanising than combat itself. Proposition concedes that child soldiers will be in need of care and treatment after demobilising, but they underestimate the difficulty of healing damage this horrific.  The use of child soldiers is an unpardonable crime, which creates suffering of a type universally understood to be unnecessary and destructive. It should not be diluted or justified by relativist arguments.  It would undermine the ICC’s role in promoting universal values if officers and politicians complicit in the abuses described above were allowed to publicly argue cultural relativism as their defence. Moreover, it would give an unacceptable air of legitimacy to warlords and brigands seeking to operate under the pretence of leading legitimate resistance movements  [i] Child Soldiers International,   [ii] “Child Soldiers: Global Report 2008”, Coalition to Stop the Use of Child Soldiers, 2007, p299, child soldiers, armed conflict, recruitment, political groups, coercion, forced abduction, propaganda, social disintegration, female child soldiers, domestic violence, forced marriage, abuse, exploitation, expendable, minesweepers, spies, inexperience, gullibility, financial reward, atrocities, drug addiction, coercion, objectively harmful conduct, irreversible trauma, dehumanization, demobilization, universal values, cultural relativism, ICC, war crimes, warlords, resistance movements, humanitarian law, children’s rights, accountability, international law, suffering, psychological damage, forgiveness, impunity, justice, Child Soldiers International, Coalition to Stop child soldiers, armed conflict, recruitment, political groups, propaganda, social disintegration, domestic violence, forced marriage, abduction, exploitation, abuse, expendable, minesweepers, spies, gullibility, drug addiction, coercion, threats, objectively harmful, irreversible damage, dehumanisation, demobilisation, unpardonable crime, universal values, ICC, cultural relativism, war crimes, international law, accountability, warlords, resistance movements, children’s rights, human rights violations, military recruitment, psychological trauma, forced conscription, female child soldiers child soldiers, armed conflict, recruitment, forced conscription, political groups, abuse, exploitation, coercion, propaganda, social disintegration, escape, domestic violence, forced marriage, abduction, military objectives, psychological trauma, drug addiction, expendability, moral relativism, international criminal court, universal values, war crimes, officers accountability, cultural relativism, warlords, humanitarian law, post-conflict care, dehumanisation, human rights violations, child exploitation, demobilisation, child protection, global report, crimes against humanity child soldiers, armed conflict, recruitment, political groups, coercion, forced recruitment, abduction, propaganda, social disintegration, domestic violence, forced marriage, abuse, exploitation, minesweepers, spies, expendability, inexperience, gullibility, drug addiction, atrocities, objective harm, irreversibility, dehumanization, psychological trauma, moral relativism, universal values, ICC, war crimes, cultural relativism, legitimacy, warlords, resistance movements, accountability, international law child soldiers, armed conflict, recruitment, forced conscription, political groups, abduction, voluntary enlistment, propaganda, social disintegration, domestic violence, forced marriage, abuse, exploitation, minesweepers, spies, drug addiction, coercion, threats, psychological harm, irreversible trauma, demobilization, international criminal court, ICC, universal values, cultural relativism, war crimes, moral responsibility, warlords, human rights violations, accountability, military exploitation, child abuse, brutalization, dehumanization
test-politics-eppghwlrba-con01a	Gun ownership is an integral aspect of the right to self defence  Law-abiding citizens deserve the right to protect their families in their own homes, especially if the police are judged incapable of dealing with the threat of attack. Would-be rapists and armed burglars will think twice before attempting to break into any house where the owners may keep firearms for self-defence. (This can also be applied to the right to carry concealed weapons, deterring potential rapists, muggers, etc.) gun ownership, self defence, right to self defense, law-abiding citizens, protect families, home protection, police incapability, firearm ownership, self-protection, concealed carry, deterrence, armed burglary, home invasion, personal safety, criminal deterrence, concealed weapons, rape prevention, burglary prevention, crime deterrence, gun rights, second amendment, household firearms, public safety, gun policy gun ownership, self defence, right to bear arms, law-abiding citizens, home protection, firearms, police incapability, deterrence, concealed carry, self-defense, armed burglars, rape prevention, crime deterrence, family safety, personal protection, concealed weapons, home invasion, gun rights, civilian firearms, public safety gun ownership, self defence, right to bear arms, law-abiding citizens, home protection, police incapacity, firearm deterrence, concealed carry, crime prevention, burglary deterrence, rape prevention, personal safety, armed self-defence, criminal deterrence, family protection gun ownership, self defence, right to bear arms, law-abiding citizens, home protection, police incapacity, home invasion, firearm deterrence, burglar deterrence, rape deterrence, concealed carry, self-defense weapons, criminal deterrence, personal security, family safety, armed homeowners, concealed weapons, crime prevention, Second Amendment, household firearms gun ownership, self defence, right to bear arms, law-abiding citizens, home protection, firearm deterrence, concealed carry, crime prevention, police incapacity, family safety, armed burglary, rape deterrence, personal security, self-defense weapons, homeowner rights
test-environment-chbwtlgcc-pro01a	"450 PPM  The IPCC's Fourth Assessment Report determined that atmospheric GHG emissions needed to stabilize at 450ppm in order to avoid a temperature rise of more than 2-2.4C. Atmospheric ppm are currently at 393 and are rising at a rate of about 2 ppm per year. In order to stabilize at 450 ppm, the developed world would need to reduce its emissions by 25-40% by 2020 and 80-90% by 2050 along with significant reductions in the emissions growth rate of developing countries 1. Only a handful of countries (all of them in Europe) have achieved any reduction in annual GHG emissions despite promises to do so going back to the 1997 Kyoto Protocol.2 As a result, there is no evidence on which to reasonably conclude that atmospheric GHGs will be stabilized at 450ppm.  1. IPCC (2007). ""IPCC Fourth Assessment Report: Climate Change 2007 (AR4)"". Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA.: Cambridge University Press.  2 The Guardian, World carbon dioxide emissions data by country: China speeds ahead of the rest. (31/1/11). 450 ppm, IPCC Fourth Assessment Report, AR4, greenhouse gas emissions, GHG stabilization, climate change, temperature rise, 2 degrees Celsius, 2.4C, emission reduction, developed world, developing countries, atmospheric CO2, annual GHG emissions, Kyoto Protocol, carbon dioxide, emission data, Europe, Cambridge University Press, The Guardian, CO2 emissions trend, 2020 targets, 2050 targets, global warming, climate targets, emission growth rate 450 ppm, IPCC Fourth Assessment Report, atmospheric GHG, greenhouse gas stabilization, global temperature rise, 2 degrees Celsius, emission reduction targets, developed world emissions, developing countries emissions, annual GHG emissions, Kyoto Protocol, climate change mitigation, CO2 concentration, AR4, carbon dioxide trends, emissions data, climate policy, carbon emission reduction, climate stabilization, international agreements, global warming limits 450 ppm, IPCC Fourth Assessment Report, atmospheric GHG emissions, greenhouse gases, temperature rise, 2 degrees Celsius, 2.4°C, emission stabilization, current ppm, rising rate, developed world emissions reduction, emissions target 2020, emissions target 2050, developing countries emissions, annual GHG reduction, Kyoto Protocol, Europe emissions reduction, climate change, carbon dioxide emissions, global warming, AR4, Cambridge University Press, The Guardian, world emissions data, China emissions, climate policy, mitigation targets 450 ppm, IPCC Fourth Assessment Report, atmospheric GHG emissions, greenhouse gases, temperature rise, 2 degrees Celsius, 2.4C, stabilization, developed world, emissions reduction, 25-40% by 2020, 80-90% by 2050, developing countries, emissions growth rate, Kyoto Protocol, annual GHG emissions, climate change, AR4, carbon dioxide, CO2, Cambridge University Press, global warming, environmental policy, emissions data, The Guardian, international agreements, mitigation targets 450 ppm, atmospheric GHG, greenhouse gas emissions, IPCC Fourth Assessment Report, AR4, stabilization, 2 degrees Celsius, 2.4C, climate change, emissions reduction, developed countries, developing countries, Kyoto Protocol, CO2 emissions, carbon emissions, global warming targets, 2020 emissions reduction, 2050 emissions reduction, atmosphere, annual GHG reductions, Europe, China, United States, climate policy, international agreements, climate targets, ppm per year, mitigation, climate science"
test-politics-cdfsaphgiap-pro03a	Transparency allows citizens to choose for a healthy leader as to ensure proper functioning  The health and fitness of a leader is a vital issue when choosing a leader; the electorate deserves to know if they are likely to serve out their term. When health conditions are hidden from the people they may mistakenly elect a leader who is unable to serve a full term or is at times not in control of the country. There would be little point in voting for a leader who will often not truely be in charge of the country, if voters are told it becomes their choice whether this is a problem. Transparency in terms of clear, accurate and up-to-date information is necessary for the electorate to judge the fitness of a leader which is a necessary precondition for election. In a democracy a leader needs to be accountable, he can only be accountable if the elctorate knows such vital information. transparency, citizen choice, healthy leader, leader fitness, electorate, leader health, public disclosure, leader accountability, health conditions, hidden health, election integrity, fitness information, voter decision, informed voting, leadership fitness, term completion, health transparency, democratic accountability transparency, leader health, electorate, fitness, disclosure, accountability, election, health information, democracy, voter decision, leadership capacity, term length, public information, fitness for office, candidate suitability, health records, leadership transparency, political accountability, voter rights, leader disclosure transparency, leader health, fitness, electorate, accountability, democratic process, health disclosure, leadership suitability, voter information, term duration, medical transparency, public trust, informed voting, election integrity, physical fitness, candidate health, leadership capacity, health records, democratic accountability, political transparency transparency, leader health, leader fitness, electorate, accountability, democracy, election, voter information, leader term, leadership eligibility, public disclosure, candidate health records, government transparency, informed voting, health status, leadership accountability, electoral process, leadership suitability, leader medical records, democratic governance transparency, leadership, health disclosure, electorate, leader fitness, voter decision, political accountability, health information, democracy, election integrity, public trust, candidate health, leadership suitability, term completion, informed choice, political transparency, public scrutiny, government accountability, voter rights, health transparency
test-science-ciidfaihwc-pro04a	As an extensive form of media, the Internet should be subject to regulation just as other forms of media are.  Under the status quo, states already regulate other forms of media that could be used malevolently. Newspapers and books are subject to censorship [1] , and mediums such as television, film and video receive a higher degree of regulation [2] because it is widely recognised that moving pictures and sound can be more emotive and powerful than text and photographs or illustrations. The internet has many means of portraying information and opinion, including film clips and sound, and almost all the information found on television or in newspapers can be found somewhere on the internet [3] , alongside the millions of uploads from internet users themselves [4] .  [1] Foerstel, Herbert N., ‘Banned in the Media’, Publishing Central,  on 09/09/11  [2] CityTVweb.com, ‘Television censorship’, 27 August 2007,  on 09/09/11.  [3] Online Newspapers Directory for the World, ‘Thousands of Newspapers Listed by Country & Region’,  on 09/09/11  [4] Boris, Cynthia, ’17 Percent of Photobucket Users Upload Video’s Once a Day’, Marketing Pilgrim, 9 September 2011,  on 09/09/11 Internet regulation, media censorship, internet censorship, media regulation, state regulation, newspapers censorship, books censorship, television regulation, film regulation, video regulation, emotive media, moving pictures, sound regulation, information dissemination, online media, user-generated content, freedom of expression, content control, censorship laws, digital media, mass media regulation, internet policy, comparative media, electronic media internet regulation, media regulation, censorship, internet censorship, state regulation, media comparison, newspapers, books, television, film, video, emotive media, information dissemination, digital media, online content, user-generated content, internet media, media power, online newspapers, media control, freedom of expression, publishing control, media oversight, internet policy, digital censorship, media law Internet regulation, media regulation, censorship, media comparison, internet censorship, state regulation, newspapers censorship, television regulation, film regulation, video regulation, emotive media, information dissemination, freedom of expression, online content control, user-generated content, internet media, digital media, regulation status quo, moving pictures regulation, sound regulation, media policy, media law, media power, media influence, content moderation internet regulation, media censorship, state regulation, online media, traditional media, newspapers, books, television, film, video, censorship laws, information dissemination, emotive media, regulatory frameworks, user-generated content, media power, sound and visuals, comparative regulation, media policy, freedom of expression, internet content, digital media, media ethics, content moderation, moving pictures, online opinion, public policy internet regulation, media regulation, censorship, state control, newspapers, books, television regulation, film regulation, video regulation, emotive media, multimedia, online content, user-generated content, information dissemination, freedom of expression, media comparison, government oversight, digital media, content moderation, censorship policies, moving pictures, sound regulation, publishing restrictions, online newspapers, user uploads, digital censorship
test-politics-oapghwliva-con02a	"The constitution should not be amended  We should always be cautious of altering the United States’ Constitution. Once an amendment is passed, it is extremely hard to overturn, even if its consequences are clearly negative (as the experience of constitutionally-mandated prohibition of alcohol should make clear). It would be both difficult and unnecessary. There are problems of wording and interpretation. The 1996 Act covered 22 pages and went into great detail to define the extent and limits of Presidential authority under the legislation, including the exact meanings of “single item of appropriation”, ''direct spending'' and ''limited tax benefit'', as well as the means by which Congress could override his decisions.1 It is hard to believe that a one-paragraph amendment to the Constitution could achieve such precision, opening the budgetary process up to confusion, shifting interpretation and constant legal challenge. It is also unnecessary. Supreme Court Justice Antonin Scalia argues ""The short of the matter is this: Had the Line Item Veto Act authorized the president to 'decline to spend' any item of spending ... there is not the slightest doubt that authorization would have been constitutional… What the Line Item Veto Act does instead -- authorizing the president to 'cancel' an item of spending -- is technically different.""2 Thus the act could simply have been worded differently in order to make it constitutional. This would not change the substance of the ability of the ‘veto’ to cut spending.  1 One hundred fourth Congress of the United States of America at the second session, “Line Item Veto Act”, 3/1/1996, The Library of Congress, accessed 6/5/11  2 Supreme Court Justice Scalia quoted in Michael Kirkland, ‘Under the U.S. Supreme Court: Like the South, will line item veto rise again?’, upi.com, 17/4/11 accessed 6/5/11  improve this  COUNTERPOINT  ""I do not take these matters lightly in amending the Constitution. However, I am convinced in this case it is the only way to provide the President with the same authority that 44 Governors already have to influence spending.""1It would in general be preferable to make such a change through normal legislation, but that was attempted in 1996 and found unconstitutional. Supreme Court Justice Stevens in his majority opinion for the Supreme Court argued that it was necessary for there to be an amendment to make it constitutional, ""If there is to be a new procedure in which the president will play a different role in determining the text of what may ""become a law"", such change must come not by legislation but through the amendment procedures set forth in Article V of the Constitution.""2  1 Item veto constitutional amendment hearing before the subcommittee on the constitution of the Committee on the Judiciary House of Representatives, 23/3/00, accessed 5/5/11  2 Clinton, President of the United States, et al. v. City of New York et al. No.97-1374, United States Supreme Court, 1998,accessed 5/5/11  improve this  APPENDIX United States Constitution, constitutional amendment, amending constitution, constitutional change, Line Item Veto Act, line item veto, presidential authority, separation of powers, Article V, legislative process, Supreme Court, constitutional interpretation, constitutional law, Scalia opinion, Stevens opinion, veto power, budgetary process, appropriation, direct spending, limited tax benefit, constitutional challenges, constitutional history, prohibition amendment, legislative wording, federal government, legal precedent, Congress override, constitutional rigidity, amendment process, state governors, presidential powers, legislative authority, constitutional debates, Clinton v. City of New York constitutional amendment, United States Constitution, amendment process, difficulty overturning amendments, prohibition, legal interpretation, wording problems, Line Item Veto Act, presidential authority, direct spending, limited tax benefit, congressional override, Supreme Court, Justice Scalia, veto power, separation of powers, legislation, constitutional challenges, Article V, Justice Stevens, Clinton v. City of New York, presidential spending authority, gubernatorial comparison, legislative limits, constitutionality, judicial review, lawmaking process, counterpoint, amendment necessity, budget process, legal precedent, constitutional law, government powers United States Constitution, constitutional amendment, constitutional change, amendment process, Line Item Veto Act, budgetary process, Supreme Court, judicial interpretation, legislative authority, presidential powers, appropriations, federal spending, Article V, legislative process, constitutional law, constitutional interpretation, historical precedent, prohibition amendment, reversibility, Justice Scalia, Justice Stevens, legislative wording, legal challenge, constitutional clarity, legislative precision, federal government, executive authority, checks and balances, constitutional procedure, governing structure, United States Congress, constitutional hearings, veto power, line item veto, state governors, presidential influence, appropriations bill, constitutional necessity, Supreme Court ruling, constitution, constitutional amendment, United States Constitution, amending constitution, constitutional change, Supreme Court, Line Item Veto, Line Item Veto Act, presidential authority, federal spending, legislative process, Article V, constitutional interpretation, constitutional wording, legal challenges, Supreme Court Justice Scalia, Supreme Court Justice Stevens, budgetary process, direct spending, limited tax benefit, Congress, veto power, executive authority, statutory limits, 1996 Act, legal precedent, prohibition, historical amendments, legislative alternatives, constitutionality, federal law, separation of powers, constitutional procedure, executive branch, spending authority, law interpretation, federal government, constitutional safeguards, constitutional amendment, United States Constitution, amendment process, constitutional change, Line Item Veto Act, presidential authority, budgetary process, constitutional interpretation, legal challenges, legislative precision, Supreme Court, Justice Scalia, Justice Stevens, Article V, constitutionality, federal spending, legislative process, constitutional law, veto power, government reform, prohibition precedent, political consequences, separation of powers, governance, judicial opinion, lawmaking, Congress, constitutionality of legislation, executive power, counterpoint argument, governor authority, constitutional procedure, public policy, legislative failure, precedent cases, amendment necessity, statutory language, historical examples"
test-religion-msgfhwbamec-con01a	It’s impossible to police such a law.  There is simply no feasible way of enforcing laws against arranged marriages, particularly as it is almost guaranteed that many communities will continue to practice them regardless. It will be impossible to tell whether a marriage has been started by arrangement if the community and the couple are unwilling to go to the police and most will be unwilling to report their own families when practicing a cultural tradition. Those who are deeply dissatisfied and beaten may do so but in this instance the law already allows divorce and abuse is punishable by the full force of the law.  Given that forced marriages have already been outlawed and that it has been established that arranged marriages in themselves cause few provable harms, the resources of any police force would arguably be wasted on enforcing such a law; investigations would be very intrusive and labour intensive.  Furthermore, given the continuation of practices like honour killings, [1] as well as rape and domestic violence, law enforcement personnel would be better placed targeting far more heinous crimes than arranged marriages. A tangible harm could arise from the police being made to direct their energies towards such minor misdemeanours, in that there could be fewer resources available for more serious crimes.  [1] ‘Europe Grapples with “Honour Killings,” DW.de -  (accessed 17 September 2012) arranged marriages, law enforcement, policing, enforcement challenges, cultural traditions, community reporting, forced marriages, legal feasibility, divorce, abuse, resource allocation, honour killings, domestic violence, rape, police resources, crime prioritization, legal harms, investigative intrusiveness, minor misdemeanours, criminal justice, social customs, cultural practices, legal system, community compliance arranged marriages, law enforcement, policing challenges, cultural traditions, community compliance, forced marriages, legal feasibility, law enforcement resources, honor killings, domestic violence, abuse, divorce law, crime prioritization, resource allocation, intrusive investigations, minor misdemeanors, cultural practices, crime reporting, enforcement difficulties, police resource diversion arranged marriages, law enforcement, policing difficulties, cultural practices, forced marriages, family reporting, community compliance, resource allocation, intrusive investigations, honour killings, domestic violence, rape, legal feasibility, provable harms, police resources, minor misdemeanours, serious crimes, divorce laws, abuse punishment, tradition versus law arranged marriages, law enforcement, policing challenges, cultural traditions, community practices, forced marriage laws, feasibility of enforcement, reporting barriers, family reluctance, police resources, abuse, divorce laws, honour killings, domestic violence, investigative intrusiveness, minor misdemeanours, allocation of police resources, serious crimes, provable harms, cultural sensitivity, legal limitations arranged marriages, enforcement challenges, law enforcement, cultural traditions, community practices, reporting barriers, police resources, forced marriages, legal feasibility, divorce laws, abuse laws, honour killings, domestic violence, rape, investigation costs, resource allocation, minor misdemeanours, serious crimes, police priorities, provable harms
test-international-gpsmhbsosb-pro02a	Georgian rule in South Ossetia is historically illegitimate and oppressive  Modern Georgia never really controlled S. Ossetia. South Ossetia declared independence from Georgia shortly after Georgia gained independence from the disintegrating USSR in 1991. South Ossetia has maintained de facto independence ever since. [1] Georgia, therefore, cannot really claim to have had sustained, legitimate sovereign control over South Ossetia in modern times. Even the USSR recognised S. Ossetia as distinct from Georgia, with the Kremlin stating in 1920 that “we consider that Ossetia should have the power it prefers. Georgian intrusion into affairs of Ossetia would be an unjustified intervention into foreign internal affairs”. [2] S. Ossetia was an autonomous region within the USSR. It was not considered part of the same region that is now Georgia, and thus during its years under the USSR, S. Ossetia built up a significant degree of autonomy and independence in its internal functioning. Therefore, Georgia's only real claim to South Ossetia must extend back nearly a century, before the time of the Soviet Union.  This significantly weakens Georgia's claim over South Ossetia, but moreover Georgia's historical claim on South Ossetia is quite weak even in isolation. This is because S. Ossetia has its own distinct language and history to that of Georgia. Ossetian or Ossetic is a member of the Northeastern Iranian branch of Indo-European languages. About 500,000 people speak Ossetian in Ossetia. [3] , [4] That Ossetia has this distinct language is an important fact in favour of its status as a nation-state and in favor of its independence. Georgia, however, has been accused of committing genocide against the South Ossetians in 1920, 1993, and 2008, with tens of thousands of S. Ossetians dying over the course of these conflicts. [5] The Georgian government has also attempted to suppress S. Ossetian culture and identity, for example banning the use of the Ossetian language in official documents and abolishing S. Ossetian autonomy within Georgia. [6] Georgian rule in S. Ossetia is therefore both ahistorical, due to S. Ossetia's long and recognised history of independence and cultural and linguistic distinctness, and illegitimate, as the Georgian government has waged war upon the very lives and identity of the S. Ossetian people.  [1] BBC News. “S Ossetia votes for independence”. BBC News. 13 November 2006.   [2] Bzarov, Ruslan. “Independence of the Republic of South Ossetia – a guarantee of safety and reliable future of the Ossetian people”. Speech of Doctor of historical sciences, Professor Ruslan Bzarov at the VI congress of the Ossetian people. September 2007.   [3] BBC News. “S Ossetia votes for independence”. BBC News. 13 November 2006.   [4] Omniglot. “Ossetian”. Omniglot.   [5] Portyakova, Natalya and Sysoyev, Gennady. “Measuring South Ossetia by Kosovo”. Kommersant. 15 November 2006.   [6] Makarkin, Alexei. “How is South Ossetia different from Kosovo?”. RIA Novosti. 9 March 2006. South Ossetia, Georgian rule, historical legitimacy, oppression, independence, USSR, Soviet Union, autonomous region, sovereignty, ethnic conflict, Ossetian language, cultural suppression, genocide, 1920, 1993, 2008, nation-state, ethnic identity, de facto independence, autonomy, Russian recognition, linguistic distinctness, Ossetian people, Georgian intervention, territorial dispute, Georgia–South Ossetia conflict, post-Soviet space, separatism, ethnic minorities, cultural rights, nationhood, state legitimacy, Ossetian genocide, ethnic violence, decolonization, international recognition, secession, ethnic Georgian rule, South Ossetia, historical illegitimacy, oppression, Georgian sovereignty, South Ossetian independence, post-Soviet states, USSR, Ossetian autonomy, de facto independence, Ossetian language, Northeastern Iranian languages, Ossetian history, genocide accusations, 1920, 1993, 2008 conflicts, cultural suppression, language bans, nation-state, ethnic identity, Ossetian culture, autonomy abolition, national identity, Soviet Union, territorial dispute, secession, international recognition, ethnic conflict, legitimacy of claims, historical sovereignty, linguistic distinctness, national independence, Osset South Ossetia, Georgian rule, historical legitimacy, oppression, de facto independence, sovereignty, USSR, Ossetian autonomy, Ossetian language, cultural suppression, genocide, ethnic conflict, nation-state status, Georgian-Ossetian relations, independence movement, 1991, ethnic identity, Soviet Union, recognition, modern Georgia, self-determination, Ossetian history, distinct language, Indo-European languages, Ossetian genocide, S. Ossetia independence, South Caucasus, regional autonomy, Ossetian culture, state legitimacy, international law, ethnic minority rights, Georgia-Ossetia war, human rights South Ossetia, Georgian rule, historical legitimacy, independence, USSR, Soviet Union, de facto independence, Georgian sovereignty, Ossetian language, Ossetian identity, Ossetian autonomy, Ossetian culture, genocide, conflict, ethnic violence, cultural suppression, language ban, South Ossetian nationhood, self-determination, international recognition, Russo-Georgian War, ethnic distinctness, autonomy abolition, Ossetian people, legitimacy, modern Georgia, statehood, irredentism, post-Soviet conflicts, national minorities, territorial disputes, ethnic nationalism, sovereignty disputes, historical claims, Ossetian South Ossetia, Georgian rule, historical legitimacy, oppression, de facto independence, USSR, Soviet Union, autonomy, Ossetian language, Indo-European languages, nation-state, independence movements, cultural suppression, genocide accusations, ethnic conflict, Ossetian identity, Georgian sovereignty, regional autonomy, Russo-Georgian relations, Ossetian history, Ossetian culture, 1991 independence, S. Ossetia-Georgia conflict, Ossetian genocide, Ossetian independence, post-Soviet states, ethnic minorities, self-determination, nationhood, language policy, Georgian-Ossetian war, territorial disputes
test-economy-epegiahsc-pro03a	Trade is good for democracy.  Venezuela’s Hugo Chavez has been making sustained efforts to boost his influence in Latin America, with regional tours and substantial investments in neighbouring economies, fuelled by Venezuela’s oil money [1] . He is staunchly anti-American and a supporter of Iran. Meanwhile, he has been restricting freedom of speech in his own country, has done away with presidential term limits, and has essentially proven himself as yet another Latin American dictator in the making. If the US hopes to counterbalance his influence, it needs to become more economically connected to Latin America. Showing that the United States is willing to trade fairly with Latin America would undermine his message. This would not only be the case for the United States as it would also allow Brazil and other successful democratic Latin American states to boost their influence.  [1] Carroll, Rory. “Chavez Opens His Wallet Wider to Boost Latin American Influence.” The Guardian. 9 August 2007. trade, democracy, Hugo Chavez, Venezuela, Latin America, regional influence, investments, oil money, anti-American, Iran, freedom of speech, presidential term limits, dictatorship, US foreign policy, economic connection, fair trade, Brazil, democratic states, US-Latin America relations, counterbalance, influence, Guardian, Rory Carroll trade, democracy, Hugo Chavez, Venezuela, Latin America, US foreign policy, regional influence, oil money, anti-American, Iran supporter, freedom of speech, presidential term limits, dictatorship, economic connections, fair trade, Brazilian diplomacy, democratic states, Latin American politics, US-Latin America relations, regional investment, counterbalance influence trade, democracy, Hugo Chavez, Venezuela, Latin America, US foreign policy, economic influence, oil investments, anti-American, Iran, freedom of speech, presidential term limits, dictatorship, regional power, Brazil, fair trade, US-Latin America relations, democratic states, economic connection, political influence, authoritarianism, regional stability, global trade, Latin American politics trade, democracy, Venezuela, Hugo Chavez, Latin America, US foreign policy, economic influence, regional tours, oil money, anti-American, Iran, freedom of speech, presidential term limits, dictatorship, US-Latin America relations, fair trade, Brazil, democratic states, economic connection, political influence, investment, regional politics, authoritarianism, media restriction, American diplomacy trade, democracy, Hugo Chavez, Venezuela, Latin America, US foreign policy, economic influence, oil money, anti-American, Iran, freedom of speech, presidential term limits, dictatorship, regional investments, United States, fair trade, Brazil, democratic states, political influence, Latin American politics, censorship, regional tours, international relations, US-Latin America relations, Chavez influence, democracy promotion, economic connectivity
test-law-ralhrilglv-con02a	Kenya needs the trial now  Without justice, there cannot be peace. Following the total failure of the Kenyan justice system to take action, exemplified by the Parliament’s complete and utter rejection of the Waki Commission, the ICC, which Kenya voluntarily signed up to, has to step in.  Ethnic violence still goes on in Kenya [1] , and if there is impunity in this case, no message will be sent out: justice must be done and seen to be done to prevent similar abuses and prevent justice being taken outside of the courts.  [1] Wachira, Muchemi, “Cattle raids and tribal rivalries to blame for perennial conflict”, Daily Nation, November 18 2012, Kenya, justice, ICC, Waki Commission, ethnic violence, impunity, Kenyan Parliament, international intervention, tribal conflict, court justice, accountability, peace, human rights, post-election violence, legal reform, criminal justice, Daily Nation, Muchemi Wachira, conflict prevention, cattle raids, ethnic rivalry, international law, rule of law, prosecution, transitional justice Kenya, ICC, justice, peace, Waki Commission, ethnic violence, impunity, Kenyan justice system, tribal conflict, Parliament rejection, international intervention, Daily Nation, Muchemi Wachira, cattle raids, accountability, human rights, ethnic conflict, court intervention, post-election violence, legal failure, conflict resolution Kenya, ICC, justice, peace, Waki Commission, ethnic violence, impunity, Parliament, failure, accountability, human rights, trial, court, post-election violence, tribal conflict, Wachira Muchemi, Daily Nation, November 2012, international law, prosecution, crimes against humanity, legal system, reform, conflict prevention, justice system, reconciliation Kenya, ICC, justice, peace, Waki Commission, ethnic violence, impunity, Parliament rejection, Kenyan justice system, international intervention, human rights, court trials, post-election violence, law enforcement, tribal conflict, accountability, Daily Nation, Muchemi Wachira, cattle raids, conflict prevention Kenya, ICC, justice, peace, Waki Commission, ethnic violence, impunity, Kenyan Parliament, accountability, tribal conflict, ethnic conflict, Daily Nation, Muchemi Wachira, cattle raids, court intervention, international law, post-election violence, legal reform, crime prevention, human rights
test-economy-eptpghdtre-con01a	Republicans are the best at stimulating economic growth  The tax cuts proposed by President Bush and passed by a Republican Congress ensured that real, after-tax income was up 15% by 2006. The Dow Jones hit record Highs during his time in office.  These tax cuts were responsible for the creation of 6.6 million jobs, primarily in the private sector – real jobs producing real goods and providing real services not tax-payer funded sinecures to mask the reality of the economic situation. [i]  [i] The White House, “Fact Sheet: Job Creation Continues – More than 6.6 Million Jobs Created Since August 2003”, 6 October 2006, Republicans, economic growth, tax cuts, President Bush, Republican Congress, after-tax income, 2006, Dow Jones, record highs, job creation, 6.6 million jobs, private sector, economic policy, White House, 2003-2006, real income, employment statistics, Bush administration, US economy, fiscal policy Republicans, economic growth, tax cuts, President Bush, Republican Congress, after-tax income, 2006, Dow Jones, job creation, private sector, real jobs, economic policy, Bush administration, 6.6 million jobs, economic stimulus, White House, Fact Sheet, 2003-2006, supply-side economics, United States, economic statistics Republicans, economic growth, tax cuts, President Bush, Republican Congress, after-tax income, Dow Jones, job creation, private sector, economic indicators, 2006, Bush administration, GDP growth, White House, 6.6 million jobs, economic policy, employment, stock market, fiscal policy, economic performance Republicans, economic growth, tax cuts, President Bush, Republican Congress, after-tax income, 2006, Dow Jones, record highs, job creation, private sector, White House, Fact Sheet, 6.6 million jobs, 2003-2006, economic policy, real income, economic stimulus, employment, US economy Republicans, economic growth, tax cuts, President Bush, Republican Congress, after-tax income, Dow Jones, record highs, job creation, 6.6 million jobs, private sector, economic policy, Bush administration, real income, U.S. economy, fiscal policy, government statistics, White House, 2006, employment growth
test-international-apwhbaucmip-con04a	No mechanism to prevent crises and war exists  Within countries it is the state that ensures that conflict does not occur: the state has a monopoly on the use of force so ensures law and order. There is no such hierarchy between states. African nations, as with most other states in the world, believe in the sovereign right of states to manage their own affairs. In the same document as there is a pledge to end war “respect for the sovereignty and territorial integrity of each of its [AU’s] Member States” is reaffirmed. [1] While states are considered sovereign there is no possible way to create a mechanism to ensure that conflicts do not happen. The AU cannot dictate to its members to ensure they avoid internal conflicts even if the AU knows a conflict is coming as those members are the stakeholders. [2] All that the AU can do is react to ongoing conflicts when it is already spilling out of control and encourage good practice.  [1] African Union, 2013, p.1  [2] Williams, 2011, p.9 state sovereignty, conflict prevention, African Union, AU, monopoly on force, international relations, law and order, crisis management, interstate hierarchy, conflict resolution, internal conflict, non-intervention, territorial integrity, international mechanism, member states, peacekeeping, diplomacy, supranational authority, intervention limitations, state autonomy state sovereignty, African Union, conflict prevention, international relations, use of force, law and order, war prevention, state monopoly, member states, non-interference, internal conflict, AU intervention, territorial integrity, crisis management, supranational authority, conflict resolution, stakeholder states, inter-state hierarchy, peacekeeping, international organization limits state sovereignty, conflict prevention, monopoly on force, law and order, international hierarchy, African Union, AU, interstate relations, crisis management, non-intervention, territorial integrity, internal conflict, AU limitations, member states, collective security, peacekeeping, crisis response, international law, supranational authority, sovereignty principle sovereignty, African Union, conflict prevention, state monopoly on force, law and order, international relations, intra-state conflict, state sovereignty, territorial integrity, crisis management, non-interference, international hierarchy, AU intervention, conflict response, member state autonomy, peace enforcement, supranational authority, state-centric system, war prevention, reactionary measures, internal conflict, AU limitations sovereignty, state monopoly on force, conflict prevention, international hierarchy, African Union, AU, interstate relations, war, crisis mechanisms, territorial integrity, non-interference, member states, conflict management, international law, peacekeeping, supranational authority, state autonomy, security governance, collective security, intervention limits, regional organizations, African politics, peace enforcement, institutional constraints, national sovereignty
test-education-pteuhwfphe-con02a	Alternative- and more efficient- methods of funding universities are available  There are a number of viable alternatives to a graduate tax as a means of paying for Higher Education: Full state funding operates in many EU countries as part of an extensive and popular welfare state paid for out of general taxation; the value the state clearly places upon Higher Education has made it a common aspiration across all social classes. Other countries make individual students pay for all or most of the cost of their university education, which is widely seen as an investment in increased future earning potential. In the USA this has produced very high levels of enrollment and broad access to higher education as motivated students readily work to pay their way through college. Most also take out commercial loans, which are later paid off once the student is in employment; unlike a graduate tax these repayments are not open-ended and will one day be completed. The cost of educating a student to degree level varies widely both between and within countries, showing clear room for efficiency savings to be made in many institutions, perhaps through some focusing solely upon teaching rather than research, or by academic specialization. alternative funding, university financing, higher education, funding methods, graduate tax alternatives, state funding, general taxation, EU countries, welfare state, student-paid tuition, investment in education, future earning potential, USA enrollment, broad access, student loans, commercial loans, loan repayment, financing efficiency, cost variation, teaching-focused institutions, academic specialization, research vs teaching, efficiency savings, higher education policy, university costs, social class access, educational investment, student debt alternative funding, efficient funding, university funding, higher education, graduate tax alternatives, full state funding, EU welfare state, general taxation, individual student payment, future earning potential, US enrollment, commercial student loans, university cost variation, efficiency savings, teaching-focused institutions, academic specialization, research vs teaching, university finance, higher education policy, student investment, funding models alternative funding methods, university funding, higher education financing, graduate tax alternatives, full state funding, EU higher education, welfare state, general taxation, student-paid education, tuition fees, student investment, future earning potential, US higher education, enrollment rates, commercial student loans, loan repayment, efficiency savings, education costs, institutional efficiency, teaching vs research, academic specialization, funding models, university budgets, financial sustainability, education policy alternative funding methods, university funding, higher education finance, graduate tax alternatives, full state funding, EU higher education, general taxation, welfare state, student self-funding, commercial student loans, tuition payment models, student investment, US college enrollment, repayment models, cost variation in education, efficiency savings, teaching-focused institutions, academic specialization, research vs. teaching, university cost efficiency, international education funding alternative funding methods, university funding, higher education finance, graduate tax alternatives, full state funding, EU welfare state, general taxation, student-paid tuition, education investment, future earnings, US enrollment, commercial student loans, loan repayment, education cost variation, institutional efficiency, teaching specialization, academic specialization, research vs teaching, higher education access, funding models, efficiency savings
test-digital-freedoms-dfiphbgs-pro03a	Governments can re-define industry standards by choosing open source software.  Economists use the term ‘network effect’ to describe the phenomenon whereby, as several people use the same communication platform (be it a specific device, such as a telephone, or a complicated service, such as Facebook), it becomes more valuable for others to use because they can share and collaborate on work with a wider range of individuals.  Network effects explain why Microsoft’s monopoly of around 90% of the desktop market with its Windows and Office software has been so hard to challenge [i] .  Governments are one of the few organisations which can define industry standards because citizens and businesses increasingly have to interact with governments electronically. Brazil’s Digital Inclusion Program, for example, has selected open source software for 58 government units rather than Windows or Microsoft Office [ii] . The result is that businesses and Brazilian citizens can use the same open source software at home, knowing they will be able to interact with their government. As open source software is often either free or cheaper than closed source alternatives, this approach enables local authorities, private businesses and individual citizens to interact more easily with the state, removing many of the obstacles and objections to the wider adoption of information technology.  [i] Lie, Hakon Wium. “Microsoft’s forgotten monopoly.” CNET News. 19 June 2006.  [ii] Fried, Ina. “Brazil: Digital inclusion, but how?” CNET News. 27 August 2008. government adoption, open source software, industry standards, network effect, digital inclusion, Microsoft monopoly, software interoperability, public sector IT, Brazil case study, cost efficiency, electronic government, digital government, citizen engagement, business-government interaction, technology standards, Windows alternatives, Office alternatives, information technology adoption, CNET News, software policy, public procurement government, industry standards, open source software, network effect, Microsoft monopoly, Windows, Office, digital inclusion, Brazil, government IT policy, interoperability, electronic government, public sector technology, software adoption, open standards, cost savings, barriers to adoption, citizen interaction, business interaction, information technology policy, proprietary software, software market, standardization, public administration, digital services, platform effects government, industry standards, open source software, network effects, economists, communication platforms, technology adoption, Microsoft monopoly, Windows, Office, digital inclusion, Brazil, public sector, interoperability, electronic interaction, software selection, cost savings, IT adoption, local authorities, businesses, citizens, digital government, standardization, CNET News, Hakon Wium Lie, Ina Fried government, industry standards, open source software, network effect, communication platforms, Microsoft, Windows, Office, software monopoly, digital inclusion, Brazil, public sector IT, interoperability, cost savings, standardization, adoption barriers, electronic government, IT policy, public procurement, collaboration, technology adoption, digital government, citizen engagement, closed source alternatives, public administration, CNET references governments, industry standards, open source software, network effect, communication platforms, software adoption, Microsoft monopoly, Windows, Office, electronic government interaction, digital inclusion, Brazil, public sector IT, software standards, business-government collaboration, interoperability, cost savings, barriers to IT adoption, information technology, public policy, open source benefits
test-international-gsciidffe-con03a	This policy is not necessary and may be counterproductive  Unless a state wishes to pull the plug on the internet entirely state censorship on the internet is never complete. Dissidents and those who are interested in getting around censorship will manage with or without help from other governments, they will use privately developed software, or proxies to get around censors and protect themselves. Having help from foreign governments to bypass censorship may even put the people this policy is trying to empower in an even worse position. The use of software that is meant to undermine censorship helps to prove that the dissident’s intent is hostile towards the government and the state’s policies – otherwise they would not need to software, and would not resort to using methods developed by foreign countries. Russia is increasingly cracking down on those who have contact or receive help from ‘foreign agents’ particularly foreign NGOs, such a policy could be as easily applied to online help as financial aid. [1]  [1] Earle, Jonathan, “Hundreds of NGOs Checked for Foreign Agents, Extremism”, The Moscow Times, 19 March 2013, internet censorship, state censorship, bypass censorship, dissidents, proxies, circumvention tools, foreign governments, NGO crackdown, Russia, hostile intent, government opposition, online surveillance, privacy software, internet freedom, foreign agents, policy effectiveness, counterproductive policy, state control, internet policy, software circumvention internet censorship, state censorship, counterproductive policy, bypass censorship, dissidents, foreign government help, privately developed software, censorship circumvention, proxies, online security, government crackdown, foreign agents, Russia censorship, NGO restrictions, hostile intent, state surveillance, digital repression, internet freedom, software circumvention, online dissidence, digital resistance internet censorship, state censorship, bypass censorship, dissidents, circumvention tools, proxies, foreign governments, software, online repression, hostile intent, government crackdown, Russia, foreign agents, NGOs, surveillance, digital resistance, Moscow Times, internet policy, online security, state control, civil liberties, cyber policy internet censorship, state censorship, policy necessity, counterproductive policy, dissidents, bypass censorship, censorship circumvention, proxies, software, foreign government assistance, online surveillance, hostile intent, government crackdown, foreign agents, NGOs, Russia censorship, internet freedom, repression, digital rights, internet policy internet censorship, state censorship, policy effectiveness, counterproductive policy, circumvention tools, dissidents, proxies, privately developed software, foreign government assistance, government crackdown, foreign agents, online bypass, NGO crackdown, Russia internet policy, digital repression, internet freedom, hostile intent, state surveillance, internet policy, Moscow Times
test-international-sepiahbaaw-con03a	Natural resources create employment  The extraction of natural resources creates the possibility of job creation which can strengthen African economies. Both domestic and foreign firms require man power for their operations, and they will often draw from the local labour force. Employment ensures a better standard of living for the workers and injects money in to the home economy leading to greater regional economic stability. In Nigeria, for example, the company Shell hires 6000 employees and contractors, with 90% being Nigerian and at higher wages than the GDP per capita [1] . This would indicate that the presence of natural resources is economically strengthening Africa.  [1] Shell Nigeria ‘Shell at a glance’ date accessed 16 December 2013 natural resources, employment, job creation, African economies, extraction, foreign firms, domestic firms, local labor force, standard of living, economic stability, Nigeria, Shell, wages, GDP per capita, economic impact, resource extraction, regional development, workforce, economic growth, labor market, Africa, income improvement natural resources, employment creation, job opportunities, African economies, local labour force, economic stability, standard of living, economic growth, resource extraction, foreign investment, domestic firms, Nigeria, Shell, wages, GDP per capita, economic development, regional stability, natural resource impact, manpower, income injection, resource-driven employment natural resources, employment, job creation, African economies, extraction, domestic firms, foreign firms, local labor force, standard of living, economic stability, Nigeria, Shell, wages, GDP per capita, regional development, economic impact, manpower, economic growth, labor market, resource extraction, African employment, economic strengthening, multinational companies, income injection, workforce, economic benefits natural resources, employment creation, job opportunities, African economies, extraction industry, labor force, domestic firms, foreign firms, economic stability, standard of living, local employment, regional development, Shell Nigeria, wages, GDP per capita, economic impact, resource extraction, local hiring, workforce, economic growth, Nigeria, multinational companies, natural resource benefits natural resources, employment, job creation, African economies, extraction, domestic firms, foreign firms, local labor force, standard of living, economic stability, Nigeria, Shell, wages, GDP per capita, regional development, manpower, economic growth, resource extraction, indigenous employment, economic impact, Africa
test-education-pteuhwfphe-con03a	A graduate tax would reduce teh autonomy of universities  If a graduate tax were introduced the money would go to the national treasury which would result in universities competing for the same money as colleges. At the moment the money generated from tuition fees goes straight to where it should go, straight to the universities bank accounts who provide the education. Under graduate tax proposals from the UK’s National Union of Students, raised revenue from the tax would go into a centralized higher education fund which could be distributed by the government through various means which could result in some universities getting unfair levels of funding relative to both their standing and student bodies. (Barr, N. 2009) This is impractical for universities to plan investments as they will never be entirely sure what funding they will have and furthermore and for many arguably most importantly universities will ultimately lose their independence from the state. graduate tax, university autonomy, funding distribution, national treasury, tuition fees, centralized higher education fund, government allocation, university independence, financial planning, university funding, UK National Union of Students, higher education finance, educational investment, state control, resource competition, university budget, unfair funding, Barr 2009 graduate tax, university autonomy, centralized funding, national treasury, tuition fees, higher education funding, university independence, government distribution, funding uncertainty, UK National Union of Students, university competition, investment planning, state control, higher education policy, funding fairness, Barr 2009 graduate tax, university autonomy, national treasury, tuition fees, funding allocation, centralized higher education fund, government distribution, university funding, colleges competition, NUS proposals, higher education finance, university independence, state control, investment planning, funding uncertainty, UK universities, Barr 2009 graduate tax, university autonomy, tuition fees, funding distribution, national treasury, higher education fund, government allocation, university independence, centralized funding, funding uncertainty, UK, National Union of Students, Barr 2009, investment planning, university funding competition, state control, college funding, unfair funding, student bodies, education finance graduate tax, university autonomy, higher education funding, national treasury, tuition fees, centralized fund, government distribution, university independence, funding uncertainty, investment planning, university competition, NUS proposals, funding fairness, funding allocation, Barr 2009, loss of independence, state control, UK higher education
test-international-segiahbarr-con04a	War and Civil unrest disrupt development and economic growth  Another major barrier to economic development in Africa is the regional instability caused by the 23 wars and episodes of civil unrest. War is naturally a costly affair; the 2001 conflict between Ethiopia and Eritrea cost the former $2.9 billion with extensive damage to its economic and social infrastructure. A BBC report noted that extra funding had to be diverted away from development in order to meet the rising demands of the war [1] . What makes Africa’s situation far worse is the tendency of many armed groups to become bandits rather than armies with political objectives [2] . The inclination for these armed groups to forsake any ideal of governing in favour of banditry and rape makes them harder to negotiate as ‘legitimate grievances in these failed or failing African states deteriorate into rapacious, profit-orientated bloodshed’ [3] . The constant disruption to the lives of civilians in these 23 wars has led to poor levels of human development, which has further destabilised the region.  [1] Bhalla, ‘War ‘devastated’ Ethiopian economy’, 2001  [2] Gettleman, ‘Africa’s Forever Wars’, 2010  [3] Gettleman, ‘Africa’s Forever Wars’, 2010 war, civil unrest, economic growth, development, Africa, regional instability, conflict, Ethiopia, Eritrea, economic infrastructure, social infrastructure, funding diversion, armed groups, banditry, failed states, political objectives, civilian disruption, human development, destabilization, profit-oriented violence, BBC report, Africa’s Forever Wars, resource allocation, economic cost, instability effects war, civil unrest, economic development, economic growth, Africa, regional instability, social infrastructure, conflicts, Ethiopia, Eritrea, armed groups, banditry, failed states, human development, civilian disruption, funding diversion, instability, political objectives, profit-oriented violence, destabilization, BBC report, Gettleman, Africa’s Forever Wars war, civil unrest, economic development, economic growth, Africa, regional instability, conflict, Ethiopia, Eritrea, infrastructure damage, development funding, armed groups, banditry, failed states, human development, destabilization, civilian disruption, political violence, BBC report, Africa’s Forever Wars, resource diversion, social impact war, civil unrest, economic development, economic growth, Africa, regional instability, infrastructure damage, Ethiopia, Eritrea, armed groups, banditry, failed states, human development, conflict cost, resource diversion, instability, social infrastructure, civilian disruption, regional destabilization, political objectives, profit-motivated violence war, civil unrest, economic development, economic growth, Africa, regional instability, armed conflict, infrastructure damage, Ethiopia-Eritrea conflict, development funding, banditry, armed groups, failed states, human development, social instability, civilian disruption, political instability, resource diversion, sub-Saharan Africa, conflict impact, economic cost, violence, insecurity, social consequences, Africa’s wars
test-philosophy-pppthbtcb-con01a	Harm to others is never legitimate  Even in cases of suppression and deprivation of human rights, it is not justified to harm others outside the law. Considering acts of terror, there are three possible targets: civilians, political, military or other powerful authorities and their representatives, and structures such as (government) buildings, cars etc. without any causalities. In the case of the first, it is illegitimate to kill innocent civilians because not only have these people not contributed to the terrorists' marginalization, which means that hurting them will not undo the cause of harm, but this also perpetuates the harm that was the cause for violence in the first place. In the case of the second target, the attack on authorities responsible for the marginalization might be removed in some cases (if there is one), but it more often results in backlash where supporters of the authorities act against the insurgents, resulting in more harm. This happened with the Kurdish revolt against the Turkish authorities, which led to a guerilla war with over 30.000 causalities. [1] Thirdly, attacking the infrastructure of a country means disabling the population for accessing their basic capacities such as accessing healthcare by destroying roads or hospitals. Regarding the fact that the population is innocent in the crimes of the government, this is unnecessary and harmful for the whole population.  [1] Washington Post. (1999). Who Are the Kurds? Retrieved August 3, 2011, from Washington Post: harm to others, legitimacy, suppression, deprivation of human rights, justified harm, legal boundaries, terrorism, terror acts, targets, civilians, political authorities, military authorities, powerful authorities, government representatives, structures, government buildings, property damage, casualties, civilian deaths, legitimacy of violence, innocent civilians, marginalization, terrorist motivation, perpetuation of harm, retaliation, backlash, insurgency, Kurdish revolt, Turkish authorities, guerrilla war, casualties, infrastructure attacks, healthcare disruption, population impact, collective punishment, innocence, government crimes, unnecessary harm, ethical justification, moral legitimacy, terrorism ethics, human rights violations, targeted violence harm to others, legitimacy, human rights, suppression, deprivation, law, terrorism, civilian casualties, political targets, military targets, authority figures, government representatives, infrastructure attacks, ethical justification, violence, marginalization, retaliation, backlash, Kurdish revolt, Turkish authorities, guerilla war, insurgency, innocent civilians, moral responsibility, consequences of violence, population impact, healthcare disruption, collateral damage, Washington Post, counterterrorism, political violence, civilian protection, terrorism ethics, non-combatant immunity, infrastructure damage harm, legitimacy, human rights, law, terrorism, terror acts, targets, civilians, political authorities, military authorities, powerful authorities, infrastructure, government buildings, non-combatants, causalities, innocent victims, suppression, deprivation, justification, marginalization, violence, insurgency, backlash, retribution, Kurdish revolt, Turkish authorities, guerilla war, consequences, civilian harm, infrastructure attacks, basic capacities, healthcare access, collective punishment, population innocence harm to others, legitimacy, human rights, justified violence, law, acts of terror, targets of terrorism, civilians, political authorities, military authorities, powerful authorities, government representatives, infrastructure attack, structural targets, casualties, killing civilians, innocence, marginalization, causes of violence, authority backlash, insurgency, Kurdish revolt, Turkish authorities, guerilla war, casualties in conflict, population impact, healthcare disruption, access to basic services, harm to innocents, unnecessary harm, Washington Post, Kurdish conflict, terrorism ethics, justification of violence, collateral damage, targeting infrastructure, noncombatant immunities harm to others, legitimacy, human rights, law, terrorism, civilian casualties, innocent civilians, political targets, military targets, powerful authorities, government representatives, infrastructure attacks, civilian harm, backlash, insurgency, Kurdish revolt, Turkish authorities, guerilla war, infrastructure destruction, healthcare access, population harm, government crimes, ethical justification, moral justification, terrorism consequences
test-politics-lghwdecm-con02a	Directly elected mayors provide opportunities for populists.  The position of elected mayor is likely to attract populist and maverick candidates, who will seek to capitalise on the unpopularity of party politics with “single issue sloganising, glib promises and headline grabbing” (Ken Walker, Labour leader of Middlesbrough council). [1] A good example is Paul Massey, who has had 25 convictions in the past and yet is running to be Mayor of Salford and could even have a chance of winning. [2] In office such candidates are likely to alienate elected councillors and other crucial local partners, to disappoint voters as their promises run up against the actual limitations of their power, and to neglect many aspects of local government in favour of their own pet issue. This danger is even greater if a far-right candidate were to exploit local concerns about immigration and asylum-seekers to inflame racial tensions. Again Lutfur Rahman of Tower Hamlets is a good example of how this could happen, he has links to a Muslim extremist group, and only needed a mere 23,000 votes, 13% of the electorate because there was such low turnout. [3]  [1] Hetherington, Peter, ‘Vote for US-style mayors exposes deep Labour rifts’, The Guardian, 20 October 2001.  [2] Gilligan, Andrew, ;The town hall dictator taking over near you’, The Telegraph, 22 April 2012.  [3] ibid directly elected mayors, populism, populist candidates, maverick candidates, party politics, single issue politics, headline grabbing, Paul Massey, criminal background, Mayor of Salford, local government, councillor alienation, broken promises, limitations of power, local policy, far-right candidates, immigration, asylum seekers, racial tensions, Lutfur Rahman, Tower Hamlets, Muslim extremist links, low voter turnout, electoral risks, local elections, political outsiders, single issue campaigns, political slogans, democracy, council relations directly elected mayors, populism, populist candidates, maverick candidates, single issue politics, party politics, sloganising, glib promises, headline grabbing, Paul Massey, mayoral elections, criminal background, Salford mayor, alienated councillors, local government, broken promises, power limitations, far-right candidates, immigration, asylum seekers, racial tensions, Lutfur Rahman, Tower Hamlets, low voter turnout, Muslim extremist links, local concerns, voter alienation, Peter Hetherington, Andrew Gilligan, UK local politics directly elected mayors, populism, populist candidates, maverick candidates, party politics, single issue politics, glib promises, headline grabbing, Paul Massey, mayoral elections, local government, councillor relations, voter disappointment, political power limitations, pet issues, far-right candidates, immigration, asylum-seekers, racial tensions, Lutfur Rahman, Tower Hamlets, Muslim extremist group, low voter turnout, electoral dynamics, UK local politics, mayoral populism, political outsiders directly elected mayors, populism, populist candidates, maverick politicians, single issue politics, party politics unpopularity, political outsider, headline grabbing, Paul Massey, criminal background, mayoral elections, voter alienation, council relations, political promises, power limitations, local government neglect, pet issues, far-right candidates, immigration concerns, racial tensions, Lutfur Rahman, Tower Hamlets, Muslim extremist links, low voter turnout, electoral turnout, case studies, UK local politics, anti-establishment candidates, political polarization, demagoguery, labour party, political extremism, media coverage, populist directly elected mayors, populism, populist candidates, maverick candidates, party politics, single issue politics, sloganising, glib promises, headline grabbing, Paul Massey, criminal record, mayoral elections, Salford, alienation of councillors, local government, pet issues, far-right, immigration, asylum seekers, racial tensions, Lutfur Rahman, Tower Hamlets, extremist links, low voter turnout, electoral dynamics, local democracy, Labour party, UK local politics, media coverage, public trust, political promises, political outsiders
test-economy-bepahbtsnrt-pro04a	Tourism causes pollution  The tourism industry in Tunisia results in notable damage to the environment. Without sustainability, economic growth will only last in the short term. This is especially pertinent for tourism, where environmental beauty is of particular importance. From the construction of infrastructure and travel, to the general waste produced, tourism is problematic in the sense that it can often cause pollution; which in turn damages the country’s reputation1. Most tourists to the region are from Europe, although there are an increasing number of Russians which means travel becomes a major source of pollution. A return journey via plane from London to Tunis creates around 310 kg of CO2 (standard passenger jets create around 0.17kg of CO2 per km) 2. This is disproportionately damaging compared to other vehicles, but is the most practical way of reaching Tunisia. Other impacts such as overuse of water, land degradation and littering can all cause problems as well3.  1) United Nations Environment Programme ‘Environmental Impacts’ data accessed 28 January 2014  2) BBC, ‘Pollution warning on holiday flights’, 1 May 2000  3) United Nations Environment Programme ‘Tourism’s Three Main Impact Areas’ data accessed 28 January 2014 tourism, pollution, Tunisia, environment, sustainability, economic growth, environmental beauty, infrastructure construction, travel, waste, environmental damage, country reputation, European tourists, Russian tourists, air travel, CO2 emissions, passenger jets, environmental impact, overuse of water, land degradation, littering, United Nations Environment Programme, BBC, holiday flights, tourism impact, transport pollution tourism, pollution, Tunisia, environmental damage, sustainability, economic growth, infrastructure construction, travel emissions, waste production, reputation, European tourists, Russian tourists, air travel, CO2 emissions, passenger jets, environmental impact, water overuse, land degradation, littering, UNEP, United Nations Environment Programme, BBC, holiday flights, impact areas, tourism industry, practical transportation, environmental beauty, short-term growth, environmental reputation tourism, pollution, Tunisia, environmental impact, sustainability, economic growth, infrastructure, waste, reputation, European tourists, Russian tourists, travel pollution, CO2 emissions, air travel, London to Tunis, carbon footprint, jet emissions, water overuse, land degradation, littering, United Nations Environment Programme, holiday flights, tourism industry, environmental damage tourism, pollution, environmental impact, Tunisia, sustainability, economic growth, infrastructure, waste, country reputation, European tourists, Russian tourists, air travel, CO2 emissions, carbon footprint, flights, environmental damage, water overuse, land degradation, littering, United Nations Environment Programme, tourism industry, environmental sustainability, pollution sources, travel emissions, tourist impact, BBC, environmental consequences, tourist behavior, pollution solutions tourism, pollution, Tunisia, environment, sustainability, economic growth, infrastructure, waste, environmental damage, country reputation, European tourists, Russian tourists, travel, CO2 emissions, air travel, environmental impact, water overuse, land degradation, littering, UNEP, BBC, holiday flights, environmental beauty, sustainable tourism, tourist impact, short-term growth, vehicle pollution, environmental sustainability
test-law-sdiflhrdffe-con04a	Democracies should be wary of meddling in the internal affairs of other countries  Authoritarian countries tend to guard their sovereignty jealously and will not take kindly to what they would consider to be interference in their internal affairs. In many cases this is exactly what the government offering an amnesty would be doing. Should foreign countries really be deciding that the justice system of a country was wrong in this or that case so amnesty should be provided? Where there are legal proceedings against a blogger that end up with the blogger being sent to jail those outside the country may think the sentences unjust but as countries that publically support the rule of law they should accept the result. It may well be the case that sometimes the judicial system has been used to persecute a blogger but it is difficult to see why an outside power with little interest in the case should believe they have the right to provide an alternative verdict through an amnesty. Where a country disapproves of the treatment of an individual this should be done by negotiating with the government in question and providing any alternative evidence they have. Cuba for example has released dissidents before as a result of negotiations with outside actors; the release 80 dissidents for the visit by Pope John Paul II in 1998 being merely the most successful example. [1]  [1] Human Rights Watch, “Cuba: Release of Dissidents Still Leaves Scores in Prison”, 8 July 2012, democracies, internal affairs, authoritarian countries, sovereignty, interference, amnesty, justice system, legal proceedings, blogger, imprisonment, rule of law, judicial persecution, foreign intervention, alternative verdict, negotiation, government relations, dissident release, Cuba, Pope John Paul II, Human Rights Watch, diplomatic pressure, human rights, international relations, legal sovereignty, external influence democracies, meddling, internal affairs, sovereignty, authoritarian countries, interference, amnesty, justice system, legal proceedings, bloggers, imprisonment, rule of law, judicial system, persecution, foreign intervention, alternative verdict, negotiation, government, dissidents, human rights, Cuba, release of prisoners, international relations, external influence, diplomatic pressure, case studies, Human Rights Watch, Pope John Paul II, dissident release democracy, authoritarianism, sovereignty, internal affairs, foreign intervention, amnesty, justice system, blogger persecution, rule of law, judicial proceedings, international relations, dissident release, negotiation, Cuba, dissidents, human rights, external influence, legal interference, diplomatic engagement, political prisoners democracy, authoritarianism, sovereignty, foreign intervention, internal affairs, amnesty, justice system, legal proceedings, judicial independence, blogger persecution, rule of law, outside influence, negotiation, dissident release, Cuba, human rights, dissidents, alternative evidence, diplomatic negotiations, international relations democracy, authoritarianism, sovereignty, non-interference, internal affairs, amnesty, justice system, foreign intervention, rule of law, judicial proceedings, blogger persecution, alternative verdict, diplomatic negotiation, dissident release, Cuba, human rights, international relations, legal sovereignty, external influence, political prisoners, state sovereignty
test-health-dhghhbampt-con01a	A huge number of fully accepted medical practices started being seen as something a bit off the wall, it’s wrong to deny sick people access to a treatment that may be mainstream in 20 years  There is a fine line between what is considered alternative and what is thought of as mainstream. Techniques do move across that line and when they do so, they are seen as mainstream. However, this process of reform, refinement and acceptance takes time.  In the meantime it is simply unfair to deny treatment to patients who want it because the medical establishment is beholden to a conservative academic orthodoxy and drug and treatment providers with vested interests in ensuring that particular cures and techniques will continue to be purchased and utilised. medical practices, alternative medicine, mainstream medicine, treatment access, patient rights, medical establishment, academic orthodoxy, vested interests, healthcare reform, treatment acceptance, medical innovation, mainstream adoption, evidence-based medicine, conservative medicine, patient advocacy, medical progress, drug providers, healthcare barriers, medical orthodoxy, medical techniques medical practices, alternative medicine, mainstream medicine, treatment access, medical establishment, patient rights, medical innovation, therapy acceptance, conservative orthodoxy, medical reform, vested interests, healthcare ethics, treatment denial, medical progress, drug providers, therapy adoption, medical advancement, healthcare barriers, medical history, medical policy medical practices, alternative medicine, mainstream medicine, treatment access, medical orthodoxy, patient rights, conservative medicine, medical innovation, vested interests, drug providers, treatment approval, medical reform, healthcare barriers, medical establishment, acceptance process, emerging treatments, patient advocacy, medical techniques, healthcare innovation, mainstream acceptance medical practices, alternative medicine, mainstream medicine, treatment access, medical establishment, academic orthodoxy, vested interests, medical innovation, patient rights, reform process, medical acceptance, new treatments, healthcare barriers, medical conservatism, drug providers, technique adoption, medical progress alternative medicine, mainstream medicine, medical practices, treatment access, medical establishment, patient rights, medical innovation, healthcare reform, medical orthodoxy, vested interests, medical acceptance, conventional medicine, alternative therapies, medical advancement, treatment barriers, medical history, drug providers, healthcare policy, medical adoption, new treatments
test-society-tlhrilsfhwr-con03a	Universal rights and collective compromises  Cultural relativism is the philosophical belief that all cultures and cultural beliefs are of equal value and that right and wrong are relative and dependant on cultural contexts. Accordingly, relativists hold that universal human rights cannot exist, as there are no truly universal human values. If rights are relative, the laws that protect them must also be relative.  If we accept proposition’s contention that culturally relative values can evolve in response to conflicts and crises, then any perverse or destructive behaviour given the force of ritual and regularity by a group’s conduct can be taken to be relative. If the group believes that a practice is right, if it ties into that group’s conception of what is just and good or beneficial to their survival, then there can be no counter argument against it – whether that practice has been continuous for a hundred years or a hundred days.  Systems of law, however, reflect the opinions, practices and values of everyone within a state’s territory, no matter how plural its population may be. Similarly, objections to specific aspects of the universal human rights doctrine are fragmentary, not collective. While a handful of communities in Yemen may object to a ban on the use of child soldiers, many more throughout the world would find this a sensible and morally valuable principle. It is necessary for both the international community and individual nation states to adjust their laws to reconcile the competing demands of plural value systems. Occasionally, a value common among a majority of cultures must overrule the objections of the minority.  It is perverse to give charismatic leaders who convince impoverished communities to send their sons and daughters into combat an opportunity to use cultural relativism to excuse their culpability for what would otherwise be a war crime. Officers, politicians or dissident commanders are much more likely than Yemeni tribesmen or orphaned Sudanese boys to understand the intricacies of such a defence, and much more likely to abuse it. The commanders of child soldiers are the only class of individuals who should fear the ICC. universal rights, collective compromises, cultural relativism, human rights, universal values, relative rights, legal relativism, cultural context, group conduct, ritual behavior, law systems, state values, pluralism, minority objections, majority values, international law, child soldiers, Yemen, war crimes, ICC, moral principles, ethical pluralism, cultural practices, law adjustment, value systems, human rights doctrine, community values, abuse of relativism, legal accountability, cultural diversity, justice, survival, moral relativism, customary law universal rights, collective compromises, cultural relativism, moral relativism, human rights, universal values, legal pluralism, group conduct, cultural practices, law, pluralism, state sovereignty, international law, value systems, human rights doctrine, minority rights, majority rule, global ethics, cultural conflict, ritual behavior, moral justification, child soldiers, war crimes, ICC, cultural defense, ethical relativism, cultural diversity, legal systems, moral philosophy, justice universal rights, collective compromises, cultural relativism, universal human rights, cultural context, moral relativism, human values, legal relativism, law systems, pluralism, majority rule, minority rights, international community, nation states, value systems, moral principles, war crimes, child soldiers, Yemen, cultural objections, community values, legal reconciliation, charismatic leaders, ICC, cultural pluralism, abuse of relativism, war accountability, moral defense, international law, human rights doctrine universal rights, collective compromises, cultural relativism, human rights, moral relativism, cultural context, universal values, legal pluralism, law relativity, plural value systems, cultural practices, ethical diversity, international law, majority vs minority values, moral universality, cultural exceptions, human rights doctrine, ban on child soldiers, war crimes, International Criminal Court, group conduct, ethical evolution, rituals, moral conflict, legal adjustments, cultural objections, collective morality, charismatic leaders, culpability, child soldiers, Yemen, Sudan, legal responsibility universal rights, collective compromises, cultural relativism, human rights, moral relativism, universal values, legal pluralism, law and culture, cultural practices, group ethics, ritual conduct, moral universality, human rights doctrine, minority objections, legal systems, value pluralism, international law, nation states, child soldiers, Yemen, war crimes, ICC, cultural norms, cultural conflict, ethical relativism, majority rule, community values, legal reconciliation, charismatic leaders, culpability, war crime defense
test-law-hrilpgwhwr-con05a	The ICC fails to prevent atrocities.  The ICC will not deter the commission of war crimes or genocide. The Third Reich augmented the crimes of the Holocaust when it became clear that the Allies would defeat them in Europe. The only expectation of the Nazi leadership was immediate execution, rather than trial in a judicial forum. Similarly, Slobodan Milosevic and the Bosnian Serb army conducted a campaign of ethnic cleansing in Kosovo whilst the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia (ICTY) was sitting in the Hague. The calculation of whether to commit gross human rights violations is not that of the reasonable and rational individual. The existence of a court, however well intentioned, will have no effect on the commission of these crimes. ICC, deterrence, war crimes, genocide, Holocaust, Third Reich, Nazi leadership, Allied victory, judicial forum, immediate execution, Slobodan Milosevic, Bosnian Serb army, ethnic cleansing, Kosovo, ICTY, The Hague, human rights violations, international courts, effectiveness, criminal calculation, judicial deterrence, atrocity prevention, criminal tribunals ICC, deterrence, war crimes, genocide, Holocaust, Third Reich, Nazi leadership, atrocities, Allied victory, judicial forum, execution, Slobodan Milosevic, Bosnian Serb army, ethnic cleansing, Kosovo, ICTY, Hague, human rights violations, tribunal, rational actor, court effectiveness, international criminal justice, failure to prevent, crime commission, intention, gross violations ICC, atrocity prevention, war crimes deterrence, genocide, Holocaust, Third Reich, Nazi leadership, judicial forum, Nuremberg trials, Slobodan Milosevic, Bosnian Serb army, ethnic cleansing, Kosovo, ICTY, Hague, international criminal tribunals, gross human rights violations, court effectiveness, rational actor theory, criminal accountability, deterrence failure ICC, deterrence, war crimes, genocide, Holocaust, Third Reich, Nazi leadership, Allied victory, immediate execution, judicial forum, Slobodan Milosevic, Bosnian Serb army, ethnic cleansing, Kosovo, International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia, ICTY, The Hague, human rights violations, effectiveness, international courts, accountability, crimes against humanity, tribunal, prosecution, crime prevention, limitations, judicial deterrence ICC, International Criminal Court, deterrence, atrocities, war crimes, genocide, Holocaust, Third Reich, Nazis, Allied defeat, judicial forum, execution, Milosevic, Bosnian Serb army, ethnic cleansing, Kosovo, ICTY, International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia, The Hague, gross human rights violations, effectiveness, criminal accountability, judicial impact, deterrent effect, limitations, rational actor, court efficacy
test-science-ciidfaihwc-pro03a	Even sites that appeared innocent have had a devastating effect on society.  Some governments, such as the Vietnamese government [1] , have already seen sufficient cause to ban social networking sites such as Facebook. Recently in the UK, many major cities witnessed devastation and destruction as social networking sites were used to co-ordinate wide-scale riots which rampaged over London, Manchester, Birmingham, Worcestershire, Gloucester, Croydon, Bristol, Liverpool and Nottingham [2] . Rioters contacted each other through Facebook and blackberry instant messenger to ensure that they could cause maximum damage [3] , which resulted in the destruction of property [4] , physical violence towards others [5] , and even the deaths of three young men [6] . These events prove that seemingly innocent Internet sites can be used by anybody, even apparently normal citizens, to a devastating effect which has caused harm to thousands [7] . To protect the population and maintain order, it is essential that the government is able to act to censor sites that can be used as a forum and a tool for this kind of behaviour when such disruption is occurring.  [1] AsiaNews.it, ‘Internet censorship tightening in Vietnam’, 22 June 2010,  09/09/11  [2] BBC News, ‘England Riots’, 8 February 2012,  on 09/09/11  [3] BBC News, ‘England riots: Two jailed for using Facebook to incite disorder’, 16 August 2011,  on 09/09/11  [4] Hawkes, Alex, Garside, Juliette and Kollewe, Julia, ‘UK riots could cost taxpayer £100m’, guardian.co.uk, 9 August 2011,  on 09/09/11.  [5] Allen, Emily, ‘We will use water cannons on them: At last Cameron orders police to come down hard on the looters (some aged as young as NINE)’, Mail Online, 11 August 2011,  on 09/09/11.  [6] Orr, James, ‘Birmingham riots: three men killed ‘protecting homes’’, The Telegraph, 10 August 2011,  on 09/09/11.  [7] Huffington Post, ‘UK Riots: What Long-Term Effects Could They Have?’, 10 August 2011,  on 09/09/11. social networking sites, internet censorship, Facebook ban, government regulation, Vietnam, UK riots, social media coordination, riots, Blackberry messenger, public disorder, destruction of property, physical violence, deaths, public safety, government intervention, London riots, Manchester riots, Birmingham riots, social media harm, online incitement, censorship justification, digital communication, disaster response, riot communication, social media dangers, censorship policy, internet harm, maintaining order, law enforcement, public protection social networking sites, Facebook, internet censorship, government bans, Vietnam, UK riots, London, Manchester, Birmingham, Croydon, Bristol, Liverpool, Nottingham, Worcestershire, Gloucester, riot coordination, Blackberry Messenger, destruction of property, physical violence, deaths, misuse of technology, online forums, social media regulation, online incitement, public order, government intervention, information control, media impact, youth riots, law enforcement, digital communication, mass mobilization, civil unrest, riot aftermath, censorship justification, security measures, instant messaging, online harm, social impact, emergency response, population protection social networking sites, Facebook, internet censorship, government ban, Vietnam, UK riots, London riots, Manchester riots, Birmingham riots, Croydon, Liverpool, Bristol, Nottingham, Worcestershire, Gloucester, riot coordination, Blackberry Messenger, destruction of property, physical violence, deaths, social media abuse, public order, government censorship, incitement, digital harm, mass communication, societal impact, online forums, riot damage, public safety, freedom of expression, internet regulation, law enforcement, online behavior, media influence, information control, policy response social networking, Facebook ban, government censorship, Internet censorship, society impact, UK riots, riot coordination, London riots, Birmingham riots, Manchester riots, property destruction, social media violence, Blackberry Messenger, public disorder, Vietnam censorship, online incitement, civil unrest, law enforcement, youth violence, deaths from riots, social media harm, digital communication, government intervention, riot aftermath, urban unrest, communication technology abuse social networking, Facebook, internet censorship, Vietnam, UK riots, London riots, Manchester, Birmingham, social media coordination, blackberry instant messenger, government censorship, property destruction, physical violence, fatalities, online incitement, disorder, social media harm, civic unrest, banning sites, public safety, internet regulation, online forums, population protection, riot communication, online coordination, Facebook ban, government intervention, urban unrest, crime via social media
test-international-epdlhfcefp-con03a	"There have been tests on the EU's ability to create a common foreign policy that it has failed.  The War in Iraq, along with previous notable failures to deal with the breakup of former Yugoslavia, has been an excellent test for the extent to which the EU can claim to have a common approach to world politics and foreign policy in particular. It has clearly pointed out a whole range of diverse and often opposed national interests, and national publics that were unwilling to make compromises along EU lines of commitment. It has also showed that the economic power of the EU is not enough to turn it into a major player on the international scene: the lack in military power and presence speaks for itself. The EU still lies very much under the umbrella of NATO and US military power and as long as this military dependency continues, the EU will not be able to have its own independent voice in world politics. 1  1.  ""> EU foreign policy, European Union, common foreign policy, Iraq War, Yugoslavia breakup, national interests, EU unity, international relations, military dependence, NATO, US military power, EU economic power, international scene, military power, major global player, EU world politics, foreign policy failures, national public opinion, commitment, military presence, independence, EU-NATO relations, EU-US relations, security policy, external relations EU foreign policy, common foreign policy, EU failures, War in Iraq, Yugoslavia breakup, European Union, world politics, national interests, EU unity, military dependency, NATO, US military power, international relations, economic power, military power, EU independence, foreign policy integration, EU global role, EU external relations, security policy EU foreign policy, EU common foreign policy, Iraq War, EU failures, Yugoslavia breakup, EU national interests, EU international role, EU military power, EU economic power, NATO dependency, US military influence, EU global influence, EU world politics, EU security policy, EU independence, European Union external relations, EU defense policy, EU unity, EU commitment, EU decision-making EU foreign policy, EU common foreign policy, EU failures, War in Iraq, breakup of Yugoslavia, EU international relations, EU national interests, EU military power, EU economic power, EU NATO dependency, EU US relationship, EU world politics, EU external action, EU international role, EU security policy, EU diplomatic policy, EU global influence, EU military dependence, EU independence, EU external challenges EU foreign policy, common foreign policy, Iraq War, Yugoslavia breakup, EU international relations, national interests, EU unity, EU world politics, EU failures, EU military power, NATO dependency, US military power, EU economic power, EU independent voice, European security policy, EU diplomacy, member state divisions, EU crisis response, international influence, military dependency"
test-environment-chbwtlgcc-pro04a	"Consequences of increased GHGs  Increased GHGs in the atmosphere have numerous significant consequences:  -glaciers, ice sheets, and perma frost will continue to melt. This will increase water levels, release more GHGs (methane, which is twenty times more powerful as a greenhouse gas than CO2 and CO2), and reflect less heat back into the atmosphere exacerbating climate change1.  -the oceans (which are a natural carbon sink) are becoming increasingly acidic which will significantly damage ecosystems such as coral reefs. Additionally, changes in the chemistry of the ocean could affect the amount of CO2 it can absorb and process annually.  -there will be increasing incidents of extreme weather such as hurricanes, floods, and record high/low temperatures. Extreme weather can destroy ecosystems that capture CO2 such as forests and peat bogs leading to less natural CO2 absorption.  These events will accelerate climate change making it more difficult for humans to reduce GHG ppms to a sustainable level. Once average temperatures are above 2.5C, events will be triggered that will be irreversible and it will take 1000s of years of lower GHG emissions for the earth to return to normal 2.  1. Connor, Steve, 'Exclusive: The methane time bomb', The Independent, 23rd September 2008,  2. Wikipedia, ""Climate Change Feedback"". Retrieved 2011-08-08. greenhouse gases, GHG increase, climate change consequences, glacier melt, ice sheet melting, permafrost thaw, sea level rise, methane release, carbon dioxide, methane potency, heat reflection, albedo effect, ocean acidification, carbon sink, coral reef damage, ocean chemistry, CO2 absorption, extreme weather, hurricanes, floods, temperature extremes, ecosystem destruction, forest loss, peat bog loss, natural CO2 absorption, climate acceleration, climate irreversibility, 2.5C threshold, positive feedback loops, long-term recovery, climate feedback, methane time bomb, Connor Steve, climate change feedback, Wikipedia greenhouse gases, GHGs, atmospheric concentration, glaciers melting, ice sheets, permafrost thaw, sea level rise, methane emissions, carbon dioxide, heat reflection, climate change, ocean acidification, carbon sinks, coral reefs, ocean chemistry, CO2 absorption, extreme weather, hurricanes, floods, temperature extremes, ecosystem destruction, peat bogs, forest loss, natural CO2 absorption, climate acceleration, feedback loops, irreversible events, temperature rise, 2.5C threshold, long-term recovery, methane time bomb, climate change feedback greenhouse gases, GHGs, consequences, climate change, glacier melt, ice sheets, permafrost thaw, sea level rise, methane release, CO2 emissions, heat reflection, ocean acidification, carbon sinks, coral reefs, marine ecosystems, ocean chemistry, CO2 absorption, extreme weather, hurricanes, floods, temperature extremes, ecosystem destruction, forest loss, peat bogs, CO2 capture, climate feedback loops, irreversible change, temperature thresholds, sustainable GHG levels, positive feedback, climate tipping points, methane time bomb, long-term recovery increased greenhouse gases, GHG consequences, glacier melting, ice sheets, permafrost thaw, rising sea levels, methane release, CO2 emissions, climate change acceleration, reduced albedo effect, ocean acidification, carbon sinks, coral reef damage, ocean chemistry changes, CO2 absorption, extreme weather events, hurricanes, floods, temperature records, ecosystem destruction, forest loss, peat bogs, feedback loops, irreversible climate change, temperature thresholds, climate tipping points, long-term recovery, climate change feedback, methane time bomb, environmental consequences increased greenhouse gases, GHG consequences, glacier melt, ice sheet melting, permafrost thaw, sea level rise, methane release, CO2 emissions, heat reflection, climate change acceleration, ocean acidification, carbon sinks, coral reef damage, ocean chemistry, CO2 absorption, extreme weather, hurricanes, floods, temperature extremes, ecosystem destruction, forest loss, peat bogs, natural carbon capture, irreversible climate change, temperature threshold, feedback loops, methane time bomb, climate change feedback, long-term recovery, Steve Connor, Wikipedia"
test-international-gpsmhbsosb-pro03a	South Ossetian independence will help prevent future conflict  The status quo in the region is one of militarized clashes and tensions. It is important to recognize that South Ossetia has been de facto independent for some time. If it does not achieve independence, the proposed alternative is that it re-integrate into Georgia. Yet, of South Ossetians have made it clear that they will not accept this. The only possible course of action, therefore, would be to force over 100,000 South Ossetians to live under the tyranny of the majority of the Georgian state. This would not only be a clear violation of self-determination and basic democratic principles, but it would also risk a protracted war or insurgency in S. Ossetia against any re-assertion of Georgian authority. S. Ossetia and Georgia have been battling each other for over a century. Georgia has been accused of ethnic cleansing there, and of launching a 'war of aggression' which killed a large number of S. Ossetian civilians in 2008. [1] This war, as the culmination of Georgian aggression against S. Osstia, has made finally made any sort of reconciliation between the two impossible, and hardened S. Ossetian desires for independence. Keeping S. Ossetia within Georgia will simply prolong this ethic struggle, which has demonstrated itself to be irreconcilable in the foreseeable future. This conflict could easily draw in other powers (such as Russia) and cause a wider war once again. Granting S. Ossetian independence, therefore, would help avoid future conflicts and their awful humanitarian consequences.  [1] Walker, Shaun. “South Ossetia: Russian, Georgian...independent?”. Open Democracy. 15 November 2006. South Ossetia, independence, conflict prevention, militarized clashes, regional tensions, de facto independence, re-integration, Georgia, self-determination, democratic principles, protracted war, insurgency, ethnic struggle, ethnic cleansing, war of aggression, 2008 war, humanitarian consequences, Russian involvement, reconciliation, sovereignty, separatism, ethnic conflict, international intervention, security, political status, national identity, Caucasus region, peace, ethnic minorities, territorial dispute South Ossetian independence, conflict prevention, South Ossetia, Georgia, self-determination, ethnic conflict, militarized clashes, status quo, separatism, de facto independence, reintegration, humanitarian consequences, ethnic cleansing, 2008 war, Georgian aggression, protracted war, insurgency, regional stability, Russia, reconciliation, political autonomy, minority rights, secession, territorial dispute, ethnic struggle, international intervention South Ossetia, independence, conflict prevention, militarized clashes, regional tensions, de facto independence, reintegration, Georgia, self-determination, democratic principles, ethnic conflict, war, insurgency, ethnic cleansing, Georgian aggression, 2008 war, humanitarian consequences, reconciliation, Russia, wider war, international intervention, separatism, Ossetian civilians, power struggle, ethnic struggle, state sovereignty. South Ossetia, independence, conflict prevention, militarized clashes, tensions, de facto independence, re-integration, Georgia, self-determination, democratic principles, insurgency, ethnic cleansing, war of aggression, 2008 war, reconciliation, ethnic struggle, Russia, humanitarian consequences, regional security, sovereignty, minority rights, international intervention, separatism, peace process, historical conflict, Georgian aggression. South Ossetia, independence, conflict prevention, Georgia, self-determination, de facto independence, militarized tensions, ethnic conflict, re-integration, majority tyranny, humanitarian consequences, 2008 war, ethnic cleansing, Georgian aggression, insurgency, reconciliation impossibility, regional stability, Russia involvement, democratic principles, secession, international recognition
test-politics-oapghwliva-con01a	"A President would be able to abuse the power given to them in a line-item veto authority, leveraging it into undue influence over other elements of the legislative process. By threatening to veto items dear to particular Congressmen, they could obtain assent to bills, treaties and appointments that otherwise would not be forthcoming. Such intimidation would be subtle and hard to prove, but it would erode checks on the executive and fundamentally alter the balance of power within the constitution. This means that budgets are politicised even more than is currently the case. When the line item veto was previously used by Clinton republicans such as Rick Santorum argued that every decision ""has political overtones, but that's fine, it comes with the territory,"" Senator Ted Stevens went further ""We're dealing with a raw abuse of political power by a president who doesn't have to run again"".1  1 Hugliotta, Guy and Pianin, Eric, 'Line-Item Veto Tips Traditional Balance of Power', Washington Post, 24/10/97,accessed 5/5/11 line-item veto, presidential power, abuse of power, legislative process, undue influence, veto threats, congressional assent, bills, treaties, appointments, political intimidation, executive checks, balance of power, constitution, politicized budgets, Bill Clinton, Rick Santorum, Ted Stevens, political overtones, raw abuse, Washington Post, line-item veto history, executive-legislative relations line-item veto, presidential power, abuse of power, undue influence, legislative process, veto threats, congressional assent, bills, treaties, appointments, executive checks, balance of power, constitution, politicisation of budgets, Bill Clinton, Republican opposition, Rick Santorum, Ted Stevens, Washington Post, separation of powers, executive-legislative relations, intimidation, political overtones, raw political power, historical context, government accountability, constitutional erosion line-item veto, presidential power, abuse of power, legislative process, undue influence, veto threats, congressional influence, executive authority, checks and balances, constitutional balance, politicized budgets, Clinton, Rick Santorum, Ted Stevens, Senate, power dynamics, bill assent, treaty approval, appointment leverage, executive-legislative relations, Washington Post, historical context, 1997, raw political power, presidential intimidation line-item veto, presidential power, abuse of power, legislative process, undue influence, veto threats, congressional assent, executive checks, balance of power, constitutional balance, budget politicization, Clinton, Rick Santorum, Ted Stevens, political overtones, executive-legislative relations, raw abuse, Washington Post, presidential authority, bill approval, treaty approval, appointment approval line-item veto, presidential power, abuse of authority, legislative process, undue influence, congressional intimidation, veto threat, executive-legislative relations, constitutional balance, checks and balances, politicization of budgets, Bill Clinton, Rick Santorum, Ted Stevens, political overtones, raw abuse of power, Washington Post, separation of powers, treaties assent, appointments influence, balance of power erosion"
test-law-ralhrilglv-con03a	Kenya would be better off without them  Kenya does not need or want government by those who hand out illegal title deeds [1] and threaten the freedom of the press [2] as Kenyatta’s government does.  In addition to that, the allegations that the president used a banned occult gang, the Mungiki, in order to perform acts of mass murder is enough to end his credibility as a leader in the country – the best interests of good governance in Kenya mean that Kenyatta should go.  [1] Chanji, Tobias, “Raila Odinga says title deeds issued by President Uhuru Kenyatta illegal”, Standard Digital, November 25th 2013,   [2] Shiundu, Alphonce, “President retains punitive fines against media in new law”, Standard Digital, November 27th 2013, Kenya, Uhuru Kenyatta, illegal title deeds, freedom of the press, media freedom, government corruption, Mungiki, occult gang, mass murder, governance, leadership credibility, Raila Odinga, Standard Digital, punitive fines, press threats, banned groups, political scandals, land issues, good governance, Kenyan politics Kenya, Uhuru Kenyatta, illegal title deeds, media freedom, press freedom, government corruption, Mungiki, mass murder allegations, banned occult gang, good governance, leadership credibility, Raila Odinga, Standard Digital, land issues, punitive fines, freedom of the press, Kenyan politics, government misconduct, political accountability, media law Kenya Kenya, Uhuru Kenyatta, government, illegal title deeds, press freedom, media repression, Mungiki, occult gang, mass murder, leadership credibility, good governance, Raila Odinga, Standard Digital, punitive fines, media law, allegations, political criticism, governance crisis, corruption, human rights, election controversy, land issues, freedom of expression Kenya, Uhuru Kenyatta, illegal title deeds, freedom of the press, media freedom, government corruption, Mungiki, mass murder allegations, good governance, Raila Odinga, Standard Digital, political leadership, governance crisis, press suppression, land issues, banned groups, credibility, punitive fines, political scandal, Kenyan politics Kenya, Kenyatta, government, illegal title deeds, press freedom, media censorship, Mungiki, mass murder, credibility, good governance, Raila Odinga, banned gang, political corruption, Standard Digital, punitive fines, presidential allegations, Uhuru Kenyatta, media law, occult, leadership crisis, title deed controversy, anti-democracy, human rights, press threats
test-politics-cdmaggpdgdf-pro05a	Transparency prevents public relations disasters  Transparency is necessary to avoid public relations disasters; particularly in countries where the media has some freedom to investigate for themselves. It is clearly the best policy for the military to make sure all the information is released along with the reasons behind actions rather than having the media finding individual pieces of a whole and speculating to fill the gaps.  A good example would be a collision on 16th January 1966 between a B-52 bomber and a KC-135 tanker while attempting to refuel that destroyed both planes. Accidents happen, and this one cost 11 lives, but could have been much worse as the B-52 had four nuclear bombs on board were not armed and did not detonate. In this case an initial lack of information rapidly turned into a public relations disaster that was stemmed by much more openness by the military and the US Ambassador in Spain. The release of the information reduces the room for the press to fill in the gaps with harmful speculation. [1] In this case there was never much chance of national security implications or a break with Spain as the country was ruled by the dictator Franco, someone who would hardly pay attention to public opinion. But in a democracy a slow and closed response could seriously damage relations.  [1] Stiles, David, ‘A Fusion Bomb over Andalucia: U.S. Information Policy and the 1966 Palomares Incident’, Journal of War Studies, Vol.8, No.1, Winter 2006, pp.49-67, p.65 transparency, public relations disasters, media freedom, military information policy, information release, speculation, B-52 collision, KC-135 tanker, nuclear bombs, Palomares Incident, accident response, openness, press relations, Spain, US Ambassador, national security, democracy, dictator Franco, harmful speculation, crisis management, public opinion, information disclosure transparency, public relations, media freedom, military information, crisis communication, information release, speculation prevention, B-52 collision, KC-135 tanker, nuclear accident, Palomares incident, Spain 1966, US military, press management, openness, accident response, national security, US-Spain relations, democratic accountability, information policy, journal war studies transparency, public relations, media freedom, military policy, information release, crisis communication, accident investigation, B-52 collision, KC-135 tanker, nuclear bombs, Palomares Incident, openness, harmful speculation, Spain, Franco dictatorship, democracy, national security, press relations, information policy, US Ambassador, public opinion, incident management transparency, public relations, disasters, military, media freedom, information release, speculation, B-52 bomber, KC-135 tanker, 1966 collision, nuclear bombs, openness, US Ambassador, Spain, press, national security, democracy, Palomares incident, information policy, crisis communication, accident, media relations transparency, public relations disasters, media freedom, military communication, information release, speculation, B-52 accident, KC-135 collision, nuclear bombs, Palomares incident, US-Spain relations, crisis management, openness, national security, democratic accountability, information policy, press speculation, public opinion, emergency response, transparency benefits, accident reporting
test-international-apwhbaucmip-con03a	Gains may be reversed; events can’t be foreseen  Africa still has many fragile states. The Institute of Strategic Studies Africa identified 26 ‘fragile’ states (meaning they have weak governance, conflict and violence, inequality and poverty) including DR Congo and Ethiopia and forecasts that there will still be 11 fragile states by 2050. [1] This rather implies that war will not be ended by 2050, let alone 2020.  Even in countries that are considered stable events can quickly spiral into conflict. Mali was considered to be democratic and reasonably stable before a coup in 2012: there were multiparty elections in 1992, it held regular elections that passed international inspections, its first president Konaré willingly stood down, there was comparatively good freedom of speech and media. [2] Yet after a coup in 2012 it went downhill to the point of requiring intervention by French troops in early 2013.  [1] Cilliers, Jakkie, and Sick, Timothy D., ‘Prospects for Africa’s 26 fragile countries’, ISS Africa, p.7,   [2] Whitehouse, Bruce, ‘What went wrong in Mali?’, London Review of Books, Vol.34, No.16, 20 August 2012,  , p.17 fragile states, Africa, weak governance, conflict, violence, inequality, poverty, DR Congo, Ethiopia, Institute of Strategic Studies Africa, war, stability, Mali, coup 2012, democracy, intervention, French troops, state fragility, instability, multiparty elections, governance challenges, political crises, ISS Africa, peace prospects, sub-Saharan Africa, governance failure, post-conflict, Bruce Whitehouse, Mali crisis, vulnerable countries, political instability Africa, fragile states, weak governance, conflict, violence, inequality, poverty, DR Congo, Ethiopia, instability, war, coup, Mali, democratic stability, French intervention, ISS Africa, Jakkie Cilliers, Bruce Whitehouse, multiparty elections, freedom of speech, media, 2012 coup, governance failure, state fragility, long-term forecast, African conflicts, civil unrest, 2050 predictions fragile states, Africa, weak governance, conflict, violence, inequality, poverty, DR Congo, Ethiopia, Institute of Strategic Studies Africa, 2050, war, instability, state failure, Mali, coup, democracy, French intervention, multiparty elections, freedom of speech, governance crisis, ISS Africa, Bruce Whitehouse, London Review of Books, African politics, political instability, state fragility, security, future forecasts fragile states, Africa, weak governance, conflict, violence, inequality, poverty, DR Congo, Ethiopia, ISS Africa, forecasts, instability, war, 2050, Mali, democratic transition, coup, 2012, French intervention, political instability, multiparty elections, freedom of speech, media freedom, Jakkie Cilliers, Timothy D. Sick, Bruce Whitehouse, London Review of Books, state fragility, intervention, sustainable peace, failed states fragile states, Africa, weak governance, conflict, violence, inequality, poverty, DR Congo, Ethiopia, ISS Africa, state fragility, Mali coup, 2012, political instability, democracy, war projections, future forecasts, French intervention, governance challenges, state failure, multiparty elections, freedom of speech, regime change, sub-Saharan Africa, Jakkie Cilliers, Bruce Whitehouse, security, instability, failed states, London Review of Books, ISS Africa report, democratic backsliding
test-education-pteuhwfphe-con01a	Setting up a graduate tax system would be damagingly expensive  A graduate tax would be a very expensive scheme to put into effect, as it would require high levels of government spending on student grants before the first graduates began to repay anything through taxation. If all the 2011 English applications for university we’re accepted at the new top price of £9,000 it would cost the Government in the first year just over £3 million, and this figure does not take into account all the other grants universities receive and as time goes on and more years enter the system the figure will grow greatly. (Guardian, 2011.) It is likely then to be two decades of investment or more before the system begins properly to pay for itself. Furthermore a costly increase in government bureaucracy would be necessitated by the need to keep track of so many graduates and by the complications the system introduces to the general taxation system. With many Governments taking up austerity measures it is simply impractical to setup a new funding system which is not needed. graduate tax, expensive implementation, government spending, student grants, university funding, England 2011, tuition fees, £9,000, higher education costs, long-term investment, bureaucratic costs, administrative complexity, taxation system, austerity measures, financial impracticality, government budget, university applications, return on investment, public finance, higher education reform graduate tax, expensive, government spending, student grants, university fees, £9,000, higher education funding, administrative costs, bureaucracy, tax system complications, austerity measures, government investment, funding system, policy implementation, financial viability, delayed returns, education policy, public expenditure, graduate repayment, Guardian 2011 graduate tax, higher education funding, government spending, student grants, university applications, tuition fees, £9,000 tuition, implementation costs, public investment, system expenses, government bureaucracy, tax system complications, austerity measures, education policy, funding impracticalities, long-term costs, financial sustainability, student loan alternatives, university grants, public sector expenditure graduate tax system, government spending, student grants, university funding, graduate repayment, taxation, administrative costs, government bureaucracy, higher education funding, cost analysis, delayed returns, investment period, austerity measures, funding system, educational policy, university tuition fees, public expenditure, financial sustainability, implementation costs, university grants, taxation complications, higher education, government investment, economic impact, policy analysis graduate tax system, implementation cost, government spending, student grants, higher education funding, £9,000 tuition fees, university costs, financial burden, delayed repayment, long-term investment, graduate repayment, government bureaucracy, administration costs, taxation complications, austerity measures, funding impracticality, public investment, higher education policy, Guardian 2011, funding challenges
test-economy-bepiehbesa-pro04a	It doesn’t serve its purpose (subsidies to larger farmers)  The CAP as originally proposed was aimed to support small, local, family farmers which have difficulties with sustaining their business in competitive environment. The conference in Stresa in 1958 that helped define CAP’s objectives stated “Given the importance of family structures in European agriculture… all means should be taken in order to strengthen the economic and competitive capacity of the family enterprise.” [1] However, the current model of CAP gives direct payments to farmers according to area of their farms. That means that the major recipients of CAP are actually the biggest players in agricultural industry. According to Economist, 80 % of the subsidies go to 20 % of the richest farmers. [2] Therefore, the money is spent to support large companies and wealthy landowners who could easily compete in EU market even without such abhorrent support from EU taxpayers.  [1] Knudsen, Ann-Christina, ‘Romanticising Europe? Rural Images in European Union Policies’, Kontur, no.12, 2005,  p.52  [2] The Economist, ‘Europe’s farm follies’, 8 December 2005, CAP, Common Agricultural Policy, subsidies, large farmers, small farmers, family farms, agricultural policy, EU agriculture, direct payments, area-based payments, subsidy distribution, agricultural competition, rural support, Stresa conference, 1958, family enterprise, agricultural industry, wealthy landowners, policy criticism, farm size inequality, EU taxpayers, agricultural reform, farm subsidies, agricultural economics, Knudsen, Ann-Christina, The Economist, European agriculture, rural policy, agricultural inequality, subsidy allocation, farm support Common Agricultural Policy, CAP, farm subsidies, European Union, EU agriculture, family farmers, small farmers, local farmers, agricultural policy, Stresa conference 1958, direct payments, subsidy distribution, large farms, wealthy landowners, agricultural industry, policy critique, rural support, farm payments, subsidy inequality, Ann-Christina Knudsen, rural images, Economist 2005, farm follies, CAP reform, subsidy concentration, agricultural competitiveness, family enterprise, policy objectives, taxpayer support, farm area payments CAP, Common Agricultural Policy, subsidies, large farmers, small farmers, family farmers, agricultural subsidies, EU agricultural policy, direct payments, farm size, farm area payments, agricultural industry, wealthy landowners, subsidy distribution, Stresa conference 1958, family enterprise, competitive environment, rural policy, European Union, CAP objectives, farm income support, agricultural inequality, Ann-Christina Knudsen, Europe’s farm follies, The Economist, farm subsidy concentration, rural images, EU taxpayer support, agricultural reform, agricultural policy criticism CAP, Common Agricultural Policy, subsidies, large farmers, small farmers, family farms, agricultural policy, EU agriculture, farm subsidies, direct payments, farm size, agricultural industry, competitive environment, Stresa conference, 1958, wealth distribution, rural policy, Ann-Christina Knudsen, The Economist, European Union, agricultural support, rich farmers, subsidy allocation, farm income, landowners, policy criticism CAP, Common Agricultural Policy, subsidies, large farmers, small farmers, family farms, agricultural policy, EU agriculture, direct payments, land area payments, agricultural subsidies, Stresa conference, 1958, European agriculture, farming competitiveness, subsidy distribution, wealthy landowners, agricultural industry, Economist article, farm support, rural policy, agricultural inequality, Ann-Christina Knudsen, EU taxpayer support
test-digital-freedoms-dfiphbgs-pro02a	Government contracts can change the software industry for the better.  Even when governments do not ultimately select an open source program, by simply including them in the competitive bidding process, they have been able to radically change the approach that Microsoft and other closed source companies take to producing IT solutions.  Under threat from Linux, Microsoft has launched the Open Source Initiative through which it shares elements of some of its programs’ source code with key partners to enable the development of software for platforms like Windows Mobile [i] . More dramatically, in 2002, Real Networks opened up the source code for its world renowned RealPlayer media and music software package and, in 2005, IBM offered 500 key patents (out of 40,000) to the open source community. Sun Microsystems released its Solaris server operating system to the open source community under the Common Development and Distribution licence in 2005. If you accept that the open source software industry is a positive force, then simply by considering open source software, governments are doing well.  [i] Ed Hansberry. “Open Source WebOS: A Win For Windows Phone?” Information Week. 12 December 2011. government contracts, software industry, open source, competitive bidding, Microsoft, Linux, Open Source Initiative, IT solutions, closed source, Real Networks, RealPlayer, IBM, software patents, Sun Microsystems, Solaris, Common Development and Distribution License, positive force, government procurement, software innovation, technology policy, open source adoption, software competition government contracts, software industry, open source, competitive bidding, Microsoft, Linux, Open Source Initiative, closed source, IT solutions, Real Networks, RealPlayer, IBM patents, Sun Microsystems, Solaris, Common Development and Distribution License, software policy, government procurement, technology innovation, software patents, open source adoption, Windows Mobile, Information Week, positive impact government contracts, software industry, open source, competitive bidding, Microsoft, closed source, Linux, Open Source Initiative, Windows Mobile, Real Networks, RealPlayer, IBM, software patents, Sun Microsystems, Solaris, Common Development and Distribution License, software innovation, public sector IT, technology procurement, open source adoption, software competitiveness government contracts, software industry, open source, competitive bidding, Microsoft, closed source, IT solutions, Linux, Open Source Initiative, source code sharing, Windows Mobile, Real Networks, RealPlayer, IBM, software patents, Sun Microsystems, Solaris, Common Development and Distribution License, open source community, software development, government procurement, industry influence, patent sharing, proprietary software, technology policy government contracts, software industry, open source software, competitive bidding, Microsoft, Linux, Open Source Initiative, closed source, IT solutions, Real Networks, RealPlayer, IBM, software patents, Sun Microsystems, Solaris, Common Development and Distribution License, government procurement, software competition, technology policy, software innovation, public sector IT, software licensing, open source adoption, software market, software patents donation, open source community
test-international-gsciidffe-con04a	Aggressive foreign policy is not legitimate foreign policy  Foreign policy is legitimate when it is peaceful and based upon mutual respect. It is no surprise that the most controversial foreign policy actions are those that are aggressive whether this is invading another state such as the Iraq war, attempting humanitarian intervention as in Kosovo, or engaging in clandestine actions such as Iran-Contra. This is because there is a powerful norm against aggressive action in international relations in order to maintain stability.  Undermining states by circumventing censorship is simply a new method of engaging in aggressive actions against another state. NATO has accepted that cyber operations can be considered to constitute an armed conflict, [1] so it is increasingly accepted that actions on the internet can be aggressive action. Indeed “If such cyber operations are intended to coerce the government… the operation may constitute a prohibited ‘intervention’”. [2] While no one would argue that this policy will create a war it is not a very big step from considering cyber attacks to be armed conflict to considering undermining states through circumventing censorship to be an aggressive action.  [1] Bowcott, Owen, “Rules of cyberwar: don't target nuclear plants or hospitals, says Nato manual”, The Guardian, 18 March 2013,   [2] Schmitt, Michael N., ed., “The Tallinn Manual on the International Law Applicable to Cyber Warfare”, Cambridge University Press, 2013, p.17. aggressive foreign policy, legitimate foreign policy, peaceful foreign policy, mutual respect, controversial actions, Iraq war, Kosovo intervention, Iran-Contra, international norms, stability, censorship circumvention, cyber operations, NATO, armed conflict, internet aggression, prohibited intervention, cyber attacks, Tallinn Manual, international law, cyber warfare, coercion, state sovereignty aggressive foreign policy, legitimacy, peaceful foreign policy, mutual respect, controversial actions, Iraq war, Kosovo intervention, Iran-Contra, international norms, stability, cyber operations, NATO, armed conflict, censorship circumvention, internet aggression, prohibited intervention, cyberwar, Tallinn Manual, international law, cyber warfare, state undermining aggressive foreign policy, legitimacy, peaceful foreign policy, mutual respect, international relations, Iraq war, humanitarian intervention, Kosovo, Iran-Contra, stability, undermining states, circumventing censorship, cyber operations, NATO, armed conflict, cyber attacks, prohibited intervention, international law, Tallinn Manual, cyber warfare, Bowcott, Schmitt, norms, internet aggression, state sovereignty, controversial actions aggressive foreign policy, legitimacy, peaceful foreign policy, mutual respect, international relations, controversial actions, invasion, Iraq war, humanitarian intervention, Kosovo, clandestine actions, Iran-Contra, normative framework, stability, cyber operations, censorship circumvention, NATO, armed conflict, cyberwar, prohibited intervention, Tallinn Manual, international law, coercion, cyberspace, cyber attacks, state sovereignty, information warfare, legitimacy of intervention, cyber conflict, state undermining, conflict escalation aggressive foreign policy, legitimacy, peaceful foreign policy, mutual respect, controversial actions, international relations, stability, Iraq war, Kosovo intervention, Iran-Contra, humanitarian intervention, clandestine actions, circumventing censorship, cyber operations, NATO, armed conflict, internet aggression, coercion, prohibited intervention, cyber attacks, Tallinn Manual, cyber warfare, international law, Bowcott, Schmitt, The Guardian, Cambridge University Press
test-international-sepiahbaaw-con02a	Bring Africa out of poverty  The African continent has the highest rate of poverty in the world, with 40% of sub-Saharan Africans living below the poverty line. Natural resources are a means of increasing the quality of life and the standard of living as long as revenues are reinvested into the poorest areas of society. There are 35 countries in Africa which already conduct direct transfers of resource dividends to the poor through technology or in person [1] . In Malawi, £650,192.22 was given out in dividends to the poorest in society ensuring that they were given $14 a month in 2013 [2] . This ensures that there is a large base of citizens profiting from natural resources which increases their income and, in turn, their Human Development Index scores [3] .  [1] Devarajan, S. ‘How Africa can extract big benefits for everyone from natural resources’ in The Guardian 29/06/13   [2] Dzuwa,J. ‘Malawi: Zomba Rolls out Scial Cash Transfer Programme’ Malawi News Agency 11 June 2013   [3] Ibid Africa, poverty reduction, sub-Saharan Africa, poverty line, natural resources, resource dividends, direct cash transfers, technology, poverty alleviation, social cash transfer, Malawi, Human Development Index, income distribution, economic development, quality of life, standard of living, resource management, wealth redistribution, social programs, investment in poorest areas, sustainable development, resource revenue, poverty solutions, social welfare, economic empowerment, African countries Africa, poverty reduction, sub-Saharan Africa, poverty rate, natural resources, resource dividends, direct cash transfers, social cash transfer, Malawi, income improvement, standard of living, quality of life, technology, development, Human Development Index, resource revenue, African countries, poverty alleviation, economic development, cash transfer programs, social welfare, wealth distribution, poverty line, reinvestment, resource management, social programs, income inequality, poverty statistics, humanitarian initiatives, economic policy Africa poverty, sub-Saharan Africa, poverty rate, natural resources, resource dividends, income distribution, direct cash transfers, social cash transfer program, Malawi, poverty alleviation, standard of living, quality of life, Human Development Index, HDI, technology in poverty reduction, economic development, resource management, social welfare, poverty reduction strategies, African countries, wealth distribution, development programs, poverty intervention, financial inclusion, income support Africa, poverty reduction, sub-Saharan Africa, poverty rate, natural resources, resource dividends, direct transfers, technology, social cash transfer, Malawi, income increase, standard of living, quality of life, reinvestment, Human Development Index, HDI, economic development, poverty alleviation, social welfare, resource management, cash transfer programmes, wealth distribution, sustainable development, African countries, poverty line Africa, poverty reduction, sub-Saharan Africa, poverty rate, natural resources, resource dividends, income distribution, quality of life, standard of living, direct cash transfers, technology in development, social cash transfer, Malawi, Human Development Index, HDI, poverty alleviation, resource revenues, economic development, social welfare programs, African poverty, poverty statistics, redistribution, economic empowerment, sustainable development, wealth distribution
test-international-segiahbarr-con03a	The Continent is still vulnerable to natural disasters  A major road block to development and economic growth in Africa is the prevalence of natural disasters. These disasters commonly affect the poorest and most vulnerable in society, as they are often the ones living in the ‘most exposed areas’, thus preventing development [1] . In Somalia, for example, the 2013 cyclone left tens of thousands homeless in an already impoverished area, worsening their economic situation [2] . Dr Tom Mitchell from the Overseas Development Institute has claimed that economic growth cannot occur until disaster risk management becomes central to social and economic policy [3] . Disaster management could cost too much however. In November 2013, a United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) report demonstrated that 2070 a total $350 billion per annum would be required to deal with the threats presented by clime change such as increased Arid areas and higher risks of flooding [4] .  [1] Decapua, ‘Natural Disasters Worsen Poverty’, 2013  [2] Migiro, ‘Somalia Reels From Cyclone, Floods and Hunger – ICRC’, 2013  [3] Decapua, ‘Natural Disasters Worsen Poverty’, 2013  [4] Rowling, ‘Africa Faces Sharp Rise in Climate Adaption Costs – Unep’, 2013 Africa, natural disasters, economic growth, development, poverty, vulnerability, disaster risk management, social policy, economic policy, Somalia, cyclone, climate change, flooding, arid areas, UNEP, disaster management costs, adaptation, exposed populations, Overseas Development Institute, United Nations Environment Programme, 2013, homelessness, environmental impact, resilience, climate adaptation, infrastructure, humanitarian crisis, policy challenges, Africa development, disaster response Africa, natural disasters, disaster risk management, economic growth, development barriers, vulnerability, poverty, exposed areas, Somalia, 2013 cyclone, homelessness, impoverished communities, Overseas Development Institute, Tom Mitchell, social policy, economic policy, disaster management costs, United Nations Environment Programme, climate change, adaptation costs, arid areas, flooding risk, environmental threats, UNEP report, Africa climate adaptation, resilience, disaster mitigation, development policy, disaster impact, climate adaptation finance Africa, natural disasters, vulnerability, development, economic growth, disaster risk management, poverty, exposed areas, Somalia, cyclone, homelessness, Overseas Development Institute, social policy, economic policy, disaster management costs, United Nations Environment Programme, UNEP, climate change, arid areas, flooding, climate adaptation costs, 2013, Tom Mitchell, disaster impacts, vulnerable populations Africa, natural disasters, economic growth, development, disaster risk management, poverty, vulnerable populations, exposed areas, Somalia, cyclone, homelessness, social policy, economic policy, climate change, United Nations Environment Programme, UNEP, adaptation costs, flooding, arid areas, disaster management, climate adaptation, 2013, Tom Mitchell, Overseas Development Institute, climate risks, Africa vulnerability, environmental threats Africa, natural disasters, vulnerability, economic growth, development, poverty, disaster risk management, disaster management, social policy, economic policy, climate change, arid areas, flooding, UNEP, Somalia, cyclone, homelessness, adaptation costs, environmental policy, Overseas Development Institute, climate adaptation, resilient development, exposed areas, disaster impact, economic losses, disaster preparedness
test-culture-mmctghwbsa-con04a	"Individuals have a choice and right to respond to ads and their meaning.  Consumers have a choice to expose themselves to advertising through their own personal behaviour. Advertisements can be ignored by the consumer and deleted at will. Interpretation of the ad depends on the attitudes of the receiver. The purchase and consumption of beauty products is the personal choice of a buyer. How ads attract and influence is determined by individual beliefs and values of the audience member. Some feminists believe that institutional power structures set up a ""victim"" mentality in women and fail to empower them by placing dependence upon power structures to make choices for women.1 If consumers wish to embrace the ideals or values represented in ads, this should be their choice. Therefore the right to self determine one's consumer behaviour should be left to the individual. 1 Thomas, Christine. ""The New Sexism."" Socialism Today, Issue #77. 2003/September consumer choice, advertising response, ad interpretation, personal behavior, ad exposure, consumer rights, advertisement influence, individual beliefs, audience values, purchase decision, beauty products, feminist critique, institutional power, victim mentality, women's empowerment, consumer autonomy, media influence, self-determination, gender and advertising, Christine Thomas, The New Sexism, Socialism Today consumer choice, advertising response, ad interpretation, consumer autonomy, advertising influence, personal beliefs, individual values, audience attitudes, self-determination, consumer behavior, advertisement exposure, meaning of ads, beauty product consumption, purchase decisions, feminist critique, institutional power structures, victim mentality, women's empowerment, media influence, ideological values, consumer rights, advertising ethics, media literacy, personal agency, behavioral influence, gender and advertising, feminist perspectives consumer choice, advertising exposure, ad interpretation, consumer behavior, personal choice, beauty products, audience beliefs, audience values, institutional power structures, feminism, victim mentality, empowerment, self-determination, consumer rights, ad influence, gender, individualism, Christine Thomas, Socialism Today, new sexism consumer choice, advertising response, ad interpretation, consumer behavior, personal values, audience attitudes, advertisement influence, beauty products, purchase decisions, self-determination, feminist critique, institutional power, victim mentality, empowerment, women, consumer rights, media exposure, individual beliefs, consumer autonomy, consumer empowerment, advertising effects consumer autonomy, advertising response, consumer behavior, ad interpretation, personal choice, beauty products, advertising influence, individual beliefs, audience values, feminist critique, institutional power, victim mentality, empowerment, consumer rights, self-determination, media effects, gender representation, ad exposure, media literacy, purchase decisions"
test-philosophy-pppthbtcb-con02a	Terrorism creates a negative abusable portrayal  Acts of terror will not lead to a deeper mutual understanding, but to alienation from the international community. People see acts of violence as a threat, and especially in the context of international terrorists attacks, the fear of escalation prevails. Even more, acts of violence are open to multiple interpretations, which can be used in favour of the oppressing state, that has much more resources to spread its message. Not only can it say it uses violence against these terrorists groups to defend itself, but it can also paint an image of the terrorists as irrational, violent creatures. This plays easily into existing stereotypes of non-Westeners as being violent. In order to counter this scenario, it is wiser to resort to non-violent actions. This has the benefit of conveying a very clear message to the outside world that the people protesting are the victims, and not the perpetrators. For instance, the actions of Mahatma Ghandi were known for their civil disobedience and their political messages that went against the norm, but because of the peaceful nature of his protest, he was able to attract a lot of positive attention and followers. [1]  [1] BBC News. (1998, January 29). The life and death of Mahatma Gandhi. Retrieved August 3, 2011, from BBC News: terrorism, negative portrayal, acts of terror, mutual understanding, alienation, international community, violence, fear, escalation, international terrorist attacks, media portrayal, oppressing state, propaganda, stereotypes, non-Westerners, violent image, non-violent action, peaceful protest, civil disobedience, Gandhi, political messaging, perception, victim-perpetrator narrative, international perception, nonviolence, image manipulation, protest strategies terrorism, negative portrayal, abusable narrative, international community, alienation, violence, escalation, interpretation, oppressing state, propaganda, self-defense justification, terrorist imagery, stereotypes, non-Westerners, violence perception, non-violent protest, clear messaging, victim-perpetrator framing, civil disobedience, Mahatma Gandhi, peaceful protest, political message, media influence, protest strategy, collective identity, international relations, group stereotyping terrorism, negative portrayal, abusable narrative, acts of terror, mutual understanding, alienation, international community, fear of escalation, violence, multiple interpretations, oppressing state, propaganda, self-defense narrative, stereotype, non-Western violence stereotype, non-violent action, peaceful protest, civil disobedience, Mahatma Gandhi, positive messaging, victim-perpetrator narrative, media framing, political communication, international perception, state versus non-state actors, protest strategy, international relations, peaceful resistance, public opinion, escalation of violence terrorism, negative portrayal, international community, alienation, violence, fear, escalation, interpretation, propaganda, oppressing state, stereotypes, non-Westerners, non-violent action, civil disobedience, political messaging, Mahatma Gandhi, peaceful protest, victims, perpetrators, media framing, international perception, conflict resolution, protest strategies, self-defense narrative, state resources, public opinion, image manipulation, resistance, nonviolence effectiveness, terrorism consequences terrorism, negative portrayal, abusable narrative, acts of terror, international community, alienation, fear, escalation, violence, multiple interpretations, oppressing state, propaganda, self-defense, terrorist image, stereotypes, non-Westerners, non-violent action, protest, civil disobedience, Mahatma Gandhi, peaceful protest, political message, positive attention, media perception, justification, victim-perpetrator narrative, oppression, resistance, state resources, message framing, international relations
test-politics-lghwdecm-con01a	Mayors would result in too much centralisation of power.  An elected mayor would have too much power, making the prospect of its misuse alarming. If the mayor has the power to choose their own cabinet of councillors, this could be as small as three members, all of whom could be sacked at will for opposing the wishes of the mayor. If the mayor has the right to delegate powers to his cabinet members, they equally have the authority to reserve all the real powers to themselves. And those councillors outside the cabinet would have little to do other than to monitor broken streetlights and the standard of refuse collection in their ward. Why would talented and ambitious people stand for council in these circumstances, and what would the absence of such people do for the council’s oversight of the mayor? mayoral centralisation, elected mayor power, power misuse, mayoral cabinet, councillor selection, cabinet dismissal, power delegation, cabinet authority, councillor oversight, council talent retention, council ambition, council oversight, local governance, democratic accountability, council marginalisation, mayoral authority, political centralisation, local government structure, council checks and balances, exclusion of councillors mayor, centralisation of power, misuse of power, elected mayor, cabinet selection, councillors, political oversight, power delegation, council governance, ambition, council talent, democratic accountability, power concentration, local government, checks and balances, mayoral authority, exclusion of councillors, cabinet dominance, oversight limitations, public administration mayor, centralisation of power, elected mayor, misuse of power, cabinet selection, councillors, sacking councillors, delegation of authority, reserved powers, council oversight, democratic accountability, political ambition, local government, power imbalance, governance, exclusion of councillors, political participation, talent drain, council monitoring, weak oversight mayoral power, centralisation, elected mayor, power misuse, mayoral cabinet, councillor selection, cabinet size, dismissal power, delegation of authority, council oversight, political participation, talent retention, local government, councillor roles, democratic accountability, governance structure, checks and balances mayors, centralisation of power, misuse of power, elected mayor, mayoral authority, cabinet selection, councillor sacking, power delegation, cabinet members, council oversight, governance, councillor roles, local government, talent recruitment, political accountability, democratic checks, council effectiveness
test-science-ciidfaihwc-pro02a	The government here may legitimately limit ‘free speech’.  We already set boundaries on what constitutes ‘free speech’ within our society. For example, we often endorse a ‘balancing act’ [1] an individual may express their beliefs or opinions, but only up to the point where it does not impede the ‘protection of other human rights’ [2] – other peoples’ right not to be abused. In this case, if an individual expresses abuse towards another – especially racism - they may be deemed to be outside of the boundaries or free speech and can be punished for it. This motion is simply an extension of this principle; the kinds of sites which would be banned are those which perpetuate hatred or attack other groups in society, an so already fall outside of the protection of free speech. The harms that stem from these kinds of sites outweigh any potential harm from limiting speech in a small number of cases.  [1] Hera.org, ‘Freedom of Expression’, Human Rights Education Association,  on 09/09/11  [2] Hera.org, ‘Freedom of Expression’, Human Rights Education Association,  on 09/09/11 free speech, government limits, boundaries, society, balancing act, individual expression, human rights, protection, abuse, racism, punishment, hate speech, banned sites, perpetuate hatred, group attacks, limits of free speech, harm, limitation justification, freedom of expression, human rights education, rights protection, speech restriction, social harm, legal boundaries, speech regulation free speech, government limits, expression boundaries, human rights, hate speech, abuse, racism, protection, balancing act, society, speech limits, harmful content, online sites, banned sites, freedom of expression, rights protection, abuse prevention, social harm, speech regulation, liberty vs security, legal limits, group attacks, hate sites, public interest, human rights law free speech, government limits, boundaries, expression, human rights, abuse, racism, hate speech, protection, society, balancing act, punishment, banned sites, perpetuate hatred, attack groups, limits of free speech, harm, limitation of speech, human rights violation, abusive expression, freedom of expression, social harm, rights protection free speech, government limits, boundaries, balancing act, human rights, speech restriction, protection, abuse, racism, hate speech, punishment, site bans, perpetuate hatred, attack groups, society, harm reduction, expression limits, freedom of expression, legal limitations, public safety free speech, government limits, boundaries, balancing act, human rights, protection, abuse, racism, hate speech, punishment, banned sites, perpetuate hatred, societal groups, freedom of expression, limitation, harm, legal limits, rights protection, internet regulation, hate crime, civil liberties, speech restriction, human rights education, offensive speech, discrimination, public safety, abuse prevention, expression boundaries
test-international-epdlhfcefp-con02a	The previous arrangement of having two foreign policy centers (in the Commission and in the Council) was arguably inefficient, but consolidating these into a single office-holder has created more complexity and at significantly greater expense.  Creating a position of EU High Representative is not objectionable in itself. Previously the EU was in the ludicrous situation of having two foreign affairs spokesmen, one from the Council and the other from the Commission. Rivalry and duplication of efforts, staffs and resources results, and so focusing all the EU’s external affairs work around one person makes some sense. What it does not mean is that the High Representative should lead a drive for a stronger common foreign policy position. Only when member states agree (which may not be often) will he or she have a role. In fact, by weakening the foreign affairs role within the Commission, this development may actually limit the pretensions of Brussels to develop its own agenda and dictate foreign policy to the member states. EU foreign policy, dual foreign policy centers, Commission, Council, inefficiency, complexity, expense, High Representative, external affairs, foreign affairs spokesman, rivalry, duplication, consolidation, single office-holder, common foreign policy, member states, foreign policy leadership, Commission role, Brussels, agenda-setting, institutional reform, foreign affairs coordination, policy harmonization, EU governance, policy duplication, EU decision-making, intergovernmentalism, supranationalism EU foreign policy, Commission, Council, inefficiency, consolidation, complexity, expense, High Representative, foreign affairs, duplication, rivalry, external affairs, member states, common foreign policy, Brussels, agenda, authority, foreign policy spokesmen, institutional roles, resource allocation, inter-institutional competition, policy coordination, EU governance EU foreign policy, High Representative, Commission, Council, foreign affairs coordination, duplication of efforts, EU external relations, institutional complexity, staff rivalry, resource allocation, member state agreement, common foreign policy, Brussels, policy consolidation, efficiency, expense, foreign affairs spokesman, role limitation, Commission authority, inter-institutional rivalry, policy leadership, EU governance, supranational influence, EU decision-making EU foreign policy, Commission, Council, inefficiency, consolidation, complexity, expense, High Representative, external affairs, rivalry, duplication, staffs, resources, single office-holder, foreign affairs spokesman, common foreign policy, member states, Brussels, agenda, foreign policy coordination, policy leadership, institutional roles, EU Commission, EU Council, decision-making, foreign affairs role, policy limitations, resource allocation, EU governance, inter-institutional rivalry EU foreign policy, High Representative, Commission, Council, foreign affairs spokesmen, policy consolidation, institutional rivalry, duplication of resources, external affairs, common foreign policy, member states agreement, Brussels agenda, policy efficiency, inter-institutional relations, EU governance, policy complexity, EU decision-making, foreign affairs leadership, Commission role, Council role, EU institutional reform, EU integration, foreign policy coordination, resource allocation, EU diplomatic structure
test-law-hrilpgwhwr-con04a	The novel crime of aggression leads to the prosecution of those seeking to protect human rights.  The likelihood of political prosecution is only augmented by the creation of the novel crime of 'aggression' under the Rome Statute. Any intervention in a State for the protection of human rights of some or all of its people might constitute a crime. The US or any NATO State could be prosecuted, at the request of the genocidaires, for successfully preventing genocide. Moreover, by a quirk of the drafting of the Statute, States that refuse to accept the jurisdiction of the ICC can nevertheless request the prosecution of individuals of other States for crimes alleged committed on its territory. Thus Milosevic could have demanded the investigation of NATO forces for the events of Operation Allied Force, but have precluded any investigation of the actions of the Bosnian Serb army on the same territory. crime of aggression, Rome Statute, political prosecution, human rights intervention, ICC jurisdiction, NATO prosecution, genocide prevention, State sovereignty, international criminal law, Operation Allied Force, Milosevic, Bosnian Serb army, selective prosecution, international law enforcement, prosecutorial bias, State consent, territorial jurisdiction, novel international crimes crime of aggression, Rome Statute, political prosecution, human rights protection, international criminal law, NATO, United States, ICC jurisdiction, intervention, genocide prevention, prosecution risk, Milosevic, Operation Allied Force, Bosnian Serb army, territorial jurisdiction, selective prosecution, novel crimes, accountability, legal implications, state parties, sovereignty, request for prosecution, international justice crime of aggression, Rome Statute, ICC jurisdiction, political prosecution, human rights intervention, NATO prosecution, genocide prevention, state sovereignty, international criminal law, novel crimes, prosecution risk, jurisdiction loophole, Operation Allied Force, Milosevic, Bosnian Serb army, selective prosecution, cross-border accountability, ICC referral, state consent, prosecutorial abuse, international justice crime of aggression, Rome Statute, human rights protection, political prosecution, ICC jurisdiction, state intervention, NATO prosecution, genocide prevention, international criminal law, prosecutorial bias, territorial jurisdiction, Milosevic, Operation Allied Force, Bosnian Serb army, novel international crimes, selective justice, genocidaires, prosecution requests, immunity loopholes, jurisdictional asymmetry, war crimes crime of aggression, Rome Statute, human rights intervention, political prosecution, International Criminal Court, ICC jurisdiction, prosecution risk, state sovereignty, NATO, US prosecution, genocide prevention, territorial jurisdiction, selective accountability, international law, Milosevic, Operation Allied Force, Bosnian Serb army, legal loopholes, ICC statute drafting, genocide, humanitarian intervention
test-law-ralhrilglv-con04a	Just hold the trial by videolink  It has already been agreed that defendants can appear at the court by videolink [1] for parts of the trial. This is not problematic, unless the defendants want to start representing themselves.  Bearing in mind that Ruto and Kenyatta have been continuing to co-operate with the trial throughout the process, there is no reason to think that they would flee the international criminal court. Either way, if they change their mind, they could simply not travel to The Hague for the trial.  [1] Corder, Mike, “International court changes trial attendance rule”, The Wichita Eagle, November 28th 2013, videolink trial, remote court appearance, defendant videolink, international criminal court, trial attendance rules, Ruto, Kenyatta, The Hague, self-representation, remote proceedings, court procedure, criminal trial, ICC, courtroom technology, trial cooperation, international justice, legal process, virtual hearing, trial rules, Corder Mike, Wichita Eagle videolink trial, remote court appearance, defendants videolink, international criminal court, trial attendance rule, Ruto, Kenyatta, court cooperation, self-representation, The Hague, virtual trial, court procedure, criminal trial process, ICC, trial participation, attendance flexibility, case law, trial security, legal technology, international justice videolink trial, court attendance, defendants videoconference, international criminal court, Ruto, Kenyatta, trial attendance rule, self-representation, The Hague, criminal trial procedure, remote court appearance, ICC cooperation, trial participation, court procedure changes, trial by video, Wichita Eagle, Mike Corder, virtual court hearings videolink, virtual trial, remote court, defendant attendance, international criminal court, ICC, trial participation, self-representation, trial procedure, Ruto, Kenyatta, court rules, attendance policy, The Hague, legal cooperation, trial flexibility, absentee defendants, courtroom technology, remote appearance, court protocol, trial logistics trial by videolink, international criminal court, defendant remote appearance, trial attendance rules, Ruto, Kenyatta, self-representation, The Hague trials, court cooperation, remote court proceedings, absentee defendants, ICT attendance policy, videolink trial agreement, remote participation, international court trial
test-economy-thsptr-con02a	Progressive taxes place an unfair and disproportionate burden on the wealthy  The revenues the state acquires through taxation are used to pay for various services and benefices. Lower income individuals consume these services to a disproportionate degree. It is they who require income supplements and child benefits when they lack the wherewithal to provide for themselves, and they avail more readily than the wealthy of such things as public healthcare and transport services. There is thus clearly no correlation between the amount people pays in taxes and amount of benefits they receive from them. [1] The rich make less use of such services, often preferring to use of privately provided services, yet they are expected to pay a greater proportion of their wealth to the public services they do not use under a progressive system of taxation. As a matter of fairness it is only just that everyone contribute to the provision of public services equally, in accordance with their wherewithal to do so. Wealthier people thus can pay more units of wealth to the system than poor people justly, but when they are expected to pay a disproportionate percentage of wealth, through a system that levies contributions according to a progressive rather than proportional scale, they are being used unfairly and being stripped of their rightful possessions to the use of others.  [1] Mayer, David. “Wealthy Americans Deserve Real Tax Relief”. On Principle 7(5). 1999. Available: progressive taxation, tax burden, wealthy, income distribution, public services, tax fairness, disproportionate burden, income supplements, child benefits, public healthcare, public transport, tax equity, wealth redistribution, proportional taxation, private services, tax justice, tax revenue, tax policy, David Mayer, wealth inequality, tax relief, On Principle, regressive vs progressive taxes, fiscal justice, benefit utilization, taxpayer contribution progressive taxation, tax fairness, wealth inequality, disproportionate tax burden, wealthy taxpayers, public service consumption, tax justice, income redistribution, public benefits, income supplements, child benefits, tax policy, tax equity, regressive versus progressive taxes, public healthcare usage, private services, taxation and consumption, proportional taxation, tax contribution, tax system critique, fiscal justice, redistribution of wealth, Mayer David, On Principle, wealthy Americans, tax relief progressive taxation, tax fairness, disproportionate burden, wealthy taxpayers, public services, income redistribution, tax equity, benefit utilization, taxation justice, regressive vs progressive taxes, equal contribution, tax policy, welfare benefits, income supplements, child benefits, public healthcare, public transport, private services, proportional taxation, tax revenues, fiscal policy, Mayer David, wealthy Americans, tax relief, tax justice, redistribution debate progressive taxation, tax fairness, wealthy tax burden, disproportionate taxation, public services consumption, income redistribution, tax equity, proportional taxation, tax justice, welfare benefits, government revenue, public spending, social benefits, tax policy, wealth redistribution, income inequality, taxation and fairness, tax efficiency, private vs public services, fiscal policy, tax structure, tax burden distribution, state benefits, social justice, tax rates, tax system reform progressive taxation, unfair tax burden, wealthy taxpayers, tax equity, public services, tax justice, disproportionate burden, tax proportionality, regressive taxation, tax fairness, income redistribution, public service utilization, tax revenue, benefits consumption, privatized services, income supplements, child benefits, public healthcare, public transport, tax efficiency, wealth redistribution, equal contribution, taxation philosophy, David Mayer, tax relief, On Principle
test-philosophy-npegiepp-con04a	The international system is characterised by anarchy and the distribution of economic and military capabilities  Stanley Hoffman used a Neo-Realist view of International relations to build the theory of intergovernmentalism. In a neo-realist understanding the international system is characterised by anarchy and the distribution of economic and military capabilities is of primary importance. States will not trust each other but can still reach agreement, but the agreement will be characterised by bargaining and negotiation (not an automatic process!) ‘Nations prefer the certainty, or the self-controlled uncertainty, of national self-reliance, to the uncontrolled uncertainty of the untested blender’. [1]  [1] Wikipedia, ‘Intergovernmentalism’, en.wikipedia.org, international system, anarchy, economic capabilities, military capabilities, Stanley Hoffmann, Neo-Realism, International Relations, intergovernmentalism, neo-realist theory, state bargaining, negotiation, state trust, national self-reliance, agreement process, power distribution, international cooperation, realist theory, state sovereignty, global governance, Wikipedia, International Relations theory international system, anarchy, economic capabilities, military capabilities, Stanley Hoffman, neo-realism, international relations, intergovernmentalism, bargaining, negotiation, states, trust, distribution of power, national self-reliance, uncertainty, Wikipedia, intergovernmental theory, primary importance, nation-states, power politics international system, anarchy, economic capabilities, military capabilities, Stanley Hoffman, Neo-Realism, International Relations, intergovernmentalism, neo-realist theory, state behavior, bargaining, negotiation, national self-reliance, uncertainty, distribution of power, state distrust, international agreements, realpolitik, power politics, Wikipedia, IR theory International system, anarchy, distribution of capabilities, economic capabilities, military capabilities, Stanley Hoffman, neo-realism, international relations, intergovernmentalism, trust, state behavior, bargaining, negotiation, national self-reliance, uncertainty, international cooperation, theory, power distribution, realism, international politics, state interests international system, anarchy, economic capabilities, military capabilities, Stanley Hoffman, Neo-Realism, International Relations, intergovernmentalism, state behavior, negotiation, bargaining, national self-reliance, power distribution, uncertainty, states trust, realist theory
test-politics-dhbanhrnw-pro05a	Public acknowledgement of the right to nuclear deterrence will benefit the public regulation of nuclear weapons generally  When nuclear deterrence is an acknowledged right of states, they will necessarily be less concealing of their capability, as the deterrent effect works only because it is visible and widely known. Knowledge of states’ nuclear capability allows greater regulation and cooperation in development of nuclear programs from developed countries with more advanced nuclear programs. [1] Developed countries can help construct and maintain the nuclear weapons of other countries, helping to guarantee the safety protocols of countries’ programs are suitably robust. This will cause a diminution in clandestine nuclear weapons programs, and will reduce the chances of weapons-grade material falling into the hands of terrorists. Thus, greater openness and freedom in the development of nuclear weapons will increase the security of nuclear stockpiles.  [1] Sagan, Scott D. 1993. The Limits of Safety: Organizations, Accidents, and Nuclear Weapons. Princeton: Princeton University Press. public acknowledgement, nuclear deterrence, nuclear weapons regulation, state rights, nuclear capability transparency, deterrent effect, nuclear capability visibility, nuclear cooperation, nuclear program development, advanced nuclear programs, developed countries, safety protocols, clandestine nuclear programs, nuclear material security, nuclear terrorism prevention, security of nuclear stockpiles, openness in nuclear development, freedom in nuclear weapons development, Scott D. Sagan, Limits of Safety nuclear deterrence, public acknowledgement, nuclear weapons regulation, nuclear capability transparency, state security, international cooperation, nuclear program development, developed countries, nuclear safety protocols, clandestine programs, nuclear proliferation, weapons-grade material, terrorism, nuclear stockpile security, Scott Sagan, nuclear openness, arms control, nonproliferation, nuclear safeguards, nuclear policy nuclear deterrence, public acknowledgement, nuclear weapons regulation, state rights, deterrence visibility, nuclear capability transparency, nuclear program cooperation, developed countries, nuclear safety protocols, clandestine nuclear programs, weapons-grade material, nuclear terrorism, nuclear stockpile security, openness in nuclear development, Sagan Limits of Safety public acknowledgement, nuclear deterrence, nuclear weapons regulation, state rights, nuclear transparency, deterrent visibility, nuclear capability disclosure, international cooperation, nuclear program regulation, developed countries assistance, nuclear safety protocols, clandestine nuclear programs, nuclear material security, terrorism prevention, nuclear stockpile security, Scott D. Sagan, Limits of Safety, nuclear weapons safety nuclear deterrence, public acknowledgement, nuclear weapons regulation, nuclear capability transparency, deterrent effect, international cooperation, nuclear program development, developed countries, safety protocols, clandestine nuclear programs, weapons-grade material, nuclear terrorism prevention, nuclear stockpile security, Scott D. Sagan, organizational safety, nuclear weapons safety, nuclear policy, nuclear proliferation, nuclear openness, arms control
test-politics-ypppdghwid-pro03a	"Promoting democracy promotes peace.  By most accounts, there has not been a war between two democracies in the past 200 years. Immanuel Kant argued in Perpetual Peace (1795) that a) democratic governments are more constrained by their people's opposition to war and b) that a democratic culture of negotiation, as well as the checks and balances inherent in such a system, make war less likely. Thus by promoting democracy through imposing it, we increase the chance of a peaceful world. Furthermore, terrorism may be less likely to arise in democratic countries, where people are allowed to air their views and human rights norms prevent feelings of marginalization. This is good for human rights worldwide, including the rights and safety of individuals in our own country.1  1 ""Do Democracies Fight Each Other?"" BBC. democracy, peace, democratic peace theory, war, democracies, Immanuel Kant, Perpetual Peace, checks and balances, negotiation, democratic culture, promoting democracy, terrorism, human rights, conflict prevention, democratic governments, war prevention, international relations, marginalization, checks on power, public opposition to war, human rights norms, global security democracy, peace, democratic peace theory, Immanuel Kant, Perpetual Peace, war, democracies, checks and balances, negotiation, human rights, terrorism, democratization, marginalization, global security, war prevention, democratic culture, government constraints, peaceful world, democratic values, BBC, international relations, conflict prevention democracy, peace, democratic peace theory, war, democracies, Immanuel Kant, Perpetual Peace, democratic governments, public opposition, negotiation, checks and balances, promoting democracy, imposing democracy, peaceful world, terrorism, democratic countries, human rights, marginalization, BBC, international relations, interstate conflict, democratic culture democracy, peace, war, democracies, democratic peace theory, Immanuel Kant, Perpetual Peace, checks and balances, negotiation, human rights, terrorism, democratic culture, government constraints, international relations, conflict resolution, war prevention, marginalization, democratic promotion, BBC, democratization, global security democracy, peace, democratic peace theory, war, democracies, Immanuel Kant, Perpetual Peace, democratic governments, public opposition to war, negotiation culture, checks and balances, peaceful world, promoting democracy, imposing democracy, terrorism, democratic countries, human rights, marginalization, international relations, conflict prevention, BBC, democratic norms, peace promotion, global security, democratization"
test-sport-ybfgsohbhog-con02a	The bidding process is too long, tying up funds and land  The bidding process takes too long. Bidding officially takes only two years (unless a city fails to make the shortlist), but most cities spend nearly a decade working on their bids. Obviously the bidding process costs money but it also ties up the land needed for any future Olympic Village or stadia from being developed until the bid outcome is known, as well as diverting government funds away from other sporting events and activities. Furthermore, the way the IOC works with each member deciding which city they wish to vote for means that personal relationships and international tension can count for more than the quality of the bid. For example, American foreign policy is thought to be disadvantaging New York in the 2012 bidding process. Given that the Olympics are 'rotated' between continents, if a city fails to be selected it will be 12 years before it has another chance. Olympics, bidding process, bid duration, funds tied up, land use, Olympic Village, stadium development, government funds, sporting events, bidding costs, IOC, voting process, personal relationships, international tension, bid quality, American foreign policy, New York 2012 bid, bid rotation, continent rotation, opportunity cycle, city selection, bid impact, sporting infrastructure, decade-long bids bidding process, Olympic bidding, bid duration, bid costs, funds tied up, land tied up, Olympic Village, stadium development, government funds, opportunity cost, IOC voting, international relations, personal relationships, bid fairness, bidding disadvantages, American foreign policy, 2012 Olympics, bid rotation, continent rotation, lost opportunities, bid delays, resource allocation, city selection, Olympic Games bids Olympic bidding process, bid duration, land freeze, fund allocation, bid preparation time, Olympic Village, stadia development, government funds, sporting event funding, IOC decision-making, personal relationships, international tensions, city selection, bid quality, American foreign policy, bid disadvantage, continental rotation, bid opportunity interval, bid costs, city shortlist, Olympic host selection bidding process, Olympic bids, bid duration, funding tied up, land tied up, Olympic Village, stadium development, government funds, opportunity cost, IOC voting, bid quality, personal relationships, international tensions, foreign policy, bid rotation, city selection, Olympic host city, bid costs, shortlist, sporting event funding Olympic bidding process, lengthy duration, financial costs, land use, bid preparation, IOC voting, government funding diversion, urban development delays, city shortlist, Olympic Village, stadium construction, international politics, personal relationships, bid quality, foreign policy impact, continental rotation, city selection, New York 2012, opportunity cycle, infrastructure allocation
test-health-hpehwadvoee-pro03a	The right to individual self determination is a fundamental human right, equal to that of life itself  It is a fundamental principle of the human being is that every human is born autonomous. Therefore, we believe that every person has a right to his or her own body and is thus competent to make decisions about it. This is because we recognise that whatever decisions we might make about our bodies, stem from the knowledge that we have about our own preferences. Nobody can tell us how to value different goods and therefore what matters to one person might matter less to another. If we were to undermine this right, nobody would be able to live their life to its fullest as they would be living their life to someone else’s fullest. The extension of this right is that if someone values another person’s life over their own it is their informed decision to sacrifice themselves for that person. It is not for others to decide, and in particular not for the State. individual self-determination, human rights, bodily autonomy, personal autonomy, decision-making, right to body, personal competence, informed choice, value preferences, autonomy principle, individual liberty, state intervention, moral autonomy, self-sacrifice, state authority, personal freedom, human dignity, fundamental rights, self-governance, bodily integrity individual self-determination, autonomy, human rights, personal autonomy, bodily autonomy, personal decision-making, consent, individual rights, fundamental rights, self-ownership, bodily integrity, personal liberty, moral autonomy, informed decision, value preferences, state intervention, autonomy principle, self-sacrifice, freedom of choice, human dignity individual self-determination, human rights, autonomy, bodily autonomy, personal autonomy, individual rights, decision-making, personal liberty, fundamental principles, bodily integrity, moral agency, informed choice, personal values, state intervention, individual preferences, self-ownership, freedom of choice, right to life, personal competence, ethical autonomy individual self-determination, human rights, bodily autonomy, personal autonomy, fundamental rights, decision-making, personal agency, body sovereignty, self-ownership, informed consent, moral autonomy, state intervention, individual preferences, freedom of choice, value judgments, personal liberty, right to life, autonomy principle, ethical self-governance, respect for autonomy individual self-determination, fundamental human rights, personal autonomy, bodily autonomy, decision-making authority, individual preferences, self-ownership, human dignity, personal freedom, value pluralism, state intervention, informed consent, moral agency, individual competency, life choices
test-international-epvhwhranet-con03a	Referendums are more about PR than politics.  Referendum votes always end up being about something other than the issue on the ballot paper. In many referendum campaigns the real issue becomes one of confidence in the government of the day and its management of the economy, law and order, public scandals, etc. So when people vote they are expressing their unhappiness at their national government rather than making a considered judgment about the future of the EU. This is exactly what happened in the French and Dutch votes on the EU Constitution in 2005. When asked what influenced their decision, most voters said that they disliked aspects of EU enlargement, especially the arrival of Eastern European workers who might take local jobs, and the proposed entry negotiations with Turkey – but none of this was anything to do with the Constitution [1]. Furthermore a referendum would be pray to media distortion, which could have swayed the votes with biased coverage. Referendums are too often about government confidence rather than the issue at hand, people may have voted to express other grievances with their current government and not the future of the EU.  [1] The Further Enlargement of the EU: threat or opportunity?’ House of Lords European Union Committee (23 November 2006) viewed on 13 June 2011  , p.10 referendums, public relations, PR, politics, voting behavior, ballot issues, government confidence, protest votes, EU Constitution, French referendum, Dutch referendum, 2005, EU enlargement, Eastern European workers, Turkey EU negotiations, media distortion, biased coverage, government criticism, issue salience, House of Lords European Union Committee, voter motivation, campaign influence, non-issue voting, political grievances referendums, public relations, politics, referendum campaigns, government confidence, protest vote, EU constitution, French vote 2005, Dutch vote 2005, voter motivation, issue voting, media distortion, biased coverage, EU enlargement, Eastern European workers, Turkey EU negotiations, national government dissatisfaction, economic management, law and order, public scandals, political grievances, voter behavior, House of Lords EU Committee, political communication, voting psychology, politicization of referendums referendums, public relations, political behavior, government confidence, protest voting, ballot issues, EU Constitution, French referendum, Dutch referendum, 2005, EU enlargement, Eastern European workers, Turkey EU negotiations, media bias, media distortion, voter motivation, national government dissatisfaction, law and order, economic management, public scandals, issue framing, House of Lords EU Committee, referendum campaigns, political grievances, voting behavior, decision influences, European Union referendums, public relations, PR, politics, referendum votes, ballot issues, government confidence, protest voting, EU Constitution, French vote 2005, Dutch vote 2005, media distortion, biased coverage, EU enlargement, Eastern European workers, Turkey accession, voter motivations, national government, public scandals, law and order, economic management, political grievances, House of Lords European Union Committee referendums, public relations, government confidence, political voting behavior, referendum campaigns, EU Constitution 2005, French vote, Dutch vote, voter motivation, EU enlargement, Eastern European workers, Turkey EU negotiations, media distortion, media bias, protest voting, political grievances, ballot issue, voter influence, law and order, economic management, public scandals, House of Lords EU Committee
test-law-sdfclhrppph-pro02a	Protection of Minors  We need to protect minors (those under the age of majority) from exposure to obscene, offensive or potentially damaging materials. While this would be a restriction on the freedom of speech it should be something that the government is responsible for and we would all agree needs some kind of restriction or regulation. protection of minors, age of majority, exposure, obscene materials, offensive materials, harmful content, damaging materials, freedom of speech, government regulation, content restriction, child safety, online safety, censorship, youth protection, legal responsibility, content moderation protection of minors, age of majority, obscene materials, offensive materials, harmful content, exposure prevention, content regulation, child safety, freedom of speech restriction, government responsibility, online safety, content moderation, digital age verification, censorship, regulatory measures protection of minors, child safety, age restrictions, obscene materials, offensive content, harmful content, freedom of speech, government regulation, internet safety, age of majority, content filtering, censorship, youth protection, online safety, content moderation, legal restrictions, parental controls, child protection laws, digital safety, media regulation protection of minors, age of majority, obscene materials, offensive materials, harmful content, child safety, content regulation, freedom of speech, government responsibility, internet safety, content restrictions, youth protection, media regulation, censorship, minor exposure prevention protection of minors, minors, age of majority, obscene materials, offensive materials, harmful content, exposure, government regulation, freedom of speech, content restriction, child protection, censorship, regulatory measures, youth safety, online safety, responsible governance, internet regulation
test-politics-gvhbhlsbr-pro02a	The House of Lords has an inbuilt conservative majority.  The traditional provenance of the House of Lords translates to an in-built Conservative majority. Even so called Liberal and Labour peers are usually conservative in their opinions. They represent a social and economic elite and seem to flaunt diversity monitoring in a house with only 181 female peers and a staggeringly low 31 peers from ethnic minorities. [1] This unfair skew in the favour of the conservative has the power to slow down and revise legislation and is a gross misrepresentation of the British population. The House of Lords should be reformed in order to better reflect the British people so that their actions and decisions benefit the whole of society and not just their own.  [1] Smith, Ben, ‘Ethnic Minorities in Politics, Government and Public Life’, House of Commons Library (18 November 2008) and see  viewed 1 June 2011 House of Lords, conservative majority, traditional provenance, Liberal peers, Labour peers, social elite, economic elite, diversity monitoring, female peers, ethnic minority peers, legislative power, representation, British population, reform, misrepresentation, decision-making, society benefit, Ben Smith, ethnic minorities, House of Commons Library House of Lords, conservative majority, traditional provenance, Liberal peers, Labour peers, elite representation, diversity monitoring, female peers, ethnic minorities, unfair representation, legislative power, misrepresentation, British population, reform, parliamentary reform, social inequality, policy revision, peer composition, ethnic diversity, gender disparity, political bias, British government, public life, Ben Smith, House of Commons Library House of Lords, conservative majority, traditional provenance, Conservative majority, Liberal peers, Labour peers, political opinions, social elite, economic elite, diversity monitoring, female peers, ethnic minorities, representation, legislative process, reform, British population, misrepresentation, public life, Smith Ben, House of Commons Library, ethnic minorities politics, political reform, legislation, diversity, peerage, UK Parliament House of Lords, conservative majority, traditional provenance, Liberal peers, Labour peers, elite representation, diversity monitoring, female peers, ethnic minority peers, misrepresentation, legislative revision, British population, reform, political diversity, societal benefit, Ben Smith, ethnic minorities, public life, House of Commons Library, peerage composition House of Lords, Conservative majority, traditional provenance, peer composition, Liberal peers, Labour peers, conservative opinions, social elite, economic elite, diversity monitoring, female peers, ethnic minority peers, legislative revision, misrepresentation, British population, reform, representation, society benefit, Ben Smith, ethnic minorities, politics, government, public life, House of Commons Library
test-free-speech-debate-yfsdfkhbwu-con03a	Universities should exchange ideas not impose them  Of all possible institutions, for a university to suggest that it is not open to defending its ideas rather than insisting that they be artificially imported seems counter-intuitive. As Asian and European intellectual traditions increasingly interact as a result of economic interaction there are going to be clashes between and attempts to integrate the Confucian and Socratic approaches [i] . Part of that is the relationship between academia and the state. Western institutions seeking to establish themselves as a presence in Asia should at least be open to the idea that a different approach may have something to offer. After all a willingness to accept new ideas and attitudes is key to the ethic of any university – the assumption that such an exchange would only flow in one direction is astonishingly arrogant.  [i] This is true at every level, including simple things such as the approach taken by students to their studies. Inevitably, universities have responded to these in different ways in the two traditions.  Paton, Michael, ‘Asian Students, Critical Thinking and English as an Academic Lingua Franca’, Analytic teaching and philosophical praxis, Vol.32, No.1, pp.27-39 p.28 universities, idea exchange, academic openness, intellectual traditions, Confucian approach, Socratic method, academia-state relationship, Western institutions, Asian universities, cross-cultural integration, higher education, critical thinking, cultural exchange, academic ethics, academic imposition, educational philosophy, student learning approaches, English as academic lingua franca, Michael Paton, analytic teaching, philosophical praxis universities, idea exchange, intellectual traditions, Confucian approach, Socratic approach, academia-state relationship, Asian universities, European universities, Western institutions, cross-cultural integration, academic openness, academic exchange, academic arrogance, student approaches, critical thinking, academic lingua franca, educational traditions, academic interaction, higher education, intercultural dialogue universities, exchange of ideas, academic openness, intellectual traditions, Confucian approach, Socratic approach, academia and state, Western institutions, Asian institutions, cultural integration, critical thinking, student approaches, academic interaction, academic importing, academic arrogance, higher education, intercultural exchange, economic interaction, Michael Paton, academic lingua franca, analytic teaching, philosophical praxis universities, exchange of ideas, academic openness, intellectual traditions, Confucianism, Socratic method, East-West interaction, academic integration, academia-state relationship, Western institutions in Asia, cross-cultural education, critical thinking, academic freedom, student approaches, intercultural exchange, Asian students, English as Lingua Franca, teaching philosophy, educational ethics, arrogance in academia universities, idea exchange, intellectual traditions, Confucian approach, Socratic approach, academia-state relationship, Western institutions, Asian institutions, academic openness, cultural integration, critical thinking, educational ethics, academic interaction, knowledge transfer, university autonomy, academic philosophy, student approaches, English lingua franca, Michael Paton, educational adaptation, institutional diversity, cross-cultural education
test-economy-egiahbwaka-pro02a	Women provide a platform for economic development  Where women in Africa are treated more as equals and are being given political power there are benefits for the economy. Africa is already surging economically with 6 out of the world’s ten fastest growing economies in the past decade being a part of sub-Saharan Africa [1] .  While some of the fastest growing economies are simply as a result of natural resource exploitation some are also countries that have given much more influence to women. 56% of Rwanda’s parliamentarians are women. The country’s economy is growing; its poverty rate has dropped from 59% to 45% in 2011 and economic growth is expected to reach up to 10% by 2018. Women become the driving force of the socio-economic development after the 1994 genocide with many taking on leadership roles in their communities. [2]  In Liberia, since Ellen Johnson Sirleaf took the presidency seat on January 2006, notable reforms have been implemented in the country to boot the economy, and with visible results. Liberia’s GDP has grown from 4.6% in 2009 to 7.7% by the end of 2013.  Men in Africa on the other hand have often lead their countries into war, conflict, discord, and the resulting slower economic growth. Men fight leaving women behind to tend the household and care for the family. Giving women a greater voice helps encourage longer term thinking and discourages conflict, one of the main reasons for Africa’s plight in the second half of the 20th century. The feminisation of politics has been identified by Stephen Pinker as one of the causes for a decline in conflict. [3] When peace brings economic growth women will deserve an outsize share of the credit.  [1] Baobab, ‘Growth and other things’, The Economist, May 1st 2013   [2] Izabiliza, Jeanne, ‘The role of women in reconstruction: Experience of Rwanda’, UNESCO,   [3] Pinker, S., The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Violence Has Declined, 2011 women empowerment, economic development, Africa, gender equality, political power, female leadership, sub-Saharan Africa, economic growth, Rwanda, women in parliament, poverty reduction, post-genocide recovery, Liberia, Ellen Johnson Sirleaf, reform, GDP growth, conflict reduction, long-term thinking, feminisation of politics, Stephen Pinker, decline in violence, peace, socio-economic progress, natural resource exploitation, women influence, reconstruction, women's roles, household management, family care, women's contribution, Africa's growth, political participation, women's rights women empowerment, economic development, Africa, gender equality, political power, sub-Saharan Africa, Rwanda, parliament, poverty reduction, economic growth, women leadership, post-genocide reconstruction, Liberia, Ellen Johnson Sirleaf, political reforms, GDP growth, conflict reduction, feminisation of politics, Stephen Pinker, peace, socio-economic impact, female politicians, development outcomes, gender roles, women's influence, economic policy, African economies, natural resources, household management, political participation, long-term thinking women empowerment, economic development, Africa, gender equality, political power, economic growth, sub-Saharan Africa, fastest growing economies, natural resources, Rwanda, women's leadership, poverty reduction, parliamentarians, post-genocide, Liberia, Ellen Johnson Sirleaf, economic reforms, GDP growth, conflict reduction, feminisation of politics, peace, long-term development, household management, Stephen Pinker, violence decline, socio-economic progress women empowerment, economic development, Africa, gender equality, political power, sub-Saharan Africa, fastest growing economies, Rwanda, women in parliament, poverty reduction, economic growth, post-genocide leadership, Liberia, Ellen Johnson Sirleaf, economic reforms, GDP growth, conflict reduction, long-term thinking, feminisation of politics, Stephen Pinker, peace, credit to women, social development, leadership roles, female political participation, women and economic growth women empowerment, economic development, Africa, gender equality, political power, women leadership, sub-Saharan Africa, fastest growing economies, Rwanda, Liberia, women parliamentarians, poverty reduction, GDP growth, Ellen Johnson Sirleaf, post-conflict reconstruction, socio-economic advancement, feminisation of politics, decline in conflict, peace and growth, women's influence, sustainable development, women's role, natural resource economies, war and conflict, Stephen Pinker, violence decline
test-education-egtuscpih-con03a	Online courses undermine live communication with professors and other students  Online courses impair live communication between students and professors and among students. For instance, Coursera professors ask students not to email them because due to high numbers of students taking the course meaning they cannot reply [22]. Moreover, due to pre-recorded lectures, there is no option of asking professors questions. There are no live class discussions. Sure students could email each other, but it is more difficult to freely communicate with people you do not know and never met. It is also difficult to imagine that, given their numbers, students could get personal feedback on their progress from professors themselves, and not, say, teaching assistants (as Coursera does) or even from computers. Lack of personal feedback and engagement with professors and other students in discussions of the material decreases the quality of education. online courses, live communication, student-professor interaction, student-student interaction, Coursera, lack of feedback, pre-recorded lectures, email communication, class discussions, personal feedback, education quality, engagement, teaching assistants, online learning drawbacks, lack of interaction, communication barriers, peer interaction, higher education, distance learning, student engagement online courses, live communication, professor-student interaction, student-student interaction, communication barriers, pre-recorded lectures, lack of discussion, limited feedback, online education, personal feedback, engagement, discussion quality, Coursera, email communication, teaching assistants, educational quality, student engagement, remote learning, virtual classroom, feedback mechanisms online courses, live communication, professors, students, communication barriers, pre-recorded lectures, lack of interaction, class discussions, Coursera, email restrictions, student engagement, personal feedback, teaching assistants, educational quality, online learning drawbacks, peer interaction, feedback mechanisms, student-professor interaction, educational technology, distance education, remote learning, discourse quality, real-time interaction, digital education challenges online courses, live communication, student-professor interaction, peer interaction, pre-recorded lectures, lack of class discussion, lack of personal feedback, Coursera, email communication, student engagement, teaching assistants, quality of education, digital learning, absence of real-time interaction, education technology, online learning challenges, feedback mechanisms, student isolation, reduced participation, virtual classrooms online courses, live communication, student-professor interaction, student-student interaction, communication impairment, pre-recorded lectures, lack of live discussion, limited feedback, personal engagement, Coursera, large class sizes, lack of personal feedback, teaching assistants, educational quality, digital education challenges, reduced discussion, impersonal learning, online learning limitations, communication barriers, distance education, asynchronous learning, decreased educational quality
test-economy-bepahbtsnrt-pro02a	Profit margins are too small  A major problem for Tunisia’s tourism sector is the small profit margin. The industry’s main targets are European, middle class income visitors on package holidays to sea-side resorts. This has resulted in a low per-capita spending rate as food, drink and travel are all usually included in sea-side holiday resorts. Average per-capita spending for tourists in Tunisia amounted to around $385 in 2012 which is low when compared to Egypt’s $890 and Greece’s $10001. This reliance on a low-profit niche in the tourism industry is a systematic flaw which will not provide the economic growth which the country needs.  1) Achy,L. ‘The Tourism Crisis in Tunisia Goes Beyond Security Issues’, Al Monitor, 26 June 2012 Tunisia tourism, profit margins, European tourists, package holidays, sea-side resorts, low per-capita spending, economic growth, tourism industry, middle class visitors, all-inclusive, systematic flaw, tourism sector problems, comparison Egypt, comparison Greece, spending rate, tourism revenue, niche market, resort tourism, tourism crisis, Al Monitor, tourism income, economic challenges Tunisia tourism, profit margins, low per-capita spending, European tourists, package holidays, seaside resorts, middle class visitors, tourism industry flaws, economic growth, comparative spending, Egypt tourism, Greece tourism, all-inclusive resorts, systematic problems, tourism sector challenges, Al Monitor, Achy L. Tunisia, tourism sector, profit margins, low per-capita spending, European tourists, package holidays, sea-side resorts, all-inclusive, middle class, economic growth, tourism industry, systematic flaw, competitive comparison, Egypt, Greece, tourism revenue, Al Monitor, Achy L., 2012, tourism crisis, low-profit niche Tunisia tourism, profit margins, low per-capita spending, package holidays, European tourists, middle class visitors, sea-side resorts, all-inclusive tourism, tourism industry, economic growth, systematic flaw, niche market, comparison Egypt, comparison Greece, tourism sector challenges, tourism revenue, profit challenges, Al Monitor, tourism crisis, spending rate, tourism economics Tunisia tourism, profit margins, low per-capita spending, package holidays, European tourists, seaside resorts, economic growth, tourism sector challenges, low-profit niche, tourism industry, income visitors, systemic flaw, comparative spending, Egypt tourism, Greece tourism, all-inclusive resorts, tourism revenue, Achy L., Al Monitor, 2012, tourism economics
test-philosophy-elhbrd-con04a	"The death of one individual has implications for others, which by definition, do not affect the suicide herself.  Even setting aside the religious concerns of many in this situation [i] , there are solid secular reasons for accepting the sanctity of life. First among them is the impact it has on the survivors. The relative who does not want a loved one to take their own life, or to die in the case of euthanasia. It is simply untrue that others are not affect by the death of the individual – someone needs to support that person emotionally and someone has to administer the injection. Because of the ties of love involved for relatives, they are, in effect, left with no choice but to agree regardless of their own views, the law should respect their position as well.  It further gives protection to doctors and others who would be involved in the procedure. Campaigners are keen to stress that doctors should be involved in the process whilst ignoring that, pretty much whenever they’re asked doctors say they have no desire to have any part of it [ii] . Indeed it would be against the Hippocratic oath which while it is no longer always taken still sums up the duties of a doctor which includes doing no harm and includes ""And I will not give a drug that is deadly to anyone if asked, nor will I suggest the way to such a counsel."" So ruling out euthanasia. [iii] Presumably, the very case that is so keen on the voluntary principle would also observe this compelling rejection by a group critical to the plan.  [i] Joint letter to the Telegraph. The terminally ill need care and protection – not help in committing suicide. The Most Rev Rowan Williams, Archbishop of Canterbury. The Most Rev Vincent Nichols, Archbishop of Westminster. Sir Jonathan Sacks, Chief Rabbi.  [ii] Ella Pickover. Doctors Reject Assisted Suicide. The Independent. 28 June 2012 .  [iii] Sokol, Dr Daniel, ‘A guide to the Hippocratic Oath’, BBC News, 26 October 2008 , suicide, euthanasia, sanctity of life, survivors, emotional impact, relatives, legal implications, secular reasons, religious concerns, support systems, doctors, Hippocratic oath, assisted dying, medical ethics, patient care, physician involvement, family consent, moral dilemmas, ethical considerations, law, voluntary principle, emotional burden, end-of-life decisions, medical profession, opposition to euthanasia, terminal illness, compassion, societal impacts, professional responsibilities suicide, euthanasia, sanctity of life, impact on survivors, emotional support, family ties, consent, legal protection, doctors' involvement, Hippocratic Oath, secular reasons, religious concerns, medical ethics, assisted suicide, patient autonomy, objection by physicians, harm principle, moral implications, law and medicine, end-of-life decision making, compassionate care, terminal illness, patient care, objections to euthanasia, professional responsibility suicide, euthanasia, sanctity of life, survivors, emotional impact, relatives, law, ethical concerns, secular reasons, religious concerns, physician involvement, Hippocratic Oath, assisted suicide, medical ethics, doctor opposition, patient autonomy, moral implications, emotional burden, end-of-life decisions, family consent, terminal illness, compassionate care, protection of vulnerable, opposition to euthanasia, medical responsibility, societal impact suicide, euthanasia, sanctity of life, survivors, emotional impact, relatives, secular reasons, religious concerns, assisted suicide, doctor involvement, Hippocratic oath, medical ethics, do no harm, voluntary principle, patient autonomy, legal protection, physician opposition, end-of-life decisions, moral implications, societal impact, family consent, ethical dilemmas, terminal illness, role of doctors, patient care, emotional burden, assisted dying, opposition arguments, medical responsibility, legal considerations suicide, euthanasia, sanctity of life, survivor impact, emotional support, secular reasons, religious concerns, relatives, law, ethical considerations, doctors, Hippocratic oath, do no harm, medical ethics, assisted suicide, patient autonomy, terminally ill, legal protection, doctor involvement, opposition, moral implications, family consent, physician responsibilities, end-of-life decisions, palliative care, societal impact, bioethics"
test-politics-grcrgshwbr-pro05a	Western societies are secularly focused  Many societies are founded on secular values that do not permit the sponsorship of any religion by the state. British society aspires to this and has consciously acted to separate religion from state authority with many organisations such as the National Secular Society encouraging the suppression of any religious expression in public places.1 In this climate it is important that all citizens of the state are seen as equal. If some dress differently to others, deliberately identifying themselves as members of one religion, this can harm the unity and ethos of the state. This holds particularly true for institutions of the state like schools and government offices. In this way, it is possible to deduce that religious symbols are detrimental to the secular and equality focused identity of Western society.  1 'UK: One Law for all and the National Secular Society Back Bill that Aims to Curb Sharia Courts', 11th June 2011 , accessed on 23rd July 2011 secularism, Western societies, secular values, state and religion separation, National Secular Society, religious expression, public spaces, equality, citizenship, religious symbols, unity, state institutions, British society, social cohesion, secular identity, religious dress, government offices, schools, law and religion, suppression of religion, public policy, pluralism, sharia courts, secular ethos secularism, Western societies, secular values, state neutrality, religion and state separation, National Secular Society, religious expression, public spaces, equality, social unity, state institutions, religious symbols, secular identity, British society, religious dress, public schools, government offices, Sharia courts, religious sponsorship, state authority secularism, Western societies, secular values, state neutrality, religion and state, National Secular Society, religious expression, public places, equality, citizenship, religious symbols, unity, state institutions, schools, government offices, secular identity, equality, religious attire, public policy, religious suppression, cultural integration, pluralism secularism, Western societies, secular values, state neutrality, religious expression, public space, National Secular Society, separation of church and state, religious symbols, equality, social unity, state institutions, dress codes, religious identity, schools, government offices, suppression of religion, British society, secular ethos, public policy, religious freedom, secular identity, sharia courts, societal values secularism, Western societies, secular values, state neutrality, religion and state separation, National Secular Society, religious expression, public spaces, equality, civic unity, identity, religious symbols, state institutions, schools, government offices, secular identity, suppression of religion, religious dress, multiculturalism, British society, public policy, Sharia courts, law and religion, religious diversity, societal ethos
test-economy-thsptr-con03a	The ability to orchestrate a progressive taxation regime gives undue and dangerous power to the state  The power to tax is power to destroy. A state with power over a progressive taxation system can put the wealthy in effective thrall, and use them to benefit its own ends. This is exacerbated by such phenomena as the tyranny of the majority which can lead the majority of less wealthy and have-nots to demand more and more services and paying for them by inflicting ever more onerous taxes on the wealthy while diminishing their own burdens. Furthermore, so long as the tax burden is disproportionately leveled on the few, no one can see the growing size of the state. [1] With flat or regressive consumption tax everyone can feel the growth of the state. They can also understand the costs associated with it, driving them to have more realistic preferences and to make more rational demands of the state rather than treating the rich as a perpetual piggy bank.  [1] Dorn, James. “Ending Tax Socialism”. Cato Institute. 1996. Available: progressive taxation, state power, tax policy, tyranny of the majority, tax burden, wealthy, redistribution, tax fairness, consumption tax, flat tax, regressive tax, government growth, public services, tax incentives, economic freedom, Cato Institute, tax socialism, fiscal policy, tax equity, political economy progressive taxation, state power, taxation regime, power to tax, taxation and democracy, tyranny of the majority, tax burden, wealthy taxation, flat tax, regressive tax, consumption tax, state growth, tax fairness, tax policy, fiscal responsibility, tax socialism, Cato Institute, James Dorn, majority rule, tax incentives, tax justice, wealth redistribution, tax equity, public finance, economic liberty, government control progressive taxation, state power, taxation regime, power to tax, tyranny of the majority, wealthy taxation, tax burden, majority rule, tax policy, state growth, consumption tax, flat tax, regressive tax, tax fairness, tax socialism, fiscal responsibility, Cato Institute, James Dorn, tax equity, redistribution, government overreach, tax incentives, public finance, tax preferences, tax reform progressive taxation, tax policy, state power, government authority, taxation regime, wealth redistribution, tyranny of the majority, majority rule, tax burden, wealthy taxation, fiscal policy, service provision, state growth, flat tax, regressive tax, consumption tax, tax fairness, tax equity, economic incentives, public finance, tax socialism, James Dorn, Cato Institute, tax reform, rational voter behavior, tax system critique progressive taxation, taxation power, state authority, power to tax, wealth redistribution, tyranny of the majority, taxation regime, disproportionate tax burden, flat tax, regressive tax, consumption tax, state expansion, tax policy, tax socialism, majority rule, tax fairness, fiscal policy, Cato Institute, James Dorn, taxation critique, government growth, tax incentives, tax ethics, minority rights, public services financing, wealthy taxation, economic freedom
test-economy-bepighbdb-con04a	Democratic rule of law is the best ground for political stability and growth  In order for a society to develop economically, it needs a stable political framework and dictatorships are often less stable. A dictator will have to prioritize the retention of power. As repression is inevitable, a dictator will not necessarily be entirely popular. There will regularly be a doubt about the future and sustainability of a dictatorship. Bearing in mind the messy collapses of some dictatorships, a democracy may be a more stable form of government over the long term [1] .  Only democracies can create a stable legal framework. The rule of law ensures all of society has access to justice and the government acts within the law. Free and fair elections act as a bulwark against social unrest and violence. Economic freedoms and human rights protection also have positive effects on economies. Private property rights, for example, encourage productivity and innovation so that one has control of the fruits of their labour.  It has been argued by Acemolgu and Robinson in their book Why Nations Fail? The Origins of Power, Prosperity, and Poverty that inclusive political institutions and pluralistic systems that protect individual rights are necessary preconditions for economic development [2] . If these political institutions exist then the economic institutions necessary for growth will be created, as a result economic growth will be more likely.  [1] See for example the work of Huntington, S, P., (1991), The third wave: democratization in the late twentieth century, University of Oklahoma Press,   [2] Acemolgu, D., and Robinson, J. (2012). Why Nations Fail: The Origins of Power, Prosperity, and Poverty. London: Profile Books. democratic rule of law, political stability, economic development, democracy, dictatorship, political framework, repression, regime stability, legal framework, justice access, government accountability, free elections, social unrest, economic freedoms, human rights, private property rights, productivity, innovation, inclusive institutions, pluralistic systems, Acemoglu and Robinson, Why Nations Fail, Huntington, democratization, political institutions, growth, prosperity, poverty, sustainable government, economic institutions democratic rule of law, political stability, economic development, dictatorships, political framework, regime sustainability, democracy vs dictatorship, legal framework, justice access, government accountability, free and fair elections, social unrest, economic freedoms, human rights, property rights, productivity, innovation, Acemoglu and Robinson, inclusive institutions, pluralism, Huntington, democratization, long-term stability, political institutions, economic growth, prosperity, power retention, pluralistic systems, poverty origins, market economies, political transitions democratic rule of law, political stability, economic growth, dictatorship instability, power retention, repression, democracy vs dictatorship, sustainable government, stable legal framework, access to justice, government accountability, free and fair elections, social unrest prevention, human rights protection, economic freedom, private property rights, productivity, innovation, inclusive political institutions, pluralism, Acemoglu Robinson Why Nations Fail, institutional development, economic institutions, Huntington democratization, democracy benefits, long-term stability, rule of law benefits, economic development prerequisites Democratic rule of law, political stability, economic development, democracy, dictatorship, political framework, political institutions, inclusive institutions, pluralism, legal framework, free and fair elections, human rights, economic freedoms, private property rights, innovation, productivity, social unrest, regime collapse, Huntington, Acemoglu, Robinson, Why Nations Fail, Third Wave democratization, government legitimacy, prosperity, justice, sustainable governance, stable government, long-term growth, regime sustainability, authoritarianism, popular support, repression, power retention, individual rights, institutional development democratic rule of law, political stability, economic development, dictatorship instability, power retention, repression, legitimacy, democracy sustainability, legal framework, rule of law, access to justice, government accountability, free and fair elections, social unrest, violence prevention, economic freedoms, human rights, private property rights, productivity, innovation, inclusive political institutions, pluralistic systems, individual rights, economic institutions, economic growth, Huntington democratization, Acemoglu Robinson, Why Nations Fail, Third Wave democratization, prosperity, poverty origins, inclusive governance, long-term stability, democratic governance, institutional development
test-international-ehbfe-pro01a	"A federal Europe will benefit the citizens of its member states  A federal Europe would build upon the success of the EU and its predecessors in taming the nationalism that caused so much conflict in the twentieth century. The EU is drawing nearer to realising the vision of its founders for an “ever-closer union”. Despite the EU’s relative success in this regard, while national governments still exist they will regard policy-making within Europe as a competitive business, abusing vetoes and damaging the potential prosperity of all of Europe’s citizens. Such is the case with Britain's veto over the carbon tax, which the EU wants to implement - “The British government is ""highly likely"" to block European Commission proposals for a carbon tax contained in a widely-circulated draft version of the Energy Taxation Directive, EU diplomatic sources said yesterday”. [1]  A federal European state can build on the shared history and culture of its members to further the common good, while accommodating regional differences.  [1] EurActiv.com, ‘Britain set to veto EU carbon tax plans’ federal Europe, EU, European Union, member states, citizens, nationalism, conflict, twentieth century, ever-closer union, policy-making, national governments, competitive business, vetoes, prosperity, Britain's veto, carbon tax, Energy Taxation Directive, European Commission, shared history, shared culture, regional differences, common good, European integration, EU success, economic policy, political union, supranational governance federal Europe, European Union, EU, member states, citizens, nationalism, conflict prevention, ever-closer union, policy-making, national governments, veto power, prosperity, carbon tax, Energy Taxation Directive, Britain veto, EU policies, shared history, shared culture, regional differences, common good, European integration, EU governance, federalism, competitive politics, economic unity, 20th century conflict, EU founders’ vision federal Europe, benefits, EU, member states, nationalism, conflict, twentieth century, ever-closer union, national governments, policy-making, competition, vetoes, prosperity, Britain, carbon tax, European Commission, Energy Taxation Directive, shared history, shared culture, common good, regional differences, EurActiv.com, EU integration, European unity, supranational governance, economic cooperation federal Europe, European Union, EU integration, member states, citizens, nationalism, twentieth century conflicts, ever-closer union, policy-making, national governments, competitive politics, veto power, prosperity, carbon tax, Energy Taxation Directive, Britain veto, European Commission, shared history, shared culture, common good, regional differences, economic policy, EU governance, supra-nationalism, EU founders federal Europe, EU integration, member states, nationalism, twentieth-century conflict, ever-closer union, European Union, national governments, policy-making, competition, veto power, prosperity, carbon tax, Britain's veto, Energy Taxation Directive, European Commission, shared history, shared culture, regional differences, common good, EU founding vision"
test-science-dssghsdmd-con01a	Mutually Assured Destruction breaks down when national missile defense systems are introduced, destabilizing world security:  Nuclear weapons create stability, as described in the doctrine of Mutually Assured Destruction (MAD). Countries with nuclear weapons have no incentive to engage in open military conflict with one another; all recognize that they will suffer destruction if they choose the path of war (Waltz, 1981). If countries have nuclear weapons, fighting simply becomes too costly. This serves to defuse conflicts, and reduce the likelihood of the outbreak of war. When states have nuclear weapons they cannot fight, making the world a more peaceful place. Furthermore, armed with a nuclear deterrent, all states become equal in terms of ability to do harm to one another (Jervis, 2001). If a large state attempts to intimidate or to invade a smaller neighbor, it will be unable to effectively subdue it, since the small state will have the power to seriously injure, or even destroy, the would-be invader with a few well-placed nuclear missiles (Mearsheimer, 1993). The dynamics created by MAD are entirely lost when national missile defense systems are brought into the equation. Anti-ballistic missile missiles effectively eliminate the surety of MAD; it becomes a gamble of whether one’s nuclear arsenal will be able to penetrate the missile shield of the enemy. This increases the chance of a nuclear war, since an aggressor state can count on its missile shield to deflect the second-strike attempted by its opponent. Furthermore, in the case where both states in a conflict have missile defense arrays, as will likely occur as the technology is disseminated, the outbreak of war is also more likely, since each will try to race the other to the ability to counter each other’s offensive and defensive missiles. Clearly, the technology will only destabilize world relations, not offer greater security. Mutually Assured Destruction, MAD, nuclear deterrence, national missile defense, anti-ballistic missile systems, nuclear weapons stability, second-strike capability, nuclear war risk, international security, deterrence breakdown, arms race, nuclear stability, missile defense destabilization, strategic balance, Waltz, Jervis, Mearsheimer, nuclear doctrine, strategic parity, technological arms race, global security destabilization Mutually Assured Destruction, MAD, national missile defense, nuclear deterrence, nuclear stability, nuclear weapons, anti-ballistic missile, nuclear strategy, arms race, nuclear proliferation, missile shield, second-strike capability, destabilization, nuclear conflict, international security, military balance, strategic stability, Waltz 1981, Jervis 2001, Mearsheimer 1993, defense technology, security dilemma, nuclear equality, crisis stability, world peace, escalation risks, deterrence breakdown Mutually Assured Destruction, MAD, nuclear deterrence, nuclear stability, nuclear weapons, national missile defense, missile defense systems, anti-ballistic missiles, strategic stability, second-strike capability, nuclear arms race, Waltz, Jervis, Mearsheimer, deterrence breakdown, arms control, security dilemma, nuclear proliferation, escalation, crisis instability, strategic equilibrium, world security, war likelihood, conflict deterrence, nuclear doctrine, nuclear equalization, destabilization, technological destabilization, security architecture, missile shield, offensive-defensive arms race Mutually Assured Destruction, MAD, nuclear deterrence, national missile defense, anti-ballistic missile, nuclear stability, nuclear instability, world security, nuclear weapons, arms race, second-strike capability, deterrence breakdown, missile shield, nuclear war risk, nuclear equality, conflict escalation, technological destabilization, strategic imbalance, nuclear doctrine, Waltz, Jervis, Mearsheimer, nuclear strategy, defense systems, security dilemma, international relations, proliferation, strategic stability, nuclear conflict, military strategy, great power competition Mutually Assured Destruction, MAD, nuclear deterrence, nuclear stability, nuclear weapons, national missile defense, missile defense systems, anti-ballistic missile, nuclear doctrine, strategic stability, arms race, second-strike capability, nuclear proliferation, security dilemma, global security, military conflict, nuclear escalation, Waltz 1981, Jervis 2001, Mearsheimer 1993, deterrence theory, destabilization, technological arms race, first-strike advantage, crisis instability, international relations, nuclear parity, cold war dynamics, offense-defense balance, nuclear vulnerability, security destabilization
test-politics-ypppdghwid-pro04a	"Because democracy is the best form of government, it is not wrong-- and indeed may even be our obligation-- to bring it to those who do not have it.  Democratic regimes are the best form of government, and it is our obligation to try and provide that to others. Democracy is the only form of government which upholds the value of political self-determination: that each individual has a right to form his/her government, and to vote out governments s/he does not like. To deny this right is to deny the inherent worth and freedom of the individual. Political autonomy also has instrumental value insofar as it allows individuals to check abusive governments which may seek to violate other human rights. Thus it is certainly not wrong -- and may even be our humanitarian obligation -- to bring democracy to those who do not have it, just as we would intervene in other situations in which serious rights were being abused1.  1 Fish, Stanley. ""Why Democracy?"" The New York Times. democracy, best form of government, political self-determination, political autonomy, human rights, democratic intervention, humanitarian obligation, individual freedom, government legitimacy, regime change, democratic values, interventionism, political rights, authoritarianism, promotion of democracy, democracy promotion, self-governance, government accountability, individual worth, abuse of power, political participation, ethical intervention, human rights protection, political freedom democracy, best form of government, political self-determination, individual rights, humanitarian obligation, democratic intervention, regime change, political autonomy, human rights, abusive governments, freedom, worth of the individual, voting rights, democratic values, government legitimacy, democratic promotion, Stanley Fish, political theory, intervention ethics, NYT, rights abuse, moral obligation democracy, democratic regimes, best form of government, political self-determination, political autonomy, human rights, intervention, humanitarian obligation, individual rights, abusive governments, regime change, freedom, government legitimacy, voting rights, democracy promotion, democracy exportation, ethical intervention, political freedom, self-governance, human dignity democracy, government, political self-determination, democratic regimes, human rights, political autonomy, intervention, humanitarian obligation, individual freedom, abusive governments, regime change, global democracy promotion, moral obligation, political values, political participation, rights abuse, democratic intervention, self-governance, New York Times, Stanley Fish democracy, best form of government, democratic regimes, political self-determination, individual rights, political autonomy, humanitarian obligation, human rights, regime change, intervention, political freedom, government legitimacy, voting rights, abusive governments, political participation, inherent worth, individual freedom, moral obligation, democracy promotion, global democracy, democracy export, democracy intervention, political theory, democracy justification"
test-free-speech-debate-ldhwbmclg-pro03a	Defending hip hop artists’ right to free speech  The intervention of the state is necessary in order to ensure that aggressive forms of hip hop remain accessible only to adults, especially in neighbourhoods and home environments that are not part of a cohesive, caring community. Some degree of public control over the content of hip hop will also help to preserve the diversity, accessibility of the genre in the face of commercial dominance by violent forms of rap.  Mainstream success in hip hop has become synonymous with gangsta rap, and with artists who have backgrounds that lend veracity to their lurid verses. However, many of these supposedly “authentic” experiences consist of little more than exaggeration and invented personas. When being interviewed about the controversial content of her son’s single “Fuck tha’ police”, the mother of rapper Ice Cube commented that “I don’t see [him] saying those curse words. I see him like an actor.”  The existence of pornography attests to the market for forms of media that fulfil base and simplistic human fantasies. Much the same can be said for the violent and cynical content of rap singles. Unlike the relationship between cinema and pornography, however, many commentators appear to regard gangsta rap as being synonymous with hip hop – a position as deceptive as a film critic claiming that all movies are inevitably tied to pornography.  The significant public profile and poor regulation of hip hop have meant that gangsta rap fans have become the genre’s dominant class of consumer. The amount of money that fans are willing to spend on singles, albums, concert tickets and associated branded goods means that labels that cultivate relationships with gangsta rappers have become the gatekeepers of the hip hop genre in general. “Conscious” rappers, who do not glorify violence, along with musicians working in other hip hop genres must work with labels that promote acts containing violent lyrics in order to publish their own music.  Either consciously, or by design, the terrain of contemporary hip hop is hostile to musicians who are not prepared to discuss “guns, bitches and bling” in their work. This constitutes a significant barrier to rappers ability to communicate novel messages and listeners’ ability to receive them. It could be called a market failure – the pervasive public presence of gangsta rap has effectively denied an audience to other rappers.  Classification has the potential to maximise the freedom and effectiveness of musical expression by hip hop artists who choose not to trade in brutality and misogyny.  The alternative is to allow hip hop to continue to be dominated by businesses such as Death Row Records, Low Life Records and Machete Music. This will lead to hip hop as a medium becoming inextricably linked with violent lyrics and the dubious businesses practices of gangsta labels’ bosses. Popular disengagement is much more likely under these circumstances, and will actively deny a voice, and opportunities, to musicians with a different perspective on hip hop. hip hop, free speech, censorship, state intervention, public control, adult access, violent lyrics, gangsta rap, commercial dominance, diversity, accessibility, conscious rap, music industry, market failure, music regulation, media influence, youth protection, parental control, authenticity, invented personas, artistic expression, music classification, record labels, violent content, misogyny, social impact, cultural diversity, genre gatekeeping, Death Row Records, Low Life Records, Machete Music, public perception, music consumption, audience restriction, creative freedom, alternative voices, music business ethics hip hop, free speech, censorship, state intervention, adult content, public control, diversity, genre accessibility, commercial dominance, gangsta rap, violent lyrics, authenticity, artist personas, parental views, media comparison, pornography analogy, market influence, conscious rap, music industry, record labels, gatekeeping, music regulation, artist barriers, market failure, musical expression, brutality, misogyny, music classification, business practices, Death Row Records, Low Life Records, Machete Music, audience denial, communication barriers, music industry dynamics, violent content, freedom of expression, mainstream hip hop, rap authenticity, consumer influence, alternative perspectives, hip hip hop, free speech, censorship, state intervention, public control, aggressive hip hop, adult content, community standards, rap music regulation, gangsta rap, commercial dominance, music industry gatekeepers, authentic rap, invented personas, violent lyrics, mainstream hip hop, conscious rap, market failure, diversity in hip hop, music classification, corporate influence, music accessibility, parental advisory, Death Row Records, Low Life Records, Machete Music, misogyny in rap, media regulation, artistic freedom, music industry practices, cultural diversity, violent content, music audience, freedom of expression, youth access, parental concerns hip hop, free speech, censorship, state intervention, adult content, public control, diversity, genre accessibility, commercial dominance, violent rap, gangsta rap, authenticity, exaggerated personas, Ice Cube, controversial lyrics, media regulation, market influence, consumer demographics, record labels, conscious rap, non-violent lyrics, content barriers, musical expression, misogyny, business practices, Death Row Records, Low Life Records, Machete Music, market failure, artistic diversity, audience access, freedom of expression, hip hop culture, content classification, community standards hip hop, free speech, censorship, state intervention, gangsta rap, adult access, public control, content regulation, diversity, commercial dominance, authenticity, invented personas, violent lyrics, parental perspectives, Ice Cube, media influence, pornography comparison, genre misrepresentation, consumer dominance, record labels, conscious rap, non-violent hip hop, barriers to entry, market failure, music industry, record label control, musical expression, classification, brutality, misogyny, Death Row Records, Low Life Records, Machete Music, business practices, artistic freedom, listener access, mainstream success, socio-cultural impact
test-sport-ybfgsohbhog-con01a	Hosting only affects one city  In large countries like the United States or China, the benefits of the Olympics are almost entirely focused on the host city. Even in smaller countries, the benefits of a event played outside the host city or a training camp are negligible. Capital cities are often chosen (after failed bids from Birmingham in 1992 and Manchester in 1996 and 2000 the IOC told the United Kingdom that only a bid from London was likely to win), which concentrates growth and development where it is least needed. 90% of the economic impact of London 2012 is expected to come to London1; not surprising given that 'seventy-five pence in every pound on the Games is going towards the regeneration of East London.'2Furthermore, house prices have been seen to rise in host cities like Barcelona and Sydney around the time of their Olympics, without comparable rises elsewhere in Spain and Australia respectively2. As such, hosting only serves to entrench geographical economic divides.  1 Grobel, W. (2010, April 15). What are the London 2012 Olympics 2012 worth? Retrieved May 13, 2011, from Intangible Business:  2 Ormsby, A. (2010, May 21). Benefits of hosting Olympics unproven. Retrieved June 29, 2011 from Reuters: Olympics, host city, economic impact, geographical divides, large countries, United States, China, London 2012, capital cities, urban development, regeneration, East London, house prices, Barcelona, Sydney, event benefits, training camp, regional inequality, economic concentration, bidding process, non-host cities, urban vs rural, infrastructure investment, local benefits, global sporting events, city selection, economic divide, urban growth, IOC, economic benefits, housing market, countrywide impact Olympics, host city, economic impact, United States, China, capital cities, regional inequality, London 2012, urban regeneration, house prices, Barcelona, Sydney, geographical economic divides, IOC, event benefits, bid cities, Manchester, Birmingham, infrastructure, host country, localized growth, economic concentration, East London, Spain, Australia, host city development, training camps, national impact Olympics, host city, economic impact, United States, China, capital cities, London 2012, regeneration, geographical divides, house prices, Barcelona, Sydney, economic benefits, event hosting, training camps, Manchester, Birmingham, IOC, urban development, regional inequality, Olympic Games, host country, city growth, infrastructure investment, housing market, national impact, London, Spain, Australia Olympics, host city, economic impact, United States, China, capital cities, London 2012, development, geographical divides, regeneration, East London, house prices, Barcelona, Sydney, urban growth, event benefits, training camps, Birmingham, Manchester, IOC, bids, economic concentration, regional inequality, urban regeneration, economic divide, mega-events, local benefits, national impact, real estate, sports events Olympics, hosting, economic impact, host city, United States, China, London 2012, capital cities, urban development, geographical divides, regeneration, house prices, Barcelona, Sydney, Manchester, Birmingham, IOC, economic benefits, infrastructure, regional disparity, metropolitan growth, event location, national impact, Olympic bids, local economy, urban concentration, host advantage, smaller countries, countrywide benefits, training camps, London, Spain, Australia
test-international-epvhwhranet-con04a	Voters do not understand or care about EU reforms.  They would have found the legal jargon off-putting and a detailed knowledge of the existing EU Treaties is necessary to understand the amendments proposed 1. They have limited understanding of the current system and therefore cannot evaluate how reform treaties would benefit or harm the EU and their nation's interest. Due to this lack of understanding citizens are too likely to be swayed by media bias and anti Europe campaigners. All this is shown by the low turnout in European parliament elections. Elected representatives on the other hand, do understand the impact of the treaties and therefore can make an informed decision on the behalf of their people and in the nation's interest.  1 'An unloved Parliament', The Economist (7 May 2009), viewed on 13 June 2011 'Elections 2009', eu4journalists viewed on 13 June 2011 EU reforms, voter understanding, legal jargon, EU Treaties, reform amendments, knowledge gap, media bias, anti-Europe campaigns, low voter turnout, European Parliament elections, elected representatives, informed decision, national interest, public opinion, political participation, policy evaluation, treaty impact, citizen disengagement, information deficit, democratic legitimacy EU reforms, voter understanding, legal jargon, EU Treaties, treaty amendments, political knowledge, media bias, anti-Europe campaigns, European Parliament elections, low voter turnout, representative decision-making, citizen disengagement, electoral participation, national interest, reform evaluation, elected representatives, public opinion, democratic legitimacy, policy comprehension, EU integration EU reforms, voter understanding, legal jargon, EU treaties, amendments, limited knowledge, reform evaluation, European Union, national interest, media bias, anti-EU campaigns, European Parliament elections, low turnout, elected representatives, informed decision, public opinion, democratic deficit, citizen disengagement, referendum, policy impact, legislative process EU reforms, voter understanding, legal jargon, EU treaties, referendum, public opinion, media bias, anti-Europe campaigns, European Parliament elections, low turnout, elected representatives, informed decision, citizen participation, political knowledge, electoral engagement, treaty amendments, media influence, national interest, democratic process, public awareness EU reforms, voter understanding, EU treaties, legal jargon, citizen knowledge, reform amendments, media bias, anti-Europe campaigns, European Parliament elections, voter turnout, elected representatives, informed decision, national interest, referendum, public opinion, electoral participation, treaty impact, democratic deficit, public engagement, political communication
test-law-sdfclhrppph-pro03a	It may be necessary in the interests of national security  The Government must protect its citizens from foreign enemies and internal enemies - thus freedom of speech can be acceptably curtailed during times of war in order to prevent propaganda and spying which might undermine the national interest. This has happened in almost all states during times of war, during the second world war the United States even had a government department dedicated to it; The Office of Censorship. [1]  [1] Hanyok, Robert J., ‘Secrets of Victory: The Office of Censorship and The American Press and Radio in World War II’, Studies in Intelligence, Vol 46, No. 3, national security, freedom of speech, wartime censorship, government protection, foreign enemies, internal threats, propaganda, spying, national interest, World War II, United States, Office of Censorship, information control, civil liberties, media restrictions, Hanyok, press censorship, radio censorship, government wartime policies, intelligence studies national security, freedom of speech, censorship, wartime censorship, government protection, propaganda, espionage, internal enemies, external enemies, World War II, Office of Censorship, United States, information control, press restrictions, radio censorship, intelligence studies, civil liberties, emergency powers, national interest, speech curtailment, Robert J. Hanyok, state security national security, government protection, freedom of speech, wartime censorship, propaganda prevention, espionage, internal threats, external threats, World War II, United States, Office of Censorship, press censorship, radio censorship, intelligence studies, Robert J. Hanyok, civil liberties, national interest, information control, historical censorship, war measures national security, government protection, citizens, foreign enemies, internal enemies, freedom of speech, wartime censorship, propaganda, spying, national interest, wartime restrictions, freedom curtailment, Office of Censorship, World War II, United States, media control, press censorship, radio censorship, civil liberties, information control, Robert J. Hanyok, intelligence studies, wartime policy, censorship history national security, freedom of speech, government censorship, wartime censorship, propaganda, espionage, national interest, Office of Censorship, World War II, internal enemies, external enemies, press restrictions, radio censorship, American press, U.S. government, history of censorship, civil liberties, information control, security measures, wartime propaganda, surveillance, WWII.
test-politics-gvhbhlsbr-pro01a	The House of Lords is out of touch with the electorate.  The 19th century US President Abraham Lincoln stated that democracy should be ‘Government of the people, by the people, for the people’ [1] Therefore peers who sit in the house based on noble birth right or their membership of the Church of England, that is itself largely ignored by the people, do not represent the people of Britain.  [1] A' Short Definition of Democracy’, Democracy-building.info, 2005, viewed on 1 June 2011 House of Lords, democracy, electorate, Abraham Lincoln, government, noble birth, Church of England, representation, Britain, peers, out of touch, democracy definition, democracy-building, 19th century, people’s representation, unelected chamber House of Lords, out of touch, electorate, democracy, Abraham Lincoln, government of the people, representation, noble birth, Church of England, peers, British parliament, democratic legitimacy, hereditary peers, unelected chamber, political representation, public opinion, democratic reform House of Lords, out of touch, electorate, democracy, Abraham Lincoln, government of the people, peers, noble birth, Church of England, representation, Britain, undemocratic, democratic legitimacy, hereditary peers, non-elected members, public opinion, parliamentary reform House of Lords, electorate, out of touch, democracy, Abraham Lincoln, government by the people, noble birth, hereditary peers, Church of England, representation, British parliament, democratic legitimacy, unelected chamber, public representation, democratic reform, peerage system House of Lords, out of touch, electorate, Abraham Lincoln, democracy, government of the people, by the people, for the people, noble birth right, Church of England, representation, British government, peers, democratic legitimacy, unelected chamber, democratic deficit, Democracy-building.info, definition of democracy
test-health-hpehwadvoee-pro04a	We should preserve the person with greater quality of life  We have to be able to measure quality of life relatively. There might be many cases where a relative is terminally ill, yet not dead yet. This person, with a survival prospect of maybe half a year of suffering and medication, might have a perfectly functional organ. [1] It is very rational, both for this person and for society as a whole to allow him or her to undergo euthanasia at an early stage to save the other person. [2]  Furthermore, a person might sacrifice his or her life to provide an organ for a specific individual, yet their other organs can still be used to save others, of whom the donor might not have been aware. It is sad that a person has to die, but as this is the only option [3] , it is a good thing that several people might live when one sacrifices their life.  [1] Monforte-Royo, C. and M.V. Roqué. “The organ donation process: A humanist perspective based on the experience of nursing care.” Nursing Philosophy 13.4 (2012): 295-301.  [2] Wilkinson, Dominc and Julian Savalescu. “SHOULD WE ALLOW ORGAN DONATION EUTHANASIA? ALTERNATIVES FOR MAXIMIZING THE NUMBER AND QUALITY OF ORGANS FOR TRANSPLANTATION.” Bioethics 26.1 (2012): 32-48.  [3] ibid quality of life, organ donation, euthanasia, terminal illness, survival prospects, organ transplantation, rational decision-making, ethical considerations, end-of-life care, organ donor, sacrificial donation, multiple recipients, moral philosophy, nursing perspective, bioethics, utilitarianism, altruistic sacrifice, medical ethics, organ procurement, life expectancy, medical suffering, voluntary euthanasia, consent, humanism, resource allocation quality of life, organ donation, euthanasia, terminal illness, survival prospects, organ transplantation, ethical considerations, bioethics, medical ethics, sacrifice for others, end-of-life decisions, organ donor, recipient prioritization, humanist perspective, nursing care, suffering, medication, functional organs, societal benefit, living donor, resource allocation, life expectancy, organ donation euthanasia, transplant ethics, donor consent, utilitarianism quality of life, organ donation, euthanasia, terminal illness, survival prospects, suffering, medication, functional organs, rational decision-making, societal benefit, early euthanasia, organ transplantation ethics, voluntary sacrifice, donor intention, maximized organ utility, nursing care experience, humanist perspective, donation alternatives, transplant recipient prioritization, bioethics, end-of-life decisions, terminal patient autonomy, multiple organ use, donor consent quality of life, organ donation, euthanasia, terminal illness, organ transplantation, ethical decision-making, life preservation, survival prospects, voluntary organ donation, donation euthanasia, medical ethics, utilitarianism, end-of-life care, donor consent, suffering, bioethics, functional organs, comparative quality, rational allocation, nursing care perspective, sacrifice for others, organ donor motivations, maximizing transplants, societal benefit, multi-recipient transplant, donation process, nursing philosophy, death vs life trade-off, beneficence, patient autonomy quality of life, organ donation, euthanasia, terminally ill, survival prospects, suffering, medication, rational decision-making, societal benefit, early stage euthanasia, organ transplantation, donor sacrifice, multiple recipients, ethical considerations, organ donor, humanist perspective, nursing care, bioethics, alternatives, maximizing organ availability, transplantation ethics
test-international-gpdwhwcusa-pro01a	A UN Standing Army would solve the problem of American military hegemony.  A strong, effective and impartial United Nations standing army would deny powerful military states the right to bully and blackmail rivals into submission with the threat of military force. A UN army would be able to balance that threat with their own willingness to come to the aid of states under military duress. The United States, unwilling to risk a protracted conflict against a respected, well-trained multi-national force would have to fall back. To use an example, American military intervention in Vietnam, against the wishes of the majority of the population, could have been prevented had a U.N. standing army existed to respond to the wishes of the Vietnamese people and stand against the United States’ intervention. The existence of such a military rival would therefore force the United States to increase its investment in its State Department and diplomatic solutions to political crises. Ultimately, peace would be more effectively maintained. UN standing army, United Nations, military hegemony, American military power, military intervention, international peacekeeping, military balance, multinational force, Vietnam War, military conflict prevention, state sovereignty, diplomatic solutions, peacekeeping forces, global security, US foreign policy, military deterrence, international relations, power balance, global governance, military rivalry, State Department, diplomacy, conflict resolution, international military forces, US intervention, peace maintenance UN standing army, United Nations military, American military hegemony, military intervention, US foreign policy, military balance of power, international peacekeeping, military deterrence, multinational force, global security, diplomatic solutions, US-Vietnam War, military blackmail, state sovereignty, international relations, peace enforcement, United States military, disincentivizing war, impartial peacekeeping, State Department investment UN standing army, United Nations military, American military hegemony, military intervention, military balance, multinational force, global peacekeeping, US foreign policy, Vietnam War, diplomatic solutions, military deterrence, international security, US military power, UN peacekeeping, global military balance, State Department, military blackmail, military duress, impartial military force, prevention of conflict, diplomatic investment UN standing army, United Nations military, American military hegemony, military balance, global security, military intervention, multinational force, peacekeeping, US foreign policy, State Department, diplomacy, diplomatic solutions, Vietnam War, military deterrence, international relations, military blackmail, military power, collective security, military neutrality, global governance, peace maintenance UN standing army, United Nations military, American military hegemony, military intervention, conflict prevention, multinational force, global security, diplomacy, Vietnam War, U.S. foreign policy, military balance, peacekeeping, state sovereignty, impartial military force, military deterrence, U.S. State Department, diplomatic solutions, international relations, power balancing, military blackmail, global peace, military rival, peace maintenance, international intervention, military restraint, military conflict prevention
test-politics-dhbanhrnw-pro04a	Nuclear weapons serve to defuse international conflicts and force compromise  Nuclear weapons create stability, described in the doctrine of Mutually Assured Destruction (MAD). Countries with nuclear weapons have no incentive to engage in open military conflict with one another; all recognize that they will suffer destruction if they choose the path of war. [1] If countries have nuclear weapons, fighting simply becomes too costly. This serves to defuse conflicts, and reduce the likelihood of the outbreak of war. For example, the conflict between India and Pakistan was defused by the acquisition of nuclear weapons by both sides. Before they obtained nuclear weapons, they fought three wars that claimed millions of lives. Relations between the two states, while still far from cordial, have never descended into open war. The defusing of the immediate tension of war, has given the chance for potential dialogue. [2] A similar dynamic has been played out a number of times in the past, and as of yet there has never been a war between two nuclear powers. When states have nuclear weapons they cannot fight, making the world a more peaceful place.  [1] Waltz, Kenneth. 1981. “The Spread of Nuclear Weapons: More May Better”. Adelphi Papers 171. London: International Institute for Strategic Studies.  [2] Nizamani, Haider K. 2000. The Roots of Rhetoric: Politics of Nuclear weapons in India and Pakistan. Westport: Praeger. nuclear weapons, conflict defusion, international stability, mutually assured destruction, MAD, deterrence, open military conflict, war prevention, nuclear deterrence, India-Pakistan conflict, arms race, nuclear powers, security doctrine, peace maintenance, Kenneth Waltz, nuclear proliferation, strategic stability, reduc­tion in war likelihood, crisis stability, diplomacy, nuclear era, escalation control, nuclear peace theory, deterrence theory nuclear weapons, conflict defusal, international stability, Mutually Assured Destruction, MAD doctrine, war deterrence, nuclear-armed states, open military conflict, war prevention, India Pakistan conflict, nuclear rivalry, war outbreak, peace promotion, security studies, Kenneth Waltz, nuclear proliferation, Adelphi Papers, Haider Nizamani, politics of nuclear weapons, South Asia, nuclear deterrence, arms race, bilateral relations, non-war between nuclear powers, global peace, strategic stability nuclear weapons, international conflict, conflict resolution, mutually assured destruction, MAD doctrine, nuclear stability, deterrence, nuclear states, war prevention, India-Pakistan conflict, nuclear diplomacy, nuclear peace, nuclear deterrence theory, arms race, security dilemma, cold war, nuclear rivalry, peace through strength, Waltz, Adelphi Papers, Nizamani, nuclear proliferation, nuclear war, state behavior nuclear weapons, conflict resolution, international stability, Mutually Assured Destruction, MAD doctrine, nuclear deterrence, military conflict prevention, nuclear arms, India-Pakistan conflict, war prevention, dialogue opportunities, bilateral relations, nuclear peace theory, Kenneth Waltz, Adelphi Papers, Haider K. Nizamani, nuclear proliferation, strategic stability, historical case studies, non-aggression, peace through deterrence, nuclear policy, security studies, deterrence theory, international relations nuclear weapons, conflict defusal, international stability, Mutually Assured Destruction, MAD, deterrence, military conflict, war prevention, nuclear-armed states, India-Pakistan conflict, nuclear proliferation, war deterrence, peace, dialogue, security doctrine, escalation, nuclear strategy, nuclear standoff, global security, arms race, Kenneth Waltz, Haider Nizamani
test-economy-epehwmrbals-con01a	Universal standards of labour and business are not suited to the race for development  Developing countries are in a race to develop their economies. The prioritisation of countries that are not currently developed is different to the priorities of developed countries as a result of their circumstances and they must be allowed to temporarily push back standards of labour and business until they achieve a level playing field with the rest of the world. This is because economic development is a necessary precondition for many of the kinds of labour standards enjoyed in the west. For there to be high labour standards there clearly needs to be employment to have those standards. Undeveloped countries are reliant upon cheap, flexible, labour to work in factories to create economic growth as happened in China. In such cases the comparative advantage is through their cheap labour. If there had been high levels of government imposed labour standards and working conditions then multinational firms would never have located their factories in the country as the cost of running them would have been too high. [1] Malaysia for example has struggled to contain activity from the Malaysian Trades Union Congress to prevent their jobs moving to China [2] as the competition does not have labour standards so helping keep employment cheap. [3]  [1] Fang, Cai, and Wang, Dewen, ‘Employment growth, labour scarcity and the nature of China’s trade expansion’,  , p.145, 154  [2] Rasiah, Rajah, ‘The Competitive Impact of China on Southeast Asia’s Labor Markets’, Development Research Series, Research Center on Development and International Relations, Working Paper No.114, 2002,  P.32  [3] Bildner, Eli, ‘China’s Uneven Labor Revolution’, The Atlantic, 11 January 2013, universal labour standards, business regulations, developing countries, economic development, labour market, employment growth, cheap labour, comparative advantage, multinational firms, factory location, labour flexibility, government regulation, Malaysia, China, Southeast Asia, trade expansion, labour scarcity, labour unions, working conditions, industrialization, global competition, wage standards, labour policy, international trade, development priorities, economic inequality, labour costs, human rights, industrial policy, economic growth universal labour standards, business standards, economic development, developing countries, labour prioritisation, developed vs developing nations, temporary standard reduction, economic growth, employment precondition, factory labor, cheap labor, comparative advantage, multinational firms, labor costs, China economic model, labor standards impact, employment competition, Malaysia labor market, trade unions, labor flexibility, Southeast Asia labor markets, government regulation, industrialization, working conditions, labor scarcity, trade expansion, China labor revolution universal labour standards, business standards, economic development, developing countries, developed countries, labour prioritisation, labour flexibility, economic growth, cheap labour, comparative advantage, factory location, multinational firms, labour costs, labour standards, employment growth, trade expansion, labour scarcity, Malaysia, China, Southeast Asia, union activity, industrialisation, working conditions, wage competition, trade liberalization, international labor standards, developmental policies, labor market competitiveness, industrial policy, globalisation, race to develop, employment policy universal labour standards, business standards, economic development, developing countries, labour flexibility, employment growth, comparative advantage, cheap labour, multinational firms, factory relocation, working conditions, government regulations, trade expansion, labour scarcity, China economic growth, Malaysia labour market, trade unions, Southeast Asia, global competition, labour market impacts, Western labour standards, level playing field, temporary deregulation, industrialisation, international business, economic preconditions, flexible employment, labour costs, multinational investment, labour regulation pushback labour standards, business standards, economic development, developing countries, developed countries, race to develop, cheap labour, flexible labour, comparative advantage, multinational firms, employment growth, labour scarcity, working conditions, trade expansion, factory relocation, labour market competition, Malaysia, China, Southeast Asia, labour unions, government regulation, low-cost production, industrialization, economic policies, international trade, wage standards, level playing field, temporary standards relaxation, developmental priorities, global inequality, labour rights, growth strategies, business regulation, foreign investment, industrial growth
test-free-speech-debate-yfsdfkhbwu-con02a	‘Separation of town and gown’  There are two parties involved in this interaction, the state and the university. To pretend that is an entirely one way process is to ignore reality. Contrary to the belief of many Senior Common Rooms, states do not exist for the convenience of universities. Indeed universities quite happily accept the political and economic stability provided by states at exactly the same time as criticising the methods they need to use to maintain it.  However, ultimately universities are service providers from the point of view of the state, training and skilling the workforce. The university provides its expertise in exchange for funding and student fees. Where, exactly, the opinions of the faculty enter into such an equation is not clear and appears to have been assumed by proposition. Of course individual academics and students have the right to their own political views but the idea that a university as an institution has rights distinct from, say, a supermarket chain is impossible to justify. If a supermarket announced that it should be free to ignore local laws and adopt those of its base state instead, that would clearly be rejected. Just as when a food chain invests in a country for, say, beef, the arrangement is predicated on the understanding that both parties benefit and each has a little room for negotiation. [i] The same should apply here. If prop were to argue that Asian nations should relax there approach to cannabis so that it students could enjoy a more genuine ‘Western student experience’ the statement would be the subject of ridicule, so should this be.  [i] Smith, David, ‘Tesco should give us some of these billions’, guardian.co.uk, 15 May 2009, town and gown, university-state relations, higher education, state funding, academic autonomy, political stability, university service provider, faculty rights, institutional rights, university governance, common room attitudes, public policy, workforce training, student fees, academic freedom, institutional comparison, supermarket analogy, legal compliance, international education, policy negotiation, Western student experience, university criticism, universities and law, higher education policy, David Smith, Tesco analogy town and gown, university-state relations, higher education governance, academic autonomy, university funding, workforce training, state policy, university service provider, political stability, faculty rights, institutional rights, academic freedom, university vs supermarket, legal compliance, institutional negotiation, comparative higher education, Western student experience, international education policy, university-state dynamics, higher education criticism town and gown, university-state relations, academic autonomy, higher education policy, faculty rights, state funding, university governance, student experience, economic stability, political stability, service provision, academic freedom, institutional rights, workforce training, public funding, university accountability, government-university interaction, higher education regulation, academic criticism, comparative analogy, supermarket comparison, institutional negotiation, policy justification, cross-national education policy, campus law compliance town and gown, university-state relations, higher education governance, academic autonomy, university funding, state control, faculty rights, institutional rights, service provider role, workforce training, political stability, economic stability, academic freedom, university vs corporation, institutional critique, legal compliance, international education, comparative education, student experience, policy negotiation, academic vs commercial institutions town and gown, university-state relations, higher education governance, academic autonomy, state funding, university service provider, workforce training, political stability, economic stability, faculty influence, institutional rights, university vs corporation, legal compliance, education policy, international student experience, academic freedom, universities in society, public institutions, government-university interaction, Asian education policy, cannabis policy, supermarket comparison, public vs private institutions, institutional negotiation, state regulation, higher education policy
test-economy-bepahbtsnrt-pro03a	Overseas competition  Tunisia’s tourism industry is at risk from overseas competition. International tourism is a very competitive market, relying on the industry is therefore an illogical policy. Tunisia is already being undercut on prices by other countries despite its low fees. Morocco, Spain and Turkey can afford to charge a lower price for package tours than Tunisia due to better air transportation links1. Even before the Jasmine revolution, Tunisia was starting to lose ground to these countries. The ten years before the removal of Ben Ali saw the number of tourists to Tunisia rise from five to seven million, whilst Morocco rose from five to nine million2. Outside of the Mediterranean, Tunisia must compete with popular tourist destinations such as the Far East, North America and Australasia.  1) African Manager, ‘Tunisia-Tourism: Clear Improvement, but a timid pace!’, data accessed 24 January 2014  2) Achy,L. ‘The Tourism Crisis in Tunisia Goes Beyond Security Issues’, Al Monitor, 26 June 2012 Tunisia, tourism industry, overseas competition, international tourism, market competition, policy, low fees, package tours, air transportation, Morocco, Spain, Turkey, price undercutting, tourist numbers, Jasmine revolution, Ben Ali, Mediterranean, Far East, North America, Australasia, tourism crisis, tourism policy, African Manager, Al Monitor, security issues, destination competition, tourism growth, tour packages, transportation links, tourism market, travel destinations Tunisia tourism, overseas competition, international tourism, competitive market, tourism policy, price competition, package tours, air transportation links, tourism statistics, Morocco tourism, Spain tourism, Turkey tourism, Mediterranean destinations, Far East tourism, North America tourism, Australasia tourism, tourist arrivals, Jasmine revolution, Ben Ali, tourism crisis, security issues, African Manager, Al Monitor Tunisia tourism, overseas competition, international tourism, competitive market, tourism policy, price undercutting, Morocco, Spain, Turkey, package tours, air transportation links, Jasmine revolution, tourist statistics, Ben Ali, Mediterranean destinations, Far East tourism, North America tourism, Australasia tourism, African Manager, tourism crisis, Al Monitor, tourism security, tourism industry risks Tunisia, tourism industry, overseas competition, international tourism, competitive market, price undercutting, Morocco, Spain, Turkey, package tours, air transportation, tourist numbers, Ben Ali, Mediterranean, Far East, North America, Australasia, tourism policy, tourism crisis, security issues, African Manager, Al Monitor Tunisia tourism, overseas competition, international tourism, price undercutting, tourism industry risk, package tours, air transportation links, Morocco tourism, Spain tourism, Turkey tourism, tourist arrivals, Mediterranean tourism, global tourist destinations, Far East tourism, North America tourism, Australasia tourism, Jasmine revolution, Ben Ali, tourism growth, tourism crisis, security issues, competitive market, tourism policy
test-education-egtuscpih-con04a	Online courses undermine society life of the university  University is not just a place for learning. A big part of student life is participating in societies and other activities, such as sports, debating, political, philosophical or other interest groups. These provide them with opportunity to explore their talents, do the things they like and also build connections that could be useful after the university. But you cannot do most of these things online as they, unlike studying, are not based on studying materials you can upload. This is why students with online courses would be deprived of these opportunities to develop themselves, build useful connections and get ideas for their further life. This is important for society too as students historically have often been an important political and social actor (e.g. see 1968 France, Athens Polytechnic uprising etc.). online courses, university life, student societies, extracurricular activities, campus experience, social interaction, networking, personal development, student engagement, community building, offline activities, student connections, talent exploration, political activism, social impact, student organizations, student protests, university community, digital learning limitations, student opportunities online courses, university life, student societies, extracurricular activities, student connections, social development, university experience, student opportunities, talent exploration, networking, campus activities, student engagement, in-person interaction, student development, political activism, student movements, social impact, university community, university culture, student participation, online learning limitations online courses, university life, student societies, extracurricular activities, campus experience, social interaction, student development, networking, personal growth, student organizations, in-person activities, student engagement, skills development, academic community, university culture, student connections, campus involvement, offline activities, social skills, university experience, student activism, historical student movements, peer networking, student opportunities, university community, student life, professional networking online courses, university society life, student activities, extracurricular activities, student organizations, networking, student development, campus experience, social connections, university community, skill exploration, post-graduation opportunities, student engagement, academic vs social balance, student societies, personal growth, student activism, historical student movements, 1968 France, Athens Polytechnic uprising, remote learning, disadvantages of online education online courses, university society life, student activities, extracurriculars, social interaction, student societies, networking, campus experience, student development, university community, student connections, offline engagement, student networking, personal growth, university clubs, student organizations, student opportunities, campus life, social skills, historical student movements, student activism, political engagement, student participation, student identity, university experience
test-economy-egiahbwaka-pro01a	Women are the backbone of Africa’s agriculture  It sounds dramatic, but when more than 70% percent of the agricultural labor force of Africa is represented by women, and that sector is a third of GDP, one can say that women really are the backbone of Africa’s economy. But the sector does not reach its full potential. Women do most of the work but hold none of the profit; they cannot innovate and receive salaries up to 50% less than men. This is because they cannot own land [1] , they cannot take loans, and therefore cannot invest to increase profits. [2]  The way to make women key to Africa’s future therefore is to provide them with rights to their land. This will provide women with an asset that can be used to obtain loans to increase productivity. The Food and Agriculture organisation argues “if women had the same access to productive resources as men, they could increase yields on their farms by 20–30 percent. This could raise total agricultural output in developing countries by 2.5–4 percent, which could in turn reduce the number of hungry people in the world by 12–17 percent.” [3]  The bottom line is that women work hard but their work is not recognised and potential not realised. What is true in agriculture is even truer in other sectors where women do not make up the majority of workers where the simple lack of female workers demonstrates wasted potential. The inefficient use of resources reduces the growth of the economy.  [1] Oppong-Ansah, Albert, ‘Ghana’s Small Women’s Savings Groups Have Big Impact’, Inter Press Service, 28 February 2014,   [2] Mucavele, Saquina, ‘The Role of Rural Women in Africa’, World Farmers Organisation,   [3] FAO, ‘Gender Equality and Food Security’, fao.org, 2013,  , p.19 women in agriculture, Africa, agricultural labor force, female empowerment, land ownership, gender inequality, agricultural productivity, rural women, access to credit, economic growth, wage gap, land rights, food security, agricultural innovation, gender disparity, GDP, loan access, resource allocation, female farmers, FAO, agricultural output, women’s rights, poverty reduction, rural development, sustainable agriculture, economic potential, social impact, women’s work recognition, barriers to investment, productivity gap, gender equity, female asset ownership, microfinance, women’s savings groups, structural inequality, World Farmers Organisation women, agriculture, Africa, agricultural labor force, gender inequality, land ownership, economic empowerment, productivity, GDP, access to resources, rural women, loans, investment, salary gap, innovation, food security, FAO, gender equality, farming, development, economic growth, asset ownership, sustainable development, female farmers, poverty reduction, agricultural output, hunger reduction, women’s rights, labor force participation, resource allocation women, Africa, agriculture, agricultural labor force, women empowerment, gender inequality, land ownership, rural women, economic growth, GDP, female farmers, access to resources, access to credit, loans, innovation, productivity, gender wage gap, food security, FAO, developing countries, investment, potential, poverty reduction, sustainable development, legal rights, resource allocation, economic impact, women's rights, inclusive growth, rural economy, social equity women, agriculture, Africa, agricultural labor force, GDP, economy, gender inequality, land ownership, access to credit, investment, productivity, agricultural innovation, salaries, productive resources, Food and Agriculture Organization, gender gap, rural women, economic growth, hunger reduction, development, asset rights, female empowerment, resource allocation, agricultural output, wage disparity, policy reforms, land rights, women's rights, financial inclusion, sustainable development, farm yields, women's contribution, potential, rural development women in agriculture, Africa, agricultural labor force, gender inequality, land ownership, women's rights, access to credit, agricultural productivity, economic growth, female empowerment, rural women, food security, gender gap, agricultural output, wage disparity, innovation, loans, African economy, resource allocation, FAO, gender equality, sustainable development, productivity gap, barriers to investment, women’s economic participation
test-international-ehbfe-pro02a	A federal Europe will protect the cultural diversity of its member states  A federal Europe will be more advantageous for individual citizens, since they will be living in a powerful state, yet with respect of their cultural and local situation  Subsidiarity combines maximum effectiveness with maximum accountability, with decisions being made at the lowest appropriate level. Citizens gain the advantages of living in a large, powerful state in terms of international economic, military and political power, all available more cheaply in a state of 450 million people, and through their increased opportunities for work, study, etc. Yet the advantages of living in a smaller state are preserved in terms of connection to the political process, respect for local cultural traditions and responsiveness to differing economic and physical situations. Such checks and balances prevent tyranny and increase willing obedience to laws.  Overall, we now have something resembling parliamentary democracy at the European level. EU political institutions now look more like those of a member state than they do those of an international organisation. The challenge facing the European Union in the future is to fill the gap between itself and the citizen, providing a political connection equal to the social, cultural and sporting connections that the single market has already provided.  Federalism and subsidiarity can allow for regional identities in a way national states cannot – e.g. for Northern Ireland, Corsica, Basque Region, Lombardy. In a Federal Europe such peoples would not feel under threat from a dominant culture and long-running conflicts could be resolved, as issues of sovereignty become less relevant within the new political structures. federal Europe, cultural diversity, member states, individual citizens, powerful state, subsidiarity, effectiveness, accountability, decision making, lowest appropriate level, large state advantages, international power, economic power, military power, political power, EU population, opportunities, work, study, local connection, political process, local traditions, economic situations, physical situations, checks and balances, prevent tyranny, law obedience, parliamentary democracy, EU political institutions, political connection, European Union, citizen engagement, single market, federalism, regional identities, national states, minority regions, sovereignty, Basque Region, Corsica, Lombardy, Northern Ireland, conflict resolution federal Europe, cultural diversity, member states, individual citizens, powerful state, subsidiarity, accountability, decision-making, local level, international power, economic advantages, military strength, political influence, opportunities, work, study, large state, small state, political connection, local traditions, checks and balances, tyranny prevention, law obedience, parliamentary democracy, EU political institutions, citizen engagement, European Union, regional identities, national states, minority regions, Northern Ireland, Corsica, Basque Region, Lombardy, dominant culture, sovereignty, political structures, conflict resolution, federalism federal Europe, cultural diversity, member states, individual citizens, powerful state, local situation, subsidiarity, effectiveness, accountability, decision-making, lowest appropriate level, international power, economic power, military power, political power, large state, 450 million people, opportunities, work, study, small state, political connection, political process, local traditions, economic situations, physical situations, checks and balances, prevent tyranny, parliamentary democracy, EU institutions, member state comparison, citizen engagement, social connection, cultural connection, sporting connection, single market, federalism, regional identities, national states, minority groups, Northern Ireland, Corsica, Bas federal Europe, cultural diversity, member states, individual citizens, powerful state, subsidiarity, effectiveness, accountability, decision-making, local level, international power, economic power, military power, political power, EU population, opportunities, work, study, local traditions, political process, responsiveness, economic situations, checks and balances, tyranny prevention, obedience to laws, parliamentary democracy, EU institutions, political connection, social connection, cultural connection, sporting connection, single market, future challenges, federalism, regional identities, national states, regional autonomy, sovereignty, Northern Ireland, Corsica, Basque Region, Lombardy, minority protection, conflict resolution federal Europe, cultural diversity, member states, individual citizens, powerful state, local situation, subsidiarity, effectiveness, accountability, decision-making, lowest level, international power, economic advantages, military power, political power, large state, small state, political process, local traditions, economic responsiveness, physical situations, checks and balances, tyranny prevention, law obedience, parliamentary democracy, EU institutions, member state comparison, political connection, citizen engagement, federalism, regional identities, national states, Northern Ireland, Corsica, Basque Region, Lombardy, dominant culture, conflict resolution, sovereignty, new political structures
test-education-xeegshwfeu-pro03a	Increasing parents' freedom of choice  Different parents have different values and priorities, and it is entirely legitimate for them to wish to pass these on to their children. The state does not know any better than them with which values the ideal life can be lived.  Further, children are individuals who respond in very different ways to different styles of teaching. Parents know their children better than central government possibly could, and so are the best placed to decide what sort of school their child should go to. Currently, there is very little state provision for non-mainstream styles of learning, whereas in the private sector there is a big incentive for educational innovation. parental choice, educational freedom, parental values, school selection, individual learning styles, state vs parental authority, educational innovation, non-mainstream education, private sector education, alternative education, education policy, parent decision-making, child-centered education, school diversity, state education limitations parental choice, educational freedom, parental values, school selection, state intervention, individual learning styles, alternative education, educational innovation, private sector education, mainstream schooling, government role, parental authority, child-centered education, school diversity, educational provision, education system, non-mainstream education, educational policy, family priorities, educational decision-making parental choice, education, school selection, parental rights, educational values, teaching styles, individual learning, state intervention, private education, educational innovation, non-mainstream education, government role, parent-child relationship, alternative schooling, educational diversity parental choice, educational freedom, school selection, parental values, individualized education, state intervention, educational diversity, alternative education, private sector innovation, teaching styles, non-mainstream education, educational priorities, parent-child relationship, educational policy, school types, government role in education parental choice, education policy, school selection, values transmission, parental rights, individualized learning, educational diversity, teaching styles, non-mainstream education, educational innovation, private sector education, government vs parents, state education, alternative schooling, child-centered education
test-politics-oeplhbuwhmi-pro04a	UK will be disentangled from EU affairs  Leaving the EU would mean that Britain is no longer entangled in foreign policy issues that are of little interest to it and instead could devote itself to other more productive issues. The two main foreign policy crises for the EU at the moment are Ukraine and migration, neither of which concern the UK when not a member of the EU. Migration would be stopped at the channel while Ukraine is at the opposite end of the EU. The EU would essentially become a buffer for the UK. UK, EU, disentanglement, foreign policy, Brexit, migration, Ukraine, buffer state, European Union, Britain, channel crossing, sovereignty, policy independence, EU crises, withdrawal, border control, international relations, geopolitical strategy, British interests, EU affairs UK, EU, disentanglement, Brexit, foreign policy, EU affairs, Britain, migration, Ukraine crisis, EU buffer, channel border, UK independence, EU membership, foreign relations, UK sovereignty, EU crises, productive issues, non-EU member, border control, EU-UK relations UK, European Union, Brexit, disentanglement, foreign policy, EU affairs, British interests, migration, Ukraine crisis, channel border, EU buffer, UK independence, EU crises, external affairs, non-membership, sovereignty, border control, EU migration, geopolitical strategy UK, EU, foreign policy, disentanglement, Brexit, migration, Ukraine crisis, EU affairs, UK-EU relations, British foreign policy, EU buffer, Channel migration, post-Brexit, EU crises, sovereignty, Eurozone, external affairs, UK independence, EU-UK separation, European politics UK, EU, Brexit, disentangle, foreign policy, migration, Ukraine crisis, buffer state, channel crossing, EU affairs, Britain independence, European Union, border control, policy autonomy, international relations, UK withdrawal, EU membership, sovereignty, UK-EU relations
test-culture-thbcsbptwhht-pro03a	Compensation is important to give the communities credit they deserve.  Compensation can be used to level out the playing field of inequality to those who have been oppressed. They help to give communities the recognition they deserve and help to reverse intuitionally reinforced negative stereotypes. The reparations can be used to benefit the community; for example, within the community and externally in order to educate people appropriately about the struggles of a repressed community. It would help fund efforts based on the model of the US Governments of Education and State Boards of Education to develop a 'robust curriculum' involving greater accuracy in black history as well as the involvement of African American figures in history on local, national and global scales [1].  This inequality is why the reform has to be state led; it is up to the state to protect minorities. Professor Matthew Rimmer from the Queensland University of Technology believes that ''At an international level, more should be done to implement the UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples in respect of Indigenous intellectual property''. This was said after Chanel made a A$2,000 boomerang [2] which would seem to be in opposition to the declaration which Australia has endorsed.  [1] Humphries, Arielle, and Stahly-Butts, Marbre, ‘A Vision for Black Lives’, Centre for Popular Democracy, July 2016,   [2] ‘Chanel’s $2,000 boomerang sparks complaints and confusion from Indigenous Australians’, ABC News, 17th May 2017, compensation, reparations, inequality, oppressed communities, recognition, negative stereotypes, community benefit, educational reform, robust curriculum, black history, African American history, state-led reform, minority protection, UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, Indigenous intellectual property, Chanel boomerang, Indigenous rights, discrimination, education policy, historical accuracy, cultural appropriation, Australia, international law, Queensland University of Technology, Professor Matthew Rimmer, systemic inequality, institutional reform, curriculum development compensation, reparations, community recognition, inequality, oppressed communities, negative stereotypes, education reform, robust curriculum, black history, African American figures, state-led reform, minority protection, Indigenous rights, UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, intellectual property, cultural appropriation, Chanel boomerang, Indigenous Australians, institutional reform, educational equity, historical accuracy, state responsibility, international law, human rights, cultural recognition compensation, community recognition, reparations, inequality, oppressed communities, negative stereotypes, education reform, black history curriculum, African American history, state-led reform, minority protection, UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, Indigenous intellectual property, cultural appropriation, Chanel boomerang, Australia, Indigenous rights, robust curriculum, reform policy, history education, international law, state responsibility, minority rights, recognition, institutional reform compensation, community credit, reparations, inequality, oppressed communities, recognition, negative stereotypes, benefit community, education, robust curriculum, black history, African American figures, curriculum reform, state-led reform, minority protection, UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, indigenous intellectual property, cultural appropriation, Chanel boomerang, indigenous rights, Australia, curriculum accuracy, institutional reform, state responsibility, international law, indigenous education, historical representation compensation, reparations, community credit, inequality, oppressed communities, recognition, negative stereotypes, education, black history, African American history, robust curriculum, state-led reform, minority protection, UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, Indigenous intellectual property, Chanel boomerang, cultural appropriation, Indigenous rights, curriculum development, historical accuracy, Queensland University of Technology, Professor Matthew Rimmer, Centre for Popular Democracy, Australia, state government, education reform, cultural recognition
test-politics-cpecfiepg-con01a	Defaulting would cause chaos in Greece  There is no good solution for the crisis Greece finds itself in, only less bad ones. Austerity measures imposed on Greece may currently be causing suffering, but austerity is the least bad option available for the Greek people: default would be considerably worse. Here is what would most likely happen:  The Greek banking sector would collapse [1]. A large portion of the Greek debt is owed to Greek banks and companies, many of which would quickly go bankrupt when the Government defaults. This is also because Greek banks are almost totally reliant on the ECB for liquidity. [2] People would consequently lose their savings, and credit would be close to impossible to find.  The Government would quickly devalue the Drachma by at least 50%. This will lead to imported goods being more expensive and consequently to a huge rise in inflation with the living costs increasing tremendously.[3]  These two events would lead to a severe shortage of credit, making it almost impossible for struggling companies to survive. Unemployment would soar as a result. It will become increasingly difficult to secure supplies of oil, medicine, foodstuffs and other goods. Naturally, those hit worst would be the poor. The Government, in this respect, would be failing on an enormous scale in providing many citizens with the basic needs. [4]  [1] Brzeski, Carsten: “Viewpoints: What if Greece exits euro?”, BBC News, 13 July 2012,   [2] Ruparel, Raoul and Persson, Mats: “Better off Out? The short-term options for Greece inside and outside of the euro”, June 2012, Open Europe, 2012   [3] ibid  [4] Arghyrou, Michael: “Viewpoints: What if Greece exits euro?”, BBC News, 13 July 2012, Greece, debt crisis, default, chaos, austerity, Greek banking sector, ECB, liquidity, bankruptcy, savings loss, credit shortage, drachma devaluation, inflation, living costs, imported goods, unemployment, supply shortages, oil, medicine, foodstuffs, poverty, government failure, basic needs, eurozone, economic collapse, fiscal policy, financial crisis, Greek economy, euro exit Greek debt crisis, Greece default, Greek banking collapse, austerity measures, eurozone crisis, Greek government, ECB liquidity, drachma devaluation, inflation Greece, living costs Greece, credit shortage, unemployment Greece, imported goods prices, poverty Greece, economic impact, oil supplies Greece, medicine shortage Greece, food shortage Greece, basic needs, social impact, bankruptcy Greek banks, economic chaos Greece, European Central Bank, eurozone exit, financial crisis, Greek banks, Greek economy, sovereign default, public sector crisis, Greek financial instability Greece, default, chaos, crisis, austerity, Greek debt, Greek banking sector, bankruptcy, ECB, liquidity, savings loss, credit shortage, drachma devaluation, inflation, living costs, unemployment, imported goods, oil supplies, medicine, foodstuffs, poverty, government failure, basic needs, eurozone, economic collapse, Open Europe, BBC News Greece, default, chaos, crisis, austerity, austerity measures, least bad option, Greek banking sector, bank collapse, Greek debt, bankruptcy, ECB, liquidity, savings loss, credit shortage, currency devaluation, Drachma, imported goods, inflation, living costs, shortage, unemployment, oil supply, medicine, foodstuffs, poverty, government failure, basic needs, euro exit, economic crisis, financial collapse Greek debt crisis, Greece default, austerity measures, economic collapse, Greek banking sector, ECB liquidity, government default, drachma devaluation, inflation, unemployment, credit shortage, imported goods, living costs, poverty, oil supplies, medicine shortage, food shortages, social impact, eurozone exit, sovereign debt, financial crisis, bank bankruptcy, government failure, economic consequences, basic needs, economic instability
test-economy-beghwbh-pro02a	The Hyperloop is comparatively cheap  The Hyperloop would be cheap to build. The pods themselves would only cost $1.35million each, the pressurised tube just $650million (or double if wanting vehicles), with only two stations their cost would only be $250million. The biggest cost would be the construction of the pylons carrying the tube which is estimated at $2.55 or $3.15billion. There is an estimated total cost of $4.06billion for the passenger only version or $5.31billion for the vehicle version. [1] This should be compared to the current cost for California’s high speed rail project which is estimated to be $68billion while covering much the same ground. [2]  [1] Musk, Elon, ‘Hyperloop Alpha’, SpaceX, 12 August 2013,  pp.23, 27, 32, 28, 32  [2] Slosson, Mary, ‘California moves forward on $68 billion high-speed rail project’, Reuters, 18 July 2012, Hyperloop, cost comparison, construction costs, pods, pressurized tube, pylons, stations, total cost, passenger version, vehicle version, California high-speed rail, cost estimate, Elon Musk, Hyperloop Alpha, infrastructure, SpaceX, transportation, high-speed rail, capital expenditure, Reuters, feasibility, economic comparison, rail construction, project budget, California Hyperloop, cost comparison, construction costs, cost estimates, pod cost, pressurized tube cost, pylon construction, total project cost, California high-speed rail, infrastructure costs, transportation, Elon Musk, Hyperloop Alpha, SpaceX, railway cost, high-speed rail project, cost efficiency, economic comparison, station costs, vehicle version, passenger version, transportation innovation Hyperloop, cost comparison, construction costs, California high-speed rail, infrastructure, pods cost, pressurized tube, station costs, pylon construction, total cost, passenger version, vehicle version, Elon Musk, Hyperloop Alpha, SpaceX, cost estimates, transportation, high-speed rail cost, Reuters, feasibility, cheap alternative Hyperloop, cost comparison, construction cost, pod cost, pressurized tube, station cost, pylon construction, total cost, passenger version, vehicle version, high-speed rail, California, Elon Musk, Hyperloop Alpha, SpaceX, infrastructure, transportation, budget, economic analysis, Reuters, cost estimate, project comparison, capital expenditure, rail project, building cost Hyperloop, construction cost, cost comparison, infrastructure, pods cost, pressurized tube, pylon construction, station cost, total project cost, vehicle version, passenger version, high-speed rail, California, cost estimate, Elon Musk, Hyperloop Alpha, SpaceX, transportation, cheap transport, budget analysis
test-economy-egppphbcb-con03a	Socialism is a more secure system than the free market in Capitalism  'Credit bubbles' and resultant credit crunches (financial crisis) are inherent in the capitalist system. The economy undergoes a crisis whenever productive economic sectors begin to undergo a slowdown resulting in falls in profits. The recent crisis was caused due to the fact that there was an inflated investment in real estates. It was invested in with the purpose of keeping up profits which lead to a rise in the price of properties. Because of the increased price in property many people took out loans on their house and bought goods for the credit, thinking they could easily pay back their loans since their house would be more valuable at sale. However, since the rise of price was fabricated and not corresponding to an actual need (it was a bubble), house prices had to invariably go down at some point. When the prices eventually went down people could no longer afford to pay back what they had bought on their loaned houses and the installed payments were the trigger of the financial crisis. It could perhaps be said that the economy was surviving on money which did not exist (thereof the name 'credit bubble'). The result was that there were countless goods which no one could buy because no one could afford to pay for them, in turn this lead to a stagnation in the economy and hence to a crisis. A socialist system would not produce overconsumption since its aim is not profit but human needs, it would not have a reason to fabricate an investment for the sake of keeping up the profits and would therefore not cause a capitalist crisis1.  1 Roberts, M. (2008). The credit crunch - one year on. In Defence of Marxism. Retrieved June 7, 2011 socialism, capitalism, economic security, credit bubbles, credit crunch, financial crisis, capitalist system, profit motive, economic slowdown, real estate bubble, inflated investment, property prices, housing loans, overconsumption, economic stagnation, crisis causes, Marxism, profit versus need, speculative investment, economic crashes, market failure, socialist economy, economic theory, systemic risk, financial instability, housing market, investment cycle, economic resilience, crisis prevention, profit-driven economy, non-profit motives, financial system flaws, Roberts M., In Defence of Marxism socialism, economic security, free market, capitalism, credit bubbles, credit crunch, financial crisis, capitalist system, economic slowdown, profit falls, real estate bubble, inflated investment, property prices, mortgage crisis, loan defaults, overconsumption, economic stagnation, crisis causes, debt-driven economy, economic instability, Marxist economics, socialist alternatives, profit motive, human needs economy, investment bubbles, capitalist crisis, economic cycles, housing market collapse, consumption patterns, crisis prevention socialism, capitalism, economic security, credit bubbles, credit crunch, financial crisis, capitalist system, profit motive, economic slowdown, real estate bubble, property prices, housing loans, overconsumption, debt, economic stagnation, investment inflation, market instability, socialist system, human needs, profit-driven investment, Marxism, boom and bust cycle, financial instability, crisis causes, Roberts 2008 socialism, capitalism, free market, economic security, credit bubbles, credit crunch, financial crisis, economic slowdown, profit fall, real estate investment, property price inflation, housing loans, consumer credit, asset bubble, market crash, overconsumption, economic stagnation, crisis triggers, fictitious capital, non-existent money, capitalist crisis, Marxist economics, socialist planning, profit motive, human needs, financial instability, systemic risk, economic regulation, crisis prevention, investment bubbles socialism, capitalism, economic security, credit bubbles, credit crunch, financial crisis, profit-driven economy, real estate bubble, housing market, inflated investment, loan defaults, overconsumption, economic slowdown, market instability, property prices, economic stagnation, socialist economy, profit motive, human needs, investment crisis, capitalist crisis, financial instability, speculative investment, economic collapse, bubble burst, Marxism, economic systems, economic safety, capital accumulation, Roberts 2008
test-philosophy-npegiepp-con02a	The Founder of Neo-functionalism abandoned his own Theory (Haas).  The Founder of Neo-functionalist theory Ernst B. Haas later abandoned his own theory; According to Tranholm-Mikkelsen (1991)- “By the mid-1970 s, Ernst Haas had effectively abandoned the neo-functionalist theory by assimilating it within general interdependence theories of international relations”. [1] The theory proved a success in the economic realm but a fiasco in high politics; “…at the time of the ‘empty chair’ crisis [see next point] neo-functionalism was considered too incapable of describing the process of integration in general because of its extreme Eurocentric nature. Rosamond states that it is emerged from the process of complex web of actors pursuing their interests within a pluralist political environment.” [2] Neo-functionalism remained a partial theory, good at explaining particular parts of integration but required supplanting by other theories to keep it relevant.  [1] Tranholm-Mikkelsen, Jeppe, ‘Neo-functionalism: Obstinate or Obsolete? A Reappraisal in the Light of the New Dynamism of the EC’, Millennium - Journal of International Studies, Vol. 20, No. 1, pp.1-22,   [2] ‘European Political Theories: Neo – functionalism’, May 2011, Ernst B. Haas, Neo-functionalism, theory abandonment, Tranholm-Mikkelsen, interdependence theory, international relations, economic integration, high politics, empty chair crisis, Eurocentrism, Rosamond, pluralist political environment, European integration, partial theory, supplementing theories, European Community, integration theories, Millennium Journal, EC dynamism Ernst B. Haas, neo-functionalism, theory abandonment, Tranholm-Mikkelsen, interdependence theory, European integration, empty chair crisis, high politics, economic integration, Rosamond, Eurocentrism, pluralist politics, international relations, partial theory, European Community, supranationalism, political integration, integration theories, crisis of neo-functionalism, general interdependence, EC studies Ernst B. Haas, neo-functionalism, theory abandonment, Tranholm-Mikkelsen, 1991, interdependence theories, international relations, economic integration, high politics, empty chair crisis, Eurocentrism, Rosamond, pluralist political environment, partial theory, European integration, supplanting theories, Millennium Journal, European Community, political theories Neo-functionalism, Ernst B. Haas, theory abandonment, interdependence theories, international relations, Tranholm-Mikkelsen, economic integration, high politics, empty chair crisis, Eurocentric, Rosamond, pluralist political environment, partial theory, European integration, EC dynamism, political theories, assimilation, integration process, Millennium Journal, European Community Neo-functionalism, Ernst B. Haas, theory abandonment, interdependence theories, Tranholm-Mikkelsen, European integration, empty chair crisis, Eurocentrism, high politics, economic integration, pluralist environment, political actors, integration theory, Rosamond, European Community, international relations, theoretical evolution, partial theory, political science, Millennium Journal
test-economy-epehwmrbals-con03a	Development has many facets of which pure economic growth is a priority, especially in the context of a developing nation  It is a nation’s own sovereign decision to decide its own standards and pace itself. It is a sovereign right of self-determination of a nation to freely comply or refuse to comply with international standards. It is unfair to back a developing nation up against a wall and force them to ratify higher standards in return for aid.  It is notable that the countries that have developed fastest have often been those that have ignored the whims of the aid donors. The Asian tigers (Singapore, Hong Kong, South Korea, Taiwan, later followed by South East Asia and China) did not receive aid, but preserved authority over their developmental policies. Their success story does not involve the international labour standards and goes against many of the policy prescriptions, such as free trade, of international institutions, such as the World Bank and the ILO [1] . This shows that nations that follow their national interest rather than bending to the whims of donors are the ones that ultimately do best economically. These states only implement labour standards when they become beneficial; when it is necessary to build and maintain an educated labour force.  [1] Chang, Ha-Joon, “Infant Industry Promotion in Historical Perspective – A Rope to Hang Oneself or a Ladder to Climb With?”, a paper for the conference “Development Theory at the Threshold of the Twenty-first Century”, 2001, economic growth, development, developing nation, sovereignty, self-determination, international standards, aid conditionality, national interest, Asian tigers, Singapore, Hong Kong, South Korea, Taiwan, Southeast Asia, China, authority, developmental policies, international labour standards, World Bank, ILO, free trade, policy prescriptions, labour standards, educated labour force, Ha-Joon Chang, infant industry, aid donors, economic policy development, economic growth, developing nations, sovereignty, self-determination, international standards, aid conditionality, ratification, higher standards, Asian tigers, Singapore, Hong Kong, South Korea, Taiwan, Southeast Asia, China, developmental policy, international labour standards, World Bank, ILO, national interest, policy prescriptions, free trade, donor influence, labour standards, educated labour force, Ha-Joon Chang, infant industry promotion, historical perspective development, economic growth, developing nation, sovereign decision, self-determination, international standards, aid conditionality, national interest, policy autonomy, Asian tigers, Singapore, Hong Kong, South Korea, Taiwan, Southeast Asia, China, international labour standards, free trade, World Bank, ILO, labour policy, aid dependence, Ha-Joon Chang, infant industry, development policy, education, labour force, donor influence, national policy, economic sovereignty development, economic growth, developing nations, sovereign decision, self-determination, international standards, aid conditionality, ratification, labor standards, Asian tigers, Singapore, Hong Kong, South Korea, Taiwan, Southeast Asia, China, developmental policies, national interest, policy prescriptions, World Bank, ILO, free trade, educated labor force, Ha-Joon Chang, infant industry promotion, international institutions, global aid, autonomous development economic growth, development, developing nations, sovereign decision, self-determination, international standards, foreign aid, aid conditionality, policy autonomy, Asian tigers, developmental policies, international labour standards, free trade, World Bank, ILO, national interest, economic success, labour standards, educated labour force, policy prescriptions, Ha-Joon Chang, infant industry promotion
test-economy-bepiehbesa-pro01a	CAP is costly and unfair to other industries  Currently CAP costs the European Union approx. 40% of its whole budget. However, this money is used to provide subsidies for industry that only employs less than 5 % of workforce and creates less than 2 % of GDP. [1] We can easily assume that nearly half of EU’s budget can be used more effectively and can, instead, be used to support other, more potential industries which can boost the currently sluggish economic growth. Moreover, the subsidies for European farmers are so high they can contribute up to 90 % of farmers’ pre-tax income. [2] No other industry has such privileges – when European coal and iron industry became uncompetitive and needed to be slimmed down, the European union did not subsidise the industry to such degree even though such action could have saved thousands of jobs.  [1] Charlemagne, ‘Milking the budget’, The Economist, 22 November 2012,   [2] The Economist, ‘Europe’s farm follies’, 8 December 2005, CAP, Common Agricultural Policy, EU budget, subsidies, European farmers, unfair advantages, industry comparison, workforce employment, GDP contribution, economic growth, inefficient spending, privileged sectors, agriculture, coal industry, iron industry, job loss, subsidy disparity, fiscal policy, economic efficiency, budget allocation, European Union, cost analysis, Economist references CAP, Common Agricultural Policy, EU budget, subsidies, unfair, industry comparison, workforce, GDP contribution, economic growth, agricultural subsidies, farmers' income, industry privileges, coal industry, iron industry, uncompetitive sectors, job loss, alternative funding, policy criticism, European Union, cost-effectiveness, economic reform, The Economist, Charlemagne, redistributive policy CAP, Common Agricultural Policy, EU budget, subsidies, agriculture, workforce, GDP, economic growth, European Union, unfair, other industries, industry comparison, farmer income, subsidy impact, budget allocation, economic efficiency, coal industry, iron industry, competitiveness, industry privilege, employment, cost-effectiveness, opportunity cost, fiscal policy, The Economist, agricultural support, reform, EU spending, policy criticism, economic reform CAP, Common Agricultural Policy, EU budget, agricultural subsidies, unfair subsidies, industry comparison, economic inefficiency, workforce employment, GDP contribution, European farmers, subsidy privilege, alternative industries, economic growth, coal industry, iron industry, job loss, subsidy disparity, budget allocation, European Union, policy critique, fiscal policy, agricultural policy, economist articles, reform, potential industries, economic policy CAP, Common Agricultural Policy, EU budget, subsidies, European Union, workforce, GDP, economic growth, farmers income, industry comparison, fairness, opportunity cost, farming subsidies, agricultural sector, industrial policy, subsidy privileges, European coal industry, European iron industry, employment, fiscal allocation, subsidy effectiveness, The Economist, EU policy
test-free-speech-debate-ldhwbmclg-pro02a	Hate speech  The enforcement of the laws proposed in this article will be fraught, complex and difficult. However, the difficulty of administering a law is never a good argument for refusing to enforce it.  The censorship of the written word ended in England with the Lady Chatterley and Oz obscenity trials, but this liberalisation of publication standards has not prevented the state from prosecuting hate speech when it appears in print. It is clear that, although we have more latitude than ever to say or write what we want (no matter how objectionable), standards and taboos continue to exist. We can take it that these taboos are especially important and valuable to the running of a stable society, as they have persisted despite the legal and cultural changes that have taken place over the last fifty years.  Hate speech is prosecuted and censored because of its power to intrude into the lives of individuals who have not consented to receive it. As pointed out in Jeremy Waldron’s response [1] to Timothy Garton Ash’s piece [2] on hate speech, hateful comments are not dangerous because they insight gullible individuals to abandon their inhibitions and engage in race riots. Hate speech is harmful because it recreates- cheaply and in front of a very large audience- an atmosphere in which vulnerable minorities are put in fear of becoming the targets of violence and prejudice. Additionally, hate speech harms by defaming groups, by propagating lies and half-truths about practices and beliefs, with the objective of socially isolating those groups.  Gangsta rap does all of these things, yet legal responses to the publication of songs containing such lyrics as “Rape a pregnant bitch and tell my friends I had a threesome,” have been timid at best. Even if we maintain our liberal approach to taboo breaking forms of expression, we can still link hip hop to many of the harms that hate speech produces.  Gangsta rap gives the impression that African-American and Latin-American neighbourhoods throughout the USA are violent, lawless places. Even if the pronouncements of rappers such as 50 cent and NWA are overblown or fictitious they enforce social division by vividly discouraging people from entering or interacting with poor minority communities. They damage those communities directly by creating a fear of criminality that serves to limit trust and cohesion among individual community members. Finally, violent hip hop is also defamatory. It propagates an image of minority communities that emphasises violence, poverty and nihilism, whilst loudly proclaiming its authenticity. It is completely irrelevant that these images of minority communities are produced by members of those communities.  It is on this basis, however protracted the process of classification must become, that the content of hip hop songs should be assessed and censored. Liberal democracies are prepared to go to great lengths to adjudicate on speech that could potentially promote racial or religious hatred. The same standards should be applied to hip hop music, because it is capable of producing identical harms.  [1] Waldron, J. “The harm of hate speech”. FreeSpeechDebate, 20 March 2012.  [2] Garton-Ash, T. “Living with difference”. FreeSpeechDebate, 22 January 2012. hate speech, law enforcement, censorship, publication standards, obscenity trials, Lady Chatterley, Oz trial, prosecution, taboos, stable society, minorities, violence, prejudice, defamation, social isolation, group defamation, freedom of expression, hip hop, gangsta rap, harmful lyrics, African-American communities, Latin-American communities, violence portrayal, stereotype propagation, media harm, legal response, racial hatred, religious hatred, Jeremy Waldron, Timothy Garton Ash, FreeSpeechDebate, hate crime, cultural change, community cohesion, authenticity, liberal democracy, content assessment, music censorship, fear, criminality, social hate speech, law enforcement, censorship, obscenity trials, publication standards, prosecution, freedom of expression, taboos, social stability, minority groups, harm, defamation, prejudice, social isolation, gangsta rap, hip hop, violent lyrics, African-American communities, Latin-American communities, social division, trust, community cohesion, racial hatred, religious hatred, liberal democracy, media regulation, speech adjudication, Jeremy Waldron, Timothy Garton Ash, FreeSpeechDebate hate speech, legal enforcement, censorship, liberalisation, obscenity trials, Lady Chatterley, Oz trial, publication standards, prosecuting hate speech, taboos, stable society, societal norms, minority protection, harmful speech, violent rhetoric, group defamation, social isolation, prejudice, societal harm, fear, violence, gangsta rap, hip hop lyrics, African-American communities, Latin-American communities, media representation, community cohesion, racial division, social trust, authenticity in music, music censorship, racial stereotypes, prejudice in media, Jeremy Waldron, Timothy Garton Ash, free speech, liberal democracy, race relations, publication ethics hate speech, law enforcement, censorship, obscenity trials, publication standards, taboos, societal stability, prosecution, minority groups, fear, violence, prejudice, defamation, propaganda, social isolation, gangsta rap, hip hop, lyrics, African-American, Latin-American, communities, crime perception, social division, community trust, media harms, free speech, racial hatred, religious hatred, liberal democracies, speech adjudication, music censorship, Waldron, Garton-Ash hate speech, law enforcement, censorship, obscenity trials, publication standards, prosecution, written word, taboos, societal stability, minorities, violence, prejudice, defamation, social isolation, group defamation, hip hop, gangsta rap, lyrical content, racial stereotypes, African-American communities, Latin-American communities, community cohesion, trust, criminality, cultural representation, media harm, liberal democracy, free speech, Jeremy Waldron, Timothy Garton Ash, racial hatred, religious hatred, legal standards, harmful speech, music censorship, harmful expression, minority portrayal, social impact, defamation in music, violence in lyrics, authenticity,
test-society-cpisydfphwj-con01a	Facebook is bad for life satisfaction  Every single day, there are millions of users sharing photographs, messages and comments across Facebook. Unfortunately, this type of “online socialization” that Facebook has initiated is nothing but detrimental to the teenagers, the most frequent users of the platform. The emotion which is most common when staying online is envy. “Endlessly comparing themselves with peers who have doctored their photographs, amplified their achievements and plagiarised their bons mots can leave Facebook’s users more than a little green-eyed.”(1)  Not only do they get envious, but they also lose their self esteem. As a result, they have the tendency to be isolated and find it harder to socialize and make new friends due to the bad impression they have for themselves. In a poll, 53 per cent of the respondents said the launch of social networking sites had changed their behaviour - and of those, 51 per cent said the impact had been negative.(2 ) One study also backs this statistics up by finding that the more the participants used the site, the more their life satisfaction levels declined.(3)  In conclusion, daily use of social networks has a negative effect on the health of all children and teenagers by making them more prone to anxiety, depression, and other psychological disorders.(4)  (1) “Facebook is bad for you”, The Economist, Aug 17th 2013   (2) Laura Donnelly “Facebook and Twitter feed anxiety, study finds” The Telegraph, 08 Jul 2012   (3) “Facebook use 'makes people feel worse about themselves' “, BBC News, 15 August 2013   (4) Larry Rose ”Social Networking’s Good and Bad Impacts on Kids“ American Psychological Association August 6, 2011 Facebook, life satisfaction, social media, teenagers, mental health, self-esteem, envy, social comparison, psychological effects, online socialization, anxiety, depression, isolation, negative impact, behavior change, social networking sites, emotional well-being, adolescent health, peer comparison, digital addiction, loneliness, social anxiety, user behavior, psychological disorders, negative emotions, youth well-being Facebook, life satisfaction, social media, teenagers, online socialization, envy, self-esteem, social isolation, mental health, anxiety, depression, psychological disorders, behavior change, negative impact, peer comparison, social networking, emotional well-being, adolescent health, social comparison, loneliness, digital communication, youth, mental health effects, Facebook studies, social media effects, well-being, teen psychology, social media addiction, negative social media, emotional impact, juvenile mental health Facebook, life satisfaction, social media, teenagers, envy, self-esteem, online socialization, social networks, mental health, anxiety, depression, psychological disorders, loneliness, isolation, peer comparison, negative effects, behavioral change, Facebook impact, adolescent well-being, emotional health, social comparison, youth, mental well-being, social networking sites, self-image, social anxiety, depression in teens, technology and mental health Facebook, life satisfaction, social media, teenagers, online socialization, envy, self-esteem, social isolation, mental health, anxiety, depression, psychological disorders, peer comparison, negative impact, adolescent behavior, social networking, emotional well-being, Facebook use, youth, social platforms, digital interaction, negative effects, teenage users, behavioral change, self-image, mental well-being, emotional health, study, survey, social comparison, adolescent psychology Facebook, life satisfaction, social media, teenagers, envy, self-esteem, social isolation, mental health, anxiety, depression, psychological disorders, online socialization, peer comparison, negative impact, behavioral change, well-being, social networks, youth, emotional health, Facebook effects, adolescent mental health
test-society-tsmihwurpp-con03a	Profiling exacerbates terrorism as it reinforces the perception that Muslims and marginalised ethnic groups face prejudice.  The reality is that if a plane can be held up with a box-cutter, a broken glass bottle from duty free or flammable alcohol from the same source could be just as threatening.  However, increased use of air marshals- armed plainclothes police officers who travel secretly on certain flights- means that even these desperate tactics are likely to be ineffectual.  Institutionalising prejudice and assumption will add legitimacy and grativas to terrorist propaganda that seeks to radicalise curious or confused young people.  Not only is profiling ineffectual, it is likely to exacerbate the situation. profiling, terrorism, Muslims, marginalised ethnic groups, prejudice, perception, airport security, box-cutter, duty free, flammable alcohol, air marshals, plainclothes police, flights, radicalisation, terrorist propaganda, institutionalised bias, young people, security tactics, ineffective profiling, discrimination, ethnic profiling, legitimacy, exacerbation, prejudice in law enforcement profiling, terrorism, Muslims, marginalised groups, prejudice, air travel security, box-cutter, duty free, flammable alcohol, air marshals, armed police, radicalisation, terrorist propaganda, discrimination, institutional prejudice, airport security, effectiveness, racial profiling, counterterrorism, youth radicalisation profiling, terrorism, prejudice, Muslims, marginalised ethnic groups, plane security, box-cutter, broken glass bottle, flammable alcohol, air marshals, armed plainclothes police, flight security, institutional prejudice, terrorist propaganda, radicalisation, youth radicalisation, ineffectual profiling, security measures, legitimacy, discrimination, aviation security profiling, terrorism, prejudice, Muslims, marginalised ethnic groups, perception, racial profiling, air marshals, airport security, terrorist propaganda, radicalisation, young people, institutional discrimination, ethnic profiling, flight security, security tactics, ineffectiveness of profiling, legitimacy, vulnerable groups, counterterrorism, law enforcement, stereotype, social impact, security policy, prejudice reinforcement profiling, terrorism, prejudice, Muslims, marginalised groups, perception, ethnic minorities, bias, discrimination, airport security, air marshals, radicalisation, terrorist propaganda, institutional prejudice, flight security, racial profiling, effectiveness, counterterrorism, legitimacy, societal impact, security measures, airline security, radicalisation, terrorism recruitment, security policy
test-international-aghwrem-con03a	Re-engagement will weaken the reform movement  International and domestic pressure has forced the military junta to set up a nominal civilian government. It is important to make sure that change goes further and becomes meaningful. This will involve bringing into force a fair constitution, curbing human rights violations and bringing its perpetrators to justice, and creating conditions for legitimate democratic elections to take place. By reengaging at this juncture, the signal the ruling elite in Myanmar will get is that this piecemeal, nominal change is sufficient to hold them in good stead in the international political arena for a longer period. It would also be a betrayal of the pro-democracy supporters in Myanmar, who continue to be cast out of the constitutional process and have little actual political influence under the existing system.1  1 Thanegi, Ma, ‘Burma sanctions: The case against’, BBC news, ‘4 March 2002’. re-engagement, reform movement, international pressure, domestic pressure, military junta, civilian government, Myanmar, fair constitution, human rights violations, justice, democratic elections, nominal change, ruling elite, pro-democracy supporters, constitutional process, political influence, sanctions, BBC news, Ma Thanegi re-engagement, reform movement, military junta, Myanmar, Burma, nominal civilian government, international pressure, domestic pressure, fair constitution, human rights violations, justice, democratic elections, pro-democracy supporters, political influence, sanctions, transitional government, ruling elite, piecemeal change, legitimacy, constitutional process, democracy, political reform, authoritarian regime, international relations re-engagement, reform movement, Myanmar, military junta, civilian government, international pressure, domestic pressure, constitution, human rights violations, justice, democratic elections, pro-democracy, sanctions, political influence, nominal change, political reform, international relations, Burma, ruling elite, BBC, Ma Thanegi, 2002 re-engagement, reform movement, Myanmar, military junta, civilian government, international pressure, domestic pressure, meaningful change, fair constitution, human rights violations, justice, democratic elections, ruling elite, political legitimacy, pro-democracy supporters, constitutional process, political influence, sanctions, BBC News, Burma, nominal change Myanmar, military junta, reform movement, re-engagement, nominal civilian government, domestic pressure, international pressure, fair constitution, human rights violations, justice, democratic elections, ruling elite, pro-democracy supporters, political influence, constitutional process, sanctions, Burma, international political arena, piecemeal change, BBC news, Thanegi Ma
test-economy-epehwmrbals-con02a	There is nothing wrong with individualised standards. It is the question on implementing them better and not raising standards  The chances that these international labour standards are even relevant to these developing nations are low. For example, India need not ratify the two core conventions on protecting trade union rights because these are rights that pertain to workers in formal employment. A majority of India’s workforce is not in formal employment, and hence not covered by any legal provisions. Similarly in many developing economies a large portion of the workforce is engaged in subsistence farming, something that labour standards are never going to apply to as those involved will do whatever they need to in order to get by. Therefore, there needs to be a different standard applied to the situation specific problems. What needs to be recognised is how no to low labour standards in developing countries can be a significant improvement over the only alternative that was previously available; subsistence farming. One size fits all does not work in such a diverse global economy and donors should recognise the benefits of helping development to bring people out of subsistence farming. individualised standards, international labour standards, developing nations, India, trade union rights, formal employment, workforce, legal provisions, subsistence farming, situation-specific standards, low labour standards, economic development, global economy, donor policy, diversity, one size fits all, improving livelihoods, labor market, ratification, convention, alternative employment, context-based policy, informal sector, developing economies individualised standards, international labour standards, developing nations, India, ratification, core conventions, trade union rights, formal employment, informal workforce, legal provisions, subsistence farming, situation-specific standards, low labour standards, economic improvement, alternatives, one size fits all, diverse global economy, donor recognition, development benefits, poverty alleviation individualised standards, labour standards, implementation, developing nations, international labour standards, India, trade union rights, formal employment, informal workforce, legal provisions, subsistence farming, workforce, developing economies, situation-specific standards, low labour standards, economic improvement, one size fits all, global economy, donor recognition, development, subsistence farming alternative, policy adaptation, context-specific solutions, workforce diversity, labour law applicability individualised standards, implementation, international labour standards, developing nations, India, core conventions, trade union rights, formal employment, informal workforce, legal provisions, subsistence farming, context-specific standards, low labour standards, alternative livelihoods, workforce diversity, global economy, donor policy, development, economic transition, labour regulation, one size fits all, policy adaptation, labour market, developing economies individualised standards, labour standards, international labour standards, developing nations, India, trade union rights, formal employment, informal workforce, subsistence farming, legal provisions, core conventions, implementation of standards, situation-specific standards, developing economies, alternative employment, one size fits all, economic diversity, donors, development assistance, improving labour conditions, out of subsistence farming
test-culture-cgeeghwmeo-con01a	In the current environment, moves to make English the official language are specifically targeted at Hispanic immigrants  Historically, efforts to declare English the official language tend to come up when certain elements in the American body politic become threatened. It became an issue in the First World War, when resentment rose against German immigrants, and the present movement, though nominally not signalling anyone out, is clearly aimed at Hispanics.  This can be inferred from the fact that they are by far the largest non-English linguistic group in the country, and on occasion such views have been let slip, as the leader of one of the largest lobbying groups for a National Language did.[1]  Even if such legislation is not aimed specifically at Hispanics, everyone will assume that it is, and many Hispanics will nevertheless believe that they are the intended targets.  The practical result of this will be the alienation of the Hispanic population as many Hispanics see themselves under attack, which will cause many Hispanics to concentrate together, undermining many of the arguments for assimilation the government has made.  Furthermore, to the extent it stigmatizes Spanish speakers as the ‘other’, it may well encourage bullying against Hispanic students, and discrimination against those who can’t speak English, who are a far larger group than those who chose not to speak it.  [1] ‘English Only Movement FAQ File’, Mass. English Plus, English-only movement, official language legislation, Hispanic immigrants, language policy, assimilation, linguistic discrimination, American identity, anti-immigrant sentiment, Spanish speakers, social alienation, national language debate, language and ethnicity, minority rights, educational impact, cultural integration, historical context, German immigrants, World War I, political backlash, language-based bullying, discrimination in education, immigrant integration, lobbying groups, language stigmatization, social cohesion, English Plus, assimilation arguments, immigration policy English-only movement, official language legislation, Hispanic immigrants, language policy, assimilation, linguistic discrimination, historical context, World War I, German immigrants, Spanish speakers, ethnic targeting, language stigma, social alienation, minority rights, education discrimination, cultural identity, national language lobbying, anti-immigrant sentiment, language assimilation, group cohesion, English Plus, immigrant exclusion, language and bullying, American identity, legislative impact English-only movement, official language, language policy, Hispanic immigrants, language legislation, assimilation, discrimination, linguistic minorities, Spanish speakers, alienation, American identity, cultural integration, language-based bullying, historical context, German immigrants, national language lobby, stigmatization, minority rights, language and politics, immigration, ethnic targeting English-only movement, official language legislation, Hispanic immigrants, language policy, assimilation, discrimination, stigmatization, linguistic minorities, Spanish speakers, U.S. language law, immigrant integration, political backlash, cultural identity, anti-immigrant sentiment, World War I, German immigrants, Hispanic alienation, language-based bullying, English Plus, national language debates, assimilation arguments English-only movement, official language legislation, Hispanic immigrants, language policy, assimilation, linguistic discrimination, Spanish speakers, minority rights, cultural identity, immigrant integration, social stigma, language and education, historical context, anti-immigrant sentiment, World War I, German immigrants, American politics, language and bullying, ethnic targeting, National Language lobbying, public perception, language-related alienation, discrimination in schools, sociopolitical impact, English Plus, language assimilation arguments
test-health-hpehwadvoee-pro05a	Greater awareness will increase donations  There is a clear need around the world for more donors of organs. In the UK there are about 4000 transplants a year but there are always more waiting, in November 2012 there were 7593 people waiting so on average each will be waiting for almost two years. [1] In Germany there are over 12,000 waiting but only 2777 donations in 2012. [2] The sacrifice of individual relatives who willingly choose death to save their loved ones therefore brings the need for donations into focus. The media are likely to present heart-breaking stories about loving people who made the ultimate sacrifice. As a consequence, more people will be aware of the issue and wish to fill in donor cards so that they might be able to minimise the number of voluntary donations in the event of their death. Thus there will be more naturally donated organs available and more lives will be saved.  [1] NHS Choices, “Introduction”, 19 October 2012,   [2] Lütticke, Marcus, “Germany lags behind in organ donations”, Deutsche Welle, 4 January 2013, organ donation, donor awareness, transplant waiting list, donor shortage, UK organ transplants, Germany organ donations, public awareness campaigns, media influence, donor registration, voluntary donations, life-saving, donor cards, organ transplant statistics, increasing donations, awareness impact, patient stories, organ availability, transplant recipients, global need, health campaigns organ donation, donor awareness, donation rates, transplant waiting list, UK organ transplants, Germany organ donation, media influence, donor registration, voluntary donation, donor cards, saving lives, transplant statistics, global need, awareness campaigns, donor shortage, family sacrifice, public awareness, organ shortage, healthcare, donation impact organ donation, awareness, donor shortage, transplants, UK, Germany, waiting list, media influence, donor cards, voluntary donations, naturally donated organs, saving lives, public awareness campaigns, organ transplant statistics, family sacrifice, organ donation rates, donor registration, donation increase, global need, emotional stories organ donation, donor awareness, transplant waiting lists, UK organ transplant statistics, Germany organ donations, donor shortage, media influence, donor cards, voluntary donations, life-saving donations, organ donor campaigns, public awareness, donation rates, heart-breaking stories, individual sacrifice, global donation need, NHS Choices, Deutsche Welle, donation statistics organ donation, donor awareness, increase donations, organ transplant, UK organ waiting list, Germany organ donation rates, donor shortage, media influence, voluntary donation, donor cards, naturally donated organs, saving lives, organ donor statistics, public awareness campaigns, deceased donation, transplant waiting times, donor registration, organ donation media coverage, NHS Choices, Deutsche Welle
test-international-aahwstdrtfm-pro03a	Should not ignore the will of 1.3billion  A small African country should not ignore one sixth of the world’s population. To recognise a tiny country of 23million over one of 1.3billion is being unjust to a huge portion of humanity. When there is such an imbalance in population it is clear that the democratic path is to recognise the side with the greater population. When all the states that have recognised Taiwan finally transfer recognition to the PRC Taiwan may finally recognise that it would be best off returning to China. By changing its recognition São Tomé and other small countries can do their bit to ensure peace in East Asia. population imbalance, diplomatic recognition, Taiwan, PRC, China, 1.3 billion, 23 million, São Tomé, international relations, democracy, East Asia peace, global politics, United Nations, small countries, world population, recognition shift, Taiwan China relations Taiwan, China, PRC, São Tomé, population, diplomatic recognition, East Asia, democracy, international relations, global politics, one China policy, small African country, justice, world population, Taiwan-China relations, United Nations, cross-strait relations, peace, sovereignty, geopolitical balance China, Taiwan, diplomatic recognition, population imbalance, São Tomé, PRC, East Asia, global politics, international relations, democracy, majority rule, one China policy, small countries, United Nations, justice, world population, Taiwan-China relations China, Taiwan, recognition, diplomatic relations, population imbalance, 1.3 billion, 23 million, São Tomé, East Asia, United Nations, PRC, international diplomacy, sovereignty, democracy, world population, small countries, African countries, cross-strait relations, global politics Taiwan recognition, PRC, population imbalance, international relations, Sao Tome, diplomatic recognition, East Asia, democracy, China, small countries, global politics, 1.3 billion population, one-sixth world population, Taiwan-China relations, United Nations, African countries, justice, sovereignty, geopolitical strategy
test-international-epvhwhranet-con01a	Significant changes in the past have not been put to popular vote.  In the past treaties with more far reaching consequences have been ratified by ruling parliaments without ever going to popular vote. For example the 1986 Act establishing a Single Market and the 1996 Maastricht Treaty. These treaties gave the EU power in economic regulation, immigration and monetary policy and yet were not put to majority voting. It was understood that progress was important and popular voting could halt progress. If these changes were made it is nonsensical that treaties with less significance should use a referendum. EU treaties, popular vote, parliamentary ratification, Single Market Act 1986, Maastricht Treaty 1996, economic regulation, immigration policy, monetary policy, referendum, historical precedent, legislative process, democratic legitimacy, EU integration, treaty significance, political progress, majority voting, decision-making, constitutional change, direct democracy treaties, popular vote, parliamentary ratification, Single Market Act 1986, Maastricht Treaty 1996, EU power, economic regulation, immigration policy, monetary policy, referendum, historical precedent, treaty significance, decision-making, democratic process, legislative approval, European Union history significant changes, popular vote, past treaties, parliamentary ratification, 1986 Single Market Act, 1996 Maastricht Treaty, EU power, economic regulation, immigration policy, monetary policy, majority voting, referendum, treaty significance, historical precedent, EU integration, democratic process, legislative approval treaty ratification, popular vote, parliamentary approval, EU treaties, 1986 Single Market Act, 1996 Maastricht Treaty, economic regulation, immigration policy, monetary policy, referendum, historical precedents, legislative process, European Union, significant changes, democratic process, decision-making authority treaty ratification, popular vote, referendum, parliamentary approval, Single Market 1986, Maastricht Treaty 1996, EU power, economic regulation, immigration policy, monetary policy, historical precedence, decision-making, democratic process, legislative authority, European Union, constitutional change
test-international-iighbopcc-pro03a	It is too late for half measures  Two degrees Celsius has generally been regarded as that safe level which agreements should be aiming for. This agreement does not go so far with it expected to keep the temperature increase to around 2.7 degrees if everyone sticks to their commitments and makes deeper ones after 2030. [1] Unfortunately however the world will still most likely be heading towards a 3.5 degrees rise if no further cuts are made later. [2] Now is the time to be much more ambitious and part of that means binding cuts to prevent backsliding or those agreeing carrying on as usual.  [1] Nuttall, Nick, ‘Global Response to Climate Change Keeps Door Open to 2 Degree C Temperature Limit’, UNFCCC Press Office, 30 October 2015,   [2] Romm, Joe, ‘Misleading U.N. Report Confuses Media on Paris Climate Talks’, thinkprogress.org, 3 November 2015, climate change, Paris Agreement, temperature rise, two degrees Celsius, global warming, emission cuts, climate targets, 3.5 degrees increase, binding commitments, climate policy, UNFCCC, greenhouse gases, climate action, post-2030 pledges, ambition, international agreements, climate backsliding, safe temperature limit, global response, Nick Nuttall, Joe Romm, thinkprogress, 2.7 degrees, climate negotiations climate change, Paris Agreement, two degrees Celsius, temperature targets, global warming, emission cuts, binding commitments, climate policy, 2.7 degrees, 3.5 degrees, COP21, UNFCCC, deep emissions reductions, international agreements, climate ambition, backsliding prevention, Nick Nuttall, Joe Romm, press releases, climate negotiations, climate agreements, post-2030 commitments, misleading reports, climate media, temperature rise projections, global response climate change, temperature rise, two degrees Celsius, Paris Agreement, global warming, emissions cuts, climate commitments, 2.7 degrees, 3.5 degrees, binding cuts, climate ambition, UNFCCC, climate targets, backsliding prevention, climate policy, international agreements, post-2030 commitments climate change, Paris Agreement, temperature rise, 2 degrees Celsius, 2.7 degrees, 3.5 degrees, emission cuts, global warming, climate targets, international agreements, binding commitments, climate policy, UNFCCC, climate ambition, mitigation measures, climate action, policy enforcement, Nick Nuttall, Joe Romm, temperature limits climate change, Paris Agreement, temperature increase, two degrees Celsius, climate targets, global warming, emissions cuts, UNFCCC, climate commitments, temperature rise, binding agreements, climate policy, ambitious climate action, 2.7 degrees, 3.5 degrees, post-2030 commitments, mitigation measures, backsliding prevention, international climate negotiations, safe temperature limit, climate agreements, climate ambition, climate cuts, Nick Nuttall, Joe Romm, misleading UN report, thinkprogress, media confusion
test-law-sdfclhrppph-pro04a	Holocaust Denial  Speech acts lead to physical acts. Thus pornography, hate speech and political polemic are causally linked to rape, hate crimes, and insurrection.  Both scientific creationism and Holocaust denial have serious, and dangerous, hidden agendas. Deniers of the Nanjing Massacre believe that the Japanese did nothing wrong in the Second World War and continue to claim that it was a war of liberation against western colonialism - feeding Japanese militarism today. Holocaust deniers, in claiming that a Jewish conspiracy is responsible for the widespread belief that six million Jews were murdered by the Nazis, are closely allied to anti-Semitism and neo-Nazism. We should not allow such views the legitimacy which being debated gives them. Holocaust denial, hate speech, speech acts, physical acts, pornography, political polemic, rape, hate crimes, insurrection, scientific creationism, dangerous agendas, Nanjing Massacre denial, Japanese militarism, World War II, anti-Semitism, neo-Nazism, conspiracy theories, Jewish conspiracy, Nazi crimes, historical revisionism, freedom of speech, legitimizing denial, extremism, hidden agendas, war crimes, fascism, propaganda, misinformation Holocaust denial, hate speech, pornography, speech acts, physical acts, causal link, scientific creationism, hidden agendas, Nanjing Massacre denial, Japanese militarism, anti-Semitism, neo-Nazism, conspiracy theories, dangerous ideologies, political polemic, hate crimes, insurrection, World War II revisionism, war of liberation, legitimacy, denialism, extremist views Holocaust denial, speech acts, physical acts, pornography, hate speech, political polemic, causal links, rape, hate crimes, insurrection, scientific creationism, dangerous agendas, Nanjing Massacre denial, Japanese militarism, World War II, war of liberation, western colonialism, anti-Semitism, neo-Nazism, Jewish conspiracy, Nazi crimes, hate propaganda, historical denialism, legitimacy, public debate, freedom of speech, harmful ideologies Holocaust denial, speech acts, physical acts, pornography, hate speech, political polemic, causal links, rape, hate crimes, insurrection, scientific creationism, hidden agendas, dangerous ideologies, Nanjing Massacre denial, Japanese militarism, World War II, war of liberation, Western colonialism, anti-Semitism, neo-Nazism, Jewish conspiracy, Nazi crimes, genocide denial, legitimacy, debate, extremist views Holocaust denial, speech acts, physical acts, pornography, hate speech, political polemic, causal link, rape, hate crimes, insurrection, scientific creationism, hidden agendas, Nanjing Massacre denial, Japanese militarism, World War II, anti-Semitism, neo-Nazism, Jewish conspiracy, Nazi crimes, historical revisionism, dangerous ideologies, free speech, hate speech regulation
test-politics-dhbanhrnw-pro03a	Nuclear weapons give states valuable agenda-setting power on the international stage  The issues discussed in international forums are largely set by nuclear powers. The permanent membership of the United Nations Security Council, for example, is composed only of nuclear powers, the same states that had nuclear weapons at the end of World War II. If all countries possess nuclear weapons, they redress the imbalance with regard to international clout, at least to the extent to which military capacity shapes states’ interactions with each other. [1] Furthermore, the current world order is grossly unfair, based on the historical anachronism of the post-World War II era. The nuclear powers, wanting to retain their position of dominance in the wake of the post-war chaos, sought to entrench their position, convincing smaller nations to sign up to non-proliferation agreements and trying to keep the nuclear club exclusive. It is only right, in terms of fairness that states not allow themselves the ability to possess certain arms while denying that right to others. Likewise, it is unfair in that it denies states, particularly those incapable of building large conventional militaries, the ability to defend themselves, relegating them to an inferior status on the world stage. [2] To finally level the international playing field and allow equal treatment to all members of the congress of nations, states must have the right to develop nuclear weapons.  [1] Fearon, James D. 1994. “Signaling Versus the Balance of Power and Interests: An Empirical Test of a Crisis Bargaining Model”. Journal of Conflict Resolution 38(2).  [2] Betts, Richard K. 1987. Nuclear blackmail and nuclear balance. Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution. nuclear weapons, agenda-setting power, international stage, United Nations Security Council, permanent membership, nuclear powers, post-World War II, military capacity, international clout, world order, fairness, non-proliferation agreements, nuclear club, small states, defense capability, conventional militaries, international status, equal treatment, nuclear proliferation, balance of power, signaling, crisis bargaining, nuclear blackmail, Brookings Institution, international forums, arms possession rights, state dominance, historical anachronism, global governance, security dilemma nuclear weapons, agenda-setting power, international stage, United Nations Security Council, nuclear powers, post-World War II, world order, international clout, military capacity, non-proliferation agreements, nuclear club, arms possession, fairness, defense capability, state equality, international forums, power imbalance, small states, crisis bargaining, nuclear proliferation, international relations, global politics, military dominance, security council membership, nuclear deterrence, arms race, equal treatment, international hierarchy, historical anachronism nuclear weapons, agenda-setting power, international stage, United Nations Security Council, nuclear powers, international forums, post-World War II, permanent membership, military capacity, international clout, world order, fairness, non-proliferation agreements, nuclear club, dominance, conventional militaries, state defense, international equality, arms possession rights, global power dynamics, security council composition, nuclear proliferation, international status, military imbalance, nuclear deterrence, international law, arms control, crisis bargaining, level playing field, nuclear development rights nuclear weapons, agenda-setting power, international stage, international forums, United Nations Security Council, nuclear powers, post-World War II, military capacity, international clout, world order, fairness, non-proliferation agreements, nuclear club, state sovereignty, arms control, defense capability, international status, nuclear proliferation, security dilemma, equal treatment, crisis bargaining, power imbalance, global governance, strategic stability nuclear weapons, agenda-setting power, international stage, United Nations Security Council, nuclear powers, world order, post-World War II, international clout, military capacity, state interactions, fairness, non-proliferation agreements, nuclear club, arms possession, self-defense, international status, equality, international relations, crisis bargaining, power imbalance, nuclear proliferation, small states, nuclear deterrence, global governance, nuclear rights
test-economy-bepighbdb-con03a	Political regime has a limited impact on development  It can be argued that a good economic policy, such as China’s economic policies, have helped development. But a free market policy can be done with any form of government, and cannot be exclusively attached to a dictatorship or a democracy. Any political system can use it. Although it has been noted that South Korea was an autocracy during economic ‘takeoff’ its economy has also grown significantly since democratization with GNI per capita growing from $3,320 in 1987 to $22,670 in 2012. [1]  Another example is that Spanish economic growth in the 1950-2000 period. The 1960s economic miracle in Spain was not necessarily caused by Franco’s regime – he controlled the country in the 1950s, when the country did not have such economic success. In 1959, Franco opened up the Spanish economy internationally, ending the isolationist economic policies established following the Civil War so making the country free market bringing dividends. As a result Spain also grew economically after the collapse of the Franco government, continuing on following on from EU membership.  [1] The World Bank, ‘GNI per capita, Atlas method (current US$)’, data.worldbank.org, political regime, development impact, economic policy, China, free market, government forms, dictatorship, democracy, South Korea, autocracy, democratization, economic growth, GNI per capita, Spain, Franco regime, Spanish economic miracle, internationalization, isolationist policies, EU membership, World Bank, economic indicators political regime, economic development, economic policy, China, free market, dictatorship, democracy, government types, South Korea, autocracy, democratization, GNI per capita, Spanish economic growth, Franco regime, economic miracle, internationalization, isolationist policies, free market reforms, EU membership, World Bank data, causal impact, economic success, policy effectiveness, regime type, economic growth drivers political regime, economic development, economic policy, China, free market, democracy, dictatorship, government systems, South Korea, autocracy, democratization, GNI per capita, Spanish economic growth, 1960s economic miracle, Franco regime, market liberalization, isolationist policy, international trade, EU membership, World Bank, economic indicators, comparative development, policy impact political regime, economic development, economic policy, China, free market, government forms, dictatorship, democracy, South Korea, autocracy, democratization, GNI per capita, economic growth, Spain, Franco regime, 1960s economic miracle, international trade, isolationist policies, EU membership, World Bank, comparative analysis, economic reforms, development outcomes, authoritarianism, democracy vs dictatorship, policy impact political regime, economic development, economic policy, China economic policies, free market, government forms, dictatorship, democracy, South Korea, autocracy, democratization, GNI per capita, Spanish economic growth, Franco regime, economic miracle, Spain 1960s, international economic policy, economic liberalization, EU membership, World Bank, comparative development, political systems, isolationist policies, development outcomes
test-philosophy-elhbrd-con02a	Once the moral absolute is broken, there is no other credible point before the right to use becomes standardised.  It is easy to say that this social move would not lead to healthy thirty year olds walking into emergency rooms and asking to end it all because they had just broken up with their partner or been sacked. However, it’s rather difficult to see why it should not. Proposition says that all this would do is extend the right to commit suicide to those currently incapable of performing the act themselves but that isn’t so. It also extends the surety of success and of a medically painless procedure that is not available to the teenager with a razorblade or the bankrupt with a bottle of pills and another of vodka. For the sake of exactly the equality of approach, it seems only fair to do so. Proposition are attempting to pick the easy bits of the case but, by doing so, they leave contradictions in their case, why shouldn’t the right to die be universal? They know the reason; society would reject the idea out of hand, regardless of its merits. As a result they draw an arbitrary line simply because it is difficult to argue this right as a response to poverty or grief or addiction. They could argue that all of those things “might” get better. Well similarly a cure for cancer “might” be invented. The only consistent argument is either a universal ban or a universal acceptance. Anything else is an argument about where to draw the line; such approaches tend to lead to a gradual, slippery descent away from the original intentions of legislators. Whatever the initial legislation, it would likely be a matter of days before the court cases started. moral absolutism, right to die, euthanasia, assisted suicide, universal acceptance, ethical boundaries, slippery slope, social consequences, medicalization, mental health, legislative intent, equality of approach, societal rejection, arbitrary lines, terminal illness, depression, poverty, grief, addiction, legal inconsistencies, suicide prevention, court cases, end-of-life decisions, healthcare policy, moral relativism moral absolutism, right to die, euthanasia, assisted suicide, medical ethics, slippery slope, societal norms, universal acceptance, universal ban, legislation, mental health, suicide prevention, autonomy, terminal illness, physician-assisted suicide, social policy, ethical boundaries, fairness, legal contradictions, line-drawing, arbitrary limits, vulnerable individuals, medicalization of death, equality of approach, social acceptance, emotional distress, legal challenges. moral absolutism, right to die, euthanasia, assisted suicide, slippery slope, universal acceptance, universal ban, arbitrary legal lines, societal rejection, ethics, suicide law, medicalised suicide, equality of approach, legislative intention, terminal illness, emotional distress, poverty, grief, mental health, addiction, court cases, suicide rights, legalisation consequences, consistency in law, social impact, medical ethics moral absolute, right to die, euthanasia, assisted suicide, moral standards, societal acceptance, slippery slope, universal rights, ethical boundaries, legislative intent, suicide prevention, medical ethics, end-of-life decisions, line-drawing problem, equality of approach, legal precedent, societal consequences, mental health, terminal illness, arbitrary limits, policy implications, suicide methods, consistency argument, universal ban, universal acceptance, legislative debates, court cases, poverty, grief, addiction, medical painlessness moral absolute, right to die, euthanasia, assisted suicide, slippery slope, legislative ethics, universal acceptance, universal ban, societal values, arbitrary line, mental health, terminal illness, eligibility criteria, equality of approach, suicide prevention, medical ethics, legalisation, social consequences, policy debate, end-of-life decisions
test-culture-thbcsbptwhht-pro02a	Cultural appropriation is parallel to stolen intellectual property and should be treated in the same way.  There are high standards of global intellectual property laws such as copyright and patenting for things such as medicines, and creative designs. However, these laws only apply to a few areas so this proposal would effectively widen its remit by taking intellectual property as a template for what might be considered ‘cultural property’. Many minority communities, including the Native American Navajo tribe have had their names, designs, and culture stolen or misused and have not received compensation. This highlights the embedded systematic inequalities where justice may not be brought to those of minority cultures. Reparations, monetary or otherwise, should be paid in these cases as other case studies [1].  The closest this has actually come to happening is with the Native American Navajo community. They had their name printed and used on products such as underwear, dresses and hipflasks at the popular retail store Urban Outfitters [2]. There was outrage in the community and a 'cease and desist' notice was filed in court for the products to be recalled. In addition to this the Navajo tribe called for monetary reparations to compensate for the damage done in the name of their community however, this was not granted. As the Navajo name was copyrighted this case was made much simpler before the law – as we propose cultural property theft should be.  It is important to point out that many other communities which have been exploited previously have not copyrighted their name and so do not have this same opportunity [3]. This is important as with many cases, the outcome may have not resulted in anything further.  The practise of reparations should be used universally as it is disrespectful to misuse the names, symbols and property of other cultures without consent.  In a democracy where everybody is equal before the law, communities and individuals should be able to sue those for not giving recognition, or misusing cultural practises that have historic meaning and importance. Culture is embedded in communities with long standing traditions, theories and practises. This is evident as we do not (yet) have a single global culture, even though one might argue there is one slowly emerging.  [1] Schutte, Shane, ‘6 famous copyright cases’, realbusiness, 11th August 2014,   [2] Siek, Stephanie, ‘Navajo Nation sues Urban Outfitters for alleged trademark infringement’, CNN, 2nd March 2012,   [3] Johnson, Maisha J., ‘What is wrong with cultural appropriation; These 9 Answers Reveal Its Harm’, everydayfeminism, 14th June 2015, cultural appropriation, intellectual property, copyright, patent, cultural property, minority communities, Native American, Navajo tribe, cultural theft, compensation, reparations, systematic inequalities, trademark infringement, cultural misuse, legal standards, global intellectual property laws, cultural justice, Urban Outfitters, cultural recognition, tradition, culture and law, indigenous rights, cultural exploitation, historic meaning, cultural symbols, democracy, equality before the law, cultural consent, creative designs, medicines, global culture, case studies cultural appropriation, intellectual property, copyright, patenting, global IP laws, cultural property, minority communities, Navajo tribe, cultural misappropriation, compensation, reparations, justice, systematic inequalities, legal recognition, trademark infringement, Urban Outfitters, cease and desist, reparation policies, cultural symbols, consent, stolen culture, cultural exploitation, cultural heritage, minority rights, legal frameworks, indigenous communities, cultural justice, traditional knowledge, cultural identity, cultural commodification cultural appropriation, intellectual property, copyright, patent, cultural property, global IP laws, minority communities, Navajo tribe, cultural theft, reparations, systematic inequality, legal protection, trademark infringement, Urban Outfitters, cultural compensation, indigenous rights, community justice, cultural symbols, misappropriation, global standards, historic meaning, cultural recognition, minority rights, cultural misuses, cease and desist, cultural exploitation, democracy, equality before law, legal remedies, cultural ownership cultural appropriation, intellectual property, copyright, patent, cultural property, global intellectual property laws, minority communities, Navajo tribe, trademark infringement, reparations, systematic inequalities, cultural misappropriation, social justice, compensation, legal standards, creative designs, cultural symbols, unauthorized use, cease and desist, Urban Outfitters, cultural exploitation, cultural heritage, legal recognition, historic meaning, cultural rights, community justice, democracy, global culture, minority protection, legal remedies, cultural consent, symbolic property cultural appropriation, intellectual property, copyright, patent, cultural property, minority communities, Navajo tribe, cultural theft, reparations, legal standards, global intellectual property law, compensation, trademark infringement, Urban Outfitters, systematic inequality, justice, Indigenous rights, creative ownership, cultural heritage, cultural misappropriation, cease and desist, legal remedies, cultural symbols, recognition, democracy, cultural traditions, historic meaning, global culture, minority exploitation, legal action, restorative justice, case studies, legal precedent
test-free-speech-debate-magghbcrg-con03a	Community radio is just a platform, there is nothing innately democratic about it.  To associate a medium with a particular virtue is missing the point. Radio has been used for atrocity and tyranny (Rwanda would be an obvious example) just as much as the promotion and development of democracy. Equally the suggestion that community radio has a more significant role to play in this regard as opposed to, say, the BBC world Service, is ignoring the facts.  Particular media cannot be said to support democratic renewal any more than particular languages can. Equally, the revolutions of 1989 demonstrated the reality that taking control of the national radio station is, in some situations, more important than seizing the Presidential Palace. Neither the ‘community’ element nor the ‘radio’ aspect are innately democratic.  Different media have, undeniably, produced different types of social change – but they all have possibilities for democratic progress [i] .  [i] Sedra, Mark, Revolution 2.0: democracy promotion in the age of social media. The Globe and Mail. 2 February 2011. community radio, democracy, media platforms, democratic virtue, radio history, media neutrality, Rwanda radio, atrocity, tyranny, BBC World Service, democratic renewal, media comparison, language analogy, revolutions 1989, national radio stations, political control, community element, radio aspect, social change, democratic potential, Sedra Mark, Revolution 2.0, social media, democracy promotion community radio, democracy, media, platform, virtue, atrocity, tyranny, Rwanda, BBC World Service, social change, democratic renewal, revolutions of 1989, national radio, political power, democratic progress, social media, Sedra Mark, radio history, propaganda, communication, broadcasting, democratic development, media impact, mass media, democratization, language, information control community radio, democracy, democratization, media platforms, radio and democracy, media virtue, radio history, Rwanda radio genocide, BBC World Service, media and social change, national radio, revolutions 1989, media impact, democratic renewal, media comparison, media neutrality, radio and tyranny, social media, Mark Sedra, Revolution 2.0, media and atrocity, propaganda, communication studies, broadcasting, public media, civic engagement, media roles, radio influence, media power, language and democracy, democratic progress community radio, democracy, media platforms, democratic renewal, radio and tyranny, Rwanda genocide, BBC World Service, media virtues, social change, revolution, national radio, democratic progress, role of media, media and atrocity, Mark Sedra, Revolution 2.0, social media, democracy promotion, revolutions 1989, media influence, communication mediums community radio, democracy, media platform, virtue association, radio and tyranny, Rwanda, atrocity, democratic development, BBC World Service, democratic renewal, media comparison, language analogy, 1989 revolutions, national radio control, social change, democratic progress, Sedra Mark, Revolution 2.0, social media, media role, democratic promotion
test-free-speech-debate-yfsdfkhbwu-con01a	Argument One: Contact leads to the dissemination of values  There is certainly some evidence to suggest the view that trade with a country can benefit human rights as increased wealth provides many with more choice and better standards of living. [i] Certainly that argument has been made by governments and multi-nationals based in the West. It is not unreasonable to suspect that this may relate to academic cooperation as well, as Richard Levin suggests in the introduction. However it seems likely that in this latter case, as in the former, that a gradualist approach is the sensible one to take. We build on existing strengths while agreeing to differ in certain areas. To extend the trade example, China, the US and the EU all manage to trade with each other despite differing approaches to the death penalty. They trust that through cooperation over time, changes can be achieved. This will happen slowly in some instances – as with the ‘drip, drip’ affect in China - or quickly in others as has been the case in Burma [ii] .  On key difference to note with the shift towards establishing elite universities around the world rather than shipping the world’s elite in to attend them in the UK and the US is that it opens opportunities to a much wider social group. For decades a small handful – children of the wealthy and political elite - have had the opportunity to have a Western education before returning home as well-educated tyrants and sycophants. Expanding the learning opportunities to the rest of the nation seems both just and reasonable.  [i] Sirico, Robert A., ‘Free Trade and Human Rights: The Moral Case for Engagement’, CATO Institute, Trade Briefing Paper no.2, 17 July 1998  [ii] Education has long been seen as a critical starting point for the development of human rights in any country as is examined in this UNESCO report . contact, dissemination of values, trade, human rights, economic cooperation, academic exchange, Western governments, multi-nationals, wealth, standard of living, gradualist approach, international cooperation, China, US, EU, death penalty, policy differences, slow change, fast change, China reforms, Burma reforms, elite universities, global education, access, social mobility, Western education, wealthy elite, political elite, educational opportunity, justice, equity, Sirico, CATO Institute, UNESCO, educational development, human rights promotion trade, human rights, dissemination of values, contact, cooperation, academic exchange, elite universities, Western education, wealth, standards of living, gradualism, China, US, EU, death penalty, cross-cultural collaboration, social mobility, educational access, multinational corporations, policy change, Burma, UNESCO, development, just education, political elite, Robert A. Sirico, CATO Institute, free trade, moral case, engagement contact, dissemination of values, trade, human rights, increased wealth, standard of living, Western governments, multinational corporations, academic cooperation, gradualist approach, existing strengths, trade example, China, US, EU, death penalty, cooperation, gradual change, drip effect, Burma, elite universities, global education, social mobility, Western education, political elite, educational opportunities, national development, justice, UNESCO, free trade, moral engagement, learning access, equitable education, human rights development contact, dissemination of values, trade, human rights, increased wealth, standards of living, academic cooperation, gradualist approach, existing strengths, differences, China, US, EU, death penalty, cooperation, change over time, elite universities, global education, social mobility, Western education, wealthy elite, political elite, educational opportunities, justice, development, Robert A. Sirico, free trade, CATO Institute, engagement, UNESCO, education, human rights development, moral case trade, human rights, academic cooperation, dissemination of values, economic development, wealth, standards of living, gradualist approach, international relations, China, US, EU, death penalty, cooperation, policy change, elite universities, access to education, social mobility, Western education, educational equity, UNESCO, free trade, moral engagement, Robert Sirico, CATO Institute, political elite, social group inclusion, global education, higher education expansion, educational justice, democratic values, value transmission, international engagement
test-politics-cdfsaphgiap-pro02a	The people are interested in the health of their leader  The health of the leader of the state is an issue that the people and the media inevitably want to know about. There will always be a lot of interest in it. Occasionally this can be played by the administration as with Kissinger saying he was ill and using time to fly to Beijing to arrange for Nixon’s visit without press attention. But most of the time keeping things from the press is purely negative; it drives rumors.  This was the case of John Atta Mills, people were not allowed to know about his health. The presidential staff and communication members constantly lied about his health but there were two reports that he had died. Mills spent time in a US hospital, on returning to Ghana, he was made to jog around the airport to show the media that he was healthy. 1  1 Committee for Social Advocacy, 'Who and what killed President John Evans Atta Mills?', Modern Ghana, 13 August 2012, leader health, presidential health, media interest, public concern, political transparency, administration secrecy, health rumors, Kissinger illness tactic, Nixon Beijing visit, John Atta Mills, presidential illness, Ghana presidency, misinformation, press relations, leader hospitalization, cover-up, public trust, presidential staff, health disclosure, media manipulation, government communication, president death rumors, Modern Ghana, political crisis leader health, public interest, media coverage, state leader health, political transparency, presidential illness, administration secrecy, Kissinger illness, Nixon Beijing visit, press management, rumor control, John Atta Mills health, Ghana president health, presidential communication, health misinformation, media deception, public trust, presidential death rumors, US hospital treatment, leader health cover-up, political rumor, health disclosure, Modern Ghana article, social advocacy committee, political leadership health, leader health publicity leader health, political transparency, media interest, presidential illness, administration secrecy, John Atta Mills, Ghana politics, rumor management, Kissinger illness, Nixon China visit, government communication, public concern, leadership health disclosure, health cover-up, state leader health, press relations, presidential staff, hospital, misinformation, public relations, Modern Ghana, political rumors, health disclosure, political administration tactics leader health, presidential health, media interest, public interest, government transparency, health rumors, administration secrecy, press relations, John Atta Mills, presidential illness, Ghana president, Kissinger Beijing visit, Nixon China trip, political communication, misinformation, leader wellbeing, government deception, state secrecy, media manipulation, public trust, presidential staff, health cover-up, US hospital, Modern Ghana, Committee for Social Advocacy leader health, state leader health, political leader illness, media interest leader health, public interest leader health, administration secrecy, Kissinger illness Beijing, Nixon China visit secrecy, John Atta Mills health, Ghana president health, presidential staff misinformation, rumors leader health, press coverage leader health, leadership transparency, leader health rumors, leader health cover-up, media-government relations, state secrecy health issues, political communication, Committee for Social Advocacy, Modern Ghana, leader death rumors
test-digital-freedoms-efsappgdfp-con05a	Loss of Privacy  It is wrong to state that we only have anything to ‘fear’ if we have done something wrong; a great many people want to keep things private where what they have done is morally perfectly right and justifiable. It is perfectly justified for a married couple to want to keep a video of them having sex private – even if it is sent from one partner to the other by email, or for someone to keep his/her sexual orientation secret even if they have told someone about it. [1] If we want such information to be kept private does the state have any business picking that information up from our emails? It may not go any further than the intelligence agency, it is possible no one there will look at it but it is still an invasion of privacy.  [1] Phillipson, Gavin, ‘Q&A: The right to privacy’, BBC Religion, 14 June 2013, loss of privacy, privacy rights, surveillance, government monitoring, personal privacy, private information, sexual orientation privacy, email privacy, state surveillance, invasion of privacy, intelligence agencies, moral justification, data protection, information security, ethical privacy, personal data, digital privacy, privacy concerns, privacy laws, civil liberties, right to privacy, privacy invasion, privacy ethics loss of privacy, privacy rights, surveillance, state surveillance, email privacy, sexual orientation privacy, personal information, invasion of privacy, government monitoring, intelligence agencies, moral justification, data protection, online privacy, right to privacy, information security, personal freedom, digital privacy, Phillipson Gavin, BBC Religion loss of privacy, privacy rights, invasion of privacy, state surveillance, email privacy, private information, intelligence agencies, personal data, sexual orientation privacy, private videos, moral justification, data collection, surveillance ethics, individual rights, privacy law, Phillipson Gavin, right to privacy, government monitoring, privacy concerns, BBC Religion privacy, loss of privacy, information privacy, personal data, surveillance, state surveillance, email privacy, sexual orientation privacy, sex video privacy, intelligence agencies, data collection, invasion of privacy, right to privacy, government surveillance, privacy rights, privacy justification, private communication, BBC, Gavin Phillipson privacy, loss of privacy, right to privacy, personal privacy, surveillance, state surveillance, email privacy, sexual orientation privacy, information security, invasion of privacy, government data collection, private communications, intelligence agencies, privacy rights, data protection, individual rights, secret information, moral justification, personal information, confidentiality, privacy concerns, digital privacy
test-education-egtuscpih-con05a	Traditional universities are a rite of passage to independent life  For many students leaving for a university is a passage to an independent life, as they often move out out of their parents’ home and even their countries. This means they have to start learning or practically using lots of skills of independent adults, such as financial management, cooking, being crime-aware, networking, and solving communication problems on their own. With online courses students do not leave homes, and essentially do not start using these skills. This takes away an important practice in being an independent adult before the real life, which might leave students less equipped for the real life. traditional universities, rite of passage, independent life, student independence, life skills, financial management, cooking skills, crime awareness, student networking, communication problems, online courses, living away from home, adult skills, personal development, student life transition, independent adulthood, practical skills, student preparedness, real life readiness, student experience, university transition traditional universities, rite of passage, independent life, leaving home, student independence, university transition, adult skills, financial management, cooking skills, crime awareness, networking, communication skills, online courses, student development, life skills, real-world experience, student independence development, university experience, student self-sufficiency, independent adulthood traditional universities, rite of passage, independent living, student independence, leaving home, life skills, financial management, adult skills, personal growth, university experience, online courses, home learning, independent adulthood, practical skills, communication skills, self-reliance, college transition, student development, social skills, real life preparation traditional universities, rite of passage, independent life, student independence, leaving home, university transition, life skills, financial management, cooking skills, crime awareness, student networking, communication skills, online courses, distance learning, skill development, adult responsibilities, self-sufficiency, student experience, independence challenges, real-life preparation traditional universities, rite of passage, independent life, student independence, leaving home, life skills, financial management, cooking skills, crime awareness, student networking, communication skills, online courses, impact of online education, real-life preparation, adult skills, student development, university transition, autonomy, real-world experience, personal growth, life readiness
test-economy-thsptr-con04a	Progressive systems are invariably highly complex and inefficient in implementation, breeding the knock-on inefficiencies of evasion and avoidance  The modern progressive tax system has created whole industries of firms and specialists geared toward helping people file their taxes and to ensure the system runs smoothly. It has also bred armies of officials who oversee and audit tax issues, costing the United States for example more than $11 billion a year to operate its tax collection and verification systems. [1] People are forced under the progressive system to waste hours filling out returns, to hoard and sift through receipts to be accurate and to maximize their rebates. There is thus a huge efficiency loss in terms of people’s time as they are forced to dedicate effort and resources to the often arduous task of filing taxes in an ever more complicated system, arising from a progressive regime. The extreme complexity of the system has generated further negative incentives, encouraging the wealthy to seek ways around the system, to exploit loopholes in the bloated system for their personal benefit. [2] The very wealthy can thus evade obligations through the manipulation of complex tax codes and loopholes, and can sometimes even lead less scrupulous people to pay less than less wealthy people. Flat and regressive consumption taxes, on the other hand, offer an easier mechanism of taxation that is easier to understand, less time consuming to deal with, and harder to manipulate.  [1] White, James. “Internal Revenue Service: Assessment of the 2008 Budget Request and an Update of 2007 Performance”. United States Government Accountability Office. Available:   [2] Wolk, Martin. “Why the Tax System Keeps Getting More Complex”. MSNBC. 2006. Available: progressive tax system, tax complexity, tax inefficiency, tax evasion, tax avoidance, tax filing, tax industry, tax software, tax compliance costs, IRS operating cost, tax administration, tax audits, time loss, tax forms, tax code loopholes, wealthy tax evasion, tax avoidance strategies, regressive taxes, flat tax, consumption tax, tax simplification, tax system reform, tax policy, taxpayer burden, tax collection efficiency, tax enforcement, tax system manipulation progressive tax system, tax complexity, tax inefficiency, tax evasion, tax avoidance, tax administration cost, tax filing burden, tax return time, tax code loopholes, tax consultants, audit officials, IRS costs, compliance burden, wealthy tax avoidance, tax loopholes, tax manipulation, regressive taxes, consumption tax, flat tax, tax system efficiency, tax reform, tax collection, tax compliance, tax system incentives, tax code complexity progressive tax system, tax complexity, tax inefficiency, tax evasion, tax avoidance, tax administration costs, tax compliance costs, IRS budget, tax filing, tax return burden, tax loopholes, tax code manipulation, tax collection, tax verification, regressive taxes, flat tax, consumption tax, tax specialists, tax auditing, time lost taxes, tax system incentives, wealthy tax strategies, income inequality, tax reform, tax simplification progressive tax system, tax complexity, tax inefficiency, tax evasion, tax avoidance, tax filing burden, tax compliance costs, tax collection cost, Internal Revenue Service, tax auditing, tax loopholes, wealthy tax avoidance, tax specialists, time loss taxes, tax code manipulation, flat tax, regressive tax, consumption tax, tax reform, tax system simplicity, tax administration, tax rebates, tax return process, tax system cost, government accountability, tax compliance burden, tax incentives, tax fairness, tax policy, tax efficiency progressive tax system, tax complexity, tax inefficiency, tax evasion, tax avoidance, tax compliance costs, tax filing burden, tax preparation industry, IRS operating costs, tax code loopholes, wealthy tax avoidance, tax system manipulation, flat tax, regressive consumption tax, tax simplification, tax administration, tax audit, time cost of taxes, tax system reform, tax burden, tax policy analysis
test-international-ehbfe-pro03a	A federal Europe will be a stronger international actor  A federal Europe will be better equipped to promote the interests of its citizens in the world, carrying more influence in the UN, WTO, IMF and other intergovernmental and treaty organisations than its individual states do now. Furthermore, Europe has a lot to contribute to the world in terms of its liberal traditions and political culture, providing both a partner and a necessary balance to the USA in global affairs.  Once unified, Europe will become an (even more) important negotiating and trading partner – one of the biggest economies in the world. It will have a population of 450 million – more than the United States and Russia combined. It will be the world’s biggest trader and generate one quarter of global wealth. It presently gives more aid to poor countries than any other donor. Its currency, the euro, comes second only to the US dollar in international financial markets. France, Germany, Poland - these countries can hardly ever negotiate something with giants such as the US or China. Europe as one country stands a better chance of putting its message across effectively. federal Europe, European integration, EU influence, international actor, global affairs, United Nations, UN, World Trade Organization, WTO, International Monetary Fund, IMF, intergovernmental organizations, treaty organizations, European political culture, liberal traditions, USA, US relations, balance of power, global partner, trading partner, world economy, population statistics, economic power, global wealth, foreign aid, development aid, euro, international currency, financial markets, France, Germany, Poland, US negotiations, China, unified Europe, European Union, negotiation power, global influence, geopolitical influence, international relations federal Europe, stronger international actor, European Union influence, citizen interests, global organizations, UN, WTO, IMF, intergovernmental institutions, treaty organizations, liberal traditions, political culture, US-Europe relations, global affairs, economic power, unified Europe, negotiating partner, trading partner, global economy, population Europe, international trade, foreign aid, euro, international finance, negotiation with US, negotiation with China, European integration, global influence, international cooperation, European unity, global wealth, geopolitical balance federal Europe, European integration, international actor, global influence, UN, WTO, IMF, intergovernmental organizations, treaty organizations, citizen interests, liberal traditions, political culture, balance to USA, global affairs, negotiating partner, trading partner, global economy, European Union, population, economic power, global wealth, foreign aid, international donor, euro, international financial markets, US dollar, France, Germany, Poland, US, China, unified Europe, global negotiation, European strength, European diplomacy federal Europe, international actor, European Union, global influence, UN, WTO, IMF, intergovernmental organizations, treaty organizations, citizen interests, liberal traditions, political culture, USA, global affairs, unified Europe, negotiation, trading partner, major economy, population, global trade, global wealth, foreign aid, global donor, euro, international finance, France, Germany, Poland, US, China, global negotiations, European integration, single European state, international relations, EU foreign policy federal Europe, international actor, UN influence, WTO, IMF, intergovernmental organisations, treaty organisations, European interests, global influence, liberal traditions, political culture, US balance, global affairs, negotiating partner, trading partner, world economy, population comparison, economic power, global wealth, foreign aid, euro currency, international financial markets, unified Europe, France, Germany, Poland, EU negotiation power, US, China, global message, European Union
test-education-xeegshwfeu-pro02a	Improving the quality of state managed education  State schools will, like the private schools, have to offer a high quality service in order that parents do not take their children elsewhere. This incentivises in particular high level management, who, if the school fails, will be out of a job with a blot on their record. state-managed education, education quality, state schools, school improvement, quality service, parental choice, school competition, school management, educational standards, school accountability, management incentives, public vs private schools, education reform, school performance, educational leadership state managed education, state schools, education quality, service improvement, school management, school competition, private schools, parental choice, school performance, accountability, high quality service, educational standards, management incentives, school failure, educational outcomes, job security, school reputation, education reform, public schools, school leadership state-managed education, quality improvement, state schools, high quality service, parental choice, school competition, educational management, school performance, management accountability, job security, education standards, public vs private schools, school quality assurance, educational outcomes, incentive structures, school leadership, school reputation, educational policy state-managed education, quality improvement, state schools, high quality service, parental choice, school competition, educational management, school performance, accountability, school leadership, private schools comparison, school incentives, educational quality, management incentives, performance measurement state education, school quality, state schools, private schools, education improvement, high quality service, parental choice, education management, school performance, school leadership, accountability, education policy, competition in education, school outcomes, education standards, school administration
test-politics-cpecfiepg-con02a	Defaulting would not solve Greece’s problems  The proposition argue that the hardship endured by the default would only be temporary, but an analysis at the particular situation facing Greece indicates the opposite. Greece’s problems arose from a horrifically inefficient public sector embedded within a mentality of corruption and tax evasion. Even if we assume that defaulting would eventually boost Greek exports and help the economy recover, this would not solve the underlying problems that caused the crisis in the first place. By leaving the Eurozone and defaulting, Greece would lose easy access to borrowing, meaning that taxpayers would soon have to face the reality that they would have to pay for the inefficiencies within the public sector and support all the other structures that need reform. [1] Greece must, therefore, address these underlying issues or face the exact same problems in the future. Given that solving these problems necessarily involve austerity measures and job cuts, it makes most sense for Greece to undergo these changes now (as it is with the current austerity measures), under the framework of IMF, ECB and European Commission funding and supervision.  [1] Barrell, Ray: “Eurozone crisis: what if… Greece leaves the single currency”, 14 May 2012, The Guardian, Greece, default, Eurozone, public sector inefficiency, corruption, tax evasion, borrowing, austerity, IMF, ECB, European Commission, structural reform, economic crisis, exports, funding, supervision, single currency, sovereign debt, financial recovery, public spending, economic reform Greece, default, Eurozone, public sector inefficiency, corruption, tax evasion, austerity measures, economic crisis, Greek exports, borrowing access, IMF, ECB, European Commission, crisis recovery, structural reform, funding, supervision, Greek economy, fiscal policy, single currency, The Guardian Greece, default, Eurozone crisis, public sector inefficiency, corruption, tax evasion, economic recovery, exports, borrowing access, austerity measures, IMF, ECB, European Commission, structural reform, funding, supervision, crisis causes, fiscal adjustment, public sector reform, Greek economy, single currency, debt crisis Greece, default, Eurozone, public sector inefficiency, corruption, tax evasion, economic crisis, Greek exports, borrowing access, austerity measures, IMF, ECB, European Commission, funding, supervision, structural reform, euro crisis, sovereign debt, policy reform, Greek taxpayers, economic recovery Greece, default, public sector inefficiency, corruption, tax evasion, Eurozone, economic recovery, Greek crisis, austerity measures, IMF, ECB, European Commission, structural reform, borrowing, single currency, exports, fiscal policy, bailout, financial supervision, sovereign debt
test-economy-epehwmrbals-con04a	"There is uneven implementation of labour standards even in western countries  Western countries often do embrace high levels of labour standards or do not follow their labour regulations. Germany for example has no minimum wage [1] while the USA has no legal or contractual requirement to provide minimum amounts of leave. [2] Moreover it is the demand for the cheapest possible products that drives down labour standards worldwide. If western nations truly want to change labour standards then the way to do it is with the consumer’s wallet not the aid chequebook. British clothing retailers such as Primark are often shown to be buying their products from sweatshops that use illegal workers, and exploit their labour [3] . If there is to be real lasting change in labour standards western firms need to be the ones pushing high labour standards and consumers would need to not automatically go for the cheapest product available.  [1] Schuseil, Philine, ‘A review on Germany’s minimum wage debate’, bruegel, 7 March 2013,   [2] Stephenson, Wesley, ‘Who works the longest hours?’, BBC News, 23 May 2012,   [3] Dhariwal, Navdip. ""Primark Linked to UK Sweatshops."" BBC News. BBC, 01 Dec. 2009. Web. uneven labour standards, western countries, labour regulations, minimum wage, Germany, USA, legal leave requirements, consumer influence, product demand, global labour standards, British clothing retailers, Primark, sweatshops, illegal workers, labour exploitation, raising standards, ethical consumption, corporate responsibility, supply chain, regulatory enforcement, labour rights, fair trade, wage disparity, developed nations, labour laws, consumer behavior uneven implementation, labour standards, western countries, labour regulations, Germany, minimum wage, USA, leave requirements, consumer demand, cheap products, global labour standards, retail industry, sweatshops, illegal workers, labour exploitation, Primark, British retailers, ethical consumerism, corporate responsibility, labour policy, wage laws, fair trade, supply chain ethics, international labour rights, employment law, regulatory enforcement, working conditions, developed countries, labour market, consumer influence, labour reform labour standards, western countries, implementation, minimum wage, Germany, United States, leave policy, consumer influence, product demand, labour regulations, British retailers, Primark, sweatshops, illegal workers, exploitation, global supply chains, ethical consumption, corporate responsibility, supply chain ethics, workers’ rights, labour exploitation, minimum leave, regulatory enforcement, consumer choice, labour market regulation, wage laws, enforcement gaps, retail industry, labour abuses, policy implementation labour standards, implementation, western countries, regulation, Germany, minimum wage, USA, leave entitlement, consumer demand, product pricing, global labour standards, British retailers, Primark, sweatshops, illegal workers, labour exploitation, ethical consumption, corporate responsibility, consumer behavior, supply chains, labour regulations, retail industry, fair trade, policy enforcement, developed nations labour standards, uneven implementation, western countries, Germany, minimum wage, USA, leave entitlement, consumer demand, cheap products, global supply chains, labour exploitation, sweatshops, Primark, British clothing retailers, illegal workers, ethical consumption, corporate responsibility, labour regulation enforcement, wage policy, worker rights, supply chain transparency, fair trade, aid vs consumer action, global labour market, corporate social responsibility, regulatory compliance"
test-economy-egppphbcb-con02a	Socialism provides a more sustainable way of living  Capitalism always acts on the cost of nature and its ecological balance. With its imperative to constantly expand profitability, it exposes ecosystems to destabilizing pollutants, fragments habitats that have evolved over time to allow the flourishing of organisms, squanders resources, and reduces nature to the exchangeability required for the accumulation of capital. Socialism requires self-determination, community, and a meaningful existence. Capital reduces the majority of the world's people to a mere reservoir of labor power while discarding much of the remainder as useless. The present capitalist system cannot regulate, much less overcome, the crises it has set going. It cannot solve the ecological crisis (e.g. global warming) because to do so requires setting limits upon accumulation socialism, sustainability, ecological balance, capitalism, environmental impact, profitability, ecosystem degradation, resource exploitation, habitat fragmentation, pollutants, community, self-determination, meaningful existence, labor exploitation, global warming, ecological crisis, resource accumulation, environmental regulation, environmental justice, alternatives to capitalism, sustainable development socialism, sustainability, capitalism, ecological balance, environmental degradation, resource exploitation, habitat fragmentation, ecological crisis, global warming, profitability, community, self-determination, meaningful existence, labor exploitation, accumulation limits, natural resources, environmental justice, economic systems, ecosocialism, sustainable development, nature commodification, capitalist crisis, environmental regulation, climate change socialism, sustainability, sustainable living, capitalism, ecological balance, environmental degradation, profitability, ecosystem, pollutants, habitat fragmentation, resource depletion, commodification of nature, capital accumulation, self-determination, community, meaningful existence, labor exploitation, marginalized populations, capitalist crisis, ecological crisis, global warming, accumulation limits, environmental regulation socialism, sustainability, ecological balance, capitalism, environmental impact, resource depletion, habitat fragmentation, ecosystem destabilization, profitability, accumulation, pollutants, global warming, climate crisis, sustainable living, self-determination, community, meaningful existence, labor exploitation, nature commodification, economic systems, environmental justice, ecological crisis, environmental degradation, nature conservation, limits to growth socialism, sustainability, ecological balance, capitalism, environmental impact, profitability, ecosystem degradation, pollution, habitat fragmentation, resource depletion, nature commodification, community, self-determination, meaningful existence, labor exploitation, capital accumulation, capitalist crisis, ecological crisis, global warming, limits to growth, environmental regulation, economic systems, sustainable development
test-international-gmehbisrip1b-con01a	Israel has the right to claim minimal territory to ensure security  Israel has been the victim of multiple major illegal wars of aggression on the part of the Arab world, most notably in 1948 and 1967. These wars invalidate any special claim made by Arabs and Palestinians to pre-1967 territory, and justify Israel in keeping as much territory as is necessary to secure itself against these hostile states. Israel could have gone much further and taken more territory than it did in 1967 (as it was easily winning the war), but instead it restricted itself to only taking the territory that was necessary for it to create security buffer. [1] When peace deals have allowed Israel to improve its security through giving up land historically, it has done so, for example when it returned the Sinai peninsula to Egypt in 1982 in exchange for a peace treaty with Egypt, or when Israel returned the small swath of Jordanian territory it held when King Hussain of Jordan wanted to make peace. To date, Israel has withdrawn from approximately 93 percent of the territories it captured. In return for peace with Syria and an end to Palestinian terror, it is prepared to withdraw from most of the remaining 7% in dispute, although not all. Israel remains committed to trading land for peace, and never annexed the West Bank or Gaza Strip because it expected to return part of these territories in negotiations. When the Palestinians finally declared that they would recognize Israel and renounce terrorism, Israel agreed to begin to withdraw. Since 1993, Israel has turned over approximately 80% of the Gaza Strip and more than 40% of the West Bank to the Palestinian Authority. Thus, Israel's objection is not so much against returning any of the land captured in 1967, but against returning absolutely all of it and going back completely to the 1967 borders, as this would mean giving up territories vital for Israel's security. The minimal slivers of territory that Israel it seeks to maintain through a peace settlement (after returning 90% of the pre-1967 territory), is very important to its national security as it offers a buffer against future Arab wars of aggression. This why Ehud Olmert stressed that only most of the occupied territory could be returned. He still argued that some had to be kept for security reasons: “We can never totally return to the indefensible pre-1967 borders, ... We simply cannot afford to make Israel [9 miles] wide again at its center. We can't allow the Palestinians to be a couple [miles] from [Tel Aviv's] Ben Gurion Airport in the age of shoulder-fire missiles with the capacity to shoot down jumbo jets.” [2] Moreover, Israel is in an anomalous situation: It is an embattled democracy that historically has had to defend itself repeatedly against the armies of neighbouring Arab states whose declared goal was nothing less than Israel's eradication. The Israel Defense Forces could not afford to miscalculate. While other nations, like France or Kuwait, have been overrun, occupied, and nonetheless have survived to reconstitute themselves, Israel, in contrast, cannot depend on obtaining a second chance. Miscalculation on its part could have had devastating consequences and, thus, its situation is unique. [3] For this critical purpose of national survival, therefore, the annexed land serves a legally legitimate purpose, especially considering that the Arab wars of aggression were what caused the annexation of the land in the first place. In such circumstances, a nation that won a defensive war has a right to set terms to ensure against future wars of aggression.  [1] Johnson, Paul. “A History of the Jews”. Weidenfeld and Nicolson. 1987.  [2] Thinkexist.com. “Ehud Olmert Quotes”. Thinkexist.com   [3] Amidror, Maj.-Gen. (res.) Yaakov. “Israel's Requirement for Defensible Borders”. Defensible Borders for a Lasting Peace. 2005. Israel security, territorial buffer, Arab-Israeli wars, 1948 war, 1967 Six-Day War, land for peace, pre-1967 borders, West Bank, Gaza Strip, Sinai peninsula, peace treaties, Israel-Palestinian negotiations, defensible borders, national security, territory withdrawal, Ehud Olmert, Ben Gurion Airport, Palestinian Authority, Arab aggression, occupied territories, annexation, defensive war, international law, Israel defense, territory disputes, land claims, Arab-Israeli conflict, Middle East peace, territorial compromise, Israeli withdrawal, security guarantees Israel, security, territory, 1948 Arab-Israeli War, 1967 Six-Day War, Arab aggression, defensive wars, pre-1967 borders, buffer zones, land for peace, Sinai Peninsula, Egypt-Israel peace treaty, Jordan, Palestinian Authority, West Bank, Gaza Strip, withdrawal, national security, Ehud Olmert, Ben Gurion Airport, missile threat, indefensible borders, Arab-Israeli conflict, territorial dispute, annexation, legal legitimacy, defensive borders, territorial compromise, Middle East peace process, occupied territories, international law, Arab states, Jewish state security, peace negotiations. 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test-philosophy-npegiepp-con03a	The Empty Chair Crisis 1965  In 1965 during the Empty Chair Crisis brought integration came to a halt and shifted the institutional balance of power away from the commission to the Council of Ministers, it shows that spillover will not always occur. [1] It was caused by President de Gaulle of France being in conflict with other member states, specifically Germany and Italy. France wanted a deal on the Common Agricultural Policy but was unwilling to agree to further integration through creating majority voting in the Council of Ministers. When France took on the Presidency the normal system of mediation was lost. Bonn and Rome were unwilling to give way. [2] De Gaulle pulled his ministers out of the Council of Ministers thus reasserting the power of national governments. This showed that states would not automatically be prepared to give up their national sovereignty and might of helped lead to the abandonment of Neo-functionalism in the 1970s.  [1] Moga, Teodor Lucian, ‘The Contribution of the Neofunctionalist and Intergovernmentalist Theories to the Evolution of the European Integration Process’, Journal of Alternative Perspectives in the Social Sciences, Vol. 1, No. 3, 2009 pp.796-807,  , p.799  [2] Ludlow, N. Piers, ‘De-commissioning the Empty Chair Crisis : the Community institutions and the crisis of 1965-6’, LSE Research Online, 2007, Empty Chair Crisis, 1965, European integration, institutional balance, Council of Ministers, Commission, spillover, neofunctionalism, intergovernmentalism, Charles de Gaulle, France, Common Agricultural Policy, majority voting, national sovereignty, Germany, Italy, mediation, European Community, power shift, Bonn, Rome, crisis resolution, supranationalism, European Union history, integration theories, political conflict, European institutions, policy deadlock Empty Chair Crisis, 1965, European integration, De Gaulle, France, Council of Ministers, European Commission, power shift, national sovereignty, Common Agricultural Policy, majority voting, intergovernmentalism, neofunctionalism, Germany, Italy, Bonn, Rome, institutional balance, mediation, European Community, policy deadlock, member states, crisis, European Union history, Treaty of Rome, political conflict, EU decision-making, supranationalism, integration theories Empty Chair Crisis, 1965, European integration, institutional balance, Council of Ministers, Commission, spillover, neo-functionalism, France, de Gaulle, Common Agricultural Policy, majority voting, national sovereignty, intergovernmentalism, Germany, Italy, Bonn, Rome, mediation, Community institutions, abandonment of neo-functionalism, European Communities, crisis, political conflict, European Union history, supranationalism, integration theories Empty Chair Crisis, 1965, European integration, institutional balance of power, Council of Ministers, Commission, spillover, France, Charles de Gaulle, Germany, Italy, Common Agricultural Policy, majority voting, mediation, national sovereignty, Neo-functionalism, Intergovernmentalism, European Community, integration halt, policy conflict, Bonn, Rome, withdrawal, supranationalism, European Union history Empty Chair Crisis, 1965, European integration, Council of Ministers, Commission, institutional balance, spillover, France, de Gaulle, Common Agricultural Policy, majority voting, national sovereignty, Germany, Italy, Bonn, Rome, neofunctionalism, intergovernmentalism, European Communities, veto, crisis, supranationalism, state power, LSE, mediation, Journal of Alternative Perspectives in the Social Sciences, N. Piers Ludlow, Teodor Lucian Moga
test-international-aghwrem-con01a	Liberal democracies have a moral obligation to denounce illegitimate regimes  The new civilian government in Myanmar is as illegitimate as the rule of the military junta which led to its creation. The military junta itself was guilty of overruling the democratic verdict in 1990 that gave power to the NLD. Under the new constitution, 25% of all seats in parliament and the most influential governmental posts are reserved for the military, and more than 75% majority is required for amending the constitution. Political prisoners (including Aung San Suu Kyi) were not permitted to participate in the elections. Further, the election process itself has been described as a sham, involving violence and intimidation of democratic activists. The current government is only a tool for the preceding military junta to consolidate its power and provide a safety valve for its leaders through apparently legitimate means. It attempts to use the false democratic process as a veil to resist international criticism. Widespread human rights violations, ethnic violence, and undemocratic curtailment of the freedom of speech have characterised the period of rule of the military junta. By engaging with it at the political or economic level, other countries provide it with a false sense of legitimacy. This is morally at odds with established standards in of human rights and international relations, especially where other illegitimate governments (Syria, Iraq, and North Korea for instance) across the world continually face censure and isolation. liberal democracies, moral obligation, denounce, illegitimate regimes, Myanmar, civilian government, military junta, democratic verdict, 1990, NLD, new constitution, reserved military seats, parliament, constitutional amendment, political prisoners, Aung San Suu Kyi, election legitimacy, electoral violence, democratic activists, consolidation of power, international criticism, human rights violations, ethnic violence, freedom of speech, undemocratic rule, international relations, legitimacy, sham elections, economic engagement, political engagement, isolation, censure, Syria, Iraq, North Korea liberal democracies, moral obligation, denounce, illegitimate regimes, Myanmar, civilian government, military junta, NLD, 1990 elections, constitution, reserved seats, political prisoners, Aung San Suu Kyi, sham elections, violence, intimidation, democratic activists, consolidation of power, false legitimacy, international criticism, human rights violations, ethnic violence, freedom of speech, undemocratic rule, international engagement, false sense of legitimacy, human rights standards, international relations, Syria, Iraq, North Korea, censure, isolation liberal democracies, moral obligation, illegitimate regimes, Myanmar, military junta, NLD, 1990 election, democratic verdict, constitution, reserved seats, military influence, political prisoners, Aung San Suu Kyi, sham elections, democratic activists, election violence, government legitimacy, human rights violations, ethnic violence, freedom of speech, international relations, political engagement, economic engagement, legitimacy, isolation, international criticism, Syria, Iraq, North Korea, undemocratic rule, military consolidation, political repression liberal democracies, moral obligation, illegitimate regimes, Myanmar, military junta, civilian government, democratic verdict, NLD, 1990 election, reserved seats, military influence, constitutional amendment, political prisoners, Aung San Suu Kyi, election legitimacy, violence, intimidation, democratic activists, sham elections, consolidation of power, international criticism, human rights violations, ethnic violence, freedom of speech, undemocratic rule, international relations, economic engagement, false legitimacy, Syria, Iraq, North Korea, censure, isolation liberal democracies, moral obligation, denounce, illegitimate regimes, Myanmar, civilian government, military junta, democratic verdict, 1990 elections, NLD, reserved seats, military influence, constitutional amendment, political prisoners, Aung San Suu Kyi, electoral process, electoral violence, democratic activists, legitimacy, international criticism, human rights violations, ethnic violence, freedom of speech, political engagement, economic engagement, false legitimacy, human rights standards, international relations, isolation, Syria, Iraq, North Korea, undemocratic practices
test-free-speech-debate-ldhwbmclg-pro01a	Classification, not censorship  We should expect fans of an art form that is subjected to public criticism and vilification to leap to its defence. Some of these aficionados- whether the medium in question is cinema, fine art or pop music- make the case for the value of their favourite mode of expression by overstating its positive effects.  Hip hop has long been the focus of controversies surrounding violent music. Hip hop is closely associated with low-level criminality, as noted above. A number of highly successful hip hop artists have been attacked or killed as a result of feuds within the industry and links between managers, promoters and criminal gangs.  As the academic John McWhorter has pointed out in numerous [1] publications [2] , the positive political and social impact of rap music has been massively overstated, as a result of highly charged media coverage of hip hop-linked violence. As a result, attempts to address some of the hips hops most objectionable content- lyrics that are misogynist and blankly and uncritically violent- have been condemned as unjust assaults on the right to free expression. Attacks on negative content in hip hop have been made all the more emotive, because they appear to be an attempt to restrict the speech of members of vulnerable and marginalised communities.  Side proposition agrees with McWhorter that listening to music that contains violent themes will not, in the absence of other factors, cause individuals to behave in a violent way. However, the content of rap, and its strong links with the youngest inhabitants of marginalised, stigmatised urban areas mean that it damages the developmental opportunities of teenagers and young people, and harms others’ perceptions of the communities they live in.  Hip hop trades on its authenticity – the extent to which it faithfully portrays the lived experience of the inhabitants of deprived inner city areas. The greater the veracity of a hip hop track, the greater its popularity and cache among fans. Musicians have gained public recognition as a result of being directly involved in street crime and gang activities. 50 Cent, a high profile “gansta” artist owes his popularity, in part, to a shooting in 2000 that left him with 9 bullet wounds [3] . This supposed link to reality is the most dangerous aspect of contemporary hip hop culture. Unlike the simplistic make-believe of, say, action films, the “experiences” related by rappers are also their public personas and become the rationale for their success.  Rap, through materialist boasting and sexualised music videos tells vulnerable young men and women from isolated neighbourhoods that their problems can be solved by adopting similarly nihilistic personas. The poverty that affects many of the communities that hip hop artists identify with does more than separate individuals from economic opportunity. It also confines the inhabitants of these communities geographically, politically and culturally. It prevents young men and women from becoming aware of perspectives on the world and society that run contrary to the violence of main stream rap. With television dominated by the gangsta motif, marginalised youngsters are left with little in the way of dissenting voices to convince them that hip hop takes a subjective and commercialised approach to the lives and communities that rappers claim to represent.  In effect, controversial hip hop is capable of sponsoring violent behaviour, when it is marketed as an accurate portrayal of relationships, values and principles. Under these circumstances, adolescents, whose own identity is nascent and malleable can easily be misled into emulating the exploits and attitudes of rappers [4] .  Side proposition advocates the control and classification of controversial forms of music, including but not limited to hip hop. Consistent with principles 1 and 10, classification of this type will follow similar schemes applied to movies and videogames. Assessments of the content of music will be conducted by a politically independent organisation; musicians and record companies will have the ability to appeal the decisions of this body. Crucially, the “ban” on music containing violent lyrics will take the form of a categorisation scheme. Content will not be blocked from sale or censored. Instead, as with the sale of pornographic material in many liberal democratic states, music found to contain especially violent lyrics will be confined to closed off areas in shops, to which only adults (as defined in law) will be admitted. Its performance on television, radio and in cinemas will be banned. Live performances of restricted music will be obliged to enforce strict age monitoring policies. Online distributors of music will be compelled to comply with similar age restrictions and intentionally exposing minors to violent music will be punishable under child protection laws.  This approach has the advantage of limiting access to violent content only to consumers who are judged, in general, to be mature enough to understand that its “message” and the posturing of singers does not equate to permission to engage in deviant behaviour.  [1] McWhorter, J. “How Hip-Hop Holds Blacks Back.” City Journal, Summer 2003. The Manhattan Institute.  [2] McWhorter, J. “All about the Beat: Why Hip-Hop Can’t Save Black America.”  [3] “What’s In a name?” The Economist, 24 November 2005.  [4] Bindel, J. “Who you calling bitch, ho?” Mail & Guardian online, 08 February 2008. hip hop, rap music, violent lyrics, music censorship, classification, marginalised communities, youth development, gangster rap, media influence, John McWhorter, music criticism, public perception, criminality, cultural impact, music regulation, music industry, free expression, age restrictions, music content assessment, popular culture, authenticity, music controversy, urban areas, music and violence, content restrictions, music ban, record companies, child protection laws, live performance regulation, online music distribution, music and crime, social impact, music and identity, parental advisory, music policy, music access, deviant behavior, music categorization classification, censorship, hip hop, violent music, rap lyrics, gangsta rap, crime, public criticism, marginalised communities, media coverage, free expression, developmental impact, urban youth, authenticity, materialism, misogyny, gang violence, popular culture, music regulation, content rating, age restriction, music industry, live performance, online distribution, child protection, commercialisation, political independence, music appeal process, social impact, artistic expression, media portrayal, perception, nihilism, cultural confinement, music performance ban, adolescent influence, regulatory frameworks, public policy, controversial music, deprived communities, violence portrayal, record companies, public persona, hip hop, censorship, classification, violent lyrics, rap music, youth, marginalised communities, media influence, gang culture, authenticity, music industry, public perception, free expression, social impact, developmental opportunities, crime, gangsta rap, music regulation, content control, age restrictions, music classification schemes, political independence, banned performances, adolescent influence, child protection laws, controversy, misogynist lyrics, materialism, urban culture, social criticism, John McWhorter, media coverage, negative content, commercialisation, music videos, cultural isolation hip hop, rap music, violent lyrics, music classification, censorship, free expression, marginalised communities, gangsta rap, youth development, media portrayal, crime and music, social impact, John McWhorter, public perception, music regulation, music industry, urban areas, authenticity, materialism, misogyny, adolescent influence, age restriction, content regulation, child protection laws, music consumption, music criticism, music marketing, music and violence, pop culture, media controversy, live performance policy, adult content, music ratings, record labels, public criticism, mainstream rap, music appeal process, commercialisation, deprived communities, political independence, music hip hop, rap music, violent lyrics, music classification, censorship, freedom of expression, marginalized communities, gangsta rap, youth development, media stereotypes, public perception, crime, music industry, misogyny, authenticity, street credibility, pop culture, role models, music regulation, age restriction, child protection, controversial music, political independence, parental advisory, music content rating, cultural impact, negative influence, public criticism, urban youth, media portrayal, artist persona, commercialisation, societal harm, social influence, music and violence, live performances, online distribution, content control, musical authenticity, sexualised imagery, developmental harm, music regulation policies
test-sport-ybfgsohbhog-con03a	Hosting is very expensive  Hosting is very expensive. In recent times the Olympics have never made a direct profit. The bidding process alone for 2012 will cost each bidding city around £20m and whichever is selected will expect to pay at least £6.5bn (Paris). With increased security fears Athens spent $1.5bn on security out of a total of $12bn on the 2004 games. The burden of this cost falls on government (and therefore the taxpayer), companies and individuals. Both Paris and London’s local governments have put aside around £2.4bn which will mean £20 per year extra in tax for every household in the cities. Big projects are notoriously hard to budget for (so much so that London is estimating the total cost may go up by up to 50%) and residents in Los Angeles have only just stopped paying for the over-budget 1984 Olympics through their local taxes. If cities want to regenerate or improve their infrastructure then they should use this money directly on those projects rather than wasting it on subsidising a sporting event. Olympics, cost, hosting, expensive, bidding process, 2012, £20m, selected city, £6.5bn, Paris, security, Athens, $1.5bn, $12bn, government, taxpayer, companies, individuals, local government, London, £2.4bn, tax increase, £20 per year, households, budgeting, cost overrun, Los Angeles, 1984 Olympics, regeneration, infrastructure, public spending, sports event, subsidy, economic impact Olympics, hosting costs, Olympic expenses, bidding process, 2012 Olympics, government funding, taxpayer burden, infrastructure spending, Olympic security, Athens 2004, Paris Olympics, London Olympics, budget overruns, local taxes, public spending, economic impact, city regeneration, sports subsidies, event costs, tax increases, municipal budgets, cost-benefit analysis, mega-events, city infrastructure, direct spending, urban development Olympics, hosting costs, Olympic expenses, government funding, taxpayer burden, city bidding, infrastructure spending, security costs, Athens Olympics, London Olympics, Paris Olympics, Olympic budget overruns, regeneration projects, local taxes, 2012 Olympics, economic impact, sports event subsidy, public spending, municipal finance, bid process, Olympic Games, infrastructure investment, taxpayer impact, mega-events financing Olympics, hosting costs, expensive, bidding process, 2012 Olympics, city budget, £20m, £6.5bn, Paris, security costs, Athens, $1.5bn, $12bn, government funding, taxpayer burden, companies, individuals, local government, household tax, £2.4bn, £20 yearly tax, project budgeting, cost overruns, London, Los Angeles, 1984 Olympics, regeneration, infrastructure improvement, direct spending, sporting event, subsidies, financial impact Olympics, hosting costs, expenses, bidding process, 2012 Olympics, cost burden, government spending, taxpayer impact, security costs, Athens 2004, Paris, London, infrastructure, local tax, budget overruns, city regeneration, public funding, sporting event, economic impact, event subsidies, household tax increase
test-law-tahglcphsld-con01a	Drugs are dangerous, and the governement should discourage its use  The government has a responsibility to protect its citizens; if a substance will do people and society significant harm, then that substance should be banned. There is no such thing as a safe form of a drug. Legalization can only make drugs purer, and therefore perhaps more deadly and addictive. Many illegal drugs are closely related to potentially dangerous medicines, whose prescription is tightly restricted to trained professionals, but the proposition would effectively be allowing anyone to take anything they wished regardless of the known medical dangers.  However entrenched in modern culture drugs may be, legalising them will only make them appear more acceptable. The state has a duty to send out the right message, and its health campaigns will be fundamentally undermined by the suggestion that drugs are harmless, which is what will be understood from their legalisation – just like when cannabis was downgraded in the UK. drugs, drug legalization, government responsibility, public health, substance abuse, drug policy, drug regulation, drug harms, drug ban, addictive substances, drug purity, prescription drugs, controlled substances, drug dangers, societal impact, medical risks, drug culture, health campaigns, legalization consequences, drug acceptability, cannabis downgrading, UK drug laws, state intervention, harm reduction, policy implications drug dangers, government responsibility, substance ban, public health, drug legalization risks, drug purity, addiction, dangerous medicines, medical restrictions, societal harm, drug acceptability, health campaigns, legalization impact, cannabis policy, drug regulation, state duty, message about drugs, drug harm perception, illegal drugs, controlled substances drug policy, drug legalization, drug ban, government responsibility, public health, drug danger, drug addiction, drug purity, drug regulation, medicine prescription, substance abuse, social harm, health campaigns, drug culture, legal status of drugs, drug acceptability, state intervention, cannabis laws, UK drug policy, medical dangers, drug control drug legalization, drug dangers, government responsibility, drug prohibition, substance abuse, public health, drug ban, drug policy, drug addiction, drug safety, drug purity, medicine regulation, prescription drugs, drug legislation, societal harm, health campaigns, public messaging, drug acceptability, cannabis downgrading, UK drug policy, legal vs illegal drugs drug dangers, government responsibility, citizen protection, substance harm, drug ban, drug safety, drug legalization, drug purity, addiction risk, illegal drugs, dangerous medicines, medical regulation, unsupervised use, drug culture, legalisation effects, public health policy, health campaigns, societal harm, drug acceptability, state messaging, cannabis downgrading UK
test-culture-cgeeghwmeo-con02a	It specifically denies a rich cultural heritage which is uniquely American of groups that spoke English but not as a first language  Almost no one in the United States knows English, but then chooses not to use it to make some sort of political statement. The language is far too omnipresent in the economy, culture, and everyday life to make such a choice attractive or even sane.  Nor do people generally choose not to learn English. The advantages and opportunities it opens up, and the stigmas and discrimination facing non-English speakers mean that learning English is one of the first things any immigrant is going to try and do.  In reality therefore we are going to be talking about people who can’t speak English, either because they have not learned it yet, or because they can’t learn it. Perhaps they don’t have the time between working two jobs, or perhaps they find it difficult.  In any case, if this policy is simply symbolic it will stigmatize these people. If it goes further, it will actively make their lives worse, and perhaps make it even harder for them to learn English. English language, cultural heritage, immigrant experience, assimilation, language policy, linguistic discrimination, United States, stigma, non-English speakers, economic opportunities, language barriers, political statement, English proficiency, symbolic policy, cultural identity, education challenges, integration, social exclusion, immigrant struggles English language, cultural heritage, non-native speakers, immigrants, language policy, language discrimination, language acquisition, language barriers, language stigma, United States, economic opportunities, social integration, symbolic policies, language learning, language exclusion, language politics, bilingualism, English proficiency, immigrant experience, multiculturalism, language assimilation English language, cultural heritage, United States, immigrants, English as second language, language policy, language discrimination, language stigma, non-native speakers, language acquisition, assimilation, symbolic policies, language barriers, immigrant experience, economic integration, cultural integration, language learning challenges, language opportunities, workplace discrimination, English proficiency, policy impact, social stigma, language access, immigrant adaptation, cultural identity English language, cultural heritage, immigrant experience, language policy, language discrimination, linguistic assimilation, non-English speakers, United States, language barriers, language stigma, symbolic policy, language learning challenges, economic integration, language opportunity, social integration, language politics, English proficiency, immigrant adaptation, language and identity, language policy impact English language, United States, cultural heritage, immigrants, language policy, non-native English speakers, linguistic discrimination, language stigma, language acquisition, economic impact, cultural assimilation, immigrant challenges, English proficiency, language barriers, symbolic policy, social integration, language learning obstacles, policy impact, everyday life, discrimination against non-English speakers
test-society-tsmihwurpp-con02a	Randomly checking passengers’ identities is much safer than allowing terrorists to know in advance who the authorities are seeking.  Making statements in advance as to who is likely to be stopped at airports is the most dangerous action any government could take. There are innumerable ways in which it would be possible to perform a terrorist act, and random checks mean that all possible routes are equally likely to be apprehended.  By contrast, actively and visibly subjecting members of particular ethnic groups to stricter security checks will enable terrorists to determine where surveillance in airports is at its most lax. The most dangerous terrorist groups operate on an international level, recruiting attackers from a wide range of backgrounds and ethnic groups. It would therefore be comparatively easy for an organisation such as al Qaeda to mount an attack using only individuals who do not conform to the authorities’ profile of a potential terrorist.  More importantly random checks mean that all people, regardless of the background, age or appearance are equally deterred from considering criminal or terrorist acts.  On the basis that it would be impossible to search everyone at a major international airport, the deterrence factor offered by random stops is far more effective than searching a tiny proportion of a designated group. random checks, airport security, passenger identity, terrorist prevention, security profiling, ethnic profiling, deterrence, international terrorism, security checks, al Qaeda, background diversity, airport surveillance, security effectiveness, traveler screening, targeted checks, security policy, criminal deterrence, risk assessment, exposure of security protocols, equal treatment, security strategy, flight safety, terrorist tactics, profile evasion, mass screening random checks, airport security, passenger identity, terrorist prevention, security profiling, ethnic profiling, deterrence, al Qaeda, surveillance, airport checks, international terrorism, security policy, targeted checks, security effectiveness, security fairness, random selection, security deterrent, terrorist tactics, security transparency, airport screening, security risk, targeted surveillance, security threats, profiling dangers, intelligence sharing random checks, passenger identity, airport security, deterrence, ethnic profiling, terrorism prevention, security screening, targeted screening, al Qaeda, terrorist recruitment, international terrorism, surveillance, security protocols, risk assessment, equal treatment, airport checkpoints, criminal deterrence, profiling risks, government policy, security effectiveness, public safety, terrorist detection, security measures, advance notice, security lapses, random selection random checks, passenger identification, airport security, terrorism prevention, profiling, ethnic groups, security surveillance, deterrence, terrorist recruitment, al Qaeda, international terrorism, airport screening, selective checks, security policy, terrorist profiling, security effectiveness, security risk, random stops, equal deterrence, background checks, airport safety, security procedures, targeted screening, security strategy, criminal prevention random passenger checks, airport security, identity verification, terrorist detection, security deterrence, random screening, ethnic profiling risks, targeted checks, international terrorism, security effectiveness, airport surveillance, al Qaeda tactics, security policy, passenger profiling, deterrent effect, security procedures, aviation security, criminal prevention, airport screening, security vulnerabilities
test-law-sdiflhrdffe-con01a	An amnesty policy will serve only to alienate regimes, shutting down the possibility of discourse or reform  It is a natural conclusion that a repressive regime, which operates largely by force and the control of its population, will react rather negatively to an action by the West that appears to be a calculated, public, and on-going subversion of their power in favour of criminal dissidents. The result of such action by Western democracies will not be any positive discourse between the targeted regime and the West, but will rather cause a breakdown in communication. They will be reticent to engage for the very reason that the states seeking to influence them are clearly not interested in dealing on an equal footing, but rather wish to undermine their way of life in favour of asserting their own superiority. The best way to actually get talks about reform started, and to empower those who wish for more democracy and press freedom, is to patiently engage with these regimes, to coax them peaceably toward reform without threatening their core aims. [1] Aggression toward them will generate aggression in return as is shown again and again by North Korea and the responses to its actions by the United States. While incremental change may feel glacial, the long game is the only way to get changes without letting blood flow through the streets. The only possible outcome of this policy would be a harsher crackdown on bloggers by these governments.  [1] Larison, D. “Engagement is Not Appeasement”. The American Conservative. 17 December 2012. amnesty policy, alienate regimes, discourse, reform, repressive regime, Western democracies, subversion, power, criminal dissidents, communication breakdown, regime engagement, democracy, press freedom, patient negotiation, reform strategies, core aims, aggression, North Korea, United States, incremental change, policy outcomes, crackdown, bloggers, government response, international relations amnesty policy, alienation, repressive regimes, discourse, reform, Western democracies, subversion, power, criminal dissidents, communication breakdown, reticence, equality, superiority, engagement, patient diplomacy, democracy, press freedom, peaceful reform, aggression, North Korea, United States, incremental change, authoritarian response, crackdown, bloggers, regime change, appeasement, coercive policy, diplomatic strategy amnesty policy, alienate regimes, discourse, reform, repressive regime, Western democracies, power subversion, criminal dissidents, communication breakdown, regime engagement, democracy promotion, press freedom, incremental change, North Korea, US relations, non-aggression, regime crackdown, bloggers, Larison, Engagement is Not Appeasement, policy outcomes, patient diplomacy, reform encouragement amnesty policy, alienate regimes, repressive regime, discourse, reform, Western intervention, criminal dissidents, power subversion, communication breakdown, engagement strategy, democracy promotion, press freedom, patient diplomacy, peaceful reform, aggression response, North Korea, US policy, incremental change, political crackdown, blogger suppression, engagement vs. appeasement amnesty policy, alienate regimes, discourse, reform, repressive regime, force, population control, Western democracies, subversion, criminal dissidents, breakdown in communication, reticence, equal footing, undermine, democracy, press freedom, peaceful engagement, coax toward reform, aggression, North Korea, United States, incremental change, long game, bloodless reform, crackdown on bloggers, government response, engagement vs. appeasement
test-politics-dhbanhrnw-pro02a	Nuclear weapons give states valuable agenda-setting power on the international stage  The issues discussed in international forums are largely set by nuclear powers. The permanent membership of the United Nations Security Council, for example, is composed only of nuclear powers, the same states that had nuclear weapons at the end of World War II. If all countries possess nuclear weapons, they redress the imbalance with regard to international clout, at least to the extent to which military capacity shapes states’ interactions with each other. [1] Furthermore, the current world order is grossly unfair, based on the historical anachronism of the post-World War II era. The nuclear powers, wanting to retain their position of dominance in the wake of the post-war chaos, sought to entrench their position, convincing smaller nations to sign up to non-proliferation agreements and trying to keep the nuclear club exclusive. It is only right, in terms of fairness that states not allow themselves the ability to possess certain arms while denying that right to others. Likewise, it is unfair in that it denies states, particularly those incapable of building large conventional militaries, the ability to defend themselves, relegating them to an inferior status on the world stage. [2] To finally level the international playing field and allow equal treatment to all members of the congress of nations, states must have the right to develop nuclear weapons.  [1] Fearon, James D. 1994. “Signaling Versus the Balance of Power and Interests: An Empirical Test of a Crisis Bargaining Model”. Journal of Conflict Resolution 38(2).  [2] Betts, Richard K. 1987. Nuclear blackmail and nuclear balance. Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution. nuclear weapons, agenda-setting power, international stage, international forums, United Nations Security Council, nuclear powers, military capacity, international clout, world order, post-World War II, non-proliferation agreements, nuclear club, arms control, fairness, defense capability, global equality, military dominance, international relations, nuclear proliferation, deterrence, state equality, crisis bargaining, security dilemma, nuclear blackmail, power imbalance, international legitimacy nuclear weapons, agenda-setting power, international forums, United Nations Security Council, permanent membership, nuclear powers, World War II, military capacity, international clout, world order, post-war era, non-proliferation agreements, nuclear club, fairness, state sovereignty, arms possession rights, smaller nations, defense capability, conventional military, power imbalance, international relations, crisis bargaining, nuclear deterrence, state equality, nuclear proliferation, international status, security dilemma, global security, Richard Betts, James Fearon nuclear weapons, agenda-setting power, international stage, international forums, nuclear powers, United Nations Security Council, post-World War II, permanent membership, military capacity, world order, fairness, international clout, non-proliferation agreements, nuclear club, state sovereignty, arms possession, international equality, smaller nations, defense capability, conventional militaries, power imbalance, nuclear proliferation, crisis bargaining, signaling, balance of power, international relations, state interactions, conflict resolution, deterrence, nuclear balance, international law, global governance nuclear weapons, agenda-setting power, international stage, United Nations Security Council, nuclear powers, post-World War II, international forums, military capacity, international clout, world order, fairness, nuclear non-proliferation, nuclear club, dominance, smaller nations, arms possession, conventional militaries, defense capability, international equality, nuclear proliferation, crisis bargaining, nuclear balance, international relations, state sovereignty, global governance, power imbalance nuclear weapons, agenda-setting power, international stage, United Nations Security Council, nuclear powers, non-proliferation, international clout, world order, fairness, post-World War II, military capacity, state interactions, nuclear proliferation, international forums, power imbalance, defense capability, global governance, Brookings Institution, crisis bargaining, James D. Fearon, Richard K. Betts, international relations, military dominance, nuclear club, arms control, state sovereignty, security dilemma, international equality, nuclear deterrence, smaller nations, conventional militaries, exclusive membership
test-religion-cmrsgfhbr-con03a	Any body of values that claims to respect the rights of the individual must recognise the right of a woman to choose  Even the doctrines of the Church accepts that pregnancy is not, in and of itself, a virtue – there is no compulsion to maximise the number of pregnancies; there is simply a disagreement about how they should be avoided. The Church recommends that couples may minimise the chance without ever making it impossible through a chemical or physical barrier.  In some parts of the world a pregnancy, even one that is not planned, is seen as a time for joy – a blessing for the family that will lead to a new and happy life bringing pleasure to both parents, their society and the child. That ideal is very far from the experience of much of the world where a child is another mouth to feed on impossibly little income. For all too much of the world, that life will be cruel, nasty and short. In slums, favellas and barren wastes that life is likely to be one marked more by dysentery or diarrhea, malnutrition and misery than by the sanitised, idealised image promoted in the West. That is, of course, not to say that children everywhere cannot be a cause for joy, of course they can. Indeed even within the poorest of situations, a new child can be the focus of great joy in an otherwise hard life.  However, if that is to be the case, that child must be planned and prepared for. Overwhelmingly, the mother is likely to have paramount responsibility for the child; so that planning and preparation needs to be theirs. It is difficult to imagine the scenario that would reach the objective observer to reach the conclusion that the right group of individuals to reach that decision were a group of celibate men who had never met the parents and would take to role in the care or support of the child. Yet that, astonishingly, is what Proposition would like us to believe. individual rights, women's choice, reproductive rights, church doctrine, pregnancy, contraception, birth control, family planning, chemical barriers, physical barriers, unplanned pregnancy, poverty, global disparities, child welfare, malnutrition, slums, family responsibility, motherhood, decision-making, celibate clergy, church authority, ethics, autonomy, parental roles, societal norms, religious teachings, planned parenthood, child joy, hardship, moral debate reproductive rights, women's rights, individual rights, Church doctrine, pregnancy, contraception, family planning, unplanned pregnancy, poverty, child welfare, malnutrition, global inequality, parental responsibility, Catholic Church, chemical barrier, physical barrier, birth control, slums, favellas, child mortality, Western ideals, religious perspectives, celibacy, decision-making, maternal health, joy of childbirth, social context, compassion, societal norms, pro-choice, moral values individual rights, women's rights, reproductive choice, Church doctrines, pregnancy, contraception, birth control, moral values, poverty, overpopulation, child welfare, planned parenthood, maternal responsibility, religious views, global disparities, family planning, joy of children, societal impact, ethical debate, celibacy, religious authority, parenthood decisions, Western ideals, slum conditions, child malnutrition, poverty and children individual rights, women's rights, reproductive rights, Church doctrine, pregnancy, contraception, birth control, family planning, poverty, child welfare, planned parenthood, global inequality, maternal responsibility, celibacy, religious authority, socioeconomic impact, child well-being, slums, malnutrition, joy of childbirth, ethical decision-making individual rights, women's rights, reproductive choice, Church doctrines, pregnancy, contraception, chemical barrier, physical barrier, family planning, unplanned pregnancy, poverty, child welfare, slums, favellas, malnutrition, global inequality, motherhood, parental responsibility, decision-making, celibacy, religious authority, proposition, idealized Western view, child planning, socio-economic conditions, joy of parenthood, moral values, values system
test-society-cpisydfphwj-con02a	Facebook has some dangerous consequences  Facebook is becoming more and more integrated into our lives, but unfortunately the uncertainty of who is at the other end of the computer is proving to be a massive threat to our mental and physical safety.  First of all, undoubtedly, rape is one of the most serious and unforgiveable crimes anyone can commit, as it leaves permanent physical and mental scars on women. Unfortunately, Facebook is used by troubled men to take advantage of naive women. They use Facebook in order to get in touch with their victims (often posing as someone who he is not), and after they get to know each other, after he gained the victims trust he deceives her into meeting him, a mistake she’ll regret forever. As physical integrity is one of the rights most fundamental rights, and as Facebook is facilitating the violation of this right, it is absolutely clear that these social networks are detrimental to the society.(1)(2)  Secondly, another level on which Facebook is harmful is cyber bullying. It affects many adolescents and teens on a daily basis. Cyber bullying involves using technology to bully or harass another person. Sending mean Facebook messages or threats to a person, spreading rumours online or posting hurtful or threatening messages on social networking sites are just a few of the ways in which a lot of children get bullied every single day.  “Despite the potential damage of cyber bullying, it is alarmingly common among adolescents and teens. According to Cyber bullying statistics from the i-SAFE foundation:  Over half of adolescents and teens have been bullied online, and about the same number have engaged in cyber bullying. More than 1 in 3 young people have experienced cyberthreats online.”(3)  (1) Justin Davenport “Hunt for ‘Facebook rapists’ before they can strike again” London Evening Standard, 15 November 2012   (2) “Two men gang-rape girl in Kota after befriending her on Facebook”, Times of India, Aug 21, 2013   (3) Bullying Statistics Facebook dangers, social media risks, online predators, sexual assault, rape, cyberbullying, mental health, physical safety, identity deception, victim trust, social networks, adolescent safety, teen bullying, online harassment, spreading rumors, cyber threats, Facebook crime, digital safety, online abuse, women safety, psychological impact, social networking dangers, cybercrime, digital violence, online grooming, youth safety, personal security, hate messages, bullying statistics, child protection, digital integrity, Internet safety Facebook, dangers, consequences, online safety, mental health, physical safety, sexual assault, rape, online predators, trust deception, social networks, victimization, women safety, cyber bullying, adolescent bullying, teen mental health, technology risks, online harassment, rumor spreading, threatening messages, bullying statistics, i-SAFE foundation, social media harm, crime, physical integrity, detrimental effects, risks of Facebook, online crime, digital threats Facebook, dangers, consequences, social media risks, online predators, rape, sexual assault, cybercrime, impersonation, trust deception, victimization, physical safety, mental health, women safety, crime statistics, social networks, societal impact, cyberbullying, adolescent bullying, teen bullying, online harassment, technology abuse, Facebook messages, online threats, rumor spreading, bullying statistics, i-SAFE foundation, safety concerns, digital crime, negative effects, privacy risks, grooming, online safety, victim trust, social networking harm Facebook dangers, social media risks, online safety, cyberbullying, online harassment, mental health, physical safety, online predators, sexual assault, rape, victim trust, identity deception, teenage cyberbullying, adolescent cyberbullying, internet anonymity, online crime, women’s safety, social network harm, digital abuse, cyberthreats, online rumors, Facebook crimes, social networking risks, digital victimization, child safety online, technology abuse, bullying statistics, Facebook rapists, meeting strangers online, online grooming, digital privacy, social networks detrimental society Facebook dangers, online safety, social media risks, Facebook crime, online predators, identity deception, Facebook rape cases, sexual assault, online grooming, trust exploitation, women's safety, physical integrity, cyberbullying, adolescent mental health, teen bullying, online harassment, mean messages, online threats, rumor spreading, social networking abuse, cyberthreats, i-SAFE statistics, digital safety, victimization, online violence, Facebook consequences, societal impact, mental scars, digital society harm, dangerous social networks
test-international-aghwrem-con02a	The international community and political legitimacy  The military-controlled government in Myanmar clearly does not have popular domestic support - otherwise the artificial election process would not have been necessary. Therefore, it derives its strength from the fact that many international players other than the US and the EU have continued to recognise it, while there is historic precedent for concerted international opinion having influenced illegitimate regimes (Haiti and South Africa, for instance). Having a nationalised economy increases the control the military has over trade and investment, while a majority of the country finds itself in poverty. The choice for the international community is between continuing to strengthen the military by engaging with it, or by disengaging (like the EU and the US) until the ruling elite runs out of resources and options. The former option does not give hope to any real democratic reform, while the latter option would take away the legitimacy of the government in the international arena. international community, political legitimacy, Myanmar, military-controlled government, domestic support, artificial election, international recognition, US, EU, illegitimate regimes, international opinion, Haiti, South Africa, nationalised economy, military control, trade, investment, poverty, engagement, disengagement, democratic reform, ruling elite, legitimacy, international arena Myanmar, military government, political legitimacy, international community, domestic support, artificial election, international recognition, US, EU, illegitimate regimes, Haiti, South Africa, nationalised economy, military control, trade, investment, poverty, engagement, disengagement, democratic reform, ruling elite, legitimacy, international arena Myanmar, international community, political legitimacy, military-controlled government, domestic support, artificial election, international recognition, United States, European Union, illegitimate regimes, Haiti, South Africa, nationalised economy, trade control, investment control, poverty, democratic reform, disengagement, ruling elite, international legitimacy, sanctions, military regime, economic isolation, foreign policy, regime change international community, political legitimacy, Myanmar, military government, domestic support, artificial elections, international recognition, US, EU, illegitimate regimes, Haiti, South Africa, nationalised economy, military control, trade, investment, poverty, international engagement, disengagement, ruling elite, democratic reform, government legitimacy, international arena Myanmar, military government, political legitimacy, international community, domestic support, artificial elections, international recognition, US, EU, illegitimate regimes, historic precedent, Haiti, South Africa, nationalised economy, military control, trade, investment, poverty, democratic reform, international disengagement, international legitimacy, ruling elite, resource depletion, sanctions, foreign policy, diplomacy, regime recognition, economic leverage, authoritarianism
test-international-aahwstdrtfm-pro04a	Cannot avoid dealing with a UNSC member  The PRC is a member of the United Nations Security Council and as such is one of the key members of the UN. It is therefore difficult for countries to avoid dealing with it. The Pacific island of Tonga’s switched recognition because it feared the PRC would veto its membership of the UN. [1] São Tomé is already a member but that does not mean the PRC can’t cause problems in the international body; it clearly has the ability to scupper any initiative São Tomé wishes to pursue. Similarly in other international institutions while the PRC does not wield as much power as it does in the UN it still has considerably more influence than Taiwan; this includes over some organisations that provide aid such as the World Bank and IMF. São Tomé therefore must deal with the PRC, this being the case it should not let recognition get in the way.  [1] Fossen, Anthony Van, ‘The Struggle for Recognition: Diplomatic Competition between China and Taiwan in Oceania’, The Journal of Chinese Political Science, Col.12, No.2, 2007,  , p.4 UN Security Council, PRC, United Nations, international relations, diplomatic recognition, Pacific islands, Tonga, São Tomé, veto power, international organizations, World Bank, IMF, Taiwan, China-Taiwan competition, diplomatic influence, aid organizations, international membership, diplomatic competition, Oceania, recognition politics, Anthony Van Fossen UNSC, United Nations Security Council, PRC, China, Taiwan, international relations, diplomatic recognition, São Tomé, Tonga, veto power, international institutions, World Bank, IMF, aid organizations, influence, diplomatic competition, Oceania, membership, foreign policy UNSC, PRC, United Nations Security Council, key members, international relations, diplomatic recognition, veto power, Tonga, São Tomé, membership, international organizations, influence, Taiwan, aid organizations, World Bank, IMF, diplomatic competition, China, Oceania, recognition, international diplomacy, member states, political influence, São Tomé and Príncipe UNSC, PRC, United Nations Security Council, key members, international relations, Tonga, recognition switch, veto power, São Tomé, international organizations, UN membership, diplomatic competition, China, Taiwan, influence, international institutions, World Bank, IMF, aid organizations, recognition policy, Oceania, Chinese political science, Anthony Van Fossen UNSC member, PRC, United Nations Security Council, key members, international relations, diplomatic recognition, Tonga, veto power, São Tomé, UN membership, international institutions, influence, Taiwan, World Bank, IMF, aid organizations, Pacific islands, diplomatic competition, China, Oceania, international diplomacy
test-international-epvhwhranet-con02a	If all member states held a referendum on all EU treaties nothing would get passed.  The pure size and logistics of the European Union is such that if every member state had to hold a referendum on all EU Treaties, no EU Treaties would get enacted. It is too likely that one of the member states will vote against a motion. The EU should be able to vote on issues without consulting the citizens of all member states, in the UK legislation is voted on in parliament which is made of constituency representatives. The concept for government's voting in representation of their countries within the EU is the same. Furthermore the UK did not hold a referendum on the war with Iraq, so why should a referendum be held for issues of lesser importance. EU referendums, EU treaties, member state referendums, treaty ratification, European Union decision-making, direct democracy, representative democracy, EU legislative process, unanimity requirement, referendum logistics, sovereign representation, parliamentary voting, UK Iraq war vote, citizen consultation, governmental authority, EU governance structure, national sovereignty, treaty approval, collective decision-making, democratic processes, referendum feasibility EU referendum, member state, EU treaties, treaty ratification, EU decision-making, direct democracy, representative democracy, logistics, unanimity, national veto, parliamentary voting, government representation, public consultation, UK parliament, war with Iraq, supranational governance, European integration, citizen involvement, legislative approval, political process, EU enlargement, policy enactment, national sovereignty, treaty approval process EU treaties, member state referendums, European Union decision-making, treaty ratification, EU logistics, unanimity requirement, national sovereignty, representative democracy, direct democracy, parliamentary voting, UK legislation, government representation, referendum necessity, Iraq war referendum, EU governance, voting procedures, member state vetoes, treaty enactment challenges, democratic legitimacy, supranational decision-making EU treaties, referendums, member states, European Union, treaty ratification, decision-making, voting procedures, representative democracy, parliamentary system, direct democracy, legislative process, unanimous approval, national sovereignty, citizen consultation, logistics, UK parliament, governmental representation, international agreements, policy enactment, Iraq war, comparative importance, legislative authority EU treaties, referendums, member states, European Union, treaty ratification, direct democracy, representative democracy, legislative process, national sovereignty, decision-making, unanimity, legislative efficiency, parliamentary voting, UK parliament, Iraq war, government representation, citizen consultation, legal framework, policy enactment, supranational governance, political logistics
test-economy-beghwbh-pro03a	The Hyperloop will be a low cost system for the user  The Hyperloop would be the cheapest mode of intercity transport possible. “Transporting 7.4million people each way and amortizing the cost of $6 billion over 20 years gives a ticket price of $20 for a one-way trip for the passenger version of Hyperloop.” [1] There are very few additional costs. Usually the main cost for transportation beyond the infrastructure is the energy but the Hyperloop produces more energy than it uses so would make a profit here. There would be additional maintenance costs and some minor staff costs but this is unlikely to add too much to the ticket price. The Hyperloop would therefore be very price competitive compared to the $100 and up for flights.  [1] Musk, Elon, ‘Hyperloop Alpha’, SpaceX, 12 August 2013,  p.56 Hyperloop, low cost, cheapest transport, intercity transport, ticket price, $20 fare, affordable travel, operating costs, infrastructure costs, maintenance costs, staff costs, energy efficiency, energy surplus, price competitive, transportation modes, flight comparison, Elon Musk, Hyperloop Alpha, SpaceX, multimodal transportation, sustainability Hyperloop, low cost, cheap intercity transport, ticket price, cost comparison, infrastructure cost, energy efficiency, maintenance costs, staff costs, price competitiveness, passenger transport, Elon Musk, Hyperloop Alpha, SpaceX, transportation economics, amortized cost, operating expenses, alternative to flights, transportation innovation, sustainable transport Hyperloop, low cost, cheapest intercity transport, ticket price, $20 fare, high passenger capacity, $6 billion infrastructure, 20-year amortization, minimal additional costs, energy efficiency, energy surplus, profit, maintenance costs, staff costs, price competitiveness, airfare comparison, Elon Musk, Hyperloop Alpha, SpaceX, transportation economics Hyperloop, low cost transport, cheapest intercity transport, ticket price, $20 fare, transportation costs, infrastructure, energy efficiency, energy surplus, profit, maintenance costs, staff costs, price competitive, flight comparison, $6 billion infrastructure, 7.4 million passengers, Elon Musk, Hyperloop Alpha, SpaceX, affordable travel, high-speed transport Hyperloop, low cost transport, cheapest intercity transport, ticket price, $20 one-way, infrastructure cost, energy efficiency, self-sustaining energy, maintenance costs, staff costs, price competitive, comparison airfare, Elon Musk, Hyperloop Alpha, SpaceX, passenger transport, transport economics, operating costs, high-speed transport, transportation innovation, cost analysis
test-culture-thbcsbptwhht-pro01a	Compensation rights a wrong  Compensation is a basic principle of justice in any legal system. By definition it can be given to those who have had harm to reputation or dignity, emotional distress and loss of opportunities, including potential earnings. It is important to give compensation as it provides something for those who have suffered from disadvantages as a result of someone else’s actions, and it therefore helps to level out the playing field. Cultural appropriation causes clear harms – lost business, less awareness of that culture, and a feeling of inferiority. Theoretically, compensation is also beneficial as Rawls believes that it achieves 'some of the intent' of the principle of redress. This is in line with an egalitarian point of view [1]. While individual cases of cultural appropriation may not intend to harm they have an externality of harm by damaging the culture and identity as a while. This is in much the same way that those polluting often don’t intend harm, just to make a profit.  [1] Gaus, Gerald F., ‘Does Compensation Restore Equality’, Compensatory Justice, Vol.33, 1991, pp.45-81, compensation, justice, legal system, harm, reputation, dignity, emotional distress, loss of opportunities, potential earnings, redress, egalitarianism, Rawls, compensation principle, cultural appropriation, cultural harm, economic damage, identity damage, polluter pays, compensatory justice, equality, externalities, fairness, damages, restoration, Gerald Gaus compensation, justice, legal system, harm, reputation, dignity, emotional distress, loss of opportunities, potential earnings, disadvantages, redress, egalitarianism, cultural appropriation, cultural harm, lost business, cultural awareness, inferiority, John Rawls, compensatory justice, Gerald Gaus, equality, unintended harm, externalities, identity damage compensation, justice, legal system, harm, reputation, dignity, emotional distress, loss of opportunities, potential earnings, redress, egalitarianism, Rawls, cultural appropriation, externalities, identity, culture, polluting, compensatory justice, Gaus, equality, damages, remedy, principle of redress, victim rights, fairness, disadvantage, redress theory compensation, justice, legal system, harm, reputation, dignity, emotional distress, loss of opportunities, earnings, leveling playing field, cultural appropriation, harms, lost business, cultural awareness, inferiority, Rawls, principle of redress, egalitarianism, compensatory justice, externalities, cultural identity, unintended harm, polluting, profit, Gerald Gaus, equality, restorative justice compensation, justice, legal system, harm to reputation, dignity, emotional distress, loss of opportunities, potential earnings, cultural appropriation, harms, lost business, cultural awareness, inferiority, Rawls, redress, egalitarianism, compensatory justice, externality, identity damage, polluting, profit, equality, restoration, Gerald Gaus, restitution, legal remedies, principle of justice
test-free-speech-debate-magghbcrg-con02a	Radio is yesterday’s technology.  Proposition is right to point out the role that has traditionally been filled by relatively small scale radio – providing a relatively cheap method of getting in touch with anybody willing to listen. However, that has, effectively, been rendered redundant by Internet technology. The power of Facebook, Youtube and other sites to disseminate ideas and information as well as phone texting has not only matched that role but surpassed it.  With no capital costs in an era of internet cafes and omnipresent cell phones, the free exchange of information through digital and portable technology has met exactly the needs and concerns Proposition highlights. [i]  Suggesting that community radio will somehow supplement or enhance that process it taking a step backwards; support for the relatively monolithic radio model runs all of the risks of empowering extremists already mentioned without even equalling the benefits of texting and social media [ii] .  [i] Helling, Alex, ‘This House would use foreign aid funds to research and distribute software that allows bloggers and journalists in non democratic countries to evade censorship and conceal their online activities’, freespeechdebate.idebate.org, 18 May 2012.  [ii] Hood, Michael, NPR CEO: Internet will replace broadcast radio in 5-10 years. Blatherwatch, 3 June 2010. radio technology, obsolete media, internet technology, Facebook, YouTube, digital communication, social media, texting, information dissemination, community radio, digital technology, portable technology, online information exchange, media redundancy, cell phones, internet cafes, censorship evasion, software for journalists, foreign aid, online privacy, media extremism, broadcast radio, NPR, future of radio radio, obsolete technology, internet technology, Facebook, YouTube, social media, phone texting, information dissemination, digital technology, portable technology, community radio, online communication, capital costs, internet cafes, cell phones, free exchange of information, blogging, journalists, online censorship, non-democratic countries, extremism, broadcast radio, software distribution, information surplus, social networking, information redundancy, radio vs internet, NPR, communication evolution, media comparison radio, outdated technology, traditional communication, internet technology, Facebook, YouTube, social media, phone texting, digital technology, portable devices, information exchange, community radio, foreign aid, censorship evasion, online activities, bloggers, journalists, non-democratic countries, software distribution, information dissemination, cell phones, internet cafes, broadcast radio, extremist empowerment, media transition, Michael Hood, NPR, Alex Helling radio technology, internet technology, social media, Facebook, YouTube, texting, digital communication, portable technology, community radio, information dissemination, blogging, online censorship, cell phones, internet cafes, foreign aid, software distribution, digital exchange, non-democratic countries, free speech, traditional media, media redundancy, extremist risks, broadcast radio radio technology, traditional radio, internet technology, Facebook, YouTube, social media, phone texting, digital technology, portable technology, community radio, information dissemination, internet cafes, cell phones, free exchange of information, software for bloggers, censorship evasion, online activities, broadcast radio, technological redundancy, media evolution, extremist empowerment, capital costs, information access, communication technology, foreign aid for technology, non-democratic countries
test-economy-bepighbdb-con02a	Development is about more than economic growth  Amartya Sen has argued that “the removal of substantial unfreedoms […] is constitutive of development [in so far as give people] the opportunity of exercising their reasoned agency [1] ”. In a broader sense, democracy is necessary for a developed society because a precondition of a developed society is for that society to be able to decide for itself what its objectives are. It is society as a whole that needs to define what it considers to be development. The Myanmar under the junta may have considered its goals to be a strong military showing that Burma was developed. But without the citizenry agreeing this would not make Burma a strong state. Quite the opposite the lack of freedoms would show the country is not actually developed. Development means more than economic growth, it has to include other indicators as in the Human Development Index, but also things that are not even captured by that measurement such as freedom of speech.  Economic growth and GDP are even worse at demonstrating which countries are developed. Development only occurs when the wealth, and the choices it brings, reaches the people which is why Equatorial Guinea is not a developed nation despite its high income. Even in the economic realm therefore it is not just the absolute growth that matters but how it is distributed. Przeworski and Limongi show that from 1951-1990 dictatorships had higher growth rates than democracies (4.42% against 3.95%) yet the growth rate in GDP per capita was higher in democracies (2.46% against 2%). [2]  [1] Sen, A. (1999). Development as Freedom. Oxford: Oxfor University Press. p. xii  [2] Przeworski, Adam and Fernando Limongi, 1997a; in M. ANTIĆ: “Democracy versus Dictatorship: The Influence of Political Regime on GDP Per Capita Growth”. EKONOMSKI PREGLED, 55 (9-10) pp. 773-803 (2004) development, economic growth, Amartya Sen, unfreedoms, reasoned agency, democracy, developed society, societal objectives, Myanmar, junta, military regime, citizen agreement, freedoms, Human Development Index, freedom of speech, GDP, wealth distribution, Equatorial Guinea, income inequality, absolute growth, growth distribution, dictatorships, democracies, growth rates, GDP per capita, Przeworski, Limongi, political regime, development indicators, development as freedom, political freedoms, social development, well-being, social choice, participatory development development, economic growth, Amartya Sen, unfreedoms, reasoned agency, democracy, society objectives, Human Development Index, freedom of speech, GDP, wealth distribution, developed nations, Equatorial Guinea, military junta, Burma, Myanmar, political regime, Przeworski, Limongi, dictatorships, democracies, GDP per capita, income inequality, development indicators, human freedoms, development theory, development as freedom Amartya Sen, development, economic growth, unfreedoms, reasoned agency, democracy, societal objectives, Myanmar junta, military regime, citizen participation, human development, Human Development Index, freedom of speech, GDP, income distribution, Equatorial Guinea, wealth distribution, dictatorships, democracies, GDP per capita, Przeworski, Limongi, political regime, development indicators, social freedoms, development as freedom development, economic growth, Amartya Sen, unfreedoms, reasoned agency, democracy, societal objectives, human development, Myanmar junta, citizen participation, freedoms, Human Development Index, freedom of speech, GDP, wealth distribution, inequality, Equatorial Guinea, income, dictatorships, democracies, GDP per capita, political regime, Przeworski, Limongi, development as freedom, governance, development indicators, economic inequality, political freedom, societal self-determination development, economic growth, Amartya Sen, unfreedoms, reasoned agency, democracy, societal objectives, Human Development Index, freedom, freedom of speech, GDP, wealth distribution, Equatorial Guinea, dictatorship, democracy vs dictatorship, GDP per capita, Przeworski, Limongi, Burma, Myanmar junta, political regime, development indicators, citizen agency, development as freedom
test-economy-egiahbwaka-pro03a	There is greater potential for African women  There is great potential in educating African women. Two out of three illiterate Africans are women. In 1996 the countries with the highest illiteracy rates in women are Burkina Faso with a staggering 91.1%, Sierra Leone with 88.7%, Guinea with 86.6% and Chad with 82.1% of women illiterate [1] . The situation is however improving. Women are starting to reach their educational potential: by 2011 the illiteracy rate among female youth (15-24) had dropped to 52% in Sierra Leone, 22% in Guinea and 42% in Chad. [2]  Women in Africa are becoming much better educated. This means they are much more likely to be able to reach their full potential in the economy. Education provides opportunities as educated women will be better able to work in the manufacturing or services sectors. They will also be much more capable of setting up and running their own businesses or organisations. As a more educated cohort of women enters the workforce they will have a much greater effect on the economy than women have had in the past.  [1] ‘The role of Women in Post-independent Africa’, African Women Culture, 29 April 2011,   [2] UNESCO Institute of Statistics, ‘Literacy rate, youth female (% of females ages 15-24)’, data.worldbank.org, 2009-2013, African women, education, female literacy, illiteracy rates, Burkina Faso, Sierra Leone, Guinea, Chad, youth female literacy, economic empowerment, workforce participation, entrepreneurship, manufacturing sector, services sector, educational progress, post-independence Africa, gender equality, women’s opportunities, UNESCO statistics, World Bank data, sub-Saharan Africa, women’s self-employment, women’s organizations, educational potential, female empowerment, historical illiteracy trends, education and economy African women, education, literacy rates, female empowerment, economic potential, workforce participation, gender inequality, Burkina Faso, Sierra Leone, Guinea, Chad, youth female literacy, business ownership, manufacturing sector, services sector, post-independent Africa, women's roles, UNESCO statistics, World Bank data, Africa development, women entrepreneurs African women, education, literacy, illiteracy rates, female empowerment, Burkina Faso, Sierra Leone, Guinea, Chad, workforce participation, economic potential, youth female literacy, gender gap, women in business, post-independent Africa, educational improvement, women's opportunities, manufacturing sector, services sector, UNESCO statistics, Africa economic development African women, education, literacy rates, female empowerment, economic potential, workforce participation, manufacturing sector, services sector, entrepreneurship, illiteracy, Burkina Faso, Sierra Leone, Guinea, Chad, youth female literacy, UNESCO statistics, gender equality, African development, women in business, women's organizations, educational progress, social impact, post-independence Africa, women's roles, data analysis, modernization, economic growth, gender disparities, educational attainment African women, education, literacy rates, female illiteracy, illiteracy statistics, Burkina Faso, Sierra Leone, Guinea, Chad, youth female literacy, economic empowerment, women workforce, educational progress, gender disparity, women entrepreneurship, manufacturing sector, services sector, UNESCO, World Bank, post-independent Africa, women’s potential, educational opportunities, women’s economic impact, social development, gender equality, data analysis, historical comparison
test-politics-cdfsaphgiap-pro01a	The head of state/government must be accountable to the people  Secrecy in relation to the leader’s health shows a distrust or distain of the electorate. Not being open about health issues almost invariably means that the administration is lying to those who elected them, those who they are accountable to. A couple of days before John Atta Mills died Nii Lantey Vanderpuye a candidate for Mills’ party stated “He [Mills] is stronger and healthier than any presidential candidate”, information that in retrospect was clearly untrue. 1  1 Takyi-Boadu, Charles, ‘Confusion Hits Mills’, Modern Ghana, 21 July 2012, accountability, head of state, government transparency, leader health secrecy, public trust, political leadership, electorate distrust, health disclosure, administration lying, John Atta Mills, Nii Lantey Vanderpuye, presidential health, political misinformation, Ghana politics, leadership ethics head of state, government accountability, leader health secrecy, electorate trust, political transparency, public accountability, leadership health disclosure, administration honesty, voter deception, John Atta Mills health, Nii Lantey Vanderpuye statement, political lying, democratic responsibility, public information, executive health secrecy, political communication, Ghana politics, Mills death, election integrity, governance ethics head of state, government accountability, public trust, leader health secrecy, electorate, transparency, political leadership, health disclosure, administration honesty, John Atta Mills, Nii Lantey Vanderpuye, misinformation, political communication, leadership health, Ghana politics, Takyi-Boadu, distrust, modern governance, secrecy consequences head of state, government accountability, leader health transparency, political secrecy, electorate trust, executive health disclosure, administration honesty, John Atta Mills health, misinformation in politics, public trust leadership, presidential health secrecy, Nii Lantey Vanderpuye statement, Ghana political history, leadership health concealment, political transparency, Takyi-Boadu article, Modern Ghana, leadership accountability, governance ethics head of state, government accountability, leader health secrecy, electorate trust, transparency, political leadership, public disclosure, administration honesty, health misinformation, John Atta Mills, Nii Lantey Vanderpuye, presidential health, Ghana politics, political communication, Takyi-Boadu, Modern Ghana, public trust, misinformation, government transparency, political accountability
test-economy-bepahbtsnrt-pro01a	Vulnerable to unrest  Relying on tourism ensures that the economy is at the mercy of unrest. The violence and break down in law and order following the Tunisian revolution resulted in a notable decrease in tourists as tourists were unwilling to visit an area which they view as dangerous. This is demonstrated by the footfall of tourists which declined from 6,487,000 in 2010 to 4,456,000 in 2011 1. The increase in attacks by Salafists, a conservative sect of Islam which promotes Sharia law and has attacked tourist destinations, has dissuaded many potential visitors2. This has been exacerbated by government travel information which generally advises against visiting regions during periods of unrest, especially for Westerners who are perceived as profitable targets for ransom3. The resultant decrease in tourists reduces revenue, making tourism an unreliable industry for Tunisia.  1) African Manager, ‘Tunisia-Tourism: Clear Improvement, but a timid pace!’, data accessed 24 January 2014  2) Whewell,T. ‘Justice kiosk: Tunisia’s alternative law enforces’, BBC, 30 July 2013  3) Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade ‘Kidnapping threat worldwide’ Tunisia, tourism dependency, economic vulnerability, political unrest, tourism decline, Tunisian revolution, tourist safety, Salafist attacks, terrorism, law and order breakdown, tourist arrivals, travel advisories, government warnings, revenue loss, tourism reliability, Western tourists, ransom risk, tourism industry Tunisia, violence impact, Sharia law, tourist destinations, foreign affairs reports, African Manager, BBC reports, travel information, kidnapping threat Tunisia, tourism, economic vulnerability, unrest, law and order, Tunisian revolution, tourist decline, violence, Salafist attacks, Sharia law, travel advisories, foreign visitors, revenue loss, unreliable industry, tourist safety, ransom risk, Western tourists, government warnings, tourism industry, socio-political instability, African Manager, BBC, Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade Tunisia, tourism dependency, economic vulnerability, political unrest, violence, law and order breakdown, tourist decline, 2011 revolution, Salafist attacks, Sharia law, tourist safety, government travel advisories, Western tourists, ransom risk, tourism revenue, unreliable industry, African Manager, BBC Whewell, Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade, kidnapping threat, security concerns Tunisia, tourism dependency, economic vulnerability, unrest, political instability, revolution, violence, law and order breakdown, tourist decline, Salafist attacks, Sharia law, traveler safety, government travel advisories, Western tourists, ransom threat, decreased revenue, unreliable tourism industry, tourist footfall, tourism revenue, security concerns, regional instability, tourism crisis, risk perception, African Manager, BBC, Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade Tunisia, tourism dependency, economic vulnerability, civil unrest, political instability, Tunisia revolution, tourism decline, tourist safety, Salafist attacks, Sharia law, travel advisories, decreased revenue, unreliable tourism, law and order, tourist kidnappings, Western tourists, ransom risk, tourism statistics, government warnings, tourist destinations, African Manager, BBC report, Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade, North Africa, tourism industry challenges
test-philosophy-elhbrd-con03a	There is a risk that even a free choice may have some coercion involved.  By far the biggest worry is that a right to die will create a silent form of coercion that cannot be detected. In the West’s increasingly elderly society the role of older people in that society, their value and their continuing contribution is all too likely to be masked by the issue of the cost placed on those of working age. Even where older people do not face pressure from their families, society needs to be aware of this wider narrative. Such a narrative will slowly create a norm where the elderly feel that they are a burden and it is expected that they will exercise their right to die. The ‘choice’ will remain and they will even think it a choice free of coercion but will exercise their right not because they really want to die but because they feel it is what they ought to do, once the right to die is completely normalised those exercising it may not even consider that what they are doing is not really of their free will. Perceiving oneself as a burden is already a common cause of suicide [i] and would certainly increase if it were to no longer be considered taboo. Not having a right to die will not stop arguments about the burden placed on the working members of society by the elderly but it will stop this going any further towards the creation of a culture where individuals consider it normal that they should die when they feel they are a burden.  [i] Joiner, Thomas E. et al., ‘The Psychology and Neurobiology of Suicidal Behaviour’, Annual Review of Psychology, 10 September 2004, p.304 . right to die, euthanasia, assisted suicide, coercion, elderly, ageing society, social norms, societal pressure, perceived burden, normalization, silent coercion, family pressure, value of elderly, cost of aging, suicide, taboo, free will, autonomy, Western society, psychological impact, cultural attitudes, moral implications, neurobiology of suicide, ethics, gerontology, end-of-life decisions, annual review of psychology right to die, elderly, coercion, free choice, silent coercion, societal norms, perceived burden, euthanasia, assisted suicide, normalization, elderly value, intergenerational cost, social pressure, suicide, taboo, psychological impact, Western society, elderly contribution, culture of death, societal expectations, normalization of euthanasia, burden on working age, hidden coercion, moral implications, elderly suicide, elder care ethics right to die, euthanasia, assisted suicide, elderly, coercion, societal pressure, silent coercion, perceived burden, normalization, aging society, value of the elderly, cost of care, societal norms, free will, suicide, psychological impact, taboo, autonomy, end-of-life decision-making, family pressure, cultural narratives, aging population, mental health, death with dignity, moral implications, social stigma, self-worth, healthcare ethics, normalization of dying, economic burden, intergenerational relationships right to die, assisted suicide, euthanasia, coercion, silent coercion, elderly, ageing society, societal pressure, perceived burden, normalization, cultural norms, free will, autonomy, suicide, family pressure, cost of elderly care, intergenerational tension, taboo, psychological impact, internalized expectations, end-of-life choices, elder care ethics, societal values, elderly contribution, societal narrative, moral obligation, stigma, Annual Review of Psychology, Thomas Joiner right to die, euthanasia, assisted suicide, coercion, elderly, societal pressure, silent coercion, normalized death, cost of care, burden, ethics, choice, involuntary influence, aging society, value of elderly, social norms, intergenerational relations, psychological burden, suicide, taboo, autonomy, family pressure, free will, western society, death culture, normalization, mortality ethics, end of life decisions, societal narrative, moral implications, health care ethics
test-economy-thsptr-con05a	The aim of taxation should be to provide equality of opportunity, not of outcom  Taxation should not be about trying to engineer a more equal society. The purpose of taxes is to furnish necessary services people need to become competitive free agents in the economy. Progressive taxes take unduly from some to give to others in the hope of fostering social equality. Yet such efforts can only be harmful, as they breed resentment from rich toward the poor for taking undue amounts of their wealth for their consumption, and feelings of entitlement from poor who feel the wealthy owe them the money they pay, and thus feel happy to levy ever more odious taxes from them. [1] Society is best served by promoting a system of taxation that fosters equality of opportunity, by providing essential services to which everyone contributes in accordance with their ability to pay. This is better serviced through a system of flat-taxes, such as in Russia where there is a flat tax of 13%, [2] that promote a system of proportionality in taxation, rather than progressive taxes that focus unduly upon the contributions of the few to the many.  [1] The Frugal Libertarian. “Immorality of Progressive Income Tax”. Nolan Chart. 2008. Available:   [2] Mardell, Mark, ‘Pros and cons of Rick Perry’s flat tax plan’, BBC News, 26 October 2011, taxation, equality of opportunity, equality of outcome, progressive taxation, flat tax, proportional taxation, social equality, tax policy, essential services, economic competitiveness, resentment, entitlement, tax fairness, ability to pay, Russia flat tax, libertarian tax views, Nolan Chart, Rick Perry tax plan, income distribution, tax system, social engineering, tax resentment, tax consumption, public services, tax proportionality taxation, equality of opportunity, equality of outcome, flat tax, progressive tax, tax policy, economic freedom, essential services, proportionality, resentment, entitlement, social engineering, tax fairness, tax burden, ability to pay, rich vs poor, competitive economy, public services, libertarian, income redistribution, Russia 13% flat tax, Rick Perry flat tax, Nolan Chart, tax morality taxation, equality of opportunity, equality of outcome, tax policy, progressive taxation, flat tax, proportional taxation, necessary services, economic competitiveness, social equality, resentment, entitlement, wealth redistribution, libertarian, Russia, 13% flat tax, tax fairness, tax philosophy, public services, tax contribution, ability to pay, Nolan Chart, tax system, Rick Perry flat tax, social engineering, economic freedom taxation, equality of opportunity, equality of outcome, progressive taxes, flat tax, proportional taxation, tax fairness, redistributive justice, economic competitiveness, essential services, social resentment, entitlement, tax policy, fiscal philosophy, libertarianism, Russia flat tax, Rick Perry tax plan, tax system comparison, income tax morality, Nolan Chart, BBC News, ability to pay, service provision, social engineering, tax fairness debate taxation, equality of opportunity, equality of outcome, progressive taxes, flat tax, proportional taxation, social equality, tax philosophy, redistribution, resentment, entitlement, essential services, ability to pay, economic competitiveness, wealth distribution, social engineering, tax policy, libertarianism, Russia flat tax, public services, tax fairness, public goods, income tax, tax justice, Nolan Chart, Rick Perry flat tax, libertarian arguments, tax ethics, fiscal policy, social resentment
test-society-asfhwapg-pro01a	Genes are intellectual property thus patentable  The patenting office stipulates that a successful patent applicant must have found something in nature, isolated it, and found a way to make something useful with it.The genome research of companies satisfies these criteria, so why should it be any different? The genome companies have invested resources to create intellectual property (patents), which refers to “creations of the mind.” Under US law includes intellectual property inventions, literary and artistic works, symbols, names, images, designs, and trade secrets. The law states, that any person who “invents or discovers any new and useful process, machine, manufacture, or composition of matter, or any new and useful improvement thereof, may obtain a patent.” In biomedicine the patentable inventions include materials, such as new drugs or new cell lines, and methods for deriving or growing them, such as extraction or cloning techniques.1  1. Merz J., Mildred K., What are gene patents and Why are people worried about them ?, Community Genetics 2005 gene patents, intellectual property, patent law, genome research, patent eligibility, US patent office, biomedicine patents, inventions, discoveries, patent criteria, isolation, utility, creations of the mind, patentable subject matter, patent application, drug patents, cell line patents, extraction techniques, cloning techniques, composition of matter, biotechnology, patent controversy, Community Genetics 2005, Merz J., Mildred K. gene patents, intellectual property, patent law, genome research, patenting office, isolation, useful inventions, genome companies, US patent law, biomedicine, patentable inventions, drugs, cell lines, extraction techniques, cloning techniques, patent criteria, nature isolation, patent application, creation of the mind, composition of matter, patent eligibility, patent controversy, Community Genetics, gene patent concerns, Merz, Mildred gene patenting, intellectual property, patent law, US patent office, genome research, biotechnology patents, inventions, creations of the mind, patent eligibility, composition of matter, patentable subject matter, biomedical patents, drug patents, cell line patents, extraction techniques, cloning methods, nature isolation, patent criteria, legal protection, biomedicine, genome companies, patent disputes, genetic inventions, patent requirements, Community Genetics, Merz Mildred gene patents, intellectual property, patent law, patent eligibility, genome research, biotechnology patents, patentable subject matter, US patent office, invention discovery, isolated genes, usefulness requirement, biomedicine patents, new drugs, cell lines, extraction techniques, cloning techniques, patent criteria, genomic companies, patent investment, Community Genetics, legal definitions, creation of the mind, patent process, biomedical intellectual property gene patents, intellectual property, patent law, genome research, patent eligibility, biotechnology patents, US patent office, isolated genes, utility requirement, inventions, nature discovery, biomedicine patents, patentable subject matter, pharmaceuticals patents, cell line patents, extraction techniques, cloning methods, legal criteria, patent controversy, genetic inventions, Community Genetics, Merz, Mildred, patent rights, patent policy
test-international-siacphbnt-con03a	Technology remains insecure and a security risk.  The internet remains at risk. Cybersecurity is a key concern, and the prevalence of hacking events across Africa identifies the need to promote security for the new digital users. Cyber-crime costs the Kenyan government around Ksh.2 billion (Mutegi, 2013); and affects around 70% of South Africans. In order to encourage more users in technology their safety, against fraud, hacking, and identity theft, needs to be prioritised. Without security technology can’t help entrepreneurs as customer details, business plans etc can’t be kept private. cybersecurity, technology security, internet risk, hacking events, Africa, cyber-crime, Kenya, South Africa, digital users, online safety, fraud prevention, identity theft, information privacy, data protection, technology adoption, security challenges, entrepreneur protection, customer data, business confidentiality, cyber threats, digital security, online fraud, Mutegi 2013, economic impact, government losses cybersecurity, technology security, internet risk, cybercrime Africa, hacking events, digital users, Africa cybersecurity, Kenya cybercrime cost, South Africa cyber threats, technology adoption, online fraud, hacking, identity theft, data privacy, digital safety, cyber risk management, entrepreneur security, customer data protection, business confidentiality, information security, digital fraud, African internet safety, cyber awareness, government cyber costs, security challenges Africa, technology risks technology insecurity, cybersecurity, internet risk, hacking Africa, cyber-crime Kenya, cyber-attacks South Africa, digital user safety, technology adoption, online fraud, identity theft, data privacy, security measures, entrepreneur technology, digital security, information protection, business data security, African cyber threats, internet safety, technology trust, cyber risk mitigation technology insecurity, cybersecurity, internet risks, hacking Africa, cyber-crime Kenya, cyber-crime South Africa, digital user safety, online fraud, identity theft, data privacy, cybersecurity awareness, African entrepreneurs, technology adoption, digital security, cyber threats, government cyber costs, technology risks, business data protection, customer privacy, secure digital environment technology insecurity, cybersecurity, internet risk, hacking Africa, cyber-crime Kenya, cyber threats South Africa, digital user security, data privacy, online fraud, identity theft, technology adoption, cyber safety, digital entrepreneurs, information security, business data protection, cyber attacks, African cybersecurity, internet safety, technology risks, government cyber losses
test-law-ralhrilglv-pro03a	Interferes with a democratic mandate  Unlike many of the other ICC defendants, Uhuru Kenyatta and William Ruto have a democratic mandate from elections that “represented the will of the voters” [1] – electoral mandates given to them after their indictment by the International Criminal Court.  This must be respected by the ICC and the international community as a whole: even though they are suspected of crimes against humanity by a foreign court.  [1] European Union Election Observation Mission To Kenya, General Elections 2013 :Final Report, democratic mandate, ICC defendants, Uhuru Kenyatta, William Ruto, elections, will of the voters, electoral mandates, ICC indictment, International Criminal Court, respect democratic choice, international community, crimes against humanity, foreign court, EU Election Observation Mission, Kenya 2013 general elections democratic mandate, ICC defendants, Uhuru Kenyatta, William Ruto, electoral mandate, International Criminal Court, elections, will of the voters, indictment, crimes against humanity, respect for mandate, international community, European Union Election Observation Mission, Kenya elections 2013, ICC proceedings, post-indictment elections democratic mandate, ICC defendants, Uhuru Kenyatta, William Ruto, electoral mandate, Kenyan elections, International Criminal Court, crimes against humanity, EU Election Observation, Kenya 2013 elections, international community, voter will, indictments, respecting mandates, foreign court intervention ICC, democratic mandate, Uhuru Kenyatta, William Ruto, elections, will of the voters, electoral mandate, indictment, International Criminal Court, respect, international community, crimes against humanity, foreign court, European Union Election Observation Mission, Kenya, 2013 general elections, legitimacy, international law, defendant rights, democracy, political legitimacy democratic mandate, ICC defendants, Uhuru Kenyatta, William Ruto, electoral mandate, elections, voter will, indictment, International Criminal Court, crimes against humanity, international community, European Union Election Observation Mission, Kenya, 2013 General Elections, legitimacy, international law, sovereignty, accountability, post-indictment election, suspected crimes, foreign court, political legitimacy
test-health-ppelfhwbpba-pro04a	Banning partial birth abortions is in line with popular and accepted moral standards  here is a vast amount of support in the United States for a ban on partial-birth abortion. Opinion polls have shown a consistent increase in support for a ban: as high as 70% in favour to 25% against in January 2003. [1] Furthermore, in 1997 the House of Representatives voted 295-136, and the Senate 64-36, in favour of a ban. For President Clinton to veto it was undemocratic; [2] for President Bush not to pass it would have been to break a campaign promise.  [1] Gallup, ‘Abortion’, 30 November 2011,   [2] Craig, Larry E., ‘Clinton Claims on Partial-Birth Abortion Still Not True -- Not Even 'Legally Accurate'’, United States Senate Republican Policy Committee, 15 September 1998, partial birth abortion, abortion ban, public opinion, moral standards, United States, opinion polls, Gallup, legislative votes, House of Representatives, Senate, President Clinton, veto, undemocratic, President Bush, campaign promise, support for ban, pro-life, abortion legislation, Republican Policy Committee, 1997, 2003, 2011, abortion debate, US abortion policy partial-birth abortion, abortion ban, public opinion, moral standards, United States, support for ban, opinion polls, legislative votes, House of Representatives, Senate, President Clinton veto, President Bush campaign promise, Gallup poll, abortion legislation, Republican Policy Committee, abortion statistics, abortion debate, abortion ethics partial birth abortion, abortion ban, public opinion, moral standards, United States, opinion polls, support for ban, House of Representatives vote, Senate vote, President Clinton veto, President Bush campaign promise, Gallup poll, abortion legislation, late-term abortion, Republican Policy Committee, legislative history, popular support, abortion statistics, partial-birth abortion ban, US Congress, abortion policy partial birth abortion, abortion ban, public opinion, moral standards, United States, opinion polls, legislative support, House of Representatives vote, Senate vote, presidential veto, Bill Clinton, George W. Bush, campaign promises, Gallup poll, undemocratic, Republican Policy Committee, Larry E. Craig, abortion legislation, abortion statistics, American values, abortion support statistics partial-birth abortion, abortion ban, public opinion, moral standards, United States, opinion polls, legislative support, House of Representatives, Senate, President Clinton, President Bush, campaign promise, Gallup Abortion, Larry E. Craig, Republican Policy Committee, undemocratic veto, abortion legislation, abortion debate, 2003 poll, 1997 vote, abortion statistics
test-international-ghbunhf-pro02a	UN ignores or enables human rights abuses.  Despite the development of the concept of human rights in the post-war world, the UN has totally failed to protect the rights of citizens, ethnic minorities, women and children. It has stood by during episodes of genocide in Cambodia, Rwanda, Congo and Yugoslavia among many others [1] , tolerates some of the world’s worst dictatorships as members, and does nothing to improve the situation of women in developing nations. Indeed, where UN peacekeepers have been sent into war-torn countries, they have sometimes been guilty of the most horrendous human rights abuses themselves. [2]  As of 2011, the UN’s Human Rights Council itself is comprised of members such as Saudi Arabia, Cuba and China. [3]  [1] “UN admits Rwanda genocide failure”. BBC website, 15th April 2000.   [2] MacFarquhar, Neil. “Peacekeepers’ Sex Scandals Linger, On-Screen and Off”. New York Times, 7th September 2011.   [3] “Membership of the Human Rights Council”. United Nations website, 2011. UN, human rights abuses, United Nations failure, genocide, Cambodia, Rwanda, Congo, Yugoslavia, ethnic minorities, women’s rights, children's rights, dictatorships, UN peacekeepers, sexual abuse, Human Rights Council, Saudi Arabia, Cuba, China, post-war human rights, peacekeeping scandals, war crimes, member states, inaction, international law, rights protection, developing nations, impunity, accountability, UN membership, human rights violations UN, United Nations, human rights abuses, genocide, Cambodia, Rwanda, Congo, Yugoslavia, dictatorships, minority rights, women's rights, children's rights, peacekeepers, sexual abuse, Human Rights Council, Saudi Arabia, Cuba, China, post-war, international law, accountability, failure, gender inequality, ethnic minorities, human rights violations, membership controversy, peacekeeping scandals UN, human rights, human rights abuses, genocide, Cambodia, Rwanda, Congo, Yugoslavia, ethnic minorities, women, children, dictatorships, peacekeepers, sexual abuse, Human Rights Council, Saudi Arabia, Cuba, China, post-war, protection failure, UN failures, developing nations, war crimes, member states, accountability, human rights violations UN, United Nations, human rights abuses, genocide, Cambodia, Rwanda, Congo, Yugoslavia, ethnic minorities, women, children, dictatorships, UN peacekeepers, Human Rights Council, Saudi Arabia, Cuba, China, member states, post-war world, peacekeeping scandals, sexual abuse, developing nations, UN failure, international protection, human rights violations, accountability, war crimes, institutional tolerance, member composition UN, human rights abuses, failure, post-war human rights, genocide, Cambodia, Rwanda, Congo, Yugoslavia, dictatorships, women's rights, children, ethnic minorities, peacekeepers, sexual abuse, Human Rights Council, Saudi Arabia, Cuba, China, developing nations, membership, accountability, impunity, inaction, war crimes, international law, hypocrisy, human rights violations, UN criticism, global governance
test-politics-oepdlhfcefp-con01a	The post of a High Representative is merely a shadow of what it should have been, and its failure shows the EU's inability to consolidate foreign policy.  While seemingly groundbreaking, the current agreement on the EU reform treaty was nothing but a lame attempt to salvage a much bolder initiative: an EU Constitution. The rejection of the EU Constitution in the Dutch and French referendums, as well as the extreme difficulty in getting even its watered-down version accepted, shows the extent to which the member states of the EU are not yet ready to think and act in unison. The UK representatives successfully insisted that the language of the reform treaty clearly states that major foreign policy decisions will continue to be taken at the state level. High Representative, EU foreign policy, EU reform treaty, EU Constitution, Dutch referendum, French referendum, member state unity, UK representatives, foreign policy decision-making, sovereignty, treaty negotiation, constitutional failure, state-level authority, EU integration, intergovernmentalism, European Union, institutional reform, treaty rejection, policy consolidation High Representative, EU foreign policy, EU reform treaty, EU Constitution, member state unanimity, Dutch referendum, French referendum, treaty rejection, foreign policy consolidation, UK influence, state-level decisions, EU political integration, treaty negotiation, constitutional failure, EU unity, intergovernmentalism, supranationalism, policy fragmentation, treaty ratification, European treaties, institutional reform EU foreign policy, High Representative, EU reform treaty, EU Constitution, Dutch referendum, French referendum, member states, UK representatives, foreign policy decision-making, state sovereignty, EU integration, constitutional failure, EU unity, treaty negotiations, intergovernmentalism, EU leadership, constitutional rejection, European Union politics, treaty ratification, institutional reform, supranationalism, political cohesion EU foreign policy, High Representative, EU reform treaty, EU Constitution, member states, Dutch referendum, French referendum, UK representatives, foreign policy decisions, treaty rejection, EU integration, constitutional failure, state sovereignty, policy consolidation, EU unity, foreign policy coordination, constitutional reform, European Union, intergovernmentalism, treaty negotiation, political divergence EU High Representative, EU foreign policy failure, EU reform treaty, EU Constitution rejection, Dutch referendum, French referendum, EU member state divisions, UK role EU treaty, EU unification challenges, state-level foreign policy, EU constitutional crisis
test-international-emephsate-con03a	Turkey must recognize Cyprus.  The biggest problem facing Turkey that will prevent its entry to the European Union is that it does not recognize Cyprus, a state that is already an EU member. It is clear that Cyprus and relations with it are the main sticking point as the EU President Van Rompuy has admitted “Were it not for some challenges from one of the members of the European Union, Cyprus, we would have made more progress when it comes to Turkey, I acknowledge that negotiations on enlargement are stalled for the time being because one of the members of the club has problems with the process.” [1] Negotiations towards reunification of the island have stalled since the EU backed UN peace plan was rejected by the Greek Cypriots in 2004 just before they joined the EU. Neither Cyprus nor Turkey are willing to take any possible steps that would help build confidence and break down the barriers to agreement such as reopening ports and airports. [2]  [1] Neuger, James G., ‘Turkey’s EU Bid Is ‘Stalled,’ Cyprus to Blame, Van Rompuy Says’, Bloomberg, 5 September 2012,   [2] ‘Cyprus: Six Steps towards a Settlement’, International Crisis Group, Europe Briefing No.61, 22 February 2011, Turkey, Cyprus, recognition, European Union, EU membership, accession, reunification, negotiations, Van Rompuy, enlargement, Greek Cypriots, UN peace plan, ports, airports, confidence-building, stalled talks, EU-Turkey relations, obstacles, International Crisis Group, EU policies, Cyprus problem, diplomatic barriers, island division, accession challenges Turkey, Cyprus, European Union, EU membership, recognition, accession, Van Rompuy, negotiations, enlargement, obstacles, reunification, Greek Cypriots, Turkish Cypriots, UN peace plan, ports, airports, confidence-building, diplomatic relations, foreign policy, International Crisis Group, island dispute, political stalemate, enlargement process, EU member states, bilateral relations, settlement, peace process Turkey, Cyprus, European Union, EU accession, EU membership, recognition of Cyprus, Turkey-EU relations, reunification negotiations, stalled negotiations, Van Rompuy, Cyprus problem, Greek Cypriots, UN peace plan, ports reopening, airports reopening, confidence-building measures, EU enlargement, International Crisis Group Turkey, Cyprus, recognition, European Union, EU membership, accession, Van Rompuy, EU enlargement, negotiation, reunification, diplomatic relations, Greek Cypriots, peace plan, UN, stalled talks, barriers, ports, airports, confidence-building, settlement, International Crisis Group, EU-Turkey relations, political obstacles, EU policy, Cyprus issue, foreign relations, EU integration Turkey, Cyprus, European Union, EU accession, EU membership, diplomatic recognition, Van Rompuy, EU enlargement, negotiations, UN peace plan, Greek Cypriots, Turkish Cypriots, stalled negotiations, ports reopening, airports reopening, confidence building, island reunification, international relations, Cyprus dispute, Turkey-EU relations, barriers to agreement, Cyprus settlement, International Crisis Group, Bloomberg
test-politics-mtpghwaacb-con01a	Collective bargaining is a necessary aspect of democracy  Collective bargaining is needed by people in any job. Within any firm there exist feedback structures that enable workers to communicate with managers and executive decision makers. However, there are some issues which affect workers significantly, but run against the principles of profit, or in this case the overall public good that the state seeks to serve.  In this situation, a collection of workers are required. This is primarily because if suggested changes go against public interest then a single worker requesting such a change is likely to be rejected. However, it is the indirect benefit to public interest through a workforce that is treated better that must also be considered. But indirect benefit can only truly occur if there are a large number of workers where said indirect benefit can accrue.  Specifically, indirect benefit includes the happiness of the workforce and thus the creation of a harder working workforce, as well as the prevention of brain drain of the workforce to other professions. When a single person is unhappy for example, the effect is minimal, however if this effect can be proved for a large number of people then an adjustment must be made.  In order for these ideas to be expressed, workers can either engage in a collective bargaining process with their employer, or take more drastic action such as strikes or protests to raise awareness of the problem. Given that the alternate option is vastly more disruptive, it seems prudent to allow people to do collectively bargain.1  “Importance of Collective Bargaining.” Industrial relations. collective bargaining, democracy, labor rights, worker representation, workplace feedback, management communication, executive decision makers, public good, indirect benefit, workforce happiness, productivity, brain drain, labor unions, strikes, protests, industrial relations, employee well-being, profit vs. public interest, workforce retention, collective action, labor negotiations, employer-employee relations, dispute resolution, social justice, worker empowerment, bargaining processes collective bargaining, democracy, worker rights, workplace feedback, manager communication, executive decision making, public good, labor unions, employee representation, workforce happiness, indirect benefit, brain drain, workforce retention, strikes, protests, industrial relations, labor relations, negotiation, public interest, employee welfare, collective action, workplace democracy, labor policy, collective voice, labor movements collective bargaining, democracy, worker rights, employee voice, workplace feedback, labor unions, employee representation, management negotiation, public good, indirect benefit, workforce satisfaction, brain drain, labor strikes, worker protests, industrial relations, workplace happiness, workforce productivity, labor-management relations, organizational communication, collective action, employment conditions, bargaining process, worker advocacy, labor policy collective bargaining, democracy, worker rights, labor unions, feedback structures, worker-management communication, public interest, workplace democracy, indirect benefits, employee happiness, workforce retention, brain drain, strikes, labor protests, industrial relations, employment negotiation, workforce advocacy, employer-employee relations, workplace justice, labor law collective bargaining, democracy, labor unions, worker rights, employee representation, workplace feedback, labor-management relations, public good, indirect benefits, workforce well-being, job satisfaction, productivity, brain drain, strikes, protests, disruptive action, industrial relations, employee-employer negotiation, workforce retention, workplace justice, labor advocacy, collective action, organizational change, negotiation processes, employment conditions
test-science-ciidfaihwc-con02a	The Internet is a free domain and cannot becontrolled by the government.  Given that the Internet is used as an international [1] and public space [2] , the government has no right over the information which may be presented via the Internet. In Western liberal democracies, governments are elected on the basis by which they can serve their own country – how they will create or maintain laws that pertain specifically to that nation, and how they will govern the population. The Internet is not country-specific, but international and free. As such, no individual government should have a right to the information on it. Asserting false authority over the internet would paint the government as dictatorial and a ‘nanny state’ [3] , demonstrating a lack of respect for its citizens by assuming that they cannot protect themselves or recognise the nature of extremist or potentially harmful sites and take the individual decision to distance themselves from such sites.  [1] Babel, ‘Towards communicating on the Internet in any language’,   [2] Papacharissi, Zizi, ‘The virtual sphere’, New Media & Society, Vol. 4 No. 1, pp 9-27, February 2002,  on 09/09/11  [3] BBC. ‘A Point of View: In defence of the nanny state’. Published 04/02/2011. Accessed from  on Internet governance, government control, free domain, international public space, censorship, information freedom, Western liberal democracies, digital rights, national sovereignty, online authority, nanny state, individual autonomy, freedom of expression, extremist content, internet regulation, online self-regulation, digital democracy, internet law, global communication, online information access Internet freedom, government control, free domain, international space, public sphere, information rights, Western liberal democracies, online governance, digital sovereignty, censorship, nanny state, individual autonomy, online regulation, state authority, online extremism, harm prevention, self-regulation, virtual sphere, Babel, Papacharissi, communication rights, Internet regulation, democracy, online information, digital rights Internet governance, free domain, government control, public space, international communication, information freedom, Western liberal democracies, national law, sovereignty, digital rights, censorship, state authority, online regulation, authoritarianism, nanny state, online privacy, net neutrality, user autonomy, digital liberty, extremism, harmful content, self-regulation, individual responsibility, global internet, freedom of expression, media regulation Internet freedom, government control, digital domain, public space, international communication, information regulation, censorship, Western liberal democracies, national laws, digital sovereignty, authority over Internet, nanny state, self-regulation, personal responsibility, online extremism, harmful content, virtual sphere, free speech online, cross-border information, digital rights Internet freedom, government control, free domain, international public space, information rights, Western liberal democracies, Internet regulation, censorship, sovereignty, digital governance, online authority, nanny state, individual autonomy, digital rights, online extremism, harmful content, user responsibility, civil liberties, information access, international law
test-health-dhghwapgd-pro01a	"The current patent system is unjust and creates perverse incentives that benefit large pharmaceutical companies at the expense of ordinary citizens  The current drug patent regime is largely designed to benefit and shield the profits of large pharmaceutical companies. This is due to the fact that most of the laws on drug patents were written by lobbyists and voted upon by politicians in the pay of those firms. The pharmaceutical industry is simply massive and has one of the most powerful lobbies in most democratic states, particularly the United States. The laws are orchestrated to contain special loopholes, which these firms can exploit in order to maximize profits at the expense of the taxpayer and of justice. For example, through a process called ""evergreening"", drug firms essentially re-patent drugs when they near expiration by patenting certain compounds or variations of the drug1. This can extend the life of some patents indefinitely ensuring firms can milk customers at monopoly prices long after any possible costs of research or discovery are recouped. A harm that arises from this is the enervating effect that patents can generate in firms. When the incentive is to simply rest on one's patents, waiting for them to expire before doing anything else, societal progress is slowed. In the absence of such patents, firms are necessarily forced to keep innovating to stay ahead, to keep looking for profitable products and ideas. The free flow of ideas generated by the abolition of drug patents will invigorate economic dynamism.  1 Faunce, Thomas. 2004. ""The Awful Truth About Evergreening"". The Age. Available: patent system, pharmaceutical industry, drug patents, patent law, evergreening, patent loopholes, pharmaceutical lobbying, patent reform, monopoly pricing, drug pricing, patent incentives, intellectual property, innovation stifling, patent extensions, patent abuse, access to medicine, pharmaceutical profits, legislative capture, United States, pharmaceutical regulation, profit maximization, patent monopoly, generic drugs, healthcare justice, research and development, patent policy, economic dynamism, public health, drug affordability, lobbyists, patent expiration, patent exploitation, patent regime, social justice patent system, unjust, perverse incentives, pharmaceutical companies, drug patent regime, lobbying, drug patent laws, profit protection, pharmaceutical lobby, United States, legal loopholes, evergreening, drug re-patenting, patent extension, monopoly pricing, research costs, taxpayer harm, justice, innovation slowdown, social progress, economic dynamism, abolishing drug patents, free flow of ideas, Thomas Faunce, pharmaceutical regulation, drug patent abuse patent system, pharmaceutical companies, drug patents, patent law, lobbying, evergreening, monopoly pricing, patent loopholes, pharmaceutical industry, patent justice, patent regime, drug pricing, patent reform, research and development, patent abuse, drug innovation, economic dynamism, patent expiration, intellectual property, generic drugs, access to medicine, political influence, United States, patent policy, market competition, drug affordability, taxpayer impact, patent extension, corporate profits, healthcare justice patent system, drug patents, pharmaceutical industry, evergreening, monopolies, patent laws, lobbyists, political influence, profits, taxpayers, justice, reform, patent loopholes, innovation, economic dynamism, patent regime, United States, patent exploitation, monopoly pricing, drug patent extension, public health, access to medicine, generic drugs, intellectual property, patent reform, pharmaceutical lobbying, research and development, barriers to innovation, patent abuse, patent expiration, policy critique patent system, drug patents, pharmaceutical industry, patent regime, unjust, perverse incentives, large pharmaceutical companies, ordinary citizens, patent laws, lobbyists, political influence, patent loopholes, evergreening, patent extension, profit protection, monopoly pricing, patent abuse, research costs, innovation stifling, economic dynamism, patent abolition, drug innovation, patent reform, healthcare justice, corporate lobbying, United States, democratic states, patent exploitation, taxpayer impact, societal progress"
test-politics-eppghwlrba-pro04a	Gun ownership increases the risk of suicide  There is a correlation between the laxity of a country’s gun laws and its suicide rate – not because gun owners are more depressive, but because the means of quick and effective suicide is easily to hand. As many unsuccessful suicides are later glad that they failed in their attempt, the state should discourage and restrict the ownership of something that wastes so many human lives. gun ownership, suicide risk, gun laws, suicide rate, access to firearms, gun control, firearm regulation, lethal means, suicide prevention, public health, gun availability, mental health, unintended suicide, state intervention, human lives, means restriction, firearm access, accidental suicide, restrictive policies, gun-related suicide gun ownership, suicide risk, gun laws, suicide rate, firearms access, means restriction, mental health, unsuccessful suicides, public health, firearm regulation, gun control, suicide prevention, lethality, policy, fatalities gun ownership, suicide risk, gun laws, suicide rate, firearms, means of suicide, gun control, mental health, access to guns, suicide prevention, firearm legislation, lethal means, suicide statistics, unsuccessful suicides, public health, gun regulation, self-harm, restrictive laws, human life, policy gun ownership, suicide risk, gun laws, suicide rate, firearm access, means of suicide, mental health, state regulation, gun control, suicide prevention, firearms, suicide attempts, unsuccessful suicides, public health, legislative measures gun ownership, suicide risk, gun laws, suicide rate, firearm access, lethal means, mental health, suicide prevention, restrictive gun policies, unsuccessful suicides, means restriction, firearm regulation, public health, gun control, suicide methods
test-culture-ahrtsdlgra-pro02a	We have a duty to protect individuals from the worst reactions to art  Those who see the artwork, or hear of it, must be considered. Often, social disgust stems from the violation of those values that are most central to an individual.  An individual’s right not to have their most central values abused or ridiculed is surely of more importance than the desire of an artist to be entirely unrestricted in their work: the harm caused to individuals by the continuing acceptance by society, (and consequent exposure) of art they find disgusting, can be great, and the reasonable modern society recognises such harms and does not impose them unnecessarily.  For example, the case of the Chapman brothers’ repeated use of Hitler and Nazi imagery: for the Chapmans the horror of WW2 might be distant and historical, and therefore for them the time may have come for Hitler to simply be mocked; however, for others that horror is altogether more current. Other people may feel a greater connection, for example, because of the impact on their close family, which cannot simply be ignored. In a situation like this, clearly the impact is infinitely more negative for that individual whose trauma is, in effect, being highlighted as now acceptable for comic material, than the positive gain is for the Chapmans: if restricted, they are simply caused to move on to other subjects. art censorship, moral values, social disgust, individual rights, artistic freedom, psychological harm, trauma, offensive art, societal norms, public exposure, cultural sensitivity, Nazi imagery, Chapman brothers, World War II, ethical boundaries, freedom of expression, responsible art, art and trauma, community standards, respect for values artistic freedom, censorship, moral values, social disgust, harm principle, individual rights, trauma, offensive art, Nazi imagery, Chapman brothers, societal norms, psychological harm, cultural sensitivity, art ethics, public offense, value violation, art restriction, freedom of expression, historical trauma, artist responsibility, art controversy, audience impact, emotional distress, art and morality, public exposure art censorship, social disgust, individual rights, trauma, moral values, artistic freedom, societal harm, offense, controversial art, Chapman brothers, Nazi imagery, Holocaust, historical trauma, public exposure, ethics in art, respect for victims, freedom of expression, art and morality, psychological harm, cultural sensitivity, boundaries in art, art controversy, victim impact, art and society, comedy boundaries, personal values, WWII references artistic freedom, social disgust, moral values, individual rights, trauma, harm of art, censorship, offensive art, societal norms, Chapman brothers, Nazi imagery, impact of art, protected values, emotional impact, restriction of art, public exposure, cultural sensitivity, art controversy, freedom of expression, psychological harm, historical trauma art, protection, individual rights, social disgust, central values, art reactions, moral values, artistic freedom, societal harm, value violation, trauma, Nazi imagery, Chapman brothers, World War II, offense, censorship, freedom of expression, public exposure, sensitivity, ridicule, psychological impact, ethics in art, cultural sensitivity, historical trauma, negative impact, community standards, reasonable society, artistic restriction
test-law-cplglghwbhwd-pro01a	Individuals Should Not Have the Right to Bear Arms in DC  Under the status quo the state exists to protect the security of its citizens. It does so by maintaining a monopoly of violence with the consent of its citizens. US citizens have been allowed to bear small arms as a symbolic representation of their ability to rise up against state oppression should it ever occur. That is, to keep a check and balance upon the monopoly of violence that the state has.  It is important to note that the state has the monopoly of violence such that it can protect its citizens in the best possible way. In the same way, the right to bear arms exists such that citizens can protect themselves and prevent harm. This means that should the state visit harm upon the citizens of the state then its right to claim a monopoly on violence is revoked and the citizens can fight against the state.  In a similar fashion to the above, should the citizens of the state use their right to bear arms to visit harm upon one another, it seems reasonable that in the same way that the state’s monopoly on violence is revoked, the citizens should have their right to bear arms revoked.  Given that this does not occur in every single part of the U.S. it also seems reasonable to isolate the ban to areas where the spirit of the right to bear arms is being significantly violated. In this case the ban is limited to DC however it could potentially extend to other areas in the U.S. which suffer similar problems.2 right to bear arms, gun control, DC, Washington DC, firearm regulation, monopoly of violence, citizen security, state authority, self-defense, state oppression, check and balance, revocation of rights, violence prevention, restricted gun ownership, localized gun ban, Second Amendment, US Constitution, gun rights limitations, public safety, firearm violence, policy justification, government monopoly on force, targeted gun ban, arms prohibition, political philosophy, security vs liberty, state-citizen relationship, civil liberties, urban gun violence, law enforcement right to bear arms, gun control, DC, District of Columbia, state monopoly on violence, citizen security, firearm ban, self-defense, government oppression, Second Amendment, gun rights, U.S. Constitution, revoking gun rights, public safety, symbolic resistance, check and balance, state power, firearm restrictions, localized gun bans, gun violence, regulation, constitutional rights, law enforcement right to bear arms, Washington DC, gun control, state monopoly on violence, citizen security, self-defense, US Constitution, Second Amendment, state oppression, checks and balances, firearm regulation, symbolic representation, government authority, citizen rights, revocation of rights, gun violence, legal restrictions, public safety, district-specific laws, US law, local gun bans, rights limitation, firearm prohibition, civil liberties, harm prevention right to bear arms, DC, gun control, state monopoly of violence, citizen security, Second Amendment, US Constitution, state oppression, self-defense, firearm regulation, public safety, gun rights, disarmament, DC gun laws, citizen rights, state power, harm prevention, gun violence, policy debate, legal restrictions, constitutional rights, arms ban, Washington DC, state authority, balance of power right to bear arms, gun control, DC, Washington DC, firearm legislation, state monopoly on violence, citizen security, second amendment, gun rights, self defense, public safety, symbolic arms, state oppression, violence prevention, revoking gun rights, localized gun bans, US gun laws, arms regulation, checks and balances, state authority, civil liberties, harm prevention, firearm ownership, gun ban rationale, public policy, US Constitution, urban gun violence, targeted gun restrictions, legal philosophy, citizen protection
test-free-speech-debate-nshbbsbfb-pro02a	Many people find the views expressed by much of the church offensive, those views are given airtime, a public service broadcaster should provide a level playing field for ideas.  The role of a public service broadcaster, especially one of the stature of the BBC, is to provide a portal for ideas from all perspectives. There are many who take either irritation or offence at the idea that the Corporation devotes a disproportionate time and resources to what, in modern Britain, is a strictly minority interest [i] with fewer than seven per cent of people regularly attending religious worship.  Many perceive commonly held positions in the mainstream churches – let alone more extreme sects – to be offensive or reactionary and, in some cases, a cover for homophobic, illiberal or sexist opinions.  If religious opinion is to be granted this airtime for the benefit of a small, if vocal, minority then it seems both unfair and unprofessional for that broadcaster to be constrained by that groups views in relation to the rest of its output.  The BBC, like most major broadcasters, meets the challenge of divergent or conflicting views by providing some output that is considered likely to be of interest to each viewpoint.  [i] National Secular Society. Press Release: “BBC Must Not Become the Evangelical Wing of the Church of England.” 9 February 2010. BBC, public service broadcaster, religious views, offensive content, minority interest, church, secularism, airtime, level playing field, freedom of expression, homophobia, sexism, illiberal opinions, mainstream churches, minority opinion, media ethics, representation, disproportionate coverage, National Secular Society, diversity of ideas, broadcaster responsibility, audience perception, UK media, religion in media, controversial views BBC, public service broadcaster, religion, religious broadcasting, minority interests, secularism, church views, offensive content, diversity of perspectives, airtime allocation, homophobia, sexism, illiberal opinions, broadcasting ethics, level playing field, mainstream churches, UK religious attendance, National Secular Society, media fairness, broadcasting balance, freedom of expression public service broadcaster, BBC, religious broadcasting, minority interest, church views, offensive content, level playing field, divergent views, secularism, religious airtime, homophobia, illiberal opinions, sexism, mainstream religion, reactionary views, disproportionate coverage, National Secular Society, freedom of expression, audience diversity, viewpoint representation, media fairness, minority voices, broadcasting ethics public service broadcasting, BBC, religious broadcasting, minority interest, church views, offensive content, level playing field, representation, secularism, homophobia, sexism, illiberal opinions, airtime allocation, diversity of perspectives, controversial views, National Secular Society, disproportionate coverage, mainstream churches, audience irritation, impartiality, broadcaster responsibility, religious minority, modern Britain public service broadcaster, BBC, religious views, minority interest, church, offensive views, airtime, level playing field, ideas, mainstream churches, secularism, disproportionate coverage, homophobia, illiberal, sexist opinions, pluralism, divergent views, conflicting perspectives, National Secular Society, religious programming, public broadcasting, media fairness, UK religion, church attendance, freedom of expression, broadcaster responsibility
test-culture-mmctyshwbcp-pro01a	Being a performer limits a child’s formal education  Spending so much time either performing or training limits the amount of formal education the child can receive. For example, in the UK and other countries, child performers are only required to be educated for three hours each day. [1]  Additionally, the focus on the specialised skill of the child (e.g., acting, dancing, etc.) may detract from their family’s or their own interest in formal education.  [1] The Children’s Legal Centre, ‘What are the hours that a child performer may work?’ child performers, formal education, limited education, performer training, education requirements, UK regulations, child performer hours, compulsory education, specialised skill focus, academic impact, children’s legal centre, education law, performer workload, education detriment, performing arts education child performers, formal education, limited schooling, performance training, education hours, UK laws, compulsory education, specialised skills, acting, dancing, work hours, Children’s Legal Centre, academic restrictions, child labor laws, education requirements, child performance regulations child performers, formal education, education limits, performer training, UK regulations, education requirements, specialized skills, acting, dancing, childhood education, performer work hours, Children's Legal Centre, child labor laws, reduced schooling, education policy, performing arts, family priorities, academic impact child performers, formal education, limited schooling, performing arts, training schedule, education requirements, UK laws, minimum education hours, child labor, specialized skills, acting, dancing, family priorities, education impact, Children’s Legal Centre, work hours, child performance regulations child performers, limited formal education, performance schedules, training time, education requirements, UK laws, compulsory education, specialized skills, acting, dancing, family interest, education detriment, Children's Legal Centre, work hours, child labour regulations, educational impact, performing arts, schooling restrictions
test-economy-egiahbwaka-con03a	Africa's greatest needs are for infrastructure and education  Africa’s greatest needs for development are infrastructure and education. Neither of these needs implies that women are about to become key to the African economy.  Africa is severely deficient in infrastructure; Sub Saharan Africa generates the same amount of electricity as Spain, a country with one seventeenth the population. The World Bank suggests “if all African countries were to catch up with Mauritius in infrastructure, per capita economic growth in the region could increase by 2.2 percentage points. Catching up with Korea’s level would increase economic growth per capita by up to 2.6 percent per year.” [1]  There are numerous projects to alleviate this deficit such as immense projects like the Grand Inga Dam in the Democratic Republic of Congo which could power not just the country but its neighbours too. [2] However if construction is the key to the future then this implies men are going to continue to have more impact as the construction industry is traditionally dominated by men.  Africa has been making strides in education for women. Yet there still remains a gap. To take a few examples the youth female literacy rates in Angola 66%, Central African Republic 59%, Ghana 83% and Sierra Leone 52% is still lower than youth male literacy rates or 80%, 72%, 88%, and 70%. [3] And the gap often increases with further education. To take Senegal as an example there are actually more girls than boys enrolled in primary education, a ratio of 1.06 but for secondary this drops to 0.77 and to 0.6 for tertiary. The situation is the same in other countries; Mauritania 1.06, 0.86, 0.42, Mozambique, 0.95, 0.96, 0.63, and Ghana 0.98, 0.92, 0.63. [4]  With women not breaking through to the highest level in education it is unlikely that they will be the main driver of the economy in the future. Their influence may increase as a result of increasing education at lower levels but without equality at the highest level they are unlikely to become key to their countries economic future as the highest skilled jobs and the roles of directing the economy will still be carried out primarily by men.  [1] ‘Fact Sheet: Infrastructure in Sub-Saharan Africa’, The World Bank,   [2] See the Debatabase debate ‘ This House would build the Grand Inga Dam’  [3] UNESCO Institute for Statistics, ‘Literacy rate, youth male (% of males ages 15-24)’, data.worldbank.org, 2009-2013,   [4] Schwab Klaus et al., The Global Gender Gap Report 2013, World Economic Forum, 2013,  , pp.328, 276, 288, 208 (in order of mentioning, examples taken pretty much at random – though there are one or two where the ratios actually don’t change much such as Mauritius, but that is against the trend) Africa, development, infrastructure, education, economic growth, Sub-Saharan Africa, electricity generation, World Bank, Grand Inga Dam, construction industry, gender gap, female education, literacy rates, youth literacy, male vs female literacy, education disparity, primary education, secondary education, tertiary education, educational inequality, women's economic impact, labor market, skilled jobs, economic future, Mauritius, Korea, Angola, Central African Republic, Ghana, Sierra Leone, Senegal, Mauritania, Mozambique, UNESCO, gender gap report, World Economic Forum, economic development barriers, women in workforce, Africa infrastructure projects, education reform, regional disparities Africa, infrastructure, education, development, Sub-Saharan Africa, electricity, World Bank, economic growth, Grand Inga Dam, construction industry, gender gap, literacy rates, female education, youth literacy, secondary education, tertiary education, gender disparities, women in education, economic impact, skilled jobs, inequality, Mauritius, Korea, Angola, Central African Republic, Ghana, Sierra Leone, Senegal, Mauritania, Mozambique, UNESCO, Global Gender Gap Report, economic future, women workforce, men workforce Africa, development, infrastructure, education, economic growth, Sub-Saharan Africa, electricity deficit, World Bank, Grand Inga Dam, construction industry, gender gap, female education, youth literacy, literacy rates, educational attainment, gender inequality, tertiary education, skilled jobs, economic impact, Mauritius, Korea, women in economy, educational disparity, male dominance, UNESCO, Global Gender Gap Report, Sub-Saharan projects, economic drivers, power generation, regional development, youth education, African economy Africa, development, infrastructure, education, economic growth, electricity, Sub-Saharan Africa, World Bank, Grand Inga Dam, construction industry, gender gap, women, literacy rates, youth, female education, male education, primary education, secondary education, tertiary education, Mauritania, Mozambique, Ghana, Senegal, Central African Republic, Angola, Sierra Leone, skills gap, economic impact, workforce, gender equality, high-skilled jobs, economic future, UNESCO, World Economic Forum, gender disparity Africa, development, infrastructure, education, economic growth, gender gap, literacy rates, Sub-Saharan Africa, electricity, World Bank, Grand Inga Dam, construction industry, women, men, female education, male education, gender equality, tertiary education, primary education, secondary education, economic drivers, skilled jobs, youth literacy, UNESCO, gender disparity, economic future, employment, labor force, country comparisons, Mauritius, Korea, policy recommendations, education statistics, female empowerment, barriers to education, World Economic Forum, Global Gender Gap Report
test-international-gmehwasr-con04a	Possibility of being drawn into a long drawn out conflict  Even just providing the rebels with arms risks drawing the powers that supply those arms into the conflict. [1] This is because it gives the intervening power a stake in the conflict. Once weapons have been supplied allowing the Syrian government to reassert control would be a large foreign policy reversal and would damage relations with the Syrian government for years to come.  We need only look at the Vietnam conflict to know that what starts out as a very small commitment can rapidly escalate when the government decides it cannot afford to back down. What starts as just arming the rebels could quickly lead to troops on the ground. Indeed it might require men on the ground right from the start as if we were to be providing heavy weapons the rebels would need training in how to use those weapons if they are to seriously be considered an equaliser.  [1] Byman, Daniel, in ‘Roundtable: arming the Syrian rebels’, Foreign Policy, 21 February 2013 long conflict, escalation, arming rebels, arms supply, foreign intervention, stakeholder, policy reversal, Syria, government relations, Vietnam conflict, military escalation, foreign policy, troop deployment, heavy weapons, training, intervention risks, proxy war, commitment escalation, regional stability, Byman Daniel, Syrian rebels long conflict, escalation, intervention, arming rebels, foreign policy, international relations, Syria, conflict escalation, military involvement, weapon supply, troop deployment, Vietnam analogy, foreign intervention, heavy weapons, rebel training, policy reversal, prolonged conflict, international stakes, commitment escalation, Byman Daniel, Foreign Policy, 2013 long-term conflict, escalation, arming rebels, foreign intervention, arms supply, policy stakes, foreign policy reversal, Syria, troop deployment, military escalation, Vietnam conflict, training rebels, heavy weapons, international relations, unintended consequences, intervention risks, Daniel Byman, Foreign Policy 2013 long conflict, arms supply, intervention, foreign policy, escalation, Vietnam War analogy, military involvement, Syrian rebels, training, heavy weapons, international relations, proxy war, commitment, power stakes, ground troops, government backing, diplomatic consequences, arming rebels, policy reversal, Daniel Byman, Foreign Policy, Syrian civil war long conflict, military escalation, arms supply, foreign intervention, proxy war, policy reversal, Syrian rebels, government relations, weapon training, foreign policy, Vietnam comparison, troop deployment, intervention risks, heavy weapons, conflict escalation, international relations, Syria crisis, external involvement, arms support, lasting conflict
test-politics-oapdhwinkp-pro02a	Providing attention simply encourages the regime  North Korea has an attention seeking cycle on the go that was used by Kim Jong Il and now seems to be used by his son Kim Jong Un. Essentially North Korea takes a provocative action (as big or small as it thinks necessary – this may be a missile launch, right up to some kind of military attack) in order to grab the world’s attention. There is then a period where there are condemnations and threats to increase sanctions that usually don’t get anywhere as they are blocked by China. The North Korean regime will then proclaim a willingness to do business and negotiate giving minor concessions on the issue of the provocation in return for aid or whatever the regime happens to want at the time. Of course whatever concession it gives is easily reversible so setting up another round. [1] This is a good deal for North Korea as it essentially gets aid in return for bad behaviour, it is therefore not surprising that the North is willing to continue engaging in bad behaviour.  [1] Hong, Adrian, ‘How to Free North Korea’, Foreign Policy, 19 December 2011, North Korea, attention-seeking, regime, Kim Jong Il, Kim Jong Un, provocation, missile launch, military attack, international response, condemnation, sanctions, China, negotiation, minor concessions, aid, cycle of provocation, bad behavior, diplomatic manipulation, reversible concessions, Adrian Hong, Foreign Policy, 2011, regime incentives, international relations, nuclear diplomacy, security dilemma, crisis escalation, strategic bargaining, aid for concessions, geopolitical strategy North Korea, attention seeking, Kim Jong Il, Kim Jong Un, provocative actions, missile launch, military attack, international response, condemnations, sanctions, China, negotiation tactics, aid for concessions, reversible concessions, regime behavior, cyclical provocations, international diplomacy, bad behavior rewards, Foreign Policy, Adrian Hong, Korea negotiation cycle North Korea, attention-seeking, regime, provocations, Kim Jong Il, Kim Jong Un, missile launch, military attack, international attention, sanctions, China, diplomatic negotiations, aid, concessions, reversible actions, bad behavior, international relations, denuclearization, Foreign Policy, Adrian Hong, cycle, escalation, appeasement, rewards, deterrence, geopolitical strategy, bargaining, foreign aid, global response, crisis manipulation North Korea, attention-seeking, provocations, Kim Jong Il, Kim Jong Un, missile launches, military attacks, international attention, sanctions, China, negotiations, concessions, aid, regime behavior, reversible concessions, bad behavior, Foreign Policy, Adrian Hong, international relations, diplomatic cycle, policy response, global condemnation, economic incentives North Korea, attention seeking, provocation, Kim Jong Il, Kim Jong Un, missile launch, military attack, international response, sanctions, China, negotiation, aid, reversible concessions, bad behavior, regime strategy, diplomatic cycle, Foreign Policy, Adrian Hong, North Korea diplomacy, escalation tactics, negotiation cycle, international relations, regime incentives, economic aid, geopolitical strategy
test-digital-freedoms-eifdfaihs-pro02a	Risk of a two-tier Internet  As things stand there are relatively flat rate services. The concern is that ISP would charge higher rates for full Internet access or act to ensure that their own content arrived seamlessly and smoothly, while that of competitors was delayed or poorer quality or that higher bandwidth applications end up with a higher price-tag [i] .  This is of concern both to end users and to the producers of content. There are very real concerns here, as a result, about the impact this has on freedom of expression. The best way to avoid censorship – either commercial or political – is to ensure that it remains impossible to achieve in the first place.  Once it becomes possible to give preference to some forms of content or points of origin, then commercial censorship at least becomes a great deal easier.  [i] BBC News Website. “BT Content Connect service faces ‘two-tier net’ claims. 4 January 2011. two-tier Internet, net neutrality, ISP pricing, flat rate services, differential access, content prioritization, bandwidth throttling, Internet censorship, commercial censorship, political censorship, freedom of expression, content discrimination, broadband policy, digital divide, network management, content providers, end user rights, Internet access inequality, BT Content Connect, traffic shaping, open Internet two-tier Internet, net neutrality, ISP pricing, bandwidth discrimination, content prioritization, digital divide, commercial censorship, freedom of expression, ISP content preference, Internet access fees, content quality disparity, application bandwidth costs, content provider concerns, user rights, Internet censorship, competitive disadvantage, BT Content Connect, Internet regulation, traffic management, information control two-tier Internet, net neutrality, ISP pricing, content prioritization, bandwidth discrimination, commercial censorship, political censorship, freedom of expression, flat rate services, content delivery, digital divide, content provider, quality of service, competitive disadvantage, access inequality, Internet access, BT Content Connect, network management, traffic shaping, open Internet two-tier Internet, net neutrality, ISP pricing, bandwidth discrimination, content prioritization, digital discrimination, freedom of expression, commercial censorship, political censorship, content throttling, Internet access, ISP content preference, digital divide, open Internet, content fairness, network management, Internet regulation, BBC Content Connect, BT Content Connect, higher bandwidth pricing, end user impact, content provider concerns, Internet censorship risks, seamless content delivery, competitive disadvantage two-tier Internet, net neutrality, ISP pricing, content discrimination, bandwidth allocation, Internet access rates, service provider bias, content prioritization, commercial censorship, political censorship, freedom of expression, network management, traffic shaping, digital divide, Internet regulation, content delivery, online competition, broadband policy, consumer rights, content providers
test-politics-pgsimhwoia-con03a	Migrants will simply return to the countries they have been sent from  Moving migrants to developing countries in return for quantities of aid is simply not a sustainable policy. Migrants fleeing conflict looking for safety may accept any safe country but the migrant problems affecting rich countries are in large part economic migration. These people are looking to get to a developed country to earn more and have better prospects than they could at home so are unlikely to accept a country at a similar (or potentially lower) level of development as a good alternative. They are therefore likely to simply tray again to make their way to a developed country when they can. There have been examples of migrants such as Rachid from Algeria who has tried to get into Europe three times already and is waiting for a ship to try again, [1] it is unclear how this proposal would alter this problem.  [1] Ash, Lucy, ‘Risking death at sea to escape boredom’, BBC News, 20 August 2015, migrant returns, deportation, migration policy, migrants developing countries, aid for resettlement, sustainability, conflict refugees, economic migration, migration prospects, developed countries, migration incentives, resettlement failure, repeat migration, case study, Rachid Algeria, Europe migration, migration deterrence, policy effectiveness, migration motivations, unsafe return, migration cycles, refugee safety, migration alternatives migrants, forced return, migration policy, developing countries, economic migration, conflict refugees, aid for relocation, resettlement sustainability, developed countries, migration incentives, repeated migration attempts, migration motivation, Algerian migrants, Rachid, Europe migration, BBC News, refugee resettlement, migration deterrence, relocation outcomes, migration case studies migrant return, developing countries, aid-for-migration policy, policy sustainability, economic migration, refugee resettlement, conflict migration, safe country, developed countries, migration prospects, migration deterrence, migration motivation, recurrent migration, case study, migration examples, Rachid Algeria, European migration, migration policy challenges, Ash Lucy, BBC News 2015, forced displacement, migrant decision-making migrants, return migration, aid-for-migration policy, sustainable migration policy, economic migration, conflict refugees, safe country, developed countries, migration incentives, migration deterrence, developing countries, migration prospects, repeated migration attempts, migration case studies, Algeria migration, European migration, migration policy effectiveness, Rachid, BBC News, Lucy Ash migrant return, policy sustainability, migrants developing countries, aid exchange migration, conflict refugees, safety seeking migrants, economic migration, developed country destination, migration motivation, migrant reattempts, migration policy effectiveness, migrant case studies, Europe migration, migrant deterrence policy, migration proposals, BBC News migration, Algerian migrant, migrant aspirations, migration challenges, migration and development
test-science-ciidfaihwc-con01a	Censorship is fundamentally incompatible with the notion of free speech.  Censoring particular material essentially blinds the public to a complete world view by asserting the patronising view that ordinary citizens simply cannot read extreme material without recognising the flaws in it. This motion assumes that those who have access to material such as religious opinion sites will be influenced by it, rather than realising that it is morally dubious and denouncing it. The best way to combat prejudice is to expose it as a farce; this cannot be done if it is automatically and unthinkingly censored. Meanwhile, it is paradoxical for a government to assert the general benefits of free speech and then act in a contradictory and hypocritical manner by banning certain areas of the Internet. Free speech should not be limited; even if it is an expression of negativity, it should be publicly debated and logically criticised, rather than hidden altogether. censorship, free speech, public access, information control, world view, patronising, citizen autonomy, extreme material, moral judgment, religious opinion sites, influence, prejudice, exposure, government hypocrisy, internet bans, debate, criticism, expression, negativity, logical critique, open dialogue, freedom of expression, suppression, public discourse censorship, free speech, internet freedom, public discourse, exposure to ideas, religious opinion sites, prejudice, government hypocrisy, viewpoint diversity, combatting extremism, open debate, logical criticism, public access, information suppression, moral judgment, citizen autonomy, world view, expression limits, material banning, negative expression censorship, free speech, public discourse, extreme material, public awareness, religious opinion sites, prejudice, exposure, government hypocrisy, internet banning, expression, negativity, debate, criticism, public scrutiny, contradictory actions, moral judgment censorship, free speech, incompatibility, public access, information, world view, patronising, citizens, extreme material, influence, religious opinion, moral judgment, prejudice, exposure, government policy, hypocrisy, internet bans, limitation, negativity, public debate, logical criticism, hidden information censorship, free speech, incompatibility, public debate, extreme material, information access, religious opinion, prejudice, government contradiction, internet bans, expression, moral judgment, exposure, criticism, public discourse, viewpoint diversity, hypocrisy, logical criticism, negative expression, information control
test-society-tsmihwurpp-con01a	Profiling is simply institutionalizing racism an reduces minorities to the status of second class citizens  Profiling is, in the end, simply wrong. Britain suffered for decades from the ‘innocent until proven Irish’ attitude of their security forces, which did nothing but engender resentment among Irish individuals who were trying to live and work in the United Kingdom. For western nations to make the same mistake in their approach to Muslims would be the gravest folly.  Aviation authorities are, ultimately, under the control of the state, and if a government announces that they consider all members of a group to be potential criminals, it sends out a very provocative message. profiling, institutional racism, minorities, second class citizens, discrimination, wrong, Britain, innocent until proven Irish, security forces, resentment, Irish individuals, United Kingdom, western nations, Muslims, folly, aviation authorities, government, group targeting, potential criminals, provocative message, state control, racial profiling, prejudice, social justice, counterterrorism, civil rights profiling, institutional racism, minorities, second class citizens, racism, ethnic profiling, discrimination, innocent until proven Irish, security forces, resentment, Irish, United Kingdom, western nations, Muslims, aviation authorities, government, potential criminals, provocative message, state control, civil rights, prejudice, counterterrorism, social justice, ethnic minorities profiling, institutionalized racism, minorities, second class citizens, discrimination, Britain, innocent until proven Irish, security forces, resentment, Irish individuals, United Kingdom, western nations, Muslims, aviation authorities, government policy, group stigmatization, state control, prejudice, wrongful profiling, collective blame, civil liberties, criminalization, provocative message profiling, institutional racism, minorities, second class citizens, wrongful profiling, Britain, Irish discrimination, security forces, resentment, United Kingdom, western nations, Muslims, aviation authorities, state control, government policy, group criminalization, provocative message, ethnic profiling, discrimination, social injustice profiling, institutional racism, minority rights, second class citizens, discrimination, security forces, innocent until proven Irish, resentment, Irish individuals, United Kingdom, western nations, Muslims, government, aviation authorities, state control, collective punishment, criminalization, social injustice, prejudice, civil liberties, equality, racial profiling, ethnic profiling, human rights, security policy
test-politics-cdmaggpdgdf-con01a	Transparency can result in normalisation  While something is secret it is clearly not a normal every day part of government, it is deniable and the assumption is that when it comes to light it has probably been wound up long ago. However making something transparent without winding it up can be a bad thing as it makes it normal which ultimately makes a bad policy much harder to end.  The use of drones by the CIA may turn out to be an example of this. At the moment we are told almost nothing about drones, not even how many strikes there are or how many are killed. There have however been recent suggestions that the drone program could be transferred to the Department of Defence. This would then make the targeted killing that is carried out seem a normal part of military conflict, somehting it clearly is not. [1] And the public reacts differently to covert and military action; already more Americans support military drones doing targeted killing (75%) than CIA ones (65%). [2]  [1] Waxman, Matthew, ‘Going Clear’, Foreign Policy, 20 March 2013  [2] Zenko, Micah, ‘U.S. Public Opinion on Drone Strikes’, Council on Foreign Relations, 18 March 2013 transparency, normalization, government secrecy, policy normalization, covert actions, public perception, drone strikes, CIA drones, Department of Defense, targeted killing, military conflict, public opinion, policy termination, deniability, drone program, normalization of violence, military transparency, policy consequences, secrecy effects, drone warfare transparency, normalisation, secrecy, government policy, deniability, policy entrenchment, bad policy, CIA drones, drone strikes, public opinion, covert operations, military conflict, Department of Defence, targeted killing, policy visibility, drone program transfer, public reaction, accountability, normalization of violence, ethical implications, foreign policy transparency, normalization, secrecy, government policy, covert operations, CIA, drone strikes, targeted killing, Department of Defence, military conflict, public opinion, policy visibility, deniability, bad policy entrenchment, accountability, policy termination, drone program, civilian oversight, military normalization, U.S. drones, ethics of transparency, foreign policy transparency, normalisation, government secrecy, drone policy, CIA drone strikes, Department of Defence, targeted killing, military conflict, public opinion, covert action, military action, policy legitimization, drone program, policy termination, accountability, Waxman, Zenko, U.S. foreign policy, ethical implications, normalization of violence, public support, national security, transparency risks, policy inertia, drone warfare transparency, normalization, government policy, secrecy, public perception, drone strikes, CIA, Department of Defence, targeted killing, military conflict, covert action, public opinion, policy deniability, military drones, policy termination, normalization of deviance, accountability, civic awareness, foreign policy, Waxman, Zenko
test-economy-epiasghbf-con03a	Who are the women?  Women are a diverse group, and the feminisation of labour has incorporated a range of women of different ages, race, socioeconomic backgrounds and education. Such intersectionalities are important to recognise, as not all women are empowered and the empowerment is not equal.  For example, a study by Atieno (2006) revealed female participation in the labour market was influenced by education. Human capital influenced the transition into work: who was able to access labour opportunities, and which ones. Therefore inequalities among women determine the degrees, and capability, of empowerment it is therefore not labour force participation that empowers but education. women, diversity, feminisation of labour, intersectionality, empowerment, inequality, labour market participation, education, race, age, socioeconomic background, human capital, access to labor opportunities, degrees of empowerment, Atieno 2006, female participation, capability, labour force empowerment women, feminisation of labour, diversity, intersectionality, empowerment, inequalities, labour market, education, socioeconomic background, race, age, female participation, human capital, opportunity access, Atieno 2006, work transition, labour force, unequal empowerment, capability, labour opportunities women, feminisation of labour, intersectionality, diversity, empowerment, labour market, education, human capital, socioeconomic background, race, age, inequalities, labour force participation, capability, Atieno (2006), female participation, labour opportunities, women empowerment women, feminisation of labour, diversity, intersectionality, empowerment, gender inequality, education, socioeconomic background, race, age, labour market participation, female workforce, human capital, labour opportunities, Atieno 2006, workforce transition, disparities, capability, empowerment determinants, labour force, access to work women, feminisation of labour, intersectionality, empowerment, gender inequality, education, socioeconomic background, race, age, labour market, female participation, human capital, labour opportunities, Atieno 2006, workforce, access, disparities, diversity, capability, labour force participation
test-politics-ypppdghwid-con04a	The imposition of democracy violates national sovereignty  Countries have a right to choose the form of government they want, and we do not have the right to violate this right by imposing the form of government we think is best. Nations may want to be ruled by, for example, religious or tribal law, or a Communist system which aims to remove government altogether. We can encourage nations to adopt democracy if we think it is better, but ultimately nations are self-directing entities which can only be interfered with in extreme situations. The United Nations has states as equals no matter their government and only authorises force in the case of an act of aggression towards another state1.  1 United Nations, Charter of the United Nations, 1945, democracy imposition, national sovereignty, self-determination, government choice, political systems, religious law, tribal law, communism, international law, United Nations, non-intervention, state equality, UN Charter, legitimacy of intervention, state autonomy, political independence, non-aggression, human rights, international relations, sovereignty violation democracy imposition, national sovereignty, self-determination, government choice, non-intervention, national autonomy, international law, United Nations, state equality, regime change, political systems, religious law, tribal law, communism, intervention ethics, governance rights, foreign policy, UN Charter, sovereignty violation, forced democratization democracy imposition, national sovereignty, self-determination, right to self-governance, form of government, international law, United Nations Charter, non-interference, state equality, intervention, political systems, religious law, tribal law, communism, government choice, state rights, external pressure, regime change, international relations, use of force, act of aggression, global governance democracy imposition, national sovereignty, right to self-determination, government choice, political autonomy, religious law, tribal law, communism, non-intervention, United Nations, UN Charter, state equality, use of force, international law, regime change, political systems, external interference, self-governance, international relations democracy, imposition, national sovereignty, self-determination, forms of government, government choice, religious law, tribal law, communism, United Nations, UN Charter, international law, state equality, non-intervention, use of force, state rights, external interference, political autonomy, UN authorization, acts of aggression
test-society-mmcpsgfhbf-con03a	Attempting to ban it would only cause further problems  There is no guarantee that a ban on pornography would improve gender stereotypes: in fact, it seems to be quite the opposite. Pornography is a flourishing industry with incredibly high demand, and much like with prohibition in the past, it is naïve to believe a ban can make a difference. It is actually even harder with pornography, because of the ease through which it can be distributed through the net. Rather, a ban would expand the black market with all the problems that come with it today: child and non-consensual pornography, violence, unhealthy conditions, and a general lack of regulations. Furthermore, the extent that a ban could ever limit pornography, this would lead to further problems. On one hand, the feminist movement sends a worrying message that sex is harmful to women, and by extension that sex is for the benefit of men. Restoring a taboo on sexuality actively confines women to being dominated in bed, and in society in general.  Secondly, if pornography is limited, the vessels through which men can satisfy their sexual urges are also restricted. This can lead, at best, to greater sexual harassment, greater pressure on women to provide sexual services, and to more infidelity. At worst, and most probably, it leads to higher levels of rape. pornography ban, gender stereotypes, prohibition, black market, non-consensual pornography, child pornography, violence, unhealthy conditions, lack of regulation, internet distribution, feminist movement, sex taboo, female sexuality, sexual satisfaction, sexual harassment, infidelity, rape, women's rights, men's sexual urges, societal impact, sexual repression, regulation vs ban, demand for pornography pornography ban, gender stereotypes, black market, prohibition, internet distribution, child pornography, non-consensual pornography, violence, lack of regulation, feminist movement, sexuality taboo, women domination, sexual harassment, sexual urges, infidelity, rape, male sexuality, societal impact, regulation, sex industry, access restriction pornography ban, prohibition, gender stereotypes, black market, sexual violence, child pornography, non-consensual pornography, regulation, internet distribution, sexual harassment, feminist movement, sexual taboo, male sexual urges, infidelity, rape rates, women's rights, societal impact, sex industry, harm reduction, legal regulation pornography ban, gender stereotypes, black market, child pornography, non-consensual pornography, prohibition, internet distribution, regulation, violence, unhealthy conditions, feminist movement, sexuality taboo, women's rights, sexual urges, sexual harassment, infidelity, rape, sex industry, demand, societal impact, sexual violence, freedom of expression, prohibition effects, public policy, gender equality, sexual health pornography ban, gender stereotypes, flourishing industry, high demand, prohibition analogy, internet distribution, black market, child pornography, non-consensual pornography, violence, lack of regulation, feminist movement, sex taboos, women's sexuality, male sexual urges, sexual harassment, infidelity, rape rates, unintended consequences, sexual regulation, pornography industry, pornography access, societal impact, gender roles, negative outcomes
test-digital-freedoms-efsappgdfp-con03a	Abuse of information and power by intelligence agencies  Even when the government does not intend harm there are still cases where direct harms can occur as a result of surveillance. The most worrying are where the state abuses the information it holds. Abuse of power and of the information held by government is perhaps the main reason why it is difficult to trust in intelligence agencies. In one historical example from the 1950s FBI agents interviewed a Brooklyn liquor importer for repeating a rumor that the FBI Director J Edgar Hoover might be a “queer”. This clearly necessitated a reminder through questioning that Hoover’s “personal conduct is beyond reproach,” leading to the man quickly agreeing that “he thinks Mr. Hoover has done a wonderful job.” [1] Did this have anything to do with national security? No. Was it an abuse of power and surveillance? Yes. So far as we are aware the intelligence agencies don’t do things quite like this anymore but the revelations like PRISM, or the waterboarding a decade ago, show they are still happy to abuse their position from time to time. This is hardly a good way to build trust.  [1] Gage, Beverly, ‘It’s Not About Your Cat Photos’, Slate, 10 June 2013, intelligence agencies, abuse of power, surveillance, government overreach, information misuse, trust, FBI, J Edgar Hoover, historical examples, PRISM, government accountability, personal privacy, state surveillance, civil liberties, public trust, abuse of information, misconduct, state power, privacy violations, government transparency, historical surveillance cases, government misconduct, intelligence agency trust, personal freedom, state abuse, government surveillance programs, abuse prevention, oversight intelligence agencies, abuse of power, abuse of information, government surveillance, trust, state surveillance, government overreach, privacy violations, PRISM, FBI, J Edgar Hoover, historical examples, national security, misconduct, government accountability, power misuse, surveillance abuse, PRISM revelations, waterboarding, public trust, government transparency, civil liberties, state power, privacy concerns intelligence agencies, abuse of information, abuse of power, government surveillance, trust, FBI, J Edgar Hoover, PRISM, waterboarding, historical example, government overreach, misuse of data, privacy violation, state surveillance, national security, public trust, government misconduct, civil liberties, surveillance abuse, government accountability intelligence agencies, abuse of power, surveillance, government overreach, information misuse, privacy violation, trust in government, state surveillance, historical examples, FBI, J Edgar Hoover, PRISM, government misconduct, personal privacy, national security, government accountability, transparency, intelligence agency trust, waterboarding, civil liberties, government secrecy, abuse of surveillance, information ethics, Slate article intelligence agencies, abuse of power, surveillance, government information misuse, trust in intelligence, FBI, J Edgar Hoover, PRISM, historical examples, personal privacy, governmental overreach, whistleblowing, state surveillance, abuse of surveillance, national security, privacy violations, government trust, information abuse, accountability, government misconduct
test-international-eghrhbeusli-con05a	"Lifting the ban will damage relations with the U.S.  Even if it was in Europe's interest to sell arms to China, the damage from upsetting the United States by lifting the arms ban would be much greater. This is partly because America takes the human rights situation in China more seriously, but mostly because the USA has a major commitment to the freedom of Taiwan. If China did attack the island, America would almost certainly intervene. As the US State Department has said in relation to lifting the ban, ""We don't want to see a situation where American forces face European technologies."" [1] Congress has already threatened to restrict technology transfers to Europe if the ban is removed. [2] For fear of this, BAE Systems, one of Europe's largest defence firms, has said that it would not sell to China even if the ban was lifted. [3]  [1] Brinkley, Joel, ‘Rice Sounds a Theme in Visit to Beijing Protestant Church’, 2005.   [2] Archick, Kristin, et al., ‘European Union’s Arms Embargo on China’, 2005, p34-5.   [3] Evans, Michael et al., ‘British arms firms will spurn China if embargo ends’, 2005. arms embargo, Europe, China, United States, US-EU relations, human rights, Taiwan, military technology, technology transfer, BAE Systems, Congressional threats, defense industry, arms sales, European Union, US intervention, American forces, Beijing, EU-China relations, embargo removal, defense firms arms embargo, China, Europe, United States, US-China relations, transatlantic relations, human rights, Taiwan, military technology, technology transfer, BAE Systems, defense industry, congressional threats, European Union, American intervention, arms sales, international relations, lifting the ban, security concerns, military commitment, embargo consequences arms embargo, China, Europe, United States, US-EU relations, human rights, Taiwan, military technology, BAE Systems, defense industry, technology transfer, Congressional threats, EU foreign policy, Sino-American relations, arms sales, embargo lifting, international relations, national security, US intervention, Asia-Pacific security arms embargo, China, Europe, United States, US-China relations, human rights, Taiwan, American intervention, technology transfer, European defense industry, BAE Systems, Congress threats, transatlantic relations, arms sales, diplomatic consequences, Beijing, European Union, Sino-European relations, US State Department, freedom of Taiwan, defense technology, embargo consequences, British arms firms arms embargo, China, Europe, United States, US relations, human rights, Taiwan, military technology, defense industry, BAE Systems, technology transfer, European Union, US Congress, freedom of Taiwan, American intervention, European arms sales, Sino-European relations, US-China relations, embargo lifting, international security, military policy, defense firms, political repercussions, US State Department, transatlantic relations, defense export, diplomatic relations"
test-society-ghbgqeaaems-pro03a	"Quotas encourage women to pursue education and professional job positions  Quotas attempting to maximise the number of educated and skilled women in executive positions could improve corporate performance and help raise national productivity. But doing so will depend on keeping ambitious, well-qualified women moving up the management ranks. Gender quotas will encourage more women to pursue education and career options leading to the top of executive positions. Quotas create incentives for women to adapt their job preferences to the more accessible boardroom positions and develop necessary skills which would reduce the need for positive discrimination in the future. Encouraged to develop relevant skills, women will contribute to the long-term talent pool and the economy. According to McKinsey report, women’s interest in being leaders increases as they progress from entry level to middle management [1] which is exactly what the principle behind quotas aims to encourage - more women following professional career development. This is very important in the short run during which, according to research, women who have high position stimulate other women’s interest in traditionally male-dominated sectors and encourage them to pursue similar career paths. [2]  [1] Barsh, Joanna, and Lareina Yee. ""Unlocking the Full Potential of Women in the US Economy."" McKinsey & Company. N.p., 2011. Web .  [2] Australian Human Rights Commission, “Women in leadership” gender quotas, women education, professional job positions, executive positions, corporate performance, national productivity, management ranks, career development, skill development, boardroom access, positive discrimination, female talent pool, economic contribution, women leadership, career progression, workplace diversity, female executives, role models, male-dominated sectors, McKinsey report, women management, talent pipeline, gender equality, professional careers, women empowerment gender quotas, women in leadership, professional job positions, women’s education, executive positions, corporate performance, national productivity, career development, management ranks, boardroom diversity, skill development, positive discrimination, talent pool, women’s economic contribution, McKinsey report, women’s leadership pipeline, career progression, role models, male-dominated sectors, women’s career incentives, workplace diversity, female executives, inclusion policies, workplace gender equality, women’s career aspirations, human rights commission, educated women, organizational performance, quota impact, career pathways, women’s empowerment gender quotas, women in leadership, women executive positions, female representation, professional development, corporate performance, national productivity, workplace diversity, female education, skilled women, management ranks, women career advancement, boardroom diversity, positive discrimination, talent pool, economy, McKinsey report, women professional growth, women middle management, women role models, male-dominated sectors, women's career choices, workplace gender equality, women’s interest leadership, career incentives, women business leadership, women's skills development, professional job positions, women's workforce participation, women’s economic contribution gender quotas, women education, professional job positions, executive positions, corporate performance, national productivity, management ranks, ambitious women, well-qualified women, career advancement, job preferences, positive discrimination, skill development, talent pool, economic contribution, McKinsey report, women leadership, entry level, middle management, professional career development, male-dominated sectors, women’s interest, career paths, boardroom diversity, women in leadership, Australia Human Rights Commission gender quotas, women education, professional job positions, executive positions, corporate performance, national productivity, management ranks, career development, women leadership, talent pool, skill development, boardroom diversity, positive discrimination, female empowerment, women in business, McKinsey report, workplace diversity, women in management, leadership pipeline, women role models, career advancement, gender equality, organizational performance, human capital, women in leadership, breaking glass ceiling, female representation, employment quotas, workplace incentives, career aspirations"
test-politics-ghbgussbsbt-pro04a	Effect on the structure of the main political parties  Divided Government creates an imperative for compromise, encouraging the parties to work together for the best outcomes. This can help to undermine the more visceral aspects of debate, with the contest for election being left behind in order to focus on governing for the good of all Americans. As a result the greatest American achievements have come when there has been broad bipartisan consensus. [1]  There is also a Partisan consideration to seeking divided Government. The more successful two-term Presidents of recent times, Ronald Reagan and Bill Clinton, governed with Congress partly or completely controlled by the opposition party. [2] They were able to work with the opposition to pursue the best policy, aiding their re-election hopes by pitching themselves as seeking to compromise, in line with the aspirations of voters, who on the whole prefer divided government in order to promote mature co-operation between the parties.  [1] McCarty, Nolan, ‘The Policy Consequences of Partisan Polarization in the United States’, bcep.haas.berkeley.edu/papers/McCarty.doc  [2] ‘Divided Government’ Wikipedia,  accessed 30/1/12 divided government, political parties, bipartisan consensus, compromise, cooperation, partisan polarization, presidential elections, Congress control, policy outcomes, legislative gridlock, party structure, Ronald Reagan, Bill Clinton, opposition party, governance, re-election, mature collaboration, American achievements, voter preferences, political cooperation divided government, political party structure, bipartisan consensus, party compromise, legislative cooperation, election outcomes, partisan polarization, presidential success, opposition control, legislative-executive relations, presidential re-election, Reagan, Clinton, policy negotiation, American governance, divided Congress, governance outcomes, mature cooperation, voter preferences, policy achievements divided government, political party structure, bipartisan consensus, partisan polarization, compromise, legislative cooperation, presidential success, Congress control, opposition party, re-election strategy, policy outcomes, American governance, Ronald Reagan, Bill Clinton, divided government effects, party collaboration, voter preferences, political debate, legislative gridlock, executive-legislative relations divided government, political party structure, bipartisan consensus, compromise, cooperation, partisan polarization, presidential governance, divided congress, Ronald Reagan, Bill Clinton, policy outcomes, electoral strategy, voter preferences, legislative-executive relations, US politics, opposition control, policy making, government effectiveness, cross-party collaboration, congressional control divided government, bipartisan consensus, political party structure, party compromise, legislative cooperation, election outcomes, presidential success, opposition control, policy making, partisan polarization, congress relations, cross-party collaboration, governing effectiveness, voter preferences, mature cooperation, American achievements, Ronald Reagan, Bill Clinton, re-election strategies, policy consequences, partisan dynamics
test-international-siacphbnt-con02a	The technological revolution has been hyped.  Debates may be raised as to whether the technological revolution is actually a reality across Africa [1] . Have expectations been too high; the benefits exclusive; and the reality over-exaggerated?  On the one hand, the type of technology raises significant questions. Although the population with access to a mobile phone has risen, the quality of the phones indicates a hyped-reality. Although technology has become easily accessible, the quality of such technologies puts constraints on what it can be used for. A vast majority of mobile phones are imported from China - at low-cost but also poor quality. Quality testing on imports, and locally produced products, is needed to approve market devices.  On another hand, the reality of internet connectivity is not high-speed, and therefore of limited use. Better connectivity emerges in certain geographical locations, to those who can afford higher prices, and within temporary fluxes.  [1] See further readings: BBC World Service, 2013. technological revolution, Africa, technology adoption, hype, expectations, benefits, exclusivity, over-exaggeration, mobile phones, technology quality, accessibility, importation, China, low-cost devices, poor quality, quality testing, local production, market approval, internet connectivity, high-speed internet, digital divide, affordability, geographical disparities, connectivity challenges, infrastructure, socioeconomic impact technological revolution, Africa, technology adoption, mobile phones, technology quality, technology accessibility, expectations, benefits, exclusivity, hype, imported devices, China, low-cost phones, poor quality, quality testing, local production, market approval, internet connectivity, high-speed internet, digital divide, geographic disparity, affordability, connectivity challenges, infrastructure, socio-economic impact, digital access technological revolution, Africa, technology adoption, mobile phones, technology quality, technology hype, imported phones, China imports, low-cost devices, poor quality, quality testing, local production, market approval, internet connectivity, high-speed internet, digital divide, geographic disparities, affordability, exclusive benefits, technology expectations, access limitations, quality constraints, connectivity challenges, socioeconomic impact, over-exaggeration, BBC World Service technological revolution, Africa, technology adoption, technology hype, digital divide, mobile phones, technology quality, imported technology, China, low-cost devices, poor quality, market approval, quality testing, internet connectivity, high-speed internet, geographic disparities, socioeconomic disparities, accessibility, digital inclusion, technology benefits, expectations vs reality, mobile technology, local production, infrastructure challenges technological revolution, Africa, technology adoption, mobile phones, technology quality, technology hype, digital divide, internet connectivity, access inequality, imported technology, Chinese imports, quality testing, affordable technology, high-speed internet, geographical disparities, market regulation, technological expectations, exclusive benefits, accessibility constraints, technological infrastructure, socio-economic impact
test-politics-glghssi-con01a	Deliberately turning away from the international clout the UK brings to play on the global scene is simply odd  The UK acts as a big player on the international scene sitting at the top table of most international institutions. It is questionable as to whether the remaining part of the UK would continue to sit on the UN Security Council; one thing that is certain is that Scotland would not. Equally they would have little clout on European bodies, damaging their influence on key Scottish interests such as fisheries policy.  It would also lose the advantage that many companies see Edinburgh as a convenient base within the UK but would be unlikely to see much benefit to it as a base in an independent Scotland [i] .  [i] David Sinclair. “Issues surrounding Scottish independence.” September 1999. Published by the Constitution Unit, Tavistock House. UK, international clout, global influence, international institutions, UN Security Council, Scotland, Scottish independence, European bodies, political influence, fisheries policy, Edinburgh, business base, economic advantages, constitutional issues, David Sinclair, international relations, Tavistock House, international scene, UK remaining, power loss UK international influence, UK global clout, international institutions, UN Security Council, Scottish independence, Scotland global influence, European bodies, Scottish interests, fisheries policy, Edinburgh business base, economic impact, international status, David Sinclair, Constitution Unit, UK top table, loss of influence, independence consequences, company location decisions, Scottish diplomacy, EU representation, global standing UK international influence, global clout, Scottish independence, UN Security Council, international institutions, European bodies, fisheries policy, economic impact, Edinburgh business base, constitutional issues, David Sinclair, Constitution Unit, UK top table, loss of influence, Scotland foreign policy, international relations, business relocation, policy impact, diplomatic standing, international organizations UK international influence, global clout, international institutions, UN Security Council, Scotland independence, Scottish influence, European bodies, fisheries policy, Edinburgh business base, economic impact, company relocation, Constitution Unit, David Sinclair, Scottish independence issues, political consequences, international status, top table diplomacy, post-independence Scotland, UK membership, global scene UK international influence, global clout, international institutions, UN Security Council, post-independence Scotland, European bodies, Scottish interests, fisheries policy, economic impact, business location, Edinburgh, Scottish independence, David Sinclair, Constitution Unit, Tavistock House
test-health-ppelfhwbpba-pro03a	Abortion is wrong per se when there are alternatives such as adoption  Tragically, some babies are unwanted, but this does not mean that we should kill them. There are plenty of other options, notably adoption. If anything, the case for adoption is more compelling in the third trimester, because the pregnancy is nearer to its natural end and there is less time, only about ten weeks, for the mother to have to put up with it. [1] Unwanted pregnancy and adoption may be psychologically harmful, but in many cases so is abortion, particularly at a late stage of pregnancy when the mother can see that the dead foetus is recognisably a baby - the guilt feelings associated with feeling that one is responsible for murdering a child can be unbearable.  [1] Bupa, ‘Stages of pregnancy’, April 2010, abortion, adoption, unwanted pregnancy, alternatives, third trimester, psychological harm, late-stage abortion, guilt, morality, child welfare, pregnancy stages, maternal health, baby, foetus, ethical issues, pro-life, psychological effects, murder, responsibility, Bupa, pregnancy options, mental health, emotional impact, unwanted babies, pregnancy end abortion, adoption, alternatives, unwanted babies, third trimester, late-term abortion, psychological harm, guilt, unwanted pregnancy, stages of pregnancy, late-stage abortion, maternal experience, ethical argument, killing, child, responsibility, pregnancy options, emotional impact, morality, Bupa, pregnancy end, fetal development, adoption vs. abortion, mother’s guilt, pro-life, psychological effects abortion, adoption, unwanted pregnancy, psychological harm, third trimester, alternatives to abortion, late-term abortion, guilt, maternal mental health, fetal viability, ethical arguments, child welfare, pro-life, pregnancy stages, Bupa report, adoption vs abortion abortion, adoption, unwanted pregnancy, third trimester, psychological harm, late-stage abortion, alternatives to abortion, guilt, child murder, motherhood, pregnancy outcomes, foetus, Bupa, pregnancy stages, ethical issues, anti-abortion arguments, maternal health, emotional impact, pro-life, fetal development abortion ethics, adoption alternatives, unwanted pregnancy, psychological harm adoption, psychological harm abortion, third trimester abortion, late-term abortion, guilt abortion, adoption vs abortion, pregnancy options, child adoption, abortion morality, foetal development, pregnancy stages, maternal psychological impact, ethical arguments abortion, Bupa pregnancy stages
test-international-ghbunhf-pro03a	UN decision-making procedures are very inefficient.  The UN displays all the worst traits of bureaucracies the world over. The General Assembly is little more than a forum for world leaders and ambassadors to lambast each other. The Security Council is systemically unable to take decisive action in many of the world’s trouble-spots due to its outdated permanent membership structure, which gives five nations a totally disproportionate power to prevent the world body from acting against their interests. In the UN’s 65 years, the veto has been used nearly 300 times. [1]  [1] “General Analysis on the Security Council Veto”, Global Policy Forum website. UN decision-making, inefficiency, bureaucracy, General Assembly, Security Council, veto power, permanent members, disproportionate power, organizational structure, international relations, member state influence, procedural reform, global governance, decision paralysis, institutional critique, veto usage statistics, power imbalance, policy gridlock, multilateralism, UN reform UN decision-making, inefficiency, bureaucracy, General Assembly, world leaders, ambassadors, Security Council, decisive action, permanent members, veto power, disproportionate power, outdated structure, global governance, international relations, policy paralysis, Security Council veto, Global Policy Forum UN, United Nations, decision-making, inefficiency, bureaucracy, General Assembly, Security Council, veto power, permanent members, outdated structure, disproportionate power, world leaders, ambassadors, inaction, reforms, global governance, international relations, diplomatic forums, veto usage, peacekeeping, global policy UN decision-making, inefficiency, bureaucracy, General Assembly, Security Council, veto power, permanent members, outdated structure, disproportionate power, global policy, world leaders, ambassadors, forum, decisive action, international relations, power dynamics, institutional reform, global governance, policymaking, Security Council reform, veto usage history, UN criticism UN decision-making, inefficiency, bureaucracy, General Assembly, Security Council, permanent members, veto power, outdated structure, power imbalance, world trouble-spots, international relations, diplomatic forum, decisive action, institutional reform, United Nations structure, Security Council veto, governance challenges, global policy, UN criticism, disproportionate power
test-law-ralhrilglv-pro02a	Head of state immunity  Traditionally, heads of state have had immunity in foreign courts. This is for the normal functioning of diplomacy – so heads of state can engage in business at other states and travel to summits without the risk of harassment by vexatious claims in foreign courts, or foreign governments trying to attack the decisions of other governments in their own courts.  The ICC trying sitting heads of state would set a terrible precedent of a method of regime change – not even by foreign militaries, but by the ICC prosecutor. Regimes should change according to democratic mandate not foreign courts. head of state immunity, foreign courts, diplomatic immunity, international law, ICC, sitting heads of state, regime change, vexatious claims, foreign governments, sovereign immunity, customary international law, diplomatic relations, prosecution of leaders, state sovereignty, international criminal court, political interference, government decisions, democratic mandate head of state immunity, foreign courts, diplomatic immunity, international law, ICC, regime change, sovereignty, prosecutorial overreach, diplomatic protection, sitting heads of state, international criminal court, vexatious litigation, government decisions, extradition, judicial precedent, democratic mandate, foreign interference, immunity doctrine, international relations, summit travel head of state immunity, foreign courts, diplomatic immunity, international law, ICC, regime change, heads of state, diplomatic relations, vexatious claims, sovereign immunity, international criminal court, prosecution of leaders, sitting heads of state, democratic mandate, foreign intervention, government decisions, immunity precedent, international diplomacy head of state immunity, foreign courts, diplomatic immunity, international law, ICC, International Criminal Court, regime change, sovereign immunity, diplomatic relations, state sovereignty, prosecution of heads of state, vexatious claims, political interference, democratic mandate, judicial overreach, immunity doctrine, customary international law, government accountability, prosecutorial power, international relations head of state immunity, foreign courts, diplomatic immunity, international law, ICC, International Criminal Court, regime change, prosecution of heads of state, immunity precedent, state sovereignty, diplomatic relations, democratic mandate, judicial intervention, political immunity, vexatious litigation, international diplomacy, legal immunity, regime legitimacy, head of state prosecution, sovereignty infringement
test-science-cpisydfphwj-con03a	Facebook has a negative impact on learning  For many students, the constant flow of news, status updates, pictures and comments which comes through Facebook every single hour is proving to be a very distracting, which not surprisingly affects their educational progress. It negatively impacts learning. Studies show that students who checked in on social networks while studying had grades that were 20% lower than the grades of those who didn’t.(1)  A 20% difference in grades can be the difference from being awarded a scholarship at a prestigious university at being obliged to enrol in the community college, or very easily between passing and failing. Education is one of the most important things in anybody’s life as it greatly affects future prospects. Of course socialising is important as well but we should try to avoid one negatively affecting the other.  (1) Julie D. Andrews “Is Facebook Good Or Bad For Students? Debate Roils On” April 28, 2011   (2) Larry Rose ”Social Networking’s Good and Bad Impacts on Kids“ American Psychological Association August 6, 2011 Facebook, negative impact, learning, students, distraction, social media, educational progress, grades, academic performance, social networking, study habits, news feed, status updates, multitasking, online distraction, scholarship, university admission, community college, academic achievement, education, socializing, Julie D. Andrews, Larry Rose, American Psychological Association Facebook, negative impact, learning, students, distraction, social media, academic performance, educational progress, grades, social networking, study habits, news feed, status updates, academic achievement, scholarship, education, cognitive distraction, socializing, psychology, Julie D. Andrews, Larry Rose, American Psychological Association Facebook, negative impact, learning, students, distraction, social media, academic performance, grades, educational progress, social networking, study habits, scholarship, university admission, education, future prospects, digital distraction, multitasking, Julie D. Andrews, Larry Rose, academic achievement, Facebook effects, student success, APA, cognitive impact, technology and education, socialising, online activity, study outcomes Facebook, negative impact, learning, students, distraction, social media, academic performance, educational progress, grades, scholarship, social networking, multitasking, digital distraction, study habits, academic achievement, educational outcomes, negative effects, Julie D. Andrews, Larry Rose, American Psychological Association, socialising, education, future prospects, Facebook effects, academic success Facebook, negative impact, learning, students, distraction, social networks, academic performance, grades, educational progress, social media, study habits, scholarship, future prospects, multitasking, socialising, education, social networking, cognitive effects, attention span, academic achievement, Julie D. Andrews, Larry Rose, American Psychological Association
test-international-gsciidffe-pro04a	It is legitimate to enable freedom  Circumventing censorship is a cost effective method of promoting freedom. When a country has refused to recognise the right to freedom of expression of its own people and indeed is actively stopping them from exercising this right then it is legitimate for other countries to step in to act as an enabler of those rights. By circumventing censorship so the freedom of expression is returned to those that have had their voice stripped from them. Doing this costs the state that is acting almost nothing; thus Britain’s Foreign Office is devoting a mere £1.5million to promoting expression online, [1] and yet the benefits for those who it helps can be considerable by helping them to publicise and organise themselves by providing a platform. The small cost should be compared to the benefit of keeping activists one step ahead of the authorities by, for example providing software that helps make sure online communication is anonymous, which can save lives.  [1] “William Hague promises £1.5m to promote freedom of expression online”, BBC News, 30 April 2012, freedom of expression, censorship circumvention, online anonymity, digital rights, international intervention, activism support, cost effectiveness, freedom promotion, anti-censorship technology, government suppression, free speech, human rights, Foreign Office funding, online activism, anonymous communication, software for activists, state opposition, speech rights, internet freedom, supporting dissidents freedom of expression, censorship circumvention, digital rights, online anonymity, free speech, internet censorship, state intervention, human rights, activism, cost-effective methods, foreign policy, enabling rights, government support, internet freedom, online activism, surveillance evasion, communications privacy, Britain, international advocacy, technology for freedom freedom of expression, censorship circumvention, digital rights, cost-effective methods, online anonymity, state intervention, enabling freedom, human rights, activists support, privacy software, government funding, international intervention, internet freedom, online communication, promoting expression, UK Foreign Office, William Hague, digital activism, online censorship, human rights advocacy freedom of expression, censorship, circumventing censorship, online anonymity, digital rights, enabling freedom, free speech, human rights, government intervention, foreign policy, activism, privacy software, cost effectiveness, Britain Foreign Office, online communication, promoting freedom, state censorship, internet freedom, activist protection, whistleblowing, anonymous communication, digital platforms, information access, international support, speech suppression, civil liberties circumventing censorship, freedom of expression, legitimacy, enabling freedom, cost effective, promoting freedom, right to expression, international intervention, online anonymity, activist protection, state censorship, communication software, digital rights, government role, free speech, internet freedom, Foreign Office funding, promoting speech online, human rights, digital platforms, state repression, anonymous communication, online activism, low-cost intervention, freedom promotion, UK intervention, William Hague, BBC News
test-politics-oapdhwinkp-pro01a	South Korea can handle the situation itself  The two Koreas should be able to solve the situation themselves without recourse to all the neighbouring powers – whose interest does not seem to have spurred a solution to the frozen conflict anyway. With the Cold War over South Korea is more than capable of handling its own security. South Korea is economically far ahead of the North with its economy thirty seven times bigger. [1] Its military is also more capable than the North’s as the International Institute for Strategic Studies argues “As measured by static equipment indices, South Korea’s conventional forces would appear superior to North Korea’s. When morale, training, equipment maintenance, logistics, and reconnaissance and communications capabilities are factored in, this qualitative advantage increases.” [2] So should be able to deter aggression on its own and pull its own weight in negotiations without the need of a multilateral process. Moreover no one would argue that an invasion should be ignored however the South should be the one who responds to North Korean actions on its own.  [1] Oh Young-Jin, ‘South Korean economy 37 times bigger than NK’s’, The Korea Times, 5 January 2011,   [2] ‘The Conventional Military Balance on the Korean Peninsula’, The International Institute for Strategic Studies, 2012, South Korea, North Korea, Korean Peninsula, self-reliance, security, military balance, deterrence, bilateral negotiations, economic disparity, Cold War, regional powers, foreign intervention, multilateral process, conventional forces, military capability, defense policy, inter-Korean relations, autonomy, Oh Young-Jin, International Institute for Strategic Studies South Korea, North Korea, Korean Peninsula, security, frozen conflict, Cold War, military capability, economic disparity, deterrence, conventional forces, military balance, negotiations, multilateral process, regional powers, self-reliance, defense, invasion response, South Korean military, North Korean actions, national security, equipment indices, morale, training, logistics, reconnaissance, communications, International Institute for Strategic Studies, The Korea Times South Korea, North Korea, Korean Peninsula, security, frozen conflict, Cold War, economic disparity, military balance, self-reliance, deterrence, aggression, negotiations, multilateral process, conventional forces, IISS, equipment indices, morale, training, logistics, reconnaissance, communication capabilities, regional powers, sovereignty, international intervention, Oh Young-Jin, The Korea Times, International Institute for Strategic Studies South Korea, North Korea, Korean Peninsula, inter-Korean relations, self-reliance, security, military balance, economy, Cold War, regional powers, conflict resolution, deterrence, negotiations, conventional forces, military capabilities, economic disparity, independence, multilateral process, South Korean response, invasion, Oh Young-Jin, Korea Times, International Institute for Strategic Studies South Korea, North Korea, Korean Peninsula, security, frozen conflict, Cold War, economic disparity, military capability, deterrence, self-reliance, negotiations, multilateral process, regional powers, military balance, conventional forces, logistics, training, reconnaissance, communications, invasion response, Oh Young-Jin, Korea Times, International Institute for Strategic Studies
test-science-ciidfaihwc-con03a	People often react poorly to being censored by their governments.  In countries that do currently practice censorship of Internet information, their citizens often interpret this as suspicious and dictatorial behaviour. For example, in China growing discontent with the government’s constant censorship has led to public outrage [1] , and political satire which heavily criticises the government [2] . Censorship can easily be used malevolently and is not always in public interest; this motion supports the ignorance of the population by hiding information and the reality of the situation. Therefore the cost of suspicion by the population of the state makes censorship of any kind less than worthwhile and it is better to allow individuals to make their own choices.  [1] Bennett, Isabella, ‘Media Censorship in China’, Council on Foreign Relations, 7 March 2011,  on 09/09/11  [2] Bennett, Isabella, ‘Media Censorship in China’, Council on Foreign Relations, 7 March 2011,  on 09/09/11. government censorship, internet censorship, public reaction, citizen distrust, suspicion, dictatorial behavior, China, discontent, public outrage, political satire, criticism, malevolent use, public interest, information hiding, ignorance, population, state suspicion, freedom of information, individual choice, media censorship, Council on Foreign Relations, Isabella Bennett government censorship, internet censorship, public reaction, citizen discontent, China, dictatorial behavior, political satire, media control, information hiding, public interest, state suspicion, population ignorance, information freedom, censorship consequences, civil liberties, media censorship China, government criticism, public outrage, individual choice, information suppression government censorship, public reaction, internet censorship, suspicion, dictatorial behavior, China, citizen discontent, public outrage, political satire, government criticism, malevolent censorship, public interest, information hiding, population ignorance, freedom of choice, state suspicion, media censorship, information control, Council on Foreign Relations, Isabella Bennett censorship, government, internet information, public reaction, suspicion, dictatorial behavior, China, public outrage, political satire, criticism, malevolent use, public interest, suppression, individual choice, information control, media censorship, discontent, authoritarianism, state distrust, freedom of information, population ignorance, information hiding government censorship, internet censorship, public reaction, suspicion, dictatorial behavior, China, censorship discontent, political satire, government criticism, media censorship, public outrage, state control, information suppression, population ignorance, citizen response, information hiding, public interest, individual choice, Council on Foreign Relations, Isabella Bennett
test-politics-eppghwlrba-pro03a	Sports shooting desensitizes people to the lethal nature of firearms  Shooting as a sport desensitises people to the lethal nature of all firearms, creating a gun culture that glamorises and legitimises unnecessary gun ownership. It remains the interest of a minority, who should not be allowed to block the interests of society as a whole in gun control. Compensation can be given to individual gun owners, gun clubs and the retail firearms trade, in recognition of their economic loss if a ban is implemented. sports shooting, firearms, desensitization, lethal nature, gun culture, glamorization, legitimacy, unnecessary gun ownership, minority interest, societal interest, gun control, compensation, gun owners, gun clubs, firearms trade, economic loss, gun ban sports shooting, desensitization, firearms, lethal nature, gun culture, glamorization, legitimization, gun ownership, minority interest, societal interest, gun control, compensation, gun owners, gun clubs, firearms trade, economic loss, gun ban sports shooting, desensitization, firearms, lethal nature, gun culture, glamorization, legitimization, unnecessary gun ownership, minority interest, societal interest, gun control, compensation, gun owners, gun clubs, firearms trade, economic loss, ban, regulation sports shooting, desensitization, firearms, lethal nature, gun culture, glamorization, gun ownership, minority interest, societal interest, gun control, compensation, gun owners, gun clubs, firearms trade, economic loss, gun ban, firearm regulation sports shooting, desensitization, firearms, lethal nature, gun culture, glamorization, gun ownership, minority interests, gun control, compensation, gun owners, gun clubs, firearms trade, economic loss, ban, societal interests
test-free-speech-debate-nshbbsbfb-pro01a	This was a piece of art, advertised and described as such, those likely to be offended were quite welcome not to watch it.  The allegation made by those who objected to the airing of this show was that it was blasphemous. There were also objections to the graphic nature of the language and sexual reference. It seems staggeringly unlikely that 55,000 [i] people had accidently been watching opera on BBC 2 having failed to watch any of the warnings in advance or the fairly extensive media discussion in advance of the broadcast.  Therefore, those who watched it made a choice to do so – and it seems reasonable to consider that an informed choice. A free society is predicated on the fact that adults have the right to make choices. In turn that is based on the shared understanding that those choices have consequences; which may, potentially, cause some degree of harm to the person making that choice. Having been warned that watching the broadcast may cause them offence, viewers still chose to and some, it seems, were duly offended.  It seems reasonable, therefore, to assume that the shock was either feigned or a matter of pretence. Which leaves the matter of blasphemy; an offence against a belief system. There was no secret that religious issues were likely to feature in the broadcast and no secret was made of the fact that those views were likely to be both critical and forthright. Tuning in, specifically to be offended by something that the viewer had been warned they might find offensive seems perverse.  By contrast, art lovers who wished to see the production - which had received four Lawrence Olivier Awards among other tributes – had the opportunity to experience a theatrical work they would have had a limited opportunity to witness had it not been broadcast nationally.  It would be bizarre to disadvantage those who wanted to – and actually did – see the performance (about 1.7 million [ii] )because of the views of those who neither wanted to see it or refused to do so  [i] Wikipedia entry: “Jerry Springer: The Opera”  [ii] BBC News Website. “Group to Act Over singer Opera.” 10 January 2005. Jerry Springer: The Opera, BBC 2, blasphemy, graphic language, sexual references, audience choice, informed consent, free society, artistic expression, religious controversy, media warnings, offense, awards, Lawrence Olivier Awards, national broadcast, viewer rights, performance censorship, religious objections, public reaction, opera controversy, media coverage, freedom of expression, television broadcast, art controversy, viewer discretion Jerry Springer: The Opera, blasphemy, BBC 2, viewer choice, adult consent, informed decision, art controversy, religious offence, graphic language, sexual references, viewer warnings, media discussion, freedom of expression, censorship, theatre broadcast, television complaints, audience offence, Lawrence Olivier Awards, free society, national broadcast, artistic merit, public reaction, moral objection Jerry Springer: The Opera, BBC 2, art, blasphemy, viewer choice, informed consent, warnings, offense, graphic language, sexual references, free society, adult decision, consequence, religious criticism, theatrical broadcast, Lawrence Olivier Awards, audience controversy, censorship, media discussion, public reaction, artistic freedom, self-selection, opera on television, viewer responsibility, national broadcast, offense intentionality Jerry Springer: The Opera, BBC 2, blasphemy, controversial broadcast, graphic language, sexual references, viewer choice, media warnings, religious offense, art censorship, free society, informed consent, public outrage, viewer complaints, theatre awards, Lawrence Olivier Awards, national broadcast, offended viewers, artistic expression, opera controversy, media ethics, audience discretion, performance rights, broadcast criticism, artistic freedom, religious sensitivity, television opera, public debate, BBC drama, public morality Jerry Springer: The Opera, BBC 2, broadcast controversy, blasphemy, offense, graphic language, sexual references, informed choice, viewer warnings, free society, religious issues, artistic expression, public reaction, Laurence Olivier Awards, censorship, freedom of speech, national broadcast, objection, art criticism, media discussion, UK television, viewer complaints, artistic merit, moral outrage, opera controversy
test-culture-ahrtsdlgra-pro03a	The power of the visual  Art differs from other forms of media with regard to the expression of ideas. Unlike other methods of conveying ideas, art has a visceral impact that is instant and has a lasting effect.  In a discussion, for example, there are often clues that ideas that might make people feel uncomfortable are about to arise. Thus, people are in a better position to consent to the sorts of challenges controversy within a conversation may pose (similarly, we tend to look more positively on taboo subjects raised within a conversational context than we do when they are, for example, shouted about in the street).  In the case of art, particularly that which is displayed in public spaces (like squares, parks and museums) people are unable to consent in this way, but rather, may be confronted suddenly by something that they find disgusting, because it has forced them to confront something they find horrific or traumatic, in a manner which has a great impact, and that, because of the power of the visual, they find difficult to forget. visual art, media comparison, idea expression, visceral impact, lasting effect, public art, consent, discomfort, controversial ideas, emotional response, taboo subjects, conversation vs art, trauma, confrontation, public spaces, museums, memory impact, art vs discussion, shock value, challenging content, audience reaction visual art, media comparison, idea expression, visceral impact, lasting effect, public art, public spaces, museums, parks, confrontation, controversy, consent, taboo subjects, conversation vs art, discomfort, trauma, unforgettable, emotional response, art criticism, art and society, expressive power, audience reception visual art, media expression, idea conveyance, visceral impact, lasting effect, art vs conversation, public art, emotional response, consent in art, public spaces, controversy, taboo subjects, art trauma, art discomfort, confrontation, unforgettable art, art criticism, art and society, psychological impact, art communication visual art, media comparison, idea expression, visceral impact, lasting effect, public art, consent, controversy, uncomfortable ideas, taboo subjects, conversational context, public spaces, emotional response, traumatic imagery, art and memory, art confrontation, art challenges, museum art, street art, psychological impact, art reception visual art, expression of ideas, media comparison, visceral impact, instant effect, lasting effect, public art, public spaces, museums, parks, controversy, consent, taboo subjects, confrontation, discomfort, traumatic experiences, emotional response, unforgettable art, art criticism, art and society, art psychology, art and conversation, visual communication, art impact, art and controversy, art in public
test-law-cplglghwbhwd-pro02a	Handguns are uniquely dangerous when compared with other weapons  Handguns are specifically worse than most other weapons. They are weapons which are both concealable and portable. Shotguns and Rifles can easily be identified from a long distance making it easier to avoid those who are carrying them or conversely for the authorities check their motives for carrying arms. Handguns, being ranged weapons (as opposed to knives), prevent people from opting to run away if they are confronted by an attacker and being concealable prevent any attempt at avoiding those carrying them.  Because of these unique capabilities they make excellent weapons for gang members who wish to remain inconspicuous to avoid being searched by the police. Further, they are also uniquely useful for other criminal actors such as drug dealers who need to be able to protect themselves, but also need to appear unassuming for clients.  As such, handguns, where they are freely available, are often used by most criminals for these purposes. Given that handguns are also more likely to cause accidental injuries- as a result of incompetence or recklessness- than a knife, it seems logical that handguns cause a much larger harm to citizens in places where they are freely available.4 handguns, danger comparison, weapon concealability, portability, ranged weapons, crime, criminal use, gang weapons, drug dealers, accidental injury, weapon identification, public safety, firearm accessibility, handgun-related harm, weapon regulation, handgun crimes, defensive use, gun violence, firearm accidents, law enforcement detection handguns, weapons comparison, concealable firearms, portable weapons, ranged weapons, shotgun vs handgun, rifle vs handgun, criminal use, gang weapons, drug dealers, firearm concealment, handgun dangers, accidental injuries, handgun prevalence, weapon identification, authority evasion, firearm portability, crime and handguns, handguns and public safety, firearm harm, unrestricted handgun access handguns, firearm concealability, weapon portability, handgun dangers, shotgun identification, rifle identification, weapon comparison, criminal weapon choice, gang weapons, handgun crime, drug dealer weapons, weapon inconspicuousness, handgun accidental injury, firearm recklessness, handgun accessibility, citizen harm, handgun regulation, firearm violence, criminal behavior, concealed carry, ranged weapons, weapon misuse, firearm accidents, handgun versus knife, weapon lethality, handgun harm handguns, weapon concealability, weapon portability, handgun vs rifle, handgun vs shotgun, criminal use of handguns, gang weapon choice, drug dealer firearms, handgun danger, accidental handgun injury, firearm crime, concealed weapons, handgun risks, firearm identification, public safety, firearm accessibility, criminal concealment, handgun crime statistics, handgun harm comparison, portable firearms, police weapon check, handgun-related injuries, firearm lethality, concealable firearms, handgun prevalence handguns, danger, concealability, portability, comparison, weapons, shotguns, rifles, identification, avoidance, authorities, ranged weapons, knives, attackers, criminal use, gang members, inconspicuous, police, drug dealers, self-protection, unassuming, clients, criminal actors, accidental injuries, recklessness, harm, availability, citizens, crime, safety, weapon concealment
test-politics-cdmaggpdgdf-con02a	Provides information to competitors  Where there is international competition transparency can be a problem if there is not transparency on both sides as one side is essentially giving its opponent an advantage. This is ultimately why countries keep national security secrets; they are in competition with other nations and the best way to ensure an advantage over those states is to keep capabilities secret. One side having information while the other does not allows the actor that has the information to act differently in response to that knowledge. Keeping things secret can therefore provide an advantage when making a decision, as the one with most information is most likely to react best. [1] Currently there is information asymmetry between the United States and China to the point where some analysts consider that the United States provides more authoritative information on China’s military than China itself does. [2]  [1] National Security Forum, No More Secrets, American Bar Association, March 2011, p.7  [2] Erickson, Andrew S., ‘Pentagon Report Reveals Chinese Military Developments’, The Diplomat, 8 May 2013 information asymmetry, international competition, transparency, national security, military secrecy, competitive advantage, United States, China, intelligence sharing, information advantage, decision-making, military capabilities, authoritarian states, security secrets, strategic competition, information disclosure, secrecy benefits, authoritative information, Pentagon report, Chinese military developments information asymmetry, international competition, transparency, national security, secrecy, competitive advantage, information advantage, military intelligence, United States, China, information sharing, intelligence disclosure, strategic advantage, decision-making, classified information, authoritative information, military capabilities, competitive secrecy, information withholding, defense transparency international competition, information asymmetry, transparency, national security, secrecy, competitive advantage, decision-making, military intelligence, United States, China, authoritative information, information disclosure, strategic advantage, state competition, information sharing, military capabilities, security secrets, rivalry, intelligence imbalance, information control information asymmetry, international competition, transparency, national security, secret capabilities, competitive advantage, information sharing, decision-making, United States, China, military intelligence, authoritative information, secrecy, strategic advantage, information imbalance, military developments, intelligence disclosure, competitor information, state competition, national security secrets information asymmetry, international competition, transparency, national security, secrecy, competitive advantage, military intelligence, United States, China, information disclosure, strategic advantage, decision-making, intelligence sharing, classified information, military capabilities, information imbalance, security policy, competitive secrecy, information advantage, defense strategy
test-culture-mmctyshwbcp-pro02a	performers are at risk of exploitation  Children are generally considered to be too young to make important decisions for themselves, and so decision-making falls to parents, teachers, etc. For child performers, there are additional decision-makers: their agents. Since agents benefit financially from the child’s getting a role or doing well in a sporting event, there is a definite risk of exploitation. Exploitation can also come from parents, as in the famous case of American television child stars Jackie Coogan and Gary Coleman, who both sued their parents for spending the money they had earned as children [1] [2] or of Macaulay Culkin, who blocked his parents from having access to his earnings.  [1] AP, ‘The Kid’ To Get $126,000 For His Share’  [2] The Deseret News, ‘Former Child Star Wins $1.3 Million Judgment’ child performers, exploitation, child actors, decision-making, parental control, agents, financial abuse, child labor, legal guardianship, Jackie Coogan, Gary Coleman, Macaulay Culkin, child earnings, entertainment industry, child labor laws, lawsuits, child rights, financial exploitation, minors, show business, parental exploitation, agent influence, trust funds, celebrity children, child protection child performers, exploitation, decision-makers, agents, financial exploitation, parental exploitation, Jackie Coogan, Gary Coleman, Macaulay Culkin, legal cases, child labor, entertainment industry, earnings dispute, minors' rights, guardianship, child actors, abuse of trust, celebrity children, child star lawsuits, parental control, agent influence child performers, exploitation, parental control, agent influence, decision-making, financial abuse, child actors, legal cases, Jackie Coogan, Gary Coleman, Macaulay Culkin, earnings mismanagement, child labor laws, guardianship, entertainment industry, minors' rights, performer protections, lawsuit, trust funds, compensation, child welfare child performers, exploitation, decision-makers, parents, agents, financial exploitation, Jackie Coogan, Gary Coleman, Macaulay Culkin, child labor, child actors, minors, legal guardianship, child earnings, celebrity children, child protection, entertainment industry, child rights, lawsuits, parental abuse, agent conflicts, financial abuse, famous cases, court judgments, performer rights child performers, child exploitation, performer exploitation, agent conflict of interest, parental exploitation, child labor laws, child star lawsuits, decision-making authority children, Jackie Coogan, Gary Coleman, Macaulay Culkin, earnings misappropriation, parental misuse of earnings, entertainment industry, child rights, legal protections, financial abuse, child actors, sports exploitation children, guardian responsibility
test-society-epiasghbf-con01a	The double burden  Despite a feminising labour market there has been no convergence, or equalisation, in unpaid domestic and care work. Women still play key roles in working the reproductive sphere and family care; therefore labour-force participation increases the overall burden placed on women. The burden is placed on time, physical, and mental demands.  We need to recognise the anxieties and burdens women face of being the bread-winner, as survival is becoming ‘feminised’ (Sassen, 2002). Additionally, women have always accounted for a significant proportion of the labour market - although their work has not been recognised. Therefore to what extent can we claim increased labour force participation is empowering when it is only just being recognised? double burden, feminising labour market, unpaid domestic work, care work, reproductive labour, family care, women’s labour, labour-force participation, gender roles, time burden, physical demands, mental demands, breadwinner anxiety, feminisation of survival, recognition of women’s work, empowerment, gender equality, Sassen 2002, invisible labour, recognition of care work, women’s empowerment, labour market participation, gendered division of labour double burden, feminising labour market, gender convergence, unpaid domestic work, care work, reproductive labor, family care, women's labor, labour-force participation, time burden, physical demands, mental demands, women's anxieties, bread-winner, feminised survival, Sassen 2002, women's empowerment, labour market recognition, gender roles, gender inequality, invisible labor, women's work, paid vs unpaid work, women's burdens, gendered division of labor double burden, feminising labour market, unpaid domestic work, unpaid care work, gender convergence, reproductive labour, family care, women's labour force participation, women's empowerment, time burden, physical burden, mental burden, breadwinner anxiety, feminised survival, Sassen 2002, invisible labour, recognition of women's work, empowerment paradox, gendered labour division, work-life balance, emotional labour double burden, feminising labour market, unpaid domestic work, care work, gender convergence, reproductive labour, family care, labour-force participation, women’s workload, time burden, physical demands, mental demands, breadwinner anxiety, feminised survival, Sassen 2002, recognition of women’s work, empowerment, labour market recognition, gender roles, work-life balance, invisible labour, women’s empowerment, gendered division of labor double burden, feminising labour market, unpaid domestic work, care work, women, reproductive labour, family care, labour-force participation, gender inequality, time burden, physical demands, mental demands, breadwinner, feminisation of survival, Sassen 2002, recognition of women's work, empowerment, invisible labour, gender roles, work-life balance, gendered division of labour, women's anxiety, unrecognised labour, gender empowerment, labour participation, domestic responsibilities
test-international-gmehwasr-con05a	"Would it work?  The most fundamental question for any policy is whether it would actually work if implemented? In this case it seems to be doubtful that in practice arming the rebels would be enough to allow them to prevail. It will simply be helping to even the odds; providing enough arms to prevail over a fully equipped army that is supplied by Iran and Russia would require a truly colossal effort. No one is seriously going to consider providing M1 Abrams tanks to overcome Syrian armour when there are even concerns about providing anti-aircraft missiles. Even supporters of arming the rebels such as Senator John McCain say ""this alone will not be decisive"". All arming the rebels does then is make the government appear to be doing something (in a bad way since it is an unpopular policy), and stick a toe in the water (also bad as that may lead to escalating commitments), and another decision point six months down the line. [1]  [1] Lynch, Marc, ‘Shopping Option C for Syria’, Foreign Policy, 14 February 2013 policy effectiveness, arming rebels, Syria conflict, military aid, Iran Russia support, M1 Abrams tanks, anti-aircraft missiles, escalation risk, John McCain, government intervention, unpopular policy, foreign policy, Syrian army, rebel support, military balance, commitment escalation, Marc Lynch, Shopping Option C, policy analysis policy effectiveness, arming rebels, Syria conflict, military aid, Iran, Russia, M1 Abrams tanks, anti-aircraft missiles, Senator John McCain, escalation, government policy, unpopular policy, military balance, Syrian army, Marc Lynch, Foreign Policy 2013, arms supply, intervention outcomes, rebel capabilities, international involvement, decision-making policy effectiveness, arming rebels, Syria, military intervention, arms supply, Iran, Russia, M1 Abrams tanks, anti-aircraft missiles, Syrian army, John McCain, escalation risk, government policy, unpopular policy, foreign policy, Marc Lynch, military balance, rebel support, intervention outcomes, policy evaluation, Middle East conflict policy effectiveness, arming rebels, Syria conflict, military aid, foreign intervention, Iran, Russia, M1 Abrams tanks, anti-aircraft missiles, Senator John McCain, escalation, unpopular policy, government action, military balance, regime change, Marc Lynch, Foreign Policy, arms supply, opposition forces, rebel victory, international support policy effectiveness, arming rebels, Syria, military intervention, Iran, Russia, M1 Abrams tanks, anti-aircraft missiles, arms supply, John McCain, policy decision, escalation, Syrian conflict, military support, government action, unpopular policy, Marc Lynch, Foreign Policy"
test-digital-freedoms-eifdfaihs-pro01a	Privacy  This was the clinching argument in the Dutch example. Labour MP Martijn van Dam, one of the bill’s co-authors said that Dutch ISP KPN was similar to “a postal worker who delivers a letter, looks to see what’s in it and then claims he hasn’t read it. It is simply a basic principle of the Internet that for it to continue working as it does now, all data needs to be treated the same otherwise judgements will be formed on ‘right’ and ‘wrong’ data [i] .  The principle here is that the data being used is simply none of the ISPs business. Their job is simply to provide an agreed bandwidth, at an agreed price to the end user. How the end user makes use of that band width is up to them. If, for example, they’re choosing to Skype from a mobile device – one of the points of contention – it’s hard to see what that has to do with the ISP.  [i] PCWorld. Matthew Honan, MacWorld. “Inside Net Neutrality: Privacy and BitTorrent. 14 February 2008. privacy, Dutch example, Labour MP, Martijn van Dam, Dutch ISP, KPN, postal worker analogy, letter delivery, internet principles, data neutrality, net neutrality, user data, ISP responsibility, bandwidth provision, end user rights, mobile Skype, BitTorrent, data privacy, ISP business, PCWorld, Matthew Honan, MacWorld, internet regulation, network management, data treatment, communication privacy privacy, net neutrality, Dutch example, ISP, KPN, data privacy, Martijn van Dam, legislation, bandwidth, internet principles, data neutrality, internet regulation, user rights, data usage, end user, surveillance, telecommunications, mobile Skype, BitTorrent, PCWorld, MacWorld, internet access, internet service providers, online privacy, network management, user autonomy, internet policy privacy, net neutrality, Dutch ISP, KPN, Martijn van Dam, labor MP, Internet principles, bandwidth, data privacy, user rights, ISP responsibilities, data neutrality, end user autonomy, mobile Skype, PCWorld, Matthew Honan, MacWorld, BitTorrent, data discrimination, digital rights, Internet regulation privacy, Dutch example, net neutrality, ISP, KPN, Labour MP, Martijn van Dam, internet principles, data privacy, data neutrality, user rights, bandwidth, end user, telecommunications, ISP responsibilities, data usage, content privacy, postal analogy, law, regulation, Skype, contention, PCWorld, MacWorld, BitTorrent, internet legislation privacy, net neutrality, Dutch ISP, KPN, data protection, Martijn van Dam, ISP regulation, user rights, internet principles, bandwidth usage, end user autonomy, data privacy, mobile Skype, ISP business model, packet inspection, internet traffic, information confidentiality, internet neutrality, data discrimination, consumer rights
test-international-gsciidffe-pro03a	It is domestic not international legitimacy that matters  What matters for a state when it comes to foreign policy, and therefore with helping to circumvent censorship, is whether the policy is considered legitimate domestically. Since a government's legitimacy is domestically derived from the support of its people if they support the policy then it is legitimate. While it is often not considered a top priority people in democracies usually support promoting human rights and spreading democracy around the world. [1]  [1] Stevenson, Kirsten, “Strong support for democracy promotion in national opinion ballot”, Foreign Policy Association, 23 October 2012, domestic legitimacy, international legitimacy, state legitimacy, foreign policy, censorship, government legitimacy, public support, democracy, human rights, democracy promotion, national opinion, public opinion, legitimacy source, domestic support, policy legitimacy, Stevenson Kirsten, democracy support, human rights promotion, foreign policy legitimacy domestic legitimacy, international legitimacy, foreign policy, government legitimacy, public support, censorship, policy legitimacy, democracy promotion, human rights, domestic support, state legitimacy, opinion polls, national support, foreign affairs, public opinion, democratic values, state policy, legitimacy sources, legitimacy perception, Stevenson Kirsten, Foreign Policy Association domestic legitimacy, international legitimacy, foreign policy, government support, public opinion, state legitimacy, censorship, democracy promotion, human rights, national opinion, public support, domestic policy, legitimacy source, foreign policy legitimacy, public attitudes, legitimacy and censorship, democratic values, Stevenson Kirsten, Foreign Policy Association domestic legitimacy, international legitimacy, state foreign policy, censorship, government legitimacy, public support, democracy promotion, human rights, policy legitimacy, democratic states, domestic opinion, public opinion, legitimacy sources, foreign policy legitimacy, democratization support, Stevenson Kirsten, national opinion ballot, Foreign Policy Association domestic legitimacy, international legitimacy, state legitimacy, foreign policy, public support, government legitimacy, censorship, democracy promotion, human rights, domestic support, public opinion, democratic legitimacy, policy legitimacy, legitimacy sources, national opinion, democratic values, legitimacy and foreign policy, legitimacy and censorship, Stevenson Kirsten, Foreign Policy Association
test-culture-ascidfakhba-pro04a	The costs of monitoring copyright by states, artists, and lawyers far outweigh the benefits, and is often simply ineffective  The state incurs huge costs in monitoring for copyright infringement, in arresting suspected perpetrators, in imprisonment of those found guilty, even though in reality nothing was stolen but an idea that, once released to it, belonged to the public domain more or less. [1] Furthermore, the deterrent effect to copyright piracy generated by all the efforts of the state and firms has proven generally minimal. In fact, the level of internet piracy of books, music, and films has increased dramatically year on year for several years, increasing by 30% in 2011 alone. [2] This is because in many cases copyright laws are next to unenforceable, as the music and movie industries have learned to their annoyance in recent years, for example ninety percent of DVDs sold in China are bootlegs while even western consumers are increasingly bypassing copyright by using peer to peer networks. [3] Only a tiny fraction of perpetrators are ever caught, and though they are often punished severely in an attempt to deter future crime, it has done little to stop their incidence. Copyright, in many cases, does not work in practice plain and simple. Releasing works under a creative commons licensing scheme does a great deal to cope with these pressures. In the first instance it is a less draconian regime, so individuals are more willing to buy into it as a legitimate claim by artists rather than an onerous stranglehold on work. This increases compliance with the relaxed law. Secondly, the compliance means that artists are given the vocal crediting under the license rules that gives them more public exposure than clandestine copying could not. Ultimately this adaptation of current copyright law would benefit the artist and the consumer mutually.  [1] World Intellectual Property Organization. “Emerging Issues in Intellectual Property”. 2011   [2] Hartopo, A. “The Past, Present and Future of Internet Piracy”. Jakarta Globe. 26 July 2011.   [3] Quirk, M., “The Movie Pirates”, The Atlantic, 19 November 2009, copyright costs, copyright enforcement, state monitoring, artist monitoring, lawyer monitoring, copyright benefits, enforcement ineffectiveness, public domain, internet piracy, piracy statistics, copyright infringement, creative commons, licensing schemes, bootleg DVDs, China piracy, peer-to-peer networks, digital piracy, deterrence, compliance, intellectual property, copyright adaptation, artist credit, consumer benefit, draconian copyright, music industry, movie industry, copyright laws, public exposure, copyright regime, piracy increase, relaxed law, copyright punishment copyright enforcement, costs, monitoring, state expenses, legal costs, copyright infringement, deterrence, ineffectiveness, internet piracy, digital piracy, books, music, films, peer-to-peer networks, DVD bootlegs, China, prosecution rates, deterrent effect, creative commons, licensing schemes, compliance, public domain, artist credit, law adaptation, intellectual property, WIPO, copyright law, consumer benefit, artist benefit, copyright limitations, piracy statistics copyright enforcement, monitoring costs, state expenses, artists, lawyers, effectiveness, deterrent effect, copyright infringement, public domain, idea ownership, internet piracy, book piracy, music piracy, film piracy, piracy statistics, unenforceable laws, DVD bootlegs, China, peer-to-peer networks, prosecution rates, creative commons, alternative licensing, compliance, artist exposure, consumer benefit, copyright law adaptation, intellectual property, copyright industry, global piracy, copyright penalties, WIPO, digital content theft, copyright regime copyright enforcement, monitoring costs, state expenses, legal costs, copyright infringement, deterrent effect, internet piracy, book piracy, music piracy, film piracy, unenforceable copyright laws, DVD bootlegs, China piracy, peer-to-peer networks, low detection rates, severe punishment, copyright effectiveness, creative commons licensing, artist compliance, public exposure, artist crediting, copyright law adaptation, artist benefits, consumer benefits, intellectual property, copyright policy, piracy trends, copyright challenges, legal alternatives, public domain, copyright regime, draconian laws, compliance rates copyright enforcement, monitoring costs, state expenses, artists, lawyers, copyright infringement, public domain, deterrent effect, internet piracy, piracy statistics, books, music, films, unenforceable laws, movie industry, DVD bootlegs, China piracy, peer-to-peer networks, low apprehension rates, severe punishment, compliance, creative commons licensing, relaxed laws, artist credit, public exposure, mutual benefit, copyright adaptation, intellectual property, piracy trends, copyright effectiveness
test-international-emephsate-con02a	Turkey is not yet up to European standards of human rights.  Turkey is a democracy but it is not yet up to the standards necessary for membership in the European Union. Turkey has numerous problems with the autocracy of its leaders, the suppressed human rights of the Kurdish and the other minorities. The State Department Human Rights Report condemns for example arbitrary arrest and says “Police detained more than 1,000 members of the pro-Kurdish Peace and Democracy Party (BDP) on various occasions” during 2011. Kurds and other minorities are “prohibited from fully exercising their linguistic, religious, and cultural rights” and are harassed when attempting to assert their identity. [1] There is little freedom of the press in Turkey, most of the media are state-controlled resulting in turkey ranking 148th on Reporters without borders press freedom index whereas the lowest EU country is Greece ranked 70th. [2] While some countries in the EU, such as France, have criminalized the denial of the Armenian genocide [3] Turkey on the other hand hasn’t even recognized that it ever happened. It is clear that while this disparity exists and human rights violations continue Turkey cannot join the EU.  [1] Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor, ‘Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2011 Turkey’, U.S. Department of State,   [2] ‘Press Freedom Index 2011-2012’, Reporters Without Borders,   [3] De Montjoye, Clementine, ‘France’s Armenian genocide law’, Free SpeechDebate, 29 June 2012, Turkey, European standards, human rights, democracy, European Union, EU membership, autocracy, Kurdish rights, minority rights, State Department Human Rights Report, arbitrary arrest, pro-Kurdish Peace and Democracy Party, BDP, linguistic rights, religious rights, cultural rights, identity suppression, freedom of the press, media control, press freedom index, Reporters Without Borders, Armenian genocide, genocide denial, EU human rights standards, human rights violations, Turkey EU accession, discrimination, minority harassment, freedom of expression, state-controlled media Turkey, European Union, EU membership, human rights, democracy, autocracy, Kurdish rights, minority rights, State Department Human Rights Report, arbitrary arrest, pro-Kurdish Peace and Democracy Party, BDP, 2011, linguistic rights, religious rights, cultural rights, minority harassment, press freedom, media control, Reporters Without Borders, press freedom index, Armenian genocide, genocide denial, France, human rights violations, democracy standards, EU standards, Turkey EU accession, minority suppression, Turkey media, Turkey minorities Turkey, European Union, EU membership, human rights, democracy, autocracy, Kurdish rights, minority rights, arbitrary arrest, State Department Human Rights Report, Peace and Democracy Party, BDP, linguistic rights, religious rights, cultural rights, identity harassment, press freedom, media control, Reporters Without Borders, press freedom index, Armenian genocide, genocide denial, France, human rights violations Turkey, human rights, European Union, EU membership, democracy, autocracy, Kurdish rights, minority rights, State Department Human Rights Report, arbitrary arrest, Peace and Democracy Party, BDP, linguistic rights, religious rights, cultural rights, identity suppression, freedom of the press, media control, press freedom index, Reporters Without Borders, Armenian genocide, recognition, human rights violations, EU accession, Turkey EU relations Turkey, human rights, European Union, EU membership, democracy, autocracy, Kurdish rights, minority rights, State Department Human Rights Report, arbitrary arrest, pro-Kurdish Peace and Democracy Party, linguistic rights, religious rights, cultural rights, identity suppression, freedom of the press, media control, press freedom index, Reporters Without Borders, Armenian genocide, genocide denial, France, EU standards, membership criteria, human rights violations, Turkey-EU relations
test-politics-oepdlhfcefp-con02a	The previous arrangement of having two foreign policy centers (in the Commission and in the Council) was arguably inefficient, but consolidating these into a single office-holder has created more complexity and at significantly greater expense.  Creating a position of EU High Representative is not objectionable in itself. Previously the EU was in the ludicrous situation of having two foreign affairs spokesmen, one from the Council and the other from the Commission. Rivalry and duplication of efforts, staffs and resources results, and so focusing all the EU’s external affairs work around one person makes some sense. What it does not mean is that the High Representative should lead a drive for a stronger common foreign policy position. Only when member states agree (which may not be often) will he or she have a role. In fact, by weakening the foreign affairs role within the Commission, this development may actually limit the pretensions of Brussels to develop its own agenda and dictate foreign policy to the member states. EU foreign policy, Commission, Council, inefficiency, consolidation, complexity, expense, High Representative, external affairs, foreign affairs spokesman, rivalry, duplication, resources, centralization, member states, common foreign policy, Brussels, agenda, authority, governance, institutional reform, policy coordination, administrative structure, foreign policy decision-making, power balance, intergovernmental relations, EU institutions, treaty changes, foreign policy leadership EU foreign policy, Commission, Council, foreign affairs, High Representative, institutional complexity, administrative expense, foreign policy consolidation, member states, Brussels, external affairs coordination, policy duplication, resource rivalry, common foreign policy, Commission authority, Council authority, EU integration, policy leadership, foreign policy agenda, member state sovereignty, EU governance EU foreign policy, Commission, Council, foreign policy centers, inefficiency, consolidation, office-holder, complexity, expense, EU High Representative, foreign affairs, spokesmen, rivalry, duplication, resources, external affairs, single leadership, member state agreement, common foreign policy, Commission role, Brussels, policy agenda, decision-making, institutional rivalry, delegation of authority, inter-institutional relations, governance structure, policy coordination EU foreign policy, Commission, Council, inefficiency, consolidation, single office-holder, complexity, expense, High Representative, external affairs, foreign affairs spokesmen, rivalry, duplication, resources, common foreign policy, member states, Brussels, agenda, dictate, foreign policy role, Commission authority, Council authority, institutional restructuring, decision-making, resource allocation, policy coordination, intergovernmentalism, supranationalism, EU institutions, competence division EU foreign policy, Commission, Council, inefficiency, consolidation, complexity, expense, EU High Representative, foreign affairs spokesmen, duplication, rivalry, external affairs, single office-holder, common foreign policy, member states, weakening Commission, Brussels, foreign policy agenda, institutional roles, resource allocation, policy coherence, decision-making, authority limits, sovereignty, integration, external representation, EU governance, institutional reform
test-international-atiahblit-pro04a	Social Policy for satisfied teachers  The creation of national social policies which provide secure, and stable, wages for teachers is fundamental. Social policy can make satisfied teachers. A key concern amongst teachers is finance - inadequate wages and insurance. Teacher wages is considerably lower than other formal professions - combining to enforce low morale and occupational motivation as pay is too low to sustain individuals and households (Bennell, 2004). In South Africa an average teaching salary is 19,535 ZAR in contrast to the 28,235 ZAR average granted in all jobs in South Africa (Salary Explorer, 2013).  Further, social policy is required to introduce teacher pension schemes. Pension schemes are provided for workers within the formal employment sector, by various public organisations - including the government and GEPF [1] . However, some national pension schemes are more developed than others and teachers need to be ensured the profession can provide investments for future security. An ageing population only reinforces its importance.  [1] See further readings: GEPF, 2013. social policy, teacher satisfaction, teacher wages, teacher salaries, financial security, teacher morale, occupational motivation, insurance, wage comparison, South Africa, teaching profession, pension schemes, national policies, GEPF, public sector, aging population, income disparity, job security, formal employment, education policy, teacher retention, workforce stability, salary disparities, future investments, teacher benefits social policy, teacher satisfaction, teacher wages, teacher pay, wage security, occupational motivation, teacher morale, teacher insurance, financial stability, national policies, South Africa, teaching profession, average salary, pension schemes, teacher pensions, GEPF, formal employment, income disparity, job security, aging population, future investments, public sector, teacher benefits, Bennell 2004, Salary Explorer 2013 social policy, teacher satisfaction, teacher wages, teacher salary, job security, teacher morale, occupational motivation, financial concerns, educational policy, insurance, pension schemes, retirement benefits, South Africa, wage comparison, formal professions, GEPF, income stability, public sector pensions, future security, ageing population, teacher retention social policy, teacher satisfaction, teacher wages, teacher pay, teacher motivation, financial security, occupational morale, teacher insurance, salary comparison, South Africa, teaching profession, wage disparity, national policy, pension schemes, retirement benefits, GEPF, formal employment, public sector, ageing population, investment security, wage stability, education policy social policy, teacher satisfaction, teacher wages, teacher salary, teacher morale, occupational motivation, teacher insurance, financial security, wage disparity, South Africa, pension schemes, teacher benefits, retirement security, GEPF, education policy, public sector pensions, job stability, teacher retention, salary comparison, ageing population, teacher wellbeing, remuneration, national policy, employment benefits, comparative salaries
test-international-ghbunhf-pro04a	Many UN bodies are corrupt or compromised.  As mentioned above, the Human Rights Council consists of some the worst human rights abusers in the world. The NGO UN Watch has accused the HRC focusing almost exclusively on alleged human rights abuses by Israel to the exclusion of almost every other country. [1]  There have been widespread allegations of corruption in UN bodies. [2] It is for these reasons that the US long refused to pay its full dues to the United Nations and threatens to do so again in future, as well as withholding funding from UNESCO in 2011 after it voted to recognise Palestine as an independent state. [3]  [1] “Anti-Israel Resolutions at the HRC”, UN Watch 2011.   [2] “Corruption at the Heart of the United Nations”, The Economist, 9th August 2005.   [3] “US cuts UNESCO funds over vote for Palestinian seat“. BBC website. 31st October 2011. UN corruption, United Nations, Human Rights Council, UN Watch, Israel, human rights abuses, NGO accusations, biased focus, corruption allegations, US UN dues, US funding cuts, UNESCO, Palestine recognition, anti-Israel resolutions, compromised UN bodies, UN integrity, international organizations, member state funding, institutional bias, UN scandals UN corruption, United Nations, compromised UN bodies, Human Rights Council, UNHRC, human rights abusers, UN Watch, Israel bias, UN funding, US UN dues, UNESCO funding cut, Palestine recognition, anti-Israel resolutions, NGO accusations, UN accountability, UN scandals, international organizations, corruption allegations, UNESCO Palestine, US-UN relations UN corruption, UN compromised, Human Rights Council, UN Watch, Israel bias, human rights abusers, HRC criticism, UN allegations, UN funding refusal, US UN dues, UNESCO funding cutoff, Palestine recognition, UN scandal, UN transparency, NGO criticism, UN accountability, anti-Israel resolutions, US UNESCO boycott, international organizations corruption, UN reputation, UN governance issues UN corruption, United Nations, Human Rights Council, UN Watch, human rights abusers, anti-Israel bias, corruption allegations, US UN dues, UNESCO funding, Palestine recognition, US withholds funding, Israel, UN criticism, UN reform, United Nations oversight, NGO accountability, international organizations, UN scandals, UN governance, UN funding, US-UN relations UN corruption, United Nations, Human Rights Council, HRC, human rights abusers, UN Watch, anti-Israel bias, Israel, human rights abuses, corruption allegations, US UN dues, UNESCO funding, Palestine, recognition of Palestine, US UNESCO cuts, UN accountability, international organizations, United Nations reform
test-society-mmcpsgfhbf-con04a	The feminist movement cannot afford to alienate itself from society  The term ‘feminism’ is often associated with men-hating and the radical view that women are superior to men as opposed to gender equality. This happens because extreme feminists who uphold such opinions are consistently given greater media coverage by virtue of having the loudest voices and creating headlines that sell. As a result, the feminist movement is currently lacking the support it deserves and even those who take feminist positions often don’t want to call themselves feminists. (Scharff) [1]  It would be a bad move for it to further radicalise itself and attempt to ban something as present in society as pornography. It will never work, and it will merely make women and men more reluctant to espouse feminist ideologies for fear of being associated with a ‘hate group’.  [1] Scharff, Christina, “Myths of man-hating feminists make feminism unpopular”, Economic & Social Research Council, 7 March 2013, feminist movement, feminism, gender equality, radical feminism, media representation, men's rights, feminism stereotypes, public perception, Scharff Christina, man-hating myth, feminism and society, feminism backlash, pornography debate, feminist identity, media bias, feminist radicalization, support for feminism, gender ideology, feminism and media, feminist stigma feminist movement, feminism, gender equality, radical feminism, media coverage, public perception, men-hating, feminism stigma, feminist identity, social alienation, media bias, extremism, mainstream feminism, anti-pornography, backlash, Christina Scharff, feminist stereotypes, movement support, popular feminism, feminist myths feminist movement, alienation, feminism, men-hating, gender equality, radical feminism, media coverage, extreme feminists, public perception, support for feminism, feminist identity, Scharff, societal attitudes, pornography debate, mainstream feminism, feminist stereotypes, backlash, feminist ideologies, media influence, hate group stigma feminist movement, feminism, gender equality, radical feminism, media representation, men-hating stereotype, feminism backlash, social alienation, public perception, feminist support, feminism and pornography, feminist identity, feminism stigma, Scharff Christina, feminist ideologies, hate group, feminist radicalization, media coverage, feminism myths, feminism popularity feminist movement, alienation, society, feminism, men-hating, gender equality, media coverage, radical feminism, extreme feminists, public perception, support, feminist identity, Scharff, Christina Scharff, myths, unpopularity, pornography, anti-pornography, radicalisation, hate group, social acceptance, feminist ideologies, Economic & Social Research Council
test-society-simhbrasnba-pro01a	The Whole System is broken  It is not clear that the system works at all. The majority of those who apply for asylum are working-age males, [1] which implies that there is a strong economic angle. And worse still, even if countries decide that an applicant has no basis to their claim they are frequently unable to deport them because they often go missing, as 75,000 in Britain have, [2] or because, perversely, they may be punished on return to their country for having sought refuge. So essentially the asylum system provides a loophole for unrestricted immigration, which is both expensive, and dangerous for states. In the age of global terrorism it is a huge risk to allow undocumented individuals to enter and roam freely within any country.  [1] Blinder, Scott, ‘Migration to the UK: Asylum’, The Migration Observatory at the University of Oxford, 23 March 2011.  [2] Whitehead, Tom, ’75,000 asylum seekers have gone missing in past 20 years’, The Telegraph, 6 April 2011. asylum system, system failure, deportation issues, economic migrants, working-age males, asylum loophole, unrestricted immigration, undocumented individuals, global terrorism, public safety risks, missing asylum seekers, UK asylum policy, asylum claimant demographics, migration, border security, asylum claim rejection, punishment on return, migration observatory, expensive immigration, government response asylum system, broken system, economic migration, working-age males, asylum claims, deportation challenges, missing asylum seekers, UK asylum statistics, immigration loopholes, unrestricted immigration, national security, global terrorism, undocumented individuals, migration policy, refugee return risks, immigration costs, asylum process, asylum abuse, border security, public safety asylum system, broken system, economic migration, working-age males, deportation failure, missing asylum seekers, unrestricted immigration, immigration loopholes, national security, global terrorism, undocumented immigrants, expensive asylum, state danger, UK asylum statistics, asylum policy, refugee punishment, asylum abuse, border control, migration risks, Migration Observatory, UK migration, asylum enforcement asylum system, broken system, immigration loophole, deportation challenges, missing asylum seekers, working-age male asylum seekers, economic migration, undocumented immigrants, border security, risk of terrorism, expensive immigration system, asylum abuse, refugee policy, UK asylum statistics, failed asylum claims, return punishment, migration observatory, unrestricted immigration, state security, asylum system flaws asylum system, broken immigration system, asylum seekers, economic migration, deportation challenges, missing asylum seekers, UK immigration, migration policy, refugee loophole, asylum claim abuse, global terrorism, undocumented immigrants, public safety risk, migration observatory, unrestricted immigration, immigration enforcement, deportation obstacles, refugee return punishment, national security, asylum statistics
test-economy-epiasghbf-con04a	Where are the men?  Is the feminisation of labour emerging with a de-masculinisation of jobs? If so, how do women cope in the work environment? Are methods being integrated to ensure a just work environment is maintained?  Overa’s (2007) study on gender relations within the informal economy indicates how tensions emerge with women and men being forced into similar occupations. The informal economy of retail trade in Ghana is becoming overcrowded as men enter into female jobs; competition is causing reductions in returns, and further, frustrations are rising against the state. Therefore if more women are entering male jobs, what are the reactions? feminisation of labour, de-masculinisation of jobs, gender relations, informal economy, workplace coping, just work environment, gender tensions, retail trade Ghana, occupational competition, male entry female jobs, return reduction, labour market frustration, women in male jobs, occupational segregation, workplace integration, employment gender dynamics, job gender shift, Overa 2007, gender equality, work environment adaptation feminisation of labour, de-masculinisation of jobs, gender relations, informal economy, Overa 2007, Ghana, retail trade, work environment, women coping strategies, occupational competition, overcrowding, economic returns, male entry into female jobs, gender tensions, just work environment, state frustrations, gendered occupations, workplace integration, employment dynamics, gendered competition, reactions to women in male jobs feminisation of labour, de-masculinisation, gender relations, informal economy, retail trade, Ghana, women in workforce, occupational segregation, job competition, workplace coping strategies, just work environment, gender tensions, female jobs, male jobs, occupational crowding, economic returns, labour market, Overa 2007, gender integration, state response, workplace frustration feminisation of labour, de-masculinisation of jobs, gender relations, informal economy, workplace gender dynamics, coping strategies women, just work environment, gender integration methods, Overa 2007, Ghana retail trade, job competition, occupational gender segregation, men entering female jobs, women entering male jobs, economic returns, workplace tension, state frustration, gendered occupations, gender workforce transition, gender equality, labour market changes feminisation of labour, de-masculinisation of jobs, gender relations, informal economy, retail trade, Ghana, women in workforce, men in female jobs, occupational competition, employment shifts, workplace tensions, Overa 2007, gendered occupations, job returns, state frustration, occupational integration, just work environment, coping mechanisms, male reactions, female reactions, labor market trends
test-education-egscphsrdt-pro03a	No harm to non-drug users  Random drug tests will pose no harm to students who do not use illegal drugs, as they have nothing to fear from this fact being certified. If anything it serves as a vindication of their law-abidance and good character.  Random drug tests will only catch those who are actively taking drugs, as tests can be used which are unlikely to make a 'positive' reading from secondary exposure (for example, being near someone else smoking cannabis).  Those actively taking drugs need help in getting off drugs far more urgently than they need their right to 'privacy', as addiction at a young age could have a significant negative impact upon the remainder of their time in education. Therefore, non-drug users have nothing to fear from testing. As a result random checks are in the best interests of drug users. random drug testing, non-drug users, student safety, illegal drugs, vindication, law-abiding, good character, drug prevention, secondary exposure, cannabis, privacy rights, addiction, education impact, early intervention, best interests, drug use detection, harm reduction, drug rehabilitation, school policies, youth drug use, drug testing accuracy random drug testing, non-drug users, students, illegal drugs, drug test accuracy, secondary exposure, drug use detection, privacy rights, student safety, addiction intervention, law-abiding, good character, educational impact, student welfare, school policy random drug testing, non-drug users, student drug policy, drug test harm, illegal drugs, student privacy, secondary exposure, drug addiction, education impact, law-abiding students, student character, drug user identification, drug prevention, school safety, student vindication, youth intervention, privacy vs safety, drug test accuracy, supportive intervention, drug use deterrence random drug testing, non-drug users, student safety, illegal drugs, drug test accuracy, secondary exposure, cannabis, law-abidance, good character, positive test results, drug use detection, privacy rights, addiction, youth, education impact, drug rehabilitation, student welfare, vindication, school policy, drug prevention, harm reduction, random checks, best interests, non-users, drug intervention random drug tests, non-drug users, illegal drugs, student safety, drug testing, law-abiding, good character, drug detection, secondary exposure, cannabis, drug addiction, privacy rights, education impact, student wellbeing, addiction intervention, vindication, harm prevention, random checks, best interests, school policy, drug prevention, student health, substance abuse
test-digital-freedoms-efsappgdfp-con04a	The use of meta data causes unintentional harm  The other possible harm is unintentional. The amount of data involved is huge and too much even for a vast organization like the NSA to actually physically look at. Instead it uses data mining. This is why the NSA wants data that may seem useless to others. The records of which phone numbers are phoning who, as the NSA was obtaining of Verizon, might seem useless but can tell them who you are contacting, and how much contact time they have. In turn they could look at who your contacts have been talking to and if it turns out that several of them talk regularly to suspected terrorists then even if you are innocent a finger of suspicion might be pointed. There has even been a study showing that individuals can be identified from just the time of call and nearest cell phone tower after just four calls. [1] PRISM gives the NSA even more ‘useless’ data to play with. The results of this data mining may usually be accurate but will not always be so and the result of being flagged like this can be problematic for individuals. It may mean additional airport security, having problems getting a visa, [2] or in the worst case finding its way onto a no fly list.  [1] De Montjoye, Yves-Alexandre, et al., ‘Unique in the Crowd: The privacy bounds of human mobility’, Scientific Reports, 3, 25 March 2013,   [2] Brown, Ian, ‘Yes, NSA surveillance should worry the law-abiding’, guardian.co.uk, 10 June 2013, metadata, data mining, NSA, surveillance, privacy, unintentional harm, call records, phone metadata, PRISM, Verizon, suspicion, false positives, individual identification, cell phone tower, human mobility, airport security, visa issues, no fly list, mass surveillance, privacy risks, data collection, surveillance harms, digital privacy, false suspicion, secondary data use, network analysis, social network analysis, communication patterns, targeted surveillance, big data ethics, De Montjoye study, privacy invasion, algorithmic bias, government surveillance, Guardian article metadata, unintentional harm, mass surveillance, data mining, NSA, privacy invasion, call records, phone metadata, Verizon, contact analysis, social network analysis, suspicion, false positives, individual identification, cell tower data, PRISM, surveillance consequences, no fly list, airport security, visa issues, human mobility, privacy risks, unique identification, surveillance accuracy, collateral damage, government monitoring, surveillance studies, Yves-Alexandre de Montjoye, privacy bounds, law-abiding citizens, Ian Brown, Guardian, surveillance implications, big data, algorithmic bias, surveillance side effects metadata, surveillance, data mining, NSA, privacy, phone records, call metadata, PRISM, cell tower, identification, unintentional harm, bulk data, data collection, false positives, security screening, no-fly list, airport security, visa issues, suspected terrorists, pattern analysis, human mobility, privacy invasion, unique identification, mass surveillance, phone contacts, data analysis, algorithmic bias, Guardian, Yves-Alexandre De Montjoye, Scientific Reports metadata, surveillance, NSA, data mining, privacy, unintentional harm, call records, phone metadata, PRISM, Verizon, pattern analysis, suspicion, terrorist connections, individual identification, cell tower data, airport security, visa problems, no-fly list, false positives, surveillance consequences, human mobility, privacy risks, law-abiding citizens, mass data collection, big data, personal data, government surveillance, data misuse, secondary surveillance, digital footprint, surveillance studies, De Montjoye, Scientific Reports, Ian Brown, Guardian metadata, unintentional harm, data mining, NSA, surveillance, phone records, call data, PRISM, privacy, data analysis, contact tracing, false positives, individual identification, cell tower, communication patterns, suspicion, security screening, visa issues, no fly list, De Montjoye, Unique in the Crowd, human mobility, Scientific Reports, Ian Brown, NSA surveillance, Guardian
test-politics-ypppdghwid-con03a	"The desire for, and fight for, democracy must come from within or else democratic government will not be sustainable.  Unless the people within a country want democracy, they will not respect it. Unlike military dictatorships, democratic governments do not rely solely -- or even mainly-- on force to enforce the law. Rather, most people obey the law at least in part because they believe those laws are legitimate, as the result of free and fair elections. If citizens do not want such an electoral system, then there is no reason for them to obey the law, pay taxes etc. and the government will be unable to maintain order. Indeed, foreign-imposed democracies often slide back into authoritarian regimes because they find that they cannot uphold the law (at least without foreign support). Enterline and Greig found in a 2007 empirical study that half of imposed democracies fail within 30 years, and that this failure reduces the likelihood of democracy being successfully established in the future1/2.  1 Enterline, Andrew J. and Greig, J. Michael. ""Against All Odds? Historical Trends in Imposed Democracy & the Future of Iraq &Afghanistan.""  2 Doyle, Michael. ""Promoting Democracy is Not Imposing Democracy."" The Huffington Post. democracy, internal motivation, sustainability, democratic legitimacy, public support, law obedience, free elections, imposed democracy, foreign intervention, military dictatorship, authoritarian regime, regime failure, public consent, Enterline Greig study, Doyle promoting democracy, legitimacy of government, democratic stability, electoral system, foreign-imposed democracy, regime change, democratic transition, democratization, state building, political culture democracy, democratic government, sustainability, internal support, citizen consent, legitimacy, law enforcement, free elections, electoral system, foreign-imposed democracy, authoritarian regimes, regime failure, military dictatorship, Enterline, Greig, Doyle, democracy promotion, regime change, democratic legitimacy, law obedience, tax compliance, imposed democracies, democracy failure rates, regime stability, Iraq, Afghanistan, empirical study, future of democracy democracy, sustainability, public support, internal motivation, democratic legitimacy, rule of law, free and fair elections, citizen consent, foreign-imposed democracy, authoritarian regimes, military dictatorship, law enforcement, legitimacy, imposed democracies, democratic failure, Enterline Greig study, democratic transition, public trust, democratic government, Iraq, Afghanistan, democracy promotion, democratic stability, Michael Doyle, political legitimacy democracy, democratic legitimacy, sustainable government, internal desire, citizen support, law compliance, free elections, fair elections, legitimacy of laws, military dictatorship, foreign-imposed democracy, authoritarianism, regime change, foreign intervention, democratic failure, imposed democracy, Enterline Greig study, historical trends, government order, tax compliance, state stability, Iraq, Afghanistan, democratic transition, democracy promotion, democratic sustainability democracy, democratic legitimacy, internal desire, sustainable democracy, popular support, imposed democracy, foreign intervention, authoritarianism, military dictatorship, law enforcement, legitimacy of laws, electoral system, civic obedience, tax compliance, government stability, foreign-imposed regime, regime failure, empirical study, Enterline, Greig, Doyle, Iraq, Afghanistan, democracy promotion, democratic backsliding, regime change, democratic resilience, public will, legitimacy crisis, imposed regime outcomes"
test-society-ghbgqeaaems-pro02a	More women in the labour market leads to higher GDP  By introducing gender quotas to ensure gender equality, one could not only increase the labour force by bringing more women but also enhance the labour productivity and the available talent pool in a country. This would stimulate businesses to expand, innovate, and compete. This process has an effect of raising tax revenue and social security payments. The overall effect is the positive growth of the economy.  Therefore, addressing social injustice and higher economic returns are mutually supportive goals.  This argument is particularly relevant for qualified women who could be hired at executive positions, but are prevented from doing so due to cultural beliefs, societal practices, and lack of economic and institutional support. A study by Asa Löfström on the links between economic growth and productivity in the labour market argues that if women’s productivity level rises to the level of men’s, Europe’s GDP could grow 27% which makes women’s participation is of crucial importance to Europe’s economy. [1] Quotas would allow for a better utilisation of the talent pool; as currently, 59% of the students graduating from Europe’s higher educational institutes are women. [2] With the current access to education and the introduction of quotas against barriers of existing prejudices, women will have incentives and support to increase their productivity  In the case of Norway, the quota law requires all public, state-owned , municipal, inter-municipal and cooperative companies to appoint at least 40% women on their boards per 2008. The law led to a fast increase from 6% women on boards of public limited companies in 2002 to  36% in 2008. [3]  [1] Löfström, Asa. Gender Equality, Economic Growth and Employment. Swedish Presidency of the European Union, 2009. Web.  [2] European Parliament, “Gender Quotas in Management Boards”, 2012  [3] Working Paper: “The Quota-instrument: Different Approaches across Europe”. N.p.: European Commission’s Network to Promote Women in Decision-making in Politics and the Economy, 2011. Web. women, labour market, GDP growth, gender quotas, gender equality, labour force participation, labour productivity, talent pool, business expansion, innovation, economic growth, tax revenue, social security, economic returns, social justice, executive positions, cultural barriers, institutional support, Asa Löfström, Europe, productivity gap, higher education, women graduates, Norway, quota law, board diversity, public companies, gender representation, employment, management boards, European Union, economic policy, workforce diversification, gender discrimination, decision-making, workplace inclusion women, labour market, GDP growth, gender quotas, gender equality, labour force, labour productivity, talent pool, business expansion, innovation, competition, tax revenue, social security payments, economic growth, social justice, executive positions, cultural barriers, societal practices, economic support, institutional support, Asa Löfström, productivity gap, Europe, economic impact, higher education, female graduates, Norway, quota law, board representation, public companies, gender diversity, management boards, policy effects, employment, European Union, economic returns, decision-making, gender representation, gender bias women in labour market, gender quotas, gender equality, labour force participation, labour productivity, talent pool, economic growth, GDP increase, tax revenue, social security payments, executive positions, cultural barriers, societal practices, institutional support, Asa Löfström study, productivity gap, Europe GDP, female graduates, higher education, discrimination, Norway quota law, board representation, public companies, policy impact, women in leadership, management boards, economic returns, social justice, employment, policy effectiveness, European Union, case study, barriers to entry, quota effects women in labour market, gender quotas, gender equality, GDP growth, labour productivity, talent pool, business expansion, innovation, economic growth, tax revenue, social security payments, social justice, economic returns, executive positions, cultural barriers, societal practices, institutional support, Asa Löfström, Europe GDP, women’s productivity, higher education, student graduates, quotas on boards, Norway quota law, board diversity, public companies, European Union, economic policy, women in management, workforce participation, gender representation, decision-making, Norway case study, European Commission, women in leadership women in labour market, gender quotas, gender equality, GDP growth, labour productivity, talent pool, business expansion, innovation, competition, tax revenue, social security, economic growth, social justice, executive positions, cultural barriers, societal practices, economic support, institutional support, Asa Löfström, productivity gap, Europe GDP, women’s participation, higher education graduates, education access, barriers, Norway quota law, board representation, public companies, gender diversity, management boards, European Parliament, policy impact, women decision-making, economic empowerment
test-politics-glghssi-con02a	The union has worked for over three hundred years and most people feel comfortable with the joint Scots/British identity  For over three centuries the two nations have cooperated much to their mutual advantage. The majority of Scots are happy with their British-ness.  In terms of culture and art the two nations have maintained distinctive traditions but ones which have been enhanced by their interaction. There are many people who have relatives from Scotland and another of the Home Nations for whom British is the more obvious identity. [i]  After centuries of fighting with each other the Union brought peace and mutual benefit.  [i] Mitchell, David, ‘If Scotland does secede, I won’t be alone in mourning for my country’, The Observer, 15 May 2011, union, three hundred years, Scots, British identity, cooperation, Scotland, mutual advantage, cultural traditions, art, Home Nations, British-ness, distinctiveness, interaction, relatives, peace, mutual benefit, David Mitchell, Scottish secession, Observer, 2011 union, Scotland, Britain, British identity, Scots, national identity, union history, cultural integration, cultural distinctiveness, Home Nations, mutual benefit, historical cooperation, peace, Scottish-British relations, secession, family heritage, art traditions, interaction, Observer, David Mitchell, national unity, United Kingdom, three centuries, Scottish culture, British culture union, three centuries, Scotland, Britain, joint identity, Scots, Britishness, cultural traditions, art, cooperation, mutual advantage, Home Nations, family ties, peace, secession, Observer, David Mitchell, national identity, Scottish-British relations, cultural interaction, historical union, public opinion union, three hundred years, Scots, British identity, mutual advantage, national cooperation, Scottish culture, British culture, distinctive traditions, cultural interaction, Home Nations, Britishness, peace, mutual benefit, secession, David Mitchell, The Observer, Scottish-British relations, integration, United Kingdom, national identity, historical union union, three hundred years, Scots, British identity, cooperation, mutual advantage, Scotland, United Kingdom, cultural traditions, art, distinctiveness, interaction, relatives, Home Nations, Britishness, peace, mutual benefit, secession, David Mitchell, The Observer, national identity, Scottish history, Anglo-Scottish relations, cultural integration, public opinion, Scottish-British relations
test-science-dssghsdmd-con02a	The political consequences of the system make the world less safe  Many countries look upon the national missile defense program of the United States as a serious threat to their security. Russia stands at the forefront of this group, and has for several years actively opposed the development of an anti-ballistic missile technology. If the program is a success and only the United States and its close strategic allies possess the ability to develop such defenses, they will have a marked advantage over all other countries in terms of fighting ability, as the United States would be able to use its own ballistic missiles to intimidate and attack its opponents while being effectively immune to retaliation. Fears over the development of the system have led Russia to make extremely threatening postures on its European border; when the United States planned to deploy a battery of interceptor missiles in Poland in 2008, Russia responded by increasing troop numbers along its European borders and even threatened to deploy its own battery of short-range nuclear missiles on the border (Harding, 2007). This sort of conflict is extremely dangerous, and raises the chance of international conflict escalating into war. Such an outcome is extremely undesirable, and the defensive capabilities of a missile shield are not enough to warrant such risks. Furthermore, the United Nations has sought to end research into anti-ballistic missile technology, and has on several occasions called on the United States to stop its testing (Reuters, 1999). Much of the international community fears the instability that might arise from the breaking down of the current world order of nuclear deterrence between states. national missile defense, United States, anti-ballistic missile technology, Russia, international security, military advantage, ballistic missiles, arms race, nuclear deterrence, military escalation, European border, missile deployment, international conflict, United Nations, global stability, missile shield, strategic balance, international community, military threats, disarmament, missile testing, global insecurity, nonproliferation, military posturing, escalation risks national missile defense, United States, security threat, Russia, anti-ballistic missile technology, international conflict, nuclear deterrence, military advantage, arms race, missile shield, United Nations, global instability, military escalation, international relations, nuclear proliferation, Poland, interceptor missiles, European border, strategic balance, arms control, military posturing, international community national missile defense, United States, security threat, Russia, anti-ballistic missile, strategic advantage, ballistic missiles, international conflict, military escalation, nuclear deterrence, European border, missile deployment, Poland, troop increase, short-range nuclear missiles, military posturing, United Nations, anti-ballistic missile technology, international instability, arms race, global security, missile shield, world order, nuclear weapons, military technology, geopolitical tension national missile defense, United States, security threat, Russia, anti-ballistic missile, international conflict, military advantage, ballistic missile, nuclear deterrence, international instability, arms race, UN opposition, European border, missile deployment, Poland, global security, escalation risk, military posturing, short-range nuclear missiles, strategic balance, world order, deterrence breakdown, United Nations, missile shield, military technology, international relations national missile defense, United States, security threat, Russia, anti-ballistic missile technology, military advantage, ballistic missiles, international conflict, nuclear deterrence, Poland missile deployment, European border tensions, short-range nuclear missiles, United Nations, missile shield risks, international instability, arms race, world order, strategic balance, global security, missile testing, disarmament, international opposition
test-law-ralhrilglv-pro01a	A delay is necessary for national security  Kenya is at risk of terrorist attack. Al-Shabab, a group linked to Al Qaeda have launched a number of attacks against Kenya. In addition to the Westgate massacre, there have been grenade attacks on bus terminals [1] and suicide bombings in refugee camps [2] .  Kenya’s waters are also used by Somali based pirates as a ground for attacks on international shipping, including possibly targeting ships travelling towards the port of Mombasa.  It is more important to the international community to have credible action taken in order to protect the Kenyan people from terrorism. This needs a strong Kenyan government – which means that there cannot be a change due to an international trial.  [1] Associated Press, “Two grenade blasts rattle Nairobi; 1 dead”, USA Today, 25/10/2011   [2] Ombati, Cyrus, “Terror suspects die after bombs explode on them”, Standard Digital News, Kenya, national security, terrorist attack, Al-Shabab, Al Qaeda, Westgate massacre, grenade attacks, bus terminals, suicide bombings, refugee camps, Somali pirates, international shipping, port of Mombasa, terrorism, international community, credible action, Kenyan government, international trial, security delay, Associated Press, USA Today, Standard Digital News, risk, protection, credible governance, piracy, attacks, East Africa, political stability national security, Kenya, terrorist attack, Al-Shabab, Al Qaeda, Westgate massacre, grenade attacks, bus terminals, suicide bombings, refugee camps, Somali pirates, piracy, international shipping, Mombasa port, terrorism, strong government, international trial, credible action, Associated Press, USA Today, Standard Digital News, terrorist threats, security delay, political stability, maritime security, East Africa, counterterrorism, international community national security, Kenya, terrorist attack, Al-Shabab, Al Qaeda, Westgate massacre, grenade attacks, bus terminals, suicide bombings, refugee camps, Somali pirates, international shipping, Mombasa port, terrorism, international community, credible action, Kenyan government, international trial, Associated Press, USA Today, Standard Digital News Kenya, national security, terrorist attack, Al-Shabab, Al Qaeda, Westgate massacre, grenade attacks, bus terminals, suicide bombings, refugee camps, Somali pirates, international shipping, port of Mombasa, terrorism, Kenyan government, international trial, Associated Press, USA Today, Standard Digital News, credible action, security threats, East Africa, maritime security, political stability, counterterrorism, risk assessment national security, Kenya, terrorist attack, Al-Shabab, Al Qaeda, Westgate massacre, grenade attacks, bus terminals, suicide bombings, refugee camps, Somali pirates, international shipping, Mombasa port, terrorism, credible action, Kenyan government, international trial, Associated Press, Standard Digital News
test-science-dssghsdmd-pro01a	As a matter of principle, every country, including the United States, has the right to defend itself to the best of its technological and economic ability  The nation-state is the fundamental building block of the international system, and is recognized as such in all international treaties and organizations (Mearsheimer, 1993). States are recognized as having the right to defend themselves, and this right must extend to the possession of a strategic national missile defense system. The United States has every right to develop such a system if it will furnish a greater measure of defense for its citizens and interests. US military technology is the most advanced and prodigiously financed in the world, which is why it is generally the United States that stands at the forefront of new defense and combat systems. The National Missile Defense program is simply the newest tool in the arsenal of the world’s greatest military, whose purpose is entirely defensive. To shield itself from potential ballistic missile, and even nuclear, attack the United States has the right to build a missile shield to defend itself and its allies under its aegis. There is no principled justification for a country to not pursue defense initiatives that benefit itself and that it wishes to pursue. national missile defense, United States, self-defense, technological capability, economic capability, nation-state, international system, international treaties, military technology, strategic defense, missile shield, ballistic missile, nuclear attack, defense initiatives, US military, Mearsheimer, state sovereignty, defense policy, military innovation, international law, security policy, allied defense national missile defense, United States, self-defense, international law, nation-state, military technology, strategic defense, ballistic missile, nuclear deterrence, Mearsheimer, sovereignty, international system, defense policy, military capability, national security, defense initiatives, technological superiority, military funding, missile shield, alliance protection, security dilemma, global security, arms race, defense rights, international treaties national missile defense, United States, self-defense, international law, state sovereignty, nation-state, military technology, strategic defense, missile shield, ballistic missile defense, nuclear deterrence, US military, defense policy, international treaties, national security, Mearsheimer, defense initiatives, military superiority, technological capability, economic ability, international relations, defensive systems, state rights, military funding, global security national missile defense, United States, right to self-defense, nation-state, international system, military technology, international treaties, Mearsheimer 1993, defense systems, US military, strategic defense, ballistic missile defense, nuclear deterrence, military funding, defense initiatives, sovereignty, international organizations, missile shield, allied defense, defensive weapons, arms development, security policy national missile defense, United States, self-defense, nation-state, international system, military technology, strategic defense, ballistic missile, nuclear attack, US military, international law, sovereignty, defense technology, Mearsheimer, defense initiatives, international treaties, missile shield, state rights, defense policy, military capability
test-politics-ypppdghwid-pro01a	"Interventions can be successful given the right conditions.  Certain factors may increase the chance of success: for example imposing democracy on a nation with which there were once colonial relationships increases the expected lifespan of the democracy. Democratic transitions in general also tend to be more successful if economic conditions are better. Obviously we are not advocating imposing democracy on every country which does not have it, but if there are strong enough institutions and conditions, imposition can work and there have been past successes like Germany and Japan post WWII that show the worth of imposing democracy1/2.  1 Enterline, Andrew J. and Greig, J. Michael.""Against All Odds? Historical Trends in Imposed Democracy & the Future of Iraq & Afghanistan.""  2 Przeworski et al ""What Makes Democracies Endure?"" Journal of Democracy. imposed democracy, democratic transitions, democracy lifespan, colonial relationships, economic conditions, institution strength, post-conflict democratization, Germany post-WWII, Japan post-WWII, Enterline Greig, Przeworski democracies, democracy endurance, nation-building, democracy interventions, success factors, democracy promotion, regime change, historical trends, Iraq, Afghanistan, post-colonial democratization, external intervention, democracy stability imposed democracy, democratic transitions, colonial relationships, democracy lifespan, economic conditions, institutional strength, success factors, Germany, Japan, post-WWII, Enterline, Greig, Przeworski, democracy endurance, historical trends, Iraq, Afghanistan, regime change, democracy promotion, political institutions, democratization, intervention outcomes democracy imposition, democratic transitions, colonial relationships, institutional strength, economic conditions, democratic success factors, imposed democracy, Germany post-WWII, Japan post-WWII, Enterline Greig, Przeworski, democracy durability, historical trends, democratic endurance, democracy in Iraq, democracy in Afghanistan, post-conflict democratization, democracy lifespan, intervention outcomes, democratization prerequisites imposed democracy, democratic transitions, colonial relationships, economic conditions, democratic success factors, institutions, post-WWII Germany, post-WWII Japan, democracy lifespan, historical trends, Iraq, Afghanistan, Enterline, Greig, Przeworski, democracy endurance, Journal of Democracy, nation building, democracy imposition, regime change, democracy stability imposed democracy, democratic transitions, intervention success factors, economic conditions, colonial relationships, institutional strength, democracy lifespan, Germany post-WWII, Japan post-WWII, Iraq, Afghanistan, imposed democracy case studies, democracy endurance, Enterline Greig, Przeworski, democracy imposition outcomes, historical democratic transitions, democracy stability, nation-building, post-conflict democratization, external intervention"
test-science-cpisydfphwj-con02a	Facebook has some dangerous consequences  Facebook is becoming more and more integrated into our lives, but unfortunately the uncertainty of who is at the other end of the computer is proving to be a massive threat to our mental and physical safety.  First of all, undoubtedly, rape is one of the most serious and unforgiveable crimes anyone can commit, as it leaves permanent physical and mental scars on women. Unfortunately, Facebook is used by troubled men to take advantage of naive women. They use Facebook in order to get in touch with their victims (often posing as someone who he is not), and after they get to know each other, after he gained the victims trust he deceives her into meeting him, a mistake she’ll regret forever. As physical integrity is one of the rights most fundamental rights, and as Facebook is facilitating the violation of this right, it is absolutely clear that these social networks are detrimental to the society.(1)(2)  Secondly, another level on which Facebook is harmful is cyber bullying. It affects many adolescents and teens on a daily basis. Cyber bullying involves using technology to bully or harass another person. Sending mean Facebook messages or threats to a person, spreading rumours online or posting hurtful or threatening messages on social networking sites are just a few of the ways in which a lot of children get bullied every single day.  “Despite the potential damage of cyber bullying, it is alarmingly common among adolescents and teens. According to Cyber bullying statistics from the i-SAFE foundation:  Over half of adolescents and teens have been bullied online, and about the same number have engaged in cyber bullying. More than 1 in 3 young people have experienced cyberthreats online.”(3)  (1) Justin Davenport “Hunt for ‘Facebook rapists’ before they can strike again” London Evening Standard, 15 November 2012   (2) “Two men gang-rape girl in Kota after befriending her on Facebook”, Times of India, Aug 21, 2013   (3) Bullying Statistics Facebook dangers, online safety, social media risks, rape cases, Facebook crime, mental health, physical safety, online predators, sexual assault, identity deception, social networking threats, cyberbullying, adolescent safety, teen bullying, technology abuse, online harassment, cyber threats, social network harm, privacy invasion, digital communication risks, psychological impact, Facebook victimization, victim trust, internet crime, online abuse, Facebook rape, fake identities, social media negatives, misinformation, cybercrime, online rumors, harassment statistics, digital safety, privacy risks, social network crime, child safety online Facebook dangers, social media risks, online safety, digital privacy, cybercrime, sexual assault, rape, online predators, identity deception, victimization, women's safety, mental health, physical safety, cyber bullying, adolescent safety, teen bullying, online harassment, digital abuse, social network threats, Facebook crime, trust violation, technology abuse, online rumors, cyber threats, bullying statistics, i-SAFE foundation, Facebook rape cases, gang-rape, online grooming, social media crime, digital victimization, harmful consequences Facebook, social media dangers, online safety, rape, sexual assault, online predators, cybercrime, Facebook integration, victimization, trust deception, physical safety, mental health, women's safety, online harassment, cyber bullying, adolescent safety, teen safety, online threats, spreading rumors, bullying statistics, i-SAFE foundation, social network risks, identity deception, digital abuse, online crime, negative consequences, privacy violation, digital trust, grooming, psychological impact, harmful effects, crime facilitation, children online safety, social network abuse Facebook dangers, social media consequences, online safety, Facebook crime, Facebook rape, social network risks, sexual assault social media, online predator Facebook, online trust issues, Facebook mental health, physical safety Facebook, cyberbullying, cyberbullying statistics, adolescent cyberbullying, teen cyberbullying, online harassment, bullying social networks, internet rumors, online threats, Facebook bullying, social media abuse, victim grooming, online impersonation, deception Facebook, digital mental scars, technology-facilitated crime, Facebook societal impact Facebook, social media, dangerous consequences, online safety, mental health, physical safety, online predators, rape, sexual assault, online grooming, naive women, trust deception, cybercrime, fundamental rights, privacy violation, social network dangers, cyber bullying, adolescents, teens, online harassment, online threats, mean messages, spreading rumors, online abuse, cyberbullying statistics, i-SAFE foundation, online victimization, social networking sites, safety risks, identity deception, harmful effects, crime facilitation
test-health-dhpelhbass-con02a	"If someone is threatening to kill themselves it is your moral duty to try to stop them  Those who commit suicide are not evil, and those who attempt to take their own lives are not prosecuted. However, it is your moral duty to try and prevent people from committing suicide. You would not, for example, simply ignore a man standing on a ledge and threatening to jump simply because it is his choice; and you would definitely not assist in his suicide by pushing him. In the same way, you should try to help a person with a terminal illness, not help them to die. With the exception of the libertarian position that each person has a right against others that they not interfere with her suicidal intentions. Little justification is necessary for actions that aim to prevent another's suicide but are non-coercive. Pleading with a suicidal individual, trying to convince her of the value of continued life, recommending counseling, etc. are morally unproblematic, since they do not interfere with the individual's conduct or plans except by engaging her rational capacities (Cosculluela 1994, 35; Cholbi 2002, 252). [1] The impulse toward suicide is often short-lived, ambivalent, and influenced by mental illnesses such as depression. While these facts together do not appear to justify intervening in others' suicidal intentions, they are indicators that the suicide may be undertaken with less than full rationality. Yet given the added fact that death is irreversible, when these factors are present, they justify intervention in others' suicidal plans on the grounds that suicide is not in the individual's interests as they would rationally conceive those interests. We might call this the ‘no regrets' or ‘err on the side of life’ approach to suicide intervention (Martin 1980; Pabst Battin 1996, 141; Cholbi 2002). [2]  [1] Cholbi, Michael, ""Suicide"", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2009 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.),  #DutTowSui (accessed 7/6/2011)  [2] Cholbi, Michael, ""Suicide"", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2009 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.),  #DutTowSui (accessed 7/6/2011) suicide prevention, moral duty, suicide intervention, ethical obligation, non-coercive intervention, mental illness, depression, rationality, terminal illness, libertarian position, right to die, preventing suicide, suicide ethics, suicide assistance, suicide prosecution, no regrets approach, err on the side of life, autonomy, counseling, philosophical ethics, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, rational decision-making, ambivalent impulse, irreversibility of death, justification for intervention, Michael Cholbi, philosophy of suicide suicide, moral duty, prevention, intervention, ethics, mental illness, depression, terminal illness, rationality, non-coercive actions, counseling, suicide prevention, value of life, libertarian position, right to die, responsibility, assisting suicide, justification, err on the side of life, ambivalence, irreversible, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Michael Cholbi, autonomy, suicide intervention, interests, regrets, rational capacities suicide prevention, moral duty, suicide intervention, philosophical ethics, autonomy, rationality, mental illness, depression, non-coercive intervention, right to die, libertarian position, suicide ethics, terminal illness, value of life, assisted suicide, no regrets approach, err on the side of life, justification of intervention, Michael Cholbi, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, suicide rationality, suicide ambivalence, suicide irreversibility, ethical obligations, counseling, suicide attempts, suicide and law suicide, moral duty, prevention, ethical intervention, non-coercive action, mental illness, depression, rationality, terminal illness, assisted suicide, libertarian position, autonomy, counseling, short-lived impulse, suicide intervention, no regrets approach, err on the side of life, irreversibility of death, philosophical justification, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Michael Cholbi, interests, ambivalence, value of life, persuasion, mental health, justification for intervention suicide prevention, moral duty, suicide intervention, assisted suicide, ethical responsibility, rationality, terminal illness, mental illness, depression, non-coercive actions, autonomy, libertarian position, suicide ethics, duty to prevent suicide, counseling recommendations, value of life, irrational suicide, suicide and law, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, no regrets approach, err on the side of life, justification for intervention, ambivalence, irreversible death, suicide rationality"
test-health-dhpelhbass-con03a	Only God can give and take away life  Life is Sacred so no one has the right to take a life, this includes ones own. As a result both suicide and assisted suicide are wrong. There are many passages within the bible that speak of the idea that God has appointed a time for all to die, 'Hebrews 9:27, “And as it is appointed unto men once to die, but after this the judgement:” Ecclesiastes 3:1-2, “To every thing there is a season, and a time to every purpose under the heaven: A time to be born, and a time to die; a time to plant, and a time to pluck up that which is planted;” Ecclesiastes 7:17, “Be not over much wicked, neither be thou foolish: why shouldest thou die before thy time?” [1] In addition to this, physicians are nowhere in Scripture given authority to take someone's life. Apart from the government in the case of capital punishment, all other human beings are given the commandment “Thou shalt not kill,” Exodus 20:13 and “Thou shalt do no murder,” Matthew 19:18. [2]  [1] Pastor Art Kohl, 'The Bible Speaks on Euthanasia', Political Science and the Bible, 2002  (accessed 6/6/2011)  [2] Pastor Art Kohl, 'The Bible Speaks on Euthanasia', Political Science and the Bible, 2002  (accessed 6/6/2011) God, life, sacred, suicide, assisted suicide, Bible, scripture, appointed time, Hebrews 9:27, Ecclesiastes 3:1-2, Ecclesiastes 7:17, authority, physicians, capital punishment, commandment, Thou shalt not kill, Exodus 20:13, Thou shalt do no murder, Matthew 19:18, euthanasia, morality, Christian ethics, sanctity of life, death, judgment, religious perspective, Pastor Art Kohl, Political Science and the Bible sanctity of life, God’s authority over life and death, suicide, assisted suicide, biblical teachings, euthanasia, Hebrews 9:27, Ecclesiastes 3:1-2, Ecclesiastes 7:17, physician authority, scripture, commandment “Thou shalt not kill”, Exodus 20:13, Matthew 19:18, capital punishment, Christian ethics, end-of-life, Bible passages, moral theology, right to die, pro-life, Christianity, death and judgment, moral law, divine will God, sanctity of life, sacredness of life, suicide, assisted suicide, euthanasia, Bible, scripture, right to life, taking life, life and death, authority over life, Hebrews 9:27, Ecclesiastes 3:1-2, Ecclesiastes 7:17, appointed time to die, Thou shalt not kill, Exodus 20:13, Matthew 19:18, murder, capital punishment, physicians, Christian ethics, euthanasia debate, Art Kohl, Biblical teachings, political science and the Bible sanctity of life, suicide, assisted suicide, euthanasia, biblical perspective, scripture, God’s authority, taking life, appointed time to die, Hebrews 9:27, Ecclesiastes 3:1-2, Ecclesiastes 7:17, prohibition on killing, Exodus 20:13, Matthew 19:18, physician authority, capital punishment, Christian ethics, moral theology, Bible passages on death, life and death, religious arguments against euthanasia, Pastor Art Kohl, Political Science and the Bible sanctity of life, biblical perspective, suicide, assisted suicide, euthanasia, scripture references, divine authority, God’s sovereignty, right to die, capital punishment, physicians, Exodus 20:13, Matthew 19:18, Ecclesiastes 3:1-2, Hebrews 9:27, Ecclesiastes 7:17, Christian ethics, commandment “Thou shalt not kill”, moral theology, end of life, death in the Bible
test-politics-gvhbhlsbr-pro04a	The current House of Lords is undemocratic  The House of Lords is undemocratic. Currently the members of the House of Lords consist of hereditary peers, senior members of the Church of England and those appointed by political parties. Whether or not there is an abuse of power or the outcome of the House of Lords is beside the point – its very existence in its current state is undemocratic and as such it should be reformed. It seems nonsensical that a country that lectures to the rest of the world the importance of democracy, to the point of war, should overlook such a grievance in their own society. House of Lords, undemocratic, hereditary peers, Church of England, appointed members, political appointments, lack of democracy, parliamentary reform, unelected chamber, UK democracy, legitimacy, reform proposals, democratic deficit, constitutional reform, peerage system, British Parliament, upper house, UK politics, legislative reform, governance, political accountability House of Lords, undemocratic, hereditary peers, appointed members, Church of England, political appointments, abuse of power, democracy, reform, British government, legislative reform, democratic deficit, UK parliament, constitutional reform, non-elected chamber House of Lords, undemocratic, hereditary peers, Church of England, appointed members, political parties, reform, democracy, British politics, legislative reform, unelected chamber, democratic legitimacy, UK Parliament, constitutional reform, democratic deficit, government accountability House of Lords, undemocratic, hereditary peers, Church of England, appointed members, political appointment, parliamentary reform, democracy, democratic deficit, power abuse, legislative reform, UK constitution, unelected chamber, democratic accountability, political representation, British politics, Lords reform, democratic reform, United Kingdom, constitutional criticism House of Lords, undemocratic, hereditary peers, Church of England, appointed members, political parties, abuse of power, reform, democracy, democratic deficit, parliamentary reform, UK governance, upper chamber, unelected members, British politics, constitutional reform, legitimacy, political representation, legislative chamber, UK parliament
test-society-epiasghbf-con02a	Women need alternatives for empowerment  Empowerment cannot be gained for women through employment, alternatives are required. A gender lens needs to be applied to women’s life course from the start. To tackle the discriminatory causes of gender inequality access to sexual and reproductive health rights is required for women. Access to such rights ensures women in Africa will be able to control their body, go to school, and choose the type of employment they wish to enter into.  The importance of enabling sexual and reproductive health rights for women is being put on the agenda for Africa [1] . There is a lot to be done beyond workforce participation - ending violence against women, promoting equal access to resources, opportunities and participation. Such features will reinforce women’s labour market participation, but in the jobs they want.  [1] See further readings: Chissano, 2013; Puri, 2013. women empowerment, alternatives to employment, gender lens, life course, gender inequality, sexual and reproductive health rights, Africa, women's rights, bodily autonomy, girls' education, employment choice, women's agenda, violence against women, resource access, equal opportunities, workforce participation, labor market, gender discrimination, women's participation, reproductive justice, Africa empowerment, women's health, economic alternatives, Chissano 2013, Puri 2013 women empowerment, alternatives, gender lens, life course, gender inequality, sexual and reproductive health rights, Africa, bodily autonomy, education access, employment choice, violence against women, equal access, resources, opportunities, participation, workforce participation, discriminatory causes, women's rights, labor market, policy agenda, Chissano 2013, Puri 2013 women empowerment, alternatives to employment, gender lens, life course, gender inequality, sexual and reproductive health rights, bodily autonomy, Africa, education access, employment choice, discrimination, violence against women, equal resources, participation, labor market, workforce participation, reproductive rights, Chissano 2013, Puri 2013 women empowerment, alternatives to employment, gender lens, women life course, gender inequality, sexual and reproductive health rights, Africa, bodily autonomy, girls education, employment choice, women's rights, discrimination, access to resources, equal opportunities, workforce participation, ending violence against women, women’s labor market participation, gender equity, women’s health, Chissano 2013, Puri 2013 women empowerment, gender equality, alternatives to employment, gender lens, life course, sexual and reproductive health rights, Africa, bodily autonomy, education access, employment choice, violence against women, equal access, resources, opportunities, workforce participation, labor market, discrimination, participation, women's rights, reproductive justice
test-economy-egiahbwaka-con01a	Natural resources are key  Africa has a very significant amount of resources that have not yet been exploited and put to good use. The continent has 12% of the world's oil reserves, 40% of its gold, and 80% to 90% of its chromium and platinum. Moreover, it is home to 60% of the world’s underutilized arable land and has vast timber resources. [1]  Given the economic changes, and the recent continent’s economical upraise, Africa has now a real opportunity to capitalize on their resource endowments and high international commodity prices. [2] The major point is that Africa’s resources fuel the world. Commodities from laptops to cell phones, cars or airplanes, all are made from using minerals that come from Africa. For example, catalytic converters are fitted to cars in order to reduce air pollution. Platinum and rhodium are the key components, both resources found in abundance in Africa. Cell phones or laptops use parts made out of tantalum, which is exported from African countries such as Mozambique or Rwanda, and so on. [3]  Africa is also the continent, excluding Antarctica, which is least explored so has most potential growth in raw materials. New explorations reveal much larger reserves than previously known. If these resources and wealth are well managed, in an efficient and equitable way, it could boost Africa’s economy, helping all categories of people, from women to children, offering jobs and generally raising the level of life on the continent.  [1] Lopes, Carlos, and Tony Elumelu, ‘How Africa’s natural resources can drive industrial revolution’, CNN, 20 November 2013,   [2] Economic Commission for Africa, ‘Making the Most of Africa’s Commodities: Industrializing for Growth, Jobs and Economic Transformation’, uneca.org, 2013,   [3] Tutton, Mark, and Milena Veselinovic, ‘How Africa’s resources fuel the world’, CNN, 25 July 2013, Africa, natural resources, unexploited resources, oil reserves, gold reserves, chromium, platinum, arable land, timber, commodity prices, economic growth, resource management, mineral wealth, global commodities, tantalum, Mozambique, Rwanda, platinum group metals, rhodium, catalytic converters, mining exploration, industrialization, economic transformation, job creation, wealth distribution, development, raw materials, international trade, sustainable development, economic opportunity, women empowerment, poverty reduction Africa, natural resources, resource exploitation, oil reserves, gold reserves, chromium, platinum, underutilized arable land, timber resources, economic growth, commodity prices, international trade, mining, minerals, tantalum, Mozambique, Rwanda, catalytic converters, platinum group metals, rhodium, economic transformation, industrialization, resource management, global supply chain, wealth distribution, sustainable development, exploration, reserves, job creation, economic opportunities, resource endowments, industrial revolution, commodities, raw materials, global economy Africa, natural resources, mineral wealth, oil reserves, gold reserves, chromium, platinum, arable land, timber resources, commodity prices, economic growth, industrialization, resource exploitation, raw materials, tantalum, Mozambique, Rwanda, catalytic converters, platinum group metals, rhodium, economic transformation, global supply chain, underutilized resources, new explorations, wealth management, job creation, sustainable development, women's empowerment, economic upraise, international markets, extractive industries, resource management, global commodities, economic opportunities, uneca, CNN Africa, natural resources, oil reserves, gold reserves, chromium, platinum, arable land, timber resources, economic growth, resource exploitation, commodity prices, global commodities, mineral exports, tantalum, Mozambique, Rwanda, catalytic converters, rhodium, underutilized resources, resource management, economic transformation, job creation, industrial revolution, raw material potential, reserves exploration, wealth distribution, sustainable development, resource-driven growth, African economy, mineral wealth, global supply chain, precious metals, agricultural land, economic opportunities Africa, natural resources, oil reserves, gold reserves, chromium, platinum, arable land, timber resources, underutilized resources, commodity prices, economic growth, resource exploitation, international trade, minerals, catalytic converters, platinum group metals, rhodium, tantalum, Mozambique, Rwanda, raw materials, global supply chain, exploration potential, resource management, economic transformation, job creation, industrialization, sustainable development, wealth distribution, resource endowment, global commodities, Africa’s economy
test-international-eghrhbeusli-con03a	China is a threat to regional stability  China poses a threat to regional and international peace and should not be encouraged and helped by European arms sales. It has territorial disputes with most of its neighbours, particularly over oil and gas reserves in the South China Sea. The regime has also encouraged an assertive nationalism, damaging relations with Japan, for example with protests over the Japanese detention of a Chinese fisherman who rammed a Japanese coast guard boat. [1] Most seriously, China claims ownership over Taiwan, [2] a pro-Western Chinese democracy, and is rapidly building up the kinds of military forces it would need for an assault on that island, which it is now believed could be taken in as little as three days, [3] as well as staging exercises designed to intimidate its people. In 2005 the Chinese parliament passed a law that force should be used against Taiwan if it declared formal independence. [4] Quite apart from the principle of backing a repressive state against a democratic one, it is not in the EU's interests to make a war between two of its major trading partners more likely, especially as other powers such as the USA, as has happened in the past in 1995-6, [5] and perhaps Japan are then very likely to be drawn into the conflict.  [1] Banyan, ‘Doth we protest too much’, 2010.   [2] Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People’s Republic of China, ‘What is meant by the Taiwan question?’, 2000.   [3] Miks, Jason, ‘Taiwan War Games’, 2010.   [4] People Daily, ‘China’s parliament adopts Anti-Secession Law’, 2005.   [5] Ross, Robert S., ‘The 1995-1996 Taiwan Strait Confrontation’, 2000. China, regional stability, threat, international peace, European arms sales, territorial disputes, South China Sea, oil reserves, gas reserves, nationalism, Japan relations, protests, Chinese fisherman, Japanese coast guard, Taiwan, pro-Western democracy, military buildup, assault, military exercises, intimidation, Chinese parliament, Anti-Secession Law, Taiwan independence, EU interests, war, major trading partners, USA involvement, Japan involvement, Taiwan Strait Crisis, repressive state, democratic state, regional security China, regional stability, international peace, European arms sales, territorial disputes, South China Sea, oil and gas reserves, assertive nationalism, Japan relations, Chinese fisherman incident, Taiwan, military buildup, Taiwan assault, military exercises, anti-secession law, Chinese parliament, repressive state, democratic state, EU interests, war risk, major trading partners, USA involvement, Japan involvement, Taiwan Strait, conflict escalation China, regional stability, international peace, European arms sales, territorial disputes, South China Sea, oil reserves, gas reserves, assertive nationalism, Japan relations, Chinese fisherman incident, Taiwan, military buildup, assault preparations, intimidation exercises, Anti-Secession Law, Chinese parliament, formal independence, EU interests, war risk, democratic state, repressive regime, USA involvement, Japan involvement, Taiwan Strait, 1995-1996 confrontation, military exercises, pro-Western democracy, EU-China relations, security threat, Asia-Pacific security, arms embargo, cross-strait tensions, East Asia conflicts China, regional stability, international peace, European arms sales, territorial disputes, South China Sea, oil reserves, gas reserves, assertive nationalism, Japan relations, Taiwan, pro-Western democracy, military buildup, invasion threat, military exercises, intimidation, 2005 Anti-Secession Law, Taiwan independence, repressive state, democratic state, European Union interests, trade partners, war risk, USA involvement, Japan involvement, Taiwan Strait crisis, security threat, Asia-Pacific, Chinese foreign policy, maritime disputes, military modernization, cross-strait relations China, threat, regional stability, international peace, European arms sales, territorial disputes, South China Sea, oil reserves, gas reserves, assertive nationalism, Japan relations, Chinese fisherman incident, Taiwan ownership, pro-Western democracy, military buildup, Taiwan conflict, Chinese parliament, Anti-Secession Law, formal independence, EU interests, war risk, major trading partners, USA involvement, Japan involvement, Taiwan Strait, 1995-1996 conflict, repressive state, democratic state, intimidation, military exercises
test-law-rmelhrilhbiw-con01a	The Settlements are justified based on the expulsion of Jews from Arab lands after 1967  Settlement construction, and in fact the whole settlement of Jews in the West Bank has to be viewed in the wider context of the Middle East conflict as a whole.  Jews lived in the West Bank for thousands of years before the creation of Israel, and it was only after the 1948 war when Jews were fully ethnically cleansed from the region. While a Diaspora took place among the Arabs of Israel it was neither as deliberate nor as thorough – a large Arab population remained. No Jews remained in the West Bank under Jordanian rule.  As such many of these settlements are not artificial constructions but built on the ruins of pre-1948 Jewish communities.  Furthermore, the same 1967 War that brought on the Israeli conquest of the West Bank was also followed by a new round of pogroms against the nearly 800,000 Jews living in Arab countries more than 95% of which were driven into exile in Israel. [1] Israel has not responded by expelling or compensating them at the expense of their own Arabs, as they would be morally justified in doing, but rather has settled them on empty land in the West Bank. Any claim that the Palestinians have an inherent right to property which they do not explicitly own must also take into account Israel’s need to compensate these refugees.  [1] Aharoni, Ada, ‘The Forced Migration of Jews From Arab Countries and Peace’, August 2002, Historical Society of Jews from Egypt, Jewish expulsion, Arab lands, 1967, settlement construction, West Bank, Middle East conflict, Jewish history, ethnic cleansing, 1948 war, Arab diaspora, Arab population, Jordanian rule, pre-1948 Jewish communities, Jewish refugees, Arab countries, Jewish pogroms, forced migration, property rights, Israeli settlements, refugee compensation, Ada Aharoni, historical context, Jewish exile, Arab-Israeli conflict, population displacement, restitution, Israeli response, historical claims, post-1967, ethnic minorities, land ownership Jewish expulsion, Arab lands, 1967, settlement construction, West Bank, Middle East conflict, Jewish history, pre-1948 Jewish communities, ethnic cleansing, Arab population Israel, Jordanian rule, post-1948, artificial settlements, pogroms, 1967 War, Jewish refugees, Arab countries, exile, Israeli policy, compensation, property rights, refugee compensation, historical context, Ada Aharoni, forced migration, Jewish diaspora, Arab-Israeli conflict, land ownership, historical settlements, Jewish-Arab relations settlements, Jews, expulsion, Arab lands, 1967, West Bank, Middle East conflict, Jewish history, pre-1948, ethnic cleansing, Arab diaspora, Jordanian rule, pogroms, Jewish refugees, Israel, property rights, compensation, Diaspora, Arab-Israeli conflict, Jewish communities, forced migration, historical context, Ada Aharoni Jewish expulsion, Arab lands, 1967, settlement construction, West Bank, Middle East conflict, Jewish history, ethnic cleansing, 1948 war, Jewish communities, Jordanian rule, Arab population, diaspora, pre-1948, Israeli conquest, pogroms, Jewish refugees, property rights, compensation, population exchange, Arab-Israeli conflict, historical settlements, resettlement, forced migration, Ada Aharoni, Jews from Egypt Jewish refugees, Jewish expulsion, Arab lands, 1948 war, 1967 war, West Bank settlements, Middle East conflict, ethnic cleansing, Jewish communities, pre-1948, Jordanian rule, Israeli settlement justification, post-1967 migration, Jewish diaspora, Arab-Israeli conflict, property rights, compensation, pogroms, forced migration, Ada Aharoni, Jewish settlement history, Israel, Arab population, Jewish exile, Arab countries, historical context, Jewish property rights, refugee integration, Jewish-Arab relations
test-science-cpisydfphwj-con01a	Facebook is bad for life satisfaction  Every single day, there are millions of users sharing photographs, messages and comments across Facebook. Unfortunately, this type of “online socialization” that Facebook has initiated is nothing but detrimental to the teenagers, the most frequent users of the platform. The emotion which is most common when staying online is envy. “Endlessly comparing themselves with peers who have doctored their photographs, amplified their achievements and plagiarised their bons mots can leave Facebook’s users more than a little green-eyed.”(1)  Not only do they get envious, but they also lose their self esteem. As a result, they have the tendency to be isolated and find it harder to socialize and make new friends due to the bad impression they have for themselves. In a poll, 53 per cent of the respondents said the launch of social networking sites had changed their behaviour - and of those, 51 per cent said the impact had been negative.(2 ) One study also backs this statistics up by finding that the more the participants used the site, the more their life satisfaction levels declined.(3)  In conclusion, daily use of social networks has a negative effect on the health of all children and teenagers by making them more prone to anxiety, depression, and other psychological disorders.(4)  (1) “Facebook is bad for you”, The Economist, Aug 17th 2013   (2) Laura Donnelly “Facebook and Twitter feed anxiety, study finds” The Telegraph, 08 Jul 2012   (3) “Facebook use 'makes people feel worse about themselves' “, BBC News, 15 August 2013   (4) Larry Rose ”Social Networking’s Good and Bad Impacts on Kids“ American Psychological Association August 6, 2011 Facebook, life satisfaction, psychological effects, teenagers, social media, envy, self-esteem, isolation, anxiety, depression, negative impact, mental health, social networking, online socialization, behavior change, adolescent well-being, peer comparison, social comparison, emotional health, youth, daily use, psychological disorders, study, statistics, The Economist, The Telegraph, BBC News, American Psychological Association Facebook, life satisfaction, social media, teenagers, online socialization, envy, self-esteem, social isolation, mental health, anxiety, depression, psychological disorders, behavioral changes, negative impact, peer comparison, doctored photographs, social networking, emotional wellbeing, youth, adolescent psychology, social comparison, Facebook effects, mental health risks, social influence, daily use, negative outcomes, social networks, friendship difficulties, study, research, poll, Facebook addiction, emotional health, social media harm Facebook, life satisfaction, social media, teenagers, online socialization, envy, self-esteem, social isolation, mental health, anxiety, depression, psychological disorders, peer comparison, negative impact, social networking, Facebook use, behavior change, adolescent wellbeing, emotional health, youth, digital interactions, social networks, loneliness, self-image, Facebook effects, mental wellbeing Facebook, life satisfaction, negative effects, teenagers, online socialization, envy, self-esteem, social isolation, mental health, anxiety, depression, psychological disorders, social networks, peer comparison, social media impact, youth wellbeing, behavior change, social networking sites, emotional impact, daily use, adolescent health Facebook, life satisfaction, social media, psychological impact, teenagers, envy, self-esteem, social isolation, social comparison, anxiety, depression, mental health, online socialization, negative effects, youth behavior, emotional well-being, peer comparison, loneliness, social networking, behavior change, psychological disorders, Facebook studies, adolescent health, social media addiction, emotional impact, technology and youth, Facebook negative outcomes
test-international-gsciidffe-pro02a	It is legitimate to undermine illegitimate governments to promote human rights  Autocratic governments that breach their people’s human rights have no legitimacy domestically as they do not represent the people or protect their interests. They also have no international legitimacy, as they are violating their obligations that they have signed up to through various international agreements such as the universal declaration of human rights [1] and the international covenant on civil and political rights [2] which oblige states to respect their citizen’s human rights. Other states therefore are legitimate in acting for the people of the repressed state to undermine their government and take up their cause. By imposing censorship the government is violating its people's freedom of expression which that government has promised to uphold therefore it is right that other governments should endeavour to uphold that standard. It was therefore right for the west to undermine the USSR and the communist governments of Eastern Europe through radio broadcasts such as Voice of America and Radio Free Europe, they gained immense audiences, a third of urban adults in the USSR and almost half of East Europeans with these sources often being considered more credible. [3]  [1] UN General Assembly, Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 10 December 1948, 217 A (III),   [2] UN General Assembly, International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, 16 December 1966, United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 999, p. 171,   [3] Johnson, A. Ross, and Parta, R. Eugene, “Cold War International Broadcasting: Lessons Learned”, Briefing to the Rancho Mirage Seminar,  p.54 legitimacy, illegitimate governments, human rights, autocratic regimes, international law, universal declaration of human rights, international covenant on civil and political rights, state obligations, foreign intervention, censorship, freedom of expression, external support, government repression, Voice of America, Radio Free Europe, cold war, international broadcasting, western intervention, USSR, Eastern Europe, political legitimacy, regime change, civil liberties, diplomatic pressure, state sovereignty, international agreements, moral justification, propaganda, information warfare, human rights promotion legitimate, undermine, illegitimate governments, promote human rights, autocratic governments, human rights violations, government legitimacy, domestic legitimacy, international legitimacy, universal declaration of human rights, international covenant on civil and political rights, state obligations, freedom of expression, censorship, state repression, foreign intervention, Voice of America, Radio Free Europe, Cold War broadcasting, USSR, Eastern Europe, international agreements, democratic values, state sovereignty, foreign policy, humanitarian intervention, international law, states' responsibilities, regime change, propaganda, credible information sources legitimacy, illegitimate governments, undermine, human rights, autocratic regimes, international legitimacy, domestic legitimacy, human rights violations, universal declaration of human rights, international covenant on civil and political rights, state obligations, repression, censorship, freedom of expression, foreign intervention, democracy promotion, USSR, Eastern Europe, Voice of America, Radio Free Europe, Cold War, international agreements, political rights, state sovereignty, international law, credible sources, Western intervention, authoritarianism, international broadcasting human rights, illegitimate governments, legitimacy, autocratic regimes, international law, universal declaration of human rights, international covenant on civil and political rights, state sovereignty, intervention, censorship, freedom of expression, government repression, foreign interference, international obligations, western intervention, cold war, USSR, Eastern Europe, Voice of America, Radio Free Europe, international broadcasting, democratic principles, representation, state obligations, international agreements, propaganda, oppressed populations, credibility, external support, global governance, human rights promotion human rights, legitimacy, illegitimate governments, autocratic regimes, international law, universal declaration of human rights, international covenant on civil and political rights, state obligations, domestic legitimacy, international legitimacy, freedom of expression, censorship, state repression, external intervention, promoting human rights, Voice of America, Radio Free Europe, Cold War broadcasting, undermining governments, sovereignty, state responsibility, Western intervention, USSR, Eastern Europe, international agreements, political rights
test-culture-ascidfakhba-pro03a	The creative commons is a more effective means for artists to build and expand their reach and markets than traditional copyright licensing arrangements  The nature of the internet and mass media on the 21st century is such that many artists can benefit from the freedom and flexibility that creative commons licenses furnish to them. Wider use by other artists and laymen alike helps artistic works “go viral” and to gain major impact that allow the artist to generate a name for his or herself and to attain the levels of earnings conventional copyrights are meant to help artists generate but that ultimately hamstring them. A major example of this is the band Nine Inch Nails, which opted in 2008 to begin releasing its albums through the creative commons. [1] Creative commons licenses are so remarkable because they can be deployed by artists to expand their markets, and to profit even more from their greater recognition. After all, the artists still retain control of the commercial uses of their work and are guaranteed under creative commons licensing regulations to be credited by users of their content. [2] Giving undue artistic and distribution control to the artists through constricting and outmoded copyright may mean less significant reach and impact of the work. The state should thus facilitate the sharing by mandating the distribution of art of all kinds under creative commons licenses.  [1] Anderson, N., “Free Nine Inch Nails albums top 2008 Amazon MP3 sales charts”, arstechnica, 7 January 2009,   [2] Creative Commons. “About the Licenses”. 2010. creative commons, copyright, licensing, artists, internet, mass media, viral marketing, artist reach, market expansion, flexibility, traditional copyright, earnings, artist recognition, commercial use, credit, distribution, sharing, Nine Inch Nails, music industry, licensing regulations, state policy, mandate, art distribution, open licensing, profit, digital media, collaborative art, audience growth, control, 21st century media creative commons, artists, market expansion, viral reach, internet, mass media, copyright, licensing, flexibility, freedom, distribution, recognition, earnings, traditional copyright, digital sharing, music industry, Nine Inch Nails, CC licenses, profit, commercial use, artist control, user credit, state facilitation, content sharing, open licenses, outmoded copyright, mandate, art dissemination, art market, impact creative commons, copyright, traditional licensing, artists, market expansion, internet, mass media, 21st century, viral marketing, artistic reach, flexibility, freedom, Nine Inch Nails, album release, digital distribution, user credit, commercial rights, profit, artistic control, state facilitation, mandatory creative commons, art sharing, recognition, artist earnings, licensing regulations creative commons, copyright, licensing, artists, internet, mass media, viral, impact, recognition, market expansion, earning potential, Nine Inch Nails, 2008, album release, distribution, artistic control, commercial use, credit, flexibility, traditional copyright, openness, sharing, state policy, mandated distribution, profit, digital media, laymen, user-generated content, attribution, innovation, open licenses, music industry, arstechnica, Amazon MP3, Creative Commons licenses, 21st century, media reach creative commons, traditional copyright, artist reach, market expansion, internet distribution, mass media, viral art, licensing flexibility, artist earnings, copyright limitations, Nine Inch Nails, album release, digital music, market recognition, commercial control, fair attribution, open licensing, public sharing, government policy, art distribution, open access, copyright barriers, creative freedom, user-generated content, digital rights, collaborative art
test-international-gmehwasr-con02a	Arming the rebels would be unpopular  Ten years after the Iraq war interventions in the Middle East are no more popular than they were back in 2003. Getting involved in Syria would not be popular no matter how small the commitment. In the United States voters oppose the idea of supplying arms to Syrian rebels by 45% against to only 16% in favour, in the United Kingdom opinion is even more opposed; while there are still 16% in favour there are 57% opposed. [1] Clearly arming the rebels would not be popular with voters - there can therefore be no domestic reason for this policy.  [1] Clark, Tom, ‘US and UK public reject stronger military support for Syrian rebels’, guardian.co.uk, 22 March 2013 Syrian rebels, arming rebels, public opinion, Iraq war, Middle East interventions, US voters, UK voters, military support, Syria conflict, opposition to intervention, popularity of intervention, US foreign policy, UK foreign policy, arms supply, domestic support, Guardian article, Tom Clark, 2013, political polling, international relations arming rebels, public opinion, Iraq war, Middle East interventions, Syria, US voters, UK voters, military support, Syrian rebels, opposition, popularity, domestic policy, public support, foreign intervention, arms supply, 2013, survey, Tom Clark, Guardian, political dissent, Western intervention arming rebels, public opinion, Iraq war, Middle East interventions, Syria conflict, US voters, UK voters, supplying arms, Syrian rebels, military support, policy opposition, domestic reasons, Tom Clark, Guardian, 2013 survey arming rebels, public opinion, Iraq war, Middle East interventions, Syria conflict, US voters, UK voters, supplying arms, Syrian rebels, military support, policy opposition, domestic policy, public support, foreign intervention, 2013 survey, Tom Clark, Guardian, unpopular policy, Western intervention, war in Syria arming rebels, public opinion, Iraq war, Middle East intervention, Syria conflict, US voters, UK voters, opposition to military support, supplying arms, Syrian rebels, domestic policy, public support, unpopular intervention, poll statistics, Guardian article, Tom Clark, 2013
test-international-gmehwasr-pro01a	Syria clearly meets the standards for intervention  The Assad regime has clearly lost its legitimacy and has precipitated a humanitarian crisis in Syria. The February estimate of 70000 killed [1] is up from an estimate of 60000 only a month before, [2] so clearly the violence is escalating. The conflict is also affecting neighbours; refugees have flooded into Jordan, Lebanon, and Turkey, and Israel is already believed to have attacked a convoy or research facility involved in chemical and biological weapons development. [3] Clearly the presence of these weapons show how much worse the situation could get if Assad is not overthrown. Not intervening risks the whole region being slowly destabilised and drawn in to the conflict. [4]  [1] Nichols, Michelle, ‘Syria death toll likely near 70,000, says U.N. rights chief’, Reuters, 12 Feb 2012  [2] ‘Data suggests Syria death toll could be more than 60,000, says UN human rights office’, UN News Centre, 2 January 2013  [3] ‘Q&A: Israeli ‘strike’ on Syria’, BBC News, 3 February 2013  [4] Byman, Daniel, in ‘Roundtable: arming the Syrian rebels’, Foreign Policy, 21 February 2013 Syria, intervention, Assad regime, legitimacy, humanitarian crisis, death toll, violence escalation, regional impact, refugees, Jordan, Lebanon, Turkey, Israel, chemical weapons, biological weapons, WMD, destabilization, conflict spillover, UN reports, civilian casualties, international response, foreign intervention, regional security, Syrian civil war, regime change, humanitarian intervention, Middle East stability Syria, intervention, Assad regime, legitimacy, humanitarian crisis, escalating violence, death toll, refugees, Jordan, Lebanon, Turkey, Israel, chemical weapons, biological weapons, regional destabilization, conflict, UN reports, humanitarian intervention, Middle East, military intervention, Syrian civil war, foreign policy, neighboring countries, weapons of mass destruction, regime change, security threat, human rights, spillover effects Syria, intervention, Assad regime, legitimacy, humanitarian crisis, escalating violence, death toll, refugees, Jordan, Lebanon, Turkey, Israel, chemical weapons, biological weapons, regional destabilization, conflict, overthrow Assad, non-intervention risks, regional security, Syrian neighbors, humanitarian intervention, military action, Middle East instability, UN reports, foreign policy, civilian casualties, Syrian civil war Syria, intervention, Assad regime, legitimacy, humanitarian crisis, escalating violence, death toll, refugees, Jordan, Lebanon, Turkey, Israel, chemical weapons, biological weapons, regional destabilization, conflict, United Nations, rebel arming, foreign intervention, Middle East, war crimes, civilian casualties, regime change, international response, neighboring countries, crisis escalation Syria, intervention, Assad regime, legitimacy, humanitarian crisis, death toll, violence escalation, regional instability, refugees, Jordan, Lebanon, Turkey, Israel, chemical weapons, biological weapons, conflict spillover, regime overthrow, destabilization, Syrian conflict, international response, humanitarian intervention, civilian casualties, escalation, United Nations, military strike, rebel support, foreign policy, regional conflict, weapons of mass destruction, neighboring countries, security risks, Middle East
test-law-cplglghwbhwd-pro03a	A handgun ban reduces crime and deaths  Aside from the fact that handguns are uniquely dangerous weapons, when the handgun ban was in place in DC, there was a reported decrease in crime in the area. In 1977 the year immediately following the ban the U.S. Conference of Mayors reported robberies, assaults and homicides using handguns had fallen in DC sharply. Further, in 1991 the University of Maryland published a study in the New England journal of Medicine suggesting the gun ban had saved lives in the decade before 1991, claiming that the ban had prevented 47 deaths in DC per year.5  It is theorised that the handgun ban does this because it makes other police tactics, such as stop and search, significantly more effective. If criminals wish to get the tactical advantage of power that opposition mention then they have to carry hand guns in order to do it. However, it means that if they are caught with a gun they become very easily identifiable and can easily be arrested to prevent harm coming to the populace of large. Specifically, the handgun ban means that the police have a much lower burden required in order to arrest suspects and given that a lot of the time the police have a strong idea of who the criminals are, but simply can’t pin them for arrest, such a tactical advantage helps them get dangerous people off the street. handgun ban, crime reduction, firearm deaths, Washington DC, robbery rates, assault rates, homicide rates, U.S. Conference of Mayors, University of Maryland study, New England Journal of Medicine, gun control, public safety, law enforcement effectiveness, stop and search, police tactics, criminal deterrence, reduced gun violence, homicide prevention, handgun restrictions, criminal identification, arrest rates, police powers, urban crime, gun legislation handgun ban, crime reduction, DC, deaths prevented, robberies, assaults, homicides, U.S. Conference of Mayors, effectiveness, New England Journal of Medicine, University of Maryland study, police tactics, stop and search, criminal deterrence, tactical advantage, arrest rates, gun control, public safety, law enforcement, restricted firearms, policy impact, handgun violence, crime statistics, weapon regulation, lethal weapons, policing strategies handgun ban, crime reduction, DC, Washington D.C., handgun-related deaths, U.S. Conference of Mayors, robberies, assaults, homicides, firearm regulations, University of Maryland, New England Journal of Medicine, gun violence prevention, law enforcement tactics, stop and search, police effectiveness, criminal identification, arrest rates, public safety, gun control, policy impact, firearms legislation, crime statistics, lethal weapons, handgun restrictions, urban violence, criminal justice, homicide rates, gun ban efficacy, police powers, deterrence, life-saving policies handgun ban, crime reduction, crime rates, DC, Washington DC, handgun deaths, homicide reduction, robbery decline, assault rates, U.S. Conference of Mayors, 1977 statistics, New England Journal of Medicine, University of Maryland study, gun violence, policy impact, police tactics, stop and search, law enforcement, gun control, criminal deterrence, public safety, firearm regulation, weapons ban, crime prevention, arrest rates, tactical advantage, effectiveness, 1991, handgun legislation, lifesaving policy handgun ban, crime reduction, violent crime, handgun violence, DC, Washington DC, gun control, firearm legislation, homicide rates, robbery rates, assault rates, U.S. Conference of Mayors, University of Maryland study, New England Journal of Medicine, lives saved, law enforcement tactics, stop and search, criminal deterrence, police effectiveness, firearms policy, public safety, gun deaths, gun-related crime, tactical advantage, preventive arrests, suspect identification, criminal arrest, handgun restriction, gun laws, public health, urban crime
test-free-speech-debate-fchbjaj-con03a	Wikileaks is not a news organisation, it exists exclusively to disseminate classified information, no genuine news organisation has such an agenda.  News organisations provide a variety of functions, from reporting the weather to breaking news. Even the most hardened investigative outlet does not dedicate itself exclusively to revealing classified information. It appears to have no interest in what that information is or whether its disclosure causes more harm than good, the sole interest is that it is classified.  That isn’t journalism, at best it’s prurience and, at worst, egocentricity – ‘I know something you don’t know’. The fallout for people’s jobs, liberty and safety appears not to interest those involved.  Their own ‘About Us’ section makes a point of stating that “We accept (but do not solicit) anonymous sources of information [1] .” Interestingly, the whole of the rest of the page talks about maintaining anonymity for both readers and sources and little else. It provides screeds of text about themselves, a free press and the importance of releasing classified information. Unusually for a media organisation, there are no details about how to complain if a reader feels they or someone else has been misrepresented. This means that Wikileaks is denying someone’s freedom of speech by not giving them a right to reply and have corrections published.  In an age where even the most stentorian paper of record enshrines such rights, one might assume that such devout proclaimers of free speech would shout it from their mast head. Instead, their Chat page is mostly full of dire warnings that security forces are watching the reader’s every keystroke. Hardly encouraging for the little guy wishing to clear their name.  [1] The link to the page is here . Wikileaks, journalism, news organisation, classified information, anonymity, anonymous sources, media ethics, whistleblowing, freedom of speech, right to reply, press accountability, corrections policy, investigative journalism, harm vs. good, transparency, editorial standards, source protection, reputation management, media responsibility, public interest, security concerns, media criticism, reporting practices, free press, retaliation risks, reader complaints Wikileaks, news organisation, classified information, journalism ethics, freedom of speech, whistleblowing, anonymous sources, media accountability, corrections policy, right to reply, harm vs good, investigative journalism, transparency, press freedom, misrepresentation, source protection, security concerns, media criticism, public interest, anonymity, correction procedures, complaint mechanisms, editorial standards Wikileaks, news organisation, classified information, journalism, media ethics, freedom of speech, anonymous sources, whistleblowing, press responsibility, editorial standards, correction policy, right to reply, harm minimization, public interest, transparency, media accountability, information dissemination, source protection, media complaints, investigative journalism, media bias, freedom of the press, reputation management, reader rights, public safety, egocentricity, journalistic standards WikiLeaks, news organisation, classified information, journalism ethics, freedom of speech, right of reply, anonymous sources, transparency, accountability, media standards, harm vs public interest, investigative journalism, press responsibility, complaints procedures, misrepresentation, editorial policy, whistleblowers, free press, correction policy, reader rights, source anonymity, publication agenda, media criticism, security concerns, information dissemination Wikileaks, news organisation, classified information, journalism ethics, anonymous sources, press freedom, media accountability, transparency, information disclosure, harm vs public interest, right of reply, freedom of speech, corrections policy, investigative journalism, editorial responsibility, media criticism, whistleblowing, reader complaints, anonymity, media standards
test-politics-pgsimhwoia-con01a	Developed countries have a greater responsibility to take in migrants  Developed countries have a responsibility to take in large numbers of migrants. There are several reasons for this. First they have a historical responsibility resulting from a legacy of colonialism, imperialism, and industrialisation that benefited the developed world at the expense of the developing world. This helped create the inequalities in the world that drive migration so developed countries should accept that a greater responsibility for migrants is the price.  Second developed countries have a much greater capacity to absorb migrants than developing countries. Developed countries have more jobs, and the ability to create more through using the state’s financial resources to increase investment. They already have the legal framework for large numbers of migrants; laws that ensure equality and fair treatment regardless of religion or ethnicity. And in many cases they already have sizeable migrant communities (with some exceptions such as Japan) that help create a culture of tolerance that embraces the diversity migrants bring. developed countries, migration, migrant responsibility, historical responsibility, colonialism, imperialism, industrialisation, global inequality, capacity to absorb migrants, economic capacity, job creation, state resources, legal framework, equality laws, fair treatment, religious diversity, ethnic diversity, migrant communities, cultural tolerance, diversity, developed vs developing countries, global north, global south, immigration policy, refugee responsibility, social integration developed countries, migrant responsibility, migration, colonialism legacy, imperialism, industrialisation, global inequalities, historical responsibility, absorbing migrants, job opportunities, state investment, legal framework, migrant laws, equality, fair treatment, diversity, tolerance, migrant communities, capacity to absorb migrants, developed vs developing countries, immigration policy developed countries, migration responsibility, historical responsibility, colonial legacy, imperialism, industrialisation, global inequalities, migrant acceptance, developed world, developing world, economic capacity, job creation, state investment, migrant absorption, legal framework, anti-discrimination laws, migrant communities, cultural diversity, tolerance, migration policy, social integration, international migration, ethical obligation, refugee intake developed countries, migrant responsibility, migration, historical responsibility, colonialism, imperialism, industrialisation, global inequality, capacity to absorb migrants, economic resources, investment, labor market, legal framework, equality laws, fair treatment, migrant communities, cultural diversity, tolerance, multiculturalism, global justice, refugee policy, immigration policy, ethical obligation, social integration, developed vs developing countries developed countries, migration responsibility, migrants, historical responsibility, colonialism, imperialism, industrialisation, global inequality, absorbing migrants, migration capacity, jobs, financial resources, state investment, legal frameworks, equality laws, fair treatment, religion, ethnicity, migrant communities, cultural diversity, tolerance, developed world, developing world, migration policy, economic capacity, social integration, migration justice, legacy of colonialism, migration and development
test-politics-pgsimhwoia-pro01a	It is just to redistribute migrants  It is an accident of geography, or history, simple bad luck that has resulted in some countries getting large numbers of immigrants while many others get none. The first developed country on migrant routes get large numbers as those wishing to seek asylum have to apply in the first safe country. Similarly those countries next to conflict zones, or places affected by natural disasters, get very large influxes of migrants who hope to return home as soon as possible; there are more than 1.1 million refugees from Syria in Lebanon [1] a country of less than 6million. It is right that there should be a mechanism to help even out the burden of migrants and that rich developed countries should be those who pay that cost.  [1] ‘Syria Regional Refugee Response’, data.unhcr.org,  , accessed 19th August 2015 migrant redistribution, migrant burden sharing, refugee allocation, asylum policy, safe country principle, geography and migration, history and migration, migrant influx, conflict zones, natural disaster migration, refugee numbers, Lebanon refugees, Syrian refugees, UNHCR data, developed countries, migrant costs, migration justice, refugee mechanism, migration policy, asylum seekers, international responsibility migrant redistribution, asylum seekers, accident of geography, refugee burden, migrant influx, first safe country, developed countries, migration routes, conflict zones, natural disasters, refugee mechanism, Lebanon Syrian refugees, asylum policy, migrant burden sharing, UNHCR data, migration justice, equitable distribution, refugee support, migration fairness, international responsibility migrant redistribution, migration burden sharing, asylum seekers, refugee resettlement, first safe country policy, accident of geography, conflict zone migration, natural disaster displacement, migrant influx, Lebanon Syrian refugees, Syrian refugee statistics, refugee burden, developed countries responsibility, UNHCR data, refugee policy, international migration, migration fairness, host country impact, asylum application rules migrant redistribution, asylum seekers, refugee burden sharing, migration routes, first safe country rule, conflict zones, natural disasters, migrant influx, Syria refugees, Lebanon, refugee resettlement, equitable distribution, developed countries responsibility, migration policy, population displacement, UNHCR data, international cooperation, refugee crisis, border countries, humanitarian response redistribute migrants, migration burden sharing, refugee distribution, migrant policy, asylum application, first safe country, geography impact migration, history migration patterns, migrant influx, conflict zones, natural disasters migration, Syrian refugees Lebanon, refugee statistics, developed countries responsibility, migration costs, UNHCR data, refugee response, migration justice, burden sharing mechanism, migration fairness, international cooperation
test-digital-freedoms-efsappgdfp-con01a	A threat to democracy  Yes the NSA is unlikely to look at individual’s personal information if the person in question is nobody of interest yet there are people who may be of interest to the state who are essentially innocent of anything except annoying the state. The ability for almost anyone in the intelligence apparatus to look up personal information has to worry anyone who might otherwise dissent, investigate the government, or turn whistleblower. Intelligence officials can hold the information as a weapon to ensure compliance and ruin careers if they don’t get their way. [1] This has happened before. In the US when diplomat Joseph C. Wilson published about the manipulation of intelligence on uranium from Niger being used as part of the justification for the invasion of Iraq his wife had her cover blown and career destroyed by people within the Department of Defense. [2] When we know that the Obama administration has been more determined than ever to prevent leaks and prosecute perpetrators can it really be said there is no damage to democracy if these courageous people are not coming forward?  [1] Walt, Stephen M., ‘The real threat behind the NSA surveillance programs’, Foreign Policy, 10 June 2013,   [2] Wilson, Joseph C., ‘What I Didn’t Find in Africa’, The New York Times, 6 July 2003,   Lewis, Neil A., ‘Source of C.I.A. Leak Said to Admit Role’, The New York Times, 30 August 2006, NSA surveillance, democracy threat, whistleblowers, government dissent, personal information privacy, intelligence apparatus, state surveillance, government transparency, career retaliation, Joseph C. Wilson, Valerie Plame affair, Iraq War intelligence, Obama administration leaks, civil liberties, press freedom, government overreach, intelligence leaks, surveillance chilling effect, Foreign Policy article, New York Times coverage, Department of Defense, whistleblower prosecution NSA surveillance, democracy threat, personal information privacy, state surveillance, intelligence apparatus, dissent suppression, government investigation, whistleblower protection, information weaponization, compliance enforcement, career destruction, Joseph C. Wilson, Valerie Plame affair, Department of Defense, Obama administration, leak prosecution, government transparency, intelligence manipulation, uranium Niger controversy, Iraq invasion justification, Foreign Policy, New York Times NSA surveillance, democracy threat, personal data privacy, intelligence overreach, whistleblower protection, government dissent, state surveillance abuse, Joseph C. Wilson, Valerie Plame affair, Iraq intelligence manipulation, Department of Defense leak, Obama administration leaks, press freedom, civil liberties, government transparency, intelligence apparatus, career retaliation, Foreign Policy, New York Times NSA surveillance, democracy threat, personal information privacy, intelligence overreach, whistleblowers, government dissent, career retaliation, intelligence community abuse, Joseph C. Wilson, Valerie Plame affair, government leaks, uranium Niger, Iraq invasion, civil liberties, state surveillance, Obama administration, leak prosecution, Foreign Policy, New York Times, Department of Defense retaliation, national security, investigative journalism, intelligence manipulation, privacy concerns, chilling effect, abuse of power, compliance enforcement. NSA surveillance, democracy threat, government dissent, whistleblowers, intelligence apparatus, personal information privacy, state retaliation, Joseph C. Wilson, Valerie Plame affair, uranium intelligence manipulation, Iraq war justification, Department of Defense leaks, Obama administration, leak prosecution, Foreign Policy article, The New York Times, government transparency, civil liberties, information weaponization, surveillance abuse, chilling effect, career destruction, national security, intelligence oversight
test-education-egtuscpih-con01a	Financial model of online courses is unsustainable  At the moment some MOOC platforms are non-profit, while even for-profit ones do not pay universities, nor do universities pay MOOC platforms, they might only divide revenue if a revenue stream appears [18]. This essentially means that MOOCs have to rely on traditional financial models of universities to survive – they need the universities to provide materials and the academics and traditional models that are based on the fact that lots of students do not take online courses. However, MOOCs might undermine traditional university funding. For instance, Princeton professor Mitchell Duneier withdrew from Coursera claiming that states use MOOCs as a justification to withdraw state funding from universities [19]. Moreover, some MOOCs consider providing chargeable courses for credit but for a substantially lower price (around 100 dollars for a course), which might draw students away from traditional universities further undermining their existence [20]. This means a depletion of universities financial sources that MOOCs themselves rely on. At the moment there is no way for MOOCs to replace traditional university learning. MOOC, financial model, online courses, sustainability, non-profit, for-profit, university funding, revenue sharing, universities, Coursera, state funding, traditional education, chargeable courses, lower price, student enrollment, academic materials, Mitchell Duneier, credit courses, education economics, funding depletion, higher education, tuition, educational platforms, education policy, education market, revenue streams MOOCs, financial model, online courses, sustainability, non-profit platforms, for-profit platforms, university funding, revenue sharing, traditional universities, funding depletion, state funding withdrawal, chargeable courses, credit, tuition pricing, student enrollment shift, higher education, Coursera, Mitchell Duneier, university resources, cost structure, educational economics, digital learning, financial challenges, open online courses, platform-university relationship, course pricing, funding model, academic resources, university revenue, educational sustainability, online education impact MOOCs, online courses, financial model, sustainability, non-profit platforms, for-profit platforms, university funding, revenue sharing, traditional universities, academic materials, funding depletion, state funding, chargeable courses, course pricing, university revenue, credit courses, student enrollment, funding withdrawal, platform-university relationship, higher education economics, Coursera, Mitchell Duneier, financial sources, university survival, MOOC impact, education funding, revenue streams MOOCs, online courses, financial model, sustainability, non-profit MOOC platforms, for-profit MOOC platforms, university funding, revenue sharing, traditional universities, academic materials, cost structure, student enrollment, state funding, credit-bearing MOOCs, low-cost online courses, university revenue depletion, Coursera, Princeton, Mitchell Duneier, higher education finance, funding challenges, educational disruption, online learning, institutional funding crisis MOOCs, financial sustainability, online courses, revenue sharing, non-profit MOOC platforms, for-profit MOOC platforms, university funding, state funding withdrawal, chargeable courses, MOOC business model, credit courses, lower tuition, academic material provision, traditional university financial model, education funding crisis, university-MOOC relationship, education revenue, distance learning economics, higher education disruption, MOOC impact, university resources depletion
test-free-speech-debate-nshbbsbfb-pro04a	It is simply impractical for a major international broadcaster to hand out powers of veto to small sectional interests.  The BBC would quickly be left with a content either devoid of interest or of content were it to allow such a veto to become normative. Especially were it, as appears to be the case here, to offer such a veto to people who didn’t watch the programme.  As a result, although some of the responsibility for avoiding offence lies with the broadcaster at least an equal share must lie with the viewer. Even at the more basic level of ‘will I like this’, responsibility lies with both parties. The BBC undertakes to provide a diverse range of programming so that there is a reasonable chance that the overwhelming majority should be able to find something of interest but does so on the assumption that people will watch what they find interesting.  Likewise, it is reasonable to assume that people will not go out of their way to watch things that they already expect to find offensive. BBC, international broadcaster, veto power, small sectional interests, content censorship, offensive content, viewer responsibility, programming diversity, audience expectations, media regulation, broadcasting policy, content interest, viewer choice, content standards, offence avoidance, broadcasting ethics, majority interests, audience selection, program selection, content responsibility BBC, international broadcaster, veto power, small sectional interests, content regulation, viewer responsibility, offense avoidance, diverse programming, programme selection, audience engagement, editorial independence, media ethics, content censorship, broadcast policy, audience expectation, viewer choice, minority influence, content diversity, personal responsibility, public broadcasting BBC, international broadcaster, powers of veto, sectional interests, content regulation, audience responsibility, offensive content, programming diversity, viewer responsibility, content censorship, public broadcasting, viewer choice, offence avoidance, media ethics, content governance, program selection, broadcaster obligations, interest-based viewing, normative standards, media accountability BBC, international broadcaster, veto powers, small sectional interests, content censorship, viewer responsibility, offence avoidance, programming diversity, viewer choice, offensive content, content regulation, audience interest, broadcast standards, self-selection, media responsibility, content decision-making, normative veto, programme viewers, content neutrality, public broadcasting BBC, broadcaster, veto power, international broadcaster, small sectional interests, content regulation, offense, viewer responsibility, programming diversity, audience interests, media ethics, content censorship, viewer choice, program selection, broadcasting policy, content control, normative standards, responsibility sharing, media consumption, offensive content
test-politics-cpecfiepg-pro03a	A Greek default would increase stability for the rest of the Eurozone  A Greek exit from the ‘Eurozone does not mean the end of the euro. It will, instead, mark a new beginning. Germany has a long and proud tradition of currency strength, but it could not cope with going back to the deutschmark because it would rocket in value and destroy the country's competitiveness. Some 97% of the Eurozone's population will continue to use the single currency and their leaders will circle the policy wagons to protect what is left.’ [`] A Greek default and departure from the Eurozone would decrease uncertainty and fear within the rest of the Eurozone. This, in turn is likely to attract higher levels of investment and transactions across Eurozone members.  [1] Parsons, Nick: “Eurozone crisis: what if… Greece leaves the single currency”, 14 May 2012, The Guardian, Greek default, Eurozone stability, Greek exit, euro, Eurozone crisis, currency strength, Germany, deutschmark, currency competitiveness, single currency, Eurozone population, policy response, investment, economic uncertainty, Eurozone members, financial markets, Nick Parsons, 2012, The Guardian, monetary union, euro area, Greece departure, investor confidence, transaction levels, financial stability Greek default, Eurozone stability, Greek exit, euro survival, Germany currency, deutschmark, currency competitiveness, Eurozone population, single currency, policy response, Eurozone investment, Eurozone uncertainty, transaction increase, Eurozone crisis, Greece euro departure, financial markets, investor confidence, Eurozone integration, economic impact, Guardian article, Nick Parsons Greek default, Eurozone stability, Euro exit, euro currency, Greece euro departure, Germany currency, deutschmark, currency competitiveness, Eurozone population, monetary union, policy response, investment attraction, transaction levels, economic uncertainty, Eurozone crisis, single currency, euro collapse, financial markets, Nick Parsons, The Guardian, May 2012 Greek default, Eurozone stability, Grexit, euro currency, Germany competitiveness, deutschmark, Eurozone population, single currency, policy response, investment attraction, Eurozone crisis, financial uncertainty, economic fear, monetary union, Nick Parsons, The Guardian, 2012, euro continuity, economic transactions, Eurozone leaders, currency strength Greek default, Eurozone stability, Greek exit, euro continuation, currency strength, Germany, deutschmark, Eurozone population, single currency, policy response, investment, uncertainty reduction, competitiveness, Eurozone crisis, market confidence, capital flows, economic impact, Guardian article, Nick Parsons, euro resilience
test-international-ghbunhf-pro01a	: Main purpose of UN, to prevent war, has clearly not been achieved.  The UN was set up with the express purpose of preventing global wars, yet it has done absolutely nothing to prevent them. Indeed, the UN has often served merely as a forum for countries to abuse and criticise each other, rather than resolve disputes peacefully.  In some cases, such as the 2003 invasion of Iraq, UN resolutions have arguably been used as a justification for wars, rather than to prevent them. Research shows that the number of armed conflicts in the world rose steadily in the years after 1945 and has only begun to plateau or fall since the end of the Cold War. [1]  [1] Harrison, Mark & Wolf, Nikolaus. “The Frequency of Wars”. University of Warwick, 10th March 2011. United Nations, UN, purpose, prevent war, global conflict, effectiveness, war prevention, armed conflict, UN failures, dispute resolution, criticism, 2003 Iraq invasion, UN resolutions, post-1945 wars, Cold War, conflict trends, international relations, Harrison, Wolf, Frequency of Wars UN, United Nations, main purpose, prevent war, global conflicts, effectiveness, peacekeeping, criticism, resolution, Iraq invasion, armed conflicts, post-1945 wars, dispute resolution, forum for criticism, war frequency, Security Council, research, Harrison Wolf, diplomatic failure, international relations UN, main purpose, prevent war, global wars, effectiveness, peacekeeping, armed conflict, Iraq invasion, UN resolutions, dispute resolution, criticism, international relations, post-1945 conflicts, Cold War, research, frequency of wars, failure, security, global governance, criticism of UN UN, United Nations, main purpose, prevent war, global wars, peacekeeping, conflict resolution, armed conflicts, post-1945, Cold War, failure, criticism, Iraq invasion, UN resolutions, justification for war, international relations, dispute resolution, forum for criticism, frequency of wars, Harrison, Wolf, academic research, effectiveness, global security UN, United Nations, main purpose, prevent war, global wars, conflict prevention, failure, effectiveness, criticism, peacekeeping, Iraq invasion, UN resolutions, armed conflict, post-1945, Cold War, dispute resolution, international relations, global security, historical analysis, war frequency, peace, Mark Harrison, Nikolaus Wolf
test-international-siacphbnt-con04a	Technology has only benefited private companies.  Ultimately, technology, its provision, distribution, and function, is based on a business model. Profits are sought and losers emerge. The technology hype has attracted global technology giants, ranging from IBM to Google – a key issue as to whether entrepreneurialism can emerge amongst youths and technology used sustainably. The monopolisation of technology markets by multinational companies puts constraints on the ability for small businesses to break through. Any profits created are not recirculated in their locality, or Africa, but return to the country of origin.  For entrepreneurialism to be gained, and youth jobs emerge, the technological giants investing in Africa’s rising future need to partner with communities and small businesses. technology, private companies, business model, profits, technology distribution, global technology giants, IBM, Google, entrepreneurialism, youth employment, technology sustainability, monopolisation, multinational companies, small businesses, local economies, Africa, technology investment, community partnership, profit recirculation, technology markets, sustainable development technology, private companies, business model, profits, technology hype, global technology giants, IBM, Google, entrepreneurialism, youth, sustainability, monopolisation, multinational companies, market constraints, small businesses, profit recirculation, Africa, local economy, youth jobs, community partnership, technological investment, sustainable development, local empowerment, innovation, digital divide technology benefits, private companies, business model, profit-driven, technology hype, global technology giants, IBM, Google, entrepreneurialism, youth, sustainable technology, technology monopolisation, multinational corporations, small business constraints, local economy, Africa, profit repatriation, youth jobs, community partnership, tech investment, economic development technology, private companies, business model, profits, technology giants, IBM, Google, entrepreneurialism, youth, sustainability, monopolisation, multinational companies, small businesses, market constraints, local economy, Africa, profit repatriation, investment, community partnership, job creation, local development technology, private companies, business model, profits, multinational corporations, global technology giants, IBM, Google, entrepreneurship, youth, sustainability, technology hype, market monopolisation, small businesses, local economy, Africa, profit repatriation, community partnership, job creation, investment, technology distribution, innovation, economic development, corporate responsibility
test-science-dssghsdmd-con03a	The system is an incredibly expensive venture that may not even work  Research and development of effective strategic defense systems has been ongoing since the Reagan administration, to little lasting benefit. The US government has spent hundreds of billions of dollars in the past two decades on developing missile defense technology, including nearly $60 billion in the past five years, and still it is incomplete and its effectiveness questionable. Many scientists have attested to the ineffectiveness of missile defense, as it currently stands. It is very difficult to hit a flying missile with another missile, and test-runs of the technology have been patchy at best (Sessler et. al., 2000). The dream of an effective missile defense shield that can successfully intercept enemy intercontinental ballistic missiles has yet to come to fruition. It would be better to stop throwing good money after bad and to fold up the project entirely. missile defense, strategic defense systems, Reagan administration, research and development, US government spending, missile defense technology, program cost, effectiveness, scientific criticism, technological challenges, system effectiveness, ICBM interception, test failures, program evaluation, project termination, national defense, military technology, defense budget, weapon interceptors, policy critique, arms race missile defense, strategic defense systems, Reagan administration, research and development, US government spending, missile defense technology, effectiveness, scientific criticism, test failures, intercontinental ballistic missiles, cost-benefit analysis, military expenditures, project cancellation, defense shield, national security, Sessler et al. 2000, expensive defense ventures, incomplete technology, government waste, technological challenges missile defense, strategic defense systems, Reagan administration, research and development, US government spending, military technology, missile interception, ineffective missile defense, intercontinental ballistic missiles, cost-benefit analysis, scientific criticism, incomplete systems, defense shield, project evaluation, technological limitations, government investment, defense policy, failed test runs missile defense, strategic defense systems, Reagan administration, research and development, US government spending, missile defense cost, effectiveness, missile interception, ballistic missile defense, incomplete technology, scientific criticism, defense testing, project cancellation, inefficiency, military technology, Sessler 2000, intercontinental ballistic missiles, national security, defense shield, government investment missile defense, strategic defense systems, research and development, Reagan administration, US government spending, missile defense technology, effectiveness, incomplete systems, scientific criticism, missile interception, intercontinental ballistic missiles, cost-benefit analysis, project termination, defense budget, Sessler study
test-politics-ypppdghwid-pro02a	"Imposing democracy can be a way to support individuals unable to fight for democracy themselves.  If the people within a nation want democracy, it is not wrong -- indeed it may even be morally required -- for us to assist them by imposing democracy against the will of the governing class. Often internal movements lack resources, weapons, or organization, making the fight for democracy very difficult. When individuals seek to defend their rights against an oppressive regime, other nations do them a disservice by allowing evil to win out. Thus NATO's intervention in Libya was in support of rebels often seen as part of the 'Arab spring' wave of democratization but the internal movement even if it had large amounts of support was being suppressed and would have been destroyed without outside intervention1.  1 Traub, James. ""Stepping In"", Foreign Policy imposing democracy, external intervention, support for democracy, internal movements, democratization, oppressive regime, moral obligation, NATO intervention, Libya, Arab Spring, rebels, foreign policy, lack of resources, regime change, international responsibility, humanitarian intervention, suppression of democracy, James Traub, justification for intervention, rights defense democracy promotion, democratic intervention, foreign intervention, regime change, NATO Libya intervention, Arab Spring, rebel support, oppressive regimes, moral obligation, internal resistance, democratization, humanitarian intervention, international responsibility, resource limitations, democratic movements, external support, state sovereignty, ethical intervention, Libya conflict, Foreign Policy article democracy promotion, democratic intervention, external intervention, regime change, oppressive regime, supporting rebels, NATO Libya intervention, Arab Spring, democratization, moral obligation, foreign policy, internal movements, resource constraints, humanitarian intervention, legitimacy of intervention, self-determination, military intervention, civilian protection, James Traub, stepping in, foreign assistance, human rights, liberation movements, international responsibility imposing democracy, democratic intervention, moral obligation, support for oppressed, external intervention, regime change, Arab Spring, NATO intervention Libya, democratization, internal resistance, resource limitations, weapons shortages, organization challenges, foreign policy, oppressive regimes, human rights defense, ethical intervention, rebel support, international responsibility, James Traub democracy promotion, intervention, imposing democracy, moral obligation, external intervention, oppressive regimes, NATO Libya intervention, Arab Spring, democratization, support for rebels, internal resistance, resource limitations, international responsibility, regime change, humanitarian intervention, foreign policy, consent of the governed, Libya conflict, just war theory, defending rights, ethical intervention"
test-science-dssghsdmd-pro02a	A strategic missile defense shield will be an effective defense against ballistic missile attacks targeted at the United States and its allies  The missile defense shield the United States intends to build is the most effective and complete ballistic missile shield ever devised. When fully armed with a complement of anti-ballistic missiles both within the United States itself, and in allied nations in Europe, the shield will be virtually impregnable to external missile attack. This means the chance of a nuclear attack succeeding against it will be very unlikely, reducing the chance not only of a full-scale nuclear war between the United States and another nuclear power, but also against missiles fired by rogue states or terrorists, the biggest threats in terms of actual use of nuclear weapons (The Economist, 2009). Technologically speaking, anti-ballistic missile missiles have developed by leaps and bounds in recent years. The current system being put into operation by the United States is the Aegis combat system, designed for deployment on US Naval vessels. This new development has served to sidestep the problems associated with ground and space-based missile defense arrays, due to the slow response time of ground missiles, and the still unfeasible orbital deployment. The sea-based defense array, furthermore, lacks the problem of the land-based system in that it does not need to be placed in countries other than the United States in order to be effective (thus avoiding the political problems of the past). Technology and diplomacy have clearly made a national missile defense system highly desirable. strategic missile defense, missile defense shield, ballistic missile attacks, United States, allies, anti-ballistic missiles, nuclear attack, nuclear war, rogue states, terrorists, nuclear weapons, Aegis combat system, US Naval vessels, ground-based missile defense, space-based missile defense, sea-based defense array, land-based system, political issues, missile defense technology, national security, defense technology, military strategy, missile defense deployment, international security, nuclear deterrence, The Economist 2009 strategic missile defense, ballistic missile attacks, United States, allied nations, missile defense shield, anti-ballistic missiles, Europe, nuclear attack, nuclear war, rogue states, terrorists, nuclear weapons threat, missile defense technology, Aegis combat system, US Naval vessels, ground-based defense, space-based missile defense, sea-based defense array, national missile defense, missile defense diplomacy, military technology advancement, missile defense effectiveness, The Economist 2009 strategic missile defense, ballistic missile defense, United States, missile defense shield, anti-ballistic missiles, nuclear attack prevention, missile shield effectiveness, Aegis combat system, US Naval vessels, sea-based missile defense, ground-based missile defense, space-based missile defense, nuclear deterrence, rogue state missile threat, terrorist missile threat, technological advancements, missile defense arrays, defense diplomacy, national security, nuclear war prevention, allied nations, missile system deployment, The Economist 2009 strategic missile defense, ballistic missile attacks, United States, allies, missile defense shield, anti-ballistic missiles, nuclear attack, nuclear war, rogue states, terrorists, Aegis combat system, US naval vessels, sea-based missile defense, ground-based missile defense, space-based missile defense, missile defense technology, missile defense diplomacy, national security, threat reduction, nuclear deterrence, The Economist 2009 strategic missile defense, ballistic missile attacks, United States, missile defense shield, anti-ballistic missile, nuclear attack prevention, Aegis combat system, US Naval vessels, sea-based missile defense, land-based missile defense, space-based missile defense, nuclear war, rogue states, missile technology, missile shield effectiveness, allied nations, deterrence, missile defense diplomacy, nuclear weapons threats, national missile defense system
test-international-siacphbnt-pro01a	Technology will lead job growth for youths.  The rate of unemployment in Sub-Saharan Africa remains above the global average, at 7.55% in 2011, with 77% of the population in vulnerable employment [1] . Economic growth has not been inclusive and jobs are scarce. In particular, rates of youth unemployment, and underemployment, remain a concern [2] . On average, the underutilisation of youths in the labour market across Sub-Saharan Africa stood at 67% in 2012 (Work4Youth, 2013). Therefore 67% of youths are either unemployed, inactive, or in irregular employment. The rate of unemployment varies geographically and across gender [3] .  There remains a high percentage of youths within informal employment. Technology can introduce a new dynamic within the job market and access to safer employment.  Secure, high quality jobs, and more jobs, are essential for youths. Access to technology is the only way to meet such demands. Technology will enable youths to create new employment opportunities and markets; but also employment through managing, and selling, the technology available.  [1] ILO, 2013.  [2] Definitions: Unemployment is defined as the amount of people who are out of work despite being available, and seeking, work. Underemployment defines a situation whereby the productive capacity of an employed person is underutilised. Informal employment defines individuals working in waged and/or self employment informally (see further readings).  [3] Work4Youth (2013) show, on average, Madagascar has the lowest rate of unemployment (2.2%) while Tanzania has the highest (42%); and the average rate of female unemployment stands higher at 25.3%, in contrast to men (20.2%). technology, job growth, youth employment, unemployment rate, Sub-Saharan Africa, vulnerable employment, economic growth, inclusive growth, underemployment, labour market, youth underutilisation, informal employment, gender disparities, geographical variation, labour force, high quality jobs, secure employment, access to technology, job creation, market opportunities, self employment, ILO, Work4Youth, female unemployment, male unemployment, employment statistics, labour market dynamics technology, job growth, youth employment, youth unemployment, Sub-Saharan Africa, labor market, vulnerable employment, economic growth, inclusive growth, underemployment, informal employment, employment opportunities, technological access, labor underutilisation, gender disparities, geographic variation, secure jobs, high-quality jobs, job creation, digital economy, ILO, Work4Youth, employment statistics, female unemployment, male unemployment, youth labor market, irregular employment, population employment, productive capacity, waged employment, self-employment technology, job growth, youth employment, Sub-Saharan Africa, unemployment rate, vulnerable employment, underemployment, economic growth, inclusive growth, labor market, youth underutilization, informal employment, gender disparities, geographical disparities, high quality jobs, secure employment, job creation, access to technology, employment opportunities, digital economy, youth labor market, Work4Youth, ILO, workforce development technology, job growth, youth employment, Sub-Saharan Africa, unemployment rate, underemployment, vulnerable employment, informal employment, economic growth, inclusive growth, labor market, youth underutilization, gender disparities, regional unemployment, high quality jobs, job creation, access to technology, digital jobs, ILO, Work4Youth, female unemployment, youth labor force, employment opportunities, job scarcity, employment trends, Africa workforce, skills development, technology adoption, labor market dynamics, self-employment, market access, safe employment, Madagascar unemployment, Tanzania unemployment, employment statistics technology, job growth, youth employment, unemployment, Sub-Saharan Africa, underemployment, informal employment, labor market, economic growth, youth unemployment, vulnerable employment, employment opportunities, secure jobs, high-quality jobs, access to technology, gender disparity, geographic variation, youth labor, Work4Youth, ILO, job creation, market access, digital jobs, inclusive growth, employment statistics, Africa employment, youth underutilization, female unemployment, male unemployment
test-culture-cgeeghwmeo-pro04a	Bilingual education hurts students  Bilingual education segregates students in its system from those outside it. This limits the opportunities for interaction.  This is harmful in a number of ways. For one thing, it limits their interaction with peers who will speak English. While it’s possible they may practice English with their friends in a bilingual school, it seems unlikely, as it would be easier to talk in the existing language.  Furthermore, it also limits the exposure of English-speaking students to immigrants who don’t speak English, allowing negative stereotypes to arise out of ignorance that then can influence governmental policy through the ballot box.  Finally, this segregation may extend to within bilingual schools themselves, since not everyone seeking bilingual education has the same non-English language. The result might well be that students would group socially into groups based on country of origin, and due to simple demographics this would place the Spanish-speaking students at a significant advantage as there are nearly 30 million of them in the country. This polarization in turn could lead to splits between minority language groups that could reduce their overall social capital. bilingual education, student segregation, limited interaction, peer communication, English proficiency, social integration, negative stereotypes, immigrant students, social isolation, language barriers, demographic polarization, minority groups, social capital, educational outcomes, language disadvantage, social cohesion, policy impact, cultural division, school diversity, group dynamics bilingual education, student segregation, limited interaction, peer communication, English proficiency, language barriers, social isolation, cultural divide, negative stereotypes, immigrant integration, educational policy, minority language groups, social polarization, social capital, demographic influence, Spanish-speaking students, school diversity, educational outcomes, intercultural relations, group dynamics bilingual education, student segregation, limited interaction, English practice, language barriers, immigrant integration, peer interaction, negative stereotypes, educational policy, social polarization, minority language groups, English-speaking students, social capital, cultural isolation, language-based grouping, school diversity, Spanish-speaking students, language demographics, education system, social integration bilingual education, student segregation, peer interaction, English proficiency, language barriers, immigrant integration, social polarization, minority language groups, social capital, educational outcomes, stereotype formation, policy impact, Spanish-speaking students, linguistic isolation, cultural division, classroom diversity, social integration, language dominance, demographic effects, group dynamics bilingual education, student segregation, limited interaction, peer integration, English exposure, language barriers, social integration, immigrant students, negative stereotypes, cultural isolation, minority language groups, social capital, educational outcomes, ethnic polarization, language group division, Spanish-speaking students, demographic disparities, educational policy, social cohesion, language-based segregation
test-politics-glghssi-con03a	Scotland needs English economic muscle as through the Barnett formula England, especially the Southeast effectively subsidizes the rest of the UK in general and Scotland in particular  The Barnett established the model by which money is divided up within the regions and nations of the UK. The formula works greatly to Scotland’s advantage with a net flow of funding heading north.  The English taxpayer subsidizes Scots to the tune of £19bn a year (2009-10). [i] Without that subsidy The Scottish government would not have been able to give away the many benefits that have been handed out by the devolved authorities.  Scotland needs English support financially just as she does in terms of diplomatic representation or political muscle.  [i] McLaren, John et al., ‘Financial Implications of Different Fiscal Arrangements For Scotland’, CPPR Centre for Public Policy for Regions, June 2011, Barnett formula, Scotland, English subsidy, UK regions, fiscal arrangements, public funding, economic support, Scottish government, devolved authorities, Southeast England, net flow funding, English taxpayers, regional finance, UK public policy, CPPR, fiscal transfers, intergovernmental relations, 2009-10 financial data, John McLaren, regional inequalities, financial implications Scotland, English economic muscle, Barnett formula, UK subsidy, Southeast England, regional funding, financial support, Scotland advantage, net flow funding, English taxpayer, £19bn, Scottish government, devolved authorities, fiscal arrangements, CPPR, public policy, John McLaren, financial implications, intergovernmental finance, UK regions, regional disparities Scotland, England, economic muscle, Barnett formula, UK subsidy, Southeast England, regional funding, Scotland advantage, net funding flow, English taxpayer, £19bn subsidy, devolved government benefits, financial support, diplomatic representation, political muscle, fiscal arrangements, CPPR, public policy, John McLaren, 2011 report Scotland, English economic muscle, Barnett formula, UK subsidy, Southeast England, regional funding, Scotland advantage, net funding flow, English taxpayer, Scottish subsidy, £19bn annual subsidy, devolved authorities, Scottish government benefits, financial support, diplomatic representation, political muscle, McLaren John, CPPR, fiscal arrangements, public policy, 2011 Scotland, English economic support, Barnett formula, UK regional funding, Scotland subsidy, English taxpayer, Scottish government benefits, fiscal arrangements, devolved authorities, CPPR, public policy, Scotland financial dependence, UK funding distribution, Southeast England, net financial flow, £19bn subsidy, McLaren report, 2011, intergovernmental finance, Scottish public spending
test-health-dhpelhbass-con01a	It is vital that a doctor's role not be confused  The guiding principle of medical ethics is to do no harm: a physician must not be involved in deliberately harming their patient. Without this principle, the medical profession would lose a great deal of trust; and admitting that killing is an acceptable part of a doctor’s role would likely increase the danger of involuntary euthanasia, not reduce it. Legalising assisted suicide also places an unreasonable burden on doctors. The daily decisions made in order to preserve life can be difficult enough; to require them to also carry the immense moral responsibility of deciding who can and cannot die, and the further responsibility of actually killing patients, is unacceptable. This is why the vast majority of medical professionals oppose the legalisation of assisted suicide: ending the life of a patient goes against all they stand for. The Hippocratic Oath that doctors use as a guide states 'I will neither give a deadly drug to anybody if asked for it, nor will I make a suggestion to this effect.' [1]  [1] Medical Opinion, religiouseducation.co.uk  (accessed on 4/6/2011) medical ethics, do no harm, physician role, assisted suicide, euthanasia, involuntary euthanasia, legalisation, doctor's responsibility, Hippocratic Oath, patient trust, professional integrity, moral burden, killing patients, medical profession, preserving life, opposition, deadly drug, medical opinion, end-of-life decisions doctor’s role, medical ethics, do no harm, physician, patient harm, trust in medicine, euthanasia, assisted suicide, legalisation, medical profession, involuntary euthanasia, moral responsibility, Hippocratic Oath, end-of-life decisions, opposition to assisted suicide, patient care, killing patients, medical opinion, medical trust, medical professional ethics medical ethics, doctor's role, do no harm, physician responsibility, euthanasia, assisted suicide, involuntary euthanasia, trust in medicine, legalisation of assisted suicide, moral burden, medical profession, end-of-life decisions, Hippocratic Oath, killing patients, opposition to assisted suicide, patient care, professional standards, moral responsibility, deadly drugs, medical trust medical ethics, do no harm, physician role, trust in medicine, involuntary euthanasia, assisted suicide, legalisation, moral responsibility, doctors' opposition, Hippocratic Oath, patient safety, end-of-life decisions, medical profession, killing patients, medical trust, medical opinion, ethical dilemmas, deadly drug, preserving life, medical burden medical ethics, do no harm, physician responsibility, trust in medicine, euthanasia, involuntary euthanasia, assisted suicide, legalisation of assisted suicide, doctor-patient relationship, Hippocratic Oath, killing patients, patient safety, medical profession, moral responsibility, opposition to assisted suicide, medical opinion, doctor’s role, medical trust, ethical principle, end-of-life decisions, patient care, religiouseducation.co.uk
test-politics-gvhbhlsbr-pro03a	Reform would strengthen the House of Lords  Reform of the House of Lords would strengthen the legitimacy of the house and therefore improve its functions. By electing the second chamber they would gain the legitimacy to not simply stall bills but reject them all together or drafts bills of their own, thus facilitating a more dynamic government, able to change. Using a different electoral technique, for example Proportional Representation with members sitting for longer periods would allow them to still be of a different composition to the House of Commons and not sway to short-term political popularity. Electing different portions at different times would also guard against a freak landslide result affecting the house’s balance. By creating a worthy opposition to the House of Commons all issues would be debated and decided upon more fairly and government would be more closely monitored. House of Lords, reform, legitimacy, second chamber, election, proportional representation, legislative function, draft bills, dynamic government, electoral technique, member composition, House of Commons, political stability, long-term members, opposition, debate, government monitoring, fairness, legislative process, chamber balance, freak landslide, electoral reform House of Lords, reform, legitimacy, second chamber, election, proportional representation, government functions, draft bills, legislative process, dynamic government, electoral technique, composition, House of Commons, political balance, long-term members, opposition, parliamentary oversight, debate, government monitoring, fair decision-making House of Lords, reform, legitimacy, second chamber, election, proportional representation, legislative functions, bill rejection, bill drafting, dynamic government, electoral technique, member composition, long-term terms, short-term popularity, staggered elections, opposition, House of Commons, government monitoring, parliamentary balance, legislative oversight, fairness, political stability House of Lords, reform, legitimacy, second chamber, electoral technique, Proportional Representation, bill rejection, bill drafting, dynamic government, legislative function, different composition, House of Commons, political balance, landslide result, opposition, scrutiny, accountability, fair debate, government monitoring, chamber election, legislative effectiveness House of Lords, reform, legitimacy, second chamber, election, proportional representation, legislative function, bill rejection, bill drafting, dynamic government, electoral technique, member composition, Commons differentiation, term length, political stability, staggered elections, landslide result, balance of power, opposition, fair debate, government scrutiny, legislative oversight, parliamentary reform, chamber legitimacy
test-society-epiasghbf-con03a	Who are the women?  Women are a diverse group, and the feminisation of labour has incorporated a range of women of different ages, race, socioeconomic backgrounds and education. Such intersectionalities are important to recognise, as not all women are empowered and the empowerment is not equal.  For example, a study by Atieno (2006) revealed female participation in the labour market was influenced by education. Human capital influenced the transition into work: who was able to access labour opportunities, and which ones. Therefore inequalities among women determine the degrees, and capability, of empowerment it is therefore not labour force participation that empowers but education. women, feminisation of labour, diversity, intersectionality, empowerment, inequalities, education, human capital, labour market participation, socioeconomic background, race, age, access to opportunities, Atieno 2006, degrees of empowerment, capability, labour force, female participation, unequal empowerment women, feminisation of labour, diversity, intersectionality, empowerment, education, labour market, female participation, human capital, socioeconomic background, race, age, inequalities, work transition, access to labour opportunities, degrees of empowerment, capability, Atieno 2006, labour force participation, empowerment factors women, feminisation of labour, intersectionality, diversity, age, race, socioeconomic background, education, empowerment, inequality, labour market, labour force participation, human capital, access to opportunities, Atieno 2006, capability, degrees of empowerment women, diversity, feminisation of labour, intersectionality, age, race, socioeconomic background, education, empowerment, inequality, labour market, female participation, human capital, labour opportunities, Atieno 2006, degrees of empowerment, capability, labour force participation, educational influence, workforce access, gender inequality women, feminisation of labour, diversity, intersectionality, empowerment, inequalities, labour market, education, human capital, socioeconomic background, race, age, female participation, labour opportunities, capability, Atieno 2006, workforce, empowerment disparity, access to work, educational attainment, labour force participation
test-international-gpdwhwcusa-con05a	A UN standing army is unnecessary  A UN standing army is unnecessary; in many cases UN missions are very successful. In Guatemala for example, a UN peacekeeping mission was essential in enabling the conclusion of a decades-long civil war in 1997. When there are problems these are more to do with lengthy and difficult Security Council deliberations, inadequate mandates, etc. rather than how long it took to gather a force together. In Srebrenica for example, where thousands of Bosnian men and boys were slaughtered by Serbian troops, the problem was not the absence of peacekeepers on the ground, but an inadequate mandate to use force. The UN would be much better spending its efforts on setting up a proper peacekeeping department, and streamlining the UN as a whole. UN standing army, unnecessary, UN missions success, Guatemala peacekeeping, civil war resolution, Security Council problems, mandate inadequacy, Srebrenica massacre, peacekeeper mandate, peacekeeping department, UN reform, peacekeeping force delays, mandate issues, peacekeeping effectiveness, United Nations, military intervention, peace enforcement, international security, peace process, organizational improvement UN standing army, unnecessary, UN missions, peacekeeping effectiveness, Guatemala, civil war resolution, Security Council deliberations, inadequate mandates, peacekeeper deployment, Srebrenica massacre, use of force, peacekeeping department, UN reform, peacekeeping structure, mandate issues, force authorization, UN efficiency UN standing army, unnecessary, peacekeeping missions, Security Council, mandates, peacekeeping department, Guatemala, civil war, Srebrenica, Bosnia, force mandate, UN reform, UN streamlining, peacekeeping effectiveness, decision-making, peacekeeper deployment, UN operations, United Nations, mission success, military intervention, peacekeeper mandate, mission adequacy UN standing army, unnecessary, peacekeeping missions, Guatemala, civil war resolution, Security Council deliberations, mandates, Srebrenica, Bosnian massacre, peacekeeping force, use of force, peacekeeping department, UN reform, mandate inadequacy, operational efficiency, force mobilization, mission success, UN streamlining, peace operations, military deployment, international intervention UN standing army, unnecessary, UN missions, peacekeeping, Guatemala, civil war, Security Council, mandates, Srebrenica, peacekeeper deployment, UN peacekeeping department, force readiness, mandate adequacy, peacekeeping success, UN reforms, streamlining UN, mission effectiveness, peacekeeping challenges, Security Council deliberations, military force assembly
test-international-eghrhbeusli-con04a	"There is no reason to strengthen China militarily  Lifting the arms ban will strengthen China militarily. The US fears less the Chinese purchase of EU weaponry and armour, than that the regime will get hold of advanced communications and control systems, as well as high-technology guidance systems, night-vision equipment, etc. [1] - all of which would make its existing military far more effective. Even if the EU is reluctant to sell such material to China, the possibility will give the Chinese leverage in negotiations with existing suppliers like Israel and Russia, who will feel under more pressure to sell China their most modern technology. In time, China's ability to ""reverse engineer"" high-technology equipment will also boost their own military research and development programmes. [2]  [1] Archick, Kristin, et al., ‘European Union’s Arms Embargo on China’, 2005, p16.   [2] Page, Jeremy, ‘China Clones, Sells Russian Fighter Jets’, 2010. China, military, arms embargo, EU, weaponry, technology transfer, advanced communications, control systems, guidance systems, night-vision equipment, US concerns, Israel, Russia, modern technology, reverse engineering, military R&D, arms ban, Chinese military effectiveness, high-technology equipment, European Union, arms sales. China, military, arms ban, EU, US, advanced communications, control systems, high-technology, guidance systems, night-vision equipment, weaponry, armour, negotiations, Israel, Russia, reverse engineering, military research, development, technology transfer, military effectiveness, arms embargo China military strengthening, EU arms ban, advanced military technology, communications systems, control systems, guidance systems, night-vision equipment, US concerns, China reverse engineering, military R&D, Israel arms sales, Russia arms sales, technology transfer, European weaponry, China leverage negotiations, military modernization, Chinese arms imports, embargo implications China, military strengthening, arms ban, EU weapon sales, advanced communications, control systems, high-technology guidance systems, night-vision equipment, US concerns, military effectiveness, military technology transfer, negotiations, Israel, Russia, reverse engineering, military R&D, Chinese military modernization, European Union, arms embargo, technology leverage China, military strengthening, arms embargo, EU weapon sales, US concerns, advanced technology, communications systems, control systems, guidance systems, night-vision equipment, military effectiveness, Israel, Russia, technology transfer, reverse engineering, military R&D, weaponry, high-tech equipment, military negotiations, modern technology, European Union, Chinese military, arms ban, international relations"
test-culture-ahrtsdlgra-pro01a	Just shock-tactics, at the cost of better art  Sometimes artists go too far in a bid to get their message across. Simply grabbing the headlines with shock tactics does not constitute art of the sort that should be receiving either public support or attention. It is important to recognise that public displays and funding of art are limited commodities, so every time one piece is chosen for an exhibition, or an artist is given money, this comes at the cost of other possible pieces of art. It is surely better to support those artists who have chosen to express their ideas and messages in a way that does not rely on simple attention-grabbing horror: it is surely more artistically meritorious to create a work that conveys its message in a way that rewards close attention and careful study, with layers of meaning and technique. shock tactics, sensationalism, art funding, public art support, artistic merit, attention-grabbing art, controversial art, exhibition selection, headline-grabbing, meaningful art, artistic technique, artistic message, public display limitations, art criticism, art evaluation, layered meaning, art quality, art controversy, art appreciation, thoughtful art shock tactics, contemporary art, artistic merit, public funding, art exhibitions, headline-grabbing, art controversy, artistic expression, art criticism, public support art, attention-seeking art, meaningful art, art technique, artistic message, art appreciation, funding allocation, art selection, art debate, value of art, layered meaning art shock tactics, sensationalism in art, controversial art, public art funding, artistic merit, art criticism, art selection, headline-grabbing art, deeper meaning in art, artistic technique, message in art, public support for art, art exhibition criteria, meaningful art, art with layers, careful study in art, superficial art, art funding priorities, attention-seeking art, art value, art quality shock tactics, art criticism, headline grabbing, artistic merit, public art funding, controversial art, art exhibitions, message in art, artistic technique, attention seeking, art selection, art appreciation, art evaluation, funding priorities, expressive art, meaningful art, meritocracy in art, artistic value, layers of meaning, careful study, public support for art shock tactics, controversial art, artistic merit, public funding, headline grabbing, meaningful art, art exhibitions, art selection, subtlety in art, artistic techniques, layered meaning, value of art, art criticism, attention-seeking art, art messaging, public support for art, art evaluation, artistic expression, responsible art funding, art and society
test-culture-mmctyshwbcp-con03a	The government has no right to prevent children from doing what they enjoy and are good at  Many child performers would undoubtedly protest if their right to perform were taken away from them, and justly so. This can be seen in quotes from the likes of Roddy McDowall, who said in an interview in 1963 that he “had a particularly wonderful time” as a child actor, [1] and would presumably have been quite upset had a ban been enforced in his lifetime. It is beyond the rights of the government to make illegal an opportunity that allows those talented on the stage, in front of a camera, on the pitch, etc. (who might well not be so strong in other, e.g., academic, areas) to make a living from doing what they do best.  Some child performers have also proved to be extremely business savvy – the ‘Olsen Twins’ have built a massive industry off of their Disney stardom.  [1] BBC News. ‘Actor McDowall dies aged 7 0 child performers, government rights, child labor laws, performer rights, Roddy McDowall, Olsen Twins, child actors, child athletes, child entertainers, personal freedom, government regulation, performing arts, children's rights, talent development, stage performance, film industry, business savvy, youth performers, legal restrictions, livelihood opportunities child performers, government rights, child actor ban, children in entertainment, child labor laws, Roddy McDowall, Olsen Twins, child performer rights, child labor debate, legal rights minors, performing arts children, children career opportunities, business savvy child stars, government regulation children, child performers protest, children's enjoyment, children talents, children making a living, academic vs artistic talent, BBC News, celebrity childhood child performers, government rights, child labor laws, child actors, performing arts, children's rights, talent opportunity, Roddy McDowall, Olsen Twins, business savvy children, child celebrities, performance rights, stage children, child athletes, entertainment industry, government intervention, personal freedom, bans on child performance, academic alternatives, BBC News, Disney stardom, livelihood, child star success child performers, government regulation, children’s rights, child labor laws, child actors, Roddy McDowall, Olsen Twins, performer rights, child entertainers, legal restrictions, performing arts, business savvy children, government intervention, personal freedom, talent development, child success stories, stage performance, film industry, celebrity children, academic alternatives, BBC News, banning performance, youth talent child performers, government rights, child labor laws, child actors, performance rights, Roddy McDowall, Olsen Twins, child athletes, government intervention, children's rights, performing arts, talent development, child entertainment industry, child stardom, business savvy children, child employment, career opportunities for children, legal rights of children, child performers protest, ban on child performance, BBC News
test-economy-egiahbwaka-con02a	Women are not the future for Africa’s economy  In the short to medium term women are unlikely to be the key to Africa’s economic future. Even in western economies, there is still a gap between genders at the workplace. Women are still paid less than men, there are more men CEO’s than women and so forth. This is likely to remain replicated in Africa for decades after there has been full acceptance that women should be treated equally as has happened in the west.  In some parts of Africa there are cultural reasons why women are unlikely to obtain a key role in the near future. In Egypt for example, where 90% of the populations is Muslim, women account for 24% of the labour force, even though they have the right to education. This is true across North Africa where women amount for less than 25% of the work force. [1] Just because there is clearly a large amount of potential being wasted here does not mean that is going to change. Women often have few political or legal rights and so are unlikely to be able to work as equals except in a very few professions such as nursing or teaching.  [1] International Labour Organisation, ‘Labour force, female (% of total labor force)’, data.worldbank.org, 2009-2013, Africa economy, women workforce, gender gap, economic growth, female labor participation, gender inequality, cultural barriers, women employment, workplace discrimination, North Africa, Muslim majority, women rights, gender roles, labor force statistics, pay gap, women CEOs, women education, political rights, legal rights, nursing, teaching, International Labour Organisation, workforce diversity, women empowerment, economic potential, Western economies comparison women, Africa, economy, gender gap, labor force, workforce participation, gender inequality, workplace discrimination, cultural barriers, economic development, North Africa, Egypt, Muslim women, education access, women’s rights, political rights, legal rights, professional opportunities, pay gap, CEO gender disparity, social norms, International Labour Organisation, World Bank, economic future, short term, medium term, underrepresentation, employment statistics Africa economy, women workforce, gender gap, female labor participation, economic development, cultural barriers, gender inequality, North Africa, labor force statistics, women employment, workplace discrimination, political rights, legal rights, International Labour Organisation, World Bank data, Muslim majority countries, women CEOs, pay gap, female empowerment, economic potential, traditional roles, education access, women professions, nursing, teaching, gender roles Africa Africa, economy, women, gender gap, workplace inequality, female labor force, cultural barriers, North Africa, Egypt, Muslim population, workforce participation, pay gap, CEO gender disparity, political rights, legal rights, employment opportunities, future prospects, International Labour Organisation, World Bank, economic development, social norms, education access, nursing, teaching, female empowerment, gender roles, employment statistics Africa economy, women workforce, gender gap, economic future, labor force, female employment, cultural barriers, North Africa, workplace inequality, pay gap, women CEOs, political rights, legal rights, education access, Muslim majority, workforce participation, teaching professions, nursing professions, gender roles, women employment statistics, International Labour Organisation, World Bank data, gender discrimination, societal norms, employment barriers, gender inequality
test-politics-pgsimhwoia-con02a	Large influxes of migrants will create conflict in unprepared countries  It is regrettable that difference is a major source of conflict among humans with differences in religion and ethnicity having regularly been the source of conflicts household human history. While many countries have traditions of accepting migrants others don't and even those that are tolerant may not be prepared for a large influx of migrants.  This policy would bring about such an influx in those countries that take up the offer of aid for taking in migrants. A new community is likely to be labelled the ‘other’ by the natives of that country and be blamed for taking jobs and putting pressure on services. This happens because the newcomers are easy to blame and have few influential voices in the country to speak out in their defence.  Places with existing large migrant communities are less likely to experience anti immigrant hostility. Thus in India Delhi with 38.4% of the population immigrants (not just international) has less conflict thant Mumbai with 26.5%, and in the US New Mexico with a 45% Hispanic population has less anti-Hispanic sentiment than Florida with 21%. [1]  [1] ‘Causes of Conflict’, University of North Carolina, accessed 20 August 2015, migrant influx, migration conflict, unprepared countries, ethnic conflict, religious conflict, source of conflict, migrant integration, anti-immigrant sentiment, blame newcomers, pressure on services, native population, social tensions, migrant communities, migration policy, migrant aid, community labeling, job competition, minority voices, social cohesion, India migration, US Hispanic population, causes of conflict, demographic impact, tolerance levels, migration history, host country readiness migrant influx, conflict, unprepared countries, religious differences, ethnic differences, migration history, migrant acceptance, integration challenges, aid policy, anti-immigrant sentiment, social tension, job competition, pressure on services, community labeling, migrant voices, migrant communities, host country, societal conflict, discrimination, case studies, United States, India, population statistics, urban demographics, Hispanic population, anti-Hispanic sentiment, migration impact, causes of conflict migrant influx, conflict, unprepared countries, ethnic differences, religious differences, immigration impact, migrant acceptance, integration challenges, social tension, anti-immigrant hostility, jobs competition, pressure on services, community labeling, immigrant scapegoating, minority voices, migrant communities, population statistics, conflict examples, policy impact, social cohesion, migration history, tolerance, host country preparedness migrant influx, migration conflict, unprepared countries, religious differences, ethnic conflict, migrant integration, anti-immigrant sentiment, job competition, pressure on services, social cohesion, new community, minority groups, blame, influential voices, tolerance, large migrant communities, community relations, historical conflict, India migration, US Hispanic population, causes of conflict, anti-immigrant hostility, ethnic diversity, immigrant acceptance, social tension, migration policy migrant influx, conflict, unprepared countries, religious differences, ethnic differences, migration history, migration policy, social tension, cultural integration, anti-immigrant sentiment, migrant communities, host country, job competition, public services pressure, scapegoating, minority voices, community labelling, migration tolerance, population demographics, migration impact, India migration, US migration, ethnic conflict, social cohesion, causes of conflict
test-culture-ascidfakhba-pro02a	The default of total copyright is harmful to the spreading of information and experience  Current copyright law assigns too many rights, automatically, to the creator. Law gives the generator of a work full copyright protection that is extremely restrictive of that works reuse, except when strictly agreed in contracts and agreements. Making Creative Commons licenses the standard for publicly-funded works generates a powerful normalizing force toward a general alteration of people’s defaults on what copyright and creator protections should actually be like. The creative commons guarantees attribution to the creator and they retain the power to set up other for-profit deals with distributors. [1] At base the default setting of somehow having absolute control means creators of work often do not even consider the reuse by others in the commons. The result is creation and then stagnation, as others do not expend the time and energy to seek special permissions from the creator. Mandating that art in all its forms be released under a creative commons licensing scheme means greater access to more works, for the enrichment of all. This is particular true in the case of “orphan works”, works of unknown ownership. Fears over copyright infringement has led these works, which by some estimates account for 40% of all books, have led to huge amounts of knowledge and creative output languishing beyond anyone’s reach. A mix of confusion over copyright ownership and unwillingness of owners to release their works, often because it would not be commercially viable to do so, means that only 2% of all works currently protected by copyright are commercially available. [2] Releasing these works under creative commons licenses will spawn a deluge of enriching knowledge and creative output spilling onto the market of ideas. It would mark a critical advancement in the democratization and globalization of knowledge akin to the invention of the printing press.  [1] Creative Commons. “About the Licenses”. 2010.   [2] Keegan, V. “Shorter Copyright Would Free Creativity”. The Guardian. 7 October 2009. copyright law, default copyright, Creative Commons, information sharing, reuse restrictions, public domain, orphan works, knowledge dissemination, creator rights, licensing schemes, copyright reform, knowledge access, public-funded works, copyright barriers, free culture, democratization of knowledge, copyright ownership, commercial availability, copyright infringement, knowledge stagnation, creative output, attribution, global knowledge access, intellectual property, content accessibility copyright law, total copyright, information dissemination, creative commons, copyright default, restrictive reuse, public domain, orphan works, knowledge sharing, open access, content licensing, democratization of knowledge, copyright reform, fair use, commercial availability, copyright stagnation, contract agreements, attribution, public funding, global knowledge, knowledge commons, copyright infringement, copyright ownership confusion, cultural enrichment, copyright normalization, knowledge economy default copyright, information sharing, experience dissemination, restrictive copyright, copyright law, automatic rights, creator rights, work reuse, contracts, agreements, Creative Commons, standard license, publicly funded works, attribution, creator control, for-profit deals, copyright protection, commons reuse, creation stagnation, permission barriers, Creative Commons mandate, art licensing, access to works, enrichment, orphan works, unknown ownership, copyright fears, knowledge access, creative output, copyright confusion, commercial viability, commercially available works, copyright release, creative commons explosion, democratization of knowledge, globalization of knowledge, printing press analogy, knowledge market, literature availability, copyright reform default copyright, information sharing, restrictive copyright, copyright law, creator rights, Creative Commons, public funding, copyright normalization, creator attribution, reuse limitation, permissive licensing, orphan works, unknown ownership, copyright infringement, out-of-print books, knowledge access, media stagnation, commons, art licensing, copyright confusion, commercial viability, knowledge democratization, global knowledge, printing press analogy, copyright reform, open access, creative output, copyright barriers, content availability default copyright, information sharing, copyright law, restrictive rights, creator rights, contract agreements, Creative Commons, publicly-funded works, copyright protection, copyright reform, knowledge dissemination, reuse restrictions, art licensing, orphan works, knowledge access, copyright confusion, commercial viability, public domain, democratization of knowledge, copyright infringement, global access, creative output, knowledge stagnation, open licensing, attribution, market of ideas, copyright barriers, copyright ownership, printing press analogy, open access, cultural enrichment
test-international-gmehwasr-con03a	Unforeseeable consequences  We do not know where arming the rebels will lead. The most obvious parallel has to be Afghanistan in the 1980s where the United States armed the mujahideen and succeeded in their objective of damaging the USSR through a war of attrition much as the US had suffered in Vietnam. Afghanistan became an albatross around the Soviet Union’s neck. [1] But the US did not win the peace, Afghanistan descended into civil conflict which had a Taliban victory that sheltered Osama bin Laden; US arms in Afghanistan unintentionally lead more than a decade later to September 11. In this case we would be arming a movement that has many jihadi elements that could end up with the weaponry. Other countries such as Turkey are also worried about where powerful weapons such as anti aircraft missiles could end up if provided to the rebels. They fear they could easily find their way across the border to militant Kurds. [2] Other paths that this could lead to are just as bad; for example helping the Libyan rebels lead to the conflict in Mali. [3] In this case the short term consequences could be just as bad. Arming the Sunnis could provoke retaliation from either Iran or Hezbollah who could feel undermined by the move, in the worst case scenario they could even attack western assets in the area. [4]  [1] Hoffman, David E., The Dead Hand: Reagan, Gorbachev and the Untold Story of the Cold War Arms Race, Icon Books Ltd, 2011, p.211  [2] Hokayem, Emile, in ‘Roundtable: arming the Syrian rebels’, Foreign Policy, 21 February 2013  [3] Jones, Owen, ‘The war in Libya was seen as a success, now here we are engaging with the blowback in Mali’, The Independent, 13 January 2013  [4] Yacoubian, Mona, in ‘Roundtable: arming the Syrian rebels’, Foreign Policy, 21 February 2013 unforeseeable consequences, arming rebels, Afghanistan 1980s, US mujahideen support, Soviet Union, war of attrition, civil conflict, Taliban victory, Osama bin Laden, September 11, US arms, jihadi elements, anti-aircraft missiles, Turkey, militant Kurds, Libyan rebels, conflict in Mali, arming Sunnis, Iran retaliation, Hezbollah, western assets, Middle East instability, foreign intervention, blowback, unintended consequences, proxy wars, arms proliferation, regional security, historical parallels unforeseeable consequences, arming rebels, Afghanistan 1980s, US mujahideen support, USSR war, Vietnam parallel, civil conflict, Taliban, Osama bin Laden, September 11, jihadi elements, anti-aircraft missiles, Turkey concerns, militant Kurds, Libyan rebels, Mali conflict, Sunni arming, Iran retaliation, Hezbollah retaliation, western assets, regional escalation, blowback, unintended outcomes, arms proliferation, Middle East instability, foreign military aid, historical parallels, Syria, policy risks, Cold War, proxy wars unforeseeable consequences, arming rebels, Afghanistan 1980s, US mujahideen, Soviet Union, war of attrition, civil conflict, Taliban, Osama bin Laden, September 11, jihadi elements, weapon proliferation, anti-aircraft missiles, Turkey concerns, militant Kurds, Libyan rebels, Mali conflict, Sunnis, Iran, Hezbollah, retaliation, western assets, blowback, proxy wars, Cold War, unintended consequences, foreign intervention, arms control, Middle East conflict, regional instability, secondary conflicts unforeseeable consequences, arming rebels, Afghanistan 1980s, US mujahideen support, Soviet Union, Vietnam War, albatross metaphor, civil conflict, Taliban, Osama bin Laden, US arms, September 11, jihadi elements, anti-aircraft missiles, Turkey concerns, militant Kurds, Libyan rebels, Mali conflict, short-term consequences, arming Sunnis, Iran retaliation, Hezbollah, western assets, blowback, proxy war, unintended consequences, arms proliferation, foreign policy, Cold War, regime change, Middle East instability, Foreign Policy journal, The Independent, David E. Hoffman, Em unforeseeable consequences, arming rebels, Afghanistan 1980s, US mujahideen, Soviet Union, Vietnam War, Taliban, Osama bin Laden, September 11, jihadi elements, anti-aircraft missiles, Turkey concerns, militant Kurds, Libyan conflict, Mali conflict, Sunni arming, Iran retaliation, Hezbollah, western assets attack, Cold War, blowback, unintended consequences, proxy wars, civil conflict, foreign policy, arms proliferation, Middle East instability, Syria, US foreign interventions
test-free-speech-debate-fchbjaj-con02a	"It is a basic principle of journalism that sources should be checked and verified by another, independent, source.  British Foreign Secretary William Hague has pointed out that the actions of Wikileaks put British lives at risk. [1] Congressman Peter King described the mass leaking of documents as “Worse even than a physical attack” on America and Assange as “an enemy combatant”. [2] Vice-President Joe Biden refers to him as a “High-tech terrorist.” [3]  He has condemned governments, endangered operations and undermined diplomatic activities, all without knowing the identity or motives of his sources. For all we know the information could be quite false or released only in part by someone with an axe to grind. Those parties who are damned by the revelations are hardly in a position to say, “No that isn’t one of our cables and here’s the real one to prove it.""  Furthermore, as the site itself proudly proclaims, it has no way of knowing who the source is and, therefore, no way of knowing the accuracy of the information published beyond the educated guesswork of their editorial staff [4] . Who is it making these guesses? It is impossible to say as only Assange’s name is associated with the site.  It’s an interesting exercise – how many other Editors-in-Chief could you name? How many star reporters can you name? Wikileaks must be the only media organisation – or such is its claim – where the only name that is widely known is that of the publisher.  It is a fairly basic principle of journalism that not only should more than one person know the identity of the source but that the information should be possible to ratify. To prove the confidence that journalist has in the source, they are prepared to put their name to it.  Assange cannot say whether he has confidence in the sources because he has no way of telling whether that is really a person with access to information or whether it is the agent of and unfriendly power, a disaffected employee or is simply making the whole thing up  [1] BBC News, 'Julian Assange ready to meet police says his lawyer', 7 December 2010,   [2] James, Frank, 'Wikileaks Is A Terror Outfit: Rep. Peter King', NPR, 29 November 2010,   [3] The Sydney Morning Herald, 'Joe Biden calls Julian Assange a 'hi-tech terrorist', 20 December 2010,   [4] The Slate. “The Wikileaks Paradox: Is Radical Transparency Compatible with Total Anonymity?” Farhad Manjoo. 28 July 2010, journalism ethics, source verification, independent sources, Wikileaks, British Foreign Secretary, William Hague, British lives at risk, Congressman Peter King, mass document leaking, enemy combatant, Vice-President Joe Biden, high-tech terrorist, government condemnation, endangered operations, diplomatic undermining, anonymous sources, source identity, editorial responsibility, false information, media organization, Julian Assange, editorial staff, transparency, anonymity, ratification, source confidence, information accuracy, unfriendly power, whistleblowing, BBC News, NPR, Sydney Morning Herald, The Slate, radical transparency journalism principles, source verification, independent corroboration, Wikileaks, British Foreign Secretary, William Hague, risk to British lives, document leaks, Congressman Peter King, physical attack comparison, America, enemy combatant, Vice-President Joe Biden, high-tech terrorist, government condemnation, endangered operations, undermined diplomacy, anonymous sources, information accuracy, editorial guesswork, Assange, site anonymity, media organization, lack of transparency, ratification, journalist confidence, source authentication, unfriendly power, disaffected employee, information fabrication, BBC News, NPR, Sydney Morning Herald, The Slate, radical transparency, anonymity, source reliability, editorial responsibility journalism principles, source verification, independent sources, Wikileaks, British Foreign Secretary, William Hague, risk to lives, Congressman Peter King, mass document leaks, physical attack, America, Julian Assange, enemy combatant, Vice President Joe Biden, high-tech terrorist, government condemnation, endangered operations, undermined diplomacy, anonymous sources, information accuracy, false information, biased motives, media organization, editorial staff, transparency, anonymity, source identification, media accountability, confidence in sources, whistleblowing, media ethics, source ratification, information credibility, disinformation, national security, leaks, BBC News, NPR, Sydney Morning Herald, journalism principles, source verification, independent sources, Wikileaks, British Foreign Secretary, William Hague, national security risk, document leaks, Congressman Peter King, high-tech terrorist, Joe Biden, media accountability, anonymous sources, editorial responsibility, source anonymity, information accuracy, media ethics, diplomatic leaks, government condemnation, press transparency, Julian Assange, media trust, source credibility, news verification, radical transparency, total anonymity, source ratification, journalism standards, BBC News, NPR, Sydney Morning Herald, The Slate, whistleblowing, source motives, disinformation, unverified information, editorial oversight, media organizations, publisher identity, investigative journalism ethics, source verification, independent sources, Wikileaks, document leaks, source anonymity, media credibility, British Foreign Secretary, William Hague, national security, whistleblowing, Congressman Peter King, high-tech terrorism, Joe Biden, Julian Assange, editorial responsibility, diplomatic risk, fact checking, source reliability, media transparency, information authenticity, anonymous sources, disinformation, government confidentiality, media trust, press accountability"
test-international-gsciidffe-pro01a	Advancing national interests  A nation’s foreign policy should be primarily concerned with advancing the national interest. By the national interest we mean promoting the interest of the nation as a whole rather than any of its subnational groups; whether this is building up the state's military power to protect its citizens through alliances or military bases, benefiting the nation's economy through trade deals, or encouraging the creation of friendly governments around the globe. [1] Circumventing censorship helps obtain this last objective for democracies by encouraging peoples in autocracies to find their own voice and push for democracy; a system of government that is more compatible to other democracies. Ultimately this will also provide other benefits; friendly governments with similar political systems are more likely to create trade agreements with each other so providing economic benefits, in the 1990s the volume of trade between a democracy and autocracy was on average 40% less than two democracies. [2] Equally importantly democracies do not fight other democracies so helping to create stability. [3]  [1] Realism emphasises the alliances bit, Liberalism the economic self interest, and constructivists spreading values. Walt, Stephen M, “International Relations: One World, Many Theories”, Foreign Policy, Spring 1998,   [2] Mansfield, Edward D., et al., “Free to Trade: Democracies, Autocracies, and International Trade”, The American Political Science Review, Vol. 94, No. 2,  p.318  [3] Rousseau, David L., et al., “Assessing the Dayadic Nature of the Democratic Peace, 1918-88”, The American Political Science Review, Vol.90, No.3,  p.515 national interest, foreign policy, state power, military alliances, military bases, economic interests, trade agreements, friendly governments, democracy promotion, censorship circumvention, autocracies, democratization, international trade, democratic peace, democratic stability, realism, liberalism, constructivism, international relations theory, Stephen Walt, Edward Mansfield, free trade, political systems compatibility, trade volume, democratic vs autocratic trade, democratic dyads, peace theory, global governance, stability, economic benefits, political alliances, regime type national interest, foreign policy, state security, military alliances, economic benefits, trade agreements, democratic peace, spreading democracy, censorship circumvention, international relations theories, realism, liberalism, constructivism, autocracy, democracy promotion, regime type, trade volume, friendly governments, stability, global alliances, political systems, democratic trade, interstate conflict, democratic values, comparative government national interest, foreign policy, realism, liberalism, constructivism, military power, alliances, military bases, economic self-interest, trade deals, friendly governments, democracy promotion, censorship circumvention, autocracies, democratic peace, regime compatibility, international trade, democratic trade relations, stability, international relations theory, Stephen Walt, Edward Mansfield, David Rousseau, democratic peace theory, trade volume, policy objectives, state interests, global alliances, political systems national interest, foreign policy, state power, military alliances, military bases, economic interests, trade agreements, democracy promotion, autocracies, censorship circumvention, democratic values, regime compatibility, international relations theory, realism, liberalism, constructivism, democratic peace theory, political stability, inter-democracy trade, international cooperation, friendly governments, diplomatic strategy, regime type, trade volume, democratic alliances, global strategy national interest, foreign policy, state power, military alliances, economic interests, trade agreements, friendly governments, democracy promotion, circumventing censorship, autocracies, democracies, regime compatibility, international trade, democratic peace theory, realism, liberalism, constructivism, political systems, global stability, international relations, Walt, Mansfield, Rousseau, trade volume, dyadic peace, political science
test-digital-freedoms-efsappgdfp-con02a	Lack of trust  The problem is that when it comes to privacy it is not really our personal physical security that we are worried about. Part of the problem is that we value our right to a private life and that we should have control over that to the extent of being able to decide how much information others know about us. To a large extent this is an issue of trust; we (sometimes wrongly) trust our friends and others with information about us. We often trust faceless entities; companies and governments too though usually to less of an extent. But a lot of that trust is as a result of their willingness to tell us what they know about us, to provide information in return, or to provide methods for us to restrict what they know. In cases like this that trust has not been earned; we were not asked, and not obviously given anything back, and there seems little change of us changing the terms of the relationship. privacy, trust, information control, personal data, data privacy, data sharing, transparency, information disclosure, trustworthiness, companies, governments, privacy concerns, control over information, data security, information exchange, earned trust, relationship terms, consent, private life, mutual trust, data ownership, personal security, information access, privacy rights, data restrictions, user consent privacy, trust, personal information, information disclosure, data control, private life, security, information sharing, companies, governments, data transparency, relationship management, trustworthiness, information rights, data restriction, data access, earned trust, user agency, transparency, mutual trust, information reciprocity, privacy concerns, information asymmetry, consent, privacy management privacy, trust, personal information, data control, information sharing, user consent, privacy rights, data security, information access, transparency, trust in organizations, trust in companies, trust in government, data reciprocity, privacy concerns, information asymmetry, earned trust, relationship terms, privacy management, information disclosure trust, privacy, personal security, private life, information control, information sharing, trustworthiness, disclosure, data privacy, data control, personal information, entities, companies, governments, reciprocity, earned trust, relationship terms, consent, transparency, information exchange privacy, personal security, private life, information control, trust, information sharing, friends, companies, governments, transparency, data exchange, consent, earned trust, relationship terms, data privacy, information access, trustworthiness, data protection, privacy rights, information disclosure, privacy concerns
test-education-egtuscpih-con02a	Online courses make it impossible to ensure academic honesty  With online courses, unlike with actual tests and lectures, there is no way to ensure the person is not cheating on the other side of the screen. There is no way to ensure that essays and papers are written by people who will be getting degrees, and especially that tests and examinations are taken by the people who will be getting the degrees. But even if they are the same people, there is no way to prevent cheating during tests and examinations, as people can just have the cheat sheets in front of them and there are no supervisors to stop them from doing so. The crucial point about university degrees is that they ensure that the person is the professional. With online courses, that is not possible, which undermines the whole idea of the university degree. online courses, academic honesty, cheating, online exams, proctoring, student authentication, degree integrity, plagiarism, exam supervision, remote testing, essay authenticity, identity verification, university degrees, assessment security, academic integrity, online learning, test monitoring online courses, academic honesty, cheating, remote exams, proctoring, verification, essay authenticity, identity verification, online test security, academic integrity, plagiarism, test supervision, diploma credibility, degree validity, online education risks, student authentication, digital assessment, remote learning, credential fraud, unsupervised assessments online courses, academic honesty, cheating, online exams, student authentication, test security, essay integrity, degree credibility, remote proctoring, assessment integrity, diploma validity, cheating prevention, academic fraud, online education, plagiarism, exam supervision, verification, university reputation, diploma mills, educational standards online courses, academic honesty, cheating, online exams, test security, plagiarism, essay authenticity, remote assessment, student verification, identity fraud, proctoring, degree credibility, online education, assessment integrity, unsupervised exams, online cheating prevention, authenticity verification, academic integrity, degree validation, student authentication online courses, academic honesty, cheating, exam integrity, online assessments, proctoring, plagiarism, authentication, degree credibility, student identity verification, essay authenticity, online exams, remote supervision, academic misconduct, university degree validity, test security, academic fraud, e-learning, remote education, diploma integrity
test-politics-ypppdghwid-con05a	"Attempting to impose democracy may escalate conflict.  Intervening in a country, and attempting to impose a different government, is likely to a) result in backlash and b) destabilize the country by destroying infrastructure and disrupting services. Both these things make it far more likely that violent conflict will emerge, either between the country and the imposers, or within the country, as rival factions are forced to compete for scarce resources and rights protection. Iraq is a prime example of intervention causing a civil war. The previous gulf war combined with sanctions and weeks of bombing destroyed Iraq's infrastructure resulting in what General Odierno called 'societal devastation'1 and the disbanding of the army and debaathification forced the experienced administrators who ran the country out of their jobs.(Kane, 'Don't repeat the mistakes of Iraq in Libya', 2011) The result was the attempt to impose democracy was bloody and only partially successful.  1 Parrish, Karen, ""Odierno, Crocker: Iraq's Future Still Hinges on U.S. Support"", American Forces Press Service, November 15, 2010,  2 Kane, Sean., 'Don't repeat the mistakes of Iraq in Libya', ForeignPolicy.com, April 27, 2011, democracy imposition, intervention, conflict escalation, government change, backlash, country destabilization, infrastructure destruction, service disruption, violent conflict, rival factions, scarce resources, rights protection, civil war, Iraq, Gulf War, sanctions, bombing, societal devastation, army disbanding, debaathification, administration removal, Iraq example, failed intervention, regime change consequences, Iraq war, Libyan intervention, foreign policy, post-conflict reconstruction imposing democracy, foreign intervention, government change, conflict escalation, backlash, destabilization, infrastructure destruction, service disruption, violent conflict, civil war, rival factions, resource competition, rights protection, Iraq war, Gulf War, sanctions, bombing, societal devastation, army disbandment, debaathification, regime change, failed intervention, lessons from Iraq, Libya intervention, postwar instability, administration removal, aftermath consequences, Odierno, Kane democracy imposition, conflict escalation, foreign intervention, regime change, backlash, destabilization, destroyed infrastructure, disrupted services, violent conflict, civil war, rival factions, resource competition, rights protection, Iraq war, Gulf War, sanctions, bombing, societal devastation, army disbandment, debaathification, failed state, US intervention, Iraq example, Libya comparison, postwar reconstruction, regime transition, policy failure, nation building, transitional government, insurgency, humanitarian impact democracy imposition, conflict escalation, foreign intervention, regime change, backlash, destabilization, infrastructure destruction, service disruption, violent conflict, civil war, resource competition, rights protection, Iraq intervention, Gulf War, sanctions, bombing effects, societal devastation, army disbandment, debaathification, administration collapse, democracy failure, case study Iraq, Odierno, Kane, Libya comparison, international relations, post-conflict reconstruction democracy imposition, foreign intervention, conflict escalation, regime change, backlash, destabilization, infrastructure destruction, service disruption, violent conflict, civil war, Iraq, Gulf War, sanctions, bombing, societal devastation, disbanding army, debaathification, resource competition, rights protection, administration removal, Libya, intervention consequences, Odierno, Kane, Iraq War, unsuccessful democracy, foreign policy, U.S. support, rival factions, post-war instability"
test-free-speech-debate-nshbbsbfb-pro03a	There is a duty for a broadcaster that is not dependent on either commercial or state funding to give a platform to controversial works of art.  The BBC is in an unusual position, simply because of its funding structure, to promote new or challenging works of art. The licence fee means that it is freed of many of the pressures brought to bear by either commercial or political masters. Although it has never taken that to mean it has a carte blanche, it does allow for opportunities simply not available to many broadcasters in terms showcasing new works of art and encouraging creative development.  The BBC’s global audience in 2007 was 233 million [i] . That audience provides some context for the 1,500 who actively protested this particular broadcast.  It seems reasonable to suggest that many of those millions follow the BBC because they trust the Corporation’s approach of providing the widest possible range of output and opinion. For such an organisation to capitulate to a prudish group – who were outside BBC venues at the time so couldn’t have seen the broadcast – would be a huge betrayal of that trust.  [i] BBC News Website. “BBC Global Audience Hits New High”. 21 May 2007. BBC, broadcaster duty, licence fee, public broadcasting, funding structure, controversial art, challenging works, artistic freedom, creative development, commercial pressures, political influence, media trust, audience size, global audience, platform for art, protest, censorship, media responsibility, public trust, diversity of opinion, arts programming, broadcasting ethics, new works, media independence BBC, broadcaster duty, independent funding, licence fee, controversial art, challenging works, creative development, global audience, 2007, programme protests, public trust, artistic freedom, broadcasting ethics, platform for art, diversity of opinion, funding structure, non-commercial media, cultural promotion, audience context, censorship, public service broadcasting BBC, broadcaster duty, controversial art, art platform, licence fee, non-commercial funding, state-independent media, creative development, challenging works, global audience, media trust, artistic freedom, programming diversity, public service broadcasting, protest, censorship, audience engagement, BBC funding structure, media independence, cultural promotion public service broadcasting, broadcaster responsibility, BBC, licence fee, funding independence, commercial influence, state influence, controversial art, challenging works, creative development, platform for artists, audience trust, freedom from pressure, artistic expression, global audience, media censorship, protest, plurality of opinion, media ethics, broadcasting policy, new art promotion, audience engagement, cultural diversity, alternative viewpoints, creative freedom broadcaster duty, non-commercial funding, state-independent funding, platform for controversial art, BBC, unique funding structure, licence fee, creative freedom, commissioning new works, challenging art, artistic innovation, global audience, 2007 statistics, censorship, broadcaster responsibility, public trust, creative development, artistic platform, protest response, media accountability, audience diversity, freedom of expression, prudish protest, broadcasting policy, BBC programming, public service broadcasting, arts promotion
test-society-ghbgqeaaems-pro04a	"Quota-led gender equality in executive boards will help shape a gender sensitive and highly performing business environment.  There are many reports showing that there is a positive correlation between the number of women on high positions and the companies’ performance. A report from The McKinsey Organizational Health Index (OHI) argues that companies with three or more women in top positions (executive committee and higher) scored higher than their peers. Companies that score highly on all the OHI measures have also shown superior financial performance. [1]  This is often related to the high overall education level of women on boards. In Norway, there has been some advancement in firms’ human capital as a result of the quotas, [2] which may result in increased profits in the future due to the increasing number of well educated women.  Female managers tend to promote a communal and collaborative style of leadership that can improve a company’s performance and work culture. Organizations with women in top leadership positions are also more likely to provide work-life assistance to all employees. [3] Norwegian scholars have found that the increased number of women on boards has led to more focused and strategic decision-making, increased communication, and decreased conflict. [4] In fact, many successful business women, such as Sheryl Sandberg, also argue that more women in business could change business ethics and the male-associated image of successful business model that will bring competitive advantages to companies and thus, to the EU economies. [5]  [1] Barsh, Joanna, and Lareina Yee. ""Unlocking the Full Potential of Women in the US Economy."" McKinsey & Company. N.p., 2011. Web .  [2] Sandberg, Sheryl, Lean In: Women, Work, and the Will to Lead, New York, 2013  [3] Matos, Kenneth, and Galinsky, Ellen, “2012 National Study of Employers”, Families and Work Institute, 2012, p.45  [4] Sweigart, Anne. ""Women on Board for Change: The Norway Model of Boardroom Quotas As a Tool For Progress in the United States and Canada."" Northwestern Journal of International Law & Business 32.4, 2012  [5] Sandberg, Sheryl, Lean In: Women, Work, and the Will to Lead, New York, 2013 gender quotas, executive boards, gender equality, business performance, women in leadership, organizational health index, McKinsey, financial performance, female education, Norway, board diversity, human capital, collaborative leadership, work-life balance, strategic decision-making, boardroom conflict, business ethics, Sheryl Sandberg, competitive advantage, EU economies, women managers, gender sensitive, top management, company profits, workplace culture, board composition gender quota, executive boards, gender equality, women in leadership, company performance, McKinsey Organizational Health Index, financial performance, women education level, Norway board quotas, human capital, leadership style, female managers, collaborative leadership, work-life assistance, strategic decision-making, communication, conflict reduction, business ethics, Sheryl Sandberg, Lean In, competitive advantage, EU economy, organizational culture, business model, women empowerment, business success, board diversity, workplace diversity, gender-sensitive environment, Norway, United States, Canada gender quota, gender equality, executive boards, women in leadership, business performance, McKinsey Organizational Health Index, financial performance, female executives, board diversity, education level, Norway board quotas, human capital, women on boards, collaborative leadership, work culture, work-life assistance, decision-making, communication, conflict reduction, business ethics, Sheryl Sandberg, competitive advantage, EU economies, women managers, organizational health, boardroom quotas, Norway model, strategic leadership, company profits, workplace diversity, leadership style gender quota, executive boards, gender equality, women in leadership, business performance, organizational health, McKinsey OHI, board diversity, human capital, Norway, female managers, collaborative leadership, work-life assistance, strategic decision-making, boardroom quotas, business ethics, competitive advantage, EU economies, Sheryl Sandberg, Lean In, corporate governance, diversity management, financial performance, company profitability, women on boards, workplace culture, conflict reduction, inclusive leadership, women empowerment, boardroom gender balance gender quotas, executive boards, gender equality, business performance, women in leadership, organizational health, McKinsey Organizational Health Index, corporate governance, board diversity, Norway, human capital, female executives, leadership styles, collaborative leadership, work-life balance, strategic decision-making, communication, conflict reduction, business ethics, corporate competitiveness, EU economies, female education, business women, Sheryl Sandberg, Norway board quotas, diversity and performance, inclusive work culture"
test-politics-cpecfiepg-pro02a	Defaulting would be the quickest route to economic recovery  Under the status quo, the Greek economy is only headed in one direction: deeper recession. There are no signs of the situation changing any time soon. Were the Greek Government to default on its debts, after a period of recession, conditions would quickly be favourable for economic growth once more. This is what was observed when Argentina and other nations [1] recently defaulted and can be explained by many factors. Firstly, defaulting and exiting the Eurozone would allow Greece to conduct monetary policy more freely: they would be able to quickly devalue their currency in order to make Greek goods and services more competitive on the international market. This would increase exports and attract investment, as well as tourists looking for cheaper holidays – all of which would contribute towards the rebuilding of the Greek economy. [2] Moreover, were Greece to default, it would put an end to the huge degree of unpredictability and uncertainty about the Greek economy. At the moment, nobody knows if the banks are safe, if the government will default etc. The constant chopping and changing of current austerity measures such as increases in varieties of corporate tax and changes in regulations also contribute to the huge degree of uncertainty in the Greek economy. Uncertainty breeds risk and risk breeds fear: a recipe that drives away foreign investors and makes it difficult for local businesses to start up. Were Greece to default, however, such elements of uncertainty would be seriously diminished, and conditions would be ripe for investment from abroad and locally. Greek would be able to start afresh.  [1] Pettifor, Ann: “Greece: The upside of default”, 23 May 2012, BBC News,   [2] Lapavitsas, Costas: “Eurozone crisis: what if… Greece leaves the single currency”, 14 May 2012, The Guardian, Greek debt crisis, economic recovery, default, recession, Eurozone exit, monetary policy, currency devaluation, Greek exports, foreign investment, Greek tourism, economic uncertainty, austerity measures, Argentina default, financial crisis, economic growth, Greek government, risk, corporate tax, investment climate, local businesses, Eurozone crisis, Greece restructuring, competitiveness, economic reform Greek debt default, economic recovery, recession, Eurozone exit, Greece, monetary policy, currency devaluation, exports, investment, austerity measures, uncertainty, risk, foreign investors, economic growth, Argentina default, competitiveness, tourism, corporate tax, local business, economic rebuilding, single currency, financial crisis Greek debt crisis, default, economic recovery, Greece, recession, Eurozone exit, monetary policy, currency devaluation, exports, foreign investment, tourism, economic growth, unpredictability, uncertainty, austerity measures, tax policy, corporate tax, regulation changes, risk, investor confidence, bank stability, local businesses, international markets, economic rebuilding, Argentina default, economic policy, financial crisis, Greek government, crisis resolution, single currency Greek debt default, economic recovery, Greece recession, Eurozone exit, currency devaluation, Greek exports, foreign investment Greece, monetary policy Greece, austerity measures Greece, Greek government debt, financial uncertainty Greece, Argentina debt default, investment climate Greece, risk and uncertainty, Greek banking crisis, competitive currency, international trade Greece, tourism Greece, economic growth Greece, foreign investor confidence, local business startup Greece, corporate tax Greece, economic policy Greece, Greek economic crisis Greek economic crisis, Greece default, economic recovery, recession, Eurozone exit, debt default, monetary policy, currency devaluation, exports, foreign investment, Greek competitiveness, austerity measures, economic uncertainty, foreign investors, Greek banks, competitiveness, Argentina default, tourism, international market, corporate tax, financial instability, economic growth, risk, local businesses, rebuilding economy
test-health-dhghwapgd-pro05a	You cannot own an idea, and thus cannot hold patents, especially to vital drugs  An individual's idea, so long as it rests solely in his mind or is kept safely hidden, belongs to him. When he disseminates it to everyone and makes it public, it becomes part of the public domain, and belongs to anyone who can use it. If individuals or firms want to keep something a secret, like a production method, then they should keep it to themselves and be careful with how they disseminate their product. One should not, however, expect some sort of ownership to inhere in an idea one has, since no such ownership right exists1. No one can own an idea. Thus recognizing something like a property right over something like a drug formula is contrary to reason, since doing so gives monopoly power to individuals who may not make efficient or equitable use of their asset. Physical property is a tangible asset, and thus can be protected by tangible safeguards. Ideas do not share this right to protection, because an idea, once spoken, enters the public domain and belongs to everyone. This should apply all the more with vital drugs that are fundamentally for the public good by improving health.  1Fitzgerald, Brian and Anne Fitzgerald. 2004. Intellectual Property: In Principle. Melbourne: Lawbook Company. intellectual property, idea ownership, patents, drug patents, public domain, monopoly power, property rights, production method secrecy, tangible assets, intangible assets, vital drugs, public good, health equity, drug formula, patent law, information dissemination, patent monopoly, legal philosophy, pharmaceutical innovation, copyright, trade secrets, equitable access, patent protection, information ownership, intellectual property rights, patent critique, access to medicine intellectual property, idea ownership, patents, public domain, drug patents, drug formula, secrecy, monopoly power, physical property, tangible assets, vital drugs, public good, information dissemination, patent law, property rights, production methods, pharmaceutical patents, open access, health equity, information rights, patent monopoly, patent criticism, knowledge sharing, legal philosophy, patent protection intellectual property, patent rights, drug patents, public domain, idea ownership, monopoly power, drug formula, trade secrets, vital drugs, public good, equitable access, tangible property, intangible assets, knowledge dissemination, patent law, proprietary rights, health innovation, pharmaceutical patents, property rights, patent monopoly intellectual property, idea ownership, patent law, drug patents, public domain, monopoly, vital drugs, drug formula, public good, patent restrictions, trade secrets, production methods, tangible property, intangible assets, knowledge dissemination, equitable access, patent monopoly, innovation, pharmaceutical patents, Fitzgerald, intellectual property rights, idea protection, legal philosophy, health equity, open access, property rights, reasoning, law, public health, copyrights, patent arguments intellectual property, idea ownership, patent rights, public domain, drug patents, vital drugs, monopoly, production methods, trade secrets, property rights, tangible property, intangible property, drug formula, public good, health, equitable access, dissemination, patent law, innovation, monopolization, pharmaceutical patents, Fitzgerald, intellectual property theory, idea protection, patent criticism
test-law-cplgpshwdp-pro03a	Jurors are already aware of information which might ‘bias’ their verdict.  Jurors are frequently affected by media coverage of particular cases, which makes it almost impossible for them to remain impartial in the idealistic way which opposition naively believes possible. This creates a situation where the jury may be more affected by information which they have found out elsewhere – for example on the news or in newspapers – than the information which is presented to them in court. There have been some cases where jurors search the internet to find the backgrounds to their cases, despite the fact that this is not allowed [1] . This evidently reflects that jurors feel that they have not been adequately informed and so seek facts elsewhere. Given that this need has been reflected by the jurors themselves, the court should give jurors all possible information and bring previous convictions into the open to ensure that they can base their verdict on reliable fact presented in court rather than resorting to sensationalist media.  [1] Attorney General’s Office, ‘Juror convicted for internet research’, 23 January 2012. juror bias, media influence, impartiality, jury verdict, external information, internet research, prior convictions, court evidence, news coverage, juror behavior, information leakage, sensationalism, jury impartiality, background research, court proceedings, attorney general, information control, verdict reliability, informed jurors, media effects juror bias, media influence, jury impartiality, pre-trial publicity, internet research by jurors, external information, verdict reliability, courtroom evidence, previous convictions disclosure, sensationalist media, juror decision-making, adequate juror information, attorney general juror conviction, news impact on jurors, information outside court, judicial instructions, juror misconduct, high-profile cases, fair trial, justice system juror bias, media influence, impartiality, jury verdict, external information, court evidence, internet research, prior convictions, sensationalist media, juror impartiality, case background, media coverage, jury decision-making, evidence admissibility, legal information, jury instructions, information management, pretrial publicity, juror misconduct, court transparency juror bias, media influence, impartiality, jury verdict, external information, internet research, court information, previous convictions, sensationalist media, background research, media coverage, juror misconduct, fair trial, case information, news influence, jury impartiality, verdict reliability, attorney general, information disclosure, court proceedings juror bias, jury impartiality, media influence, pretrial publicity, internet research by jurors, juror misconduct, information outside court, prior convictions, courtroom evidence, sensationalist media, verdict reliability, jury decision-making, juror information access, attorney general, legal procedure, fair trial, news coverage, case background, court transparency, juror awareness
test-politics-gvhwhnerse-pro02a	Avoids the costs and uncertainty of elections  It is hard to see what the benefit of an election that can change nothing is, but there are certainly all the costs associated with a normal election. Elections can be costly in financial terms, the United States elections cost several billion dollars but even much smaller and less extravagant elections need financing. Zimbabwe’s elections in 2013 forced the government to ask its neighbours for $85 million to carry out the polls, for a nation that is essentially bankrupt this is a lot of money. [1]  Another cost is uncertainty. In fully democratic elections the uncertainty is with what the policies will be when the government changes. With sham elections the uncertainty is whether the elections will be a focus for violence. Sometimes this is during campaigning itself as with Zimbabwe in 2008 where up to 200 people were killed. [2] Otherwise violence occurs when there is a perception that an election has been stolen so the Green Movement in Iran took to the streets and was met with a violent crackdown in 2009. [3]  [1] VOA News, ‘Zimbabwe Seeks Help to Cover Election Costs’, Voice of America, 10 July 2013,   [2] ‘Zimbabwe: No Justice for Rampant Killings, Torture’, Human Rights Watch, 8 March 2011,   [3] AFP, ‘Iran opposition says 72 killed in vote protests’, Google, 3 September 2009, election costs, election uncertainty, financial costs, democratic elections, sham elections, election violence, Zimbabwe 2013 election, Zimbabwe election funding, electoral expenses, political instability, election outcomes, government change, election-related violence, Iran 2009 protests, Green Movement, vote protests, election legitimacy, election impact, voter suppression, political risk election costs, election uncertainty, financial burden, democratic elections, sham elections, electoral violence, Zimbabwe elections, election funding, policy uncertainty, political violence, election-related deaths, Iran Green Movement, government change, election protests, election legitimacy, electoral process, international aid for elections, election expenditure, political instability, election outcomes election costs, electoral uncertainty, financial burden elections, sham elections, election violence, election-related deaths, Zimbabwe 2013 elections, United States election spending, Green Movement Iran, post-election protests, violence during campaigns, stolen elections, government policy uncertainty, democratic elections, financing elections, election legitimacy, political unrest, Iran 2009 protests, Human Rights Watch Zimbabwe, election impact, Voice of America Zimbabwe election costs, election uncertainty, financial cost of elections, United States election expenses, Zimbabwe election funding, sham elections, election violence, electoral violence Zimbabwe, Zimbabwe 2008 elections, stolen elections, Iran Green Movement, Iran 2009 protests, political instability, democratic elections, policy uncertainty, election financing, government election funding, election-related violence, election outcomes, democracy challenges, election legitimacy election costs, election uncertainty, financial costs, United States elections, Zimbabwe elections, election violence, sham elections, campaign violence, election fraud, government policy uncertainty, Iran Green Movement, election protests, election-related killings, election financing, political instability, election legitimacy, democratic elections, electoral violence, elections in bankrupt countries, external election funding, election-related deaths, protest crackdowns, electoral process
test-economy-epehwmrbals-pro04a	Historically the donor of Foreign Aid has always set down pre-requisites  When a donor nation parts with foreign aid for development to a nation, it must always choose who it prefers to give it to as there is a limited pot of money to donate there needs to be a way of allocating it. It is not surprising therefore that countries with shared colonial histories tend to dominate aid flows, thus Britain has historically given most aid to countries that were its colonies; in 1960 Malta and Cyprus received most, while India was the biggest recipient for much of the rest of the 20th Century. [1] Further, often countries offering aid, such as the US, the UK, and the EU, require the pre-requisite of democracy or the start of a democratisation process. Therefore, it is justified to add a pre-requisite for better standards of business and labour as it helps implementation, and principally meets the goals of the developmental aid itself. [2]  [1] Provost, Claire, ‘UK aid: where does it o and how has it changed since 1960?’, Datablog guardian.co.uk, 14 April 2011,   [2] Dollar, David and Alesina, Alberto. “Who Gives Foreign Aid to Whom and Why?” Journal of Economic Growth, Volume 5, No. 1(Mar., 2000). foreign aid, donor countries, aid allocation, pre-requisites, colonial history, UK aid, aid recipients, Malta, Cyprus, India, democracy requirement, democratization, business standards, labor standards, development aid, US foreign aid, EU aid, conditionality, aid flows, historical aid trends, former colonies, aid justification, aid distribution, economic growth, international relations foreign aid, donor nations, aid allocation, pre-requisites, development aid, limited resources, colonial history, aid flows, Britain, former colonies, Malta, Cyprus, India, aid recipients, democracy, democratisation process, US foreign aid, UK foreign aid, EU foreign aid, business standards, labour standards, aid implementation, developmental goals, historical aid distribution, economic growth, aid policy, aid justification foreign aid, donor nations, aid allocation, pre-requisites, colonial history, UK aid, US aid, EU aid, democracy, democratization, development aid, aid recipients, business standards, labor standards, aid implementation, aid criteria, Malta, Cyprus, India, aid flows, economic growth, historical aid patterns, aid policy, conditionality, development goals foreign aid, donor nation, aid allocation, pre-requisites, development aid, colonial history, Britain, former colonies, Malta, Cyprus, India, aid flows, democracy, democratization, conditionality, business standards, labor standards, implementation, recipient countries, UK aid, US aid, EU aid, aid policy, historical aid patterns, aid preferences, donor-recipient relationship, development goals foreign aid, donor pre-requisites, aid allocation, colonial history, aid flows, UK foreign aid, former colonies, Malta, Cyprus, India, recipient countries, democracy requirement, democratization, US aid policy, EU aid policy, business standards, labour standards, development goals, aid implementation, aid conditionality, aid donors, aid history, 20th century development, aid distribution, donor preferences, Provost Claire, Dollar David, Alesina Alberto
test-politics-ghbgussbsbt-pro01a	Checks and balances  By having both parties in charge of different parts of the Government, there can be a greater degree of scrutiny over policy as the opposition party will force the president to justify his policies.  Under single-party rule, there is a risk of a President being able to push through his/her agenda with little oversight from a legislative branch that is largely in agreement with the policy. One need only look to authoritarian governments the world over to see that governments with too much power are likely to abuse that power.  Divided Government provides a check on the executive, preventing agendas to be pushed through, allowing for compromise to be made between the two major parties, ensuring that the best possible policy for Americans is enacted. As Benjamin Franklin wrote “It is not enough that your Legislature should be numerous; it should also be divided.” [1]  [1] Franklin, Benjamin, Writings, ‘III. On the Legislative Branch.’ 10:55 – 60, 1789, checks and balances, divided government, party control, government oversight, opposition party, executive branch, legislative branch, policy scrutiny, single-party rule, power abuse, authoritarianism, policy compromise, two-party system, policy justification, presidential power, legislative oversight, Franklin, Benjamin Franklin, government structure, accountability, American government, policy enactment checks and balances, divided government, opposition party, policy scrutiny, presidential oversight, single-party rule, legislative branch, executive check, government power abuse, compromise, bipartisan, legislative-executive relations, Benjamin Franklin, American government, political accountability, policy justification, power division, authoritarian governments, policy enactment, party control, governmental oversight, legislative division, US politics, separation of powers, political compromise checks and balances, divided government, single-party rule, legislative oversight, executive branch, policy scrutiny, opposition party, compromise, political parties, governmental power, authoritarianism, abuse of power, legislative branch, bipartisanship, Benjamin Franklin, policy justification, executive agenda, American government, political accountability, legislative division checks and balances, divided government, party control, policy scrutiny, opposition party, presidential justification, single-party rule, legislative oversight, executive power, authoritarian governments, power abuse, legislative branch, compromise, major parties, policy enactment, Benjamin Franklin, legislative division, separation of powers, government accountability, political checks checks and balances, divided government, party control, government scrutiny, policy oversight, opposition party, executive branch, legislative branch, single-party rule, authoritarian government, power abuse, compromise, bipartisan policy, American government, Benjamin Franklin, legislative division, policy justification, government accountability, political parties, separation of powers
test-society-mmcpsgfhbf-pro03a	Pornography fuels unreachable ideals  Pornography presents a distorted perception of people, sexuality, and relationships, which has a further effect on a broader societal level. It promotes unreachable ideals of how both women and men should be in bed, and pushes both in the direction of what is idealised in pornography. This may push men to be more dominating than otherwise and women to suffer from anorexia, low self-esteem, and promiscuity. We can expect women to be the most affected by this, simply because the porn industry is owned almost entirely by men, and because there are pre-existing patriarchal structures in society ready to promote the idea that women are there to serve men.  Altogether, pornography merely promotes a new stereotype: that women are generally happy to have sex at any time, that they will respond positively to any man’s advances, and if a woman does not, there is something wrong with her. pornography, unreachable ideals, distorted perception, sexuality, relationships, societal effects, gender stereotypes, body image, self-esteem, anorexia, promiscuity, male dominance, female subservience, porn industry, patriarchal structures, women’s objectification, sexual expectations, media influence, sexualization, gender roles, sexual norms, mental health, sexual representation, sexual behavior, gender inequality pornography, unrealistic ideals, distorted perception, sexuality, relationships, societal impact, gender stereotypes, women, men, body image, self-esteem, anorexia, promiscuity, male dominance, patriarchal structures, female objectification, media influence, sex stereotypes, sexual behavior, porn industry, gender roles, sexual expectations, sexualization, harmful effects, cultural influence, representation, sexual attitudes, media portrayal, societal standards, mental health pornography, unreachable ideals, distorted perception, sexuality, relationships, societal impact, unrealistic standards, gender roles, domination, anorexia, low self-esteem, promiscuity, patriarchy, male ownership, objectification, stereotypes, female sexuality, sex expectations, sexual behavior, power dynamics, body image, media influence, sexual scripts, gender stereotypes, female subordination, sexualization pornography, unreachable ideals, distorted perception, sexuality, relationships, societal impact, gender stereotypes, male dominance, female self-esteem, anorexia, promiscuity, patriarchal structures, objectification, women's portrayal, porn industry, sexual expectations, media influence, body image, gender roles, sexual norms pornography, unrealistic ideals, distorted perception, sexuality, relationships, societal impact, gender stereotypes, male dominance, female self-esteem, anorexia, promiscuity, patriarchy, porn industry, women, men, sexual norms, objectification, media influence, gender roles, sexual expectations, body image, self-worth, stereotypes, female representation, empowerment, sexualization, cultural norms
test-international-siacphbnt-pro02a	Technology has driven youths to identify new markets  A key technology for youths are mobile phones and devices. Across West and East Africa the possession of mobile phones has enabled citizens to network and form solutions to social problems. By 2015, there are expected to be 1 billion mobile cellular subscriptions in Sub-Saharan Africa (Sambira, 2013). This is the first African generation directly accessing high-technology, although uncertainty remains in the amount of youths having access to technology. Through mobile phones new business opportunities, and flows of money, are being created. Furthermore, mobile phones are providing innovative solutions to health care treatment, ensuring better health for future entrepreneurs and youths.  SlimTrader is a positive example [1] . SlimTrader uses mobile phones to provide a range of vital services - from airplane and bus tickets to medicine. The innovative e-commerce provides a space to advertise skills, products, and opportunities - to, on the one hand, identify new consumer demands; and on another hand, create notices to exchange goods.  Mobile technology is making it faster, quicker, and simpler to tap into new markets [2] .  [1] See further readings: SlimTrader, 2013; Ummeli, 2013.  [2] See further readings: Nsehe, 2013. Inspite of challenges Patrick Ngowi has earned millions through the construction of Helvetic Solar Contractors. technology, youth, mobile phones, mobile devices, West Africa, East Africa, Sub-Saharan Africa, mobile cellular subscriptions, entrepreneurship, networking, social innovation, health care solutions, business opportunities, e-commerce, SlimTrader, digital access, market creation, digital skills, economic development, information technology, Africa, social problems, technological adoption, youth empowerment, mobile commerce, mobile health, digital advertising, consumer demand, entrepreneurship success, Helvetic Solar Contractors, Patrick Ngowi, digital transformation, mobile connectivity technology, youth, mobile phones, mobile devices, West Africa, East Africa, networking, social solutions, Sub-Saharan Africa, cellular subscriptions, high-technology access, business opportunities, money flows, healthcare, health innovation, entrepreneurs, SlimTrader, e-commerce, skill advertising, product advertising, mobile services, consumer demands, goods exchange, market access, market creation, mobile technology adoption, challenges, Helvetic Solar Contractors, Patrick Ngowi, entrepreneurship, innovation, Africa, digital inclusion, economic development technology, youth, mobile phones, mobile devices, Africa, West Africa, East Africa, Sub-Saharan Africa, cellular subscriptions, entrepreneurship, networking, social solutions, market identification, business opportunities, e-commerce, SlimTrader, healthcare solutions, mobile health, digital access, youth empowerment, skill advertisement, product exchange, consumer demand, innovation, emerging markets, Helvetic Solar Contractors, Patrick Ngowi, digital connectivity, economic development, mobile commerce, digital entrepreneurship technology, youth, new markets, mobile phones, mobile devices, West Africa, East Africa, Sub-Saharan Africa, cellular subscriptions, social networking, social solutions, entrepreneurship, business opportunities, innovation, health care, SlimTrader, e-commerce, advertising, consumer demand, goods exchange, market access, mobile technology, digital solutions, economic development, Patrick Ngowi, Helvetic Solar Contractors, digital entrepreneurship, mobile commerce, Africa, technological access, information technology technology, youth, mobile phones, mobile devices, West Africa, East Africa, Sub-Saharan Africa, mobile cellular subscriptions, networking, social solutions, business opportunities, e-commerce, SlimTrader, innovation, healthcare, entrepreneurs, high-technology, youth access, money flow, skills advertising, consumer demand, goods exchange, mobile technology, market access, digital entrepreneurship, healthcare innovation, Patrick Ngowi, Helvetic Solar Contractors, digital skills, economic opportunities, Africa, digital markets
test-culture-cgeeghwmeo-pro03a	Avoids self-segregation  In a time when the US has begun to overcome racial segregation, and legal discrimination in other fields, one of the great challenges it faces is self-segregation.  Linguistic diversity worsens these problems because it inevitably leads to self-segregation. All things being equal, and even if they are not, people like to be around people they can communicate with.  This was not a huge problem in years past when most immigrant groups were small enough to be easily swallowed, and too small to maintain their linguistic unity, but the Hispanic population in the United States has grown at such a rate, that it is possible to get by with Spanish in many major US cities. Restaurants, businesses and services all exist which cater to it, and there is an entire industry of Spanish language television available.  This in turn makes the risk of social balkanization much stronger. While a small minority of people may learn new languages because they want to, the vast majority learn them when they have to – and if individuals can get by without doing so, it’s likely that they will not. Rather than assimilation, you will have a divergence between the linguistic minority and the majority. self-segregation, linguistic diversity, racial segregation, assimilation, social balkanization, Spanish-speaking communities, immigrant integration, minority language, language barriers, cultural divergence, US Hispanic population, bilingual society, communication challenges, linguistic minority, English proficiency, ethnic enclaves, immigrant assimilation, community integration, language-driven segregation, multiculturalism, language unity, US demographics, minority assimilation, social integration self-segregation, racial segregation, linguistic diversity, social integration, assimilation, language barriers, Hispanic population, United States, Spanish language, immigrant communities, social balkanization, ethnic enclaves, communication, minority-majority relations, language assimilation, multiculturalism, social cohesion, language retention, integration challenges, minority languages self-segregation, racial segregation, linguistic diversity, assimilation, social balkanization, language barriers, immigrant integration, Spanish language, minority groups, cultural assimilation, communication barriers, language unity, Hispanic population, multiculturalism, legal discrimination, minority assimilation, US demographics, minority-majority relations, Spanish-speaking communities, social integration, linguistic minorities, ethnic enclaves, language maintenance, diversity challenges, community cohesion self-segregation, racial integration, linguistic diversity, assimilation, social balkanization, language barriers, immigrant communities, Spanish-speaking population, US demographics, minority-majority relations, language unity, cultural assimilation, ethnic enclaves, legal discrimination, communication barriers, social integration, Spanish language media, ethnic businesses, multiculturalism, United States self-segregation, racial segregation, linguistic diversity, assimilation, social balkanization, Hispanic population, United States, Spanish language, language barriers, minority integration, cultural division, legal discrimination, immigrant groups, communication barriers, sociolinguistics, majority-minority relations, multiculturalism, ethnic enclaves, language maintenance, community integration
test-law-lghwpcctcc-con03a	Televising court cases undermines the right to privacy for the victim and the defendant’s family  Court proceedings can be extremely stressful for the families of the accused, and publicising them in this way only makes this worse. Again, a good example of this is the Milly Dowler case, when her father’s pornographic magazines were used as evidence against him [1] . Not only did he then have to try and come to terms with his daughter’s disappearance, but also the knowledge that the media – and his family – now knew intensely personal details about him which were not even relevant to the case, but used to try and condemn him anyway. Meanwhile, although the family members have done nothing wrong, they are forced to listen to critical evidence of another family member which is suddenly now broadcast into peoples’ homes directly from the court. Their public and private lives would be irrevocably transformed by this experience. Secondly, because the defence must try to protect the defendant, these vilifying tactics can also be used against the victim – which could then lead to fewer people being prepared to testify. There is already a problem in society where not all crimes are even reported, sometimes because the victims are afraid of how people will then think of them [2] [3] . The knowledge that the defence will try to expose them as a fraud, or deny that the offence took place – in front of millions of people watching the case on television – suddenly becomes a much bigger obstacle for victims, especially if they are emotionally shaken by their experience [4] , to come forward and help a criminal to be convicted.  [1]  , accessed 19/08/11  [2]  , accessed 19/08/11  [3]  , accessed 19/08/11  [4] Support group for women who have been victims of rape; helping them to testify in court  , accessed 19/08/11 televising court cases, right to privacy, victim privacy, defendant family privacy, court proceedings stress, publicising trials, Milly Dowler case, media exposure, evidence relevance, public scrutiny, private life impact, family distress, vilification tactics, defense strategy, victim testimony deterrent, crime reporting, fear of exposure, trial broadcast, personal details disclosure, emotional trauma, support for victims, testifying in court, criminal convictions, societal stigma, trial media coverage televising court cases, right to privacy, victim privacy, defendant family, court proceedings stress, media exposure, Milly Dowler case, evidence disclosure, publicising court trials, personal details, media scrutiny, irrelevant evidence, family impact, public broadcast, defence strategies, victim vilification, testimony reluctance, underreporting crimes, fear of exposure, emotional trauma, witness intimidation, legal privacy concerns, criminal justice, court transparency, televised trials, witness protection, stigma, sensitive information, courtroom broadcasting, privacy infringement, mental health, victim support televising court cases, right to privacy, victim privacy, defendant’s family, courtroom stress, publicising trials, Milly Dowler case, media exposure, irrelevant evidence, personal details, family impact, critical evidence, court broadcast, public scrutiny, private lives, prosecution tactics, defence tactics, victim vilification, testifying deterrence, underreporting crimes, victim intimidation, media influence, emotional distress, rape victims support, criminal convictions, judicial process, court transparency, trial by media, legal ethics, privacy infringement, witness intimidation televising court cases, right to privacy, victim privacy, defendant family, court proceedings stress, media coverage, Milly Dowler case, evidence publicized, personal details exposure, broadcast court evidence, family impact, public vs private life, vilification tactics, victim testimony deterrent, crime reporting, victim fear, witness intimidation, defense tactics, emotional trauma, rape victims, testimony reluctance, court case publicity, judicial privacy concerns televising court cases, right to privacy, victims, defendant’s family, court proceedings, media coverage, Milly Dowler case, evidence disclosure, public broadcasting, personal details, family impact, stress, irrelevant evidence, vilifying tactics, defence strategies, victim exposure, reluctance to testify, crime reporting, witness intimidation, public perception, emotional trauma, sexual assault victims, testifying in court, media influence, privacy rights, secondary victimization, legal ethics, public trial, family distress, televised trials, criminal justice system
test-international-segiahbarr-pro01a	Africa’s Economies are growing rapidly  Africa has recently experienced some of the most significant economic growth in the world. Amongst the top ten growing economies in the world are five African countries; The Gambia, Libya, Mozambique, Sierra Leone, and South Sudan [1] . The latter, South Sudan, witnessed GDP growth of 32% in 2013. Other economies in Africa are also doing exceptionally well, such as Ethiopia and Ghana. As ever, natural resources are a key export for these countries. Recent investments from China in exchange for Africa’s abundant natural resources have enabled many African countries to develop at a significantly faster rate, with trade between the continent and China increasing by $155 billion [2] . All of this has contributed to an average GDP growth of 4.8% in the past ten years. There is a rapidly expanding middle-class and it is predicted that by 2015 there will be over 100 million Africans living on $3,000 a year [3] , showing an increasingly positive future for Africa.  [1] Maps of World, ‘Top Ten Countries with Fastest Growing Economies’, 2013  [2] The Economist, ‘Africa Rising’, 2013  [3] The Economist, ‘The hopeful continent’, 2011 Africa, economic growth, GDP growth, fastest growing economies, The Gambia, Libya, Mozambique, Sierra Leone, South Sudan, Ethiopia, Ghana, natural resources, China investment, trade with China, middle class, income growth, development, export, Africa Rising, Maps of World, The Economist, 2013, 2011, economic development, resource export, African economies, population income, growth statistics, FDI, emerging markets, Sub-Saharan Africa Africa, economic growth, fastest growing economies, The Gambia, Libya, Mozambique, Sierra Leone, South Sudan, GDP, 2013, Ethiopia, Ghana, natural resources, China investment, China-Africa trade, $155 billion, average GDP growth, 4.8%, middle class, income, development, exports, rapid growth, 2010s, foreign investment, resource-driven growth, African economies, future prospects Africa, economic growth, fastest growing economies, GDP, The Gambia, Libya, Mozambique, Sierra Leone, South Sudan, Ethiopia, Ghana, natural resources, exports, China investment, China-Africa trade, middle class, income growth, development, emerging markets, economic trends, average GDP growth, demographic change, resource exports, infrastructure investment, trade statistics Africa, economic growth, fastest growing economies, GDP, The Gambia, Libya, Mozambique, Sierra Leone, South Sudan, Ethiopia, Ghana, natural resources, China investment, Africa-China trade, middle class, economic development, exports, GDP growth rate, Sub-Saharan Africa, resource-driven growth, emerging markets, African economy, continental development, international trade, foreign direct investment, growth statistics, income increase, 2013, economic outlook, future projections, economic optimism Africa, economic growth, fastest growing economies, GDP, The Gambia, Libya, Mozambique, Sierra Leone, South Sudan, Ethiopia, Ghana, natural resources, exports, Chinese investment, trade, middle class, development, emerging markets, 2013, 2015, growth rate, positive outlook, Africa Rising, economic development, $155 billion, population income, resource-driven growth
test-health-dhghhbampt-pro03a	Overwhelmingly alternative therapies are used in conjunction with established remedies - oddly the latter tends not to get the credit for the miracle cure  Thankfully only 4.4% of the 60million or so Americans who say they use alternative therapies rely on them exclusively. It is odd that in the cases of anecdotal accounts of the success of alternative medicines this statistic is rarely mentioned [i] .  Equally, the impact of other treatment which may have been used by patients eager to credit complementary and alternative medicines with curing their conditions, tend not to get a look in, neither do the relative successes of conventional medicine.  This is probably why in every trial alternative medicine has a success rate of between 0% and 0%. By contrast there needs only be one instance of harm caused to demonstrate that this motion must stand. Interestingly, although conventional medicine publishes its mistakes in an effort to correct them, nothing similar exists for alternatives. Moreover, there are many accounts of fatalities caused by alternatives – both directly and indirectly through delaying accurate diagnosis as seen above (Oh, the same applies to animals too [ii] ).  The food supplements industry alone is worth $250 a year worldwide, with little examination of the medical impact of merrily shoving things into your system that were bought at WalMart or Tesco.  [i] JA Astin “Why patients use alternative medicine: results of a national survey” Journal of the American Medical Association 279 (19) 1548-53. May 1998.  [ii] alternative therapies, conventional medicine, complementary medicine, anecdotal evidence, treatment outcomes, exclusive use, success rates, harm from alternatives, medical mistakes, fatalities, delayed diagnosis, food supplements, industry value, patient survey, therapy efficacy, mainstream remedies, credit attribution, statistical reporting, harm documentation, publication bias, safety concerns, supplement regulation, consumer behavior alternative therapies, complementary medicine, established remedies, conventional medicine, anecdotal evidence, miracle cure, exclusive use, patient accounts, treatment efficacy, clinical trials, success rate, harm from alternatives, medical errors, publication of mistakes, fatalities, delayed diagnosis, alternative medicine risks, food supplements industry, supplement safety, unregulated products, consumer behavior, efficacy comparison, JAMA survey, patient reliance, treatment outcomes, alternative vs conventional, medical impact, therapeutic effectiveness alternative therapies, complementary medicine, conventional medicine, anecdotal evidence, exclusive use, usage statistics, efficacy, clinical trials, success rates, harm caused, patient outcomes, fatality reports, diagnosis delay, supplement industry, medical safety, published errors, reporting standards, patient credit, comparative effectiveness, alternative medicine risks, established remedies, treatment impact, medical survey, healthcare statistics, supplement regulation, animal impact alternative therapies, complementary medicine, conventional medicine, established remedies, anecdotal success, alternative medicine statistics, patient reliance, exclusive use, complementary and alternative medicine (CAM), success rates, conventional treatment success, medical credit, anecdotal evidence, medical harm, fatalities, delayed diagnosis, medical reporting, publication bias, food supplements industry, global market, supplement safety, medical impact, unregulated supplements, JA Astin, patient survey, American Medical Association, medical mistakes, medical trials, alternative medicine fatalities, animal treatments alternative therapies, complementary medicine, conventional medicine, remedy attribution, anecdotal evidence, exclusive use, patient statistics, success rate, clinical trials, medical credit, treatment efficacy, harm reporting, medical errors, fatality accounts, delayed diagnosis, supplement industry, regulatory oversight, patient outcomes, medical impacts, food supplements, WalMart, Tesco, alternative medicine criticism, success comparison, publication bias, JAMA, national survey, JA Astin
test-international-gmehwasr-pro03a	The Free Syrian Army is outgunned  The Syrian army is one of the biggest armies in the world; it is nothing like the poorly equipped Libyan army that was beaten by western backed rebels in 2011. The government has aircraft, and helicopters that are used to bomb the rebels, and heavy Russian built tanks that are impervious to most of the small arms the free Syrian army has. Providing arms would quickly even the odds; light anti-tank weapons would be effective against Syrian armoured vehicles repeating the success with which Hezbollah employed them when they knocked out sixty Israeli armoured vehicles in 2006, [1] while man portable air defence systems would quickly make the skies too dangerous for the Syrian airforce so protecting free Syrian controlled areas from the threat of attack from the air. [2]  [1] Cordesman, Anthony H., ‘Preliminary “Lessons” of the Israeli-Hezbollah War’, Center for Strategic and International Studies, 17 August 2006, P.18  [2] Doran, Michael, and Shaikh, Salman, ‘Arm the Syrian Rebels. Now’. Foreign Policy, 8 February 2013 Free Syrian Army, Syrian army, military imbalance, outgunned, Russian tanks, heavy armor, aircraft, helicopters, anti-tank weapons, man portable air defence systems, MANPADS, rebel weaponry, arms provision, civil war, military support, Hezbollah tactics, Israeli-Hezbollah War 2006, Libyan rebels 2011, armored vehicles, Syrian airforce, Western-backed rebels, air superiority, ground warfare, defense systems, military intervention, Cordesman, Doran, Foreign Policy, CSIS Free Syrian Army, Syrian army, military balance, arms supply, anti-tank weapons, Russian tanks, Syrian airforce, man portable air defence systems, rebels, civil war, aircraft, helicopters, armored vehicles, Hezbollah, Israeli-Hezbollah War 2006, Western intervention, Libyan army, Syrian conflict, military equipment, air defense, foreign policy Free Syrian Army, Syrian army, military balance, heavy weapons, Russian tanks, Libyan army, aircraft, helicopters, anti-tank weapons, MANPADS, man portable air defence systems, Syrian conflict, Hezbollah, Israeli-Hezbollah War, arm Syrian rebels, airforce threat, armored vehicles, military intervention, 2011 Libyan war, insurgency, foreign arms support, Center for Strategic and International Studies, Foreign Policy, Cordesman, Doran, Salman Shaikh Free Syrian Army, Syrian army, military balance, arms supply, anti-tank weapons, man-portable air defense systems, Russian tanks, Syrian airforce, rebel forces, government forces, air superiority, armored vehicles, Hezbollah tactics, Israeli-Hezbollah war, 2006, Libyan army, Western intervention, aircraft, helicopters, small arms, foreign policy, Cordesman, Doran, Salman Shaikh, insurgency, urban warfare, military equipment, Middle East conflict, Syrian civil war, rebel armament, armored warfare, air defense Free Syrian Army, Syrian army, military balance, Syrian conflict, arms supply, anti-tank weapons, MANPADS, air defence, Russian tanks, Syrian air force, rebel forces, Hezbollah tactics, Israeli-Hezbollah war, 2006 Lebanon war, Cordesman, armoured vehicles, light weapons, Western intervention, Syrian rebels, Foreign Policy, military hardware, civil war, battlefield tactics, Syrian government, military superiority, air strikes, military equipment, rebel armament, defense strategies, insurgency, Middle East conflict
test-international-gpdwhwcusa-con04a	A U.N. standing army renders the United Nations a de facto state, but without a territory or a population.  Essentially only governments have standing armies, so this plan would inevitably make the UN more like a world government – and one which is not democratic and where, in China, a totalitarian state has veto power over key decision-making. This means a standing army may actually be counter-productive, impairing current perceptions of the UN’s selfless neutrality, undermining its moral authority and its ability to broker peace agreements. If the UN becomes an institution with its own voice, the fears that the UN would lose its role as the honest broker in international affairs would come to fruition 1.  1.Miller, 1992-3, p.787 U.N. standing army, United Nations, de facto state, no territory, no population, world government, non-democratic, China veto power, totalitarian state, decision-making, counter-productive, neutrality, moral authority, broker peace agreements, UN institution, honest broker, international affairs, loss of role, Miller 1992-3 U.N. standing army, United Nations, de facto state, world government, territory, population, government armies, democracy, China, veto power, totalitarian state, decision-making, counter-productive, neutrality, moral authority, peace agreements, institution, honest broker, international affairs, Miller 1992-3 U.N. standing army, United Nations, de facto state, world government, no territory, no population, governments, democracy, totalitarian state, China, veto power, key decision-making, counter-productive, neutrality, moral authority, peace agreements, institution, international affairs, honest broker, Miller 1992-3 U.N. standing army, United Nations, de facto state, territory, population, world government, democratic deficit, China veto, totalitarian state, U.N. neutrality, moral authority, peace agreements, honest broker, international affairs, Miller 1992-3, decision-making, selfless neutrality, perceptions, counter-productive, U.N. institution, veto power U.N. standing army, United Nations, de facto state, no territory, no population, world government, democracy, China, veto power, totalitarian state, decision-making, counter-productive, perceptions, neutrality, moral authority, peace agreements, international affairs, honest broker, institutional voice, Miller 1992-3
test-international-eghrhbeusli-con01a	The arms ban is still necessary  The European Union should stick to its principles. The arms ban was imposed for a reason - the massacre of students demonstrating for democracy and openness in 1989. Nothing China has done since shows it regrets its savage actions in Tiananmen Square - indeed many of the demonstrators are still in prison today. [1] If the ban is lifted, the EU will be implying that it should never have placed the ban on arms sales in the first place, and signalling that China can do what it likes to its own people without fear of EU objections. Indeed if there is an end to the arms ban, the next time that peaceful demonstrators are attacked by the armed forces in China, they may be able to do it with European weapons. Overall, China's human rights record is still very bad. It still hasn't ratified the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and is regularly criticised by Amnesty International [2] and Human Rights Watch [3] for imprisoning political and religious activists without trial. This is not a state that should be rewarded with EU favours.  [1] Jiang, Shao, ‘List of “June Fourth Tiananmen Prisoners” still held in custody and their backgrounds’, 2010.   [2] Amnesty International, ‘Annual Report 2011 China’, 2011.   [3] Human Rights Watch, ‘China’ arms ban, European Union, EU principles, Tiananmen Square massacre, 1989, democracy protests, China, human rights, student demonstrators, political prisoners, EU arms embargo, Amnesty International, Human Rights Watch, International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, political activists, religious activists, China human rights record, arms sales, democracy, openness, sanctions, EU-China relations, prisoner backgrounds, June Fourth, crackdown, repression arms ban, European Union, EU principles, Tiananmen Square, 1989 massacre, democracy protests, China human rights, student demonstrators, political prisoners, EU arms embargo, Amnesty International, Human Rights Watch, International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, EU-China relations, arms sales, political repression, religious activists, human rights violation, non-ratification, EU sanctions, Chinese government, June Fourth, reward policy, international criticism, democracy movement arms ban, European Union, EU principles, China, Tiananmen Square, 1989 massacre, democracy, openness, student protests, human rights, political prisoners, International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, Amnesty International, Human Rights Watch, arms sales, human rights record, repression, religious activists, political activists, imprisonment without trial, EU-China relations, sanctions, democracy movement, civil rights, international criticism, EU foreign policy arms embargo, European Union, EU principles, arms ban, Tiananmen Square massacre, 1989 protests, student demonstrations, democracy in China, human rights violations, China, Amnesty International, Human Rights Watch, political prisoners, International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, arms sales, China-EU relations, human rights record, political activism, religious persecution, EU foreign policy, Shao Jiang, annual report, repression, authoritarianism, international law, sanctions, civil liberties, China protests, democracy movement arms ban, European Union, EU principles, massacre, Tiananmen Square, 1989, democracy, openness, China, regret, demonstrators, political prisoners, human rights, International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, Amnesty International, Human Rights Watch, arms sales, sanctions, repression, political activists, religious activists, imprisonment, civil rights, democracy protests, sanctions policy, EU-China relations
test-law-rmelhrilhbiw-con03a	The Palestinians were full participants in the 1948 War against Israel  Before the discussion of the Palestinians as the innocent victims of Israeli oppression can be established, it should be noted that the Palestinian leadership were full participants in rejecting the 1948 partition plan and the war that followed. The Grand Mufti of Jerusalem rejected any form of compromise, and urged the removal of the region’s Jewish population, while massacres of Jewish settlers at Palestinian hands and the complete elimination of the Jewish presence in the areas of Palestine that the Israelis did not secure in 1948 speaks to a certain degree of popular enthusiasm. [1]  Following 1948, Israeli law provided for compensation or the return of land for any exiled Palestinians who returned to Israel proper and took an oath to the state.  This does not justify the actions of Israel in their entirety, but the tragedy of the Palestinian people is partially of their own making, and if one accepts the principles of the right of return, then the creation of Israeli settlements furthers this on the Israeli side.  Furthermore, it calls into question what, if any legal claim the Palestinians can have to any land on the basis of a UN partition plan they rejected, and on the basis of principles and practices they themselves have subverted.  [1] Dershowitz, Alan, ‘Has Israel’s Victimization of the Palestinians Been the Primary Cause of the Arab-Israeli Conflict?’, The Case for Israel, Chapter 10, 2003, 1948 Arab-Israeli War, Palestinian participation, rejection of UN partition plan, Grand Mufti of Jerusalem, Jewish population removal, massacres, Jewish settlers, elimination of Jewish presence, Israeli-secured areas, Palestinian leadership, Israeli law, compensation, land return, exiled Palestinians, oath to state, Israeli actions, Palestinian tragedy, right of return, Israeli settlements, legal claim, UN partition plan rejection, principles subversion, Dershowitz, The Case for Israel, Arab-Israeli conflict, Palestinian victimization 1948 Arab-Israeli War, Palestinian leadership, Grand Mufti of Jerusalem, partition plan rejection, Jewish population removal, Jewish settler massacres, Palestinian participation 1948 war, Israeli compensation law, right of return, Israeli settlements, Palestinian legal claims, UN partition plan, Arab-Israeli conflict, Palestinian-Israeli relations, Palestinian victimization, Alan Dershowitz 1948 Arab-Israeli War, Palestinian participation, Palestinian leadership, Grand Mufti of Jerusalem, partition plan rejection, Jewish population removal, Jewish settler massacres, popular enthusiasm, law of return, Israeli compensation, exiled Palestinians, Israeli settlements, right of return, UN partition plan, legal claims, subverted principles, Arab-Israeli conflict, Alan Dershowitz, The Case for Israel, victimization, land disputes 1948 Arab-Israeli War, Palestinian leadership, partition plan rejection, Grand Mufti of Jerusalem, Jewish population removal, massacres of Jewish settlers, popular enthusiasm, Palestinian participation, Israeli independence, UN partition plan, right of return, Israeli settlements, land compensation, exiled Palestinians, legal claims, victimhood narrative, Alan Dershowitz, The Case for Israel, Arab-Israeli conflict, historical responsibility, mutual subversion, Palestinian-Israeli relations 1948 Arab-Israeli War, Palestinian participation, Palestinian leadership, UN partition plan rejection, Grand Mufti of Jerusalem, Jewish population removal, massacres of Jewish settlers, elimination of Jewish presence, Israeli law, compensation for exiled Palestinians, right of return, Israeli settlements, Palestinian legal claims, Arab-Israeli conflict, Alan Dershowitz, The Case for Israel
test-philosophy-pphbclsbs-con01a	The threat of terrorism and security risks are overstated.  The threat of terrorism is greatly over exaggerated. Western governments all over the world are effectively selling the threat of terrorism to their citizens in order to increase their powers of control. The threat, however, has to be exaggerated in order for the electorate to believe that the security measures are needed. The motives of governments doing this vary; some just want the new security measures to make their jobs easier; others however, see it as an opportunity to increase state control and power over the average citizen. There is not enough evidence to show that terrorism has evolved into something more threatening since than it had been for several decades. For example there was the bombing of Pan Am 103 in 1988 killing 270 people or the 1983 bombing of the US embassy in Beirut which killed 63. [1] While the scale is smaller than the 9/11 attacks they are just as terrible and were met with a much more measured response that did not involve infringing civil liberties. Governments are likely to take advantage of anti-terrorist mania and seize the moment to strengthen their regimes. Modern government bodies fighting terrorism are sophisticated enough to counteract terrorism with little use of 'draconian' measures. It is not acceptable to curb citizen rights because of isolated events.  [1] PBS Frontline, ‘terrorist attacks on americans, 1979-1988’,  , accessed 9 September 2011 terrorism threat exaggeration, security risk perception, government power expansion, civil liberties, state control, anti-terrorism measures, public fear manipulation, emergency legislation, historical terrorism comparison, political motives, media influence, security overreach, draconian laws, citizen rights, government motives, surveillance state, terrorism narrative, policy justification, democratic freedoms, public opinion, measured response, terrorism policy, security vs freedom, electoral influence, terrorism evidence, government propaganda, security state, terrorism evolution, terrorism statistics, individual rights terrorism threat, exaggerated terrorism, security risks, government control, civil liberties, surveillance, state power, anti-terrorism measures, public perception, government motives, political manipulation, media influence, citizen rights, legislative overreach, historical terrorist attacks, Pan Am 103 bombing, Beirut embassy bombing, draconian laws, security policy, terrorism response, 9/11 comparison, anti-terrorism mania, government surveillance, counterterrorism effectiveness, public fear, rights infringement terrorism threat, exaggerated terrorism, security risks, government control, state power, civil liberties, anti-terrorism measures, civil rights, propaganda, public perception, security policy, political motives, surveillance, draconian laws, government overreach, media influence, national security, policy critique, fear tactics, historical attacks, Pan Am 103, Beirut embassy bombing, 9/11 comparison, state surveillance, citizen rights, Western governments, terrorism response, security legislation, public manipulation, democratic freedom terrorism threat, exaggeration, security risk, government powers, civil liberties, state control, anti-terrorism measures, public perception, political motives, media influence, overstatement, state surveillance, individual rights, government propaganda, counterterrorism policy, historical context, 9/11, Pan Am 103, Beirut embassy bombing, legislative response, draconian laws, electorate manipulation, regime strengthening, human rights, security vs freedom, terrorism statistics, policy effectiveness terrorism threat, security risks, government control, exaggerated terrorism, civil liberties, state power, anti-terrorism measures, public perception, government motives, surveillance, draconian laws, citizen rights, overstatement, media influence, terrorism legislation, policy response, Pan Am 103, Beirut embassy bombing, historical comparison, regime strengthening, public fear, Western governments, counterterrorism sophistication, anti-terrorist mania, evidence of threat, security policy, individual freedoms, authoritarianism, post-9/11 response
test-religion-cmrsgfhbr-pro01a	The appropriate setting for sexual relations is within marriage, contraception encourages pre-marital sex  The population of the Philippines are overwhelmingly Catholic, it seems reasonable to accept that many, if not most, accept the teaching of the Church that safe sex is married sex. Appropriate sexual relations between husband and wife can lead to a fulfilling family life including children.  However, freely available contraception leads to a rise in premarital sex with the rises in unwanted pregnancies that go along with that. In the US, women having premarital sex increased from 2% in 1920 to 75% in 1999, a period that saw a massive increase in the availability of contraception [i] .. This runs against the teaching of the Church, which, itself, is one of the cornerstones of Filipino culture.  The first Mass was celebrated in 1521 and by the early 1600s, Catholicism was unquestionably the countries’ dominant creed [ii] . The teaching of the Church on this issue is absolutely clear – and for four centuries those have been the values of the Filipino people. This bill undermines that understanding, it will lead to an increase in pre-marital sex with devastating consequences for, particularly, the young people of the archipelago [iii] . There is a reason why the Church argues against contraception and those values – that sex should take place within marriage, are deeply ingrained in the Filipino way of life.  [i] Greenwood, Jeremy and Nezih Guner “Social Change: The Sexual Revolution.” Population Studies Center PSC Working Paper Series University of Pennsylvania.2009   [ii] Wikipedia. Roman Catholicism in the Philippines.  [iii] Bishop Filomeno Bactol, ‘Naval diocese continues fight against RH’,. CBCP News., 23 December 2012, marriage, sexual relations, contraception, pre-marital sex, Catholic Church, Philippines, safe sex, family life, unwanted pregnancies, Church teaching, Filipino culture, Catholicism, religious values, RH bill, sexual revolution, societal change, Filipino youth, traditional values, United States statistics, contraceptive availability, church opposition, social consequences, historical context, population control, morality, religious doctrine Catholicism, marriage, sexual relations, contraception, pre-marital sex, Church teachings, Filipino culture, safe sex, family life, unwanted pregnancies, contraceptive availability, sexual revolution, population studies, religious values, Philippines, Catholic Church, Filipino society, RH bill, morality, traditional values, youth, Bishop Filomeno Bactol, Philippine history, sexual behavior, Church opposition, reproductive health, CBCP News, Roman Catholicism, sexual norms, cultural beliefs marriage, sexual relations, contraception, pre-marital sex, Catholic Church, Church teachings, Philippines, Filipino culture, safe sex, husband and wife, family life, children, unwanted pregnancies, US premarital sex statistics, contraception availability, Catholicism history, church values, Filipino values, population, youth, archipelago, sexual revolution, Roman Catholicism, RH bill, Bishop Filomeno Bactol, church opposition, sexual morality, cultural norms, religious beliefs sexual relations, marriage, contraception, pre-marital sex, Catholic Church, Philippines, safe sex, family life, unwanted pregnancies, cultural values, Catholicism, Filipino culture, Church teaching, sexual morality, population control, religious beliefs, premarital sex statistics, Church opposition, Reproductive Health bill, youth, social change, sex education, religious influence, moral values, historical context sexual relations, marriage, contraception, pre-marital sex, Catholic Church, Church teaching, Filipino culture, Philippines, safe sex, family life, unwanted pregnancies, US sexual behavior statistics, availability of contraception, rise in premarital sex, Catholicism history Philippines, church values, Reproductive Health Bill, impact on youth, opposition to contraception, traditional values, sexual morality, social change, sexual revolution, Roman Catholicism, cultural beliefs, RH Bill, Bishop Filomeno Bactol, CBCP News
test-culture-mmctyshwbcp-con02a	If child performers were banned, many children would find a way to perform illegally, now without legal protection.  While being a child performer is legal, these children’s working circumstances are under the protection of the law and monitored by government departments such as the Inland Revenue, Health and Safety, etc. Were child performers to be banned, it is certain that some children would still perform, but would not be thus protected. This has already happened in certain professional sports where athletes can benefit by lying about their age. For example, it is easier for Latin American baseball players to sign with U.S. Major League teams if the teams think they are young. As a result, countless players have lied about their age, including a number of high-profile cases, such as Miguel Tejada who was named Most Valuable Player in 2002. [1] Many of these young players, however, have been less successful. There are too many unfortunate examples of players who came to the United States at a young age and, under the increased pressure, fell victim to serious drug problems, often resulting in overdose and death. [2] [3] A ban would not prevent children from performing; it would actually further expose them to whatever risks may be involved.  [1] Schmidt and Schwartz. “Baseball’s Use of DNA Raises Questions.”  [2] Zirin, “Can’t Knock the Hassle: Chavez Challenges Baseball.”  [3] Helfgott, “The international game.” child performers, child labor laws, illegal performances, legal protection, government monitoring, Inland Revenue, Health and Safety, performer ban, underage performers, age fraud, sports age cheating, Latin American baseball, U.S. Major League Baseball, athlete exploitation, Miguel Tejada, drug abuse, overdose, child athlete risks, protection laws, professional sports, youth performers, enforcement agencies, illegal child labor, performance ban consequences, performance regulation, child protection, age verification, sports scandals, performer safety child performers, child labor laws, legal protection, illegal performance, government monitoring, Inland Revenue, Health and Safety, child performance ban, underage athletes, age fraud, professional sports, Latin American baseball, player age deception, Major League Baseball, Miguel Tejada, negative outcomes, drug abuse, overdose, youth protection, sports regulation, child welfare, performance risks, athlete exploitation, legal oversight, government regulation, international sports, U.S. immigration child performers, performer ban, child labor laws, legal protection, government regulation, illegal performance, underage performers, health and safety, Inland Revenue, professional sports, age fraud, Latin American baseball, U.S. Major League Baseball, athlete age deception, Miguel Tejada, youth athletes, drug abuse, sports overdose, performer risks, accountability, child protection, international sports, enforcement, government monitoring, age verification child performers, child labor laws, child performer ban, illegal child performance, legal protection, government monitoring, child safety, Inland Revenue, Health and Safety regulations, underage athletes, sports age fraud, Latin American baseball, Major League, age falsification, Miguel Tejada, athlete drug abuse, sports regulation, professional sports children, exploitation prevention, performance industry regulation, child protection policies child performers, child labor laws, illegal child performance, legal protection, government monitoring, Inland Revenue, Health and Safety, child performer ban, child athletes, professional sports, age fraud, Latin American baseball, U.S. Major League teams, Miguel Tejada, athlete age lying, underage athletes, youth exploitation, drug abuse, overdose, unprotected child workers, regulatory enforcement, child protection, case studies, sports law, performer regulation, occupational hazards, risk exposure, enforcement consequences
test-international-ipecfiepg-pro02a	Defaulting would be the quickest route to economic recovery  Under the status quo, the Greek economy is only headed in one direction: deeper recession. There are no signs of the situation changing any time soon. Were the Greek Government to default on its debts, after a period of recession, conditions would quickly be favourable for economic growth once more. This is what was observed when Argentina and other nations [1] recently defaulted and can be explained by many factors. Firstly, defaulting and exiting the Eurozone would allow Greece to conduct monetary policy more freely: they would be able to quickly devalue their currency in order to make Greek goods and services more competitive on the international market. This would increase exports and attract investment, as well as tourists looking for cheaper holidays – all of which would contribute towards the rebuilding of the Greek economy. [2] Moreover, were Greece to default, it would put an end to the huge degree of unpredictability and uncertainty about the Greek economy. At the moment, nobody knows if the banks are safe, if the government will default etc. The constant chopping and changing of current austerity measures such as increases in varieties of corporate tax and changes in regulations also contribute to the huge degree of uncertainty in the Greek economy. Uncertainty breeds risk and risk breeds fear: a recipe that drives away foreign investors and makes it difficult for local businesses to start up. Were Greece to default, however, such elements of uncertainty would be seriously diminished, and conditions would be ripe for investment from abroad and locally. Greek would be able to start afresh.  [1] Pettifor, Ann: “Greece: The upside of default”, 23 May 2012, BBC News,   [2] Lapavitsas, Costas: “Eurozone crisis: what if… Greece leaves the single currency”, 14 May 2012, The Guardian, Greece, economic recovery, default, Greek debt crisis, recession, Eurozone exit, monetary policy, currency devaluation, exports, foreign investment, tourism, economic growth, uncertainty, austerity measures, corporate tax, regulation changes, investor confidence, risk, business environment, Argentina default, financial stability, Greek government, international competitiveness, single currency, rebuilding economy, economic reform Greek debt crisis, Greece default, economic recovery, Eurozone exit, recession, monetary policy, currency devaluation, export growth, foreign investment, tourism, austerity measures, economic uncertainty, corporate tax, regulatory changes, investor confidence, risk, economic growth, Argentina default, fresh start, financial instability Greek default, economic recovery, Greece recession, Eurozone exit, monetary policy, currency devaluation, Greek exports, foreign investment, Argentina default, economic uncertainty, austerity measures, investment climate, risk aversion, local business growth, competitive currency, tourism Greece, corporate tax, Greek banking crisis, investor confidence, economic growth Greece Greek default, economic recovery, recession, Greek economy, debt crisis, Eurozone exit, monetary policy, currency devaluation, exports, foreign investment, tourism, economic growth, uncertainty, austerity measures, financial stability, Argentina default, risk reduction, investor confidence, local business, economic rebuilding, Pettifor, Lapavitsas, single currency, corporate tax, international competitiveness, financial crisis, Greece restructuring, market confidence, foreign investors, domestic investment, economic uncertainty Greek default, economic recovery, debt crisis, recession, Greece Eurozone exit, monetary policy, currency devaluation, export growth, tourism, investment, uncertainty, austerity measures, foreign investors, local business, risk, Argentina default, financial crisis, economic growth, banking stability, economic policy, competitiveness, euro crisis, sovereign debt, fiscal policy
test-culture-ascidfakhba-pro01a	Intellectual property is a legal fiction created for convenience in some instances, but copyright should cease to be protected under this doctrine  An individual’s idea only truly belongs solely to them so long as it rests in their mind alone. When they disseminate their ideas to the world they put them in the public domain, and should become the purview of everyone to use. Artists and creators more generally, should not expect some sort of ownership to inhere in an idea they happen to have, since no such ownership right exists in reality. [1] No one can own an idea. Thus recognizing something like a property right over intangible assets is contrary to reason, since doing so gives monopoly power to individuals who may not make efficient or equitable use of their inventions or products. Physical property is a tangible asset, and thus can be protected by tangible safeguards. Ideas do not share the same order of protection even now because they exist in a different order to physical reality. However, some intellectual property is useful in encouraging investment and invention, allowing people to engage their profit motives to the betterment of society as a whole. To an extent one can also sympathize with the notion that creators deserve to accrue some additional profit for the labour of the creative process, but this can be catered for through Creative Commons non-commercial licenses which reserve commercial rights. [2] These protections should not extend to non-commercial use of the various forms of arts. This is because art is a social good of a unique order, with its purpose not purely functional, but creative. It only has value in being experienced, and thus releasing these works through creative commons licenses allows the process of artistic experience and sharing proceeds unhindered by outmoded notions of copyright. The right to reap some financial gain still remains for the artists, as their rights still hold over all commercial use of their work. This seems like a fair compromise of the artist’s right to profit from their work and society right to experience and grow from those works.  [1] Fitzgerald, Brian and Anne Fitzgerald. Intellectual Property: In Principle. Melbourne: Lawbook Company. 2004.  [2] Walsh, K., “Commercial Rights Reserved proposal outcome: no change”, Creative Commons, 14 February 2013, intellectual property, legal fiction, copyright doctrine, public domain, idea ownership, intangible assets, monopoly power, physical property, tangible safeguards, investment incentive, invention encouragement, creative process, creative commons, non-commercial license, commercial rights, art as social good, copyright limitations, artist profit, equitable use, societal benefit, artistic sharing, property rights debate, Fitzgerald intellectual property, Creative Commons policy, non-commercial use, monopoly criticism, labor value, commercial protection intellectual property, legal fiction, copyright, public domain, ownership of ideas, intangible assets, monopoly power, physical property, tangible safeguards, investment, invention, profit motives, creative process, Creative Commons, non-commercial licenses, commercial rights, art as social good, functional vs creative value, artistic experience, sharing, copyright reform, artist compensation, public access, non-commercial use, equitable use, property rights, labor of creativity, societal growth, copyright compromise intellectual property, legal fiction, copyright, public domain, idea ownership, intangible assets, monopoly power, physical property, tangible safeguards, investment incentive, creative process, Creative Commons, non-commercial licenses, artists rights, social good, art sharing, commercial use, property rights critique, profit motive, artistic experience, equitable use, copyright reform, public access, creative commons proposal, Fitzgerald, Walsh intellectual property, legal fiction, copyright, public domain, ownership of ideas, intangible assets, monopoly power, physical property, creative commons, non-commercial use, art as social good, creators' rights, commercial rights, Creative Commons licenses, profit motive, investment incentive, equitable use, artistic experience, copyright reform, property rights critiques, Fitzgerald, Walsh intellectual property, legal fiction, copyright, public domain, idea ownership, intangible assets, monopoly power, physical property, tangible assets, creative commons, non-commercial licenses, commercial rights, artistic creation, social good, equitable use, investment incentive, profit motive, labor of creativity, copyright reform, non-commercial use, artistic value, creative sharing, public access, artist compensation, rights balance, copyright limitations, Fitzgerald, Walsh, creative commons proposal, property rights, monopoly critique
test-international-atiahblit-pro01a	Social Policy: encouraging teaching careers  UNESCO (2013) report the need for 6.8mn teachers by 2015 for the right to primary education to be achieved. The teaching workforce requires includes both replacements and additional teachers. Africa has a reality of low teacher-student ratios. In 2012, 80 students were reported per teacher in the Central African Republic (World Bank, 2013). Positive schemes are needed to incentivise potential teachers to enter the profession and meet demand.  Careers can be encouraged through multiple paths. For example, providing incentives to study teaching as a profession. Tanzania’s Ministry of Education provides grants to students entering University to study teaching. social policy, teaching careers, UNESCO, teacher shortage, primary education, teacher recruitment, teacher workforce, teacher-student ratio, Africa, Central African Republic, World Bank, teacher incentives, teacher training, education incentives, teacher grants, Tanzania Ministry of Education, teacher replacement, teacher demand, education policy, teacher profession, education workforce development social policy, teaching careers, UNESCO, teacher shortage, 6.8 million teachers, right to primary education, teacher workforce, teacher replacements, additional teachers, Africa, low teacher-student ratios, Central African Republic, World Bank, teacher incentives, teacher recruitment, education schemes, incentivising teachers, teacher profession, education grants, Tanzania Ministry of Education, university scholarships, teacher demand, teacher training, educational workforce Social Policy, teaching careers, teacher shortage, UNESCO 2013, teacher recruitment, right to education, primary education, teacher workforce, teacher replacements, additional teachers, Africa, teacher-student ratio, Central African Republic, World Bank 2013, teacher incentives, teaching profession, teacher demand, career incentives, teacher training, education grants, Tanzania Ministry of Education, education policy, teacher supply, educational access, teacher retention teacher recruitment, teaching careers, UNESCO 2013, teacher shortage, primary education, teacher incentives, teacher workforce, Africa, teacher-student ratio, Central African Republic, World Bank 2013, teacher retention, education policy, teaching profession incentives, educational grants, Tanzania Ministry of Education, teacher demand, teacher supply, teacher training, education interventions, teacher motivation Social Policy, teaching careers, UNESCO, teacher shortage, primary education, teacher recruitment, teacher-student ratio, Africa, Central African Republic, World Bank, teacher incentives, teacher profession, education grants, Tanzania Ministry of Education, student grants, workforce replacement, additional teachers, teacher demand, education policy, teacher training, teacher incentives Africa
test-culture-cgeeghwmeo-pro02a	Bilingual Education is expensive and encourages balkanization  One of the goals of the government in providing education is to prepare students for success in the work place, and therefore the government has an obligation to spend its money in the most efficient way possible to accomplish this.  This is relevant because Bilingual education is expensive, requiring the hiring of bilingual teachers, the organization of bilingual classes, and the acquisition of bilingual curriculum materials. [1]  These costs might be justified if they actually helped students. But the reality is that they do not. For one thing, they allow students to get by without learning English. One of the great obstacles to learning a new language is the fact that parents of students may well speak another language at home. If students suddenly use that language at school as well, they will spend the vast majority of their day speaking a language other than English, with the consequence that they may not pick it up at all, and find themselves at a large disadvantage when they attempt to join the workforce.  As a consequence, it seems likely that the money could be better used subsidizing tutoring for students learning English than running an entirely separate and parallel educational system.  [1] Rossell, Christine, ‘Does Bilingual Education Work? The Case of Texas’, Texas Public Policy Foundation, September 2009, bilingual education, cost, government spending, education policy, workplace preparation, bilingual teachers, bilingual curriculum, educational efficiency, English proficiency, language acquisition, student disadvantage, parental language influence, academic success, workforce integration, tutoring subsidies, educational system, balkanization, parallel education, Texas, Christine Rossell, Texas Public Policy Foundation, bilingual education effectiveness bilingual education, cost, government spending, education policy, workforce preparation, bilingual teachers, bilingual classes, bilingual curriculum, English language acquisition, parental language influence, student disadvantage, workforce impact, educational efficiency, English tutoring, parallel education system, Rossell Christine, Texas Public Policy Foundation, bilingualism, education outcomes, assimilation, balkanization, language barriers, education funding, program effectiveness, educational resources bilingual education, cost, expense, government funding, efficiency, workforce preparation, bilingual teachers, bilingual classes, curriculum materials, language acquisition, English proficiency, student outcomes, parental language use, educational disadvantage, workforce integration, tutoring, educational policy, Texas, Rossell Christine, educational effectiveness, balkanization, separate educational systems, public policy, English learners, education spending, bilingual programs, bilingualism, resource allocation bilingual education, cost, government spending, education policy, workforce preparation, bilingual teachers, bilingual curriculum, English language learning, language acquisition, educational efficiency, parental language influence, student outcomes, workforce disadvantage, tutoring, parallel education system, Rossell Christine, Texas, Texas Public Policy Foundation, bilingual education criticism, educational funding, balkanization, educational effectiveness bilingual education, cost, government funding, educational efficiency, workforce preparation, bilingual teachers, bilingual classes, bilingual curriculum, language acquisition, English proficiency, parental language influence, student disadvantage, workforce integration, educational outcomes, educational policy, parallel educational system, tutoring subsidies, English language learners, Rossell Christine, Texas Public Policy Foundation
test-free-speech-debate-fchbjaj-con01a	Assange is mostly interested in self-promotion, not being a serious journalist.  Journalists are judged by far more than their ability to acquire and disseminate knowledge or information. The quality of their writing, the skills and contacts developed to acquire it, the training used to enter the trade (which incidentally would have included the difference between the legitimate use of privileged information and espionage) and many other characteristics.  Assange doesn’t seem to have taken any interest in any of this. He undertook no formal training – he studied but did not graduate in Physics – and worked as a computer programmer and hacker before founding Wikileaks. His interest in data seems to do with the technological side of the process rather than the ideas.  Were a printer in the same situation to attempt the same defence, it would be ignored. Assange is an irresponsible geek, self-proclaimed hacker and someone who clearly has no interest in, or understanding of, the notion that there are occasions when a responsible journalist does not release information, frequently out of concern for those whose lives it might engender.  His entire background has been in hacking, he is described as a cryptographer in articles written by or about him before the launch of Wikileaks. This sudden commitment to journalism seems awfully convenient in the event of the threat of a trial. Julian Assange, self-promotion, journalism, serious journalist, journalistic standards, quality of writing, investigative skills, professional training, privileged information, espionage, ethics, responsible journalism, Wikileaks, computer programmer, hacker, technological interest, lack of formal training, data dissemination, cryptographer, information release, source protection, hacktivism, media ethics, whistleblowing, trial, journalistic responsibility, public interest, freedom of press, career background, motivation, journalism versus hacking Julian Assange, self-promotion, journalism legitimacy, journalist qualifications, writing quality, journalism training, privileged information, espionage, formal training, academic background, computer programmer, hacker, Wikileaks, technological focus, data-driven journalism, responsible journalism, information release ethics, cryptography, hacker background, journalistic ethics, journalistic responsibility, lack of journalistic training, media credibility, whistleblowing, freedom of the press, unauthorized disclosure, computer hacking, journalistic standards, media integrity, trial defense, journalism versus hacking, information security Julian Assange, self-promotion, journalism, serious journalist, journalistic standards, information dissemination, writing quality, professional training, privileged information, espionage, hacking background, computer programmer, Wikileaks, technological interest, data handling, ethical journalism, responsible journalism, information release, cryptography, lack of training, non-traditional journalist, media ethics, whistleblowing, legal defense, journalism credentials, hacker culture, press freedom, journalist vs hacker, media credibility Julian Assange, self-promotion, journalism, journalist qualifications, writing quality, information dissemination, formal training, privileged information, espionage, Wikileaks, computer programmer, hacker, data technology, responsible journalism, information ethics, media ethics, cryptography, hacking background, professional standards, journalistic integrity, information release, whistleblowing, journalism vs hacking, journalist training, media responsibility, Assange trial, journalistic motivation, reputation, journalistic ethics, serious journalism, irresponsible journalism Julian Assange, self-promotion, serious journalist, journalism standards, journalistic ethics, information dissemination, writing quality, journalistic training, privileged information, espionage, formal education, computer programmer, hacker, Wikileaks founder, technology focus, motivations, responsible journalism, information sensitivity, cryptography, media credibility, whistleblowing, press freedom, hacker culture, media responsibility, journalistic integrity, data leak ethics, media professionalism, background controversy, journalism qualifications, transparency vs. security
test-culture-mmctyshwbcp-pro05a	Allowing children to perform pushes them to grow up too soon  Child performers are exposed to a much higher level of responsibility than their peers, without the maturity to deal with it. They may be exposed to sex, drugs, or alcohol, in a context too far removed from a normal life that they don’t learn adequate coping mechanisms. It is no surprise that many child performers “burn out” by the time they reach adulthood, often experiencing problems long before, as in the case of actress Drew Barrymore, who entered rehab at the age of 13. [1] Children should not be encouraged to enter into these adult worlds of acting, modeling, dancing, etc. Michael Jackson attributed his obsession with children and childhood as a consequence of having missed out on a childhood himself.  [1] Barrymore, Little Girl Lost child performers, early exposure, maturity, responsibility, sex, drugs, alcohol, adulthood, burnout, coping mechanisms, psychological impact, acting, modeling, dancing, child development, celebrity childhood, Drew Barrymore, Michael Jackson, missing childhood, child labor, mental health, entertainment industry, childhood lost, substance abuse, rehabilitation, peer comparison, adult worlds, negative consequences child performers, early maturity, high responsibility, exposure to adult themes, risk factors, mental health, burnout, substance abuse, acting, modeling, dancing, loss of childhood, coping mechanisms, Drew Barrymore, Michael Jackson, child development, negative consequences, childhood deprivation, rehabilitation, fame impact, child labor child performers, early maturity, childhood loss, exposure to adult themes, responsibility, coping mechanisms, burnout, substance abuse, acting, modeling, dancing, Drew Barrymore, Michael Jackson, child celebrity, negative impacts, psychological effects, premature adulthood, child stars, child labor, mental health, rehabilitation, childhood experiences, entertainment industry, child exploitation child performers, childhood loss, early responsibility, maturity, burnout, exposure to adult themes, sex, drugs, alcohol, coping mechanisms, mental health, acting, modeling, dancing, Drew Barrymore, Michael Jackson, child development, child exploitation, early fame, psychological effects, celebrity children child performers, early maturity, childhood lost, responsibility, exposure, sex, drugs, alcohol, coping mechanisms, burnout, adulthood problems, Drew Barrymore, Michael Jackson, acting, modeling, dancing, negative consequences, premature adulthood, mental health, child exploitation, entertainment industry, child development, celebrity children, child labor, psychological impact, fame at young age
test-society-epiasghbf-con04a	Where are the men?  Is the feminisation of labour emerging with a de-masculinisation of jobs? If so, how do women cope in the work environment? Are methods being integrated to ensure a just work environment is maintained?  Overa’s (2007) study on gender relations within the informal economy indicates how tensions emerge with women and men being forced into similar occupations. The informal economy of retail trade in Ghana is becoming overcrowded as men enter into female jobs; competition is causing reductions in returns, and further, frustrations are rising against the state. Therefore if more women are entering male jobs, what are the reactions? feminisation of labour, de-masculinisation of jobs, gender relations, informal economy, retail trade, Ghana, occupational segregation, men in female jobs, women in male jobs, workplace coping mechanisms, just work environment, occupational competition, gender tensions, Overa 2007, gender integration, economic returns, workforce frustration, state response, employment shifts, gendered occupations, workplace equality feminisation of labour, de-masculinisation of jobs, gender relations, informal economy, occupational segregation, labour market, gender competition, women's coping strategies, workplace equality, just work environment, gender integration, Ghana, retail trade, male entry into female jobs, occupational crowding, economic competition, gender tensions, state response, women in male-dominated jobs, gender roles, Overa 2007, labour market returns, workplace frustration, gendered employment trends feminisation of labour, de-masculinisation, gender relations, informal economy, Ghana, retail trade, occupational gender shifts, women in workforce, men in female jobs, workplace competition, gendered occupations, coping strategies, just work environment, job overcrowding, economic returns, state frustrations, gender tension, employment trends, workforce integration, gendered job reactions, Overa 2007 gender relations, feminisation of labour, de-masculinisation, women in workforce, informal economy, retail trade, Ghana, occupational segregation, job competition, gender tensions, just work environment, workplace integration, Overa 2007, gender roles, coping strategies, labour market, economic returns, male entry female jobs, state frustration, employment dynamics, workforce gender balance feminisation of labour, de-masculinisation of jobs, gender relations, informal economy, retail trade, Ghana, women in workforce, men in female jobs, occupational segregation, workplace coping strategies, workplace equality, just work environment, job competition, economic returns, gender tensions, Overa 2007, male reactions, female employment, labour market shifts, state response, gender integration, occupational crowding, workforce frustration
test-science-ciidfaihwc-pro01a	Governments have a moral duty to protect its citizens from harmful sites.  In recent years, supposedly innocent sites such as social networking sites have been purposely used to harm others. Victims of cyber bullying have even led victims to commit suicide in extreme cases [1] [2] . Given that both physical [3] and psychological [4] damage have occurred through the use of social networking sites, such sites represent a danger to society as a whole. They have become a medium through which others express prejudice, including racism, towards groups and towards individuals [5] . Similarly, if a particularly country has a clear religious or cultural majority, it is fair to censor those sites which seek to undermine these principles and can be damaging to a large portion of the population. If we fail to take the measures required to remove these sites, which would be achieved through censorship, the government essentially fails to act on its principles by allowing such sites to exist. The government has a duty of care to its citizens [6] and must ensure their safety; censoring such sites is the best way to achieve this.  [1] Moore, Victoria, ‘The fake world of Facebook and Bebo: How suicide and cyber bullying lurk behind the facade of “harmless fun”’, MailOnline, 4 August 2009,  on 16/09/11  [2] Good Morning America, ‘Parents: Cyber Bullying Led to Teen’s Suicide’, ABC News, 19 November 2007,  on 16/09/11  [3] BBC News, ‘England riots: Two jailed for using Facebook to incite disorder’, 16 August 2011,  on 16/09/11.  [4] Good Morning America, ‘Parents: Cyber Bullying Led to Teen’s Suicide’, ABC News, 19 November 2007,  on 16/09/11  [5] Counihan, Bella, ‘White power likes this – racist Facebook groups’, The Age, 3 February 2010,  on 16/09/11  [6] Brownejacobson, ‘Councils owe vulnerable citizens duty of care’, 18 June 2008,  09/09/11 government censorship, duty of care, social networking sites, citizen protection, harmful websites, cyber bullying, suicide, online harassment, psychological harm, physical harm, prejudice, racism, online abuse, freedom of speech, internet regulation, public safety, cultural values, religious majority, online content moderation, digital harm, online incitement, internet safety, victim protection, youth safety, mental health, moral responsibility, social media dangers, hate speech, online discrimination, government intervention government censorship, moral duty, citizen protection, harmful websites, social networking, cyberbullying, suicide, psychological harm, physical harm, online prejudice, racism, online harassment, hate speech, societal danger, online incitement, religious majority, cultural values, online content regulation, duty of care, online safety, internet regulation, website censorship, freedom of expression, protecting vulnerable populations, harmful online content, social media dangers, online discrimination, digital safety, public safety, regulatory policies, censorship debate government censorship, moral duty, citizen protection, harmful websites, social networking sites, cyberbullying, online suicide, psychological harm, physical harm, online racism, prejudice, online hate speech, cultural values, religious values, content moderation, duty of care, internet safety, online incitement, online disorder, social media regulation, freedom of expression, digital harm, online victimization, online abuse prevention, public safety, online content control government censorship, moral duty, protecting citizens, harmful websites, social networking dangers, cyberbullying, online suicide, psychological harm, physical harm, racism online, online prejudice, incitement, online disorder, duty of care, internet regulation, online safety, cultural sensitivity, religious majority, website censorship, online abuse, digital harm prevention, hate speech, digital regulation, public safety, freedom vs security government censorship, moral duty, citizen protection, harmful websites, social networking sites, cyberbullying, suicide, psychological harm, physical harm, online prejudice, online racism, hate speech, cultural values, religious values, online safety, incitement, online disorder, digital ethics, duty of care, internet regulation, online content moderation, vulnerable populations, social media dangers, public safety, freedom of expression, internet censorship policy
test-politics-eppghwlrba-con04a	Effective gun control is not achievable in democratic states with a tradition of civilian gun ownership  Much like the failure of the prohibition era to stop alcohol consumption, trying to restrict the use of guns that are already widely owned and prevalent in a society is an impossible task. [1]  The people who intend to use guns for illegitimate purposes are obviously unconcerned with the fact that it is illegal to acquire the guns in the first place in countries where this is already the case such as in the UK . [2] [3]  [1] Kates, Don B. ‘Why a Civil Libertarian Opposes Gun Control’. The Civil Liberties Review. June/July 1976   [2] The Independent. ‘Up to 4m guns in UK and police are losing the battle’. 4th September 2005.   [3] The Guardian. ‘Firearms: cheap, easy to get and on a street near you’ 30th August 2008. gun control, effectiveness, democratic states, civilian gun ownership, prohibition analogy, policy failure, widespread ownership, societal prevalence, illegitimate use, illegal gun acquisition, UK firearms, criminal access, enforcement challenges, Don Kates, Civil Liberties Review, The Independent, The Guardian, gun restrictions, policy comparison, alcohol prohibition, law evasion, public safety, gun prevalence, law enforcement, underground market gun control, democratic states, civilian gun ownership, prohibition analogy, alcohol prohibition, societal prevalence, gun restriction, illegal firearms, UK gun laws, firearm acquisition, gun crime, civil liberties, Don B. Kates, ineffective legislation, black market, law enforcement challenges, firearms prevalence, gun control failure gun control, democratic states, civilian gun ownership, prohibition analogy, firearm prevalence, gun restrictions, law enforcement challenges, illegal firearms, UK, gun laws, illicit gun market, public policy, civil liberties, effectiveness, historical comparison, societal attitudes, criminal access, regulation enforcement, legislation, public safety gun control, democratic states, civilian gun ownership, prohibition comparison, alcohol prohibition, firearm prevalence, gun legislation, gun restrictions, illegal firearms, UK gun laws, Don B. Kates, civil liberties, gun crime, illicit gun use, firearm acquisition, police enforcement, gun policy, firearm regulation, ineffective regulation, historical analogies, black market, gun availability, public safety gun control, democratic states, civilian gun ownership, prohibition era, alcohol consumption, firearm restriction, widespread gun ownership, gun prevalence, illegitimate gun use, illegal gun acquisition, UK gun laws, gun crime, Don B. Kates, Civil Liberties Review, gun policy failure, underground firearms, UK gun statistics, gun availability, gun control effectiveness, historical comparisons
test-health-dhghwapgd-pro04a	"When generic drugs are legalized firms and individuals no longer feel the incentive to misallocate resources to the race to patent new drugs and to monitor existing patents, or to spend resources stealing from one another  Patent regimes cause firms to inefficiently allocate resources. One such inefficiency arises from the duplication of effort by firms seeking to develop the same or very similar drugs, though only the first to do so may profit from it due to the winner-takes-all patent system. This leads to brutal races and excessive expenditure of resources to be first over the line and to monopolize the production, at least for a time. These races can thus lead to efforts by firms to steal research from one another, thus resulting in further wastes of resources in engaging and attempting to prevent corporate espionage. Another serious inefficiency arises in the production of similar products to existing ones, seeking to get around existing patents. Such has been the case for years in the pharmaceutical industry, which has succeeded, for example, in curing erectile dysfunction dozens of times. An overemphasis on such spinning off of similar products is the result of patent-generated inefficiency 1. The inefficiency does not end with production, however, as firms likewise devote great amounts of resources and effort to the development of non-duplicable products, in monitoring for infringement, and in prosecuting offenders, all of which generates huge costs and little or no return 2. Furthermore, the deterrent effect to patent piracy generated by all the efforts of the state and firms has proven generally minimal. Clearly, in the absence of patent protection for pharmaceuticals, markets and firms will behave more efficiently. This is shown by the introduction of generic antiretroviral drugs for treating AIDS where the introduction of generic drugs forced the price of the branded drugs down from $10439 to $931 in September/October 2000 3.  1 Gabb, Sean. 2005. ""Market Failure and the Pharmaceutical Industry: A Proposal for Reform"". National Health Federation. Available: 2 World Intellectual Property Organization. 2011. ""Emerging Issues in Intellectual Property"". Available: 3 Avert.org, ""AIDS, Drug Prices and Generic Drugs"", generic drugs legalization, pharmaceutical patents, resource misallocation, patent races, drug development duplication, corporate espionage, patent infringement monitoring, patent regime inefficiency, innovation incentives, branded vs generic drugs, pharmaceutical industry competition, patent system effects, drug price reduction, antiretroviral generics, market efficiency, patent protection abolition, research funding allocation, winner-takes-all system, patent circumvention, pharmaceutical product duplication, AIDS drug pricing, patent litigation costs, generic drug market impact generic drugs, patent regime inefficiency, pharmaceutical patents, resource misallocation, patent races, corporate espionage, drug development duplication, similar product production, patent infringement monitoring, litigation costs, pharmaceutical industry, market efficiency, generic antiretrovirals, drug price reduction, patent protection removal, innovation incentives, monopoly, drug patenting, intellectual property, AIDS drug pricing, pharmaceutical reform, patent system critique, R&D expenditure, patent circumvention, branded versus generic drugs generic drugs, patent regime, pharmaceutical industry, resource misallocation, patent race, patent system inefficiency, duplication of effort, drug development, corporate espionage, patent infringement, patent protection, generic antiretroviral drugs, drug pricing, branded drugs, innovation incentives, winner-takes-all, patent monopoly, drug patents, market efficiency, pharmaceutical patents, AIDS treatment, patent circumvention, research and development costs, patent monitoring, patent prosecution, patent piracy, pharmaceutical reform, non-duplicable products, intellectual property, generic drug introduction, patent-induced inefficiency generic drugs, patent law, pharmaceutical patents, patent inefficiency, resource misallocation, drug development, duplication of effort, winner-takes-all, patent races, corporate espionage, patent infringement, research theft, innovation costs, generic antiretrovirals, drug price reduction, pharmaceutical market efficiency, patent regime, patent system flaws, state enforcement, patent protection removal, AIDS drug pricing, patent protection, similar drug production, pharmaceutical industry reform, intellectual property, patent monitoring, market failure, branded vs. generic drugs, legalizing generics, patent barriers, R&D inefficiency, drug monopolies, drug innovation incentives patent system, pharmaceutical industry, patent inefficiency, generic drugs, resource misallocation, innovation incentives, research duplication, corporate espionage, patent infringement, drug monopolies, drug pricing, antiretroviral drugs, patent protection, drug development, patent races, market efficiency, product spin-offs, pharmaceutical reform, intellectual property rights, drug patents, patent enforcement, generic competition, cost reduction, pharmaceutical economics, patent barriers, pharmaceutical expenditure"
test-law-cplgpshwdp-pro02a	Juries need to have all the information possible in order to reach a fair verdict.  It is nonsensical to withhold evidence from a jury that might be necessary for them to reach an accurate verdict. Just because their verdict might be more prone to conviction rather than acquittal does not necessarily mean that this is an unfair or even inaccurate conclusion; given that violent offenders are likely to re-offend [1] , it may illuminate the truth rather than confuse it. Jurors should be allowed to weigh the relevance of previous convictions and compare them with the accusations of the trail at hand. A criminal justice system which currently relies on the ability of the jury to make a decision [2] cannot legitimately choose to withhold evidence from them without innately biasing the trial itself. As the UK Government’s White Paper states, ‘we want less evidence to be withheld from the courts, on the principle that relevant evidence should be admissible . . . magistrates, judges and juries have the common sense to evaluate relevant evidence and should be trusted to do so’ [3] . If we cannot trust juries to decide which evidence is relevant to the verdict and which is not, then the entire use of juries in the criminal justice system should be reconsidered.  [1] CBC News, ‘Getting out of prison’, March 2008.  [2] Direct Gov, ‘Jury service – what happens in court and after the trial’, 10 October 2011.  [3] CPS, ‘Justice for all’, The Stationary Office, July 2002. jury, evidence admissibility, previous convictions, fair verdict, criminal justice system, juror decision-making, withheld evidence, relevance of evidence, violent offenders, jury trust, legal fairness, UK Government White Paper, criminal trials, recidivism, court procedures, jury evaluation, defendant rights, legal bias, conviction rates, acquittal rates jury decision-making, admissibility of evidence, withholding evidence, fair verdict, prior convictions, recidivism, criminal justice system, jury trust, UK White Paper, relevant evidence, juror evaluation, violent offenders, evidence relevance, jury bias, court evidence disclosure, juror competence, justice for all, criminal trials, evidence transparency, jury responsibility jury, evidence disclosure, fair verdict, previous convictions, jury decision-making, criminal justice system, relevant evidence, admissibility, juror trust, violent offenders, recidivism, withheld evidence, judicial process, UK government, justice reform, jury evaluation, court proceedings, trial fairness jury, evidence, fair verdict, previous convictions, admissibility, criminal justice system, jurors, trial, bias, relevant evidence, UK White Paper, re-offending, violent offenders, court, decision-making, withheld evidence, justice, jury trust, legal process, conviction, acquittal, judicial evaluation, legal fairness, UK government, justice for all juries, fair verdict, information disclosure, evidence admissibility, previous convictions, jury decision-making, criminal justice system, trial fairness, violent offenders, re-offending, UK Government White Paper, relevance of evidence, jury trust, court evidence, bias in trials, magistrates, judges, criminal trials, jury reliability, conviction rates, acquittal, relevant evidence, evidence weighing, judicial process, systemic bias
test-politics-cpecfiepg-pro01a	The current austerity measures are not working  The Austerity measures put in place by the ECB, IMF and European Commission have led to nothing but misery for the Greek people. They have failed to cut down the total debt % GDP ratio and have also failed to increase the competitiveness of the Greek economy. This is because raising taxes and slashing the minimum wage has sent the economy deeper and deeper into recession. Unemployment is at a record high of 21% and there is a severe shortage of credit leading to severe difficulties in companies financing their day to day projects. What’s more, the country itself is plunged into depression. Escalated (inevitably) by the local and international media, the climate is one of despair and investment is at the bottom of anyone’s priorities. This further perpetuates the cycles of recession and prevents any of the austerity measures having their desired effect. Additionally, the drastic fall in GDP every quarter means that cuts in government spending are also not having their desired effect on reducing the budget deficit % GDP ratio. Worst of all, the economic hardships have drawn many people to despair and the suicide rates in Greece have dramatically risen over the last year and access to healthcare has drastically declined. [1] In this manner, the government is failing in fulfilling its most basic duties of safeguarding the lives and wellbeing of its citizens. If the current measures are not working then a new approach is needed. A default would alleviate much of the suffering caused by austerity.  [1] Armitsead, Louise: “Why Greece should default and exit the euro” 23 February 2012, The Telegraph, austerity measures, ECB, IMF, European Commission, Greece, Greek economy, debt GDP ratio, competitiveness, tax increases, minimum wage cuts, recession, unemployment, credit shortage, business financing, economic depression, media influence, investment decline, recession cycle, government spending cuts, budget deficit, suicide rate Greece, healthcare access, government responsibility, economic policy failure, default, euro exit, Greek crisis, economic hardship, policy alternatives, macroeconomic impact austerity measures, ECB, IMF, European Commission, Greece, Greek economy, debt GDP ratio, competitiveness, recession, unemployment, credit shortage, investment climate, economic depression, media impact, government spending cuts, budget deficit, suicide rates, healthcare access, economic hardship, policy failure, default, euro exit, Louise Armitstead, The Telegraph, 2012 austerity measures, ECB, IMF, European Commission, Greece, Greek economy, debt-to-GDP ratio, competitiveness, tax increases, minimum wage cuts, recession, unemployment, credit shortage, investment climate, depression, economic downturn, budget deficit, government spending cuts, suicide rates, healthcare access, economic hardship, policy failure, eurozone crisis, Greek default, euro exit, Armitstead, The Telegraph austerity measures, ECB, IMF, European Commission, Greece, Greek debt crisis, debt-to-GDP ratio, economic competitiveness, recession, unemployment, credit shortage, business financing, economic depression, media escalation, investment decline, recession cycle, government spending cuts, budget deficit, suicide rates, healthcare decline, government responsibility, economic hardship, eurozone crisis, default, euro exit, policy failure, economic indicators, Greek economy austerity measures, ECB, IMF, European Commission, Greece, Greek debt crisis, debt-to-GDP ratio, economic competitiveness, taxation, minimum wage, recession, unemployment, credit shortage, business financing, economic depression, media impact, investment decline, recession cycle, government spending cuts, budget deficit, suicide rates, healthcare access, government responsibility, policy failure, eurozone crisis, Greek default, euro exit
test-politics-gvhwhnerse-pro03a	Allows the ruler to make necessary but unpopular decisions  Democracy and elections are about popularity but popular decisions are not always the right ones. Even mature democracies have sometimes seen their government’s make use of the levers of government to boost their electoral chances; for example Margaret Thatcher’s government stoked the economy in the Lawson boom in 1987 which just happened to be an election year. [1] Governments without elections can engage in long term planning and make unpopular decisions without fear of the consequences. Thus for example Saudi Arabia is willing to pump less oil (and so get less money in the short term at least) in order to create stability in the oil market by having enough excess capacity to prevent price spikes.  [1] Congdon, Tim, Keynes, the Keynesians and Monetarism, 2007, p.73 unpopular decisions, government, democracy, elections, long-term planning, authoritarian regimes, economic policy, electoral incentives, Thatcher, Lawson boom, Saudi Arabia, oil production, price stability, political consequences, governance, decision-making, electoral cycles, popularity, policy-making, non-democratic governments, market stability, Keynes, Keynesians, monetarism unpopular decisions, government decision-making, democracy, elections, popularity, electoral incentives, long-term planning, non-democratic governments, economic policy, Margaret Thatcher, Lawson boom, Saudi Arabia, oil production, market stability, excess capacity, Keynesianism, monetarism, government intervention unpopular decisions, democracy, elections, political popularity, long-term planning, government decisions, authoritarian regimes, electoral incentives, economic policy, Margaret Thatcher, Lawson boom, Saudi Arabia, oil market, stability, excess capacity, price control, governance, non-democratic systems, popularity vs. effectiveness, election year policies, government intervention, Tim Congdon, Keynesianism, monetarism unpopular decisions, political leadership, democracy, elections, government stability, government planning, long-term strategy, electoral incentives, economic policy, Lawson boom, Margaret Thatcher, Saudi Arabia, oil market, excess capacity, price stability, authoritarian regimes, electoral consequences, policy making, popular decisions, election year economics, Keynesian economics, monetarism unpopular decisions, ruler authority, democracy, elections, popularity, government strategy, long-term planning, electoral incentives, policy making, Margaret Thatcher, Lawson boom, 1987 election, economic management, undemocratic regimes, Saudi Arabia, oil production, market stability, excess capacity, monetarism, political consequences, Tim Congdon, policy trade-offs, election-year economics, governance, decision-making, non-democratic governments
test-economy-epehwmrbals-pro03a	Increasing a standard, even if not as high as the donor would want, increases the standard of the present situation  Increasing the required standard of business and labour will result in increases to the current standard labour and business standards even before aid is entirely tied as countries implement changes to ensure they get the most possible aid. Simply setting an expected level of labour and business standards will therefore create improvement in those standards. In the case of the Decent Work Country Programme for Bangladesh 2006-2009 Bangladesh has been implementing the program due to its positive benefit towards achieving the millennium development goals. This is despite challenges such as the lack of employment opportunities in the country. The programme has been successful in improving social protection, working conditions and rights for female, male, and children workers in a few sectors and areas [1] .  [1] International Labour Organization, Bangladesh: Decent Work Country Programme 2012-2015, 2012 labour standards, business standards, aid conditionality, standard improvement, donor expectations, policy implementation, Decent Work Country Programme, Bangladesh, millennium development goals, social protection, working conditions, worker rights, employment challenges, International Labour Organization, programme impact, child labor, female workers, male workers, economic development, tied aid, developing countries, labour reforms, business reforms labour standards, business standards, standard improvement, donor requirements, aid conditionality, implementation, policy impact, Decent Work Country Programme, Bangladesh, millennium development goals, social protection, working conditions, workers' rights, employment opportunities, International Labour Organization, programme outcomes, gender equality, child labour, sectoral improvement, economic development labour standards, business standards, aid conditionality, standard improvement, donor expectations, developing countries, Decent Work Country Programme, Bangladesh, millennium development goals, social protection, working conditions, workers’ rights, employment opportunities, International Labour Organization, policy implementation, programme outcomes, female workers, male workers, child labour, 2006-2009, 2012-2015 standard improvement, donor requirements, business standards, labour standards, aid conditionality, policy implementation, Decent Work Country Programme, Bangladesh, Millennium Development Goals, social protection, working conditions, workers' rights, gender equality, child labor, International Labour Organization, employment challenges, program outcomes, sectoral impact, sustainable development, labor policy standard improvement, aid conditionality, business standards, labour standards, donor expectations, implementation, developing countries, Decent Work Country Programme, Bangladesh, Millennium Development Goals, social protection, working conditions, worker rights, employment opportunities, International Labour Organization, program impact, gender equality, child labor, policy change, economic development
test-international-siacphbnt-pro03a	Technology is building a platform for sharing ideas.  Entrepreneurialism can be encouraged through an awareness, and sharing, of new ideas. The technological revolution has provided a platform for personal expression, delivery of up-to-date news, and the vital sharing of local ideas and thoughts. In Nigeria the Co-Creation Hub has emerged, encouraging an entrepreneurial spirit. Further, Umuntu and Mimiboards’ are connecting individual communities to the web by encouraging local content creation [1] .  Such platforms are enabling the transfer of knowledge and innovative ideas. Innovative solutions are being introduced to routine problems, such as ‘Mafuta Go’ an app to find the best price for petrol (Christine Ampaire).  [1] See further readings: Co-Creation Hub Nigeria, 2013 technology platforms, idea sharing, entrepreneurialism, innovation, technological revolution, personal expression, news delivery, local ideas, Co-Creation Hub Nigeria, Umuntu, Mimiboards, community connectivity, local content creation, knowledge transfer, innovative solutions, problem solving, Mafuta Go, petrol price app, Nigeria, startup ecosystem, digital platforms, African innovation, tech entrepreneurship technology, platform, idea sharing, entrepreneurialism, innovation, technological revolution, personal expression, news delivery, local ideas, Co-Creation Hub, Nigeria, Umuntu, Mimiboards, community connection, local content creation, knowledge transfer, innovative solutions, Mafuta Go, petrol price app, startups, digital platforms, African tech, entrepreneurship, information sharing, community engagement, technology hubs, app development technology, idea sharing, entrepreneurialism, innovation, online platforms, personal expression, news delivery, local content, Co-Creation Hub, Nigeria, Umuntu, Mimiboards, community web access, knowledge transfer, innovative solutions, routine problems, Mafuta Go, petrol price app, local entrepreneurship, African tech startups, digital transformation technology, platform, idea sharing, entrepreneurialism, awareness, technological revolution, personal expression, news delivery, local ideas, Nigeria, Co-Creation Hub, entrepreneurship, Umuntu, Mimiboards, community connection, local content creation, knowledge transfer, innovative ideas, routine problems, innovative solutions, Mafuta Go, petrol app, Christine Ampaire, tech startups, Africa, digital platforms, innovation, business incubation, social innovation technology platforms, idea sharing, entrepreneurialism, innovation, technological revolution, personal expression, news delivery, local ideas, Co-Creation Hub Nigeria, entrepreneurial spirit, Umuntu, Mimiboards, community web connectivity, local content creation, knowledge transfer, innovative solutions, routine problems, Mafuta Go, petrol price app, Nigeria startups, digital entrepreneurship, African tech hubs
test-law-lghwpcctcc-con02a	Invoking public reaction can damage the lives of those concerned in the court case.  Proposition may well argue that televising court cases gains a sense of ‘sympathy’ and justice for the victims of the case. However, this is double-edged. Firstly, particularly emotive and controversial court cases concerning crimes such as sexual assault could blind the public (or ‘audience’) to any untruthfulness from the ‘victim’, by virtue of being perceived as vulnerable and wronged. Secondly, any sympathy which is gained for one person often arises out of increased hatred or outrage against another – namely the defendant. This could lead to public condemnation of an individual who is never actually convicted of a crime; they will be exposed to public reaction that might be wholly unjustified if he is subsequently acquitted. One example of this is when Milly Dowler’s father was questioned in court as a suspect of his daughter’s death and his personal, pornographic magazines were used as evidence against him [1] . Although he was completely innocent, the prosecution’s job was to explore any possibility of perversion or dangerous character. This is an infringement upon that individual’s rights, as being publicly portrayed as a villain could go on to affect their future private life, such as their chances of future employment or anonymity.  [1]  , accessed 19/08/11 public reaction, court cases, televising trials, media influence, victim sympathy, defendant prejudice, public condemnation, acquittal, wrongful accusation, Milly Dowler, evidence in court, privacy infringement, employment impact, anonymity loss, controversial trials, sexual assault cases, audience bias, emotional impact, justice system, reputation damage, character assassination, judicial process, media coverage, trial publicity, defendant rights televising court cases, public reaction, media coverage, court case impact, victim sympathy, defendant condemnation, public perception, wrongful accusation, trial by media, privacy infringement, sexual assault cases, court case publicity, innocent suspects, reputation damage, employment impact, loss of anonymity, Milly Dowler case, emotional bias, media influence, courtroom evidence, justice system fairness public reaction, court case, televising trials, sympathy, justice, victims, emotive cases, controversial cases, sexual assault, public perception, untruthfulness, victim bias, defendant condemnation, public outrage, acquittal, Milly Dowler case, character evidence, media impact, privacy infringement, future implications, employment, anonymity, public portrayal, wrongful suspicion, media ethics public reaction, court case, televising trials, sympathy, justice, victims, media influence, emotive cases, controversial cases, sexual assault, public perception, audience bias, victim credibility, defendant condemnation, public outrage, wrongful accusation, media exposure, acquittal, Milly Dowler case, courtroom evidence, character assassination, privacy infringement, future employment, anonymity, media ethics, judicial fairness, public sympathy, presumption of innocence, reputational damage public reaction, court cases, televised trials, media coverage, victim sympathy, defendant condemnation, public opinion, justice, sexual assault cases, untruthfulness, vulnerability, public outrage, acquittal, wrongful accusation, Milly Dowler case, privacy infringement, character assassination, employment impact, anonymity loss, legal ethics, due process, media influence, emotional bias, evidence misuse, rights violation
test-society-mmcpsgfhbf-pro02a	Porn is inherently dehumanising  Pornography necessarily objectifies people: it presents a sexual desire, an urge, which is immediately attended by another person, often performing acts which we would find demeaning, until the original urge is satisfied. The use of others for pleasure treats them as means to one’s own ends, and denies them any value as rational subjects with a will of their own. This affects, naturally, the participants in pornography, but also their viewers who adopt corrupted notions of what to value in others, and furthermore other women who are later affected by men using the same metric to interact with them. pornography, dehumanization, objectification, sexual objectification, ethical concerns, human dignity, instrumentalization, consent, depersonalization, commodification, sexual ethics, participants, viewers, gender dynamics, impact on women, sexual gratification, moral philosophy, autonomy, rational subjects, value systems, media influence, sexual exploitation porn, dehumanization, objectification, sexual objectification, exploitation, pornography, sexual ethics, consent, autonomy, sexual desire, commodification, value, rational subjects, human dignity, sexual gratification, gender dynamics, participant impact, viewer impact, media influence, misogyny, sexism, sexual morality, feminist critique, interpersonal relations, consent ethics, social harm, women's rights, sexual exploitation, gender relations, harmful norms porn, pornography, dehumanisation, objectification, sexual desire, exploitation, participants, viewers, pleasure, means to an end, rational subjects, demeaning acts, value, women, ethical implications, gender dynamics, sexual objectification, interpersonal relationships, societal impact porn, pornography, dehumanisation, objectification, sexual desire, commodification, exploitation, human dignity, ethical concerns, participant impact, viewer impact, media influence, gender relations, value of individuals, rational agency, sexual ethics, feminist critique, moral philosophy, women’s rights, pleasure as means, interpersonal relationships pornography, dehumanization, objectification, sexual objectification, human dignity, erotic media, ethical concerns, participant well-being, viewer impact, value of individuals, rational subjects, sexual ethics, commodification of bodies, gender relations, male gaze, women's treatment, media influence, value distortion, sexual exploitation, moral philosophy
test-international-segiahbarr-pro02a	Human development indicators have significantly improved in recent years.  Human development index (HDI) indicators are used to assess levels of life expectancy, education and income indices throughout the world. The majority of African states have seen an improvement in these scores since 2001, and are predicted to continue this trend. Some African states, such Seychelles, Libya and Tunisia, are in the ‘High Human Development’ category and are positioned in the top 100 for HDI indicators, an improvement from 1990 [1] . Life expectancy has increased by 10% on the continent and infant mortality has decreased as well, thanks to the greater availability of mosquito nets and the attention given to HIV/AIDS [2] . Education is seen as a cornerstone to growth as it allows the quicker attainment of the skills required for knowledge-intensive industries (such as agriculture and services), which will in turn lead to greater development [3] . The level of literacy in Africa has seen an increase in reports on human development from 2001 [4] and 2011 [5] . Finally, levels of poverty throughout Africa have generally decreased, including in notable countries such as Ghana and Zimbabwe.  [1] Watkins, ‘Human Development Report’, 2005, p.219  [2] The Economist, ‘Africa Rising’, 2013  [3] Haddad, ‘Education and Development’, 1990  [4] Fukuda-Parr, ‘Human Development Report’, 2011  [5] ‘United Nations Human Development statistical annex’, 2011, pp.159-161 human development, human development index, HDI, Africa, African countries, life expectancy, education, income indices, poverty reduction, literacy rate, infant mortality, mosquito nets, HIV/AIDS, knowledge-intensive industries, economic growth, Seychelles, Libya, Tunisia, high human development, world rankings, development trends, 2001, 2011, Ghana, Zimbabwe, human development reports, social indicators, social progress, sub-Saharan Africa, UNDP, statistical annex, educational attainment, healthcare improvements human development, human development index, HDI, indicators, life expectancy, education, income, Africa, African states, Seychelles, Libya, Tunisia, high human development, top 100, improvement, infant mortality, mosquito nets, HIV/AIDS, knowledge-intensive industries, agriculture, services, growth, literacy, poverty reduction, Ghana, Zimbabwe, reports, 2001, 2011, World Bank, United Nations, statistical annex, Watkins, The Economist, Haddad, Fukuda-Parr Human development indicators, Human Development Index, HDI, life expectancy, education, income indices, Africa, African states, HDI improvement, Seychelles, Libya, Tunisia, high human development, top 100 HDI, sub-Saharan Africa, economic development, infant mortality, mosquito nets, HIV/AIDS, health indicators, literacy rates, literacy improvement, human development reports, poverty reduction, Ghana, Zimbabwe, education and growth, knowledge industries, agriculture, services sector, United Nations, statistical annex, international development, socioeconomic progress, African development trends human development indicators, human development index, HDI, life expectancy, education, income indices, Africa, African states, Seychelles, Libya, Tunisia, high human development, HDI rankings, infant mortality, mosquito nets, HIV/AIDS, literacy, poverty reduction, knowledge-intensive industries, agriculture, services, Ghana, Zimbabwe, human development reports, UN human development, economic growth, skill development, literacy rates, sub-Saharan Africa, Africa development trends, HDI improvement, demographic change, public health, education improvement, poverty decline, 2001-2011, development statistics human development indicators, human development index, HDI, life expectancy, education, income indices, Africa, African countries, improvement, trends, 2001, high human development, Seychelles, Libya, Tunisia, HDI rankings, 1990, infant mortality, mosquito nets, HIV/AIDS, literacy, poverty reduction, Ghana, Zimbabwe, knowledge-intensive industries, development, literacy rates, reports, United Nations, human development reports, statistical annex, human development improvement, socio-economic progress, Africa rising
test-culture-mmctyshwbcp-con01a	Child performers are necessary for roles in some films, television shows, etc., and for the survival of some sports  In some films or television shows, child actors are absolutely necessary in order to realistically portray society and the roles children play. The incredibly popular Harry Potter films, for example, would not have been half as convincing without the large cast of actors under the age of 18 playing the schoolchildren. Child actors are also necessary in the advertising industry, in order to make products appealing to a younger audience. Some sports, too, would be endangered if children were not allowed to compete. Ice skaters and dancers, for example, benefit greatly from training starting at an early age. [1]  [1] Sagolla, ‘Dance Training for Children and Teens’ child performers, child actors, films, television shows, advertising industry, sports, necessity, realistic portrayal, society, Harry Potter, under 18, schoolchildren, product appeal, younger audience, competition, ice skaters, dancers, early training, dance training, children in media, children in sports child performers, child actors, film industry, television shows, advertising, sports, child athletes, societal roles, Harry Potter, under 18 actors, realistic portrayal, youth marketing, product advertising, early training, ice skaters, dancers, dance training, children in media, teens, entertainment industry, necessity of children in arts child performers, child actors, film roles, television roles, sports survival, realistic portrayal, society representation, Harry Potter, under 18 actors, advertising industry, youth marketing, child competitors, sports training, early training, ice skating, child dancers, dance training, children in media, performance arts, young athletes child performers, child actors, film, television, advertising, sports, necessity, society, youth representation, Harry Potter, under 18, casting, realism, marketing to children, ice skating, dance, early training, child athletes, entertainment industry, childhood roles, Sagolla, dance training child performers, child actors, child participation, film industry, television industry, advertising industry, youth athletes, sports, role realism, young audience, Harry Potter, under 18, product marketing, child roles, early training, ice skating, dance, child actors necessity, teen actors, casting children, child entertainers, entertainment industry, society portrayal
test-international-eghrhbeusli-con02a	Prevents a competitor from building a high tech military  The arms ban is very effective in preventing the Chinese military gaining access to the best modern technologies. A convincing code of conduct has yet to be drawn up, but even if it looks very tight, it has a major flaw. Individual EU member states will be able to judge for themselves whether a proposed arms sale breaks the code. Past experience suggests that when exports are at stake, perhaps with the risk of job losses in an election year, then politicians interpret codes like this very loosely, so for example despite this code UK arms exports may have been used in the conflict against the Tamils in Sri Lanka. [1] This will be made worse by the thought of an EU state that if it refuses a particular military sale to China, then another member state will be more flexible. This means that each individual member will make decisions based upon what is best for it individually and not think of what is best for the Union as a whole – such as providing high tech weapons that bring in export dollars but helps undermine security.  [1] Prince, Rosa, ‘UK arms used against civilians in Sri Lanka and Gaza’, 2009. arms ban, high tech military, Chinese military, modern technologies, EU code of conduct, arms sales, EU member states, military exports, export controls, code interpretation, political influence, job losses, election year, UK arms exports, Sri Lanka conflict, Tamils, EU flexibility, national interest, export dollars, security risks, high tech weapons, arms trade, military technology transfer, EU security, arms export regulations, arms embargo arms ban, technology transfer, military exports, EU code of conduct, export controls, high tech weapons, China, national interest, arms trade, export policy, military technology, competitive advantage, security risks, EU member states, policy loopholes, job losses, election year, arms sales, Sri Lanka conflict, UK arms exports, export restrictions, arms embargo, arms regulation, security implications, intra-EU competition, export authorizations, defense industry, dual-use technology, political interpretation, export monitoring, Rosa Prince arms ban, military technology, China, EU, code of conduct, arms exports, export controls, high-tech weapons, export policy, member states, arms sales, security risks, technology transfer, national interests, enforcement loopholes, job losses, election year, export regulation, intra-EU competition, arms trade, Sri Lanka conflict, civilian impact, UK arms exports, arms embargo, dual-use technology, export compliance, political influence, Rosa Prince arms ban, military technology, export controls, EU member states, code of conduct, arms sales, Chinese military, high tech weapons, export policy, national interest, security risks, arms exports, political interpretation, export regulations, military sales, intra-EU competition, defense industry, compliance loopholes, export restrictions, collective security, dual-use technology, UK arms exports, Sri Lanka conflict, enforcement challenges, loopholes, export decision-making, EU unity, defense exports arms ban, military technology, China, EU, code of conduct, arms export, high tech weapons, export controls, national interests, job losses, arms sales, member states, security, export regulations, Sri Lanka conflict, Tamils, UK arms exports, flexible interpretation, EU unity, military sales, technology transfer, arms industry, export policy, Rosa Prince
test-law-rmelhrilhbiw-con02a	Settlements provide economic investment in the Occupied Territories  The fundamental fact is that the West Bank, whatever its status, is not an economically viable entity on its own. It produces few goods, while Gaza produces next to none, and independence without a major influx of capital will not change this situation.  The best source for a supply of capitol in the region lies in Israel, which has an enormous demand for a low-wage work-force. Millions of Palestinians worked in Israel until after 2000, and with travel into Israel proper restricted, settlement construction and cultivation provide economic development opportunities for the region and create jobs for Palestinians. [1] This is an important prospect when the unemployment figures for the Palestinians are at nearly 30%. [2]  Furthermore the very need for such labor is likely to further incentivise Israel to loosen restrictions on Palestinian workers in the West Bank and Gaza.  [1] Hass, Amira, ‘Israel to lift restrictions on Palestinian Jordan Valley travel’, Haaretz.com, 26 April 2007,   [2] ‘Palestinian unemployment shows gradual decline’, Jmcc, 21 February 2010, settlements, economic investment, Occupied Territories, West Bank, Gaza, economic viability, capital influx, Israel, low-wage workforce, Palestinian workers, settlement construction, job creation, unemployment, labor market, Palestinian economy, Israeli demand, travel restrictions, Jordan Valley, economic development, employment opportunities, Haaretz, Jmcc settlements, economic investment, Occupied Territories, West Bank, Gaza, economic viability, capital influx, Israel, low-wage workforce, Palestinian labor, settlement construction, job creation, unemployment, Palestinian economy, economic development, labor restrictions, regional development, Israeli demand, Palestinian employment, economic opportunity settlements, economic investment, Occupied Territories, West Bank, Gaza, economic viability, capital influx, Israel, low-wage workforce, Palestinian labor, employment opportunities, settlement construction, settlement cultivation, economic development, job creation, Palestinian unemployment, labor restrictions, Israeli-Palestinian economy, cross-border employment, regional development settlements, economic investment, Occupied Territories, West Bank, economic viability, Gaza, independence, capital influx, Israel, low-wage workforce, Palestinian employment, travel restrictions, settlement construction, settlement cultivation, economic development, Palestinian jobs, unemployment, Palestinian unemployment, labor demand, Israeli policy, West Bank restrictions, Gaza restrictions, job creation, settlement economy, regional development settlements, economic investment, occupied territories, West Bank, Gaza, economic viability, capital influx, Israel, low-wage workforce, Palestinian workers, unemployment, job creation, settlement construction, cultivation, economic development, labor demand, travel restrictions, regional economy, Israeli economy, Palestinian unemployment, employment opportunities, cross-border labor, Haaretz, Jmcc, Jordan Valley, Palestinian economy
test-religion-cmrsgfhbr-pro02a	Poor families would be helped far more by investment in education and healthcare  This has been an urban and political obsession from the outset. The idea that the hungry and homeless need condoms more than food and shelter is clearly absurd. The poor would be better helped through “accessible education, better hospitals and lesser government corruption.” [i] Rather than interfering in the moral life of the nation, parliamentarians would be better exercised in tackling these concerns.  This issue has consumed political energy for over a decade and received massive national and international attention and yet there are far more pressing concerns for the nation – and its political leaders.  Instead this bill, which carries the marks of both political and moral corruption has been the main focus of the president and congress. At the very least this suggests a questionable sense of priority, at worst a gross lack of interest in the welfare of the Filipino people.  [i] Villegas, Socrates B., ‘Contraception is Corruption!’, CBCP News, 15 December 2012, poverty, family welfare, education investment, healthcare access, urban policy, political priorities, hunger, homelessness, contraception debate, moral issues, government corruption, parliament focus, public welfare, Filipino people, resource allocation, national concerns, Villegas Socrates, CBCP News, legislation, social services, food security, shelter provision, political energy, healthcare quality, education accessibility poverty, poor families, education investment, healthcare access, urban policy, political priorities, contraception debate, food insecurity, homelessness, social welfare, government corruption, accessible education, public hospitals, moral intervention, national policy, parliament focus, political corruption, welfare Filipino people, Socrates Villegas, CBCP News, contraception policy, political energy, national priorities, bill criticism, health policy, social justice poverty, family welfare, investment, education, healthcare, urban policy, political priorities, hunger, homelessness, contraception, food security, shelter, accessible education, hospital quality, government corruption, moral issues, parliamentary action, political leadership, legislation, welfare, Filipino people, national priorities, political corruption, healthcare investment, social services, public policy, Villegas, contraception debate, CBCP News poverty, poor families, education investment, healthcare investment, urban obsession, political obsession, hungry, homeless, condoms, food, shelter, accessible education, better hospitals, government corruption, moral interference, parliamentarians, national priorities, political leaders, bill criticism, political corruption, moral corruption, welfare, Filipino people, contraception debate, Socrates B. Villegas, CBCP News, reproductive health, national attention, legislative priorities, social welfare poverty, poor families, education investment, healthcare access, urban policy, political priorities, hunger, homelessness, food security, shelter, condom distribution, social welfare, accessible education, hospital improvement, government corruption, moral intervention, parliament focus, national concerns, political leaders, legislative priorities, contraception debate, Filipino welfare, Socrates Villegas, CBCP News, contraception criticism, healthcare reform, social justice, public policy
test-digital-freedoms-eifdfaihs-con03a	Realistic costs for users and providers of bandwidth and phones  The example of mobile devices is, perhaps the most clear-cut. Manufacturers of mobile devices expect to make their money back and make a profit. They need to do this to pay salaries, invest in the next project and keep their shareholders happy. To do that they make a calculation based on the price of the original product and what additional revenue they are likely to make over the lifetime of that product’s use.  Phone companies in particular have complained that major content providers are simply not paying a fair share of the costs with the VP of Verizon, for example, accusing Google of getting “a free lunch” at the expense of network providers [i] .  Net neutrality compels some companies to ignore basic financial realities [ii] . For all that Proposition – and others such as politicians in Amsterdam and Santiago – may think that changing the basic rules of economics is a good idea, they have yet to explain how this Socialist utopia will work.  [i] Washington Post. Ashad Mohammed. “Verizon Executive Calls for End to Google’s ‘Free Lunch”. 7 February 2006.  [ii] The Economist. “The Difference Engine: Download Dilemma”. 6 May 2011. bandwidth costs, mobile devices, user costs, provider costs, phone companies, content providers, network providers, profitability, device manufacturers, revenue models, net neutrality, financial realities, cost-sharing, Verizon, Google, economic rules, fair share, free lunch, pricing strategies, telecom industry, device lifetime, investment, shareholder expectations, regulatory impact, digital economy, download dilemma, socialist economics, Washington Post, The Economist realistic costs, bandwidth pricing, mobile devices, phone manufacturers, cost recovery, profit calculation, user costs, provider costs, network providers, content providers, fair share, net neutrality, financial impact, revenue models, economic rules, telecom economics, Google free lunch, Verizon, device lifetime revenue, socialist economics, policy implications, investment, shareholder interests, mobile phone industry, financial realities bandwidth costs, mobile devices, user costs, provider costs, phone manufacturers, profitability, revenue model, network providers, content providers, net neutrality, economic implications, Verizon, Google, cost sharing, digital infrastructure, telecommunications, business models, investment, shareholder returns, product lifecycle, financial sustainability realistic costs, users, providers, bandwidth, phones, mobile devices, manufacturers, profit, revenue, product lifecycle, phone companies, network providers, content providers, Verizon, Google, fair share, net neutrality, financial realities, economic rules, cost sharing, digital infrastructure, telecommunications, mobile industry, subsidies, pricing models, shareholder expectations, return on investment, operational costs, device manufacturers, service providers, regulatory impact, business models bandwidth costs, user costs, provider costs, mobile devices, mobile phone pricing, device manufacturers, profitability, revenue models, phone companies, content providers, net neutrality, economic impact, network providers, Google, Verizon, cost sharing, telecommunications, business models, shareholder returns, financial sustainability, digital infrastructure, regulatory issues, download dilemma, technology economics, internet service costs
test-health-dhpelhbass-con04a	It would have a damaging effect on society  Some people who do not agree with voluntary euthanasia argue that if it was legalised, it would damage the moral and social foundation of society by removing the traditional principle that man should not kill, and reduce the respect for human life. It might also be the case that once voluntary euthanasia has been legalised, this might lead to cases of involuntary euthanasia being carried out. With people deciding that someone else's life such as the elderly or the terminally ill is not worth living and therefore performing euthanasia without their consent. [1] A recent study discovered that some sufferers of locked-in syndrome – as many as three out of four of the main sample – were happy and did not want to die. [2]  [1] The case against, religiouseducation.co.uik  (accessed 4/6/2011).  [2] Barbara Ellen, Who is to judge which lives are worth living?, guardian.co.uk, 17 April 2011  (accessed 6/6/2011) voluntary euthanasia, legalisation, moral foundation, social impact, respect for human life, involuntary euthanasia, killing principle, elderly, terminally ill, consent, locked-in syndrome, quality of life, ethical debate, slippery slope, euthanasia opposition, societal consequences, religious education, human value, right to die, guardian, ethics, assisted dying voluntary euthanasia, legalisation, moral foundation, social impact, respect for human life, involuntary euthanasia, consent, elderly, terminally ill, locked-in syndrome, quality of life, ethical arguments, slippery slope, societal consequences, sanctity of life, right to die, public policy, opposition to euthanasia, morality, medical ethics damaging effect, voluntary euthanasia, legalisation, moral foundation, social foundation, respect for human life, principle not to kill, involuntary euthanasia, elderly, terminally ill, consent, life worth living, locked-in syndrome, euthanasia ethics, slippery slope, public opinion, quality of life, sanctity of life, right to die, anti-euthanasia arguments, human rights, disability perspective, happiness despite disability, study on euthanasia, societal impact, guardian article, religious education damaging effect, society, voluntary euthanasia, legalization, moral foundation, social foundation, traditional principle, sanctity of life, respect for human life, involuntary euthanasia, elderly, terminally ill, consent, slippery slope, locked-in syndrome, quality of life, against euthanasia, ethical concerns, social impact, religious views, public opinion, human rights voluntary euthanasia, involuntary euthanasia, legalization, moral foundation, social impact, respect for human life, slippery slope, elderly, terminally ill, consent, locked-in syndrome, right to life, ethical debate, traditional values, value of life, quality of life, assisted dying, end-of-life decisions, societal consequences, euthanasia controversy
test-international-gmehwasr-pro02a	It is in the national interest for democracies to support those seeking to oust dictators  Democracies should support moderate groups seeking to oust dictators because the result will hopefully be a moderate, democratic state. This would then be a reliable partner for the future that would be more willing to help engage and resolve the region's problems. But this is not all about being high minded and wanting to promote democracy in the Middle East, arms need to be provided in order to ensure future influence in Syria. We already know that there are jihadis operating in Syria so it is plain that this is a conflict that will eventually have wider implications for the west. If we want to have influence in Syria after Assad is overthrown then we need to begin helping opposition groups. It is in our interest to build up the moderate groups so as to deny support to the extremists; once this is over we would be in a much better position if we have grateful friends on the ground rather than groups who are resentful that we provided fine words but no real help. We don't want to find ourselves having to root out terrorists from the air using UAVs. [1]  [1] Hokayem, Emile, in ‘Roundtable: arming the Syrian rebels’, Foreign Policy, 21 February 2013 national interest, democracies, support, oust dictators, moderate groups, democratic state, reliable partner, regional stability, Middle East, arms provision, future influence, Syria, jihadis, conflict, western interests, opposition groups, build moderate groups, deny extremists, post-Assad, influence, grateful allies, resentment, counterterrorism, UAVs, Emile Hokayem, arming Syrian rebels, Foreign Policy, 2013 national interest, democracies, support, moderate groups, oust dictators, democratic state, reliable partner, regional stability, arms provision, future influence, Syria, opposition groups, conflict, jihadis, Middle East, regime change, Western interests, build alliances, deny extremists, grateful allies, counterterrorism, UAVs, Syrian rebels, Emile Hokayem, Foreign Policy, arming rebels, Bashar al-Assad, intervention, international relations, foreign policy democracies, support, oust dictators, moderate groups, democratic state, reliable partner, regional stability, influence, Syria, Middle East, arms provision, jihadis, conflict escalation, western interests, Assad, opposition groups, extremism, grateful allies, resentment, counterterrorism, UAVs, arming rebels, Foreign Policy, Emile Hokayem, 2013 democracies, national interest, support, moderate groups, oust dictators, democratic state, reliable partner, regional stability, promote democracy, Middle East, provide arms, future influence, Syria, jihadis, conflict, western implications, opposition groups, Assad, build up moderates, deny extremists, grateful allies, resentful groups, UAVs, airstrikes, terrorism, Syrian rebels, foreign policy, Emile Hokayem, arming rebels democracies, national interest, support, moderate groups, oust dictators, democratic state, reliable partner, regional stability, Middle East, arms provision, influence, Syria, Assad, opposition groups, jihadis, extremists, western involvement, foreign policy, arming rebels, future implications, grateful allies, counterterrorism, UAVs, Emile Hokayem, Syrian conflict, regime change, strategic interests, global security
test-international-ipecfiepg-pro01a	The current austerity measures are not working  The Austerity measures put in place by the ECB, IMF and European Commission have led to nothing but misery for the Greek people. They have failed to cut down the total debt % GDP ratio and have also failed to increase the competitiveness of the Greek economy. This is because raising taxes and slashing the minimum wage has sent the economy deeper and deeper into recession. Unemployment is at a record high of 21% and there is a severe shortage of credit leading to severe difficulties in companies financing their day to day projects. What’s more, the country itself is plunged into depression. Escalated (inevitably) by the local and international media, the climate is one of despair and investment is at the bottom of anyone’s priorities. This further perpetuates the cycles of recession and prevents any of the austerity measures having their desired effect. Additionally, the drastic fall in GDP every quarter means that cuts in government spending are also not having their desired effect on reducing the budget deficit % GDP ratio. Worst of all, the economic hardships have drawn many people to despair and the suicide rates in Greece have dramatically risen over the last year and access to healthcare has drastically declined. [1] In this manner, the government is failing in fulfilling its most basic duties of safeguarding the lives and wellbeing of its citizens. If the current measures are not working then a new approach is needed. A default would alleviate much of the suffering caused by austerity.  [1] Armitsead, Louise: “Why Greece should default and exit the euro” 23 February 2012, The Telegraph, austerity measures, ECB, IMF, European Commission, Greece, Greek economy, debt GDP ratio, competitiveness, recession, unemployment, credit shortage, company financing, economic depression, media coverage, investment decline, recession cycle, government spending cuts, budget deficit GDP ratio, suicide rates, healthcare access, economic hardship, safeguarding citizens, default, euro exit, economic policy, Louise Armitstead, The Telegraph austerity measures, ECB, IMF, European Commission, Greek economy, debt-to-GDP ratio, competitiveness, tax increases, minimum wage cuts, recession, unemployment, credit shortage, business financing, economic depression, media escalation, investment decline, recession cycle, government spending cuts, budget deficit, economic hardship, suicide rates, healthcare access, government responsibility, Greece default, euro exit, economic crisis, Louise Armitsead, The Telegraph austerity measures, ECB, IMF, European Commission, Greece, Greek debt crisis, debt to GDP ratio, competitiveness, tax increases, minimum wage cuts, recession, unemployment, credit shortage, business financing, economic depression, media impact, investment decline, recession cycle, GDP decline, government spending cuts, budget deficit, economic hardship, suicide rates, healthcare access, government responsibility, alternative economic approaches, default, euro exit austerity measures, ECB, IMF, European Commission, Greece, Greek economy, debt to GDP ratio, economic competitiveness, tax increases, minimum wage cuts, recession, unemployment, credit shortage, business financing, economic depression, investment decline, media coverage, recession cycle, government spending cuts, budget deficit, suicide rates, healthcare access, government responsibility, policy failure, economic hardship, Eurozone crisis, default, euro exit, The Telegraph, Louise Armitstead austerity measures, Greece, ECB, IMF, European Commission, Greek economy, debt-to-GDP ratio, competitiveness, tax increases, minimum wage cuts, recession, unemployment, credit shortage, economic depression, investment decline, media impact, budget deficit, government spending cuts, economic hardship, suicide rate, healthcare access, government responsibility, policy failure, sovereign default, euro exit, economic recovery, Armitstead Louise, The Telegraph, February 2012
test-culture-cgeeghwmeo-pro01a	"The Identity and History of the United States are intrinsically linked to the English Language  From its very founding, English was the common language of the United States, and full participation in the national life was dependent on the ability to speak it. Theodore Roosevelt himself once noted that ""We have one language here, and that is the English language, and we intend to see that the [assimilation] crucible turns our people out as Americans ” [1]  Declaring English as the official language will give legal force to this history, and help provide unity to Americans at a time when many come from different backgrounds and hold different political views.  Furthermore, it will help immigrants with the process of assimilation. Rather than simply learning English for pragmatic reasons, the act of learning English will tie immigrants into a political and historical tradition going back to Thomas Jefferson.  [1] Opposing Views, ‘Linguistic Unity Is Critical in an Increasingly Diverse Society’, 2010, United States, English language, national identity, history, assimilation, official language, linguistic unity, Theodore Roosevelt, immigrants, political tradition, American founding, multiculturalism, language policy, Thomas Jefferson, Opposing Views, diversity, Americanization, language and citizenship, national unity, English proficiency United States, English language, national identity, history, assimilation, official language, Theodore Roosevelt, linguistic unity, immigrants, political tradition, American founding, cultural integration, language policy, national unity, Thomas Jefferson, English-only movement, social cohesion, Opposing Views 2010 United States, identity, history, English language, official language, national unity, assimilation, immigrants, Theodore Roosevelt, linguistic unity, language policy, American history, founding, political tradition, cultural integration, national life, language assimilation, Thomas Jefferson, diversity, language legislation United States, English language, national identity, history, assimilation, official language, Theodore Roosevelt, linguistic unity, American culture, immigration, national unity, political tradition, Thomas Jefferson, cultural integration, language policy, multiculturalism, Opposing Views, 2010, diversity, civic participation English language, United States, national identity, history, assimilation, official language, linguistic unity, Theodore Roosevelt, immigrants, political tradition, cultural integration, founding, Thomas Jefferson, multilingualism, legal status, American society, cultural diversity, language policy, national unity, language law"
test-culture-mmctyshwbcp-pro06a	Just as the state creates laws to protect child performers it could ban child performers  Child performers are currently protected by laws about all sorts of things from the minimum amount of education they may get to their pay and how many hours they can work. Many of these laws would be much more difficult to enforce than a blanket ban. It would be simple to enforce as child performers would in most cases be easy to spot – as they are performing for the public. The government could then bring charges against those who are employing the child and fine them. child performers, child labor laws, legal protection, performance bans, child employment, enforcement, education requirements, working hours, child pay regulations, government intervention, legal penalties, public performance, employer fines, regulatory challenges, child welfare, entertainment industry, child exploitation prevention, blanket ban, policy enforcement, legal frameworks child performers, child labor laws, performer protection, child employment, entertainment industry, legal restrictions, child performance ban, child actors, child performers’ rights, child labor enforcement, government regulation, child exploitation, child welfare, employment law, performance permits, child performer penalties, child workforce, industry regulation, legal enforcement, child performer fines child performers, child labor laws, performing arts, legal protections, child employment, government regulation, child actor regulations, enforcement challenges, minimum education requirements, child pay laws, working hours restrictions, performance bans, public performance, legal penalties, employer fines, child exploitation prevention, child welfare, entertainment industry regulations, state intervention, labor law enforcement child performers, child labor laws, performer protection, child employment, entertainment industry regulation, government enforcement, legal restrictions, child actor ban, education requirements, working hours limits, pay protections, legal compliance, child exploitation prevention, enforcement challenges, employer penalties, public performance laws, state regulation, child welfare, fines for violations, entertainment law child performers, child labor laws, child performer protection, performance bans, child employment regulation, enforcement difficulty, child performer restrictions, child performer pay, child performer working hours, child performer education, government regulation, legal enforcement, blanket ban, penalties for employers, public performances, child rights, fines for violations, child welfare law, child employment ban, legislative measures, child exploitation prevention
test-international-gmehwasr-con01a	"Sovereignty and non intervention in internal affairs  It is a clear international rule that nations are sovereign and other states are simply not allowed to be making interventions into another country’s domestic affairs. The UN Charter emphasises “Nothing contained in the present Charter shall authorize the United Nations to intervene in matters which are essentially within the domestic jurisdiction of any state”. [1] Within a state only the government is legitimate as the supreme authority within its territory. [2] This is to prevent the bigger and richer powers from doing exactly this sort of thing to obtain the result they want inside another country. This is why Russian Foreign Minister Sergei Lavrov stated ""International law does not permit the supply of arms to non-governmental actors and our point of view is that it is a violation of international law,"" in response to suggestions that the UK would arm the Syrian rebels. [3]  [1] UN General Assembly, Article 2, Charter of the United Nations, 26 June 1945  [2] Philpott, Dan, ""Sovereignty"", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Summer 2010 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.)  [3] Abbas, Mohammed, ‘Russia says arming Syrian opposition would be illegal’, Reuters, 13 March 2013 sovereignty, non-intervention, international law, domestic jurisdiction, UN Charter Article 2, state authority, foreign intervention, legitimacy, international relations, state sovereignty, arms supply, non-governmental actors, Russian foreign policy, Syrian conflict, legal principles, non-interference, United Nations, international norms, government legitimacy, state autonomy sovereignty, non-intervention, international law, UN Charter, domestic affairs, state sovereignty, legitimacy, government authority, foreign intervention, Russian Foreign Minister, Sergei Lavrov, arms supply, non-governmental actors, violation of international law, Syrian conflict, UK Syria intervention, Article 2, United Nations, international relations, Philpott sovereignty, intervention prohibition, state jurisdiction, legal principle sovereignty, non-intervention, internal affairs, international law, UN Charter, domestic jurisdiction, supreme authority, state legitimacy, foreign intervention, use of force, Russian foreign policy, Sergei Lavrov, arms supply, non-governmental actors, Syrian conflict, legal prohibition, Article 2, Charter of the United Nations, state sovereignty, intervention prohibition, international relations, Philpott sovereignty, Russia Syria, UK arming rebels sovereignty, non-intervention, international law, UN Charter, domestic jurisdiction, state authority, government legitimacy, intervention prohibition, external interference, international relations, Russian foreign policy, arms supply, non-governmental actors, Syrian conflict, legal principles, UN General Assembly, Article 2, Philpott sovereignty, armed intervention, Sergei Lavrov, UK Syria policy, Russia Syria stance, international norms, state sovereignty sovereignty, non-intervention, internal affairs, international law, UN Charter, domestic jurisdiction, state sovereignty, government authority, foreign intervention, arms supply, non-governmental actors, Russian foreign policy, Syrian conflict, international relations, United Nations, Article 2, domestic authority, legitimacy, intervention legality, Philpott sovereignty, UK Syria arms, Russia Syria, international norms, major powers intervention, domestic supremacy"
test-international-gpdwhwcusa-con03a	There are better alternatives to solving the problems of contemporary warfare.  If it is granted that the UN currently reacts too slowly to crises, alternatives for an improved response could be implemented without resorting to a standing army. A Rapid Reaction Force made up of fast-response units from member states with elite military capability, pledged in advance for UN operations, would build upon the best features of the current system. Security Council reform to remove the veto powers from the Permanent 5 members would allow deadlocks in decision-making to be rapidly broken and avoid the compromises which produce weak mission mandates. An improved prediction capability through better intelligence and analysis, and central logistical planning at UN headquarters would allow forces to be assembled and mandates drafted before problems became full-blown crises. Security Council rules could be changed so that resolutions requiring force could not be passed until troops have been pledged in advance. contemporary warfare, UN response, crisis management, rapid reaction force, elite military units, member states, United Nations operations, Security Council reform, veto power removal, Permanent 5, decision-making deadlock, mission mandate, intelligence analysis, logistical planning, force assembly, prediction capability, troop pledges, military alternatives, rapid deployment, peacekeeping, international law, conflict resolution, UN headquarters, resolution process, military reform contemporary warfare, UN crisis response, alternatives to standing army, Rapid Reaction Force, elite military units, UN operations, Security Council reform, veto power removal, decision-making deadlocks, weak mission mandates, improved prediction capability, intelligence analysis, central logistical planning, advance troop pledges, mandate drafting, crisis prevention, UN headquarters, Security Council rules, force resolution, mission readiness UN alternatives, contemporary warfare solutions, Rapid Reaction Force, fast-response units, elite military capability, UN operations, Security Council reform, veto power removal, Permanent 5 members, decision-making deadlocks, mission mandate improvement, intelligence and analysis, crisis prediction, logistical planning, UN headquarters, force assembly, mandate drafting, Security Council rules, troop pledging, force resolution requirements contemporary warfare, UN crisis response, alternatives to standing army, Rapid Reaction Force, fast-response units, elite military capability, UN operations, Security Council reform, veto removal, Permanent 5 members, decision-making deadlock, weak mission mandates, improved prediction capability, intelligence analysis, central logistical planning, UN headquarters, crisis prevention, Security Council rules, force resolution, troop pledges contemporary warfare, UN crisis response, alternatives to standing army, Rapid Reaction Force, elite military units, Security Council reform, veto power removal, Permanent 5 members, decision-making deadlocks, weak mission mandates, intelligence analysis, prediction capability, logistical planning, UN headquarters, crisis prevention, pre-pledged troops, force resolution rules, troop commitment, peacekeeping reform, UN military operations
test-international-siacphbnt-pro04a	Changing education systems and democracy.  Technology has enabled access to e-books and resources for students and teachers [1] . Such changes have enabled improved efficiency in teaching, with the availability of up-to-date resources and awareness of relevant theories. Furthermore, the ease by which students are able to access multiple resources and buy books online is expanding their intellectual curiosity and library.  In addition to raising new students, technology can be seen as a tool for democracy. Technology provides a tool for government accountability, transparency in information, and for good governance. Organisations, such as Ushahidi (Crowdmapping) following Kenya’s 2007 post-election violence; and mySociety which updates citizens on parliamentary proceedings in South Africa, show how technology is feeding democratisation for youths [2] .  [1] See further readings: Turcano, 2013.  [2] See further readings: Treisman, 2013; Usahidi, 2013. education systems, democracy, technology, e-books, digital resources, teaching efficiency, student access, online books, intellectual curiosity, digital libraries, government accountability, transparency, good governance, Ushahidi, crowdsourcing, mySociety, parliamentary updates, youth empowerment, democratization, Turcano 2013, Treisman 2013, digital education, information accessibility, civic engagement, post-election violence, South Africa, Kenya, online learning, education reform, educational technology, digital literacy changing education systems, democracy, technology in education, e-books, educational resources, students, teachers, teaching efficiency, up-to-date resources, intellectual curiosity, online book access, digital library, technology and democracy, government accountability, transparency, good governance, Ushahidi, crowdmapping, post-election violence Kenya, mySociety, parliamentary proceedings, youth democratisation, civic technology, information access, education reform, digital education, education technology, South Africa, Turcano 2013, Treisman 2013, Usahidi 2013 education systems, democracy, technology in education, e-books, digital resources, students, teachers, teaching efficiency, access to resources, intellectual curiosity, online book purchasing, educational technology, government accountability, transparency, good governance, civic technology, Ushahidi, crowdmapping, mySociety, parliamentary updates, youth empowerment, democratisation, digital literacy, Kenya election violence, information access, education reform, technology and democracy education systems, democracy, technology, e-books, digital resources, students, teachers, teaching efficiency, up-to-date resources, educational theories, online book access, intellectual curiosity, digital libraries, student empowerment, government accountability, information transparency, good governance, crowdmapping, Ushahidi, post-election violence, mySociety, parliamentary transparency, South Africa, technology and democracy, civic engagement, digital democracy, youth democratisation, educational technology education systems, democracy, technology, e-books, digital resources, students, teachers, teaching efficiency, up-to-date resources, education theories, online book purchasing, intellectual curiosity, digital libraries, student empowerment, government accountability, information transparency, good governance, civic technology, Ushahidi, mySociety, parliamentary transparency, democratization, youth engagement, Kenya post-election violence, South Africa, educational technology, digital access, resource availability
test-international-apwhbaucmip-pro03a	The increasing effectiveness of the African Union  The African Union has been taking a much more active stance in preventing and resolving conflict. Since 2003 responsibility for peace in Africa has been with the Peace and Security Council. This body has authorised AU interventions in Somalia, Sudan, Burundi, and the Central African Republic. [1] The African Union is not the only organisation engaged in peacekeeping; the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) has also been actively engaged in peacekeeping, having been deployed in numerous conflicts since the 1990s, most recently in Mali where they took part alongside French forces in defeating an Islamist insurgency. [2]  The AU is also boosting its collective capacity to respond to crises creating the African Standby Force made up of five regional brigades of 4000 soldiers. This force, when complete, will enable rapid deployment anywhere in Africa so helping to prevent crises becoming full scale wars. [3]  [1] ‘Peace and Security Council’, peaceau.org, 23 July 2013,   [2] News24, ‘Ecowas urges members to send troops to Mail’, 23 October 2013,   [3] Cilliers, Jakkie, ‘The African Standby Force An update on progress’, Institute of Strategic Studies, March 2008, African Union, peacekeeping, Peace and Security Council, conflict resolution, AU interventions, Somalia, Sudan, Burundi, Central African Republic, ECOWAS, Economic Community of West African States, Mali, Islamist insurgency, regional security, collective security, crisis response, African Standby Force, regional brigades, rapid deployment, peace enforcement, Africa, military interventions, conflict prevention, multilateral cooperation, security capacity building African Union, AU, effectiveness, peacekeeping, conflict resolution, Peace and Security Council, interventions, Somalia, Sudan, Burundi, Central African Republic, ECOWAS, Economic Community of West African States, peace operations, Mali, Islamist insurgency, French forces, African Standby Force, regional brigades, crisis response, rapid deployment, peace and security, Africa, multi-organizational cooperation, capacity building, military interventions, peace enforcement, security architecture, collective security African Union, AU, peacekeeping, conflict resolution, Peace and Security Council, AU interventions, Somalia, Sudan, Burundi, Central African Republic, ECOWAS, Economic Community of West African States, peace operations, Mali, French forces, Islamist insurgency, African Standby Force, rapid deployment, crisis response, regional brigades, African security, collective security, conflict prevention, Africa peace initiatives, AU effectiveness, peace missions, African crisis management African Union, AU, effectiveness, Peace and Security Council, conflict prevention, conflict resolution, peacekeeping, interventions, Somalia, Sudan, Burundi, Central African Republic, ECOWAS, Economic Community of West African States, collective security, African Standby Force, regional brigades, rapid deployment, crisis response, Mali, peace operations, African security, Islamist insurgency, African conflicts, regional cooperation, military peacekeeping, multilateral interventions African Union, AU, effectiveness, peacekeeping, conflict resolution, Peace and Security Council, interventions, Somalia, Sudan, Burundi, Central African Republic, ECOWAS, Economic Community of West African States, collective capacity, crisis response, African Standby Force, regional brigades, rapid deployment, Mali, Islamist insurgency, French forces, Africa, security, military operations, peace operations, conflict prevention, regional organizations, peace enforcement, AU interventions, ECOWAS operations, security council, Africa security architecture, peacekeeping missions, crisis management
test-politics-gvhwhnerse-pro04a	Forces the ruler to find another way to placate the people  Not having any elections – or only elections for a powerless advisory parliament – may actually have a benefit in putting responsibility squarely on the shoulders of the rulers. Only a country that is comparatively well governed, or successful, can manage without a democratic safety valve. It is notable that the remaining absolute monarchies or those where the King rules as well as reigns are mostly very wealthy petro states. Several of the remaining communist regimes, China and Vietnam, rely on rapid economic growth to cement their legitimacy combined with meritocracy in their selection of leaders. In both cases there is an incentive for good governance by those in power as they are in for the long term. The leaders know they are not going to be elected out of office so have the motivation to reduce corruption and create long term growth through investment in infrastructure because this will benefit them in the future. [1]  [1] Feldman, Noah, ‘Feldman examines corruption and political legitimacy in China’, Harvard Law School, 11 March 2013, authoritarianism, legitimacy, absolute monarchy, advisory parliament, non-democratic governance, petro states, meritocracy, China, Vietnam, good governance, economic growth, infrastructure investment, ruling incentives, political legitimacy, corruption reduction, long-term rule, undemocratic regimes, ruler responsibility, Feldman, political stability, election absence absolute monarchy, authoritarian regimes, democratic safety valve, political legitimacy, governance, economic growth, meritocracy, petroleum states, elections, advisory parliament, rulers, responsibility, corruption reduction, infrastructure investment, long-term governance, legitimacy, China, Vietnam, political stability, wealth, ruler motivation, non-democratic regimes absolute monarchy, authoritarian regimes, political legitimacy, governance, advisory parliament, democratic safety valve, petro states, wealth, economic growth, legitimacy, meritocracy, leader selection, long-term incentive, anti-corruption, infrastructure investment, China, Vietnam, responsibility, elections, political stability, non-democratic rule, legitimacy through performance, autocracy, political accountability, regime durability, Feldman Noah authoritarian governance, absolute monarchy, democratic safety valve, political legitimacy, good governance, economic growth, meritocracy, ruler responsibility, advisory parliament, petro states, communist regimes, China, Vietnam, corruption reduction, long-term investment, infrastructure development, leadership selection, non-democratic systems, legitimacy strategies, political stability, regime survival authoritarianism, absolute monarchy, no elections, advisory parliament, political legitimacy, good governance, petro states, wealth, long-term rulers, economic growth, meritocracy, leadership selection, China, Vietnam, legitimacy, infrastructure investment, anti-corruption, long-term growth, non-democratic regimes, ruler responsibility, political stability, Feldman Noah, Harvard Law School
test-politics-ghbgussbsbt-pro03a	How Congress Works  Congress is a bicameral body, with its constituent parts, the House of Representatives and Senate, working largely independent of each other to create bills. However necessary for both the house and Senate to pass laws in identical form in order for it to become law. [1] A period of ‘Reconciliation’ is usually required to find a compromise between two different versions of the same bill in order to maintain and improve what is best about proposed reforms and eliminate flaws before it becomes law. [2]  This independence between the two chambers, with Reconciliation being one of the few areas where the two meet can allow for division in Congress between the two major parties. Indeed this can be seen as beneficial, as the broadest ideological range will be considered when making a policy work by reconciling two bills, making sure that centrist policy is enacted, preventing an ideological swing against the wishes of the people.  [1] Goldman et al., The Challenge of Democracy, Brief ed., Fourth ed., New York 2001, p.196  [2] United States Senate, ‘reconciliation process’, Congress, bicameral, House of Representatives, Senate, bill creation, lawmaking process, identical bills, reconciliation, legislative compromise, policy reform, congressional division, party division, major parties, centrist policy, ideological balance, legislative process, policy making, challenge of democracy, US Senate, reconciliation process Congress, bicameral, House of Representatives, Senate, bill creation, legislative process, lawmaking, reconciliation, compromise, legislative chambers, policy reform, legislative division, major parties, ideological range, centrist policy, bill passage, legislative negotiation, United States Congress, legislative compromise, reconciliation process, government reform, congressional procedure, bill reconciliation, law approval, legislative independence Congress, bicameral, House of Representatives, Senate, bill creation, legislative process, lawmaking, reconciliation, compromise, bill versions, legislative independence, chamber division, major parties, policy reform, legislation passage, centrist policy, ideological balance, reconciliation process, Congress operations, legislative compromise, United States legislature Congress, bicameral, House of Representatives, Senate, bill creation, legislative process, reconciliation, compromise, lawmaking, bill versions, major parties, division, policy, reform, ideologies, centrist policy, legislative chamber independence, United States Senate, bill passage, legislative negotiation, legislative reform Congress, bicameral, House of Representatives, Senate, bill creation, legislation process, reconciliation, lawmaking, compromise, legislative process, policy reform, congressional division, party differences, legislative chambers, law passage, policy negotiation, centrist policy, ideological balance, legislative procedure, congressional workflow, legislative compromise, U.S. Congress, U.S. Senate, House-Senate relations, government process
test-international-siacphbnt-con01a	Technology will not result in entrepreneurialism without providing a foundational basis.  The key constraint for entrepreneurship is the lack of access to finance, credit, and basic infrastructure - whether a computer or technical skills on how to use different systems. Limited accessibility acts as an obstacle to entrepreneurialism.  In order to encourage an inclusive capability for youths to get involved in entrepreneurial ideas, technology training and equal start-up credit is required. Furthermore, dangers arise where credit has become easily accessible - putting individuals at risk of debt where a lack of protection and payment planning is provided.  Kenya’s Uwezo Fund provides a positive example, whereby action has been taken to provide youths with safe credit. The government collaboration is calling for youths to apply for grants and loans in a bid to encourage entrepreneurial activity for all. Loans are interest-free. entrepreneurship, technology, foundational basis, access to finance, credit, basic infrastructure, computer skills, technical skills, accessibility, obstacles, youth, inclusive capability, technology training, start-up credit, debt risk, payment planning, financial protection, Kenya, Uwezo Fund, government collaboration, grants, interest-free loans, safe credit, entrepreneurial activity entrepreneurship, technology, foundational basis, access to finance, access to credit, infrastructure, computer skills, technical skills, limited accessibility, obstacle, inclusive capability, youth entrepreneurship, technology training, start-up credit, financial protection, debt risk, payment planning, Uwezo Fund, youth grants, youth loans, government collaboration, inclusive growth, interest-free loans, safe credit, Kenya, entrepreneurial activity, financial inclusion technology, entrepreneurship, foundational basis, access to finance, credit, basic infrastructure, technical skills, computer access, limited accessibility, obstacles, inclusive capability, youth, entrepreneurial ideas, technology training, start-up credit, equal opportunities, credit risks, debt protection, payment planning, Uwezo Fund, Kenya, youth empowerment, government collaboration, grants, interest-free loans, safe credit, entrepreneurial activity entrepreneurship, technology, foundational basis, access to finance, access to credit, infrastructure, computers, technical skills, limited accessibility, obstacles, inclusive capability, youth empowerment, entrepreneurial training, start-up credit, credit risk, debt, payment planning, financial protection, Uwezo Fund, Kenya, government collaboration, youth grants, youth loans, interest-free loans, entrepreneurial activity, safe credit entrepreneurship, technology, finance, credit access, infrastructure, computers, technical skills, barriers, accessibility, inclusive capability, youth, start-up credit, technology training, debt risks, financial protection, payment planning, Uwezo Fund, safe credit, government collaboration, grants, loans, interest-free loans, Kenya, entrepreneurial activity, youth empowerment, financial inclusion
test-health-dhghwapgd-pro03a	"Production of generic drugs reduce medical costs by allowing increased production and the development of superior production methods, increasing market efficiency  The sale of generic drugs invariably reduces costs to consumers. This is due to two reasons. It may be the case that an individual or firm with a patent, essentially a monopoly right to the production of something, may not have the ability to efficiently go about meeting demand for it. Patents slow, or even stop the dissemination of the production methods, especially when a patent-holder is unwilling to license production to others1. Such an outcome is deleterious to society, as with no restrictions on drug production an efficient producer, or producers, will emerge to meet the needs of the public, producing an amount of drugs commensurate with demand, and thus equilibrating market price with that demand2. This market equilibration is impossible under conventional patent laws, as it is in the interest of firms to withhold production and to engage in monopolist rent-seeking from consumers3. This leads firms to deliberately under-produce, which they have been shown to do in many cases, as for example the case of Miacalcic, a drug used to treat Paget's Disease, in which its producer deliberately kept production down in order to keep prices high4. When a firm is given monopoly power over a drug it has the ability to abuse it, and history shows that is what they are wont to do. By allowing the production of generic drugs, this monopoly power is broken and people can get the drugs they need at costs that are not marked far above their free market value.  1 Kinsella, Stephan. 2010. ""Patents Kill: Compulsory Licenses and Genzyme's Life-Saving Drug"". Mises Institute. Available: 2Stim, Rishand. 2006. Profit from Your Idea: How to Make Smart Licensing Decisions. Berkeley: Nolo. 3 Lee, Timothy. 2007. ""Patent Rent-Seeking"". Cato at Liberty. Available: 4 Flanders Today. 2010. ""Big Pharma Denies Strategic Shortages"". Flanders Today. generic drugs, drug production, medical costs, patent laws, market efficiency, monopolies, compulsory licensing, consumer prices, rent-seeking, pharmaceutical industry, drug patents, production methods, market competition, access to medicine, patent restrictions, price controls, supply and demand, market equilibrium, healthcare costs, drug pricing, monopoly abuse, drug shortages, cost reduction, innovation, licensing decisions generic drugs, drug production, medical costs, market efficiency, patents, monopolies, compulsory licensing, patent law, drug pricing, consumer costs, production methods, market equilibrium, rent-seeking, under-production, pharmaceutical industry, monopoly power, competition, drug access, patent restrictions, cost reduction, drug availability, price control, free market, drug demand, licensing, patent-holder, drug shortages, life-saving drugs generic drugs, medical costs, drug production, production methods, market efficiency, consumer costs, patents, monopoly, licensing, production restrictions, dissemination, public health, market equilibrium, patent laws, under-production, monopolist rent-seeking, price manipulation, Miacalcic, drug shortages, monopoly power, free market, compulsory licenses, Big Pharma, strategic shortages, drug accessibility, cost reduction, pharmaceuticals, patent abuse, drug pricing, compulsory licensing generic drugs, drug production, medical costs, cost reduction, market efficiency, patents, patent monopoly, production methods, licensing, drug dissemination, monopolist rent-seeking, under-production, drug accessibility, compulsory licensing, drug pricing, pharmaceutical market, market equilibration, free market value, patent restrictions, healthcare affordability, pharmaceutical industry, strategic shortages, monopoly abuse generic drugs, medical costs, production methods, market efficiency, consumer costs, drug patents, monopoly, patent licensing, drug dissemination, market equilibration, patent laws, monopolist rent-seeking, underproduction, strategic shortages, drug pricing, pharmaceutical industry, competition, compulsory licenses, patent-holder, drug access, Miacalcic case, price control, producer efficiency, public health, free market value, big pharma"
test-law-cplgpshwdp-pro05a	Occasional disclosure of convictions leads to an inconsistent justice system.  At present in Britain, some previous convictions may be disclosed if they bear a striking resemblance to the case at trial, if the defendant falsely claims to be of good character, or if they attack the character of a prosecution witness [1] . However, different judges invariable interpret these criteria in different ways, which leads to a wavering standard of trail where previous convictions may or may not be revealed. It would be much more efficient and transparent to allow this motion and make court procedures more accessible.  [1] The Economist, ‘Tilting the balance’, 2 January 2003. conviction disclosure, justice system inconsistency, Britain, previous convictions, judicial interpretation, trial fairness, legal transparency, character evidence, court procedures, wavering legal standards, efficient courts, judicial discretion, criminal record disclosure, legal reform, The Economist previous convictions, disclosure, inconsistent justice, Britain, judicial discretion, character evidence, trial standards, court procedure, transparency, legal efficiency, judge interpretation, criminal justice system, The Economist, legal reform, access to justice, evidentiary rules, defense strategies, prosecution witness, resemblance to case, fair trial, judicial variability, legal consistency disclosure of convictions, justice system, Britain, previous convictions, case similarity, defendant character, prosecution witness, judicial interpretation, inconsistent standards, court procedures, efficiency, transparency, legal reform, criminal justice, The Economist occasional disclosure, convictions, inconsistent justice system, Britain, previous convictions, striking resemblance, trial, defendant, good character, prosecution witness, judicial interpretation, wavering standard, court transparency, court procedures, legal consistency, character evidence, efficiency, legal reform, criminal justice, The Economist disclosure of convictions, inconsistent justice system, Britain, previous convictions, judicial discretion, court transparency, criminal trials, character evidence, judicial interpretation, legal standards, evidence disclosure, court procedures, judicial variability, witness credibility, fairness in trials
test-environment-aiahwagit-pro01a	Natural habitats being are destroyed  A tougher approach to the protection of animals is needed to prevent their natural habitats from being destroyed by locals. As humans expand their agricultural activity in Africa they are destroying the environments of endangered animals and pushing others towards being endangered. Due to an increase in large scale cotton plantations and food crops, the West African lion has seen a marked decrease in population; numbering less than 400 in early 2014 [1] . Tougher protection, such as fencing off areas from human activity, has been suggested and has seen success in South Africa [2] .  [1] BBC, “Lions ‘facing extinction in West Africa’”  [2] Morelle,R. “Fencing off wild lions from humans ‘could save them’” natural habitats, habitat destruction, animal protection, endangered species, Africa, agricultural expansion, cotton plantations, food crops, West African lion, population decline, conservation, human-wildlife conflict, habitat loss, environmental protection, fencing, protected areas, wildlife management, South Africa, local communities, large-scale agriculture natural habitats, habitat destruction, animal protection, endangered species, Africa, agricultural expansion, environmental conservation, West African lion, population decline, cotton plantations, food crops, fencing, human-wildlife conflict, wildlife preservation, conservation strategies, South Africa, habitat loss, local communities, extinction prevention, protected areas natural habitats, habitat destruction, animal protection, endangered animals, Africa, agricultural expansion, local communities, cotton plantations, food crops, West African lion, lion population decline, species endangerment, fenced reserves, wildlife conservation, habitat preservation, human-wildlife conflict, conservation strategies, South Africa, successful fencing, extinction prevention natural habitats, habitat destruction, animal protection, endangered species, agricultural expansion, Africa, West African lion, population decline, cotton plantations, food crops, conservation, environmental impact, human-wildlife conflict, fencing, protected areas, habitat preservation, wildlife management, South Africa, extinction risk, large-scale agriculture, local communities, wildlife conservation, biodiversity loss natural habitats, habitat destruction, animal protection, endangered species, Africa, agricultural expansion, local communities, cotton plantations, food crops, West African lion, population decline, conservation, fencing, protected areas, human-wildlife conflict, wildlife management, extinction prevention, biodiversity, South Africa, large scale agriculture
test-economy-epehwmrbals-pro02a	International labour and business standards go hand in hand with development standards and will de facto increase implementation levels  What are international labour and business standards? They are globally acceptable methods of doing business and employing labour. These include Conventions Against Forced Labour [1] , Discrimination [2] and Child Labour [3] . These also form guideline structures for social policy such as labour dispute resolution bodies, employment services and good industrial relations. Therefore, this goes hand in hand with reducing poverty and increasing the standard of living of the employees, and hence the standard is a facet of development in itself. This helps in achieving the goals of a stable long term plan for economic growth as well paid workers are necessary for consumer spending. Employing higher standards would be a way to tackle the problems with distribution of aid at the grassroots and increase efficiency within the system organically. [4]  The poorest countries invariably have the lowest standards of labour and business. It is essential to raise these standards to an international level, implementing standards against practices like child labour. If this is done then the purpose of development aid, which is to increase the day to day standard of living of the people, will improve. In an absence of such a pre-requisite, a developing country will be free to employ standards that do not reflect the same principles of the donor nation. Thus, to avoid a hypocritical scenario, this pre-requisite is necessary.  [1] C029 - Forced Labour Convention, Adoption: Geneva, 14th ILC session, 28 June 1930,   [2] International Labour Office, ‘Discrimination (Employment and Occupation) Convention’, International Labour Organisation, 1958 No.111,   [3] ‘ILO Conventions and Recommendations on child labour’, International Labour Organisation,   [4] ‘How International Labour Standards are used’, International Labour Organisation, international labour standards, business standards, development standards, implementation levels, forced labour, discrimination, child labour, ILO conventions, social policy, labour dispute resolution, employment services, industrial relations, poverty reduction, standard of living, economic growth, consumer spending, aid distribution, efficiency, grassroots development, poorest countries, raising standards, international level, development aid, donor nations, Geneva conventions, ILO recommendations, employment and occupation, social justice international labour standards, business standards, development standards, forced labour convention, discrimination convention, child labour convention, ILO conventions, social policy, labour dispute resolution, employment services, industrial relations, poverty reduction, standard of living, economic growth, consumer spending, grassroots aid, efficiency, developing countries, donor nations, policy implementation, labour rights, business ethics, fair employment, global standards, International Labour Organisation, C029, No.111 international labour standards, business standards, development standards, economic growth, forced labour convention, discrimination convention, child labour, ILO conventions, employment policy, social policy, labour dispute resolution, employment services, industrial relations, poverty reduction, standard of living, labour rights, business ethics, international conventions, donor nation, development aid, grassroots efficiency, economic stability, fair wages, consumer spending, labour regulation, developing countries international labour standards, business standards, development standards, forced labour convention, discrimination convention, child labour, ILO, international conventions, labour dispute resolution, employment services, industrial relations, poverty reduction, standard of living, economic growth, consumer spending, development aid, fair labour practices, social policy, donor nations, grassroots efficiency, C029 Forced Labour, ILO Convention 111, child labour conventions, international guidelines, employment standards, social justice, decent work, economic development, minimum standards, workplace rights, occupational standards international labour standards, business standards, development standards, implementation, forced labour, discrimination, child labour, ILO conventions, social policy, labour dispute resolution, employment services, industrial relations, poverty reduction, standard of living, economic growth, consumer spending, development aid, aid distribution, efficiency, developing countries, international level, donor nation, Geneva ILC, ILO child labour, ILO discrimination, employment convention
test-philosophy-npegiepp-pro01a	"Neo-functionalism explains the cause of integration  Spill-over is the following concept – in order to enjoy the full benefits of integration of the first sector you need to integrate the related sectors. An example of this is the ECSC (European Coal and Steel Community) evolving into other energy sectors and forming Euratom. There are three types of spill-over – functional spill-over, political spill-over and cultivated spill-over. Firstly, functional spill-over, which regards spill-over in an economic context. For example, this might involve integrating coal and steel, then integrating transport systems so that coal and steel are moved around more easily. Secondly, there is Political spill-over, where political actors shift their allegiance to a new centre, for example from the national parliament to Brussels. Thirdly, there is cultivated spill-over, which is the idea that institutions drive further integration by being in practice; for example the European Commission’s growing autonomy. [1]  [1] Tranholm-Mikkelsen, Jeppe ""Neo-functionalism: Obstinate or Obsolete? A Reappraisal in the Light of the New Dynamism of the EC Millennium - Journal of International Studies, Vol. 20, No. 1, pp.1-22, Neo-functionalism, integration, spill-over, functional spill-over, political spill-over, cultivated spill-over, European integration, ECSC, Euratom, European Coal and Steel Community, energy sectors, European Commission, transport integration, sectoral integration, supranational institutions, allegiance shift, institutional autonomy, Tranholm-Mikkelsen, European Community, integration theory, interdependence, Millenium Journal of International Studies neo-functionalism, integration, spill-over, functional spill-over, political spill-over, cultivated spill-over, European integration, ECSC, European Coal and Steel Community, Euratom, energy sector integration, institutional integration, European Commission, supranationalism, sectoral integration, political actors, allegiance shift, economic integration, transport systems, institutional autonomy, Tranholm-Mikkelsen, European Community, integration theory Neo-functionalism, European integration, spill-over, functional spill-over, political spill-over, cultivated spill-over, ECSC, European Coal and Steel Community, Euratom, sectoral integration, integration theory, European Commission, supranationalism, energy sector integration, economic integration, political integration, institutional autonomy, Brussels, Tranholm-Mikkelsen, European Communities, transport integration Neo-functionalism, European integration, spill-over, functional spill-over, political spill-over, cultivated spill-over, ECSC, Euratom, integration theory, European Coal and Steel Community, sector integration, supranationalism, European Commission, energy integration, institutional autonomy, European Union, Tranholm-Mikkelsen, allegiance shift, Brussels, economic integration, political integration, regional integration, integration process, integration benefits, multi-sector integration, EC Millennium Neo-functionalism, integration, spill-over, functional spill-over, political spill-over, cultivated spill-over, European integration, ECSC, Euratom, sectoral integration, European Coal and Steel Community, energy integration, institutional spill-over, European Commission, allegiance shift, Brussels, economic integration, political actors, supranational institutions, Tranholm-Mikkelsen, Journal of International Studies, EC dynamism, European Community, transport integration"
test-health-ppelfhwbpba-pro02a	If personhood accrues at birth, then abortion after inducing birth is wrong  If birth is the crucial dividing-line we use to decide when legal personhood begins, then we should not be allowed to induce birth and then deliberately kill a foetus during that process - this is different from early abortion in which birth is induced and the foetus dies naturally. Partial-birth abortion is murder, even on the pro-choice understanding of personhood. personhood, birth, abortion, induced birth, legal personhood, dividing line, foetus, partial-birth abortion, infanticide, moral status, pro-choice, ethical argument, murder, late-term abortion, fetal rights, abortion ethics, birth threshold, abortion legality, personhood debate, abortion procedure personhood, birth, abortion, induced birth, legal personhood, foetus, partial-birth abortion, early abortion, pro-choice, moral status, dividing line, murder, legality, fetus rights, abortion ethics, viability, infanticide, reproductive rights, abortion law, moral philosophy personhood, birth, abortion, legal personhood, induced birth, foetus, partial-birth abortion, pro-choice, moral status, killing, dividing line, infanticide, ethics, legal status, murder, abortion debate, late-term abortion, natural death, early abortion, deliberate killing personhood, birth, abortion, induced birth, legal personhood, foetus, early abortion, partial-birth abortion, moral status, pro-choice, dividing line, murder, ethical debate, abortion law, deliberate killing, natural death, viability, infanticide, abortion ethics personhood, birth, abortion, induced birth, legal personhood, foetus, dividing-line, partial-birth abortion, pro-choice, morality, murder, late-term abortion, ethical debate, infanticide, abortion law
test-society-mmcpsgfhbf-pro01a	The feminist movement should not allow women to sell themselves  In most cases, pornography is not entered into willingly. Similarly to prostitution, the sale of one’s own body and one’s dignity is so drastic that consent is often not sufficiently informed to be legitimate. There are patriarchal structures in society that force women into these industries, particularly when they are vulnerable and this seems to be a good last resort. This leads to a loss of integrity, a strong stigma in society, and most importantly, abusive conditions in the production process. As well as high risks of unwanted pregnancies or sexually transmitted diseases, violent sex practices and abusive conditions after filming often occur (Lubben). [1]  Furthermore, the harms of pornography do not exclusively affect the consenting participants. Other women across the world who are not supporting this industry are equal victims of society and the norms promoted by pornography of how women should be, and how it is acceptable to treat them. These people have not consented.  [1] Lubben, Shelley. “Ex-Porn Star Tells the Truth About the Porn Industry.” Covenant Eyes. 28 October 2008. feminist movement, women's rights, pornography, prostitution, consent, informed consent, patriarchal structures, women's vulnerability, sex industry, body autonomy, dignity, social stigma, abusive conditions, production process, unwanted pregnancies, sexually transmitted diseases, violent sex practices, harm of pornography, impact on women, societal norms, exploitation, sexual exploitation, Shelley Lubben, porn industry, feminist critique, commodification of women, sexual consent, victimization, structural oppression feminist movement,women's rights,pornography,prostitution,consent,patriarchal structures,sexual exploitation,gender equality,societal stigma,abusive conditions,sex industry,vulnerability,body autonomy,women's dignity,unwanted pregnancies,sexually transmitted diseases,violent sex,production abuses,objectification,sexual consent,sex work,systemic oppression,informed consent,gender norms,sexual harm,pornography critique,social norms,anti-pornography,sexual victimization,porn industry harms feminist movement, pornography, prostitution, consent, patriarchy, women's rights, vulnerability, exploitation, stigma, integrity, dignity, abusive conditions, unwanted pregnancies, sexually transmitted diseases, violent sex, post-production abuse, pornography harms, societal norms, gender norms, non-consenting victims, Shelley Lubben, porn industry critique, sex work, female empowerment, feminist critique, objectification, sexual exploitation, informed consent, sexual ethics, commodification of bodies, structural oppression feminist movement, pornography, prostitution, women’s consent, patriarchal structures, exploitation, vulnerability, stigma, integrity loss, abuse in porn industry, sexually transmitted diseases, unwanted pregnancies, violent sex practices, post-production abuse, societal norms, objectification, non-consensual harm, Shelley Lubben, anti-porn feminism, commodification of women, informed consent, dignity, sex industry, coercion, gender roles, sex work, pornographic harm feminist movement, women’s rights, sex work, prostitution, pornography, consent, patriarchy, gender inequality, exploitation, vulnerability, stigma, dignity, integrity, abuse, production conditions, unwanted pregnancies, sexually transmitted diseases, violent sex practices, post-filming abuse, societal norms, objectification, porn industry, Shelley Lubben, anti-pornography, women’s agency, informed consent, commodification of bodies, intersectional feminism, sexual violence, female exploitation, victimization, feminist critique, patriarchal oppression
test-law-lghwpcctcc-con01a	This turns court cases into entertainment, rather than legitimate legal proceedings.  Several television shows, such as ‘Judge Judy’, assert the style of a legal courtroom [1] . These shows are based on entertainment value from scrutinising the accused and defendant; it would be dangerous to remove a barrier which currently separates genuine legal proceedings from entertainment by televising them. The risk that the public would see them as one and the same is increased by an incident where a man really did believe that the Judge Judy trial was a real trial [2] . The trial of Casey Anthony in Florida, where cameras are allowed, escalated into a media frenzy where legal justice became unimportant in comparison to television ratings [3] . Court cases, then, are at risk of not being taken seriously and used instead for the public to satisfy their curiosity into other peoples’ lives. Televising court cases also immediately undermines some fundamental principles of the justice system, such as rehabilitation. If somebody is convicted of a crime on national television, his or her anonymity or chance of future employment is severely compromised. The rights of the victims, their families, and the defendants should be placed ahead society’s assumed ‘right’ to sensationalist portrayals of the courtroom.  [1]  , accessed 18/08/11  [2]  , accessed 18/08/11  [3]  , accessed 19/08/11 court cases, entertainment, television shows, Judge Judy, legal proceedings, courtroom style, media influence, public perception, televising trials, Casey Anthony trial, media frenzy, justice system, rehabilitation, anonymity, employment impact, victims’ rights, defendants’ rights, sensationalism, privacy, public curiosity, courtroom portrayal, media coverage, impact on justice, reality vs fiction, television ratings televised court cases, courtroom entertainment, Judge Judy, media influence, legal proceedings, justice system, public perception, sensationalism, privacy rights, defendants’ rights, victim rights, trial anonymity, future employment, rehabilitation, courtroom shows, Casey Anthony trial, media frenzy, television ratings, legal seriousness, court case portrayal court cases, entertainment, legal proceedings, televising trials, courtroom television, Judge Judy, media influence, public perception, sensationalism, justice system, courtroom anonymity, rehabilitation, victim rights, defendant rights, media frenzy, Casey Anthony trial, television ratings, privacy, employment impact, sensationalist portrayal court cases, entertainment, legal proceedings, television shows, Judge Judy, courtroom, media influence, public perception, televising trials, genuine legal process, accused, defendant, case study, Casey Anthony, media frenzy, television ratings, justice system, rehabilitation, privacy, anonymity, employment impact, victim rights, sensationalism, courtroom portrayal, public curiosity, legal ethics, access to justice, legal sensationalism, court media coverage, societal impact, fundamental rights televising court cases, courtroom entertainment, media influence, Judge Judy, legal proceedings, public perception, sensationalism, justice system, privacy rights, media frenzy, Casey Anthony trial, rehabilitation, anonymity, victim rights, defendant rights, television ratings, legal ethics, courtroom portrayal, trial publicity, employment impact, sensationalist media, court privacy, legal credibility
test-education-pshhghwpba0-con01a	Nutrition is the parents responsibility  Parents are responsible for their children, and this includes responsibility for their meals. The parent has had to provide meals up until the start of school. They know their own child’s preferences there is little reason for this to change. Splitting responsibility between parents and schools means the burden of responsibility will no longer be clearly don't placed. parental responsibility, child nutrition, school meals, parental role, child meal preferences, nutrition responsibility, parents vs schools, meal provision, family nutrition, child health, school food, parental involvement, nutrition policy, school responsibility, dietary responsibility, healthy eating, food choices, parental duties parental responsibility, child nutrition, meal provision, parental role, school meals, responsibility split, children's dietary needs, nutrition responsibility, parental involvement, meal preferences, healthy eating, child health, school food policy, food responsibility, parent-child relationship, dietary habits, family meals parental responsibility, child nutrition, meal provision, parents' role, children's meals, school meals, nutrition responsibility, dietary preferences, parent-child relationship, food responsibility, split responsibility, school vs parents, meal planning, healthy eating, children's diet parental responsibility, child nutrition, meal provision, school meals, parental role, children's diet, food preferences, nutrition responsibility, shared responsibility, school vs parent, healthy eating, child health, meal planning, parental involvement, family nutrition, accountability parental responsibility, child nutrition, meal provision, parents role, children's meals, school meals, nutrition responsibility, parental duties, food preferences, school vs parents, meal planning, nutrition policy, healthy eating, food burden, split responsibility
test-international-segiahbarr-pro03a	Foreign Direct Investment to the continent has increased  Foreign investment into Africa has seen a large increase in recent years, which has enabled Africa to invest significant amounts of funding in to infrastructure, jobs creation and acquisition of technology [1] . In Kenya, Uganda and Tanzania, foreign businesses account for a much larger percentage of employment than any domestic firm, hence increasing the standard of living for a greater number of people [2] . FDI has gone from $15 billion in 2002 to $37 billion in 2006 and $46 billion in 2012. The vast majority of this investment is based on extractive industries such as agriculture and raw resources. However, Africa has recently seen an increase in FDI for manufacturing and services as well [3] . Central Africa alone received $10 billion in 2012-3, due to an increased interest in the DRC’s copper-cobalt mines. The sources of this FDI vary, but China has become the major investor in the region, with investment rising from $11 billion to $166 billion in the past decade. China has helped build vast infrastructure projects in return for natural resources and food for its growing population.  [1] Moss, ‘Is Africa’s Skepticism of Foreign Capital Justified?’, 2004, p.2  [2] Moss, ‘Is Africa’s Skepticism of Foreign Capital Justified?’, 2004, p.19  [3] UNCTAD, ‘Foreign Direct Investment to Africa increases’, 2013 Foreign Direct Investment, FDI, Africa, foreign investment, infrastructure investment, job creation, technology acquisition, Kenya, Uganda, Tanzania, foreign businesses, employment, standard of living, investment growth, extractive industries, agriculture, raw resources, manufacturing, services, Central Africa, DRC, copper-cobalt mines, China investment, Chinese infrastructure projects, natural resources, food security, UNCTAD, investment trends, employment impact, regional investment, development, economic growth, Moss Foreign Direct Investment, FDI, Africa, foreign investment, infrastructure, job creation, technology acquisition, Kenya, Uganda, Tanzania, employment, standard of living, extractive industries, agriculture, raw resources, manufacturing, services, Central Africa, DRC, copper mines, cobalt mines, China investment, infrastructure projects, natural resources, food security, UNCTAD, investment trends, investment sources, economic growth, foreign businesses, multinational corporations, development finance, resource extraction, Chinese investment, African economies Foreign Direct Investment, FDI, Africa, foreign investment, infrastructure, job creation, technology acquisition, Kenya, Uganda, Tanzania, employment, standard of living, extractive industries, agriculture, raw resources, manufacturing, services, Central Africa, DRC, copper-cobalt mines, China, major investor, infrastructure projects, natural resources, food security, UNCTAD, investment trends, FDI statistics, Africa economic development, FDI sources, Chinese investment, economic growth, Africa FDI increase, foreign businesses, employment impact Foreign Direct Investment, FDI, Africa, foreign investment, infrastructure, job creation, technology acquisition, Kenya, Uganda, Tanzania, employment, standard of living, investment growth, extractive industries, agriculture, raw resources, manufacturing, services, Central Africa, DRC, copper-cobalt mines, investment sources, China, Chinese investment, infrastructure projects, natural resources, food security, UNCTAD, investment statistics, economic development, foreign capital, Moss Foreign Direct Investment, FDI, Africa, foreign investment, infrastructure, job creation, technology acquisition, Kenya, Uganda, Tanzania, employment, economic growth, standard of living, extractive industries, agriculture, raw resources, manufacturing, services, Central Africa, DRC, copper-cobalt mines, China, Chinese investment, infrastructure projects, natural resources, food security, investment trends, UNCTAD, employment impact, FDI sources, Africa development, investment statistics
test-health-dhghhbampt-pro01a	Many alternative remedies, such as homeopathy, offer nothing but a false hope and can discourage patients from consulting a doctor with what may be serious symptoms  There are good reasons why new therapies are tested in scientific trials first, rather than just released on the public that it might work. The first is to weed out side-effects but the other is that if you give most people a medicine they will, not unreasonably, expect it to make them better.  An entire industry has grown out of alternative medicines. No doubt many alternative practitioners are well meaning, but this does not change the fact that people are making money out of something that, as far as anyone can determine, is basically snake oil.  Although many people take both alternative and established treatments, there are a growing number of patients who reject conventional medical wisdom ( there’s an account of one such case here [i] ) in cases that prove fatal the availability of alternative medicines raises serious ethical and legal concerns, and also undermines the stringent regimes of monitoring and supervision that qualified medical professionals are subjected to..  [i] David Gorski. “Death by ‘Alternative Medicine”: Who’s to blame?”. Science-Based Medicine 2008. alternative remedies, homeopathy, false hope, patient discouragement, serious symptoms, scientific trials, clinical testing, side-effects, placebo effect, alternative medicine industry, practitioner intentions, financial exploitation, snake oil, rejection of conventional medicine, fatal outcomes, ethical concerns, legal concerns, medical oversight, regulation, evidence-based medicine, science-based medicine, David Gorski, patient safety, monitoring, medical supervision, healthcare skepticism, non-scientific treatments alternative medicine, homeopathy, false hope, patient safety, medical consultation, serious symptoms, scientific trials, side effects, placebo effect, alternative therapies, unproven remedies, alternative practitioners, snake oil, medical ethics, legal concerns, healthcare industry, conventional medicine, medical supervision, treatment rejection, public health, complementary therapies, pseudoscience, clinical evidence, medical regulation, David Gorski, Science-Based Medicine alternative remedies, homeopathy, false hope, discourage patients, serious symptoms, scientific trials, new therapies, side-effects, placebo effect, alternative medicine industry, well-meaning practitioners, financial exploitation, snake oil, conventional treatments, medical wisdom rejection, fatal outcomes, ethical concerns, legal issues, patient safety, medical regulation, supervision, qualified professionals, science-based medicine, David Gorski, alternative medicine risks alternative medicine, homeopathy, false hope, patient safety, medical consultation, serious symptoms, scientific trials, therapy testing, side effects, placebo effect, alternative therapies, unproven treatments, alternative industry, practitioner ethics, patient rejection, conventional medicine, fatal cases, ethical concerns, legal issues, medical supervision, scientific evidence, snake oil, science-based medicine, David Gorski, death by alternative medicine, regulation, medical monitoring, patient risk, healthcare policy, evidence-based medicine alternative medicine, homeopathy, false hope, patient behavior, medical consultation, serious symptoms, scientific trials, therapy safety, side effects, placebo effect, alternative practitioners, medical industry, snake oil, conventional medicine, patient rejection, fatal outcomes, ethical concerns, legal concerns, medical supervision, medical regulation, David Gorski, Science-Based Medicine
test-international-ssiarcmhb-con05a	Birth control within monogamous relationships.  Contraception is not just used in casual sex but within monogamous couples who want to control when they have children. The reason for this could be so they ensure that they don’t have more children than they can afford to reasonably look after.  Contraception can help monogamous couples to give more to the children they do decide to have and to the community, since less of their time and money will be used in maintaining a family which is larger than they can reasonably afford to control. The current cost of raising a child in Britain is calculated to be over £210,000, a very substantial sum that any responsible parent must think about before having more children 1.  Since, in this case, contraception promotes a good in the community, as well as more responsible reproduction, the Catholic Church is unjustified in its blanket ban over barrier contraception.  1. Insley 2011 birth control, monogamous relationships, contraception, family planning, responsible parenthood, financial considerations, child-rearing costs, community benefits, contraception ethics, Catholic Church, barrier methods, controlling family size, reproductive decision-making, UK child costs, Insley 2011, religious opposition, social responsibility, modern couples, responsible reproduction, contraception benefits birth control, monogamous relationships, contraception, family planning, responsible parenting, reproductive choices, child affordability, cost of raising children, contraception benefits, community impact, reproductive autonomy, barrier contraception, Catholic Church contraception ban, population control, parental responsibility, UK child-rearing costs, Insley 2011 contraception, birth control, monogamous relationships, family planning, responsible parenthood, child-rearing costs, barrier contraception, Catholic Church, reproductive choices, population control, financial planning, ethical contraception, community benefit, parenting, United Kingdom, cost of children, contraception ethics, religious opposition, family size, reproductive health birth control, contraception, monogamous relationships, family planning, responsible parenthood, economic impact, child-rearing costs, UK, community benefit, Catholic Church, barrier contraception, ethical considerations, reproductive choices, population control, financial planning, parenting decisions, contraceptive use, religious opposition, affordability, family size birth control, monogamous relationships, contraception, family planning, responsible reproduction, child affordability, parenting costs, UK child-rearing costs, community impact, barrier contraception, Catholic Church, contraception ethics, couple contraception use, financial considerations, population control, reproductive choices, moral justification, religious opposition, Insley 2011
test-culture-mmctghwbsa-con01a	Sexist advertising is profitable  Business has a compelling self interest to make a profit and advertising is integral to that endeavour. The profit from business allows for economic growth without which individual states and the world's economy could not survive. Competition drives the marketplace of products and ideas. And, advertising is the primary method through which those products, services and ideas are made known to the public. When banning is placed upon advertising, the ability to compete and survive in the economic marketplace is threatened. Therefore, the compelling need to make a profit is legitimizes the need for advertising. sexist advertising, profitability, business self-interest, economic growth, competition, marketplace, advertising ban, business survival, economic marketplace, profit motive, commercial advertising, business ethics, marketing strategies, public awareness, product promotion, advertising regulation, economic impact, advertising industry, corporate profit, advertising legitimacy sexist advertising, profitability, business self-interest, profit motive, economic growth, advertising ban, market competition, marketplace, consumer awareness, corporate strategy, ethical advertising, business ethics, economic survival, advertising impact, profit justification, commercial advertising, marketing tactics, competitive advantage, freedom of advertising sexist advertising, profitability, business self-interest, economic growth, competition, marketplace, advertising ban, profit motive, survival, marketing strategies, product promotion, consumer awareness, economic impact, advertising ethics, commercial interests, business competition, advertising regulation, gender stereotypes, market dynamics, advertising effectiveness sexist advertising, profitability, business interests, profit motivation, economic growth, marketplace competition, advertising bans, marketing ethics, advertising regulation, commercial strategy, economic survival, profit-driven advertising, public awareness, competitive advantage, capitalism, advertising impact, commercial freedom, profit incentives, gender stereotypes, advertising effectiveness sexist advertising, advertising profitability, business self-interest, economic growth, global economy, competition, marketplace, commercial advertising, advertising ban, business survival, profit motive, advertising regulation, market competition, advertising impact, consumer awareness, advertising ethics, advertising strategies, business advertising, economic survival, advertising justification
test-international-gmehwasr-pro05a	Diplomacy is not going anywhere  The best solution would be a ceasefire between the two sides in the Syrian civil war and a negotiated settlement, but it is clear we are long past the point where this approach stood a chance of success. The United Nations peace effort under Kofi Annan failed in the middle of last year [1] and there has been no progress since. Similarly all attempts to bring pressure to bear throughout the security council have failed as a result of Russia supporting Assad's regime. This leaves the unilateral initiatives to help the rebels. No state wants full intervention as France did in Mali [2] so the only alternative is simply to help the Free Syrian Army. To do so means providing what they need to win the conflict; primarily arms that can defeat the Syrian army. This need not be considered to be exclusive with diplomacy; the intervening state should continue to try to find a diplomatic solution just as before the Dayton accords NATO helped the Croats militarily while at the same time looking to diplomacy to provide an overall solution to the conflict. [3]  [1] Plett, Barbara, ‘Syria crisis: Kofi Annan quits as UN-Arab League envoy’, BBC News, 2 August 2012  [2] See the debatabase debate ‘ This House believes France is right to intervene in Mali ’.  [3] Hokayem, Emile, in ‘Roundtable: arming the Syrian rebels’, Foreign Policy, 21 February 2013 Syrian civil war, diplomacy, ceasefire, negotiated settlement, United Nations, Kofi Annan, peace effort, Security Council, Russia, Assad regime, intervention, rebels, Free Syrian Army, military assistance, arms supply, conflict resolution, Dayton accords, NATO, Croats, diplomatic solution, military support, France intervention, Mali, international relations, Middle East, peace process, foreign policy Syrian civil war, diplomacy, ceasefire, negotiated settlement, United Nations, Kofi Annan, peace effort, Security Council, Russia, Assad regime, intervention, Mali, France, Free Syrian Army, military assistance, arms supply, conflict resolution, NATO, Dayton accords, diplomatic solution, foreign intervention, international relations, rebel support, negotiation failure, arming rebels Syrian civil war, diplomacy, ceasefire, negotiated settlement, United Nations, Kofi Annan, peace effort, security council, Russia, Assad regime, intervention, France, Mali, Free Syrian Army, military support, arms supply, conflict resolution, NATO, Croats, Dayton accords, arming rebels, diplomatic solution, international relations Syrian civil war, diplomacy, ceasefire, negotiated settlement, United Nations, Kofi Annan, UN peace effort, Security Council, Russia, Assad regime, unilateral intervention, rebels, Free Syrian Army, military support, arms supply, conflict resolution, NATO, Dayton Accords, France, Mali intervention, diplomatic solution, Emile Hokayem, Foreign Policy, Barbara Plett, BBC News, arming Syrian rebels Syrian civil war, diplomacy, ceasefire, negotiated settlement, United Nations, Kofi Annan, peace effort, security council, Russia, Assad regime, military intervention, Free Syrian Army, arms supply, France, Mali intervention, NATO, Dayton accords, diplomatic solution, arming rebels, international pressure, conflict resolution
test-politics-cdmaggpdgdf-pro02a	Citizens have a right to know what is done in their name  The nation exits for its citizens; it depends on their consent to maintain order and to raise finances. The main purpose of the state is law and order, and national defence, both of which are covered by security. As an area that is so central to the role of the government it is vital that the stakeholders in that government, its citizens, know what it is the state is doing in their name for their security.  The Obama administration for example refuses to acknowledge that it is carrying out a campaign using drones while at the same time saying it is “the only game in town in terms of confronting and trying to disrupt the al-Qaeda leadership.” [1] If the US government is bombing another country then the US people have a right to know with much less ambiguity what exactly is being done, who is being hit, when and where. They also need to be informed of any possible consequences.  [1] Kaufman, Brett, ‘In Court Today: Fighting the CIA’s Secrecy Claims on Drones’, ACLU, 20 September 2012 citizen rights, government transparency, state accountability, public consent, national security, law and order, national defense, stakeholder information, drone strikes, Obama administration, government secrecy, al-Qaeda, US foreign policy, public awareness, government actions, military operations, ethical governance, state-citizen relationship, CIA secrecy, ACLU, informed consent, military disclosure, accountability in government, drone campaign, public oversight, US government transparency citizen rights, government transparency, state accountability, public consent, law and order, national defense, security policy, stakeholder engagement, government secrecy, drone warfare, Obama administration, US foreign policy, al-Qaeda, public information, military operations disclosure, government surveillance, CIA, ACLU, international law, ethical governance citizen rights, government transparency, state accountability, public consent, national security, law and order, national defense, government disclosure, drone strikes, Obama administration, US foreign policy, military operations, public oversight, government secrecy, state actions, civil liberties, stakeholder awareness, national interest, CIA secrecy, ACLU, government accountability, public information, security policy, democratic governance, transparency in security, government-citizen relationship, ethical governance, al-Qaeda, drone campaign, US military actions citizen rights, government transparency, public accountability, national security, government secrecy, drone warfare, Obama administration, US foreign policy, consent of the governed, law and order, national defense, stakeholder engagement, public disclosure, military operations, CIA secrecy, government accountability, executive power, informed public, al-Qaeda, ACLU, Brett Kaufman, drone strikes, government actions, public awareness, democratic consent citizen rights, government transparency, public accountability, national security, state actions, government secrecy, law and order, national defense, public consent, drone strikes, US foreign policy, Obama administration, al-Qaeda, executive accountability, open government, military operations, right to information, stakeholder involvement, secrecy claims, CIA, ACLU, war powers, public oversight, public awareness, government disclosure
test-culture-mmctyshwbcp-pro03a	It is unethical to expose children to the pressures of performing  Even experienced adults can find it difficult to deal with stage fright or performance anxiety. Children, more emotionally vulnerable than adults by nature, should not be exposed to this sort of pressure. This is especially true in situations where the child is being paid for their performance, since the added necessity to perform well can lead to even more pressure. Although suicide among children is rare, it is believed often to occur as a result of the child feeling like she is under too much pressure, or failing to meet the expectations of others. [1]  There are also consequences that continue long past the child has stopped performing; former child actors often have the problem as young adults as feeling as having already ‘peaked’ and find themselves without a sense of drive or ambition or a coherent adult identity, consequentially they often suffer from substance abuse and addiction  [1] Lipsett, ‘Stress driving pupils to suicide, says union’ child performers, performance pressure, stage fright, performance anxiety, child emotional vulnerability, unethical exposure, child paid performances, psychological impact, child suicide, childhood expectations, long-term consequences, former child actors, identity issues, substance abuse, addiction, mental health, ambition loss, stress, student suicide, parental pressure child performers, children, performance pressure, stage fright, performance anxiety, emotional vulnerability, unethical, child labor, paid performance, psychological effects, mental health, suicide, expectations, stress, former child actors, adult identity, loss of ambition, substance abuse, addiction, long-term consequences, child exploitation, childhood stress, entertainment industry, mental health risks, youth wellbeing child performance, ethics, performance pressure, stage fright, performance anxiety, emotional vulnerability, paid child performers, psychological effects, childhood suicide, expectations, long-term consequences, former child actors, identity issues, ambition loss, substance abuse, addiction, mental health, stress, student suicide, child exploitation, child labor children, performance pressure, stage fright, performance anxiety, emotional vulnerability, child performers, ethical concerns, paid performance, expectation pressure, child suicide, mental health, long-term consequences, former child actors, identity issues, substance abuse, addiction, psychological impact, ambition loss, adult identity, stress in children, child labor ethics child performers, ethical concerns, performance pressure, stage fright, performance anxiety, emotional vulnerability, child labor, paid performances, psychological impact, suicide risk, expectation pressure, identity issues, substance abuse, addiction, former child actors, ambition loss, adulthood challenges, mental health, long-term consequences, child welfare
test-international-emephsate-con01a	Turkey is not enough economically developed to join the EU.  Turkey has many economic problems ranging from high inflation, high regional disparities, high wealth disparity, unemployment, bad infrastructure and poverty among others. The country must solely focus itself onto improving those problems, before obtaining EU-membership. Not resolving economic problems before joining the EU can lead to problems as exemplified by Greece, Portugal and Italy, countries which had their big economic problems that were overlooked upon joining the Eurozone. Turkey’s GDP per capita is less than half the average of the EU [1] and as a large country with more than seventy million people it would pose an immense strain on the rest of the Union.  The effect of this economic disparity is likely to lead to a massive influx of immigrants from Turkey to the rest of the EU, because they will take advantage of free movement of people in the European Union and these immigrants. This immigration is likely to have the effect of forcing down the wages of workers in the existing EU nations as the Turks will be willing to work for less. [2]  [1] ‘Turkey’, The World Factbook, 24 August 2012,  ‘European Union’, The World Factbook, 24 August 2012,   [2] Turkey is part of Europe. Fear keeps it out of the EU. The Guardian. August 6 2009.  Accessed on: September 3, 2012. Turkey, economic development, EU membership, high inflation, regional disparities, wealth disparity, unemployment, poor infrastructure, poverty, economic problems, GDP per capita, economic disparity, immigration, labor market, wage pressure, free movement, Eurozone, Greece, Portugal, Italy, large population, strain on EU, Turkey economy, economic integration, EU enlargement Turkey, economic development, EU membership, economic problems, high inflation, regional disparities, wealth disparity, unemployment, infrastructure, poverty, GDP per capita, immigration, free movement, wage effects, labor market, Eurozone, Greece, Portugal, Italy, economic disparity, The World Factbook, The Guardian, EU enlargement, economic strain, EU integration, migration impact Turkey, European Union, EU membership, economic development, economic problems, high inflation, regional disparities, wealth disparity, unemployment, infrastructure, poverty, GDP per capita, economic disparity, immigration, free movement, labor migration, wage impact, Eurozone, Greece, Portugal, Italy, economic strain, population, enlargement, economic integration, socioeconomic effects, policy challenges Turkey, EU membership, economic development, high inflation, regional disparities, wealth disparity, unemployment, infrastructure, poverty, economic problems, GDP per capita, immigration, free movement, wage impact, labor market, Eurozone, Greece, Portugal, Italy, economic disparity, population strain, European Union, economic integration, Turkish economy, enlargement, socio-economic impact, wage competition, migrant workers Turkey, economic development, EU accession, economic problems, high inflation, regional disparities, wealth disparity, unemployment, infrastructure, poverty, GDP per capita, immigration, labor market, wage impact, European Union, free movement, integration challenges, Eurozone, Greece, Portugal, Italy, strain on EU, population size, economic disparity, membership criteria, socioeconomic impact, migration, economic policies, Turkey EU membership, enlargement, economic requirements, World Factbook, The Guardian
test-international-gpdwhwcusa-con02a	A UN standing army is simply impossible to form.  A standing army for the United Nations has an existing legal framework; it has never been attempted in practice because it would be impossible to create. Article 43 of the original UN Charter specifies that all member states are expected, upon the signing of a future UN agreement, to provide ‘forces, assistance and facilities’ for the maintenance of international peace and security 1. That it is has never been attempted is the direct result of its sheer impracticality; who would contribute the troops? How would they be trained, and ensure that troops trained in one state would not be asked to thereafter fire on their own colleagues? Furthermore, where would the U.N. standing army be located, for the United Nations has no land, and the United States would not take kindly to a reprisal attack on the UN Army at the United Nations Headquarters. And who would fund this army? The United States hasn’t paid its bills to the United Nations in years due to their opposition to some of its actions/ What is there in place to prevent that continuing? Lastly, and most importantly, whose will would they be implementing, for the United Nations is not a single voice but the aggregated noise of its member states? The Security Council, which currently dictates the form that U.N. peacekeeping operations take, are not a group to whom impartiality can be attributed. A U.N standing army at the behest of the Security Council would be used sparingly at best and only in regions and conflicts for whom all the P5 had a vested interest in the maintenance of peace. Any impartiality that the U.N. standing army had in theory would be lost in practice.  1. U.N. Charter, (1945) UN standing army, United Nations, legal framework, Article 43, UN Charter, member states, troop contribution, training, national allegiance, army location, funding, Security Council, P5, peacekeeping, impartiality, sovereignty, international law, United States, budget arrears, operational challenges, implementation authority, military logistics, national interests, practicality, feasibility UN standing army, United Nations, Article 43, UN Charter, international peace, security framework, member states, troop contribution, military training, UN jurisdiction, impartiality, Security Council, peacekeeping operations, P5, funding issues, US-UN relations, legal framework, practical challenges, implementation barriers, collective security, national sovereignty, impartiality concerns, institutional limitations UN standing army, United Nations, Article 43, UN Charter, international peace, security, legal framework, impracticality, troop contributions, training troops, member states, peacekeeping, Security Council, P5, impartiality, funding issues, headquarters location, collective security, sovereignty, command structure, operational challenges, enforcement mechanisms, political will, limitations, multilateral force, logistical issues, financial constraints UN standing army, United Nations, Article 43, UN Charter, international peace, international security, legal framework, member states, troop contribution, military training, peacekeeping, Security Council, P5, impracticality, funding, location, impartiality, sovereignty, United States, reprisal attack, implementation, decision making, peace enforcement, financial contributions, collective security UN standing army, United Nations military, UN Charter Article 43, international peace and security, troop contributions, legal framework, practical challenges, member state cooperation, troop training, impartiality, Security Council, funding issues, U.S. contributions, U.N. Headquarters, operational location, peacekeeping, member state conflict, implementation authority, P5 interests, collective security, feasibility, multilateral military force, sovereignty, army financing, operational control, military neutrality
test-international-siacphbnt-pro05a	Technology has enabled Africa’s cultural industries to grow.  Technology has enabled the development of entrepreneurial ideas for business, but also within Africa’s cultural industry. Access to video recording mobile phones, the internet, and televised publications has created a new culture of expression for African youths. Cultural industries are raising critical questions for politics, and empowering youth to tell their stories. The use of journalism has become mobilised by youths - as seen in initiatives such as, African Slum Voices, of which are encouraging youths to pro-actively raise their opinions and voices on issues occurring within their communities.  Furthermore, the music and film industry in Africa has arisen as a result of access to new technologies at a lower-cost. Two key components responsible for the growth of Nollywood (Nigeria’s Film Industry) include access to digital technology and entrepreneurship. Youths have become vital within Nollywood, as actors, producers and editors. Today Nollywood’s low-budget films have inspired the growth of regional film industries across Africa and contributed to its status as the third largest film industry. Nollywood’s revenue stand’s at around $200mn a year [1] .  [1] See further readings: ABN, 2013. Africa, cultural industries, technology, entrepreneurship, youth empowerment, mobile phones, internet access, video recording, journalism, African Slum Voices, youth expression, politics, storytelling, music industry, film industry, Nollywood, digital technology, low-cost technology, regional film industries, Nigerian film industry, digital media, content creation, economic growth, creative industries, youth participation, media innovation, African youth, community voices, televised publications, cultural expression, revenue growth technology, Africa, cultural industries, entrepreneurship, business development, mobile phones, internet, youth empowerment, video recording, expression, journalism, African Slum Voices, youth activism, community issues, music industry, film industry, Nollywood, digital technology, low-cost technology, youth participation, actors, producers, editors, regional film industries, revenue, media, storytelling, televised publications, creative economy, media innovation, digital access, political questions, cultural expression technology, Africa, cultural industries, entrepreneurship, mobile phones, internet, digital access, youth empowerment, African youth, journalism, African Slum Voices, community voices, music industry, film industry, Nollywood, Nigeria, digital technology, low-cost technology, storytelling, creative expression, regional film industries, media, youth participation, media access, economic growth, African culture, political impact, low-budget films, media initiatives, youth mobilization Africa, technology, cultural industries, entrepreneurship, business development, video recording, mobile phones, internet, televised publications, youth empowerment, African youth, expression, journalism, African Slum Voices, political impact, community issues, music industry, film industry, Nollywood, Nigeria, digital technology, youth participation, actors, producers, editors, low-budget films, regional film industries, cultural expression, revenue, media access, storytelling, youth initiatives technology, Africa, cultural industries, entrepreneurship, business development, mobile phones, internet, youth empowerment, video recording, televised publications, digital technology, African youths, cultural expression, politics, journalism, African Slum Voices, community voices, music industry, film industry, Nollywood, Nigeria, youth participation, low-cost technology, regional film industries, digital media, storytelling, creative industries, economic growth, social change, media innovation, youth initiatives, media access, third largest film industry, Nollywood revenue, African cinema
test-international-ghbunhf-pro05a	Most international co-operation can takes place outside UN framework.  The major economic, political and trade issues around the world are almost all dealt with either through bilateral agreements between nations or by specialised bodies set up for that purpose – the World Bank, IMF, EU, ASEAN, NATO, WTO and so on. In all of these fields the UN is little more than an irrelevance. Even where the UN does get involved in international affairs – such as in the Libyan crisis of 2011 – it is other bodies, in that case NATO, which serve as the vehicle for international cooperation. [1]  [1] . Bolopion, Philippe. “After Libya, the question: To Protect or Depose?”. Los Angeles Times.25th August 2011. international cooperation, UN framework, bilateral agreements, specialised bodies, World Bank, IMF, EU, ASEAN, NATO, WTO, economic issues, political issues, trade issues, UN relevance, international affairs, Libyan crisis 2011, NATO intervention, global governance, multilateral organizations, global policy, international relations international cooperation, UN framework, bilateral agreements, economic issues, political issues, trade issues, World Bank, IMF, EU, ASEAN, NATO, WTO, specialized bodies, United Nations, international affairs, Libyan crisis 2011, NATO intervention, global governance, multilateral organizations, UN relevance, external organizations, international relations international cooperation, UN framework, bilateral agreements, economic issues, political issues, trade issues, World Bank, IMF, EU, ASEAN, NATO, WTO, specialized bodies, Libya crisis, 2011, UN involvement, international affairs, NATO intervention, international relations, global governance, multilateral organizations international cooperation, UN framework, bilateral agreements, specialised bodies, World Bank, IMF, EU, ASEAN, NATO, WTO, economic issues, political issues, trade issues, international affairs, Libyan crisis 2011, multilateral organizations, global governance, international relations, NATO intervention, UN relevance, alternative cooperation mechanisms, Philippe Bolopion, Los Angeles Times international cooperation, UN framework, bilateral agreements, specialized bodies, World Bank, IMF, EU, ASEAN, NATO, WTO, global issues, economic issues, political issues, trade issues, relevance of UN, Libya crisis 2011, alternative organizations, multilateral agreements, UN effectiveness, international relations, global governance
test-law-hrilpgwhwr-con01a	The ICC generates crippling expenses.  Cautious estimates suggest an operating budget of $100 million per year1. The costs of the ICTY and ICTR have already spiralled out of control, and the latter tribunal has a legacy of maladministration and internal corruption. The US contributes 25% of the budget for both the tribunals, which amounted to $58 million in the fiscal year 20002. It is dubious whether the ICC could survive without US financial support. The UN as a whole is obligated only to fund investigations and prosecutions initiated at the request of the Security Council. Every other investigation must be funded by assessed contributions from the States that have ratified the Rome Statute. Although the UN could authorise the transfer of additional funds, the procedure would require a UN Security Council resolution that would of course be subject to the US veto. Alternatively, it is accepted that State Parties to the Statute could directly contribute funds or personnel to the ICC. However, the possibility of partiality or even corruption is manifest where States with their individual political interests are deploying and directing their own staff within the Office of the Prosecutor of the ICC.  1 Irwin, R. (2010, January 8). ICC Trials Hit by Budget Cuts. Retrieved May 11, 2011, from Institute for War & Peace Reporting:  2 Scharf, M. P. (2000, October). The Special Court for Sierra Leone. Retrieved May 11, 2011, from American Society of International Law: ICC, expenses, operating budget, international criminal court, ICTY, ICTR, costs, maladministration, corruption, US contribution, tribunal funding, Rome Statute, UN funding, Security Council, assessed contributions, financial support, State Parties, budget cuts, partiality, political interests, Office of the Prosecutor, international law, fiscal year 2000, Sierra Leone tribunal, UN resolution, US veto, additional funds, direct contributions, personnel deployment International Criminal Court, ICC, operating budget, financial support, US contributions, tribunal expenses, ICTY, ICTR, maladministration, corruption, Rome Statute, UN Security Council, funding mechanisms, assessed contributions, state parties, partiality, political interests, Office of the Prosecutor, budget cuts, fiscal year 2000, UN obligations, Security Council resolution, personnel contributions, tribunal legacy, legacy of corruption, tribunal administration, international tribunals, Irwin 2010, Scharf 2000, funding challenges, international law, war crimes tribunals ICC expenses, operating budget, ICTY costs, ICTR costs, maladministration, internal corruption, US financial support, UN funding obligations, Security Council, US veto, Rome Statute, State Parties contributions, partiality, corruption, Office of the Prosecutor, tribunal funding, assessed contributions, additional UN funds, political interests, ICC budget cuts, financial sustainability, tribunal administration, international criminal justice, donor influence, international courts financing ICC expenses, ICC operating budget, ICTY costs, ICTR costs, tribunal maladministration, tribunal corruption, US financial support, UN funding, Security Council investigations, Rome Statute contributions, UN Security Council resolution, US veto, State Parties funding, partiality risk, Office of the Prosecutor, political interests, budget cuts, international tribunal finances, assessed contributions, tribunal sustainability, international criminal justice, external funding, tribunal administration, donor influence, corruption risks ICC, International Criminal Court, expenses, budget, annual budget, operating costs, ICTY, ICTR, tribunal costs, maladministration, corruption, US contribution, fiscal year 2000, UN funding, Rome Statute, Security Council, assessed contributions, State Parties, funding mechanisms, financial support, partiality, political interests, Office of the Prosecutor, personnel contributions, transparency, accountability, war crimes tribunals, international justice
test-politics-oepdlhfcefp-con03a	"There have been tests on the EU's ability to create a common foreign policy that it has failed.  The War in Iraq, along with previous notable failures to deal with the breakup of former Yugoslavia, has been an excellent test for the extent to which the EU can claim to have a common approach to world politics and foreign policy in particular. It has clearly pointed out a whole range of diverse and often opposed national interests, and national publics that were unwilling to make compromises along EU lines of commitment. It has also showed that the economic power of the EU is not enough to turn it into a major player on the international scene: the lack in military power and presence speaks for itself. The EU still lies very much under the umbrella of NATO and US military power and as long as this military dependency continues, the EU will not be able to have its own independent voice in world politics. 1  1.  ""> EU foreign policy, EU common foreign policy, EU international relations, Iraq War, Yugoslavia breakup, EU foreign policy failures, EU national interests, EU member states, EU political unity, EU military power, EU NATO dependency, EU US relations, EU global influence, EU economic power, EU security policy, EU defense policy, EU world politics, European Union diplomacy, European Union international role, transatlantic relations, military dependency, EU independent voice, EU external action EU common foreign policy, European Union, foreign policy failures, War in Iraq, breakup of Yugoslavia, EU national interests, EU world politics, EU economic power, EU military power, NATO, US military power, EU independence, international relations, military dependency, European foreign relations, EU international role, EU external relations, European security, transatlantic relations, European defense, EU political unity EU foreign policy, Iraq War, Yugoslavia breakup, EU international relations, national interests, EU common approach, military dependency, NATO, US military power, EU economic power, EU military weakness, EU external actions, European Union, world politics, EU independence, international scene, EU-NATO relations, member state division, foreign policy failures, EU common commitment EU common foreign policy, EU foreign policy failures, War in Iraq, breakup of Yugoslavia, EU international role, EU military power, EU economic power, NATO dependency, US military power, EU national interests, EU unity, EU world politics, EU military dependency, EU foreign policy independence, EU global influence EU foreign policy, European Union, common foreign policy, Iraq War, Yugoslavia breakup, EU failures, national interests, world politics, international relations, EU military power, NATO dependency, US military umbrella, economic power, military presence, independent EU voice, European security, EU unity, foreign policy challenges, EU international role, EU diplomacy"
test-international-atiahblit-pro03a	Incentivising movement so there are teachers where they are needed  Although the extent of rural-urban disparities remains debatable, geographical disparities in living standards and education are articulated across Africa. The location, and provision, of teachers does not always match need.  In Uganda, the universalisation of education has been met with inequities, regionally and across socioeconomic groups, in the quality of education (Hedger et al, 2010). Incentives are required to deploy teachers to districts according to need; and encourage teachers to relocate. For example, awards need to be provided for teachers to move to rural areas, and the development of teacher housing schemes - providing teachers with houses in new locations. teacher deployment, teacher incentives, rural-urban disparities, geographical disparities, teacher relocation, Uganda education, education equity, teacher provision, rural teacher recruitment, teacher housing schemes, teacher retention, educational quality, socioeconomic disparities, teacher distribution, education access, teacher awards, rural education, teacher motivation, regional disparities, universal education Uganda teacher deployment, teacher incentives, rural teacher placement, teacher relocation, teacher housing schemes, education equity, rural-urban disparities, teacher distribution, Ugandan education, educational incentives, teacher mobility, geographic disparities, teacher shortages, regional educational disparities, socioeconomic inequities, universal education, teacher awards, rural education, teacher retention, Africa education policy teacher deployment, teacher incentives, rural teacher placement, geographical disparities, Uganda education, teacher relocation, teacher housing schemes, rural-urban disparities, educational equity, teacher distribution, teacher awards, teacher supply, teacher allocation, underserved areas, teacher motivation, living standards, universal education, education access, teacher retention, socioeconomic disparities teacher deployment, teacher incentives, rural-urban disparities, teacher relocation, teacher distribution, education equity, Uganda education, teacher housing, rural teacher recruitment, teacher placement, geographic disparities, teacher provision, education quality, socioeconomic disparities, teacher retention, rural education, teacher awards, teacher workforce, teacher mobility, educational incentives incentivising teacher movement, teacher deployment, rural-urban disparities, teacher distribution, education inequities, Uganda, teacher incentives, regional disparities, socioeconomic disparities, universal education, teacher relocation, rural teacher recruitment, teacher housing schemes, education quality, teacher provision, geographical disparities, teacher awards, rural education, teacher retention, teacher shortage
test-society-simhbrasnba-pro02a	States must be responsible to their own citizens first  There will always be trafficking as long as there aren't open borders. And we should maintain strict controls on both immigration and asylum. States must focus on the needs of their people first, and the reaction of citizens in accepting countries is quite rightly the feeling that their hospitality and good intentions are being abused at the moment. The social harms that these feelings cause - suspicion, xenophobia, racism and disruption of social harmony and tolerance [1] - are too large and too damaging to the actual citizens of states to justify the maintenance of a failing system that may help some few outsiders. The responsibilities of governments to their own citizens must come first.  [1] Lægaard, Sune, ‘Immigration, Social Cohesion, and Naturalisation’, Centre for the Study of Equality and Multiculturalism, p.2 state responsibility, citizen priority, immigration control, asylum policy, open borders, human trafficking, national interests, social cohesion, xenophobia, racism, social harmony, public opinion, immigrant integration, government responsibility, hospitality abuse, multiculturalism, Sune Lægaard, equality, naturalisation, social disruption state responsibility, citizenship, immigration control, asylum policy, open borders, human trafficking, national interest, public sentiment, social harms, xenophobia, racism, social cohesion, social harmony, government obligations, migration policy, naturalisation, Sune Lægaard, equality, multiculturalism, public opinion, welfare prioritization immigration policy, state responsibility, citizenship, open borders, human trafficking, asylum controls, national interest, social cohesion, xenophobia, racism, social harmony, public attitudes, immigration impacts, government responsibility, multiculturalism, integration, public opinion, immigrant reception, social disruption, immigration system, Sune Lægaard, equality, multicultural policy, naturalisation, hospitality abuse state responsibility, national priority, immigration control, asylum policy, open borders, human trafficking, citizenship, social cohesion, xenophobia, racism, social harmony, public opinion, host countries, government obligations, migration policy, Sune Lægaard, naturalisation, multiculturalism, social harms, citizen interests state responsibility, citizens first, immigration control, asylum policy, open borders, human trafficking, social cohesion, xenophobia, racism, social harmony, government priorities, citizen welfare, immigrant reception, hospitality abuse, multiculturalism, Lægaard, naturalisation, public reaction, social harms, national interest, immigration debate, integration, social disruption
test-politics-eppghwlrba-con02a	Gun ownership increases national security within democratic states  “A well-regulated Militia, being necessary top the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear Arms, shall not be infringed.” – 2nd Amendment to the U.S. Constitution. [1] Any country is much more able to defend itself from aggression if many of its citizens are able to use guns, keeping them for leisure and sporting use. Some countries actively require adult citizens to maintain weapons in their house, and periodically to train in their use. The high levels of firearm availability in Iraq and Afghanistan have been significant contributory factors in allowing for a viable insurrection to form which has the potential to generate the political pressure necessary to cause the withdrawal of foreign occupiers.  Of course, such widespread ownership of weapons is also a safeguard against domestic tyranny.  [1] See also DIstricxt of Columbia v Heller, 554 U.S. 570 (2008) gun ownership, national security, democratic states, 2nd Amendment, U.S. Constitution, right to bear arms, armed citizens, citizen militia, self-defense, foreign aggression, leisure use, sporting use, mandatory gun ownership, firearm training, Iraq, Afghanistan, insurrection, political pressure, withdrawal of occupiers, safeguard, domestic tyranny, District of Columbia v Heller, gun rights, firearm availability, armed resistance, constitutional rights, well-regulated militia gun ownership, national security, democratic states, 2nd Amendment, U.S. Constitution, right to bear arms, well-regulated militia, self-defense, civilian firearms, defense from aggression, armed citizens, gun training, firearm availability, Iraq, Afghanistan, insurrection, political pressure, foreign occupiers, domestic tyranny, District of Columbia v Heller, 554 U.S. 570, gun rights, constitutional rights, armed resistance, security of free state, citizen militias, personal liberty, public safety, government overreach, self-protection gun ownership, national security, democratic states, militia, 2nd Amendment, right to bear arms, self-defense, armed citizens, civilian firearms, national defense, constitutional rights, domestic tyranny, government resistance, defense against aggression, firearm training, Switzerland gun policy, insurrection, occupation resistance, District of Columbia v. Heller, case law, public safety, citizen militias, security of free state, gun rights gun ownership, national security, democratic states, 2nd Amendment, U.S. Constitution, right to bear arms, militia, self-defense, civilian firearms, armed populace, foreign aggression, deterrence, citizen soldiers, firearm training, compulsory gun ownership, Iraq, Afghanistan, insurrection, political resistance, withdrawal of occupiers, domestic tyranny, District of Columbia v. Heller, individual rights, gun laws, national defense, security policy, firearm availability, armed resistance, anti-tyranny, constitutional rights gun ownership, national security, democratic states, well-regulated militia, Second Amendment, U.S. Constitution, right to bear arms, self-defense, national defense, citizen militias, firearm availability, Iraq, Afghanistan, insurrection, political pressure, foreign occupation, domestic tyranny, weapon training, civilian armament, District of Columbia v. Heller, constitutional rights, citizen defense, armed populace, deterrence, public safety
test-education-egscphsrdt-pro02a	School's duty of care  Peer pressure drives most drug use among children and teenagers. [1] The fact that the state requires all children to be engaged in education means that most of them will be gathered into large groups in schools for most of the day, five days a week, essentially creating the necessary conditions for peer pressure to take place and be powerful. This occurs as some children face ostracism or exclusion from their peers in the social environment that the state compels them to be in if they refuse to take illegal drugs, if drug use is deemed necessary to be 'cool' or 'popular'.  It is, generally, the state that operates a western liberal democracy’s education system. Under circumstances in which children are placed into the care of the state, and are made vulnerable to peer pressure the state has a duty to ensure that children are not coerced into using drugs. This means that concerns of 'privacy' are secondary to protecting the choice not to take drugs, as ensuring the 'privacy' of all students by not having random drug tests empowers some students to socially coerce other students into using drugs when they otherwise would not.  Random drug tests help prevent cultures or norms of drug-taking (by which it can become the 'cool' thing to do) by ensuring that most drug users will be caught and helped to quit, thus protecting the choice of others not to be pressured into drug use.  [1] Rosenbaum, Marsha. “Safety First: A Reality-Based Approach to Teens and Drugs”. Drug Policy Alliance. January 1, 2007 school duty of care, peer pressure, drug use, children, teenagers, state education system, group dynamics, social ostracism, exclusion, illegal drugs, popularity, western liberal democracy, student vulnerability, state responsibility, child protection, coercion prevention, student privacy, random drug testing, drug prevention, school policy, social norms, drug-taking culture, student choice, youth drug policy, Rosenbaum, Safety First, Drug Policy Alliance duty of care, school responsibility, peer pressure, drug use, children, teenagers, state education, student safety, group dynamics, social environment, ostracism, exclusion, illegal drugs, popularity, western liberal democracy, education system, state-operated schools, student vulnerability, coercion, student privacy, random drug tests, drug prevention, school policy, student protection, social norms, drug-taking culture, student choice, drug user intervention, Rosenbaum, Drug Policy Alliance duty of care, peer pressure, drug use, children, teenagers, schools, state responsibility, education system, student vulnerability, social coercion, ostracism, exclusion, illegal drugs, school environment, privacy concerns, random drug tests, prevention, drug culture, student protection, western liberal democracy, safeguarding students, drug prevention policies, student safety, group dynamics, youth risk factors, drug testing schools, educational ethics, child welfare, anti-drug policies, social influence, student well-being duty of care, school responsibility, peer pressure, drug use, children, teenagers, education system, state obligation, student safety, social coercion, drug prevention, random drug tests, privacy vs safety, western liberal democracy, group dynamics, youth vulnerability, substance abuse, school policy, student welfare, mandatory education, ostracism, exclusion, popular culture, drug culture, protective measures, student rights, prevention programs, educational environment, public health, behavioral norms, Rosenbaum, Drug Policy Alliance duty of care, school responsibility, peer pressure, drug use, children, teenagers, compulsory education, state responsibility, student welfare, social exclusion, group dynamics, illegal drugs, school environment, western liberal democracy, random drug testing, student privacy, coercion, prevention, youth protection, education policy, substance abuse, social norms, drug culture, adolescent behavior, drug prevention measures, safeguarding students, school policy, educational institutions, state-operated schools, student safety
test-society-asfhwapg-pro02a	"Patenting enables knowledge sharing  Patents are typically granted for twenty years only. After this period the monopoly ends. All companies ask is that for a limited time they are able to benefit from their investments, and that in that period if another company wishes to pursue a project in their area then they should have to give their permission for the use of the patent. Patenting does not mean withholding information in secrecy.  On the contrary, patents actively encourage openness in science, because if you were not able to disclose your findings without fear of exploitation, then you would keep your findings secret. This would be to the detriment of medical advancement.  For example the Human Genome Sciences’ patented their discovery of the CCR5 receptor gene, which was then discovered by other scientists at the National Institutes of Health, that the small number of people missing the receptor appear to be immune to HIV 1. This could be done because Human Genome Sciences has a policy that ""we do not use our patents to prevent anyone in academics or the nonprofit world from using these materials for whatever they want, so long as it is not commercial.2""  Patenting makes sure that the information is registered and shared. The other option, whereby companies do not patent the information and keep it as a “trade secret”, hurts everybody much more and slows down the rate of scientific progress.  1. Dutfield G., DNA patenting: implications for public health research, WHO  2. Chartrand, Sabra, ""Human Gene Patented as Potential Fighter Against AIDS"" The New York Times, 6 March 2000, patent, knowledge sharing, patents, monopoly duration, innovation, investment protection, permission, patent use, patent disclosure, openness, secrecy, scientific advancement, Human Genome Sciences, CCR5 receptor gene, HIV immunity, academic use, nonprofit, commercial use restriction, information sharing, trade secret, scientific progress, DNA patenting, public health research patenting, knowledge sharing, patent duration, intellectual property, research openness, scientific advancement, patent monopoly, CCR5 receptor gene, HIV immunity, Human Genome Sciences, academic use, nonprofit use, trade secrets, medical progress, DNA patenting, public health research, patent disclosure, commercial use, scientific collaboration, information sharing patenting, knowledge sharing, patent duration, patent monopoly, investment protection, permission, patent use, openness in science, scientific disclosure, medical advancement, CCR5 receptor gene, HIV immunity, Human Genome Sciences, academic usage, nonprofit, commercial restriction, information registration, trade secrets, scientific progress, DNA patenting, public health research, gene patenting, AIDS, intellectual property, research collaboration, technology transfer, innovation, scientific openness, patent policy patent, knowledge sharing, patent duration, monopoly, investment protection, permission, information disclosure, scientific openness, secrecy, medical advancement, CCR5 receptor gene, Human Genome Sciences, NIH, HIV immunity, academic use, nonprofit use, commercial use, patent registration, trade secrets, scientific progress, DNA patenting, public health research, intellectual property, research collaboration, biomedical patents patenting, knowledge sharing, patents, patent duration, twenty years, monopoly, investment protection, permission, scientific openness, information disclosure, medical advancement, Human Genome Sciences, CCR5 receptor gene, NIH, HIV immunity, non-commercial use, academic use, patent policy, trade secret, scientific progress, DNA patenting, public health research, WHO, gene patent, AIDS, The New York Times"
test-international-apwhbaucmip-pro04a	Not all conflict is war  What is War? The AU’s declaration does not define it. Ending all conflict is ambitious, ending only inter state war in Africa on the other hand is not. The vast majority of conflicts in Africa have been internal. The only true inter state conflicts have been the wars between Israel and Egypt, the Eritrean-Ethiopian war, the Uganda-Tunisia war, and the Second Congo War. [1] None of these are ongoing. The only conflicts that might count as inter-state that might be considered ongoing are the situation in Western Sahara and border clashes between the Sudans. Western Sahara might be considered to be frozen with very few deaths as a result of it and the Sudan conflict is in large part a result of the border being new.  [1] Wikipedia, ‘List of conflicts in Africa’, accessed 10 January 2014, conflict, war, definition of war, African Union, AU declaration, intra-state conflict, inter-state conflict, Africa, internal conflicts, wars, Israel-Egypt war, Eritrean-Ethiopian war, Uganda-Tunisia war, Second Congo War, Western Sahara, Sudan border clashes, frozen conflicts, ongoing conflicts, border disputes, conflict resolution, Wikipedia, List of conflicts in Africa war definition, conflict types, inter-state war, intra-state conflict, African Union, AU declaration, African conflicts, internal conflict, inter-state conflict, Western Sahara conflict, Sudan border conflict, war in Africa, peace initiatives Africa, wars in Africa history, African security, Eritrean-Ethiopian war, Uganda-Tunisia war, Second Congo War, Israel-Egypt war, ongoing African conflicts, frozen conflicts Africa, Wikipedia African conflicts, regional stability Africa war definition, AU declaration, conflict types, interstate war, intrastate conflict, Africa conflicts, Israel-Egypt war, Eritrean-Ethiopian war, Uganda-Tunisia war, Second Congo War, Western Sahara conflict, Sudan border clashes, ongoing conflicts, frozen conflict, African Union, peace efforts, conflict resolution, conflict classification, history of African wars, internal conflict, external conflict war definition, AU declaration, interstate conflict, intrastate conflict, Africa conflicts, internal wars, interstate wars, Israel-Egypt war, Eritrean-Ethiopian war, Uganda-Tunisia war, Second Congo War, ongoing conflicts, Western Sahara, Sudan border clashes, frozen conflicts, African Union, conflict resolution, conflict types, Africa security, conflict classification, cessation of conflict, border disputes, Wikipedia conflicts Africa war definition, AU declaration, conflict types, interstate war, internal conflict, Africa conflicts, African wars, ongoing conflicts, Western Sahara, Sudan border, Eritrean-Ethiopian war, Uganda-Tunisia war, Second Congo War, Israel-Egypt war, conflict classification, African Union, conflict resolution, frozen conflict, border dispute, conflict deaths, Wikipedia conflicts Africa
test-health-dhghwapgd-pro02a	"Allowing production of generic drugs saves lives, particularly in the developing world  Many developing countries are fraught with terrible disease. Much of Africa and Asia are devastated by malaria, and in many parts of Africa AIDS is a horrendous scourge, infecting large percentages of many countries populations. For example, in Swaziland, 26% of the adult population is infected with the virus1. In light of these obscenely high infection rates, African governments have sought to find means of acquiring enough drugs to treat their ailing populations. The producers of the major AIDS medications do donate substantial amounts of drugs to stricken countries, yet at the same time they charge ruinously high prices for that which they do sell, leading to serious shortages in countries that cannot afford them. The denial of the right to produce or acquire generic drugs is effectively a death sentence to people in these countries. With generic drugs freely available on the market, the access to such drugs would be facilitated far more readily and cheaply; prices would be pushed down to market levels and African governments would be able to stand a chance of providing the requisite care to their people2. Under the current system attempts by governments to access generic drugs can be met by denials of free treatments, leading to even further suffering. There is no ethical justification to allow pharmaceutical companies to charge artificially high prices for drugs that save lives. Furthermore, many firms that develop and patent drugs do not share them, nor do they act upon them themselves due to their unprofitability. This has been the case with various treatments for malaria, which affects the developing world almost exclusively, thus limiting the market to customers with little money to pay for the drugs3. The result is patents and viable treatments sitting on shelves, effectively gathering dust within company records, when they could be used to save lives. But when there is no profit there is no production. Allowing the production of generic drugs is to allow justice to be done in the developing world, saving lives and ending human suffering.  1 United Nations. 2006. ""Country Program Outline for Swaziland, 2006-2010"". United Nations Development Program. Available: 2 Mercer, Illana. 2001. ""Patent Wrongs"". Mises Daily. Available: 3 Boseley, Sarah. 2006. ""Rich Countries 'Blocking Cheap Drugs for Developing World'"". The Guardian. Available: generic drugs, access to medicine, developing countries, drug pricing, malaria, AIDS, HIV, Africa, Asia, pharmaceutical patents, drug shortages, drug availability, patent restrictions, life-saving medications, healthcare access, ethical issues, pharmaceutical companies, drug donation, high drug prices, public health, Swaziland, pharmaceutical monopolies, free market drugs, affordable medicine, neglected diseases, patent laws, drug production, patent barriers, healthcare justice, unprofitable treatments, universal access, essential medicines generic drugs, drug patents, access to medicine, developing countries, HIV/AIDS, malaria, drug pricing, pharmaceutical companies, Africa, Asia, Swaziland, mortality, public health, drug affordability, healthcare access, patent restrictions, drug shortages, pharmaceutical donations, essential medicines, neglected diseases, ethical issues, drug regulation, World Health Organization, drug production, intellectual property, global health, drug distribution, patent monopolies, medicine availability, government policy, cost barriers generic drugs, access to medicine, drug patents, pharmaceutical companies, drug pricing, developing countries, Africa, Asia, AIDS, HIV, malaria, infectious diseases, drug shortages, patent laws, drug affordability, public health, Swaziland, life-saving medication, drug donation, market competition, ethical issues, healthcare, United Nations, patent barriers, medical treatment, pharmaceutical monopolies, life expectancy, drug accessibility, neglected diseases, public policy, global health, intellectual property, humanitarian issues, price controls, drug production, cost of medication, healthcare equity, patent reform generic drugs, drug affordability, access to medicine, developing countries, Africa, Asia, malaria, AIDS, HIV, patent restrictions, pharmaceutical companies, drug pricing, life-saving medications, drug shortages, healthcare access, Swaziland, public health, drug patents, unprofitable drugs, ethical issues, human suffering, market prices, drug donations, international health, medication availability, healthcare policy, justice in medicine, intellectual property, neglected diseases, global health, drug production, health equity, medicine accessibility, essential medicines, price controls, pharmaceutical monopolies generic drugs, drug accessibility, developing countries, Africa, Asia, malaria, AIDS, HIV, Swaziland, high infection rates, pharmaceutical companies, drug prices, patents, drug shortages, drug donations, ethical issues, healthcare access, life-saving medications, unprofitability, drug production, healthcare justice, human suffering, drug affordability, patent barriers, public health, essential medicines, market forces, barriers to treatment, global health, access to medicine, medication cost, anti-retroviral drugs, neglected diseases, patent laws, pharmaceutical industry, international health policy"
test-law-cplgpshwdp-pro04a	Defendants who are innocent will be protected  This motion could allow innocent defendants to mount a stronger case. This is because, if allowed, the previous convictions of prosecution witnesses would be admitted as evidence. In this case, if a prosecution witness falsely claims good character in opposition to the defendant, any falsity could be more easily seen and weighed by the jury. This solves a problem under that status quo where ‘the threat of introducing his [the defendant’s] previous convictions will frequently inhibit him from introducing character evidence about the prosecution witness’ [1] ; fear that the defendant’s convictions may weigh against them where the prosecution witness remains untouchable creates a discrepancy in the justice system. However, if convictions on both sides were to be revealed anyway, then neither can falsely claim the character of the other and attempt to convince the jury of false information on this front.  [1] CPS, ‘Justice for all’, The Stationary Office, July 2002. innocent defendants, protection, motion, previous convictions, prosecution witnesses, evidence, character evidence, false claims, jury, status quo, discrepancy, justice system, convictions disclosure, balanced treatment, credibility, witness testimony, justice for all, CPS, legal fairness, criminal defense, legal reform, evidentiary rules, UK law innocent defendants, protection, previous convictions, prosecution witnesses, evidence admission, good character, jury assessment, character evidence, justice system discrepancy, defendant inhibition, prosecution witness credibility, character claims, balance of evidence, fairness, criminal justice, character evidence rules, legal motion, witness credibility, prior convictions, CPS justice for all innocent defendants, protection, motion, previous convictions, prosecution witnesses, evidence, character evidence, jury, false claims, justice system, discrepancy, defense strategy, credibility, criminal records, admissibility, fairness, truthfulness, legal reform, witness credibility, cross-examination, judicial balance, character assessment, criminal justice, CPS, Justice for all innocent defendants, previous convictions, prosecution witnesses, character evidence, jury, justice system, evidence admission, criminal justice, false claims, witness credibility, motion, conviction disclosure, defense strategy, trial fairness, criminal trials, CPS, Justice for all, legal discrepancy, prosecution character, evidence law innocent defendants, character evidence, previous convictions, prosecution witnesses, false claims, jury assessment, justice system discrepancies, defense case, evidence admission, criminal records, credibility, character testimony, legal fairness, witness credibility, trial procedure, CPS, Justice for All, defense strategy, prosecution strategy, legal reform
test-politics-ghbgussbsbt-pro02a	Constitutional imperative  The Constitution of the United States is designed to prevent power from being concentrated in one place, with each of the three branches (executive, legislative and judicial) placing checks and balances upon each other. As James Madison wrote “It is of great importance in a republic not only to guard the society against the oppression of its rulers, but to guard one part of the society against the injustice of the other part.” [1]  This principle ensures that power is divided, facilitating greater dialogue between the branches and between the two houses of Congress which seeks to compromise with each other to provide the best possible expression of Congress’ will.  Such a need for compromise between the branches lends itself to having control of the two elected branches being spilt between two parties necessitating compromise as opposed to single party control of both houses, where compromise can be pre-arranged to fit the aims of the executive. Therefore, Divided Government is an extra requirement to government, ensuring that powers are not concentrated to the detriment of Americans.  [1] Madison, James, ‘The Federalist No.51 The Structure of the Government Must Furnish the Proper Checks and Balances Between the Different Departments’, Independent Journal, 6 February 1788, Constitutional imperative, United States Constitution, separation of powers, checks and balances, executive branch, legislative branch, judicial branch, James Madison, Federalist No. 51, power division, dialogue between branches, bicameralism, compromise, divided government, party control, single party control, government structure, branches of government, Congressional compromise, American government, federalism Constitutional imperative, United States Constitution, separation of powers, checks and balances, executive branch, legislative branch, judicial branch, James Madison, Federalist No. 51, power division, compromise, Congress, divided government, party control, government structure, American government, political compromise, branches of government Constitutional imperative, United States Constitution, separation of powers, checks and balances, executive branch, legislative branch, judicial branch, Federalist No.51, James Madison, divided government, power division, compromise, Congress, bicameralism, party control, government structure, oppression, injustice, independence of branches, political compromise, single party control, American government, federalism, political parties, governance, legislative process Constitution, United States, separation of powers, checks and balances, executive branch, legislative branch, judicial branch, James Madison, Federalist No. 51, republic, government structure, power division, compromise, Congress, divided government, party control, American government, tyranny prevention, institutional design, Constitution interpretation, Independent Journal Constitution, United States, separation of powers, checks and balances, executive branch, legislative branch, judicial branch, James Madison, Federalist No. 51, divided government, compromise, party control, Congress, bicameralism, republicanism, power division, government structure, American government, Federalist Papers, constitutional principles
test-philosophy-npegiepp-pro02a	Neo-functionalism proposes a purpose to EU integration.  Neo-functionalism proposed building a community Europe, through the concept of spillover the theory proposes economic determinism. Spill-over will eventually lead to a completely integrated Europe with a strong central government. This has not yet been proved true, as EU integration has become a long and difficult process. This is understandable since it is not exactly easy to integrate together all those policies, economies and people. However this would most probably be the eventual result, which is already visible: The experience of the European Union (EU) is widely perceived as not just an example, but the model for regional integration. In recent years, the EU has also been pursuing an increasing number of trade agreements which may in turn lead to spillover. [1] Furthermore the recent enlargements of the EU in Eastern Europe, as well as the ongoing negotiations with Croatia and Turkey have renewed the academic and political interest in the effects of European Economic integration. [2]  One of the theory’s strengths is to predict the outcome of integration and an eventual conclusion to the process, allowing for political and economic aims to be made and realised. For example ‘Larger companies have been acting on the assumption that the internal market will eventually be established’. [3]  [1] Bilal, Sanoussi, ‘Can the EU Be a Model of Regional Integration?’, Paper to be presented at the CODESRIA - Globalisation Studies Network (GSN), 29-31 August 2005,   [2] Lafourcade, Miren, and Paluzie, Elisenda, ‘European Integration, FDI and the Internal Geography of Trade: Evidence from Western-European Border Regions’, 23 December 2004, www.cepr.org/RESEARCH/Networks/TID/Paluzie.pdf  [3] Tranholm-Mikkelsen, Jeppe, ‘Neo-functionalism: Obstinate or Obsolete? A Reappraisal in the Light of the New Dynamism of the EC’, Millennium - Journal of International Studies, Vol. 20, No. 1, pp.1-22, neo-functionalism, EU integration, spillover, economic determinism, community Europe, European Union, regional integration, central government, integration theory, policy integration, economic integration, political integration, trade agreements, EU enlargement, Eastern Europe, Croatia, Turkey, academic interest, political interest, European Economic integration, integration outcome, internal market, regional model, globalization, FDI, border regions, integration process, Millennium Journal, Tranholm-Mikkelsen, model of integration, integration prediction, integration challenges Neo-functionalism, European integration, spillover, economic determinism, community Europe, central government, EU model, regional integration, trade agreements, EU enlargement, Eastern Europe, Croatia, Turkey, European economic integration, integration outcomes, political aims, economic aims, internal market, FDI, trade geography, integration theory, policy integration, economic policy, political integration, EU experience, regionalism, integration process, integration challenges, integration predictions, Millennium Journal, Bilal, Lafourcade, Paluzie, Tranholm-Mikkelsen Neo-functionalism, EU integration, spillover effect, economic determinism, community Europe, regional integration, European Union, central government, policy integration, economic integration, trade agreements, EU enlargement, Eastern Europe, Croatia, Turkey, academic interest, political interest, European Economic integration, integration theory, integration outcomes, internal market, regional model, FDI, internal geography of trade, integration process, Millennium Journal, Tranholm-Mikkelsen, political integration, Bilal, Lafourcade, Paluzie, European Community neo-functionalism, EU integration, European Union, spillover, economic determinism, community Europe, regional integration, central government, trade agreements, EU enlargement, Eastern Europe, Croatia, Turkey, European economic integration, political integration, economic integration, integration process, internal market, regional model, theory of integration, academic interest, policy integration, FDI, internal geography of trade, Western Europe, companies, integration outcomes, Millennium Journal, Bilal Sanoussi, Lafourcade Miren, Paluzie Elisenda, Tranholm-Mikkelsen neo-functionalism, European Union, EU integration, regional integration, spillover, economic determinism, community Europe, central government, integration theory, political integration, economic integration, EU enlargement, trade agreements, model for integration, policy harmonization, FDI, internal market, European Economic Community, institutional integration, supranationalism, borders, Eastern Europe, Croatia, Turkey, integration process, regionalism, academic interest, political interest, integration outcomes, transnational cooperation
test-digital-freedoms-phwnaccpdt-con01a	The sale of personal data makes for better advertising that benefits consumers  By targeting demographics and personal profiles by way of acquiring and utilizing personal data, businesses are able to put forward their services in a more targeted fashion in order to reach their target markets and to more effectively understand the broader market more generally. The limited budgets that constrain all companies has traditionally forced producers in the mass market to advertise to broad demographics and majority markets, resulting in a relative dearth of niche markets and breadth of services available in the mass market. Utilizing personal data effectively allows firms to enrich the lives of all consumers by expanding the range of marketable products and the furnishing of services to more eclectic tastes. [1] The vast numbers of websites and services proliferating online makes it much harder for people to find what they are looking for, but more importantly what they are not looking for but would want if they knew it existed. Data-mining allows for the channels of information to flow more effectively to consumers (Columbus, 2012). On the individual level companies are able to create individual profiles from information, so they can target them directly with things that might interest them. This strategy is used on Facebook, for example, users are shown ads that most fit their profiles giving them access to services they might not have ever found without the service.  [1] Deighton, J. and J. Quelch, “Economic Value of the Advertising-Supported Internet Ecosystem”. IAB Report. 2009, personal data, targeted advertising, consumer benefits, demographic targeting, personalized marketing, niche markets, data-mining, online services, market segmentation, consumer profiles, individual targeting, advertising efficiency, digital advertising, information flow, internet ecosystem, Facebook ads, consumer choice, advertising-supported internet, product discovery, market expansion personal data, targeted advertising, consumer benefits, demographic targeting, market segmentation, niche markets, data mining, personalized marketing, information flow, online advertising, advertising effectiveness, consumer profiling, digital marketing, advertising-supported internet, advertising budgets, mass market, individual targeting, internet ecosystems, product discovery, market expansion personal data, targeted advertising, consumer benefits, demographic targeting, personal profiles, data acquisition, marketing strategies, niche markets, mass market, market segmentation, service diversification, online advertising, data-mining, information flow, consumer profiling, individual targeting, digital marketing, Facebook ads, advertising-supported ecosystem, economic value, internet advertising, user personalization, market reach, product recommendations, consumer choice, personalization, consumer interests, advertising effectiveness, IAB Report, digital services personal data, targeted advertising, consumer benefits, demographic targeting, market segmentation, data utilization, niche markets, online advertising, information flow, data-mining, personalized profiles, digital marketing, advertising-supported ecosystem, service discovery, consumer choice, targeted marketing, individual profiling, Facebook ads, product diversity, market reach, advertising strategy, internet advertising, online services, economic value, advertising effectiveness personal data, targeted advertising, demographic targeting, consumer benefits, data mining, online services, niche markets, market segmentation, personalized marketing, advertising effectiveness, digital advertising, consumer profiling, data-driven marketing, market reach, individualized advertising, advertising-supported internet, information channels, Facebook ads, online consumer behavior, advertising strategies
test-economy-epehwmrbals-pro01a	Labour standards are necessary to protect basic human rights  Labour and business standards are a cornerstone of agreement on universal human rights between various international actors and so it is right that they should be linked to aid. In 1998 the ILO Declaration on Fundamental Principles and Rights at Work were adopted and are considered binding on all members regardless of whether they have ratified the conventions. [1] The business and labour regulations protect the basic worker rights and improve job security through demanding the elimination of discrimination and empower workers through the recognition of “freedom of association and the effective recognition of the right to collective bargaining” [2] like in those in developed western countries. This then provides a minimum standard and aid should only be given to those that ensure those minimum standards they have signed up. It would also help compliance to prioritise those who go further in their protections of labour when it comes to receiving aid. It should be remembered that there has been general acceptance of international labour standards not just for human rights reasons but also because having minimum standards is beneficial economically – for example a 40 hour working week is more productive per hour than a 60 hour week. [3]  [1] the ILO Declaration on Fundamental Principles and Rights at Work, ‘About the Declaration’, International Labour Organisation,   [2] ILO Declaration on Fundamental Principles and Rights at Work and its Follow-up, Adopted by the International Labour Conference at its Eighty-sixth Session, Geneva, 18 June 1998 (Annex revised 15 June 2010),   [3] Robinson, Sara, ‘Bring back the 40-hour work week’, Salon, 14 March 2012, labour standards, human rights, ILO Declaration, fundamental principles, rights at work, international labour standards, workers' rights, collective bargaining, freedom of association, labour regulations, job security, workplace discrimination, aid conditionality, compliance, developed countries, minimum standards, economic benefits, 40-hour work week, International Labour Organisation, labour protections, international agreements, worker empowerment, business standards, universal human rights, labour law, work productivity labour standards, human rights, ILO Declaration, Fundamental Principles, Rights at Work, international actors, aid conditionality, business regulations, worker rights, job security, elimination of discrimination, freedom of association, collective bargaining, minimum standards, developed countries, compliance incentives, economic benefits, 40-hour work week, productivity, international labour standards, aid eligibility labour standards, human rights, business standards, international actors, universal human rights, aid conditionality, ILO Declaration, Fundamental Principles and Rights at Work, worker protection, business regulations, labour regulations, job security, elimination of discrimination, freedom of association, collective bargaining, developed countries, minimum standards, international aid, compliance, labour protections, economic benefits, working hours, productivity, 40 hour work week, international labour standards, convention ratification, worker empowerment labour standards, human rights, international labour standards, ILO Declaration, worker rights, business standards, aid conditionality, collective bargaining, freedom of association, discrimination elimination, job security, economic benefits, 40 hour work week, international actors, minimum standards, labour rights, developed countries, compliance, aid distribution, labour regulations, productivity, labour protections, universal rights, binding principles, International Labour Organisation labour standards, human rights, international labour standards, ILO Declaration, fundamental principles, rights at work, business standards, worker protection, collective bargaining, freedom of association, discrimination elimination, job security, international aid, minimum standards, developed countries, economic benefits, 40-hour work week, compliance, aid conditionality, labour regulations, productivity, universal human rights, international actors
test-economy-epiasghbf-con01a	The double burden  Despite a feminising labour market there has been no convergence, or equalisation, in unpaid domestic and care work. Women still play key roles in working the reproductive sphere and family care; therefore labour-force participation increases the overall burden placed on women. The burden is placed on time, physical, and mental demands.  We need to recognise the anxieties and burdens women face of being the bread-winner, as survival is becoming ‘feminised’ (Sassen, 2002). Additionally, women have always accounted for a significant proportion of the labour market - although their work has not been recognised. Therefore to what extent can we claim increased labour force participation is empowering when it is only just being recognised? double burden, feminising labour market, unpaid domestic work, unpaid care work, gender convergence, labour-force participation, reproductive sphere, family care, women’s roles, physical demands, mental demands, time burden, bread-winner anxiety, feminised survival, labour market recognition, women’s empowerment, labour recognition, Sassen 2002, gender inequality, work-life balance, invisible labour, empowerment paradox double burden, feminising labour market, unpaid domestic work, unpaid care work, gender convergence, reproductive labour, family care, labour-force participation, women's workload, time burden, physical demands, mental demands, breadwinner anxiety, feminisation of survival, labour market recognition, women's empowerment, Sassen 2002, gender roles, invisible labour, gender inequality, empowerment paradox, women's labour history double burden, feminising labour market, unpaid domestic work, care work, women, reproductive labor, family care, labour-force participation, gender roles, time poverty, physical demands, mental health, breadwinner, feminisation of survival, Sassen 2002, labour market recognition, women's work, empowerment, gender equality, work-life balance, unrecognised labour double burden, feminising labour market, unpaid work, domestic work, care work, reproductive labour, gender roles, women's labour, family care, labour-force participation, time burden, physical demands, mental demands, female breadwinner, feminisation of survival, Sassen 2002, gendered labour market, women's empowerment, labour recognition, gender inequality, work-life balance, invisible labour, women's roles, labour force statistics, empowerment, gendered division of labour double burden, feminising labour market, unpaid domestic work, care work, women, reproductive sphere, family care, labour-force participation, time burden, physical demands, mental demands, breadwinner, feminisation of survival, Sassen 2002, gender roles, workplace recognition, empowerment, women's labour, invisible work, gender inequality, work-life balance, domestic responsibilities, women's empowerment
test-health-ppelfhwbpba-pro01a	The foetus feels pain  Partial-birth abortion is disgusting. Like all abortions, it involves the killing of an unborn child, but unlike first trimester abortions there is no doubt that the foetus can feel pain by the third trimester. [1] The procedure involves sticking a pair of scissors into a baby’s brain, enlarging the hole, sucking the brain out with a catheter and then crushing the skull. It is entirely unacceptable to do this to a living human being. Psychological damage to the mother as a result of rape or teenage pregnancy or depression is in the end less significant than the physical damage - death - caused to the child.  [1] Lee, Susan J., et al., ‘Fetal Pain, A Systematic Multidisciplinary Review of the Evidence’, Journal of the American Medical Association, Vol 294 (8), 2005, foetal pain, fetal pain, partial-birth abortion, third trimester abortion, abortion procedure, unborn child, abortion ethics, third trimester, abortion pain, foetus brain, psychological impact abortion, physical harm foetus, Susan J. Lee, fetal pain evidence, abortion controversy, fetal development, morality abortion, late-term abortion, JAMA 2005, scissors brain abortion, traumatic abortion procedures fetal pain, foetus, partial-birth abortion, third trimester, abortion procedure, unborn child, fetal brain, scissors, brain suction, skull crushing, ethical issues, psychological damage, mother, teenage pregnancy, depression, physical harm, death, living human, evidence, Lee Susan J, Journal of the American Medical Association, 2005 foetal pain, fetal pain, third trimester abortion, partial-birth abortion, late-term abortion, unborn child, abortion procedure, fetal suffering, abortion ethics, psychological trauma, maternal depression, fetal brain, infanticide, abortion controversy, anti-abortion arguments, JAMA 2005, Susan J. Lee, systematic review, fetal development, D&X abortion, intact dilation and extraction, abortion debate foetal pain, partial-birth abortion, late-term abortion, third trimester, abortion procedure, fetal pain perception, abortion controversy, brain extraction abortion, fetal viability, psychological effects, maternal mental health, trauma, fetal brain development, unborn child, abortion ethics, JAMA 2005, Susan J. Lee, abortion physical harm, abortion debate, abortion and pain, D&X procedure, dilation and extraction, pro-life arguments, anti-abortion rhetoric, fetal suffering, abortion policy fetal pain, foetus pain perception, partial-birth abortion, late-term abortion, third trimester abortion, abortion procedure, fetal brain, fetus feels pain, fetal development, abortion ethics, unborn child, psychological impact, physical harm, maternal mental health, abortion controversy, fetal death, abortion debate, Susan J. Lee, JAMA, systematic review, abortion and pain, fetal suffering, abortion methods, anti-abortion arguments, fetal viability, abortion and maternal health
test-international-segiahbarr-pro04a	Greater Access to Technology  Proponents of this view claim that the traditional image of ‘Dark Africa’ is becoming outdated in the light of greater access to technology. Due to poor infrastructure, mobile communications have had a transformative impact on African life. In the past decade there has been a notable increase in mobile phone ownership, with the trend set to continue. There are over 600 million mobile phone users in Africa, which is more than in North America and Europe [1] . Mobile phones allow the use of services such as agro-info and mobile banking to further their businesses. It is thought that by 2017, 30% of households will have a television in their house. Household technologies becoming more available have gone hand in hand with the development of more sophisticated farming and industrial techniques. A recent Pan-African project designed at improving legume technology and enrich low-nitrogen soils has made it possible for farmers to increase their yields and has reached 250,000 smallholder farmers so far [2] .  [1] The Economist, ‘The hopeful continent’, 2011  [2] Abuje, ‘Putting biological nitrogen fixation to work for smallholder farmers’, 2011 greater access to technology, Africa, mobile communications, mobile phone ownership, mobile phone users, infrastructure, technological transformation, agro-information services, mobile banking, household technology, television ownership, farming technology, industrial techniques, Pan-African project, legume technology, low-nitrogen soils, agricultural innovation, smallholder farmers, technology adoption, economic development, telecommunications, digital divide, rural connectivity, technological impact technology access, Africa, mobile communications, mobile phone ownership, infrastructure, mobile banking, agro-information, household technologies, television penetration, farming techniques, industrial techniques, agricultural innovation, legume technology, low-nitrogen soils, smallholder farmers, economic development, The Economist, biological nitrogen fixation, digital transformation, Pan-African projects technology access, Africa, mobile communications, infrastructure, mobile phone ownership, mobile users, mobile banking, agro-information, household technologies, television ownership, farming techniques, industrial development, Pan-African project, legume technology, low-nitrogen soils, agricultural innovation, smallholder farmers, biological nitrogen fixation, digital transformation, economic development, rural connectivity technology access, Africa, mobile communications, infrastructure, mobile phone ownership, mobile banking, agro-information services, household technology, television penetration, farming technology, industrial techniques, Pan-African projects, legume technology, low-nitrogen soils, agricultural yields, smallholder farmers, digital transformation, economic development, telecommunications, rural development, innovation in Africa greater access to technology, mobile communications, African technology adoption, mobile phone ownership Africa, infrastructure development, mobile banking Africa, agro-info services, household technology Africa, television ownership Africa, farming techniques, industrial techniques, Pan-African projects, legume technology, low-nitrogen soils, agricultural innovation Africa, smallholder farmers, technology impact Africa, Digital Africa, ICT Africa, economic development Africa
test-education-pshhghwpba0-con02a	Government should focus on the most needy  A primary responsibility of the government is for reducing inequality and ensuring that everyone has a basic living standard. A basic living standard includes food. As a result providing breakfasts should be for those who are most in need of a helping hand from government. Those who are wealthier and can afford their own breakfast do not need this help so any such breakfast policy should be means tested to only apply to those who need it. This is the case with the United States School Breakfast Program. government responsibility, reducing inequality, basic living standard, food security, public policy, school breakfast program, means tested, poverty alleviation, targeted assistance, welfare programs, social safety net, low-income families, economic disparity, social justice, need-based support, United States, program eligibility, government aid, nutritional assistance, policy implementation government, basic living standard, reducing inequality, needy, means testing, school breakfast program, public assistance, food insecurity, welfare policy, targeted support, social safety net, income-based eligibility, breakfast subsidy, low-income families, poverty alleviation, redistribution, resource allocation, United States government, responsibility, reducing inequality, basic living standard, food security, means testing, targeted assistance, needy populations, welfare policy, public breakfast programs, social safety net, poverty alleviation, school breakfast program, United States, income-based eligibility, resource allocation, social equity, low-income families, wealth disparity, government intervention government, needy, inequality, basic living standard, food security, breakfast programs, means testing, welfare policy, targeted assistance, social safety net, United States School Breakfast Program, poverty reduction, income-based eligibility, public assistance, social equity government, inequality, basic living standard, food security, means testing, targeted assistance, needy, social welfare, school breakfast program, poverty reduction, public policy, social safety net, income eligibility, resource allocation, welfare policy, breakfast provision, low-income families, social justice, equitable distribution, government responsibility
test-health-dhghhbampt-pro02a	Although there are many accounts of the efficacy of alternative cancer treatments, not one has been demonstrated to work in a clinical trial  The National Centre for Conventional and Alternative Medicines has spent over $2.5bn on research since 1992. The Dutch government funded research between 1996 and 2003. Alternative therapies have been tested in mainstream medical journals and elsewhere. Not only have thousands of research exercises failed to prove the medical benefit ”alternative” treatments for severe and terminal diseases, serious peer-reviewed studies have routinely disproved them.  It’s all well and good to pick at mistakes in individual studies. Indeed, this tactic often forms the mainstay of pleas for legitimacy made by members of the alternative medical community. However, the odds against such consistently negative results would be extraordinary.  By contrast, conventional medicine only prescribes medicines and treatments that are proven, and vigorously proven, to work. alternative cancer treatments, efficacy, clinical trials, National Centre for Conventional and Alternative Medicines, research funding, Dutch government, alternative therapies, mainstream medical journals, peer-reviewed studies, disproved, severe diseases, terminal diseases, alternative medicine community, negative results, conventional medicine, proven treatments, evidence-based medicine, research outcomes, medical benefit, legitimacy alternative cancer treatments, efficacy, clinical trial, National Centre for Conventional and Alternative Medicines, research funding, Dutch government, mainstream medical journals, alternative therapies, medical benefit, severe diseases, terminal diseases, peer-reviewed studies, disproved alternative treatments, study criticism, alternative medicine community, legitimacy, negative results, conventional medicine, evidence-based medicine, proven treatments alternative cancer treatments, efficacy, clinical trials, National Centre for Conventional and Alternative Medicines, research funding, Dutch government, alternative therapies, mainstream medical journals, research outcomes, medical benefit, severe diseases, terminal diseases, peer-reviewed studies, disproved alternative treatments, legitimacy, alternative medical community, negative results, conventional medicine, proven treatments, evidence-based medicine, research spending, medical research, treatment efficacy, comparison, medical evidence alternative cancer treatments, efficacy, clinical trials, National Centre for Conventional and Alternative Medicines, research funding, Dutch government, alternative therapies, mainstream medical journals, peer-reviewed studies, severe diseases, terminal diseases, disproven treatments, legitimacy, alternative medical community, negative results, conventional medicine, proven treatments, medical benefit, evidence-based medicine, medical research, scientific studies alternative cancer treatments, efficacy, clinical trials, National Centre for Conventional and Alternative Medicines, research funding, Dutch government, alternative therapies, mainstream medical journals, research studies, medical benefit, severe diseases, terminal diseases, peer-reviewed studies, disproven treatments, study errors, alternative medical community, legitimacy claims, negative results, conventional medicine, proven treatments, evidence-based medicine
test-international-gmehwasr-pro04a	Would balance the support for Syrian government  Syria's government has been receiving outside support from a variety of sources; Russia and Iran being the most prominent. Iran has been training the Jaysh al- Shabi, a Syrian government-controlled force modelled on Iran's Basij militia. Far from just providing weapons, both Iran and Hezbollah from Lebanon have been sending fighters to support the Syrian government. [1] The rebels have received some support for Qatar and Saudi Arabia but not to the extent the Syrian government has. Anyone with an interest in the free Syrian cause should realise that they cannot do so simply by sitting on their hands expecting a victory when those doing the fighting are only provided diplomatic support.  [1] Doran, Michael, and Shaikh, Salman, ‘Arm the Syrian Rebels. Now’. Foreign Policy, 8 February 2013 Syrian government, outside support, Russia, Iran, Hezbollah, Lebanon, Jaysh al-Shabi, Basij militia, military aid, foreign fighters, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Syrian rebels, diplomatic support, arms supply, Syrian conflict, proxy war, Free Syrian cause, Michael Doran, Salman Shaikh, Foreign Policy 2013 Syrian government, outside support, Russia, Iran, Jaysh al-Shabi, Basij militia, Hezbollah, Lebanon, fighters, Syrian rebels, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, diplomatic support, military support, arm Syrian rebels, Foreign Policy, Michael Doran, Salman Shaikh, Syria conflict, proxy war, international intervention Syrian government, outside support, Russia, Iran, Hezbollah, Jaysh al-Shabi, Basij militia, fighters, weapons, rebel support, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, diplomatic support, Free Syrian cause, Syrian conflict, military assistance, Syrian rebels, foreign intervention, Michael Doran, Salman Shaikh, arming rebels, Foreign Policy, 2013 Syrian government, external support, Russia, Iran, Hezbollah, Jaysh al-Shabi, Basij militia, Syrian rebels, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, military assistance, foreign intervention, diplomatic support, Syria conflict, armed intervention, proxy war, Middle East, Syrian civil war, Free Syrian cause, arms supply, Michael Doran, Salman Shaikh Syrian government, outside support, Russia, Iran, Jaysh al-Shabi, Basij militia, Hezbollah, Lebanon, weapons, fighters, Syrian rebels, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, diplomatic support, arm Syrian rebels, military intervention, foreign involvement, Syrian conflict, proxy war, Michael Doran, Salman Shaikh, Foreign Policy 2013
test-international-ipecfiepg-pro03a	A Greek default would increase stability for the rest of the Eurozone  A Greek exit from the ‘Eurozone does not mean the end of the euro. It will, instead, mark a new beginning. Germany has a long and proud tradition of currency strength, but it could not cope with going back to the deutschmark because it would rocket in value and destroy the country's competitiveness. Some 97% of the Eurozone's population will continue to use the single currency and their leaders will circle the policy wagons to protect what is left.’ [`] A Greek default and departure from the Eurozone would decrease uncertainty and fear within the rest of the Eurozone. This, in turn is likely to attract higher levels of investment and transactions across Eurozone members.  [1] Parsons, Nick: “Eurozone crisis: what if… Greece leaves the single currency”, 14 May 2012, The Guardian, Greek default, Eurozone stability, Greece exit, single currency, euro, German currency, deutschmark, euro value, Eurozone population, policy protection, Eurozone leaders, economic uncertainty, fear reduction, investment increase, Eurozone members, currency competitiveness, Eurozone crisis, Guardian article, Nick Parsons, 2012 Greek default, Eurozone stability, Greece exit, euro, single currency, Eurozone crisis, investment, uncertainty, fear, policy response, currency strength, deutschmark, Germany competitiveness, Eurozone population, leader actions, economic impact, financial markets, transaction levels, Nick Parsons, The Guardian, 2012, Eurozone members, economic recovery, Greece departure, monetary policy Greek default, Eurozone stability, Greek exit, euro continuation, Eurozone crisis, currency strength, deutschmark, German competitiveness, Eurozone population, single currency, policy response, uncertainty reduction, investment increase, intra-Eurozone transactions, Greece departure, Eurozone protection, Nick Parsons, The Guardian 2012 Greek default, Eurozone stability, Greek exit, euro survival, currency strength, deutschmark, Germany, Eurozone members, investment, uncertainty reduction, competitiveness, single currency, policy response, economic impact, financial markets, Eurozone crisis, Greece, fear decrease, transaction increase, Nick Parsons, The Guardian, 2012 Greek default, Eurozone stability, Greek exit, euro currency, euro future, Germany currency, deutschmark, Eurozone competitiveness, Eurozone population, single currency, policy response, investment impact, Eurozone uncertainty, Eurozone fear, Eurozone investment, financial transactions, Eurozone members, Eurozone crisis, Greece single currency, Guardian article
test-culture-mmctyshwbcp-pro04a	Being a performer can make the child physically vulnerable  Children involved at a professional level in sports are at a higher risk than their peers of physical problems like breaking bones. In some cases, these physical problems can be fatal; e.g., Julissa Gomez, who died from complications of a vaulting injury contracted when she was 15 in warm-ups for a gymnastics competition. [1]  Even in careers like acting and dancing there are risks for child performers. Actors and dancers are usually encouraged to stay thin, often to an unhealthy degree. Because children are particularly vulnerable, they are more susceptible to the perils of over-exercising for athletes and eating disorders for performers. It has been found, for example, that girls who dance in their childhood are more likely than their peers to develop anorexia nervosa in later life. [2] Lena Zavaroni, the childhood winner of ‘opportunity knocks’ in the 1970’s, struggled with eating disorders for all of her life and died aged 34.  With the damage eating disorders can do to a person’s body, it should be illegal to expose children to such risks.  [1] Hoffman, ‘Obituaries’  [2] BBC News, ‘Anorexia linked to child dancers’ child performers, physical vulnerability, sports injuries, professional sports risks, bone fractures, fatal injuries, gymnastics accidents, eating disorders, acting risks, dancing risks, body image, thinness pressure, over-exercising, anorexia nervosa, child athletes, health consequences, Lena Zavaroni, Julissa Gomez, legal protection, child health, performer safety, adolescent health risks, eating habits, mental health, dance and anorexia, athletic injuries, occupational hazards, childhood death, performer legislation, health regulation, BBC News, Hoffman obituaries child performers, physical vulnerability, professional sports, injury risk, bone fractures, fatal injuries, gymnastics injury, Julissa Gomez, acting, dancing, thinness pressure, over-exercising, eating disorders, anorexia nervosa, child dancers, health risks, Lena Zavaroni, opportunity knocks, performer mortality, child safety, legal protection, physical health, mental health, BBC News, performer well-being child performers, physical vulnerability, professional sports, injury risk, bone fractures, fatal injuries, gymnastics accidents, Julissa Gomez, acting risks, dancing risks, body image, pressure to be thin, over-exercising, eating disorders, anorexia nervosa, childhood dancers, health consequences, Lena Zavaroni, legal protection, child safety, performer health risks child performers, physical vulnerability, professional sports, injury risk, broken bones, fatal injuries, gymnastics, Julissa Gomez, acting, dancing, thinness pressure, unhealthy body image, over-exercising, eating disorders, anorexia nervosa, child dancers, Lena Zavaroni, health risks, children, performer safety, child athlete, mental health, legal protection, child welfare, body image issues, childhood exposure, BBC News, obituaries child performers, physical vulnerability, sports injuries, professional sports, broken bones, fatal injuries, gymnastics accidents, Julissa Gomez, acting risks, dancing risks, eating disorders, child athletes, body image pressure, over-exercising, anorexia nervosa, childhood dancers, Lena Zavaroni, thinness pressure, health risks, child actor health, child dancer health, legal protection, performance-related harm, childhood mortality, performer wellbeing, BBC News, Hoffman obituaries
test-international-gpdwhwcusa-con01a	A UN standing army would not be cost-effective.  The cost of such an army would be very high, especially if it were to include purchase of air and sea transport to reach theatres of operation, added to the high costs of permanent establishment and training, and equipping the force for every possible type of terrain. State armed forces have the advantage of preparing for specific battles with specific enemies. Any UN standing force would be forced by its very nature to prepare for every enemy, in every environment. Such a scope is neither desirable nor easy to overcome without great expense and large numbers. At present, the UN model is preferable; it can draw upon different kind of troops for different kinds of missions from whatever member states feel best equipped to deal with a particular situation. UN standing army, cost-effectiveness, high costs, air transport, sea transport, permanent establishment, military training, military equipment, diverse terrains, state armed forces, specific battles, specific enemies, UN standing force, global readiness, expense, military scale, UN peacekeeping model, troop contributions, member states, mission adaptability, operational flexibility, force deployment, multinational forces, military logistics UN standing army, cost-effectiveness, high costs, permanent establishment, training expenses, equipment, air transport, sea transport, operational deployment, state armed forces, specific preparation, terrain adaptation, universal readiness, large numbers, expense, mission specialization, UN troop model, member states, mission-specific troops, force flexibility, military logistics, resource allocation UN standing army, cost-effectiveness, high costs, air transport, sea transport, theaters of operation, permanent establishment, training expenses, equipment costs, multiple terrains, state armed forces, battlefield preparation, specific enemies, universal readiness, resource allocation, financial burden, UN peacekeeping model, member state contributions, mission-specific troops, adaptability, military logistics UN standing army, cost-effectiveness, high costs, air transport, sea transport, operational deployment, permanent establishment, training expenses, equipment diversity, terrain adaptation, state armed forces, specific missions, enemy preparation, universal readiness, expense challenges, troop numbers, UN model, troop contributions, member states, mission-specific deployment, force flexibility, resource allocation, military logistics UN standing army, cost-effectiveness, high cost, air transport, sea transport, theatres of operation, permanent establishment, training costs, equipment costs, terrain adaptation, state armed forces, battle preparation, specific enemies, UN standing force, environmental preparation, expense, force size, current UN model, troop contribution, member states, mission suitability, resource allocation, military logistics, military flexibility
test-politics-cdmaggpdgdf-pro01a	Transparency is a good in and of itself  The most essential commodity within a state is trust. Trust is essential in all sorts of aspect of our lives; we trust that the paper money we have is actually worth more than a scrap of paper, that doctors performing surgery know what they are doing, that we won't be attacked in the street, and that the government is looking after our interests. In order to create that trust there needs to be transparency so that we know that our institutions are trustworthy. It is the ability to check the facts and the accountability that comes with transparency that creates trust. And this in turn is what makes them legitimate. [1]  The need for trust applies just as much to security as any other walk of life. Citizens need to trust that the security services really are keeping them safe, are spending taxpayers’ money wisely, and are acting in a fashion that is a credit to the country. Unfortunately if there is not transparency there is no way of knowing if this is the case and so often the intelligence services have turned out to be an embarrassment. As has been the case with the CIA and it’s the use of torture following 9/11, for which there are still calls for transparency on past actions. [2]  [1] Ankersmit, Laurens, ‘The Irony of the international relations exception in the transparency regulation’, European Law Blog, 20 March 2013  [2] Traub, James, ‘Out With It’, Foreign Policy, 10 May 2013 transparency, trust, state legitimacy, institutional accountability, security services, intelligence agencies, government transparency, public trust, legitimacy, CIA, torture, post-9/11, taxpayers’ money, transparency regulation, international relations, oversight, democratic accountability, government trustworthiness, transparency in security, institutional legitimacy, citizen trust, public oversight transparency, trust, legitimacy, accountability, state institutions, security, intelligence services, government trust, transparency regulation, public trust, CIA, torture, post-9/11, taxpayer money, institutional transparency, legitimacy of government, transparency in security, oversight, institutional accountability, democratic legitimacy transparency, trust, legitimacy, accountability, government, institutions, security services, intelligence agencies, public trust, transparency regulation, public sector, trust-building, CIA, torture, government accountability, information disclosure, transparency in security, citizen trust, oversight, transparency in governance, public confidence, institutional legitimacy, transparency and trust, transparency in intelligence, transparency and accountability transparency, trust, legitimacy, accountability, government trust, institutional transparency, public confidence, security services, intelligence agencies, CIA, torture, post-9/11, state trust, paper money trust, doctor trust, public safety, taxpayer accountability, oversight, transparency regulation, European Law, transparency in security, national security transparency, intelligence oversight, legitimacy of institutions, transparency and legitimacy, transparency in government transparency, trust, legitimacy, accountability, security services, government trust, institutional transparency, intelligence services, public trust, transparency regulation, CIA, torture, public accountability, trust in government, security sector transparency, taxpayer trust, legitimacy of institutions, transparency and legitimacy, transparency in security, transparency in governance, post-9/11 transparency, oversight, public scrutiny, state trust, transparency in intelligence, trust in public institutions
test-politics-oapdhwinkp-pro03a	"Rounds of sanctions and engagement does not bring a solution any closer  The responses to North Korean provocations do not bring a solution any closer. North Korea has yet to sign a peace treaty with the South and the United States. It is however particularly interested in signing a treaty with the United States rather than the South. In 2010 the North Korean foreign ministry proposed that ""If confidence is to be built between [North Korea] and the US, it is essential to conclude a peace treaty for terminating the state of war, a root cause of the hostile relations, to begin with"". [1] The North wants a peace treaty with the US so as to drive a wedge between the USA and South Korea to prevent US support for the South in the event of war. [2] Ignoring such efforts at negotiating with the USA without South Korea in the room, and indeed all advances and provocations would force the North to accept that it has to negotiate with the south or with no one. Ignoring North Korean actions and reducing the number of allies negotiating while maintaining security guarantees prevents any chance of the North dividing the USA and South Korea.  [1] Walker, Peter, ‘North Korea calls for peace treaty with US’, guardian.co.uk, 11 January 2010,   [2] Cheon, Seongwhun, ‘Negotiating with South Korea and the I.S.: North Korea’s Strategy and Objectives’, International Journal for Korean Studies, Vol XVI No 1, Spring 2012,  p.153 North Korea, peace treaty, United States, South Korea, sanctions, engagement, provocation, negotiations, security guarantees, US-North Korea relations, inter-Korean relations, alliance, tension, diplomatic strategy, war termination, confidence building, US-South Korea alliance, division, foreign policy, peace process North Korea, sanctions, engagement, peace treaty, United States, South Korea, provocations, negotiation, security guarantees, US-North Korea relations, US-South Korea alliance, Korean War, state of war, confidence-building, divided alliances, foreign policy, diplomatic strategy, North Korean strategy, negotiation tactics, US support, peace process, international relations, peninsula security, alliance management, diplomatic responses, Korean unification North Korea, peace treaty, United States, South Korea, sanctions, engagement, provocations, negotiations, security guarantees, US-North Korea relations, US-South Korea alliance, state of war, confidence building, diplomatic strategy, international relations, Korea conflict, North Korean objectives, negotiation tactics, diplomatic isolation, alliance dynamics, Korean peninsula, nuclear talks, military escalation, peace process, separation strategy, US support, inter-Korean relations North Korea, sanctions, engagement, peace treaty, United States, South Korea, provocations, foreign policy, negotiation, security guarantees, alliance, division strategy, US-North Korea relations, inter-Korean relations, war termination, confidence-building, diplomatic strategy, 2010 proposal, military tensions, negotiation exclusion, US support, North Korean objectives, treaty negotiations North Korea, peace treaty, United States, South Korea, sanctions, engagement, provocations, negotiation, security guarantees, US-North Korea relations, decoupling, alliance, diplomacy, nuclear issue, hostile relations, war termination, confidence-building, foreign policy, treaty proposal, Korean Peninsula, divided negotiation, regional security, peace process, multilateral talks, military support, diplomatic strategy"
test-law-rmelhrilhbiw-con04a	There is nothing legal or sacred about the West Bank’s borders – it was an ad-hoc armistice line never recognized internationally  The West Bank is not some sort of recognized entity with legally or internationally recognized boundaries. Its borders were the 1948 cease-fire line between Israeli and Jordanian forces, and Jordan’s annexation of the region, and hence the borders were only recognized by two countries – the United Kingdom and Pakistan. [1]  This is important, because the entire challenge to the legality of the settlements, i.e. Why they are unacceptable in Hebron but not in the Negev, is due to the belief that Israel is somehow annexing Palestinian territory. While some of the West Bank was intended to be part of a Palestinian state in 1948, and some will be incorporated into a new one in the future, Israel is under no responsibility to the international community or any comprehension of International law to recognize boundaries that have no legal force and do not legally exist.  [1] ‘Jordan Renounced Claims to West Bank, 1988’, Palestine Facts, West Bank, borders, legal status, armistice line, international recognition, 1948 cease-fire, Israeli forces, Jordanian forces, Jordan annexation, United Kingdom, Pakistan, Israeli settlements, legality, Hebron, Negev, Palestinian territory, Palestinian state, international law, boundary disputes, 1988 Jordan renunciation, Palestine Facts West Bank, borders, legal status, armistice line, international recognition, 1948 cease-fire, Israeli-Jordanian borders, Jordan annexation, United Kingdom, Pakistan, settlements legality, Hebron, Negev, Israeli annexation, Palestinian territory, international law, Palestinian state, boundary dispute, Jordan renunciation, 1988, Palestine Facts West Bank, borders, legal status, international recognition, armistice line, 1948 cease-fire, Israeli-Jordanian forces, Jordan annexation, United Kingdom, Pakistan, settlements legality, Israeli settlements, Hebron, Negev, Palestinian territory, annexation, international law, Palestinian state, boundary recognition, Jordan renounced claims, 1988, Palestine Facts West Bank, borders, legality, international recognition, armistice line, 1948 cease-fire, Israeli forces, Jordanian forces, Jordan annexation, United Kingdom, Pakistan, settlements, legality of settlements, Hebron, Negev, Palestinian territory, Palestinian state, Israeli annexation, international law, legal boundaries, 1988 Jordan renunciation, Palestine Facts West Bank, borders, legal status, armistice line, 1948 cease-fire, Israeli-Jordanian forces, Jordan annexation, international recognition, United Kingdom, Pakistan, legality, Israeli settlements, Hebron, Negev, Palestinian territory, annexation, Palestinian state, International law, boundary recognition, legal force, Jordan renounced claims, 1988
test-economy-epiasghbf-con02a	Women need alternatives for empowerment  Empowerment cannot be gained for women through employment, alternatives are required. A gender lens needs to be applied to women’s life course from the start. To tackle the discriminatory causes of gender inequality access to sexual and reproductive health rights is required for women. Access to such rights ensures women in Africa will be able to control their body, go to school, and choose the type of employment they wish to enter into.  The importance of enabling sexual and reproductive health rights for women is being put on the agenda for Africa [1] . There is a lot to be done beyond workforce participation - ending violence against women, promoting equal access to resources, opportunities and participation. Such features will reinforce women’s labour market participation, but in the jobs they want.  [1] See further readings: Chissano, 2013; Puri, 2013. women empowerment, alternatives to employment, gender lens, women’s life course, gender inequality, discriminatory causes, sexual and reproductive health rights, Africa, bodily autonomy, education access, employment choice, ending violence against women, equal access to resources, equal opportunities, participation, labour market participation, Chissano 2013, Puri 2013 women empowerment, alternatives, gender equality, employment, gender lens, women’s life course, discriminatory causes, sexual and reproductive health rights, Africa, body autonomy, education access, employment choice, ending violence against women, equal access, resources, opportunities, participation, labour market, workforce participation, women’s rights, Chissano 2013, Puri 2013 women empowerment, alternatives to employment, gender lens, gender inequality, sexual and reproductive health rights, women's rights Africa, body autonomy, education access, employment choices, ending violence against women, equal access resources, equal opportunities, women's participation, labor market participation, gender discrimination, Africa, empowerment strategies, Chissano 2013, Puri 2013 women's empowerment, alternatives to employment, gender equality, gender lens, women's life course, sexual and reproductive health rights, African women, bodily autonomy, education access, employment choice, ending violence against women, equal access to resources, opportunities for women, labour market participation, women's rights, gender discrimination, women's health, policy agenda, reproductive rights, socioeconomic empowerment women empowerment, alternatives, employment, gender lens, life course, gender inequality, sexual and reproductive health rights, Africa, body autonomy, education access, employment choice, violence against women, equal resources, opportunities, participation, labour market, discrimination, reproductive rights, women’s rights, Chissano, Puri
test-international-atiahblit-pro02a	Teacher training  Investment is required in teacher training to ensure quality control. Teachers need to be provided with qualifications and effective training both technical and theoretical. Teachers need to be introduced to methods on how to interact with students, provoke student debates, and manage large classes. In-service training and pre-teaching training are key.  Countries such as Uganda and Angola [1] have utilised on the job training for teachers, with positive results for teaching quality. In Uganda initiatives, such as INSSTEP [2] , provided capacity training to teachers and headteachers. 14,000 secondary school teachers participated between 1994-1999, followed by school inspections to monitor capacity. The ‘mobile-caravan’ approach is making it easier, more feasible, and flexible, to provide training [3] .  Additionally, investors and national governments need to provide Model schools, indicating what responsibilities teachers have and enabling knowledge transfer. Model schools can assist in alleviating work pressures for teachers by showing their terms of contract, duties and obligations. Increasingly teachers are expected to fulfil the role of carer, counsellor, and advisers on HIV/AIDs without relevant training.  [1] See further readings: World Bank, 2013.  [2] In-Service Secondary Teacher Education Project.  [3] See further readings: World Bank, 2013. teacher training, teacher qualifications, quality control, teacher professional development, in-service training, pre-service training, technical training, theoretical training, student interaction, classroom management, student debates, large class management, on-the-job training, Uganda, Angola, INSSTEP, capacity building, school inspections, mobile-caravan training, model schools, teacher responsibilities, knowledge transfer, work pressures, teacher duties, teacher contracts, HIV/AIDS training, teacher roles, national government investment, education investment, World Bank, In-Service Secondary Teacher Education Project teacher training, investment, quality control, teacher qualifications, technical training, theoretical training, student interaction, classroom management, large classes, in-service training, pre-teaching training, on-the-job training, Uganda, Angola, teaching quality, INSSTEP, capacity training, headteachers, secondary school teachers, school inspections, mobile-caravan approach, flexible training, model schools, teacher responsibilities, knowledge transfer, teacher workload, contract terms, duties, obligations, role expansion, HIV/AIDS education, professional development, national governments, education investment, World Bank, In-Service Secondary Teacher Education Project teacher training, investment, quality control, teacher qualifications, effective training, technical training, theoretical training, student interaction, debate facilitation, class management, large classes, in-service training, pre-teaching training, Uganda, Angola, on-the-job training, teaching quality, INSSTEP, capacity building, headteacher training, school inspections, mobile-caravan approach, flexible training, national governments, model schools, knowledge transfer, teacher responsibilities, contract terms, work pressure, carer role, counsellor role, HIV/AIDS education, teacher obligations, World Bank, In-Service Secondary Teacher Education Project teacher training, teacher qualification, teaching quality, in-service training, pre-service training, teacher professional development, capacity building, on-the-job training, Uganda, Angola, INSSTEP, secondary school teachers, school inspections, mobile-caravan approach, teacher-student interaction, classroom management, model schools, teacher responsibilities, knowledge transfer, teacher workload, teacher contracts, HIV/AIDS education, teacher counsellor role, teacher adviser, education investment, education policy, education initiatives, World Bank, education in Africa teacher training, teacher investment, quality control, teacher qualifications, technical training, theoretical training, student interaction, debate facilitation, large class management, in-service training, pre-service training, on-the-job training, teaching quality, Uganda, Angola, INSSTEP, capacity training, headteacher training, school inspections, mobile-caravan approach, flexible training, model schools, teacher responsibilities, knowledge transfer, work pressure, contract terms, teacher duties, HIV/AIDS education, teacher counselling, teacher caregiver, national government investment, World Bank, secondary school teachers, education initiatives, teacher support, professional development
test-society-simhbrasnba-pro03a	The system is open to abuse  It is extremely difficult to tell if someone is a genuine asylum seeker or not; for obvious reasons many will have little or no documentation, and all the evidence that they have suffered persecution may be in a faraway country and impossible to obtain. In many cases it may be impossible to prove that the person claiming asylum is even from the country that they claim to be from.  Asylum decisions are therefore based largely on a judgement call by the investigating officer on whether they thing the person in front of them is being truthful or not – that leaves the system open to motivated people who are economic migrants or may even pose a security threat. asylum system, abuse, genuine asylum seeker, documentation, evidence, persecution, country of origin, asylum claims, immigration, proof of identity, investigation, officer judgement, truthfulness, economic migrants, security threat, asylum decision-making, credibility assessment, fraudulent claims, border control, refugee status, legal documentation, asylum process, system vulnerability, migration policy, identity verification, asylum fraud asylum system, abuse, documentation, genuine asylum seeker, identification, persecution evidence, decision-making, investigating officer, economic migrants, security threat, credibility assessment, country of origin, asylum fraud, immigration control, proof of identity, asylum process, migrant verification, refugee claims, border security asylum system, abuse, economic migrants, genuine asylum seekers, documentation, persecution evidence, country of origin, asylum claims, judgement call, investigating officer, truthfulness assessment, security threat, refugee status, fraudulent claims, migration control, immigration screening asylum seekers, system abuse, documentation, identity verification, persecution evidence, asylum claims, economic migrants, security threat, country of origin, decision making, credibility assessment, immigration fraud, investigative challenges, officer judgment, fake documentation, border control, asylum process, refugee status, evidence collection, applicant screening asylum system, abuse, asylum seeker, documentation, evidence, persecution, identity verification, false claims, economic migrants, security threat, asylum decisions, judgement call, investigating officer, credibility assessment, immigration control, fraudulent claims, country of origin, proof of origin, refugee status, asylum policy
test-politics-eppghwlrba-con03a	Sports shooting is a safe activity  Shooting is sport enjoyed by many law-abiding people, both in gun clubs with purpose-built ranges and as a field sport. These people have the right to continue with their chosen leisure pursuit, on which they have spent large amounts of money – an investment the government would effectively be confiscating if their guns were confiscated. sports shooting, gun safety, shooting sport, gun clubs, shooting ranges, field sport, law-abiding gun owners, firearms ownership, gun rights, leisure shooting, investment in firearms, government confiscation, shooting enthusiasts, gun legislation, shooting as a hobby sports shooting, shooting safety, gun ownership, gun clubs, shooting ranges, field sport, leisure activity, law-abiding citizens, government confiscation, firearm investment, shooting rights, gun rights, shooting enthusiasts, shooting recreation, sport shooting community sports shooting, safe activity, gun clubs, shooting ranges, field sport, law-abiding citizens, gun ownership, leisure pursuit, firearms, government confiscation, investment, sports enthusiasts, recreational shooting, shooting rights, firearm regulations, hobbyists sports shooting, shooting safety, gun clubs, shooting ranges, field sport, gun ownership rights, leisure pursuit, firearm investment, government confiscation, law-abiding gun owners, safe shooting activities, shooting enthusiasts, firearm regulation, shooting sports community, gun rights sports shooting, shooting safety, gun clubs, shooting ranges, field sport, law-abiding citizens, gun ownership rights, leisure activities, firearms investment, government confiscation, gun rights, shooting sports community, shooting hobby, firearm enthusiasts, sports shooter rights
test-education-egscphsrdt-pro01a	Prevent drug use  There is a clear and present problem with drug use among children and teenagers in many countries. According to the UK Department of Health, in 2002-2003 38% of 15 year olds had used illegal drugs, as had 8% of 11 year olds [1] . The fact that all of these children would have been in schools at the age of 15 shows that current policies of targeting the supply train of drugs (for example by arresting drug dealers and intercepting drug shipments) is failing to protect children. Therefore a more direct approach that intervenes at the point of consumption is needed, most crucially for children and teenagers, as their years in education are crucial for both their personal development and their realization of their future education and employment potential.  Drug use at a young age may lead to lifelong use and addiction. Random drug testing in schools will allow for vulnerable children's drug problems to be discovered, and assist the state in getting them the help they need to get off drugs. Random testing is especially valuable in this scenario because many infant and teenage drug users will try to disguise their drug use from parents and teachers and so avoid detection through avoiding suspicion, a tactic which will prove of no use against random drug tests which will likely affect all students at one point or another. It should also deter many students from starting taking drugs in the first place as the prospect of them being caught becomes far more likely, as they know disguising their drug use will be of no use.  [1] Department of Health. “Statistics on young people and drug misuse: England, 2003”. drug prevention, youth drug use, teenage drug abuse, adolescent substance abuse, school drug testing, random drug testing, child drug misuse, drug policy, illegal drugs, early intervention, drug addiction prevention, student drug detection, drug education, drug use statistics, Department of Health, school policy, drug deterrence, drug rehabilitation, vulnerable children, adolescent health, substance use intervention, children drug use, drug use consequences, drug use prevention programs, school safety, drug supply chain, drug user identification, underage drug use drug prevention, youth drug use, teenage drug abuse, child drug addiction, school drug testing, random drug testing, adolescent drug misuse, drug intervention, drug detection, drug policy, drug education, drug supply reduction, drug prevention strategies, drug abuse statistics, early intervention, substance abuse, student drug testing, preventive measures, at-risk youth, educational impact, UK Department of Health, school policies, addiction prevention, drug misuse prevention, childhood drug use drug prevention, adolescent drug use, teenage drug use, child drug abuse, illegal drugs, UK Department of Health, school drug policies, random drug testing, drug detection, early intervention, youth addiction, education impact, drug misuse statistics, drug supply chain, drug dealers, drug consumption, prevention strategies, student health, substance abuse, policy failure, rehabilitation, school intervention, risk factors, behavioral intervention, deterrence, addiction prevention, drug testing effectiveness, vulnerable children, school health programs drug prevention, youth drug use, teenage drug abuse, child drug use, school drug policies, substance abuse prevention, random drug testing, adolescent drug testing, school-based intervention, drug addiction prevention, early intervention, UK Department of Health, student drug statistics, illegal drug use, education and drug use, youth vulnerability, drug supply chain, drug enforcement, student deterrence, drug abuse statistics, policy effectiveness, student support, underage drug use, England drug data, school health policies drug prevention, adolescent drug use, teenage drug abuse, child drug misuse, UK drug statistics, school drug policies, random drug testing, school-based intervention, youth addiction, early intervention, student drug detection, drug deterrence, drug use consequences, education impact drug use, drug use prevention programs, drug screening, public health policy, illegal drug use, adolescent substance abuse prevention, school safety, educational outcomes, vulnerable youth, substance abuse statistics, drug testing effectiveness, parental awareness, health policy, youth protection, drug enforcement, school counseling, drug use reduction
test-environment-aiahwagit-pro03a	Endangered animals are a source of pride for African countries  Endangered animals warrant a tougher degree of protection in Africa as they have notable cultural significance. Some groups believe that African elephants have mystic powers attached to them and have coveted them for centuries. [1] African lions have been depicted on the coat of arms for states and institutions both past and present. [2] They are intrinsically linked with Africa’s past and its identity. The extinction of these animals, therefore, would have a negative cultural impact and should be prevented.  [1] University of California, Los Angeles, ‘Elephant: The Animal and its Ivory in African Culture’  [2] Coleman, Q. ‘The importance of African lions’ endangered animals, Africa, cultural significance, conservation, protection, African elephants, mystic powers, African lions, coat of arms, national identity, extinction impact, wildlife preservation, African heritage, animal symbolism, traditional beliefs, cultural pride, fauna protection endangered animals, Africa, African elephants, African lions, cultural significance, animal protection, mystic powers, extinction, African identity, coat of arms, pride, heritage, conservation, cultural impact, wildlife protection, symbolism, African culture endangered animals, African countries, cultural significance, African elephants, mystic powers, African lions, coat of arms, cultural heritage, wildlife protection, species conservation, extinction, negative cultural impact, African identity, animal symbolism, African wildlife, heritage, traditional beliefs, animal extinction prevention, pride, conservation measures endangered animals, Africa, cultural significance, African elephants, mystic powers, African lions, coat of arms, national identity, cultural heritage, animal extinction, conservation, protection, wildlife, African culture, pride, symbolic animals, ivory, traditional beliefs, species preservation, UCLA, Coleman endangered animals, Africa, cultural significance, African elephants, African lions, conservation, protection, mystic powers, African identity, wildlife, extinction, cultural impact, pride, coat of arms, tradition, heritage, ivory, UCLA, African culture, animal symbolism, Coleman, pride in fauna
test-education-tuhwastua-pro04a	Standardized tests exaggerate small differences in performance  Most tests were designed in an earlier era when far fewer students took them. The large number of students who now take tests like the SATs results in a situation in which the scoring scale magnifies small differences in performance into large differences in scores. Two questions wrong out of 80 on the math section of the SAT may well produce a score of 760 while three questions wrong will result in a 720. 40 points can mean difference between admission and rejection for many candidates, while telling us nothing about the different abilities of the students involved. Indeed on average for 88% of applicants their SAT score will predict their final college grade rank no more accurately than a pair of dice. [1]  [1] Elert, Glenn, ‘The SAT Aptitude of Demographics?’, 5 May 1992, standardized tests, score magnification, SAT, performance differences, test design, student population, scoring scale, admission impact, test reliability, college admission, test accuracy, predictive validity, test fairness, test bias, score distribution, measurement error, historical context, Glenn Elert, SAT scoring, educational assessment standardized tests, test scoring, SAT, performance differences, score magnification, college admissions, test design, test reliability, score distribution, test era, educational assessment, test fairness, student performance, prediction accuracy, grade rank, Glenn Elert, test bias, score impact, higher education, testing demographics standardized tests, SAT, performance differences, scoring scale, test design, student population, score magnification, admission criteria, test accuracy, predictive validity, college admission, grade prediction, score gaps, test fairness, measurement error, score inflation, demographic impact, test reliability, educational assessment standardized tests, performance differences, scoring scale, test design, SAT, student assessment, score magnification, admission criteria, test reliability, predictive validity, college admission, grade prediction, test accuracy, test fairness, test bias, educational measurement, test era, applicant evaluation, score distribution, college entrance exams standardized tests, SAT, score differences, performance exaggeration, student assessment, scoring scale, test design, test bias, college admissions, score inflation, test reliability, predictive validity, education measurement, aptitude tests, grade prediction, admissions criteria, demographics, test accuracy, student evaluation, exam scoring
test-law-cplgpshwdp-con04a	Allowing this motion would lead to a miscarriage of justice.  This motion removes the incentive for police to conduct vigorous investigations. Given the increasing pressure on policemen and women to gain convictions [1] , this motion will mean that their best chance of obtaining those convictions is simply to accuse those whose backgrounds could feasibly lead a jury to believe that they are not only capable of crime, but have committed the crime in question. Subsequently, the real culprits may be left to go free as suspicion is routinely pointed towards those who already have a criminal record. Given that poor police investigation [2] and poor case preparation by the prosecution [3] are currently a large source of dissatisfaction with the justice system, it is important to prevent either police or the prosecution from becoming dependent on the negative records of the defendants rather than properly fulfilling their roles.  [1] Bushywood, ‘CPS - Crown Persecution Service’.  [2] The Guardian, ‘The cost of poor policing’. 11 October 2010  [3] Human Rights Watch, ‘Justice at Risk: War Crimes Trials in Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Serbia and Montenegro’, 14 October 2004, D1607. miscarriage of justice, police investigation, incentive, vigorous investigation, police pressure, convictions, criminal record, jury bias, wrongful accusation, prosecution case preparation, justice system dissatisfaction, negative records, policing standards, defendant rights, criminal justice, evidence-based prosecution, Crown Prosecution Service, poor policing, prosecution dependency, war crimes trials, Human Rights Watch, legal fairness, due process, judicial integrity miscarriage of justice, police investigation, criminal record, prosecution, jury bias, police incentives, conviction pressure, defendant rights, poor case preparation, justice system dissatisfaction, wrongful conviction, negative evidence, law enforcement practices, trial fairness, Crown Prosecution Service, police accountability, judicial integrity, evidence-based investigation, criminal justice reform, reliance on criminal records miscarriage of justice, police investigation quality, motion impact, criminal records, jury bias, wrongful accusation, prosecution case preparation, incentive for police, conviction pressure, poor policing, justice system dissatisfaction, defendant rights, negative record dependency, law enforcement incentives, criminal justice reform miscarriage of justice, police investigation quality, criminal records, judicial fairness, defendant rights, police incentives, conviction pressure, case preparation, prosecution shortcomings, prejudice in trials, wrongful accusation, justice system dissatisfaction, reliance on prior convictions, criminal justice reform, trial fairness, investigative standards, bias against defendants, legal safeguards, policing standards, prosecutorial conduct miscarriage of justice, police investigation quality, criminal record bias, prosecution case preparation, police incentives, wrongful convictions, jury prejudice, criminal justice system, police pressure, defendant background, poor policing, justice system dissatisfaction, CPS, prosecutorial dependence, acquittal risk, reliance on criminal records, investigative standards, police accountability, wrongful suspicion, proper prosecution
test-politics-dhwem-pro04a	PMCs attract less attention and suspicion and can carry out their role more effectively.  Mercenaries often arouse less hostility amongst civilians than soldiers fighting for national armies. In ethnic conflict they are perceived as less partisan. The fact that civilians to some extent do not connect mercenaries with a particular ideological cause, invasion or civil war makes them ideal for protecting safe areas and policing reconstruction projects. For example, PMC Global Risk Strategies successfully guarded the Green Zone in Baghdad, the sealed off section inhabited by coalition staff. As they are mercenaries they can be fighting for the national or local government of where their mission even if they have a different paymaster. private military companies, PMCs, mercenaries, civilian perception, attention, suspicion, effectiveness, hostility, soldiers, national armies, ethnic conflict, partisanship, ideological neutrality, safe areas, reconstruction, security, Global Risk Strategies, Green Zone, Baghdad, coalition, government contracts, paymaster, conflict zones, policing, military contractors PMCs, private military companies, mercenaries, civilian perception, ethnic conflict, partisanship, hostility, national armies, ideological neutrality, safe areas, reconstruction projects, Global Risk Strategies, Green Zone, Baghdad, coalition staff, security provision, local government, paymaster, military contractors, conflict zones, peacekeeping private military companies, PMCs, mercenaries, civilian perception, ethnic conflict, non-partisanship, conflict zones, peacekeeping, security contractors, reconstruction projects, Green Zone Baghdad, Global Risk Strategies, coalition staff protection, security effectiveness, hostility, ideological neutrality, national armies, safe areas, mission paymasters, local government, national government PMCs, mercenaries, civilian perception, ethnic conflict, partisanship, ideological neutrality, conflict zones, safe area protection, reconstruction projects, security, private military companies, Green Zone, Baghdad, Global Risk Strategies, coalition staff, hostility, attention, suspicion, government contracts, paymaster, effective operations Private Military Companies, PMCs, mercenaries, civilian perception, ethnic conflict, partisanship, hostility, national armies, ideological neutrality, safe areas, reconstruction, peacekeeping, Global Risk Strategies, Green Zone, Baghdad, coalition staff, security contractors, non-state actors, government contracts, mission paymaster, military effectiveness, conflict zones, local acceptance, suspicion reduction, post-conflict reconstruction
test-philosophy-elkosmj-pro03a	Killing one person is the rational choice  The philosopher John Rawls came up with a thought experiment to discover the right way to organize a society. When people talk about how society should be organized they generally take their own situation and interests into account. Rawls asked us to imagine a situation in which we do not know anything at all about our own lives and then try to organize society? Without knowing anything about our wealth, intelligence, personality, race, gender, religion etc., we would create the fairest society. This is because without knowing who we are we have no idea where we will be in society once it has been organized. So, in order to make sure we have the best chance to be treated fairly we create a society in which all people are treated fairly. The same experiment can be applied to the train problem. If we do not know anything about who we are in the experiment we would chose to kill the one person. This is because there is a greater chance of us being one of the five people and so killing the one person gives us the best chance to survive. John Rawls, thought experiment, veil of ignorance, rational choice, fairness, social organization, morality, ethical dilemma, trolley problem, utilitarianism, distributive justice, impartiality, decision-making, moral philosophy, survival probability, ethics, societal structure, justice, equality, personal bias, risk assessment John Rawls, thought experiment, veil of ignorance, rational choice, ethics, morality, trolley problem, train problem, utilitarianism, fairness, justice, moral philosophy, decision-making, social contract, impartiality, distributive justice, philosophical thought experiments, survival probability, moral dilemmas, organizing society, equality utilitarianism, John Rawls, thought experiment, veil of ignorance, ethics, moral philosophy, trolley problem, rational choice, fairness, social justice, society organization, decision theory, distributive justice, moral reasoning, consequentialism, train dilemma, philosophical thought experiments, equality, impartiality, five versus one, ethical dilemmas John Rawls, thought experiment, rational choice, fairness, society organization, veil of ignorance, ethical decision-making, moral philosophy, train problem, trolley problem, utilitarianism, distributive justice, impartiality, ethical reasoning, thought experiments, justice, equality, moral dilemmas, survival probability, consequentialism John Rawls, thought experiment, veil of ignorance, society organization, fairness, moral philosophy, ethics, utilitarianism, train problem, trolley problem, rational choice, distributive justice, personal interests, moral decision-making, social contract, impartiality, ethical dilemma, kill one save five, probability, survival, decision theory
test-philosophy-npegiepp-pro03a	Neo-functionalism - liberal theory of regional integration  Neo-functionalism is an example of a liberal theory of regional integration. Its focus is on human welfare needs, not political conflict and law. Its focus is on individuals aggregated into interest groups as the main actors in integration, so the focus is on low politics and the areas which become integrated in the European Union reflect that. As such there has been much more progress on economic integration than there has on creating a common foreign and security policy. [1]  It also accepts the independent role of international organisations and that the transformation of the international regional system towards a better order is feasible so making the European Union a project worth investing effort in.  [1] Center for European studies, ‘European Union –Common Foreign and Security Policy’, unc.edu, Neo-functionalism, liberal theory, regional integration, European Union, human welfare, interest groups, low politics, economic integration, common foreign policy, security policy, international organisations, European studies, integration actors, EU policy, regional system transformation, liberalism, supranational organizations, integration theory, EU progress, Center for European Studies, UNC, political conflict, law, international relations, integration focus Neo-functionalism, liberal theory, regional integration, human welfare, interest groups, European Union, low politics, economic integration, foreign policy, security policy, international organizations, integration theory, EU studies, supranationalism, regionalism, Center for European Studies, policy integration Neo-functionalism, liberal theory, regional integration, human welfare, interest groups, low politics, European Union, economic integration, common foreign and security policy, international organisations, regional system transformation, European studies, integration actors, supranationalism, EU project, international cooperation, non-state actors, spillover effect, integration theory, Center for European Studies neo-functionalism, liberal theory, regional integration, human welfare, interest groups, low politics, European Union, economic integration, common foreign policy, security policy, international organizations, European studies, integration theory, European project, supranationalism, UNC, Center for European studies Neo-functionalism, liberal theory, regional integration, human welfare, interest groups, low politics, European Union, economic integration, foreign policy, security policy, international organizations, regional system, European studies, integration theory, supranationalism, spillover, functionalism, policy-making, political integration, common policy
test-education-pshhghwpba0-con03a	A school breakfast for all is a greater cost on schools  Everything costs. Providing free school to all breakfasts will cost the government money for ingredients, cafeteria staff, administration, even possibly new facilities. In the USA the Breakfast Program costs $3.3 billion to provide free or reduced price breakfasts to 10.1 million students. [1] There is a limited total amount of money so the cost will mean there is something else the government will not be able to do. This proposal may mean, for example, that the government cannot afford to hire more teachers to reduce class sizes.  [1] Food and Nutrition Service, ‘The School Breakfast Program’, September 2013 school breakfast, free breakfast, school meal programs, program costs, government spending, education budget, cafeteria staff, school facilities, school administration, funding allocation, opportunity cost, USA, Breakfast Program, Food and Nutrition Service, cost comparison, class size, teacher hiring, reduced price breakfast, student nutrition, school budget, ingredient costs school breakfast, universal breakfast, school meal costs, government spending, education budget, school nutrition programs, USA Breakfast Program, funding allocation, program costs, cafeteria staffing, facility expenses, budget trade-offs, student nutrition, free school meals, opportunity cost, class size reduction, federal nutrition programs, Food and Nutrition Service, public education funding, breakfast program expenses school breakfast, universal breakfast, cost, government spending, school budget, cafeteria staff, ingredient costs, administrative costs, facilities, USA, Breakfast Program, $3.3 billion, 10.1 million students, opportunity cost, class size, teacher hiring, Food and Nutrition Service, school meal programs, education funding, public policy school breakfast, universal breakfast, government spending, education budget, program cost, USA, School Breakfast Program, cafeteria staff, food ingredients, administration costs, facility expenses, federal funding, trade-offs, opportunity cost, reduced class sizes, teacher hiring, education finance, nutrition programs, policy impact, resource allocation, Food and Nutrition Service, student meals, budget constraints school breakfast, school meal costs, free breakfast program, government expenditure, education funding, breakfast program USA, budget trade-offs, funding limitations, cafeteria staff costs, ingredient costs, administrative costs, facility expenses, reduced price breakfasts, opportunity cost, class size reduction, federal funding, School Breakfast Program, Food and Nutrition Service, education budget allocation, public school meals, program costs USA
test-international-ssiarcmhb-con03a	Barrier contraception can protect women from husbands with AIDS/HIV.  There are many cases, particularly in South America and Africa, of men contracting HIV from sexual partners outside their marriage, be it from before they were married or from an extramarital affair and passing it on to their wives. In cases such as these, the wife may follow all of the teachings of the Catholic Church and still contract HIV. If the Church did not forbid the use of barrier contraception then the frequency of occurrences such as these would be severely limited. Since, as discussed above, the Catholic Church, has a responsibility to promote life in its people, their ban of barrier contraception is unjustified. barrier contraception, HIV prevention, AIDS, Catholic Church, women protection, marital transmission, extramarital affairs, South America, Africa, sexual health, condom use, church teachings, HIV transmission, religious doctrine, contraception ban, promote life, Catholic ethics, public health, sexual partners, unjustified ban barrier contraception, HIV prevention, AIDS, women protection, marital HIV transmission, extramarital affairs, South America, Africa, Catholic Church, contraception ban, sexual health, HIV in marriage, Catholic teachings, HIV risk, ethical responsibility, public health, condom use, religious doctrine, wife protection, HIV spread, church policies barrier contraception, HIV prevention, AIDS, Catholic Church, women protection, extramarital HIV transmission, South America, Africa, marital HIV risk, religious teachings, condom use, Church policy, sexual health, HIV in marriage, contraception ban, Church responsibility, promoting life, public health, unjustified ban, partner transmission barrier contraception, HIV prevention, AIDS, women’s health, marital HIV transmission, South America, Africa, extramarital affairs, Catholic Church, church teachings, HIV in marriage, condom use, religious ethics, public health, sexual health, church contraception ban, prevention strategies, husband-to-wife HIV transmission, Catholic doctrine, life promotion, female protection, unjustified ban barrier contraception, HIV prevention, AIDS, women, marital transmission, extramarital affairs, Catholic Church, Church teachings, Africa, South America, HIV risk, condom use, sexual health, contraception ban, Church responsibility, religious ethics, spousal protection, public health, moral implications, HIV/AIDS transmission, unjustified ban
test-health-dhgsshbesbc-con03a	It is a disincentive to get tested in the first place  The requirement to disclose their condition if known would be a disincentive to get tested in the first place. This is especially the case for many people in places like sub-Saharan Africa, but also applies widely elsewhere. Their job is so important to them (since there’s no safety net to speak of if they lose it) that they’d prefer to go in ignorance of their HIV status than find out and risk being fired for it. The medical repercussions of that are obvious. disincentive, HIV testing, disclosure requirement, sub-Saharan Africa, employment, job security, stigma, medical repercussions, HIV status, fear of job loss, workplace discrimination, safety net, HIV/AIDS, public health, testing barriers HIV testing, disincentive, disclosure requirement, sub-Saharan Africa, employment risk, stigma, job security, medical repercussions, HIV status, workplace discrimination, safety net, fear of testing, health policy, HIV ignorance, social consequences HIV testing, disincentive, disclosure requirement, employment risk, sub-Saharan Africa, stigma, job security, medical repercussions, HIV status, workplace discrimination, fear of testing, social safety net, HIV policy, HIV/AIDS, testing avoidance disincentive, HIV testing, disclosure requirement, stigma, sub-Saharan Africa, employment, job security, medical repercussions, HIV status, workplace discrimination, safety net, fear of testing, public health, HIV/AIDS, health policy disincentive, HIV testing, disclosure requirement, employment risk, stigma, sub-Saharan Africa, job security, workplace discrimination, HIV status, medical repercussions, safety net, health policy, HIV/AIDS, fear of testing, social consequences
test-international-iiahwagit-pro05a	The justice system does not currently work  A major failing in current anti-poaching operations is that the poachers are rarely prosecuted. African legal systems rarely prioritise poaching as a serious crime, with offenders usually receiving trivial fines1. One of the major reasons for the Western black rhinoceros’ extinction in 2011 was the complete lack of sentencing for any of the poachers who were captured. [1] The system also fails to prosecute the brains behind many of the operations due to poor investigative methods. This creates an impression in the minds of the poachers that they can operate with impunity. [2]  [1] Mathur, A. ‘Western Black Rhino Poached Out of Existence; Declared Extinct, Slack Anti-Poaching Efforts Responsible’  [2] Welz, A. ‘The War on African Poaching: Is Militarization Fated to Fail?’ justice system, anti-poaching, prosecution failure, African legal systems, poaching crime, trivial fines, Western black rhinoceros extinction, poacher sentencing, investigative methods, poaching impunity, wildlife crime, legal prioritization, conservation law enforcement, organized poaching, wildlife trafficking, Mathur 2011, Welz poaching, judicial accountability, crime deterrence, wildlife protection justice system, anti-poaching operations, poachers prosecution, African legal systems, poaching crime priority, trivial fines, Western black rhinoceros extinction, sentencing, poaching offenders, investigative methods, poaching impunity, wildlife crime, law enforcement, wildlife trafficking, conservation law, black rhino, judicial failure, wildlife protection, poaching penalties, prosecution gaps justice system, anti-poaching, poachers, prosecution, African legal systems, wildlife crime, sentencing, trivial fines, Western black rhinoceros, extinction, investigative methods, impunity, wildlife law enforcement, legal reform, conservation, wildlife trafficking, law implementation, criminal justice, poaching penalties, wildlife protection, prosecution failure, poaching deterrence, judicial priorities, conservation law, poaching masterminds justice system, anti-poaching, prosecution, African legal systems, poachers, wildlife crime, legal prioritization, sentencing, Western black rhinoceros, extinction, fines, impunity, investigative methods, organized crime, wildlife trafficking, legal failure, conservation, criminal justice, law enforcement, judicial system, wildlife protection, Africa, poaching operations, courts, deterrence, Mathur, Welz, militarization, penalties, wildlife extinction, case studies justice system, anti-poaching, prosecution, African legal systems, poachers, sentencing, fines, Western black rhinoceros, extinction, investigative methods, wildlife crime, legal enforcement, impunity, conservation law, wildlife trafficking, criminal investigation, judicial failure, Africa, wildlife protection, poaching penalties
test-education-egscphsrdt-con01a	Right to privacy  Even if a right to privacy (which would prevent random drug testing with no reason for suspicion) does not exist in law in every country, many students being affected by drugs tests will perceive that the notional right to privacy which they believe they possess is being violated. Because they would perceive this violation as a harm, it should not be imposed without good reason. This problematizes the nature of 'random' testing, which by definition means forcing drug tests on individuals on whom there is no reasonable suspicion of drug use.  Firstly, the majority of those being tested will most likely test negative (as the previously cited statistics suggest) and so a majority will be harmed for no fault of their own, but rather as a consequence of the crimes of others. This may be seen as the equivalent of searching all homes in a neighbourhood for an illegal weapon on the suspicion that one of them was hiding it -an action which would be illegal in almost every western liberal democracy.  Further, however, even if students do engage in illegal drug use, random drug tests will additionally catch only those on whom there was previously no suspicion against (as students who show signs of drug use are already usually tested). In order to not already be under suspicion, these drug-using students would have to be engaging in their education, not disrupting the education of others, and not displaying erratic or harmful behaviour. As they are not actively harming others, these students should be subject only to the same standards as individuals in other areas of society: to only have their privacy violated by drugs tests if their behaviour actively brings them under suspicion. right to privacy, random drug testing, student drug testing, suspicionless searches, perceived harm, privacy violation, legal rights, students’ perception, harm principle, consent, individual rights, majority harm, collective punishment, suspicion-based testing, privacy law, western liberal democracy, reasonable suspicion, illegal searches, educational environment, civil liberties, proportionality, privacy standards, intrusive testing, justified suspicion, personal autonomy, due process, privacy protections, invasive procedures, societal norms, liberty rights right to privacy, student drug testing, random drug tests, legal rights, suspicion, perceived harm, privacy violation, individual rights, reasonable suspicion, majority harm, analogy search, home search, western liberal democracy, illegal drug use, targeted testing, education disruption, erratic behavior, harm principle, standards of society, privacy standards, drug policy, student rights, invasive testing, suspicionless testing, privacy law, civil liberties right to privacy, random drug testing, student drug testing, reasonable suspicion, privacy violation, perception of harm, legality, western democracies, civil liberties, individual rights, majority harm, analogy home search, illegal drug use, suspicionless testing, educational environment, behavioural criteria, privacy standards, due process, student rights, ethical implications, proportionality, harm principle, suspicion-based testing, privacy protection, intrusive measures, legal frameworks right to privacy, student drug testing, random drug tests, suspicionless drug testing, perceived privacy violation, harm principle, legal privacy rights, reasonable suspicion, negative drug tests, majority harmed, collective punishment, comparison search homes, western liberal democracy, illegal drug use, student behavior, suspicion standards, educational disruption, privacy vs safety, proportionality, individual rights, invasive searches, privacy law, student rights, school policy, due process, civil liberties right to privacy, student drug testing, random drug testing, perceived privacy violation, suspicionless testing, harm principle, legal standards, privacy law, student rights, unreasonable search, proportionality, ethics of drug testing, privacy in education, majority harmed, Western democracy, educational policy, suspicion-based testing, civil liberties, fair treatment, due process, privacy expectations, individual autonomy, privacy versus safety
test-education-ughbuesbf-con04a	Free university education unjustly benefits one subset of society at the expense of everyone  The state funds essential services, but higher education is not such a service. The specific subset free university education tends to benefit not the disadvantaged, but rather the middle and upper classes who would have paid fees, but are now relieved of this burden. This pattern has been seen in Ireland where poorer communities still view higher education as something for the rich even though it is free. These groups continue to enter the workforce in similar numbers as they had before the ending of fees, and they still tend to prefer trade schools to universities if they do seek qualifications beyond the secondary level. [1]  [1] Brady, Hugh. 2008. “We Must Invest Now in Our Universities or Pay Later”. University College Dublin News. Available:  ​ 14 Government of Ireland. 1997. “Universities Act, 1997”. Available: free university education, social inequality, state funding, essential services, higher education, disadvantaged groups, middle class, upper class, tuition fees, access to education, Ireland, educational attainment, trade schools, workforce entry, social mobility, education policy, educational equity, university participation, socioeconomic status, public funding, education benefits, social justice, universities act 1997 free university education, social inequality, higher education funding, middle class benefit, upper class benefit, disadvantaged groups, essential public services, education access, trade schools vs universities, Ireland case study, tuition fees, socioeconomic status, workforce participation, university fees impact, public policy, education reform, social mobility, government funding, educational attainment, class divide, perceptions of higher education free university education, socioeconomic disparity, higher education funding, state-funded services, social inequality, middle class benefits, upper class advantages, educational access, disadvantaged groups, Ireland case study, trade schools, university enrollment patterns, tuition fees, educational equity, policy impact, workforce entry, public funding, social mobility, educational barriers, free tuition debate free university education, social inequality, middle class benefit, upper class benefit, disadvantaged groups, education funding, state-funded services, access to higher education, Ireland, socioeconomic status, workforce participation, trade schools, university fees, educational equity, public policy, higher education access, educational opportunity, university attendance, class disparity, public good, investment in universities free university education, social inequality, higher education funding, class benefit disparity, state-funded education, middle class advantage, upper class advantage, disadvantaged groups, education access, Ireland case study, university fees, workforce entry, trade school preference, secondary education, education policy, universities act 1997, educational equity, public service funding, socio-economic impact, fee abolition, university access barriers
test-culture-thbcsbptwhht-con01a	globalisation and multiculturalism.  Cultural appropriation prevents assimilation between members of society and creates further divisions based on arbitrary features of one’s ancestry or appearance. If reparations (through the use of compensation) were to occur in addition to this, it would create a more polarised and divided society as an 'us and them' culture is created.  A consequence of globalisation is the movement of people and the diffusion of knowledge [1]. This happens on a mass scale where it is possible for a person from India to travel across the globe to the United Kingdom (UK) and get there within 24 hours of booking their flight. With this, the spread of technology and knowledge it is inevitable that culture and identity does not remain fixed either. It also means that an increasing amount of people have more than one culture. A direct consequence of increased migration is that migrants are likely to bring with them their cultural customs. An example of this can be seen in the UK. As the UK faced more migrants from the Sub-continent of India, the popularity of different curries increased, and not just among those of Indian decent. In such circumstances cultures begin to merge as the traditional 'Chicken Tikka' recipe was adapted into a localised version called 'Chicken Tikka Masala' and was, in 2001, declared the UK's national dish.  Without globalisation, Britain's £3.6bn Indian restaurant industry would not exist and it would fail to employ approximately 100,000 people [2]. Any reparations would be paltry compared to the jobs that this industry has created over decades.  This is a positive thing; it brings cultures together, encourages understanding, innovation and cooperation. Forcing people to compensate for the appropriation of a culture may mean that there is less social harmony as divisions are forced between cultures. For the following generations of migrants will be forced to choose a culture as cultural appropriation encourages division between the two.  [1] Stief, Colin, ‘Globalization’, ThoughtCo., 3rd March 2017,   [2] Wintor, Patrick, ‘Chicken tikka Britain is new Cook recipe’, The Guardian, 19 April 2001, globalisation, multiculturalism, cultural appropriation, assimilation, social divisions, reparations, compensation, polarisation, us and them, migration, diffusion of knowledge, technology spread, cultural identity, cultural customs, Indian migration UK, cuisine adaptation, Chicken Tikka Masala, Indian restaurant industry UK, social harmony, innovation, cooperation, cultural integration, cultural division, migrant generations, culture choice, employment impact, economic impact, cultural diffusion, identity transformation, globalization consequences, UK Indian cuisine, cross-cultural exchange globalisation, multiculturalism, cultural appropriation, assimilation, social divisions, reparations, compensation, polarisation, migration, cultural diffusion, knowledge transfer, transnational movement, technology spread, hybrid identity, multicultural identity, cultural customs, Indian migration UK, cuisine adaptation, Chicken Tikka Masala, British national dish, Indian restaurant industry, economic impact, employment, cultural merging, cultural understanding, social harmony, cultural innovation, intercultural cooperation, forced compensation, generational identity, social cohesion, identity choice globalisation, multiculturalism, cultural appropriation, assimilation, societal divisions, reparations, compensation, us vs them, polarisation, migration, knowledge diffusion, cultural identity, technology, international travel, cultural customs, UK, Indian migration, curry popularity, chicken tikka masala, national dish, Indian restaurant industry, economic impact, job creation, cultural merging, cultural adaptation, social harmony, intergroup relations, innovation, cooperation, forced compensation, generational identity, ThoughtCo, The Guardian globalisation, multiculturalism, cultural appropriation, assimilation, societal divisions, ancestry, appearance, reparations, compensation, social polarisation, us vs them, migration, knowledge diffusion, technology spread, cultural identity, multiple cultures, cultural customs, United Kingdom, Indian migration, curry popularity, Chicken Tikka Masala, cultural merging, Indian restaurant industry, job creation, social harmony, forced compensation, inter-cultural division, generational choice, cultural innovation, cooperation, cultural understanding, cultural adaptation, employment impact globalisation, multiculturalism, cultural appropriation, assimilation, social divisions, ancestry, appearance, reparations, compensation, polarisation, us and them, migration, cultural diffusion, movement of people, identity, technology spread, knowledge transfer, cross-cultural exchange, Indian migration UK, curries, Chicken Tikka Masala, national dish UK, Indian restaurant industry UK, job creation, cultural adaptation, innovation, cooperation, social harmony, cultural choice, migrants, integration, cultural merging, economic impact, division, ThoughtCo, The Guardian
test-international-atiahblit-con03a	The complex controls over enrolment  Suggesting investments are required in teachers limits a recognition of the multiple forces creating barriers to achieve a right to education. Universal education is constrained by political, socio-cultural, and economic, structures.  Firstly, gender inequalities in education raise cultural norms of the role of girls in society, and within the domestic-sphere at home. Religious and cultural beliefs mean girls account for 70% of children not attending school. Across Sub-Saharan Africa the economics of child marriage often mean girls leave school or become reluctant to go to school. A positive correlation is found between low education and countries with high rates of child marriage [1] . Niger has the highest rate of child marriage.  Secondly, poverty and hunger act as key restraints in achieving the target. As Mkandawire (2010) argues, development needs to be brought back onto the ‘pro-poor’ agenda. Human capital cannot be developed without a broader focus on social and economic policies that enable development first.  [1] See further readings: Education for Girls, 2013. enrolment controls, teacher investment, barriers to education, universal education, political structures, socio-cultural structures, economic structures, gender inequalities, cultural norms, girls’ education, domestic sphere, religious beliefs, cultural beliefs, out-of-school girls, Sub-Saharan Africa, child marriage, education and child marriage correlation, Niger, poverty, hunger, development policy, pro-poor agenda, human capital, social policies, economic policies, girls’ access to education, education for girls enrolment barriers, right to education, universal education, political structures, socio-cultural structures, economic structures, gender inequalities, cultural norms, girls' education, domestic roles, religious beliefs, Sub-Saharan Africa, child marriage, school attendance, poverty, hunger, pro-poor agenda, social policies, economic policies, development, human capital, Niger, education investment, Mkandawire 2010 enrolment controls, education barriers, teacher investment, political constraints, socio-cultural structures, economic barriers, gender inequalities, girls' education, cultural norms, domestic roles, religious beliefs, child marriage, Sub-Saharan Africa, poverty, hunger, right to education, universal education, pro-poor agenda, human capital, social policy, economic policy, development, Niger, out-of-school children, girls' access to education, educational development, Mkandawire 2010, Education for Girls 2013 enrolment barriers, right to education, universal education constraints, political structures, socio-cultural barriers, economic barriers, gender inequalities, girls' education, cultural norms, domestic roles, religious beliefs, sub-Saharan Africa, child marriage, school attendance, poverty, hunger, pro-poor development, human capital, social policies, economic policies, education for girls, Niger, Mkandawire 2010 enrolment controls, teacher investment, education barriers, right to education, universal education, political structures, socio-cultural structures, economic structures, gender inequalities, cultural norms, girls' education, domestic roles, religious beliefs, Sub-Saharan Africa, child marriage, education access, poverty, hunger, development policy, pro-poor agenda, human capital, social policies, economic policies, Niger, education for girls, school attendance, educational inequality, Mkandawire, education constraints, equity in education
test-law-lghwpcctcc-pro02a	Video footage of a court case would provide valuable information for both defendant and judiciary.  If the defendant is convicted of a crime, they have a right to appeal in the UK [1] and US [2] . However, this is made difficult for another court to re-assess the conviction if they cannot know how reliable evidence was in the first trial. Without film recordings of court trials, judges who have the duty to re-examine the case are unable to see witness testimonies; though new evidence does sometimes come to light during the course of an appeal [3] , it would be easier to assess this new evidence if the judges also had knowledge of how the first trial went. If the judges could watch a video of the first trial, they could judge the demeanour, body language and general impression given by each witness in the first trial. Body language can affect a court’s perception of a witness [4] , but this information could not be gained by a transcript. However, this evidence may be important for a new verdict to be reached.  [1]  , accessed 18/08/11  [2]  , accessed 18/08/11  [3]  , accessed 18/08/11  [4]  , accessed 18/08/11 court case video footage, court recordings, appeal process, UK court appeals, US court appeals, trial evidence, reliability of evidence, re-examine conviction, witness testimony, judicial review, transcript limitations, body language court, demeanor witness, video trial review, new evidence appeal, judge assessment, court transparency, trial video benefits, conviction reassessment, judicial impartiality, legal proceedings video, fair trial evidence, visual evidence court, appellate judge, criminal appeal process video footage, court case, valuable information, defendant, judiciary, appeal, UK, US, conviction, reassess, evidence reliability, film recordings, court trials, judges, witness testimonies, new evidence, first trial, demeanour, body language, witness impression, transcript, perception, verdict, appellate court, legal process, judicial review, court video recording, trial assessment video footage, court case, trial recordings, evidence reliability, appeal process, UK judicial system, US judicial system, witness testimony, judge assessment, new evidence, body language, court perception, video trial review, transcript limitations, judicial re-examination, witness credibility, legal appeals, trial documentation, criminal conviction, appellate court, courtroom video, fair trial, legal rights video footage, court case, valuable information, defendant, judiciary, appeal rights, UK legal system, US legal system, conviction reassessment, evidence reliability, trial film recordings, judges, re-examine case, witness testimonies, new evidence, appeal process, trial video, demeanour, body language, witness impression, court perception, transcript limitations, reaching verdict, judicial review, legal evidence, trial recordings, appellate court, retrial, video evidence, legal proceedings, courtroom video video footage, court case, defendant rights, judiciary, appeal process, UK law, US law, conviction review, evidence reliability, court trial recordings, witness testimonies, new evidence, judicial reassessment, body language, demeanour, court perception, video recordings, trial transcripts, re-examination, appeals judges, courtroom video, legal proceedings, witness credibility, legal verdict, assessment of evidence
test-law-rmelhrilhbiw-pro02a	The Settlements commit future Israeli governments to a harder stand in future negotiations  Whether deliberate or not, the settlements are changing the “facts on the ground” by changing the political calculus for future Israeli governments.  While most Israeli politicians accept the need to abandon some smaller settlements, the vast majority are unlikely to be evacuated. It was politically divisive to the point of breaking the Likud party in two when Ariel Sharon, a man with more credit than anyone else on the Israeli right pulled out of Gaza in 2005, and there were only a little over 7000 Israeli settlers there. By contrast there are now more than 300,000 settlers in the West Bank, and this number is rising fast. [1] There were less than 200,000 in 2000. [2]  Of these settlers, many are religious and vote for the Haridam (Orthodox) parties like the National Religious Party . [3] Because the party has served in governments of both the Left and the Right in recent years, in practice they and the ultra-nationalist Israel Beitinu tend to hold the balance of power in the Israeli Knesset.  Therefore every time Israel expands settlements, they are reducing their room to manoeuvre in future Peace Negotiations, and forcing themselves to take a harder stance. This means that Peace will either become less likely (because Israel will set more extreme terms) or that Israel will face more internal divisions in order to offer it. In either case, as the settlements expand  [1] Levinson, Chaim, ‘IDF: More than 300, 000 settlers live in West Bank’, Haaretz.com, 27 July 2009,   [2] Wikipedia, ‘Population statistics for Israeli West Bank settlements’, en.wikipedia.org,  , accessed 20 January 2012  [3] Etkes, Dror, ‘The Ultra-Orthodox Jews in the West Bank’, Peace Now, October 2005, Israeli settlements, future negotiations, West Bank, political divisions, Likud, Ariel Sharon, Gaza withdrawal, settler population, Haridam, National Religious Party, Israel Beitinu, Knesset, peace process, political calculus, balance of power, Orthodox parties, ultra-nationalist, Israeli right, peace negotiations, internal divisions, settlement expansion, population statistics, Israeli politics, peace likelihood, negotiation stance, Israel-Palestine conflict Israeli settlements, West Bank, Israeli politics, peace negotiations, Likud, Ariel Sharon, Gaza disengagement, settler population, religious settlers, Haridam, Orthodox parties, National Religious Party, Israel Beitenu, Knesset, balance of power, ultra-nationalist, political divisions, settlement expansion, future Israeli governments, Israeli right, internal divisions, peace prospects, demographic change, negotiation stance, conflict resolution, Israeli-Palestinian conflict Israeli settlements, West Bank, political impact, future negotiations, Israeli government, Likud party, Ariel Sharon, Gaza withdrawal, settler population, Orthodox parties, Haridam, National Religious Party, Israel Beitinu, Knesset, peace negotiations, internal divisions, religious settlers, ultra-nationalist parties, expansion, political divisions, peace process, Israeli politics, population growth, settlement evacuation, peace likelihood Israeli settlements, West Bank, future negotiations, Israeli government policy, Likud party, Gaza withdrawal 2005, Ariel Sharon, settler population growth, religious settlers, Haridam, Orthodox parties, National Religious Party, Israel Beitinu, Israeli Knesset, balance of power, Peace negotiations, political divisions, settlement expansion, peace process, Israeli politics, ultra-nationalists, internal divisions, peace likelihood, maneuvering room, political calculus, Israeli right, disengagement, settler demographics Israeli settlements, West Bank, Israeli government, peace negotiations, political impact, Likud party, Ariel Sharon, Gaza withdrawal, settler population, population growth, religious settlers, Haridam, Orthodox parties, National Religious Party, Israel Beitinu, Israeli Knesset, balance of power, Israeli politics, internal divisions, peace process, settlement expansion, negotiation stance, division within parties, ultra-nationalist parties, demographic change, Israeli-Palestinian conflict
test-law-umtlilhotac-pro03a	Unruly defendants can play up to the cameras  Televising the trial can create extra incentives for defendants to attempt to disrupt the process. During his trial, Saddam Hussein regularly made outbursts and went on political rants – based on Iraqi law, he was able to examine witnesses after his lawyer. This was not new – Slobodan Milosevic tried various antics in front of the (televised) ICTY [1] , and Ratko Mladic used those tactics post-Hussein [2] . Milosevic’s approval ratings grew, and he even won a seat in the Serbian parliament while on trial.  A televised trial creates more of a risk of a political hijacking of the trial – something that has been shown to be a successful tactic by Milosevic. This both potentially damages the successor government by giving those on trial a platform and the court itself.  [1] Scharf, Michael P., Chaos in the Courtroom: Controlling disruptive defendants and contumacious counsel in war crimes trials’, University of Galway  [2] Biles, Peter, ‘Mladic’s courtroom antics’, BBC News, 4 July 2011, televised trials, unruly defendants, courtroom disruption, political hijacking, Saddam Hussein trial, Milosevic antics, Ratko Mladic tactics, approval ratings, media influence, witness examination, war crimes trials, public perception, court authority, successor government, platform for defendants, ICTY, courtroom outbursts, legal proceedings, political rants, trial publicity, impact on justice unruly defendants, televised trials, disruptive behavior, courtroom antics, political hijacking, trial outbursts, Saddam Hussein, Slobodan Milosevic, Ratko Mladic, war crimes trials, witness examination, media influence, approval ratings, political platform, successor government impact, court legitimacy, ICTY, courtroom control, public perception, defendant incentives, legal disruption unruly defendants, televised trials, courtroom disruption, political hijacking, Saddam Hussein, Slobodan Milosevic, Ratko Mladic, approval ratings, defendant outbursts, political rants, war crimes trials, trial antics, media effects, court proceedings, witness examination, ICTY, trial manipulation, successor government, platform for defendants, court legitimacy, public perception, legal proceedings, Serbia, disruptive behavior, courtroom control, political tactics unruly defendants, televised trials, courtroom disruption, political hijacking, Saddam Hussein trial, Slobodan Milosevic antics, Ratko Mladic tactics, ICTY, courtroom outbursts, defendant incentives, political rants, trial publicity, media influence, war crimes trials, disruptive behavior, courtroom management, approval ratings, defendant platform, successor government damage, trial media coverage, witness examination, legal strategy, courtroom theatrics, public opinion, trial manipulation, political trials unruly defendants, televised trials, courtroom disruption, political hijacking, Saddam Hussein, trial outbursts, Slobodan Milosevic, Ratko Mladic, media influence, political rants, public approval, ICTY, witness examination, courtroom antics, trial platform, successor government, court legitimacy, war crimes trials, disruptive behavior, defendant tactics, trial manipulation
test-international-aglhrilhb-pro03a	International prosecution encourages domestic justice  By introducing internationally based prosecution, the laws are able to effectively filter down into the domestic system. The international system takes care of powerful offenders who might otherwise not receive a fair trial or be brought to justice. This then allows domestic courts to prosecute those involved in the crimes at a lower level. This has worked in Ivory coast where the former leader was brought to face charges committed at home and also helped stabilize the situation in the country [1].  [1] Smith, David, ‘Laurent Gbagbo appears before international criminal court’, thegurdian.com, 5 December 2011, international prosecution, domestic justice, international law, domestic courts, powerful offenders, fair trial, criminal accountability, Ivory Coast, Laurent Gbagbo, international criminal court, transitional justice, justice system, domestic prosecution, international intervention, legal enforcement, crime deterrence, post-conflict stabilization, high-profile cases, international justice, legal harmonization, human rights, prosecution of leaders, judicial cooperation, legal precedent, crime against humanity international prosecution, domestic justice, international criminal court, accountability, powerful offenders, fair trial, domestic courts, legal system, Ivory Coast, Laurent Gbagbo, international law, transitional justice, prosecution hierarchy, stabilization, war crimes, international legal influence, justice cascade, domestic prosecution, international intervention, post-conflict justice international prosecution, domestic justice, international criminal court, accountability, powerful offenders, fair trial, domestic courts, prosecution, lower-level crimes, Ivory Coast, Laurent Gbagbo, international law, transitional justice, legal system, justice mechanisms, crime deterrence, post-conflict justice, stabilization, legal transfer, human rights, international jurisdiction international prosecution, domestic justice, international criminal court, powerful offenders, fair trial, domestic courts, lower-level crimes, Ivory Coast, Laurent Gbagbo, legal filtration, international law, accountability, transitional justice, legal system, post-conflict justice, ICC, state stabilization, prosecution hierarchy, legal enforcement, global justice international prosecution, domestic justice, international criminal court, law enforcement, powerful offenders, fair trial, justice, domestic courts, lower-level crimes, Ivory Coast, Laurent Gbagbo, international law, accountability, crime prosecution, judicial cooperation, state sovereignty, post-conflict justice, legal framework, transitional justice, crime deterrence
test-free-speech-debate-yfsdfkhbwu-pro01a	The academic tradition of the West  The growth of universities as beacons of free speech has been a fundamental part of their history in the West; notably during the renaissance, reformation and enlightenment. The democratisation of that process with the expansion of the university sector in recent decades is merely the latest stage in an ongoing process.  However, that entire process has been driven (along with the artistic, cultural and scientific changes they have inculcated) on the basis that universities allow for the free exchange of ideas and flourish in environments where that approach is standardised throughout society [i] . Marxist scholars have gone further in calling for a critical pedagogy in which perspectives other than academic orthodoxy are normalised within universities.  Such institutions produce the best graduates because they have the best academics and the best academics will stay where they are free to publish whatever their research is and express their own views. For example in the 1990s 55.7% of those who had immigrated to the USA from the USSR described themselves as academics, scientists, professional or technical workers. [ii] Those academics in turn respect the intellectual tradition of dissent and critical scrutiny of which they are the inheritors. To take something else and slap the name ‘Yale’– or for that matter Oxford, Harvard or ETH Zurich – on it and pretend that nothing has changed devalues the qualification. Without the intellectual dissent and freedom of academic inquiry it is intellectually dishonest to call the degree the same thing.  [i] The Nebraskan. Doug Anderson. Learning depends on the free exchange of ideas, Nebraskan says.  [ii] Harvard, ‘Russians and East Europeans in America’ academic tradition, Western universities, free speech, Renaissance, Reformation, Enlightenment, university sector expansion, democratization, free exchange of ideas, intellectual dissent, critical pedagogy, Marxist scholars, academic orthodoxy, normalization, best graduates, academic freedom, publish research, immigrant academics, USSR academics, intellectual scrutiny, Yale, Oxford, Harvard, ETH Zurich, academic qualifications, academic inquiry, academic honesty, Doug Anderson, Nebraskan, Russians in America, Harvard, East European academics academic tradition, Western universities, free speech, Renaissance, Reformation, Enlightenment, democratization, university expansion, free exchange of ideas, academic freedom, intellectual dissent, critical pedagogy, Marxist scholars, academic orthodoxy, graduate quality, faculty mobility, USSR emigration, intellectual tradition, critical scrutiny, university reputation, academic inquiry, qualification value, academic integrity, higher education history, Yale, Oxford, Harvard, ETH Zurich, academic publication, dissent normalization, academic excellence academic tradition, Western universities, free speech, intellectual freedom, Renaissance, Reformation, Enlightenment, university history, democratization, free exchange of ideas, academic orthodoxy, critical pedagogy, Marxist scholars, dissent, academic inquiry, intellectual scrutiny, academic migration, USSR academics, academic excellence, academic qualifications, Yale, Oxford, Harvard, ETH Zurich, intellectual honesty, education expansion, intellectual tradition, academic diversity, higher education, academic publishing, academic environment, academic reputation, society standardization, academic freedom academic tradition, Western universities, free speech, renaissance, reformation, enlightenment, democratisation, university expansion, free exchange of ideas, academic freedom, critical pedagogy, Marxist scholars, dissent, intellectual scrutiny, academic orthodoxy, graduate quality, academic migration, intellectual tradition, Yale, Oxford, Harvard, ETH Zurich, qualification value, academic inquiry, degree integrity, academic honesty, Doug Anderson, Nebraskan, Russian academics, Soviet emigration, Harvard Russians, academic culture Western academic tradition, universities, free speech, intellectual freedom, Renaissance, Reformation, Enlightenment, democratization of education, expansion of university sector, free exchange of ideas, academic orthodoxy, critical pedagogy, Marxist scholars, institutional dissent, academic inquiry, intellectual scrutiny, academic migration, USSR academics, academic qualifications, Yale, Oxford, Harvard, ETH Zurich, academic integrity, academic history, higher education, academic excellence
test-politics-gvhwhnerse-con03a	Even a sham election demonstrates what the people want  In an election the people show what their policy preferences will be. Even if the government is engaging in vote rigging or voter intimidation they will still know how the people voted or wanted to vote (if they stuffed the ballot they will know how many extra votes they added) so will have some guidance as to the policies that the people wish implemented. If there are multiple different parties competing in the elections then it will be possible to tell which party platforms are the most popular and so which to take ideas from.  If there are elections then there are opposition parties and independent MPs who are given much more space than they would be without elections. Being MPs gives the opposition some status and gives them a controlled setting in which to criticise the government. This provides the opposition with the chance to channel the voice of the people and encourage change from the governing party. sham elections, policy preferences, vote rigging, voter intimidation, ballot stuffing, government response, opposition parties, independent MPs, party platforms, voter behavior, political guidance, popular policies, electoral competition, controlled criticism, opposition voice, policy influence, parliamentary status, electoral legitimacy, policy implementation, democratic signals sham election, policy preferences, vote rigging, voter intimidation, ballot stuffing, government guidance, party platforms, popular policies, opposition parties, independent MPs, elections, political competition, controlled criticism, channeling public voice, encouraging change, parliamentary status, democratic process, electoral manipulation, policy feedback sham elections, election outcomes, policy preferences, vote rigging, voter intimidation, government manipulation, ballot stuffing, public opinion, party platforms, opposition parties, independent MPs, political representation, controlled criticism, political reform, electoral competition, electoral guidance, government legitimacy, popular support, electoral influence, opposition status sham elections, policy preferences, vote rigging, voter intimidation, government response, ballot stuffing, party platforms, opposition parties, independent MPs, election effects, popular policies, controlled criticism, political status, representative democracy, public opinion, regime legitimacy, electoral manipulation, government accountability, voice of the people, political change sham election, policy preferences, vote rigging, voter intimidation, voter intent, election fraud, ballot stuffing, government response, opposition parties, independent MPs, party platforms, popular policies, electoral competition, political representation, opposition status, controlled criticism, opposition voice, policy guidance, election impact, government accountability
test-education-tuhwastua-pro03a	Standardized tests discriminate against minorities  Minority students perform less well on tests like the SAT, even when correction is made for income. The test with its reading comprehension test and being done in English is obviously biased against students from households where English is not the dominant language as they are much less likely to understand the questions.  Even when English language skills are not a problem the question choice can contain a cultural bias. One analogy question on the 2003 SAT used the word “regatta” which minority students were unlikely to be familiar with. Having this kind of bias is obviously unfair and can never be fully accounted for in a diverse country such as the United States of America where those who set the wording of the questions will never know all possible perspectives. standardized tests, discrimination, minorities, minority students, SAT, educational bias, reading comprehension, English language learners, language bias, cultural bias, test fairness, regatta, question wording, academic achievement gap, United States education, socioeconomic factors, test performance, educational inequality, assessment bias, diverse perspectives standardized tests, test bias, minorities, SAT, performance gap, income correction, reading comprehension, English language learners, language bias, cultural bias, question wording, regatta, educational inequality, test fairness, minority students, United States, assessment discrimination, cultural relevance, diverse student population, educational assessment, English proficiency standardized tests, test bias, minority students, SAT, test performance, income correction, English language learners, reading comprehension, cultural bias, question bias, regatta, test fairness, educational equity, diverse perspectives, United States, test design, linguistic bias, minority performance, academic assessment, educational discrimination standardized tests, discrimination, minorities, minority students, SAT, test bias, reading comprehension, English language bias, cultural bias, socioeconomic status, academic performance gap, question wording, regatta, diverse country, United States, educational equity, test fairness, minority underperformance, language barriers, cultural barriers, test design, assessment equity, English as second language, educational assessment standardized tests, test bias, minority students, SAT, income correction, reading comprehension, language bias, English proficiency, cultural bias, question selection, regatta, unfair assessment, educational inequality, diverse perspectives, United States, minority performance, test fairness, cultural diversity, test validity, educational discrimination
test-philosophy-pphbclsbs-con05a	In the public’s eyes, the government seems to suspect everyone.  Although the anti-terrorist measures are supposed to be trying to catch certain people, it is the whole of the public who have to suffer on a daily basis: an abundance of security cameras, security checks, and anti-privacy measures continually invade innocent people’s lives and yet it is supposed to be the terrorists who are being punished. The issue of justice, and whether it is actually being done, has to be fully looked at properly. These measures are not solving the problem of terrorism as it does not address the core grievances. Instead other ways such as negotiation to address grievances is necessary, as happened in Northern Ireland [1] .  [1] Bowcott, Owen, ‘Northern Ireland’, The Guardian, 11 May 2007,  , accessed 9 September 2011 government surveillance, public perception, anti-terrorism measures, privacy invasion, security cameras, security checks, justice, terrorism, core grievances, negotiation, Northern Ireland, civil liberties, public suffering, state suspicion, counterterrorism, grievances resolution, policy effectiveness, societal impact, Owen Bowcott, The Guardian government surveillance, public perception, anti-terrorism measures, security cameras, security checks, privacy invasion, civil liberties, collective punishment, justice, effectiveness, core grievances, negotiation, conflict resolution, Northern Ireland, public suffering, anti-privacy measures government surveillance, public perception, anti-terrorism measures, security cameras, security checks, privacy invasion, justice, terrorism, core grievances, negotiation, Northern Ireland, civil liberties, mass surveillance, security vs. liberty, government suspicion, public suffering, rights infringement, policy effectiveness, social impact, counter-terrorism, grievance resolution government suspicion, public perception, anti-terrorist measures, mass surveillance, security cameras, security checks, privacy invasion, civil liberties, justice, effectiveness, terrorism, root causes, negotiation, grievance resolution, Northern Ireland, policy criticism, collective punishment, counterterrorism, public suffering, government accountability government surveillance, public perception, anti-terrorist measures, security cameras, security checks, anti-privacy, civil liberties, justice, terrorism policy, public suffering, core grievances, negotiation, Northern Ireland, counterterrorism, policy effectiveness, privacy invasion, government suspicion, surveillance society, punitive measures, public trust
test-politics-glghssi-pro03a	An independent Scotland has enormous economic potential to join other small European nations, especially as a leader in technology and renewable energy  Many of Scotland’s problems are grounded in the fact that its potential has consistently been held back. Because the focus for economic development from a Westminster perspective has focused for generations on North Sea oil and the coal fields of Lanarkshire, huge opportunities were missed and the best and the brightest tended be dragged down south for jobs worthy of their skills.  Even with the limited powers allowed by devolution a burgeoning life-sciences sector, a growing IT sector in silicon glen are adding to the traditional industries. Since 2003 Scotland has generally had faster economic growth than the UK with 13% during the period from 2003-2007 compared to the UK’s 11.4%. [i] Independence would stretch people still further.  [i] CPPR Centre for Public Policy for Regions, ‘The changing pattern of Scotland’s economic growth since Devolution’, CPPR Briefing Note, June 2011, independent Scotland, economic potential, small European nations, technology leader, renewable energy, economic development, Westminster perspective, North Sea oil, Lanarkshire coal fields, missed opportunities, brain drain, devolution, life-sciences sector, IT sector, Silicon Glen, traditional industries, economic growth, CPPR, Scotland independence, public policy, economic powers, job migration, innovation, knowledge economy, Scottish economy, regional disparities, economic diversification independent Scotland, economic potential, small European nations, technology leader, renewable energy, economic development, Westminster, North Sea oil, Lanarkshire coal fields, missed opportunities, brain drain, devolution, life sciences sector, IT sector, silicon glen, traditional industries, economic growth, independence impact, CPPR, Scottish economy, regional policy, innovation, high-skilled jobs, UK comparison, Scottish independence, energy transition, public policy, economic diversification independent Scotland, economic potential, European nations, technology, renewable energy, Westminster, North Sea oil, Lanarkshire coal fields, economic development, brain drain, devolution, life sciences sector, IT sector, Silicon Glen, traditional industries, economic growth, UK, independence, CPPR, public policy, Scotland economic growth, lost opportunities, skills migration independent Scotland, economic potential, small European nations, technology leader, renewable energy, economic development, Westminster policies, North Sea oil, Lanarkshire coal fields, brain drain, devolution, life sciences sector, IT sector, Silicon Glen, traditional industries, economic growth, CPPR, Scottish independence, missed opportunities, economic comparison UK, public policy, post-devolution, job migration, innovation, sustainable growth independent Scotland, economic potential, small European nations, technology leadership, renewable energy, Westminster economic policy, North Sea oil, Lanarkshire coal fields, missed opportunities, talent migration, devolution, life-sciences sector, IT sector, silicon glen, traditional industries, economic growth, Scotland-UK comparison, CPPR, public policy, economic development, innovation, human capital, regional policy
test-education-tuhwastua-pro05a	Standardized tests result in teachers “teaching the test”  The importance attached to such tests leads to teachers actively “teaching the test.” The result is that many teachers, rather than instilling useful skills or providing a balanced curriculum, end up trying to focus on things that occur on given tests. While this is not a huge problem with the SAT itself, it is a serious problem with subject tests like the SAT 2s, AP Exams, and the British A-Levels. This undermines the provision of education in the country. standardized tests, teaching to the test, curriculum narrowing, test-driven instruction, SAT, SAT II, AP Exams, A-Levels, educational impact, skill development, assessment-driven teaching, education quality, test preparation, instructional focus, subject tests, academic standards, education system, test-based accountability, curriculum imbalance, learning outcomes standardized testing, teaching to the test, test-focused instruction, curriculum narrowing, educational impact, SAT, SAT Subject Tests, AP Exams, British A-Levels, assessment-driven teaching, skill development, education quality, instructional practices, test preparation, educational outcomes, curriculum imbalance, exam-driven education standardized testing, teaching to the test, curriculum narrowing, test-focused instruction, SAT, SAT Subject Tests, SAT 2, AP Exams, British A-Levels, high-stakes testing, education quality, skill development, balanced curriculum, educational outcomes, assessment impact, teacher practices, test preparation, instructional time, exam-driven teaching, education policy standardized tests, teaching to the test, test-focused instruction, curriculum narrowing, educational outcomes, SAT, SAT Subject Tests, AP Exams, A-Levels, assessment impact, high-stakes testing, skill development, balanced curriculum, educational policy, test preparation, exam-driven teaching, instructional quality, education system, learning objectives, teaching practices standardized tests, teaching to the test, test-focused instruction, curriculum narrowing, SAT, SAT subject tests, AP exams, British A-Levels, educational impact, skill development, test preparation, education quality, assessment-driven teaching, curriculum imbalance, teacher behavior, exam-driven curriculum, academic standards, education system, instructional practices, high-stakes testing
test-politics-dhwem-pro03a	PMCs have an equally strong incentive to perform.  PMCs must perform carefully and effectively to secure future contracts. It is therefore in their interests to ensure their employees are well- trained and well-equipped and perform to the highest standard. Most PMCs recruit ex-service personnel as a way to ensure the quality of their force. In 2004 more SAS soldiers worked privately in Iraq than served in the army. Additionally, governments increasingly recognise the quality of mercenaries. PMCs and regular militaries cross over on occasion: An American PMC -Military Professional Resources Inc - trains the Reserve Officer Training Corps (ROTC) on behalf of the US Government (Lock, 2011). The British Ministry of Defence now allows soldiers yearlong sabbaticals to work as mercenaries in the hope they will return having earned more in the private sector. This official recognition suggests that mercenaries have shed their “dogs of war” image. They are no longer disreputable maverick figures operating in failed states but highly trained professionals endorsed by national governments PMCs, private military companies, performance incentives, future contracts, employee training, equipment, high standards, ex-service personnel, recruitment, SAS soldiers, Iraq, mercenaries, government recognition, military professional resources, ROTC training, US Government, British Ministry of Defence, sabbatical, private sector, mercenary image, professionalization, national endorsement, military professionalism, Lock 2011, reputation shift, soldier recruitment, security contractors PMCs, private military companies, performance incentives, employee training, equipment standards, ex-service personnel, force quality, SAS, Iraq, mercenaries, government recognition, military crossover, Military Professional Resources Inc, ROTC training, US Government, British Ministry of Defence, sabbaticals, private sector, professionalization, legitimization, national endorsement, “dogs of war” image, military professionalism, reputation shift, security contractors, armed forces, military privatization, soldier recruitment, contractor integration PMCs, private military companies, performance incentives, employee training, well-equipped personnel, ex-service personnel, recruitment, SAS, Iraq, mercenaries, government recognition, PMC-military crossover, Military Professional Resources Inc, ROTC training, British Ministry of Defence, soldier sabbaticals, professional mercenaries, private sector, image transformation, national endorsement, security contractors Private Military Companies, PMCs, performance incentives, contract security, employee training, equipment standards, ex-service personnel, SAS soldiers, Iraq, mercenaries, government recognition, PMC-military crossover, Military Professional Resources Inc, ROTC training, US Government, British Ministry of Defence, soldier sabbatical, private sector earnings, mercenaries reputation, professionalization, national government endorsement, Lock 2011 PMCs, private military companies, performance incentives, contract security, employee training, employee equipment, ex-service personnel, force quality, SAS soldiers Iraq, mercenaries, government recognition, military crossover, Military Professional Resources Inc, ROTC training, US Government, British Ministry of Defence, soldier sabbaticals, mercenary professionalization, national government endorsement, private sector experience, reputable mercenaries
test-environment-aiahwagit-pro02a	Poaching is becoming more advanced  A stronger, militarised approach is needed as poaching is becoming far more advanced. Poachers now operate with high-calibre rifles, night vision scopes, silencers and use helicopters to hunt their prey. [1] These methods are used particularly against rhinoceroses in South Africa, whose horns have become extremely valuable on the Asian market for their supposed medical properties. [2] In response to this, South African rangers are being given specialised training and use their own aerial surveillance to track poachers down with success, [3] supporting the argument for a militarised response to protect endangered animals.  [1] WWF, ‘African rhino poaching crisis’  [2] Zapwing, ‘The Rhino Poaching Crisis’  [3] ibid poaching, advanced poaching methods, militarised response, anti-poaching strategies, high-calibre rifles, night vision equipment, silencers, helicopters, rhinoceros poaching, South Africa, rhino horn trade, Asian market, wildlife trafficking, endangered species protection, ranger training, aerial surveillance, wildlife crime, conservation enforcement, wildlife rangers, illegal hunting, wildlife protection, WWF, Zapwing, rhino horn value, anti-poaching units, wildlife militarisation poaching, advanced poaching techniques, militarised response, anti-poaching, high-calibre rifles, night vision scopes, silencers, helicopters, rhino poaching, South Africa, rhino horns, wildlife trafficking, Asian markets, rangers, aerial surveillance, endangered species, wildlife protection, specialised ranger training, WWF, Zapwing, counter-poaching strategies poaching, advanced poaching methods, militarised anti-poaching, high-calibre rifles, night vision scopes, silencers, helicopters, rhinoceros, South Africa, rhino horn trade, Asian market, wildlife conservation, rangers, specialised training, aerial surveillance, endangered species protection, anti-poaching strategies, wildlife crime, WWF, Zapwing poaching, militarised approach, advanced poaching techniques, high-calibre rifles, night vision scopes, silencers, helicopters, rhino poaching, South Africa, rhino horn trade, Asian market, wildlife trafficking, endangered species, anti-poaching rangers, specialised training, aerial surveillance, military response, conservation, illegal hunting, wildlife protection, WWF, Zapwing poaching, advanced tactics, militarised approach, high-calibre rifles, night vision scopes, silencers, helicopters, rhinoceros, South Africa, rhino horn trade, Asian market, wildlife crime, anti-poaching, rangers, aerial surveillance, specialised training, endangered species, illegal wildlife trade, WWF, Zapwing, conservation, law enforcement, military response, technology in poaching, wildlife protection, rhino crisis
test-philosophy-npegiepp-pro04a	"Neo-functionalism provides a good starting point for EU analysis.  Neo-functionalism is an accessible theory which provides a good starting point for analysis. As a theory it has the advantages of being able to predict the outcome of integration and clearly explains which actors must be studied in order to explain integration. Haas and Lindberg’s “main thesis was that sectorial integration was inherently expansive - integration of some functional tasks would tend to spill over into  integration of other tasks(…) In the basis of this analysis, Haas argued that an acceleration of the  integration process could be 'safely predicted' and that it might lead to a 'political community of Europe' within a decade”. [1]  [1] Tranholm-Mikkelsen, Jeppe ""Neo-functionalism: Obstinate or Obsolete? A Reappraisal in the Light of the New Dynamism of the EC Millennium - Journal of International Studies, Vol. 20, No. 1, pp.1-22, Neo-functionalism, European Union, EU integration, integration theory, Haas, Lindberg, sectorial integration, spillover effect, political community, European Community, integration process, theory of integration, EU actors, Tranholm-Mikkelsen, accessible theory, expansive integration, prediction of integration, international relations, European studies, functionalism, institutional analysis Neo-functionalism, European Union, EU integration, integration theory, spillover effect, Ernst Haas, Leon Lindberg, sectoral integration, political community, European integration, supranationalism, functionalism, actors in integration, prediction of integration, EU analysis, theory of integration, Tranholm-Mikkelsen, reappraisal, Millennium Journal, new dynamism EC, accessible theory, integration process, European Community Neo-functionalism, European integration, EU analysis, theory, integration outcomes, spillover, Haas, Lindberg, actors, functional tasks, sectorial integration, political community, prediction, Tranholm-Mikkelsen, EC dynamism, European Community, theory advantages, integration process, accessible theory, Millennium Journal of International Studies Neo-functionalism, European integration, EU analysis, integration theory, spillover effect, Haas, Lindberg, sectorial integration, political community, actor analysis, integration prediction, functional tasks, European Community, Tranholm-Mikkelsen, theory advantages, integration outcome, European Union, accessible theory, integration acceleration, political integration, international studies Neo-functionalism, EU integration, European Union, integration theory, spillover effect, Haas, Lindberg, political community, sectorial integration, integration outcomes, actors, European Community, Tranholm-Mikkelsen, accessible theory, dynamism, integration process, theory advantages, functional tasks, integration prediction, political integration, main thesis"
test-philosophy-elkosmj-pro02a	More ‘good’ is produced by saving five lives than saving one  When any life is removed so too is the future good that life may produce; all of the good that person would have experienced as well as all of the good they could have brought to other people’s lives will no longer occur. It is difficult to say precisely how much good a person may bring. However, it is fair to assume that saving five people brings with it a greater chance of higher levels of ‘good’. Considering the fact that one does not know anything about the people on the tracks one must assume that there will be five times more ‘good’ produced by saving their lives than if the one person is saved. utilitarianism, moral philosophy, ethical decision-making, value of life, consequentialism, trolley problem, future good, saving lives, moral calculus, greater good, ethical trade-offs, life value assessment, utilitarian calculus, moral outcomes, benefit maximization utilitarianism, consequentialism, moral philosophy, trolley problem, ethical dilemma, value of life, future good, life-saving, moral calculus, greater good, ethical decision-making, philosophical ethics, moral reasoning, utility, maximizing good, harm-benefit analysis, lives saved, moral value, goodness, ethical consequences utilitarianism, consequentialism, moral philosophy, ethics, saving lives, trolley problem, value of life, future good, moral calculus, greater good, ethical decision-making, utility, moral outcomes, cost-benefit analysis, moral value, collective good, individual vs group, philosophical ethics, utilitarian calculus utilitarianism, moral philosophy, ethical decision-making, trolley problem, consequentialism, greater good, value of life, future good, save lives, moral calculus, ethics, life value assessment, moral uncertainty, utility maximization, moral dilemmas, impact assessment, potential good, personhood, sum of benefits, ethical trade-offs utilitarianism, moral philosophy, ethical decision-making, consequentialism, value of life, future good, saving lives, trolley problem, moral calculus, cost-benefit analysis, greater good, potential benefit, anonymous individuals, ethical reasoning, life outcomes
test-international-iwiaghbss-pro04a	Other nations have an obligation to help  The President of Vanuatu has noted “If such a tragedy [the disappearance of a state] should happen, then the United Nations and its members will have failed in their first and most basic duty to a Member and its innocent people, as stated in Article 1 of the Charter of the United Nations.” [1] As long ago as 1992 developed nations accepted “the responsibility that they bear in the international pursuit to sustainable development in view of the pressures their societies place on the global environment and of the technologies and financial resources they command” and that “polluter should, in principle, bear the cost of pollution”. [2] There is also a Convention on the Reduction of Statelessness in which article 10 demands that any redrawing of borders must not render a person stateless, the principle behind which would equally apply to a disappearing state. [3] The small island states are losing their countries through no fault of their own it is therefore the responsibility of other states to provide them with alternatives; be this land or the resources to purchase land.  [1] McAdam, ‘’Disappearing states’, statelessness and the boundaries of international law’, UNSW Law Research Paper, 2010,  , p.4  [2] The United Nations Conference on Environment and Development, ‘Rio Declaration on Environment and Development’, unep.org, 14 June 1992,   [3] United Nations, ‘Convention on the Reduction of Statelessness’, unhcr.org, 1961, disappearing states, small island nations, statelessness, international law, United Nations, Article 1 UN Charter, sustainable development, Rio Declaration, polluter pays principle, environmental responsibility, Convention on the Reduction of Statelessness, border redrawing, obligation to assist, developed nations' responsibility, climate change, sea level rise, global environment, loss of territory, migration solutions, land purchase, state disappearance, international duty, environmental refugees, resource allocation, sovereignty loss disappearing states, statelessness, small island nations, international obligations, United Nations Charter, Article 1, duty to members, climate change, environmental justice, sustainable development, polluter pays principle, Rio Declaration, developed nations responsibility, state disappearance, Convention on the Reduction of Statelessness, Article 10, border redrawing, loss of territory, climate refugees, international law, relocation, host states, land provision, purchase of land, global environment, climate change adaptation, environmental migration disappearing states, statelessness, international law, United Nations, Article 1, Charter of the United Nations, small island states, climate change, obligation, responsibility, sustainable development, developed nations, polluter pays principle, Rio Declaration, global environment, border redrawing, Convention on the Reduction of Statelessness, Article 10, loss of territory, state disappearance, alternative land, environmental refugees, state responsibility, international duty, environmental justice, resource allocation, land purchase, climate-induced migration, island nations, global governance, legal obligation, humanitarian response disappearing states, statelessness, United Nations, international law, Article 1 UN Charter, climate change, small island states, developed nations responsibility, sustainable development, polluter pays principle, Convention on the Reduction of Statelessness, border redrawing, loss of territory, environmental justice, relocation assistance, land rights, climate refugees, Rio Declaration, global environment, international obligations, state disappearance, state sovereignty, UN member duties, climate-induced displacement disappearing states, statelessness, international law, United Nations, Article 1 Charter, sustainable development, polluter pays principle, responsibility to assist, small island states, climate change, loss of territory, developed nations obligations, Rio Declaration, environmental justice, compensation, border redrawing, Convention on the Reduction of Statelessness, sovereignty, land loss, global environment, UN member responsibilities, international duty, migration, relocation, legal remedies, climate refugees, island nations, environmental displacement, McAdam, Rio Earth Summit, unep.org, unhcr.org, financial resources, technology transfer
test-education-pshhghwpba0-con04a	Can we be sure a school meal will be healthy?  Even if the schools provide breakfast can we be sure that it will be healthy, and even if it is will the students eat it? Without individual supervision that having breakfast with parents provides it is difficult to ensure that the children are eating what they should be rather than throwing away the bits they like. In the UK there has been a campaign against the poor quality of school meals. [1] In the US there has been concern at the amounts of fresh fruit and vegtables being thrown away from school means. One study by the University of Vermont found food waste increased 56%. [2]  [1] Evening Standard, ‘Unhealthy school meals are on the menu for over a million children’, 12 January 2013,   [2] Welch, Ashley, ‘School lunch fruits and veggies often tossed in trash study finds’, CBSnews, 25 August 2015, school meals, healthy eating, student nutrition, breakfast programs, food waste, school meal supervision, parental supervision, UK school meals, US school meals, fresh fruit, vegetables, food quality, school meal campaigns, school lunch waste, child nutrition, student eating habits, school meal studies, Vermont study, food discard, school meal concerns, healthy school lunches, meal monitoring, nutrition policy, student food choices, breakfast consumption, school nutrition research school meals, healthy school food, student nutrition, breakfast programs, food waste, parental supervision, UK school meal quality, US school meal concerns, fresh fruits, vegetables, school meal campaigns, child nutrition, food consumption, school food waste statistics, student eating habits, Vermont study, unhealthy school lunches, school meal monitoring, food quality, meal supervision school meals, healthy eating, student nutrition, school breakfast, meal supervision, parental supervision, food waste, school food quality, UK school meals, US school meals, fresh fruit, vegetables, food discard, child nutrition, meal monitoring, nutrition policy, school lunch programs, school food campaigns, children eating habits, University of Vermont study, food waste statistics, healthy school initiatives, student meal choices, school food standards school meals, healthy food, student nutrition, breakfast programs, school meal quality, food waste, supervision, parental involvement, UK school meals, US school meals, fresh fruit, vegetables, food waste studies, University of Vermont, meal consumption, student eating habits, campaign against poor quality, healthy eating, food disposal, children nutrition, school cafeteria, school food policy school meals, healthy eating, student nutrition, meal supervision, breakfast provision, food waste, UK school meal quality, US school meals, fresh fruit, vegetables, eating habits, parental supervision, food disposal, school meal campaigns, University of Vermont study, child nutrition, school food programs, meal consumption, student food choices, nutritional standards, school meal monitoring
test-international-ssiarcmhb-con04a	Promotes image of Catholic Church as uncaring and stubborn.  Organised religious groups, such as the Catholic Church, around the world, regardless of faith and denomination, change their official stances in an effort to keep up with a changing world. For example, the Church of England allowing women to become bishops. In doing this, these groups show that they are able to be reactive and can fit into a world that changes every day. Even the Catholic church has begun to realise that by stubbornly refusing to change its stance, the Catholic Church presents itself as unable to adapt and stuck in its ways 1. As a result, it finds that it will lose a lot of its influence and, by extension, its propensity to do good. Since its stance on contraception limits the Church's ability to do good, then it is clearly a stance that generally causes harm and, therefore, is an unjustified one.  1.Wynne-Jones 2010 Catholic Church, organised religion, religious groups, Church of England, women bishops, official stances, adaptability, stubbornness, image, influence, contraception, social change, modern world, religious reform, Wynne-Jones 2010, religious doctrine, tradition vs progress, public perception, harm, justification, Christian denominations, church authority, policy change Catholic Church, uncaring, stubborn, organised religion, official stance, religious groups, changing world, adaptability, Church of England, women bishops, tradition vs. change, influence, contraception, harm, unjustified stance, Wynne-Jones 2010, religious reform, religious influence, modernity, responsiveness, reputation, doctrine, Catholicism, religious adaptation, social perception Catholic Church, uncaring, stubborn, organised religion, religious groups, official stances, changing world, Church of England, women bishops, adaptability, reactivity, refusal to change, influence, contraception, harm, unjustified stance, Wynne-Jones 2010, denominational change, social progress, religious adaptability, loss of influence, religious reform Catholic Church, image, perception, uncaring, stubborn, organised religion, religious groups, official stances, change, adaptation, Church of England, women bishops, reactivity, modernization, influence, contraception, stance, harm, justification, Wynne-Jones 2010, resistance to change, religious authority, social relevance, doctrine, progress, faith, tradition vs. change, denominational policy Catholic Church, image, perception, uncaring, stubborn, organised religion, religious groups, official stances, adaptability, changing world, Church of England, women bishops, reform, traditionalism, resistance to change, influence, contraception stance, social impact, religious authority, modernization, Wynne-Jones 2010
test-philosophy-pphbclsbs-pro02a	The apparent loss of liberty is overstated.  Negative cases of security abuse are few and have been greatly exaggerated by an emphatic civil rights lobby that has no empathy for the victims of terrorism. Of course, with any wide-scale attempt to fight terrorism there are bound to be a few cases of abuse of security measures. For example in the UK terrorism suspects were originally detained without charge under the Anti-Terrorism, Crime and Security Act however the detention was declared unlawful by the law lords in 2005 so the government introduced new scaled back policies such as ‘control orders’. [1] Therefore government has always been willing to scale back its security legislation when the courts believe it goes too far. Nonetheless it is not a good idea to shut down all security measures under a pretext that they violate rights [2] . The majority of the measures are intended to safeguard those civil liberties instead of abusing them.  [1] Hewitt, Steve, THE BRITISH WAR ON TERROR TIMELINE, Libertas, 2007,  , accessed 9 September 2011  [2] Stratton, Allegra and Wintour, Patrick, ‘Nick Clegg goes to war with Labour over civil liberties’, guardian.co.uk, 13 April 2010,  , accessed 9 September 2011 liberty, security measures, civil rights, terrorism, abuse, Anti-Terrorism Crime and Security Act, UK, detention without charge, law lords, control orders, government policy, judicial review, civil liberties, rights violation, terrorism suspects, legislation, public safety, court intervention, civil rights lobby, empathy, security legislation, victims of terrorism, abuse cases, Britain, policy reform, scale back measures, legal constraints liberty, security measures, civil rights, terrorism, abuse, Anti-Terrorism Crime and Security Act, UK, detention without charge, law lords, control orders, government policy, judicial oversight, civil liberties, terrorism legislation, victims of terrorism, rights violations, security legislation, public safety, UK legal system, exaggeration of abuse, court intervention, safeguarding liberties, policy reform, law enforcement, counter-terrorism, British War on Terror, Nick Clegg, Labour, civil liberties debate liberty, security measures, civil rights, terrorism, security abuse, UK, Anti-Terrorism Crime and Security Act, detention, control orders, law lords, government policy, civil liberties, court rulings, terrorism suspects, rights violation, civil rights lobby, policy reform, terrorism legislation, abuse cases, balance security liberty, UK counterterrorism, Steve Hewitt, British War on Terror, Nick Clegg, Labour, Allegra Stratton, Patrick Wintour, court intervention, security safeguards, unlawful detention, control order reforms civil liberties, security measures, terrorism, anti-terrorism laws, UK, detention without charge, Anti-Terrorism Crime and Security Act, law lords, control orders, government policy, security abuse, civil rights lobby, terrorism victims, courts, scaled back policies, rights violation, civil rights, security legislation, British War on Terror, UK government, abuse cases, public safety, legislative reform, Nick Clegg, Labour party, public debate liberty, security measures, terrorism, civil rights, security abuse, Anti-Terrorism Crime and Security Act, UK, detention without charge, law lords, 2005, control orders, government response, judicial oversight, civil liberties, rights violation, terrorism suspects, security legislation, court intervention, safeguards, abuse, civil liberties lobby, victims of terrorism, scaled back policies, British war on terror, Steve Hewitt, Allegra Stratton, Patrick Wintour, Nick Clegg, Labour, civil liberties debate, Guardian, public safety, legal reform
test-education-egscphsrdt-con02a	Keeping teenagers in education  Studies in Michigan in the USA have found that random drug tests in schools do not deter drug use, as schools with and without random tests have similar levels of drug use among their pupils. [1]  It seems unlikely that random drug tests will, in fact, deter students from taking drugs. What such tests will result in, however, is a greater number of exclusions and disciplinary actions resulting from catching student drug users, which as the studies have shown has no guarantee of lowering drug use overall.  Faced with a situation of continuing to be caught and reprimanded for drug use in school due to random drug tests, many older teenagers who reach the age whereby they may choose to leave school may choose to do so in greater numbers. This may well be compounded by an adolescent desire to rebel and reject authority when it tries to prevent them doing what they want, and so a greater number of teenage students may drop out of school so as to allow themselves to continue doing what they want more easily – that is, taking drugs. Leaving school at such an age for no other reason than to pursue a drug-using lifestyle is almost certainly more harmful than the worst-case alternative, whereby they at least remain in education even if they continue to use illegal drugs, comparatively improving their future career and education choices. Simply driving teenagers out of education with random drug tests benefits no-one.  [1] Grim, Ryan. “Blowing Smoke: Why random drug testing doesn't reduce student drug use”. Slate. March 21, 2006. teenagers, education retention, school dropout, random drug testing, Michigan studies, student drug use, school discipline, exclusions, deterrence effectiveness, adolescent rebellion, authority rejection, teenage decision-making, harm reduction, educational outcomes, drug policy, student behavior, school policies, dropout rates, secondary education, USA schools teenagers, education, Michigan, USA, random drug tests, schools, drug use, deterrence, exclusions, disciplinary actions, student behavior, dropout rates, adolescent rebellion, authority, teenage students, school leaving age, drug-using lifestyle, harm reduction, educational attainment, future career, policy impact, student retention, random drug testing, exclusion effects, Grim Ryan, Slate, 2006 teenagers, education retention, Michigan, USA, random drug testing, schools, student drug use, deterrence, exclusions, disciplinary actions, dropout rates, adolescent rebellion, authority, student disengagement, dropout prevention, drug policies, harm reduction, educational outcomes, substance abuse, school policy effects, career prospects, teenage behavior, school discipline, student autonomy, educational attainment, school environment teenagers, education, dropout rates, random drug testing, schools, Michigan, USA, student drug use, disciplinary actions, school exclusion, adolescent rebellion, authority rejection, school retention, risk factors, student behavior, school policy, substance abuse, adolescent decision-making, educational outcomes, drug prevention, harm reduction, teenage students, future prospects, dropout prevention, school environment, student choices teenagers, education, school dropout, random drug testing, Michigan, USA, adolescent behavior, drug use, disciplinary actions, exclusions, rebel, authority, student retention, harm reduction, alternative education outcomes, drug policy, student behavior, school policies, substance abuse, exclusion consequences, prevention strategies
test-international-atiahblit-con02a	Colonial legacies: the issue of language  A fundamental restriction to achieving universal education in several African countries is not teachers, as a resource, but rather the lack of a national language. Colonialism enforced national boundaries, of which remain mismatched to ethnicity and language. African nations remain some of the most diverse in the world. With the exception of Tanzania, whereby Julius Nyerere used policy to create a sense of national unity and language, many African nations placed minimal focus on nationalisation. Around 46 languages are spoken in Zambia.  Such language diversities make universal education difficult. Therefore, presidents such as Paul Kagame, have the right approach of enforcing a national language. colonial legacies, language policy, universal education, African countries, national language, colonialism, ethnic diversity, language diversity, national boundaries, Julius Nyerere, Tanzania, language unification, national unity, language barriers, Zambia, Paul Kagame, language enforcement, education access, postcolonial Africa, language planning, multilingualism, language in education, nation-building, African education, language challenges colonial legacies, language barriers, universal education, African countries, colonialism, national language, language diversity, ethnicity, national boundaries, Tanzania, Julius Nyerere, national unity, language policy, nationalisation, Zambia, multilingualism, education challenges, Paul Kagame, language enforcement, education policy, sub-Saharan Africa, postcolonial Africa, linguistic diversity, education access, educational inequality colonial legacies, language policy, universal education, African countries, national language, colonialism, national boundaries, ethnicity, linguistic diversity, Africa, Tanzania, Julius Nyerere, national unity, nationalisation, Zambia, language diversity, multilingualism, education barriers, Paul Kagame, national language enforcement, postcolonial Africa, language and education, language policy Africa, language barriers, education access, African presidents Colonial legacies, African countries, language policy, universal education, national language, colonialism, national boundaries, ethnicity, language diversity, Julius Nyerere, Tanzania, national unity, nationalisation, Zambia, Paul Kagame, Rwanda, language enforcement, multilingualism, education barriers, language in education, postcolonial Africa, language planning, educational access, linguistic diversity, language policy Africa colonial legacies, language policy, universal education, Africa, national language, colonialism, national boundaries, ethnicity, language diversity, Tanzania, Julius Nyerere, nation-building, education barriers, multilingualism, Zambia, language diversity education, national unity, Paul Kagame, language enforcement, African education, postcolonial Africa, language and identity, education policy, language planning, language in schools, linguistic diversity, language politics
test-international-aghwrem-pro01a	States should not be isolated on political grounds  The isolation of Myanmar by some of the developed Western powers is arbitrary and marked by hypocrisy. The real reasons for the stance taken by these countries are political. There is little consistency in the attitude taken towards other governments and dictatorships across the world that also have questionable human rights records (Saudi Arabia and Egypt, to name a few), but either offer other strategic and economic benefits, or are much more influential in international affairs than Myanmar. Myanmar is only part of a group of countries (also including Cuba and North Korea) whose economic and political policies have remained relatively opaque to arm-twisting by the US and the EU. It is unfair to impose sanctions on and isolate Myanmar on this basis, especially in an emerging multi-polar international environment. Myanmar, political isolation, Western powers, hypocrisy, international relations, human rights, economic sanctions, selective policy, US, EU, strategic interests, double standards, Cuba, North Korea, Saudi Arabia, Egypt, dictatorships, multi-polar world, foreign policy, international affairs, sanctions, economic benefits, opacity, developed countries, political motives, inconsistent policy state isolation, political isolation, Myanmar, Western powers, developed countries, hypocrisy, political reasons, inconsistent policies, human rights records, international relations, sanctions, selective sanctions, strategic interests, economic interests, US, EU, Cuba, North Korea, opaque policies, global influence, multipolar world, international affairs, unfair sanctions, selective isolation, foreign policy, double standards state isolation, political grounds, Myanmar, Western powers, hypocrisy, selective sanctions, human rights, double standards, international affairs, economic interests, strategic interests, global politics, Cuba, North Korea, US foreign policy, EU policy, sanctions, developing countries, international relations, multipolar world, geopolitical interests Myanmar, political isolation, Western powers, hypocrisy, international relations, human rights, sanctions, double standards, US foreign policy, EU foreign policy, selective enforcement, authoritarian regimes, Saudi Arabia, Egypt, Cuba, North Korea, economic interests, strategic interests, international affairs, multipolar world, global politics, foreign policy consistency, dictatorship, global governance Myanmar, political isolation, Western powers, hypocrisy, sanctions, human rights, international relations, double standards, strategic interests, economic benefits, US, EU, Saudi Arabia, Egypt, Cuba, North Korea, dictatorships, consistency, multipolar world, international affairs, selective isolation
test-politics-lghwdecm-pro01a	Electing a Mayor will revitalise local democracy  An elected mayor would revitalise local democracy. At present many people have no idea who their local councillors are, or who leads their council, perhaps because collective decision-making is generally unexciting. It is not surprising then that turnout is only around 30% and in some urban areas in Britain fewer than 1 in 4 adults bother to vote in local elections – the worst turnout in the EU. [1] An elected mayor would act as a focus for local people, both symbolically and as someone with real power to improve their lives. Local elections would gain more coverage and more people’s attention as they are voting for one recognisable figure rather than a number of councillors. This in turn would turn attention to local democracy and increase turnout in elections.  [1] Shakespeare, Tom, ‘For Good Measure Devolving Accountability for Performance and Assessment to Local Areas’, Localis, 2010, p.17 elected mayor, local democracy, voter turnout, local elections, council leadership, civic engagement, political participation, collective decision-making, urban voting rates, Britain, EU turnout comparison, democratic revitalisation, council accountability, local government, electoral reform, voter awareness, civic representation, symbolic leadership, local policymaking, election coverage elected mayor, local democracy, voter turnout, local elections, political engagement, council leadership, civic participation, urban areas, Britain, EU, collective decision-making, democratic revitalisation, recognisable leadership, election coverage, accountability, local governance, power decentralisation, public awareness, localis, Tom Shakespeare elected mayor, local democracy, voter turnout, council leadership, local elections, political engagement, urban voter turnout, British local government, symbolic leadership, local accountability, electoral participation, democracy revitalization, local councillors, democratic reform, public awareness, council decision-making, UK politics, local government reform, mayoral election, Localis report elected mayor, local democracy, voter turnout, local elections, council leadership, civic engagement, political participation, UK local government, democracy revitalisation, mayoral elections, community involvement, political accountability, urban voter turnout, local governance, electoral reform, public awareness, leadership visibility, Localis report, election coverage, symbolic leadership elected mayor, local democracy, voter turnout, local elections, council leadership, political engagement, symbolic leadership, public awareness, accountability, Britain, urban areas, collective decision-making, electoral participation, democracy revitalization, Localis report, Tom Shakespeare, local government, performance assessment, election coverage, EU comparison
test-education-ughbuesbf-con03a	The quality of education suffers when university education is free  Without university fees, universities become dependent on the state for funding. This leads to larger class­sizes and less spending per student. [1] Yet with fees, the quality of universities increases for three reasons. First, funding improves, as university may charge in accordance with need. Second, quality of teaching is improved. Because a university wants people to attend and to pay fees, the programs and degrees they offer have to be good signals of quality requiring hiring the best lecturers. Third, the average quality of students attending university will improve. This is because students feel they need to get the most from their investment in education. An example of higher quality education from fee­paying is that of the United States, which has eighteen of the top fifty ranked universities in the world. [2] Quality is clearly improved when university is not free.  [1] Brady, Hugh. 2008. “We Must Invest Now in Our Universities or Pay Later”. University College Dublin News Available:  ents.html​  [2] QS World University Rankings 2015/16, QS, university education, education quality, free education, university fees, state funding, class sizes, per student spending, tuition fees, academic funding, teaching quality, lecturer recruitment, student quality, student investment, higher education, United States universities, university rankings, quality improvement, educational investment, global university rankings, fee-paying education, educational outcomes, university resources, academic performance, higher education policy, educational funding models university education, quality, free education, university fees, state funding, class sizes, spending per student, university funding, teaching quality, program quality, lecturer recruitment, student quality, investment in education, fee-paying universities, United States universities, university rankings, higher education, education investment, university performance, QS World University Rankings, education policy, tuition fees, educational outcomes, resource allocation, university reputation university education, free education, quality of education, university fees, state funding, class sizes, student spending, higher education funding, teaching quality, lecturer recruitment, student quality, education investment, university rankings, fee-paying universities, United States, top universities, education policy, higher education quality, Brady 2008, QS World University Rankings university education, free education, university fees, education quality, state funding, class size, spending per student, improved funding, teaching quality, lecturer recruitment, student quality, investment in education, US universities, university rankings, education policy, higher education, tuition fees, student motivation, international rankings, QS World University Rankings, case studies, government support, educational outcomes, Brady Hugh, University College Dublin. university education, education quality, free university, university fees, state funding, class size, per student spending, university funding, teaching quality, student quality, higher education, investment in education, lecturer recruitment, fee-paying universities, United States universities, world university rankings, QS rankings, education investment, higher education funding, university performance, quality improvement
test-law-lghwpcctcc-pro03a	Cameras encourage efficiency and high standards.  Placing cameras into courtrooms encourages the judiciary and lawyers to increase their efficiency and have high standards of behaviour, because they are aware that it will be carried outside of the courtroom by public viewing. The introductions of cameras to the Houses of Parliament in the UK resulted in significantly improved standards of debate, greater punctuality, and greater attendance of MPs [1] . We can expect this same principle to continue in courtrooms when cameras are put in place.  [1]  , accessed 06/08/11 cameras, courtroom efficiency, judicial behavior, lawyer standards, public viewing, transparency, accountability, legal proceedings, courtroom cameras, parliamentary cameras, debate standards, punctuality, attendance, judiciary, high standards, legal transparency, public scrutiny, UK Parliament, behavioral improvement, court reforms cameras, efficiency, high standards, courtroom transparency, judiciary behavior, lawyer conduct, public viewing, accountability, UK Parliament cameras, debate standards, punctuality, attendance, courtroom cameras, legal proceedings, judicial reform, transparency, public access, legal ethics courtroom cameras, judicial efficiency, lawyer behavior, public viewing, high standards, transparency, judicial accountability, courtroom transparency, legal proceedings, parliamentary cameras, debate standards, lawyer conduct, public scrutiny, UK Parliament, improved punctuality, MP attendance, courtroom reforms, judicial standards, legal system, court transparency courtroom cameras, judicial efficiency, high standards, public viewing, lawyer behavior, judiciary transparency, UK Houses of Parliament, improved debate, parliamentary punctuality, MP attendance, accountability, courtroom transparency, camera impact, legal proceedings, public scrutiny, legal system standards courtroom cameras, judicial efficiency, lawyer behavior, public scrutiny, high standards, transparency, courtroom accountability, legal professionalism, courtroom decorum, parliamentary cameras, debate standards, public viewing, legal system improvement, MP attendance, legal transparency, judicial conduct, legal proceedings, courtroom monitoring, legal reform
test-philosophy-pphbclsbs-con04a	It impedes economic progress.  Extra-security measures only impede, or halt the flow of trade [1] , make the country harder to deal with - less internationally ‘friendly’, and disrupt communities. Security states almost always have slower growth than freer states because there is extra red tape, transport networks are slowed down, for example airport check ins take much longer. The U.S. Travel Association, says on average, in the United States as a result of the airport security measures each person avoids two to three trips a year because of the hassles of airport-security screening. That amounts to an estimated $85 billion in lost business for hotels, restaurants, airlines and other travel suppliers. [2] And this is even before the losses caused by unproductive hours, and deterred investment. All these things will decrease incomes and GDP growth.  [1] Verrue, Robert, ‘Tighter Security Must Not Slow Down World Trade’, The European institute, Spring 2004,   [2] McCartney, Scott, ‘Aiming to Balance Security and Convenience’, Wall Street Journal, 1 September 2011,  , accessed 9 September 2011 economic progress, security measures, trade barriers, international relations, security states, economic growth, red tape, transport delays, airport security, travel deterrence, lost business, tourism impact, GDP growth, investment deterrence, income decrease, security vs convenience, regulatory burden, U.S. Travel Association, business travel losses, economic impact, hospitality industry, transportation, international trade, community disruption, world trade economic progress, security measures, trade barriers, international relations, community disruption, economic growth, red tape, transport delays, airport security, travel deterrence, lost business, travel industry, business losses, GDP impact, income reduction, regulatory burden, investment deterrence, free market, transport efficiency, tourism decline, U.S. Travel Association, airport screening, hospitality sector, international trade, economic slowdown, policy impact economic progress, security measures, trade flow, international relations, community disruption, security states, economic growth, red tape, transport delays, airport check-ins, travel deterrence, lost business, tourism impact, GDP growth, business losses, regulation impact, investment deterrence, income decrease, U.S. Travel Association, airport security, travel industry, international trade, productivity loss, regulatory burden, economic impact, security vs convenience, economic cost, policy impact economic progress, security measures, impede trade, international relations, community disruption, slower growth, red tape, transport networks, airport check-ins, travel reduction, airport security, lost business, tourism impact, U.S. Travel Association, business travel, GDP growth, income decrease, investment deterrence, regulatory burden, economic loss, hotel revenue, airline revenue, restaurant revenue, security state, international trade barriers, productivity loss, transport delays, economic impact, trade disruption, convenience versus security economic progress, security measures, impede trade, international relations, disrupted communities, slower growth, red tape, transport networks, airport check-in delays, travel deterrence, U.S. Travel Association, lost business, hotels, restaurants, airlines, travel suppliers, unproductive hours, deterred investment, decreased income, GDP growth, world trade, airport security, convenience, economic impact, international trade barriers, economic losses, security state, business travel, economic development
test-culture-thbcsbptwhht-con02a	Reparations and the use of the term 'cultural appropriation' is a mask for more deep-rooted issues of racism in society.  The use of compensation as a means of redress for cultural appropriation doesn’t tackle the root problems that are expressed. The problems given as examples of cultural appropriation, like a Caucasian person wearing their hair in dreadlocks- a style that has meaning and historic prejudice to the afro-Caribbean community is redirecting attention and division. The individuals wearing their hair in this fashion however are not the problem. Demanding compensation from them 'does not challenge racism in any meaningful way' [1]. Instead targeting and punishing those who actively discriminate against those with the dreadlock style of hair is more effective and encourages equality.  [1] Malik, Kenan, ‘The Bane of Cultural Appropriation’, AlJazeera, 14th April 2016, reparations, cultural appropriation, racism, compensation, redress, root causes, afro-Caribbean, dreadlocks, prejudice, identity, division, discrimination, equality, Kenan Malik, critique, symbolic gestures, AlJazeera, hair politics, social justice, cultural identity, performative activism, societal issues, anti-racism policy, punitive measures, effectiveness, intersectionality, cultural sensitivity reparations, cultural appropriation, racism, compensation, redress, root causes, afro-Caribbean, dreadlocks, discrimination, equality, social justice, Kenan Malik, Bane of Cultural Appropriation, symbolic actions, systemic racism, division, societal issues, meaningful change, punitive measures, AlJazeera reparations, cultural appropriation, racism, compensation, redress, root causes, afro-Caribbean, dreadlocks, historical prejudice, identity, social division, discrimination, equality, Kenan Malik, Bane of Cultural Appropriation, AlJazeera, symbolic gestures, punishment, anti-racism strategies, societal issues, justice, cultural heritage, performative activism, systemic racism, racial justice reparations, cultural appropriation, racism, society, compensation, redress, root causes, prejudice, afro-Caribbean, dreadlocks, cultural meaning, racial division, individual responsibility, discrimination, equality, punishment, Kenan Malik, social justice, AlJazeera, cultural identity, symbolic acts, racial inequality, policy effectiveness, justice, meaningful change reparations, cultural appropriation, racism, compensation, redress, root causes, dreadlocks, afro-Caribbean, prejudice, discrimination, equality, cultural identity, societal division, accountability, Kenan Malik, AlJazeera, punishment, effectiveness, cultural sensitivity, social justice
test-law-umtlilhotac-pro02a	Witnesses might be identified and placed in danger  Televising criminal trials may cause a number of problems with witnesses. It may make individuals less likely to give evidence, make them more likely to play to the television audience, or make the already intimidating process of giving evidence in court more so. Also, television broadcasts make it more likely that the identities of anonymized witnesses would leak out – something that has already happened at the ICC in the Ruto-Sang case [1] .  The ICC already has problems with witnesses, including allegations of bribing and intimidating prosecution witnesses in the Ruto case [2] , which has led to Walter Barasa, a Kenyan Journalist, being subject to an arrest warrant [3] . Ending the televising of trials may go some way to remedy those problems.  [1] Lattus, Asumpta, ‘Evenson: ‘First time arrest warrant has been issued in Kenya case’, Deutsche Welle, 2 October 2013,   [2] Stewart, Catrina, ‘ICC on trials along with Kenya’s elite amid claims of bribery and intimidation’, The Guardian, 1 October 2013,   [3] ‘ICC seeks Walter Barasa arrest for Kenya ‘witness tampering’, BBC News, 2 October 2013, witness identification, witness safety, televising criminal trials, witness intimidation, witness bribery, anonymized witness, media coverage, ICC, Ruto-Sang case, Kenya, witness tampering, court evidence, televised trials, prosecution witnesses, Walter Barasa, trial broadcasting, identity leak, deterrent witness, judicial process, intimidation allegations, arrest warrant, courtroom media, trials privacy, witness participation witness identification, witness danger, televising criminal trials, witness intimidation, witness bribery, witness anonymity, ICC, Ruto-Sang case, witness tampering, courtroom broadcasting, witness evidence, television audience, anonymized witnesses, identity leakage, prosecution witnesses, Walter Barasa, Kenya, arrest warrant, ICC witness issues, trial broadcasting risks witness identification, witness danger, witness intimidation, witness bribery, witness tampering, televising criminal trials, courtroom broadcasting, anonymized witnesses, witness protection, ICC, Ruto case, Walter Barasa, Kenya, trial publicity, evidence reluctance, witness manipulation, public trials, court media coverage, trial confidentiality, media influence on witnesses, international criminal court, witness security risks, witness leaks, prosecution witnesses, trial transparency, criminal justice, witness anonymity, deterrence of testimony, judicial proceedings, trial media impact witness identification, witness danger, televised trials, criminal trials, witness intimidation, witness bribery, witness evidence reluctance, court testimony, witness anonymity, identity leaks, ICC, International Criminal Court, Ruto-Sang case, prosecution witness issues, Walter Barasa, Kenya, witness tampering, arrest warrants, trial broadcasting, court transparency, media influence, courtroom intimidation witness identification, witness intimidation, witness bribery, criminal trials, televising trials, anonymized witnesses, witness safety, ICC, Ruto-Sang case, Walter Barasa, Kenya, witness tampering, evidence suppression, courtroom broadcasting, media influence, judicial process, Deutsche Welle, The Guardian, BBC News
test-philosophy-pphbclsbs-pro01a	National security is something that must be protected even at the cost of  Terrorism is part of the modern world and is inextricably linked with the rise of modern communications, the internet, and a global community. This is an age in which space and time are bending to the tune of new media – information at your fingertips may sound nice, but for those who want to destroy, it only makes their object easier to attain. And so more strict national security measures must be employed in order to keep up with the enemy. Escalation is the name of the game imposed on governments around the world by terrorists for example the Mumbai terrorists used GPS systems to guide them into Mumbai, attacks were coordinated on cell and satellite phones and Blackberrys were used to monitor the international reaction [1] . In order to keep up states need new powers to stop, deter, and prevent terrorism. The government needs to secure state-security first; only then can the debate on civil liberties begin, and only then.  [1] Shachtman, Noah, ‘How Gadgets Helped Mumbai Attackers’, Wired, 1 December 2008,  , accessed 9 September 2011 national security, terrorism, modern communications, internet, global community, new media, information technology, security measures, government powers, terrorist tactics, GPS, cell phones, satellite phones, Blackberry, coordination, escalation, civil liberties, counterterrorism, surveillance, prevention, Mumbai attacks, technology in terrorism, government response, security vs liberty, state security, communication technology, emergency response, law enforcement national security, terrorism, modern communications, internet, global community, new media, information technology, security measures, government powers, counter-terrorism, civil liberties, technology in terrorism, GPS, cell phones, satellite phones, Blackberry, Mumbai attacks, state security, surveillance, digital threats, escalation, communication technologies, terrorism prevention, international reaction, cyber security, Noah Shachtman national security, terrorism, modern communications, internet, global community, new media, information security, strict security measures, escalation, government powers, GPS, technology in terrorism, cell phones, satellite phones, Blackberry, Mumbai attacks, state security, deterrence, counter-terrorism, civil liberties, surveillance, cybersecurity, digital threats, Noah Shachtman, Wired national security, terrorism, modern communications, internet, global community, new media, information technology, strict security measures, government powers, prevention, deterrence, GPS, Mumbai attacks, cell phones, satellite phones, Blackberry, international reaction, state security, civil liberties, escalation, counterterrorism, surveillance, digital threats, security policy, technology-enabled terrorism national security, terrorism, modern communications, internet, global community, new media, information technology, strict security measures, government powers, escalation, counter-terrorism, GPS, coordinated attacks, cell phones, satellite phones, Blackberry, international reaction, state security, civil liberties, technology and terrorism, wireless communications, surveillance, digital threats, Mumbai attacks, Noah Shachtman, Wired
test-international-aglhrilhb-pro04a	Deters future offences  By prosecuting those who commit crimes against humanity and war crimes future leaders are dissuaded from committing such acts [1]. When criminals are held accountable, the belief in the reliability of the legal system is enhanced, society is strengthened by the experience that the legal system is able to defend itself and the sense of justice is upheld or rectified [2].  Since the Office of the Prosecutor announced its interest in Colombia in 2006, the government has taken a number of measures particularly the Peace and Justice Law to ensure domestic prosecution of those who could potentially be tried by the ICC. The threat of ICC prosecution appears to have concerned former President Pastrana. Vincente Castrano (AUC) a paramilitary leader was fearful of the possibility of ICC prosecution, a fear that reportedly directly contributed to his group’s demobilisation[3].  [1] Safferlin, Christoph J.M., ‘Can Criminal prosecution be the answer to massive Human Rights Violations?’, issafrica.org,   [2] Grono, Nick, ‘ The Deterrent Effect of the ICC on the Commission of International Crimes by Government Leaders ’, globalpolicy.org, 5 October 2012, deterrence, international criminal court, ICC, war crimes, crimes against humanity, accountability, legal system, justice, prosecution, Colombia, Peace and Justice Law, domestic prosecution, threat of prosecution, demobilisation, paramilitary groups, human rights violations, government leaders, Vincente Castrano, Pastrana, deterrent effect, international crimes, rule of law, criminal responsibility, Safferlin, Grono deterrence, prosecution, crimes against humanity, war crimes, ICC, International Criminal Court, legal accountability, future offences, legal system reliability, justice, Colombia, Peace and Justice Law, domestic prosecution, government leaders, Pastrana, paramilitary, AUC, demobilisation, Safferlin, Grono, human rights violations, ICC deterrent effect, international crimes deterrence, future offences, prosecution, crimes against humanity, war crimes, accountability, legal system, justice, International Criminal Court, ICC, Colombia, Peace and Justice Law, domestic prosecution, government measures, Pastrana, Vincente Castrano, paramilitary demobilisation, deterrent effect, ICC threat, human rights violations, international crimes, government leaders deterrence, prosecution, crimes against humanity, war crimes, legal accountability, International Criminal Court, ICC, Colombia, Peace and Justice Law, domestic prosecution, government leaders, demobilisation, paramilitary groups, sense of justice, legal system reliability, human rights violations, preventive effect, criminal justice, Vincente Castrano, AUC, transitional justice, Nick Grono, Christoph Safferlin, threat of prosecution, international law, impunity, law enforcement deterrence, criminal prosecution, crimes against humanity, war crimes, accountability, legal system, justice, ICC, International Criminal Court, Colombia, Peace and Justice Law, domestic prosecution, government response, paramilitary demobilisation, human rights violations, prosecutorial threat, Vincente Castrano, President Pastrana, deterrent effect, international crimes, rule of law, transitional justice, punishment, prevention, sanctions, institutional trust
test-law-rmelhrilhbiw-pro03a	The Settlements are seen by Palestinians as a sign of bad faith on the part of Israel, and therefore weaken the hand of Pro-Peace elements  As important as the existence of the settlements themselves is their continued growth. The very fact that Israel has continued to ostensibly negotiate for the independence of a Palestinian state in the West Bank on one hand while rapidly expanding the population and the size of Israeli settlements can be interpreted as a sign of bad faith.  For one thing, it raises questions of the seriousness with which Israel is attempting to reach an agreement. Even if the programs of Settlement expansion are intended as a temporary policy in lieu of a settlement, the very fact that Israel’s plan B is arguably as popular as peace, and being pursued with far more vigour could lead many Palestinians to conclude that Israel is attempting to run out the clock.  The consequences of this are inauspicious for the Peace Process. As Palestinian faith in the prospect of peaceful negotiations falters, groups like Hamas are likely to find an increasingly receptive audience for their view that only force will compel Israel to negotiate seriously. This in turn will make compromise all the more difficult to achieve. Israeli settlements, West Bank, Palestine, settlement expansion, peace process, bad faith, negotiations, Pro-Peace elements, Israeli-Palestinian conflict, Palestinian state, Hamas, compromise, distrust, Israeli policy, peace talks, population growth, land disputes, settlement policy, Middle East conflict, negotiation sincerity, unilateral actions, two-state solution Israeli settlements, Palestinian perspective, bad faith, Israel, peace process, settlement expansion, West Bank, Palestinian state, negotiation, Israeli policy, pro-peace elements, distrust, peace talks, conflict, settlement growth, Hamas, compromise, Palestinian faith, Israeli-Palestinian conflict, incentives, negotiation credibility, occupation, land disputes, Middle East peace, security dilemma, two-state solution Israeli settlements, Palestinian perspective, West Bank, settlement expansion, peace process, Israeli-Palestinian conflict, negotiation, bad faith, Palestinian state, pro-peace elements, Hamas, security, independence, compromise, trust, violence, Israeli policy, peace negotiations, settlement growth, mistrust, Israeli actions, Palestinian response, political implications, peace agreement, territory expansion Israeli settlements, Palestinian perspective, bad faith, peace process, negotiation, West Bank, settlement expansion, Palestinian state, Israeli policy, Hamas, skepticism, pro-peace elements, peace negotiations, settlement growth, Israeli-Palestinian conflict, trust issues, compromise, Israeli intentions, Palestinian skepticism, impact on peace, security, negotiations credibility, settlement controversy, Middle East peace, two-state solution, territorial disputes, conflict escalation, negotiation obstacles, popular opinion, settlement impact Israeli settlements, West Bank, settlement expansion, Palestinian perspective, bad faith, peace process, negotiations, Israeli policy, Palestinian state, mistrust, pro-peace elements, Israeli-Palestinian conflict, Hamas, compromise, peace agreement, settlement growth, negotiation sincerity, security, land disputes, two-state solution, political ramifications, public opinion, conflict escalation, peace obstacles, settlement impact
test-politics-gvhwhnerse-con02a	Elections of any sort force rulers to meet their people  Elections almost anywhere in the world mean politicians getting out and campaigning. Regardless of the legitimacy of the final election the leadership of the country will be going out and meeting voters. In many of these events individuals won’t be able to express their views but there are also likely to be protests and meetings where individuals can get their views across. This provides an opportunity for the leader to stay in touch with the people – often a problem with dictators who have been in power too long.  Dictators will want to, and often believe that they are likely to win even without resort to fraud, as Marcos did in 1985. [1] They are then are much more likely to consider the views of the electorate to still be relevant if there are elections than if there are not. Thus for example Mugabe in the most recent elections made a bid for, and won, the youth vote by promising a direct stake in the economy, [2] so responding to their desire for jobs. [3]  [1] Kline, William E., ‘The Fall of Marcos: A Problem in U.S. Foreign Policymaking’, Institute for the Study of Diplomacy, 1992,  p. 10  [2] Agyemang, Roy, ‘Why a Robert Mugabe victory would be good for Zimbabwe’, theguardian.com, 2 August 2013,   [3] AFP, ‘Youth, rural voters may hold key to Zimbabwe election’, Fox News, 27 July 2013, elections, political campaigns, voter engagement, rulers, dictators, legitimacy, protests, citizen participation, public opinion, leadership, electorate, Marcos, Mugabe, youth vote, economic promises, Zimbabwe election, political responsiveness, fraud, regime stability, authoritarianism, campaigning, public meetings, political legitimacy, opposition, voter turnout elections, rulers, leaders, campaigning, politicians, voter engagement, legitimacy, protests, public opinion, dictatorship, dictators, political leadership, electoral process, voter views, leadership-public interaction, election fraud, Ferdinand Marcos, Zimbabwe elections, Robert Mugabe, youth vote, economic promises, jobs, electorate, political accountability, protest movements, political campaigning, voter turnout elections, political campaigns, rulers, voter engagement, legitimacy, political leadership, campaigning, political protests, public opinion, dictators, electoral fraud, electorate views, youth vote, economic promises, voter influence, political power, Zimbabwe elections, Marcos, Mugabe, political participation, leadership accountability, political legitimacy, voter mobilization, authoritarian regimes, regime survival, government-citizen relations, political reform, democracy elections, rulers, politicians, campaigning, legitimacy, leadership, voters, views, protests, public meetings, dictators, power, electorate, Marcos, Mugabe, youth vote, economy, jobs, Zimbabwe, voter participation, election fraud, political engagement, political campaigns, public opinion, voter influence, democratic process elections, political campaigns, rulers, leaders, voters, public opinion, legitimacy, dictatorship, protests, citizen engagement, political participation, Marcos, Mugabe, youth vote, economic promises, election integrity, electoral fraud, political responsiveness, Zimbabwe elections, voter influence, regime accountability
test-politics-glghssi-pro02a	Devolution has demonstrated the ability of Scots to govern themselves not only as well as Westminster but with more civility  Not only has the policy agenda been different in Scotland but so has the model of politics. It has seen the emergence of new political parties and a better representation of the diversity within existing ones.  The nature of political discourse, although vigorous and not as consensual as initially hoped, has proved to be more consensual – both during the time of the SNP minority administration and the preceding coalitions than politics south of the border. [i]  The contrast between the coalition governments at Holyrood, the Scottish parliament, where Scottish Labour and the Scottish Liberal Democrats were allied between 1999 and 2007, and the internecine warfare going on between Conservative and Liberal members of the current Westminster coalition could not be more stark.  [i] Cairney, Paul, ‘Coalition and Minority Government in Scotland’, Political Studies Associations Conference, 1 April 2010, devolution, Scotland, self-governance, Westminster, civility, policy agenda, Scottish politics, political model, new political parties, political diversity, political discourse, consensus politics, SNP minority administration, coalition government, Holyrood, Scottish parliament, Scottish Labour, Scottish Liberal Democrats, coalition comparison, Westminster coalition, political representation, Paul Cairney, Political Studies Association, minority government, UK politics, Scottish government devolution, Scotland, Scottish Parliament, self-governance, Westminster, political civility, policy agenda, Scottish politics, political parties, political representation, diversity, political discourse, consensus politics, SNP minority administration, coalitions, Holyrood, Labour, Liberal Democrats, coalition government, minority government, political comparison, UK politics, Paul Cairney, Political Studies Association, 1999-2007, political contrast, intra-party conflict, Scottish Labour, Scottish Liberal Democrats, Conservative, coalition dynamics devolution, Scotland, self-governance, Westminster, civility, policy agenda, Scottish politics, political parties, diversity, political discourse, consensus, SNP, minority administration, coalition government, Holyrood, Scottish Parliament, Scottish Labour, Scottish Liberal Democrats, coalition comparison, Westminster coalition, inter-party relations, UK politics, Paul Cairney, coalition studies, minority government, Scottish political model devolution, Scotland, self-governance, Westminster, civility, policy agenda, Scottish politics, political model, new political parties, political diversity, political discourse, consensus, SNP minority administration, coalition government, Holyrood, Scottish Parliament, Scottish Labour, Scottish Liberal Democrats, 1999-2007, Westminster coalition, political comparison, Cairney Paul, coalition politics, minority government, Political Studies Association devolution, Scotland, Scottish Parliament, self-governance, Westminster, civility, political agenda, political model, new political parties, diversity, political representation, political discourse, consensual politics, SNP minority administration, coalition governments, Holyrood, Scottish Labour, Scottish Liberal Democrats, 1999-2007, Westminster coalition, party conflict, coalition comparison, Paul Cairney, minority government, Political Studies Association, UK politics, governance comparison, political pluralism, devolved government, inter-party relations
test-environment-aiahwagit-pro05a	The justice system does not currently work  A major failing in current anti-poaching operations is that the poachers are rarely prosecuted. African legal systems rarely prioritise poaching as a serious crime, with offenders usually receiving trivial fines1. One of the major reasons for the Western black rhinoceros’ extinction in 2011 was the complete lack of sentencing for any of the poachers who were captured. [1] The system also fails to prosecute the brains behind many of the operations due to poor investigative methods. This creates an impression in the minds of the poachers that they can operate with impunity. [2]  [1] Mathur, A. ‘Western Black Rhino Poached Out of Existence; Declared Extinct, Slack Anti-Poaching Efforts Responsible’  [2] Welz, A. ‘The War on African Poaching: Is Militarization Fated to Fail?’ justice system, anti-poaching, poachers, prosecution, African legal systems, poaching prioritization, wildlife crime, trivial fines, Western black rhinoceros extinction, lack of sentencing, poor investigative methods, poaching impunity, legal enforcement, wildlife conservation, prosecution failures, rhino poaching, poaching penalties, criminal justice, environmental crime, wildlife trafficking justice system, anti-poaching, prosecution, poachers, African legal systems, prioritization, serious crime, trivial fines, sentencing, Western black rhinoceros, extinction, investigative methods, impunity, wildlife crime, enforcement, legal failure, conservation, wildlife trafficking, deterrence, prosecution rate, rhino poaching, conservation law, judicial shortcomings, crime syndicates, Africa, wildlife protection justice system, anti-poaching, prosecution, poachers, African legal systems, wildlife crime, trivial fines, sentencing failure, Western black rhinoceros extinction, poor investigative methods, poaching impunity, legal prioritization, wildlife law enforcement, conservation, unprosecuted offenders, wildlife trafficking, judicial effectiveness, crime deterrence, extinction drivers, Mathur, Welz justice system, anti-poaching, prosecution failure, African legal systems, poaching crime, trivial fines, Western black rhinoceros extinction, sentencing lack, poacher prosecution, investigative methods, criminal impunity, wildlife crime, conservation law enforcement, legal prioritization, wildlife trafficking, environmental crime, judicial response poaching, rhino poaching, law enforcement effectiveness, Mathur Western Black Rhino, Welz African Poaching justice system, anti-poaching, prosecution, African legal systems, wildlife crime, poaching, sentencing, fines, law enforcement, Western black rhinoceros, extinction, impunity, investigative methods, poaching syndicates, organized crime, wildlife trafficking, legal prioritization, conservation laws, judicial process, wildlife protection, criminal justice, rhino poaching, court cases, deterrence, poacher prosecution
test-philosophy-elkosmj-pro01a	As humans we try to save as many people as possible  There exists a basic right to life which, as humans, we try to follow. Killing others is outlawed because we generally believe that every person has the right to live their life and no one else has the right to take that life away. In the situation with the train there are two possible outcomes which both lead to life being cut short. Due to the fact that we place such value on life we have a duty to reduce the number of people who die. One ought to commit the act that results in the fewest deaths, and this is to kill the one and save the five. right to life, moral duty, ethical dilemma, trolley problem, value of life, saving lives, utilitarianism, killing outlawed, reducing deaths, moral philosophy, consequentialism, human rights, moral decision-making, fewer deaths, act utilitarianism, life preservation, personal responsibility, sacrificing one to save many right to life, ethical dilemma, trolley problem, moral philosophy, value of life, utilitarianism, duty to minimize harm, saving lives, killing outlawed, ethical decision-making, consequentialism, saving the many, sacrificing one, moral choice, human rights trolley problem, ethics, utilitarianism, right to life, moral philosophy, consequentialism, moral dilemma, value of life, sacrifice, duty to minimize harm, moral responsibility, saving lives, killing outlawed, ethical decision-making, philosophical ethics, train scenario, saving the many vs. saving the few, killing one to save many, moral obligations trolley problem, moral philosophy, ethical dilemma, right to life, utilitarianism, value of life, killing, duty, save lives, minimizing harm, consequentialism, forbidden killing, life and death decisions, sacrifice, moral responsibility, ethical decision making, death, morality, saving people, ethical reasoning right to life, moral dilemma, trolley problem, ethical decision-making, utilitarianism, value of life, duty to save lives, killing outlawed, reduce deaths, moral responsibility, sacrifice one save many, consequentialism, life-saving ethics, population ethics, ethical sacrifice
test-philosophy-npegiepp-pro05a	Supranational Entrepreneurs played a crucial role in integration  The role of supranational entrepreneurs within the development of integration within Europe has been crucial. Characters such as Jean Monnet envisaged and worked continuously towards uniting Europe. As the head of France's General Planning Commission, Monnet was the real author of what has become known as the 1950 Schuman Plan to create the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC), forerunner of the Common Market. Later a similar role was played by Jacques Delors with the creation of the Single European Act (SEA) and the all-important 1992 project that would see the single market and eventually fully Economic and Monetary Union complete. These characters act in support of integration within Europe and represent an empirical example of cultivated spill-over. Unmitigated pressure from Delors in pushing for the single market ensured that it became a reality in the time it did. supranational entrepreneurs, European integration, Jean Monnet, Jacques Delors, European Coal and Steel Community, ECSC, Schuman Plan, Single European Act, SEA, Common Market, single market, Economic and Monetary Union, cultivated spill-over, European Union, EU development, integration leaders, 1992 project, policy entrepreneurship, EU institutional development, European unity Supranational entrepreneurs, European integration, Jean Monnet, Jacques Delors, Schuman Plan, European Coal and Steel Community, ECSC, Common Market, Single European Act, SEA, 1992 project, single market, Economic and Monetary Union, cultivated spill-over, European Union, EU, integration process, policy entrepreneurship, EU institutions, leadership, history of European integration supranational entrepreneurs, European integration, Jean Monnet, Jacques Delors, Schuman Plan, European Coal and Steel Community, ECSC, Common Market, Single European Act, SEA, single market, Economic and Monetary Union, EMU, cultivated spill-over, policy entrepreneurship, European Union, EU integration, institutional leadership, EU development, integration theory, policy innovation supranational entrepreneurs, European integration, Jean Monnet, Jacques Delors, Schuman Plan, European Coal and Steel Community, ECSC, Common Market, Single European Act, SEA, single market, Economic and Monetary Union, EMU, cultivated spill-over, European Union, EU integration, European development, policy entrepreneurs, unity in Europe, European institutions, Monnet method supranational entrepreneurs, European integration, Jean Monnet, Jacques Delors, Schuman Plan, European Coal and Steel Community, ECSC, Common Market, Single European Act, SEA, single market, Economic and Monetary Union, EMU, cultivated spill-over, European Union, EU integration, policy entrepreneurship, European governance, integration champions, postwar Europe, Delors period, Monnet method, EU history, institutional development, functional spillover, EU policy, European unity
test-politics-oeplhbuwhmi-con01a	The UK needs to be part of a block to remain relevant  History is moving towards bigger and bigger blocks being relevant. The US and USSR dwarfed the previous global power the UK [1] and China and India look set too be bigger again. In a world where the great powers are regions of the globe in themselves to be influential requires being part of a bigger group. The EU negotiates on equal terms with China, India and the USA. The UK on its own would be very much a second order power.  [1] See Paul Kennedy’s The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers, Random House, 1987 UK, global power, international blocs, relevance, history, geopolitical blocs, EU, influence, superpowers, US, USSR, China, India, Paul Kennedy, The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers, European Union, power dynamics, international relations, regional powers, negotiation, second order power UK, global power, relevance, geopolitical blocs, European Union, EU, United States, US, USSR, China, India, international relations, superpowers, regional blocs, influence, Paul Kennedy, The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers, historical power dynamics, global negotiation, second order power, international influence UK, global power, history, political blocs, international relevance, superpowers, US, USSR, China, India, EU, influence, regional powers, diplomacy, international relations, Paul Kennedy, The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers, geopolitics, economic blocs, second-order power, European Union, global competition, UK foreign policy UK, global power, international influence, political blocs, history, great powers, EU, China, India, USA, regional influence, superpowers, Paul Kennedy, The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers, geopolitical relevance, European Union, second order power, global negotiations, world regions, economic power UK, power blocs, global relevance, international relations, EU membership, great powers, geopolitical influence, regional integration, USA, USSR, China, India, The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers, Paul Kennedy, historical power shifts, national influence, second order power, global negotiations, supranational organizations, world powers, European Union
test-law-cplgpshwdp-con02a	We already recognise that we cannot place complete trust in juries.  Although we recognise that juries can provide valuable insight and represent the will of the general public in court cases [1] (and especially the communities in which the crimes occurred [2] ), there is also recognition that juries can be subject to bias [3] . Britain has even suggested plans to restrict the right to trial by jury in order to prevent undue bias from affecting court cases [4] . Elsewhere, experts are debating over whether jurors should learn about ‘a victim’s sexual history in rape cases where the defendant asserts that the accuser consented to sex, or a victim's propensity for violence in murder cases where the accused claims self-defense’ [5] because of fears that it might cause juror bias. We do not grant ultimate knowledge to jurors, nor should we; it endangers the potential for an unbiased trial.  [1] Lawson Neal, and Simms, Andrew, ‘A People’s Jury of a thousand angry citizens’, The Guardian, 31 July 2011.  [2] New Jersey Courts, ‘Welcome to the New Jersey Court System’, judiciary.state.nj.us, 2011.  [3] Howard Nations, ‘Overcoming Jury Bias’  [4] Davies, Patricia Wynn, ‘Plans to restrict right to trial by jury condemned’, The Independent, 28 February 1997.  [5] Silverglate, Harvey A., and Poulson, Dan, ‘Getting Real at the SJC’, Massachusetts Lawyers Weekly, 30 May 2005 . jury trust, jury bias, public representation, trial by jury, jury system, juror impartiality, criminal justice, jury reform, legal bias, victim history, sexual history evidence, propensity for violence, consent defense, self-defense claims, Britain jury reform, expert debate, jury knowledge limits, court case fairness, unbiased trial, judicial system, community representation, legal system England, juror bias, jury trial restriction, jury reliability, jury verdicts jury trust, jury bias, courtroom impartiality, public representation, community representation, trial by jury, jury system Britain, jury restriction, juror knowledge, victim’s sexual history, rape cases, consent, victim's propensity for violence, murder cases, self-defense, juror education, expert debate, unbiased trial, legal reform, jury reform, jury composition, jury selection, judicial bias, legal safeguards, trial fairness, jury deliberation, legal system, criminal justice, justice reform, prejudice in jury, legal policy jury trust, jury bias, juror impartiality, public representation, trial by jury, jury restrictions, Britain jury reforms, victim history evidence, juror decision-making, sexual history in court, self-defense claims, judicial bias prevention, jury system criticism, juror knowledge limits, community representation, legal reforms, fair trial concerns, jury system debate, court case bias, courtroom evidence admissibility jury trust, jury bias, juror impartiality, court cases, public representation, trial by jury, Britain jury restrictions, juror decision-making, rape case evidence, victim sexual history, murder trial, victim propensity violence, defendant consent, expert debate, unbiased trial, juror knowledge, jury system, legal reform, jury selection, judicial fairness, community representation, undue bias, legal policy, judicial process, criminal justice reform jury trust, jury bias, juror bias, trial by jury, jury impartiality, court cases, community representation, victim’s sexual history, rape cases, murder cases, self-defense, defendant consent, biased trials, legal reform, jury rights restriction, Britain jury reform, juror knowledge limits, public insight, judicial process, potential for bias, legal debate, defendant rights, expert debate, New Jersey Courts, sexual history evidence, jury system, jury reform, criminal justice, victim’s propensity for violence, impartial trial, jury system criticism, jury effectiveness, legal bias prevention, jury decision-making
test-law-cplgpshwdp-pro01a	The current system is unfairly weighted in favour of criminals.  It is unfair that those who repeatedly re-offend should be treated in the same manner as those who have committed one offence; a singular offence could mark a mistake or accident in the defendant’s choices, but repeated criminal acts mark a habit and a lack of regret for past crimes. Failing to take past convictions into account can lead to many dangerous offenders being underestimated by the jury, and so released. This is particularly pertinent in cases of child molestation, where child molesters have a particularly high rate of re-offending – expected to be even ‘larger than the reported 50 per cent’ - but ‘only a small proportion of sexual offences against children result in a conviction’. This conviction rate, however, does rise for ‘those with a history of prior sexual offences’ [1] .  Under the current conditions, this system is unfairly weighted against the innocent victims of repeated crime. A higher conviction rate, informed by the knowledge of previous offences, helps to reach justice for these victims and their families, as well as promoting justice and the safety of the general public who find it frustrating that so many dangerous offenders are released without appropriate conviction [2] . Moreover, jurors themselves lose confidence in the justice system when they find out that they have just acquitted a defendant who has committed a similar crime before. One notable example of this was series of trials of Kirk Reid, who committed many sexual assaults against women including several instances of rape and who was ‘wrongfully acquitted’ of his first offence in 1996. Not only did his victim lose all sense of hope in the justice system – she had faced her attacked and been discredited – but one of the jurors at the trial who believed that he was guilty went on to criticise the justice system itself [3] . The current system seriously risks acquitting criminals who have already committed similar crimes; it is time to rebalance the justice system to acknowledge the needs of the victims who suffer through wrongful acquittal of their attackers.  [1] Victims of Violence, ‘Research – Protecting Children from Sexual Abuse’, 28 February 2011  [2] Hughes, David, ‘Sex offenders to lose right to get out of jail early’, The Daily Mail  [3] Lette, Kathy, ‘For sexual assault, justice is on trial’, The Guardian, 1 July 2010 criminal justice system, repeat offenders, prior convictions, recidivism, jury decision-making, child molestation, sexual offences, conviction rates, victim rights, public safety, wrongful acquittal, juror confidence, justice system reform, sexual assault trials, offender history, crime prevention, legal fairness, sentencing policy, recidivist offenders, habitual criminals, victim impact, justice for victims, public frustration, case study, Kirk Reid, child sexual abuse, legal evidence, criminal sentencing, defendant history, reoffending rates criminal justice system, repeat offenders, recidivism, prior convictions, jury decision-making, criminal sentencing, child molestation, sexual abuse, conviction rates, victim rights, public safety, victim justice, juror confidence, wrongful acquittal, high-risk offenders, offender history, criminal reoffending, justice reform, sentencing policy, sexual assault, habitual offenders, Kirk Reid case, judicial fairness, UK law, offender rehabilitation, criminal trials criminal justice system, repeat offenders, prior convictions, recidivism, jury bias, child molestation, sexual offences, conviction rates, public safety, victim rights, wrongful acquittal, criminal history, juror confidence, justice system reform, offender rehabilitation, habitual criminals, sentencing fairness, crime prevention, sexual assault, legal evidence, judicial process, offender profiling, reoffending rates, criminal trials, victim impact, legal reform, justice for victims, sexual abuse cases, dangerous offenders, acquittal consequences criminal justice system, repeat offenders, recidivism, prior convictions, jury decision-making, sexual offences, child molestation, conviction rates, victim rights, public safety, juror confidence, wrongful acquittal, criminal sentencing, justice reform, offender rehabilitation, public perception, legal fairness, crime victims, judicial balance, serial offenders, sexual assault, offender history, criminal accountability, legal evidence, crime deterrence criminal justice system, repeat offenders, recidivism, prior convictions, jury decision-making, child molestation, sexual offence rates, conviction rates, victim rights, justice for victims, public safety, juror confidence, wrongful acquittal, Kirk Reid, sexual assault trials, criminal sentencing, fairness, habitual criminals, legal reform, victim justice, acquittal consequences, crime prevention
test-politics-dhwem-pro06a	"PMCs can be made much more legitimate by regulation  Currently mercenary work as a profession is not regulated by law, which allows the corruption and lack of guaranteed quality, as well as the problems of accountability to remain problematic. Regulating PMCs encourage a safer, professionalised security sector which can be standardised and controlled. Governments would then legislate, regulate and moderate the use of such forces rather than provide them outright. PMCs today are legitimate businesses, much of their work has nothing to do with fighting and killing MPRI for example ""shipped more than $900,000,000 worth of donated food and medical supplies to the newly independent states of the former Soviet Union over a five year period”. These companies are already placing greater emphasis on having a good reputation and are increasingly transparent so many companies would welcome regulation.(Vaknin, 2011) PMCs, private military companies, regulation, legitimacy, mercenary work, law, corruption, accountability, professionalization, security sector, standardization, government oversight, legislation, quality control, transparency, reputation, MPRI, humanitarian work, non-combat roles, security industry, Vaknin 2011 PMCs, regulation, legitimacy, mercenary work, law, corruption, accountability, professionalisation, security sector, standardisation, government oversight, legislation, moderating forces, business legitimacy, non-combat roles, MPRI, humanitarian aid, reputation, transparency, Vaknin 2011 PMCs, private military companies, regulation, legitimacy, mercenary work, legal framework, corruption, accountability, quality assurance, security sector, standardisation, government oversight, legislation, moderation, professionalisation, transparency, reputation, business operations, non-combat roles, MPRI, humanitarian aid, former Soviet Union, Vaknin 2011 PMCs, regulation, legitimacy, mercenary work, law, corruption, quality assurance, accountability, security sector, professionalisation, standardisation, government oversight, legislation, control, moderation, business legitimacy, non-combat roles, reputation, transparency, compliance, Vaknin 2011 PMCs, private military companies, legitimacy, regulation, mercenary work, law, corruption, accountability, professionalisation, security sector, standardisation, government legislation, moderation, control, business legitimacy, non-combat roles, humanitarian aid, transparency, reputation, regulatory frameworks, Vaknin 2011"
test-international-iwiaghbss-pro03a	Shared sovereignty  If there are no countries willing to cede complete sovereignty over territory then some kind of shared sovereignty could be considered. “This conferred jurisdiction must include rights to become a citizen, migrate, work, access health care, and access social security.” [1] Additionally there would almost certainly need to be sovereignty over justice, law and order. However this would potentially leave large areas of sovereignty in the remit of the host nation; such as providing defense. The most notable compromise by both might be to maintain sovereignty over people rather than just territory.  There have been suggestions such as by Krasner that shared sovereignty should be considered, and become much more normal. And some forms of shared sovereignty have happened before such as foreign control over some tax revenues, or the status of forces agreements the USA had with Germany that restricted German ability to make war after WWII. [2] Or more obviously the members of the EU increasingly cede some sovereignty to the international entity. As the deal would be voluntary for both the Seychelles and its host country and both would potentially gain such a deal would seem feasible.  [1] Yu, 2013,   [2] Krasner, Stephen D., ‘The case for shared sovereignty’, Journal of Democracy, vol.16, No.1, January 2005,  , p.77 shared sovereignty, partial sovereignty, jurisdiction, citizenship rights, migration, labor mobility, healthcare access, social security, justice sovereignty, law and order, host nation, defense provision, sovereignty over people, sovereignty over territory, Krasner, EU sovereignty, status of forces agreements, voluntary agreement, Seychelles, tax revenue control, postwar Germany, international entities, ceding sovereignty, cooperative governance shared sovereignty, partial sovereignty, ceding sovereignty, citizenship rights, migration rights, healthcare access, social security access, justice sovereignty, law and order, host nation, defense sovereignty, sovereignty over people, Krasner shared sovereignty, sovereignty compromise, international agreements, tax revenue control, status of forces agreements, EU sovereignty, voluntary agreements, Seychelles, host country cooperation, international law, sovereignty models, governance, sovereignty arrangements, joint jurisdiction, case studies sovereignty shared sovereignty, partial sovereignty, ceding jurisdiction, dual citizenship, migration rights, labor rights, healthcare access, social security, justice sovereignty, law and order, national defense, host nation, sovereignty over people, territorial sovereignty, Krasner, sovereignty compromise, international agreements, status of forces agreements, EU sovereignty, voluntary arrangements, Seychelles, international law, jurisdiction sharing, historical examples, post-WWII Germany, foreign control, tax revenue, multilateral governance, supranational entities, international relations shared sovereignty, territorial sovereignty, conferred jurisdiction, citizenship rights, migration rights, labor rights, healthcare access, social security access, justice sovereignty, law and order, host nation, defense sovereignty, sovereignty over people, Krasner, EU sovereignty, voluntary agreement, Seychelles, international entity, tax revenue control, status of forces agreements, post-WWII Germany, sovereignty compromise, sovereignty models, governance arrangements shared sovereignty, conferred jurisdiction, citizenship rights, migration, work access, healthcare access, social security, sovereignty over justice, law and order, host nation, territorial sovereignty, people-based sovereignty, compromise, defense provision, Krasner, historical examples, foreign control tax revenues, status of forces agreements, EU sovereignty, voluntary agreements, Seychelles, international entities, sovereignty transfer, joint governance, law enforcement, national autonomy, intergovernmental arrangements, sovereignty negotiation
test-health-dhgsshbesbc-con01a	Employers have no right to private medical information  Employers have no right to know. This is an arena into which the state has no right to intrude, or to compel intrusion by others. Employers will know if their employee’s work is satisfactory or unsatisfactory – what more do they need to know than that? If employers find out, they might dismiss workers – which is exactly why many employees don’t want to tell them.  If workers are forced to disclose the fact that they have HIV, the merit principle will go out the window. Even if not dismissed, their prospects for promotion will be shattered – because of prejudice, or the perception that their career has in any meaningful sense been ‘finished’ by their condition (which is often not the case as sufferers can work and lead fulfilling lives after diagnosis; life expectancy after diagnosis in the US was 22.5 years in 2005 [1] ).  Even if not fired and career advancement doesn’t suffer, prejudice from co-workers is likely. From harassment to reluctance to associate or interact with the employee, this is something the employee knows he might face. He has a right to decide for himself whether or not to make himself open to that. Managers may promise, or be bound, not to disclose such information to other workers – but how likely is enforcement of such an undertaking? For these reasons, even problems with huge HIV problems like South Africa haven’t adopted this policy.  [1] Harrison, Kathleen M. et al., ‘Life Expectancy After HIV Diagnosis Based on National HIV Surveillance Data From 25 States, United States’, Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, Vol 53 Issue 1, January 2010, employee privacy, medical confidentiality, employer rights, HIV disclosure, workplace discrimination, merit principle, employee protection, workplace harassment, stigma, career advancement, private health information, employee consent, workplace prejudice, non-disclosure, employment law, South Africa HIV policy, United States HIV data, life expectancy HIV, workplace ethics, management confidentiality employer rights, employee privacy, medical confidentiality, disclosure of HIV status, workplace discrimination, employee protection, merit principle, workplace prejudice, career advancement, workplace harassment, HIV stigma, medical information protection, employee consent, workplace ethics, state intrusion, employee autonomy, health information privacy, South Africa HIV policy, US HIV life expectancy, workplace confidentiality enforcement employer rights, employee privacy, medical confidentiality, HIV disclosure, workplace discrimination, health information, employee rights, merit principle, workplace prejudice, career impact, promotion prospects, workplace harassment, co-worker stigma, information disclosure, privacy protection, legal enforcement, state intrusion, occupational health, South Africa HIV policy, US HIV life expectancy employee privacy, medical confidentiality, employer rights, HIV disclosure, workplace discrimination, employee autonomy, privacy rights, workplace prejudice, promotion barriers, workplace harassment, health information, merit principle, confidentiality enforcement, South Africa HIV policy, employment law, medical information access, disability discrimination, workplace ethics, employee rights, stigma, workplace inclusion, informed consent, privacy legislation, workplace policy, occupational health employer rights, employee privacy, medical information confidentiality, workplace discrimination, HIV disclosure, merit principle, employment law, workplace prejudice, employee harassment, career advancement, privacy rights, non-disclosure, workplace policy, health information protection, US HIV statistics, South Africa HIV policy, stigma, employee autonomy, workplace ethics, managerial responsibility, enforcement challenges, anti-discrimination laws, employee trust, medical privacy laws
test-international-bmaggiahbl-con03a	There is accountability without a free press  Freedom of speech and the Press is not the only way of creating accountability in a country – especially a comparatively small one such as Rwanda. Rwanda has been ranked a transparent and is the least corrupt state in East Africa [1] where everyone is accountable and equal before the law.  How can this be without an aggressive free press? Annually, all government officials are cross examined by locals publicly in a forum called national dialogue “Umushyikirano”, to ensure that they meet the needs of citizens and assess their performance[2]. This has given Rwandans courage to express their desires and feel much valued in the process of policy making and engagement. It puts ministers and even the Prime Minister on the spot on individual issues. Restricted press and speech is therefore rendered irrelevant by such programs as people can question authorities and demand justification directly rather than relying on the press.  In Africa, most countries lack transparent government systems and institutions, a factor responsible for continued corruption, poor governance and crime which in turn destroy progress in societies [3], but this is not the case with regard to Rwanda.  [1] Zegabi East Africa news, ‘Transparency International Ranks Rwanda the Least Corrupt Country in East Africa’, 5 December 2013, zegabi.com  [2] Hunt, Swanee ‘Rebuilding Rwanda: Access and Accountability’, inclusivesecurity.org, 30 December 2013  [3] Jones Lang Lasale, ‘Sub-Saharan Africa: A region with opportunities amid transparency challenges’, joneslanglasale.eu accountability, free press, Rwanda, transparency, least corrupt, East Africa, government accountability, national dialogue, Umushyikirano, public scrutiny, policy making, citizen engagement, performance assessment, restricted press, direct questioning, government officials, governance, corruption, public forums, alternative accountability mechanisms, transparency international, inclusive security, comparative analysis, African governance, institutional transparency, citizen empowerment accountability, free press, freedom of speech, Rwanda, transparency, corruption, East Africa, governance, government accountability, Umushyikirano, national dialogue, public forums, citizen engagement, policy making, minister accountability, press freedom, restricted speech, transparency international, inclusive security, government performance, public scrutiny, alternative accountability mechanisms, comparative governance, least corrupt Africa, public participation, open government, direct accountability, institutional transparency, African governance, civic engagement, anti-corruption, public oversight accountability, free press, freedom of speech, Rwanda, government transparency, corruption, East Africa, Umushyikirano, national dialogue, public forum, citizen engagement, policy making, government officials, public scrutiny, media restrictions, direct accountability, governance, African countries, transparent institutions, anti-corruption, public participation, performance assessment, open government, least corrupt African state, citizen oversight, public cross-examination, state accountability mechanisms, inclusive security, institutional transparency, leadership accountability accountability, free press, freedom of speech, Rwanda, transparency, least corrupt, East Africa, government accountability, national dialogue, Umushyikirano, public forums, citizen engagement, policy making, ministerial accountability, restricted press, direct questioning, transparent government, institutional transparency, anti-corruption, governance, public participation, comparative analysis, African governance, press freedom, equality before the law, inclusive policy, public scrutiny accountability, free press, freedom of speech, Rwanda, transparency, least corrupt, East Africa, government accountability, national dialogue, Umushyikirano, public forum, citizen engagement, policy making, government officials, performance assessment, restricted press, direct questioning, government transparency, African governance, corruption, good governance, public participation, alternative accountability mechanisms, press limitations, comparative analysis, inclusion, open government, anti-corruption, transparency international
test-international-ssiarcmhb-con01a	"Opposed by much of the Church  In spite of the Catholic Church's ruling, a huge number of people who identify as Catholic do not adhere to the Church's teachings on contraception. Additionally, many Catholic priests and nuns openly support non-abortive forms of contraception, including barrier contraception. In 2003 a poll found 43% of catholic priests in England and wales were against the church's stance and a further 19% were unsure1. The Church should listen to the requests and opinions of those who are part of it 2. 1 Day, Elizabeth. ""Most Catholic priests 'do not support Rome over contraception'."" The Telegraph, 6 April 2003, 2 Short, Claire. ""HIV/AIDS Catholic Church, contraception, opposition, Church teachings, barrier contraception, priests, nuns, Catholic laity, Church stance, England, Wales, poll, dissent, non-abortive contraception, Church authority, religious opinion, reproductive rights, Catholic doctrine, clergy, Church response, HIV/AIDS Catholic Church, contraception, Church teaching, dissent, Catholic priests, Catholic nuns, barrier contraception, Church opposition, Church ruling, lay Catholics, church polls, England, Wales, Catholic views, Church authority, reproductive health, non-abortive contraception, Elizabeth Day, The Telegraph, HIV/AIDS, Claire Short, priest survey Catholic Church, contraception, Church teachings, priests, nuns, barrier contraception, Catholic laity, Church opposition, contraception poll, England, Wales, clergy opinions, non-abortive contraception, Church authority, Catholic beliefs, religious dissent, contraceptive stance, HIV/AIDS, Church listening, Catholic opinions, ecclesiastical policy Catholic Church, contraception, Church teachings, Catholic priests, Catholic nuns, barrier contraception, Church stance, public opinion, 2003 poll, England and Wales, church authority, dissent, support, non-abortive contraception, church members, HIV/AIDS, church policy, religious beliefs, reproductive rights, clergy opinions Catholic Church, contraception, Church teachings, Catholic laity, Catholic priests, Catholic nuns, barrier contraception, Church opposition, poll 2003, England and Wales, church stance, religious dissent, contraception support, Catholic opinion, HIV/AIDS, clergy views, non-abortive contraception"
test-digital-freedoms-eifdfaihs-con02a	Allow ISPs to monitor and remove illegal or unwanted data  Many ISPs are responding to user interests when cutting out particular types of data. At the request of the user why shouldn’t they be able to monitor what is delivered to a certain IP address. Most ‘net nanny’ software is not that difficult to get around [i] .  Why not let parents who bought their kids a computer to help with their homework not be able to block them from making calls or watching movies?  If you compel net neutrality then, say, the ISP who caters for religious customers can no longer deliver the service that they have requested. Denying freedom of choice seems a high price to pay so that someone can get movies without paying for them.  Equally, if ISPs themselves want to stay within the law and prevent people from accessing illegal or otherwise unpleasant sites, why shouldn’t they?  [i] Foss Force: Keeping Tech Free. Caesar Tjalbo. “Top 10 Reasons ISPs are against net neutrality”. ISP monitoring, data removal, user requests, parental control, net neutrality, content filtering, illegal content, unwanted data, internet regulation, freedom of choice, religious filtering, site blocking, net nanny software, IP address monitoring, customized internet services, digital rights, content access, ISP compliance, online safety, user-driven filtering ISPs, monitoring, illegal data, unwanted data, user requests, net neutrality, parental controls, content blocking, IP address monitoring, net nanny software, parental restrictions, freedom of choice, religious ISP services, service customization, content filtering, digital rights, access control, internet regulation, illegal sites, unpleasant sites, ISP compliance, user customization, user interests, content removal, internet censorship ISPs, monitoring, data removal, illegal content, unwanted data, user requests, parental controls, net nanny, content filtering, IP address monitoring, net neutrality, religious content, freedom of choice, content blocking, legal compliance, site access restriction, children's internet safety, consumer preferences, internet censorship, ISP policy, online safety, access control, FOSS Force, net neutrality debate, digital rights ISPs, monitoring, data removal, illegal content, unwanted data, user interests, IP address, net nanny, parental controls, content blocking, net neutrality, religious customers, freedom of choice, content filtering, law compliance, site blocking, illegal sites, unpleasant content, tech policy, internet censorship, user-requested filtering, ISPs against net neutrality ISPs, monitoring, illegal data, unwanted data, user interests, data filtering, user requests, net nanny software, parental controls, blocking access, net neutrality, religious customers, service customization, freedom of choice, content restriction, access control, law compliance, illegal sites, unpleasant sites, content filtering, ISP policies
test-international-aghwrem-pro02a	Myanmar is no longer a military dictatorship  Myanmar has taken significant steps towards democratisation in the last three years. The new constitution and the elections that resulted in the current civilian government being appointed represent a marked shift in its governance structure. Though there may be scope for improvement in its democratic framework, institutions for democratic functioning have been created and this is a huge step forward. Aung San Suu Kyi has also been released from house arrest, and the tone of the statements made by the new government has been a reconciliatory one. A new human rights commission has also been established. While the pace of reform may not match the supposed expectations of the US and the EU, Myanmar’s choice to change gradually and engage with them on its own terms must be respected. The fundamental circumstances under which a policy of limited engagement was adopted with Myanmar have changed, and this calls for reassessment. Myanmar, military dictatorship, democratisation, democratic reforms, new constitution, elections, civilian government, governance, democratic institutions, Aung San Suu Kyi, house arrest, government statements, reconciliation, human rights commission, reform pace, US expectations, EU expectations, gradual change, foreign engagement, policy reassessment, limited engagement, governance transformation Myanmar, military dictatorship, democratisation, new constitution, elections, civilian government, governance shift, democratic framework, democratic institutions, Aung San Suu Kyi, house arrest release, reconciliatory government, human rights commission, reform pace, US expectations, EU expectations, gradual change, international engagement, policy reassessment, governance transition, limited engagement Myanmar, military dictatorship, democratisation, new constitution, elections, civilian government, governance structure, democratic institutions, Aung San Suu Kyi, house arrest, government statements, reconciliation, human rights commission, reforms, US relations, EU relations, gradual change, international engagement, policy reassessment, governance reform, political transition Myanmar, military dictatorship, democratisation, new constitution, elections, civilian government, governance structure, democratic framework, democratic institutions, Aung San Suu Kyi, house arrest, reconciliatory government, human rights commission, reform pace, US expectations, EU expectations, gradual change, international engagement, policy reassessment, limited engagement policy, government reform Myanmar, military dictatorship, democratisation, constitution, elections, civilian government, governance reform, democratic institutions, Aung San Suu Kyi, house arrest release, reconciliatory government, human rights commission, reform pace, US expectations, EU expectations, gradual change, international engagement, policy reassessment
test-international-aglhrilhb-pro01a	Prosecutions are needed for victims  Prosecutions are the only way for victims to see those who caused pain against them brought to justice. The alternative of some kind of reconciliation often leaves those who perpetrated crimes able to retain power as has happened in countries like Bosnia and Herzegovina, Colombia and Guatemala[1]. When this happens there is clearly a concern both that these individuals are not being held to account and that they could act in a similar way again if given the opportunity. Under the United Nations Genocide Convention of 1948, victims have a right to see offenders prosecuted[2]. And it is only prosecution that will ensure that such acts cannot occur again so giving peace of mind to victims.  [1] Osiel, Mark J. ‘Why Prosecute? Critics of Punishment for Mass Atrocity’ 118 Human Rights Quarterly 147   [2] Akhavan, Payam, ‘Beyond Impunity: Can International Criminal Justice Prevent Future Atrocities' American Journal of International Law, 95(1), 2001, pp.7-31 prosecution, victims’ rights, justice, accountability, punishment, reconciliation vs prosecution, impunity, mass atrocities, international criminal justice, United Nations Genocide Convention, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Colombia, Guatemala, perpetrator power retention, retributive justice, deterrence, human rights, legal redress, transitional justice, Mark J. Osiel, Payam Akhavan prosecutions, victims, justice, accountability, reconciliation, impunity, mass atrocity, perpetrators, punishment, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Colombia, Guatemala, United Nations Genocide Convention, international criminal justice, human rights, prevention, right to prosecution, peace of mind, legal redress, Mark J. Osiel, Payam Akhavan prosecutions, victims, justice, accountability, reconciliation, impunity, perpetrator power, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Colombia, Guatemala, United Nations Genocide Convention, offender prosecution, mass atrocity, human rights, international criminal justice, future atrocities, peace of mind, punishment, Osiel, Akhavan prosecutions, victims, justice, accountability, reconciliation, perpetrators, power retention, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Colombia, Guatemala, United Nations Genocide Convention, 1948, offenders, impunity, mass atrocity, international criminal justice, Human Rights Quarterly, future atrocities, Akhavan, Osiel, legal rights, prevention, peace of mind, crime prosecution prosecutions, victims, justice, accountability, perpetrators, reconciliation, impunity, mass atrocity, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Colombia, Guatemala, United Nations Genocide Convention, 1948, international criminal justice, crime prevention, human rights, transitional justice, punishment, legal accountability, peace of mind, Mark J. Osiel, Payam Akhavan, Human Rights Quarterly, American Journal of International Law
test-international-atiahblit-con01a	Teaching begins at home  For the target of universal primary education to be achieved we need to look beyond a narrow education policy. Programs are required to enable teaching at home. The benefits of education need to be accessed nationwide; which will cumulatively encourage children to go to school and participate to do their best. For example, by introducing adult training/education courses to parents and elderly populations, parents are able to assist children at home, and to recognise the benefits of gaining an education. Simply providing better teachers at school fails to recognise the importance of intra-household decisions and life. For universal education the whole population strata needs to be included; and adult courses provided on basic maths, english and science. teaching at home, universal primary education, education policy, home-based learning, nationwide education access, adult education, parent training, elderly education, parental involvement, benefits of education, school participation, adult literacy, intra-household education, population inclusion, basic maths, basic english, basic science, community education, lifelong learning, family education programs teaching at home, home-based education, universal primary education, education policy, educational programs, adult education, parental involvement, adult literacy, parent training, nationwide access, educational benefits, school participation, adult training, lifelong learning, intra-household education, family learning, basic maths education, basic english education, basic science education, population inclusion, community education, adult courses, educational outreach, family support, education encouragement teaching at home, universal primary education, education policy, home-based learning, nationwide access, parental involvement, adult education, adult training, parent education courses, elderly education, supporting children, education benefits, household education, family learning, basic maths, basic english, basic science, community education, lifelong learning, inclusive education, educational outreach, participation encouragement, school attendance, intra-household decisions, education programs teaching at home, universal primary education, education policy, home-based learning, parental involvement, adult education, adult training, nationwide education access, parental support, education benefits, school participation, community education, intra-household education, multi-generational learning, inclusive education, basic maths courses, basic english courses, basic science courses, education programs, lifelong learning, adult literacy, family education, educational outreach, educational equity, early childhood learning teaching at home, universal primary education, education policy, home-based education, nationwide access, adult education, parental involvement, adult training, elderly education, household education decisions, intra-household learning, basic maths courses, basic english courses, basic science courses, educational benefits, lifelong learning, community programs, family literacy, inclusive education, parent-child learning, educational participation
test-education-ughbuesbf-con02a	Maintaining a system of free university education leads to an inefficient allocation of state resources.  First, tax money is wasted on paying civil servants to deal with university bureaucracy. Second, when the state funds all university education for free, funding will be allocated to unprofitable courses. Thirdly a moral hazard problem emerges among such students attending for free. They are allowed to reap all the benefits of education, while needing to incur none of the costs so won’t feel they need to work at their degree. The fourth problem of free university education is saturation of degree­holders in the market. [1] When everyone has a degree, the value of such a qualification plummets. Thus, a system of fees is superior to free education as it allows for more efficient allocation of resources to universities determined by which universities produce the best educated students and research.  [1] Chapman, Bruce. 2001. “The Higher Education Finance Debate: Current Issues and Suggestions for Reform”. Australian Review of Public Affairs. Available:  ​ free university education, state resource allocation, tax money, university bureaucracy, unprofitable courses, government funding, moral hazard, student incentives, degree value, labor market saturation, university fees, efficient resource allocation, higher education reform, educational costs, public finance, education policy, Bruce Chapman, Australian Review of Public Affairs free university education, inefficient resource allocation, state funding, tax money waste, university bureaucracy, unprofitable courses, moral hazard, student motivation, education benefits, degree market saturation, credential inflation, university fees, education efficiency, higher education finance, resource allocation, public policy, education reform, Bruce Chapman, cost-benefit analysis, state subsidies, student accountability, university funding models, education quality, higher education market, degree value free university education, higher education funding, state resources allocation, inefficiency, university bureaucracy, public spending, unprofitable courses, moral hazard, student motivation, education benefits, cost-sharing, degree saturation, labor market, credential inflation, university fees, educational efficiency, funding reforms, Bruce Chapman, higher education finance, public policy, educational outcomes, resource allocation, Australian Review of Public Affairs free university education, state resources allocation, tax money, university bureaucracy, civil servants, unprofitable courses, state funding, moral hazard, student incentives, education benefits, degree value, degree saturation, labor market, education costs, tuition fees, resource efficiency, university output, student performance, higher education finance, Chapman 2001 free university education, state resource allocation, higher education funding, inefficiency, tax money, university bureaucracy, unprofitable courses, moral hazard, student motivation, cost of education, degree saturation, labour market, qualification value, university fees, education reform, Chapman 2001, public finance, higher education policy, government expenditure, return on investment, educational outcomes, opportunity cost, student incentives, graduate employability, funding efficiency, market value of degrees
test-philosophy-pphbclsbs-con03a	It would be letting the terrorists win  It is the aim of all terrorists to influence by violent means government policy. If we changed how our country was run we would be letting the terrorists win – they would be getting what they wanted. If we changed the way we lived [1] , greater security measures or something else, we would be shaping our society to the tune of the terrorist. So more security measures at airports limit the freedom to travel, turning the country into a surveillance society makes everyone nervous; ultimately the country is no longer the same as it was having lost the freedoms which are the best way to combat terrorism. This is something perversely wrong.  [1] Symanovich, Steve, ‘If you don’t read this, the terrorists win’, Washington Business Journal, 24 December 2001, terrorism, terrorists win, government policy influence, violent means, security measures, freedom loss, surveillance society, civil liberties, airport security, societal change, combatting terrorism, Steve Symanovich, Washington Business Journal, terrorist objectives, policy shifts, national security, fear, public perception, loss of freedoms, restricted travel terrorism, government policy, influence, violent means, security measures, freedom, surveillance society, civil liberties, airport security, social change, policy response, national identity, combating terrorism, loss of freedom, societal impact, terrorists' goals, public safety, democracy, privacy, post-9/11 terrorism, terrorists, government policy, violent influence, societal change, national security, security measures, airport security, surveillance society, loss of freedom, civil liberties, travel restrictions, combating terrorism, shaping society, Steve Symanovich, Washington Business Journal, 2001, public policy, fear, response to terrorism, freedom vs security, political impact, social consequences, counterterrorism, psychological impact, national identity terrorists, terrorism, government policy, influence, violent means, security measures, freedom, surveillance society, civil liberties, societal change, airport security, travel freedom, combat terrorism, societal values, public safety, loss of freedom, national security, response to terrorism, policy change, societal impact, risk management, Steve Symanovich, Washington Business Journal, 2001 terrorism, terrorist objectives, government policy, violent influence, societal change, security measures, surveillance society, freedom, civil liberties, airport security, travel restrictions, combating terrorism, loss of freedoms, policy response, terrorist impact, democracy, public safety, Washington Business Journal, Steve Symanovich
test-religion-cmrsgfhbr-pro03a	The bill violates the Philippine values of harmony and respect  Perhaps the most important values in the Philippines are social harmony and respect for the family. [i] The Reproductive Health bill undermines both. Allowing contraception will take away a psychological barrier that prevents pre-marital or casual sex and once that barrier is crossed the individual will have higher sexual activity. [ii] In the Philippines this will mean greater numbers of teen pregnancies and pregnancies out of marriage because abortion will remain illegal.  In terms of politics these values mean support for democracy but also being against corruption and graft. [iii] Obviously the bill has been very politically divisive so undermining social harmony but also to pass this bill many parliamentarians had to be bribed so undermining this social harmony. The Reproductive Health bill represents the worst excesses of the pork barrel buffet. With a single-mindedness of purpose, the presidential palace has put everything on the table to shore up the votes required in parliament. Legislators, who had previously voted against the legislation, often repeatedly, where threatened with the loss of programmes in their constituencies if they failed to back the project, which has been at the heart of the presidential agenda [iv] .  [i] Dolan, Ronald E., ed., Philippines: A Country Study. Washington: GPO for the Library of Congress, 1991.   [ii] Arcidiacono, Peter, et al., ‘Habit Persistence and Teen Sex: Could Increased Access to Contraception have Unintended Consequences for Teen Pregnancies’,  P.30  [iii] Talisayon, Serafin D., ‘Teaching values in the natural and physical sciences in the Philippines’, University of the Philippines,   [iv] Philippine Daily Inquirer. Philip Tubeza. ‘Philippine President accused of ‘bribing’ Congress’. Reported on Yahoo News 19 December 2012. Reproductive Health bill, Philippines, Philippine values, social harmony, respect, family values, contraception, pre-marital sex, casual sex, teen pregnancies, out-of-wedlock pregnancies, abortion, democracy, corruption, graft, political division, parliament, bribery, pork barrel, presidential agenda, legislators, loss of constituency programs, moral values, political ethics, Filipino culture, RH bill controversy, political pressure, government influence, vote buying, influence peddling Reproductive Health bill, Philippine values, social harmony, family respect, contraception, pre-marital sex, casual sex, teen pregnancies, out-of-wedlock pregnancies, abortion legality, democracy, corruption, political divisiveness, bribery, pork barrel, presidential agenda, legislative threats, Philippines politics, value system, cultural beliefs, parliamentary votes, morality, unintended consequences, governance ethics Reproductive Health bill, Philippine values, social harmony, respect for family, contraception, pre-marital sex, casual sex, teen pregnancies, out-of-wedlock pregnancies, abortion laws, politics, corruption, graft, political division, pork barrel, legislative bribery, democracy, presidential agenda, parliament voting, Filipino culture, moral values, government ethics, policy controversy, teen sexuality, political influence, legislative pressure Reproductive Health bill, Philippine values, social harmony, respect for family, contraception, teen pregnancies, premarital sex, casual sex, abortion laws, Filipino culture, democracy, corruption, graft, political division, pork barrel, legislative bribery, presidential agenda, parliamentarians, family values, unintended consequences, sexual morality, political ethics, Philippines ethics, government incentives, policy opposition, public morals Reproductive Health bill, Philippine values, social harmony, respect for family, contraception, pre-marital sex, casual sex, teen pregnancies, out-of-marriage pregnancies, abortion laws, democracy, corruption, graft, political division, bribery, pork barrel, presidential agenda, parliament, legislation, cultural values, Filipino society, teenage sexuality, political ethics, legislative process, family values, Philippines, government ethics
test-free-speech-debate-yfsdfkhbwu-pro03a	Maintaining the value of the degree  Employers and others expect certain degrees to mean certain things; they are more than just an expensive badge. In the case of elite western universities part of what that means is a critical approach to the world and the willingness to challenge ideas, regardless of the authority that holds them. Part of their exclusivity derives from their admission standards, partly from the academic rigour of their scholars and partly from the simple fact that there are only a relatively small number of graduates.  In other areas universities are all too aware of selling their reputation – impartiality, avoiding plagiarism and so forth – the same should be true here. If a degree from a western university does not mean that it recognises issues such as creativity and free thinking then it devalues the degree itself.  As a result the very governments that are so keen to acquire the creative, critical skills offered by graduates of western-style education will end up undermining the very thing that they seek. This impacts not only the graduates from Asian campuses of western universities but also their peers at the home institution [i] .  [i] US-China Today. Jasmine Ako. Unraveling Plagiarism in China. 28 March 2011. degree value, employer expectations, elite western universities, academic rigor, admission standards, academic exclusivity, institutional reputation, impartiality, plagiarism, creativity, free thinking, critical thinking, graduate outcomes, western-style education, undermining academic standards, Asian campuses, global reputation, academic integrity, government influence, graduate skills, home institution impact degree value, employer expectations, elite western universities, critical thinking, challenging authority, admission standards, academic rigour, exclusivity, university reputation, impartiality, plagiarism, creativity, free thinking, degree devaluation, western-style education, government interference, Asian campus graduates, global academic standards, graduate skills, institutional reputation, academic integrity degree value, employer expectations, elite universities, western universities, critical thinking, academic rigour, admission standards, university reputation, impartiality, plagiarism, creativity, free thinking, degree devaluation, western-style education, academic integrity, graduate skills, transnational education, university standards, exclusive admission, educational quality, reputation management degree value, elite western universities, academic standards, critical thinking, creativity, free thinking, academic rigour, exclusivity, admission standards, university reputation, impartiality, plagiarism, graduate skills, western-style education, degree devaluation, employer expectations, academic credibility, global graduates, Asian campuses, government influence, academic integrity degree value, employer expectations, elite western universities, academic standards, critical thinking, challenging authority, exclusivity, admission criteria, academic rigour, graduate numbers, university reputation, impartiality, plagiarism, creativity, free thinking, degree devaluation, western-style education, government influence, Asian campuses, graduate skills, academic integrity, educational quality, reputation management, global higher education
test-law-rmelhrilhbiw-pro04a	Settlements remove Palestinians from their own land, and they produce a self-perpetuating cycle in their sear  The settlements themselves are self-perpetuating in a manner that makes them pernicious to the rights and very existence of neighbouring Palestinian communities.  For one thing, a settlement cannot function in isolation. It needs a road for its residents to safely travel to and from work in Israel. Security needs subsequently require that this road be protected from attacks by creating a large military presence along its route, and in many cases moving existing Palestinian settlements. At the very least Palestinian areas are bisected by impassable thoroughfares. [1]  In turn settlements require their fields to be protected by high walls and electric fences to protect them from attack, and the construction crews building them also require protection.  The result is that even a settlement of a few hundred families rapidly requires the takeover of an amount of land out of all proportion to the actual number of settlers involved, and any further expansion compounds the problem. [2] The security needs of settlements create a situation which makes the livelihood of Palestinians impossible. The existence of the settlements makes these security policies a necessity. As a consequence, the only clear solution is the removal of the settlements.  [1] United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs occupied Palestinian territory, ‘The Humanitarian Impact of Israeli Settlement Policies’, January 2012,   [2] CBS News, ‘Group: Israel Controls 42% of West Bank’, 6 July 2010, Israeli settlements, Palestinian land, land removal, self-perpetuating cycle, settlement expansion, human rights, Palestinian displacement, military presence, settlement roads, security requirements, West Bank, land takeover, settlement walls, electric fences, Palestinian livelihoods, settlement impact, humanitarian impact, separation barriers, settlement security, occupation, UN OCHA, Israeli policies, CBS News, settlement removal, protected roads, settlement construction, Israeli control, bisection of Palestinian areas, settlement protection, neighboring communities Israeli settlements, Palestinian displacement, land appropriation, settlement expansion, military presence, security measures, roads, separation barriers, Palestinian communities, settlement impact, human rights, West Bank, settlement removal, humanitarian impact, United Nations, Israeli policies, Palestinian livelihood, settlement security, land seizure, Israeli occupation Israeli settlements, Palestinian land, displacement, settlement expansion, security needs, military presence, restricted movement, land takeover, Palestinian livelihoods, settlement roads, high walls, electric fences, humanitarian impact, United Nations, West Bank, occupation, Israeli policies, Palestinian communities, settlement removal, settlement impact Israeli settlements, Palestinian displacement, West Bank, land confiscation, settlement expansion, military presence, security barriers, restricted movement, human rights, Palestinian livelihoods, settlement roads, separation walls, land takeover, United Nations reports, humanitarian impact, settlement policy, Israeli-Palestinian conflict, CBS News, Palestinian communities, security zones, occupation, settlement removal, settlement protection, electric fences, settlement infrastructure, bisection of Palestinian areas, right to land, self-perpetuating cycle, rights violations Israeli settlements, Palestinian land, displacement, self-perpetuating cycle, settlement expansion, Israeli security, military presence, protected roads, land takeover, Palestinian communities, walls, electric fences, protected fields, humanitarian impact, settlement removal, United Nations, settlement policies, West Bank control, settlement impact, settlement protection, CBS News, OCHA, settlement consequences
test-politics-ypppgvhwmv-pro05a	"It will reduce the power of special interest groups  A benefit of compulsory voting is that it makes it more difficult for special interest groups to vote themselves into power. Under a non-compulsory voting system, if fewer people vote then it is easier for smaller sectional interests and lobby groups to control the outcome of the political process. A notable example would be the disproportionate influence of agriculture in policy making as seen in both European politics and well as American with enormous amounts of subsidies for farmers who represent a minute percentage of the population. 1 2  The outcome of the election therefore reflects less the will of the people (Who do I want to lead the country?) but instead reflects who was logistically more organized and more able to convince people to take time out of their day to cast a vote (Do I even want to vote today?).  1 Ira M. Sheskin and Arnold Dashefsky, ""Jewish Population of the United States, 2006,"" in the American Jewish Year Book 2006, Volume 106, David Singer and Lawrence Grossman, Editors. NY: American Jewish Committee, 2006. 2: Mark Weber, Feb. 2009, 'A Straight Look at the Jewish Lobby', Institute for Historical Review (Accessed 10/06/2011) compulsory voting, voter turnout, special interest groups, lobby groups, political influence, election outcomes, agricultural subsidies, European politics, American politics, policy making, minority influence, democratic representation, organized voting, voter motivation, policy bias, lobby power, electoral systems, minority groups, farmer subsidies, political process, voter participation compulsory voting, voter turnout, special interest groups, political influence, lobby groups, electoral outcomes, agricultural subsidies, disproportionate influence, policy making, European politics, American politics, minority rule, public participation, election integrity, democracy, voter mobilization, organized interests, lobbying power, political process, voter apathy compulsory voting, special interest groups, voter turnout, lobbying, political influence, electoral reform, minority influence, voting systems, policy making, agriculture subsidies, European politics, American politics, election outcomes, democratic representation, voter motivation, lobby groups, policy influence, sectional interests, voting behavior, public policy compulsory voting, special interest groups, lobby groups, voter turnout, political influence, election outcomes, policy making, agricultural subsidies, European politics, American politics, minority influence, democratic process, voter participation, electoral manipulation, voting systems, public policy, organized interests, government representation, disproportionate influence, voting behavior compulsory voting, special interest groups, voter turnout, political influence, lobby groups, electoral outcomes, policy making, agriculture subsidies, European politics, American politics, minority influence, organized voting, democratic process, election fairness, voter participation, political lobbying, representative democracy, sectionalist interests, voting systems, public policy"
test-politics-oapdhwinkp-con02a	North Korea is an unresolved conflict it can’t simply be ignored  Even if the provocations are sometimes relatively small and ineffective, such as the failed missile launch in April 2012, as a conflict zone they cant simply be ignored by anyone even if they themselves are unlikely to be drawn into any potential conflict. After Rwanda the United Nations promised never again would it allow genocide; [1] how much worse would it be to ignore something that could be a spark to a conflict that could cost millions of lives when we already know there is the potential. The United Nations was created “To maintain international peace and security, and to that end: to take effective collective measures for the prevention and removal of threats to the peace… to bring about … settlement of international disputes or situations which might lead to a breach of the peace” [2] therefore all nations should be attempting to resolve this frozen conflict that could so easily become a shooting war. Wars in Korea have in the past drawn in all the surrounding powers; the Imjin war involved China and Japan, China and Japan again fought over Korea in 1894-5, and the Korean War 1950-53 brought in both the USA and China while Russia and Japan were both involved as supply bases. Clearly the possibility of conflict is not something any power with a stake in Northeast Asia can simply ignore.  It is essential that there is a reaction to every incident just in case that is the incident that spins out of control.  [1] Power, Samantha, ‘Remember the Blood Frenzy of Rwanda’, Los Angeles Times, 4 April 2004,   [2] ‘Article 1 The Purposes of the United Nations are:’, United Nations, 26 June 1945, North Korea, unresolved conflict, conflict zone, provocation, missile launch, April 2012, international security, United Nations, genocide prevention, Rwanda, collective measures, breach of peace, frozen conflict, shooting war, Imjin War, China, Japan, USA, Russia, Korean War, Northeast Asia, escalation, incident response, regional stability, international disputes, major powers, Article 1 UN, peace and security, historical conflicts, supply bases, global intervention, potential war, Samantha Power North Korea, unresolved conflict, conflict zone, failed missile launch, April 2012, provocations, United Nations, genocide, Rwanda, international peace, security, collective measures, prevention, removal of threats, settlement of disputes, frozen conflict, shooting war, Korean War, Imjin War, China, Japan, USA, Russia, Northeast Asia, regional powers, escalation, incident response, potential conflict, historical conflicts, international involvement, millions of lives, United Nations Article 1 North Korea, unresolved conflict, frozen conflict, international security, missile launch, April 2012, provocations, United Nations, genocide prevention, Rwanda, collective security, international peace, conflict zone, Northeast Asia, Korean War, Imjin war, China, Japan, USA, Russia, escalation, prevention, security threats, conflict resolution, international disputes, peacekeeping, regional stability, spark conflict, historical conflicts, intervention, global response North Korea, unresolved conflict, ignored, provocations, failed missile launch, April 2012, conflict zone, United Nations, genocide, Rwanda, international peace, security, collective measures, threat prevention, dispute settlement, frozen conflict, shooting war, Imjin war, China, Japan, Korean War, USA, Russia, Northeast Asia, regional powers, escalation, incident response, potential conflict, historical conflicts, UN Charter, peacekeeping North Korea, unresolved conflict, international security, United Nations, peacekeeping, Korean Peninsula, missile launch, April 2012, provocation, frozen conflict, genocide prevention, Rwanda, collective measures, international disputes, conflict prevention, Northeast Asia, historical wars, China, Japan, USA, Russia, Imjin War, Korean War, escalation, global stability, conflict resolution, preventive action, global powers, regional security, security threats, international response, UN Charter, genocide, humanitarian intervention, collective security
test-politics-glghssi-pro01a	Scotland has a proud history and has demonstrated since devolution different political interests  The Union has now passed its 300th birthday and throughout that time Scotland has maintained as distinct role and identity. This is grounded in a tradition and history that is quite different from that south of the Border and includes legal and education systems that have always been separate.  That has manifested itself in a distinct policy agenda since devolution and areas such as free care for the elderly and the abolition of student tuition fees.  Despite the opinions of doomsayers before devolution it has been proved as a remarkable success and massive approval throughout the UK with 70% saying it has been a success. [i]  [i] The Scotsman. “70% of Britons support devolution for Scotland, poll suggests” 8 May 2009. Scotland, devolution, political interests, Scottish identity, Union, history, tradition, legal system, education system, policy agenda, free elderly care, student tuition fee abolition, Scottish distinctiveness, Scottish independence, public opinion, devolution success, UK approval, Scotsman poll, 300th Union anniversary, Scottish governance Scotland, history, devolution, political interests, The Union, Scottish identity, legal systems, education systems, policy agenda, free elderly care, abolition of tuition fees, distinct tradition, Scottish success, devolution approval, UK public opinion, Scotsman poll, UK devolution, Scottish policies, Scottish distinctiveness Scotland, devolution, political interests, Union, Scottish identity, Scottish history, legal systems, education systems, separate institutions, policy agenda, free elderly care, abolition of tuition fees, devolution success, UK approval, Scottish distinctiveness, The Scotsman, public opinion, Scottish governance, national identity, history, 300 years Union, constitutional change, separate traditions Scotland, devolution, Scottish identity, Union history, distinct traditions, legal system, education system, policy agenda, free elderly care, tuition fee abolition, public approval, UK politics, Scottish governance, Scotsman poll, regional autonomy, political interests, devolved powers, success metrics, British public opinion, national distinctiveness Scotland, devolution, Scottish history, political interests, Union, distinct identity, tradition, Scottish legal system, Scottish education system, policy agenda, free elderly care, abolition of tuition fees, devolution success, public opinion, poll, Scottish Parliament, UK, The Scotsman, British support, constitutional change, governance
test-environment-aiahwagit-pro04a	Poaching is linked to terrorism  Stronger protection of animals should be implemented to reduce the funding for terrorist groups. Certain terrorist organisations use the illegal ivory and horn trade as funding for their operations. Al-Shabaab, the Lord’s Resistance Army (LRA), and the Sudanese Janjaweed all use the illicit trade as a source of income, with the former using the trade for 40% of its expenditure. [1] This enables them to carry out attacks such as the 2013 Westgate siege in Kenya. [2] Tougher protection of endangered animals would reduce the ability of these groups to fund themselves. In turn, this would decrease their operational capability, increasing stability in Africa.  [1] Stewart, C. ‘Illegal ivory trade funds al-shabaab’s terrorist attacks’  [2] Tackett,C. ‘How elephant poaching helped fund Kenya terrorist attack’ poaching, terrorism, terrorist funding, illegal ivory trade, horn trade, animal protection, endangered species, Al-Shabaab, Lord’s Resistance Army, LRA, Janjaweed, illicit wildlife trade, wildlife trafficking, counter-terrorism, Africa, Westgate siege, Kenya, terrorist organisations, conservation, anti-poaching, terrorist finance, wildlife crime, security, stability, insurgency, criminal networks, terrorist operations poaching, terrorism, animal protection, illegal wildlife trade, ivory trade, horn trade, terrorist funding, Al-Shabaab, Lord’s Resistance Army, LRA, Sudanese Janjaweed, endangered animals, anti-poaching measures, wildlife crime, terrorist organisations, funding terrorism, Africa, Westgate attack, elephant poaching, security, conservation, stability, illicit trade, criminal networks, wildlife trafficking poaching, terrorism, animal protection, illegal wildlife trade, ivory trade, horn trade, terrorist funding, Al-Shabaab, Lord’s Resistance Army, LRA, Sudanese Janjaweed, illicit trade, terrorist organizations, endangered animals, Africa, Westgate siege, wildlife crime, anti-poaching, terrorist financing, conservation, stability, wildlife trafficking poaching, terrorism, terrorist funding, ivory trade, horn trade, endangered animals, wildlife protection, Al-Shabaab, Lord’s Resistance Army, LRA, Janjaweed, illicit trade, wildlife trafficking, East Africa, Westgate siege, terrorist organizations, animal protection, Africa, counter-terrorism, anti-poaching, illegal wildlife trade, conservation, terrorist finance, security, destabilization, insurgency, elephant poaching, rhino horn, illegal trade, militant groups poaching, terrorism, funding, terrorist groups, ivory trade, horn trade, illegal wildlife trade, Al-Shabaab, Lord’s Resistance Army, LRA, Janjaweed, Sudanese Janjaweed, endangered animals, animal protection, Africa, Westgate siege, Kenya, terrorist financing, wildlife crime, anti-poaching, organized crime, conflict funding, stability, counterterrorism, illicit trade, Al-Shabaab funding, wildlife trafficking, security, elephant poaching, conservation, militant groups, economic impact
test-economy-epehwmrbals-pro05a	When developing countries employ poor labour standards, other countries follow the example in order to be competitive  As long as developing nations constantly keep employing poor labour standards, it will keep putting a strain on the global economy. This is because other countries will be pressured to do the same just to remain competitive. This creates a race to the bottom effect and would create “poor conditions and loss of freedom in the global South, and causes workers in the global North to lose their jobs to cheap outsourced labour”. [1] Higher labour standards in developing countries therefore also benefits developed countries. However the converse is also true; labels like ‘fair trade’ provide a guarantee of ethical quality and show that consumers are willing to pay more to ensure good labour standards.  [1] ‘Changing Global Trade Rules’, International Labor Rights Forum, developing countries, poor labour standards, competitiveness, global economy, race to the bottom, outsourcing, global South, global North, job loss, fair trade, ethical labor, labour standards, international trade, labor rights, consumer behavior, trade rules, economic pressure, fair trade labeling, ethical sourcing developing countries, poor labour standards, global competitiveness, race to the bottom, global economy, labour conditions, fair trade, ethical quality, outsourcing, workers' rights, global South, global North, job loss, higher labour standards, international trade, labour rights, trade rules, consumer behavior, fair labour practices, economic pressure, labour ethics developing countries, labour standards, global economy, competitiveness, race to the bottom, outsourcing, poor working conditions, global South, global North, job loss, higher labour standards, fair trade, ethical consumption, trade rules, International Labor Rights Forum, worker rights, labour market, economic pressure, competitive advantage, ethical labels, consumer demand, globalization, international trade, labour regulation, sweatshops poor labour standards, developing countries, global economy, competitiveness, race to the bottom, outsourced labour, global South, global North, job loss, higher labour standards, fair trade, ethical quality, consumer willingness, International Labor Rights Forum, changing global trade rules labour standards, developing countries, global economy, race to the bottom, competitiveness, outsourcing, fair trade, ethical quality, worker rights, global South, global North, job loss, labour conditions, international trade, labor rights, economic competition, labor outsourcing, fair labor standards, trade policy, consumer behavior
test-law-cplgpshwdp-con03a	The disclosure of previous convictions could falsely characterize the defendant.  This motion is incredibly dangerous in a variety of ways as not only convictions but also acquittals and other past conduct could then be raised in a court trials. This means that a jury could be informed that somebody had questionable behaviour, such as a sexual interest in children, even if they had never been tried or much less convicted of an actual offence. This would allow the prosecution to unduly blacken the character of the defendant, and easily prejudice the jury against them for no valid reason, and without the evidence which formal proceedings would require. Studies into jury verdicts have found that a jury was ‘50% more likely to convict if it was told that the defendant had a conviction for a similar previous offence than if it was given no information’, particularly in regard to sexual offences [1] . This is proof that jurors are highly susceptible to prejudice when reaching a verdict.  [1] The Economist, ‘Tilting the balance’, 2 January 2003. previous convictions, disclosure, defendant, prejudice, jury, character evidence, acquittals, past conduct, court trials, prosecution, sexual offences, jury bias, prejudicial evidence, prior bad acts, conviction influence, jury verdicts, justice, false characterization, evidence admissibility, criminal trials, legal fairness, criminal justice system, character blackening, admissibility of evidence, jury susceptibility, similar offence, prior convictions, effect on verdicts disclosure of previous convictions, character evidence, jury prejudice, acquittals, past conduct, criminal trials, jury bias, sexual offences, wrongful conviction, prosecution tactics, evidence admissibility, prejudicial information, defendant rights, jury verdicts, prior bad acts, judicial fairness, character assassination, recidivism evidence, unfair trial, criminal justice system disclosure of previous convictions, character evidence, jury prejudice, prior convictions, acquittals, past conduct, court trials, defendant's character, sexual offences, jury verdicts, prosecution bias, evidence admissibility, jury susceptibility, jury bias, false characterization, criminal records, legal prejudice, defendant rights, similar offence conviction, jury decision-making previous convictions, disclosure, defendant characterization, jury prejudice, court trials, acquittals, past conduct, questionable behaviour, sexual interest in children, untried offences, character evidence, prosecution tactics, blackening character, prejudicial information, jury verdicts, conviction likelihood, similar offences, sexual offences, evidence requirements, The Economist, jury susceptibility, criminal justice, legal fairness, defendant rights, bias in court disclosure, previous convictions, defendant, character evidence, jury prejudice, acquittals, past conduct, court trials, jury bias, questionable behaviour, sexual offences, prior convictions, prosecution, undue influence, juror susceptibility, verdict studies, jury decision-making, evidence admissibility, formal proceedings, conviction likelihood, criminal justice, legal fairness, evidentiary rules, character blackening, trial prejudice, The Economist
test-politics-dhwem-pro05a	PMCs provide a service that may be otherwise unavailable.  Many nation states have achieved sufficient unity to rely on their own armies but for those which cant, mercenary forces provide an invaluable and possibly only mode of protection and security. British Foreign Secretary Jack Straw believes that in an era of “small wars and weak states” mercenaries have a “legitimate role” (The Economist, 2002). Mercenaries may be the only way of providing short term security guarantees to allow a government to establish itself without relying on warlords or one side of an ethnic conflict. This could be the only way out of a pattern of coup and counter-coup. Recruiting local mercenaries also has the benefits of reducing transportation costs, instant readiness as well as any knowledge of the local politics, geography and customs which may be highly valuable to a security force. These local recruits may be less inclined to share this information with a government force. PMCs, private military companies, mercenaries, national security, weak states, small wars, Jack Straw, British Foreign Secretary, security services, government stability, protection, warlords, ethnic conflict, coup, counter-coup, local mercenaries, recruitment, security guarantees, transportation costs, local knowledge, political stability, state-building, military outsourcing, foreign intervention, conflict resolution, governance, post-conflict security PMCs, private military companies, mercenaries, security services, nation states, weak states, Jack Straw, security guarantees, small wars, government stability, warlords, ethnic conflict, coup, local mercenaries, transportation costs, local knowledge, geopolitics, military outsourcing, short term security, security force, The Economist 2002, legitimate role, protection, unity, recruitment, political stability PMCs, private military companies, mercenaries, security services, weak states, small wars, nation state security, government protection, Jack Straw, legitimacy of mercenaries, security guarantees, state stability, local mercenaries, coup prevention, conflict resolution, local knowledge, military outsourcing, warlords, ethnic conflict, security force, military recruitment, transportation costs, local recruits, political stability, The Economist 2002 PMCs, private military companies, mercenaries, security services, nation states, weak states, small wars, security guarantees, government stability, coup prevention, ethnic conflict, local mercenaries, transportation costs, rapid deployment, local knowledge, political stability, conflict resolution, British Foreign Secretary, Jack Straw, The Economist, warlords, protection, security forces PMCs, private military companies, mercenaries, security services, weak states, small wars, security guarantees, government stability, coup prevention, foreign policy, Jack Straw, British Foreign Secretary, The Economist 2002, local mercenaries, local recruitment, transportation cost reduction, local knowledge, political stability, ethnic conflict, warlords, national armies, state security, conflict zones, military outsourcing, protection services, security provision, military intervention, local customs, geography, security forces, government establishment
test-politics-gvhwhnerse-pro01a	Having no elections is honest  Holding sham elections is fundamentally dishonest as it is asking the people to choose a government and then ignoring their choice. Not holding elections is at least honestly telling the people that they get no say in who is in power. Holding a sham election inevitably means having to lie to the people somewhere along the line; whether it is in preventing people registering, or voting, or in manipulating the results. The people usually know the result is a sham or at least are suspicious – in the latest Zimbabwean election the headlines in the newspapers included “ZANU-PF gloats over victory”. [1]  Without a sham election the government can at least be honest with their people so enabling a level of trust or even a kind of contract between the two – the government and the people each lets the other get on with it. Thus for example in China trust in government in 2012 was 76% against the world average of 51%. [2]  [1] Chinaka, Cris, ‘Africa and West at odds over disputed Zimbabwe election’, Reuters, 4 August 2013,   [2] Sedghi, Ami, and Rogers, Simon, ‘Do we trust our government? See how your country compares’, TheGuardian.com, 24 January 2012, no elections, honest government, sham elections, dishonest elections, electoral manipulation, public trust, legitimacy, voter suppression, authoritarian regimes, government transparency, electoral integrity, Zimbabwe election, China government trust, social contract, citizen participation, political legitimacy, electoral fraud, political trust, manipulated results, voter disenfranchisement sham elections, honest governance, electoral integrity, government trust, Zimbabwe election, voter disenfranchisement, election manipulation, citizen participation, legitimacy, undemocratic regimes, transparency, political accountability, public suspicion, China government trust, social contract, political legitimacy, media coverage, autocracy, comparative politics, democratic processes no elections, sham elections, electoral honesty, government legitimacy, public trust, election manipulation, voter suppression, government transparency, authoritarian regimes, Zimbabwe elections, China government trust, democratic processes, electoral integrity, political legitimacy, citizen-government relationship, election fraud, international comparisons, political accountability, voter perception, government-public contract sham elections, electoral integrity, government honesty, authoritarian regimes, voter suppression, election manipulation, public trust, legitimacy, political participation, China trust statistics, Zimbabwe elections, ZANU-PF, undemocratic governance, citizen-government contract, political legitimacy, political trust, election fraud, fake elections, regime stability, democracy, voting rights, media coverage, power retention, election transparency, government accountability elections, sham elections, honest government, political legitimacy, public trust, voter manipulation, electoral integrity, government transparency, Zimbabwe election, China government trust, election fraud, public perception, political participation, government-citizen relationship, authoritarian regimes, voting rights, manipulation of results, political honesty, comparative trust, international comparison
test-politics-oeplhbuwhmi-con02a	Power is shifting to the East  Geography has a great influence on the position of nations and their foreign policies. For example it is the UK’s Island nation status that is a major reason why it is not fully committed to the European project. Attention internationally is now shifting to East Asia where the main rising powers are; China and India. This means that the UK’s position is less geographically important so to compensate the UK needs Europe; China’s leader Xi Jinping on his state visit to Britain stated China wants “a united EU, and hopes Britain… can play an even more positive and constructive role in promoting the deepening development of China-EU ties.” [1] The United States, Britain’s main ally since World War II, is much less interested in Europe.  [1] ‘China wants Britain in a united European Union, Xi Jinping tells David Cameron’, South China Morning Post, 23 October 2015, power shift, East Asia, geopolitics, geography influence, national position, foreign policy, UK, island nation, European Union, Europe, China, India, rising powers, international focus, UK-Europe relations, China-UK relations, Xi Jinping, China-EU ties, United States, global alliances, Britain, strategic importance, regional influence, international relations power shift, East Asia, geography influence, national position, foreign policy, UK island status, European integration, UK-Europe relations, China rising power, India rising power, UK global relevance, China-UK relations, Xi Jinping, China-EU ties, United States Europe interest, Britain-US alliance, international attention shift, geopolitics, South China Morning Post, European Union unity power shift, East Asia, geopolitics, geography influence, nation position, foreign policy, UK island status, European integration, China rising power, India rising power, global attention, UK geographic importance, EU membership, China-UK relations, Xi Jinping, China-EU ties, US interest Europe, UK-US alliance, South China Morning Post, international relations, Britain Europe role, shifting alliances, regional influence, state visit, postwar alliances, strategic importance power shift, East Asia, geography influence, national position, foreign policy, UK island status, European integration, rising powers, China, India, international attention, UK global importance, Europe, Xi Jinping, China-UK relations, China-EU relations, United States, Britain ally, transatlantic relations, geopolitical shifts, international relations, South China Morning Post power shift, East Asia, geography, international relations, UK, island nation, European Union, foreign policy, China, India, rising powers, Britain, Europe, geopolitical importance, Xi Jinping, China-EU relations, United States, global influence, alliance, South China Morning Post, state visit, regional power, global politics, EU integration, world order
test-science-wsihwclscaaw-con01a	Cyber attacks are often carried out by non-state actors  Cyber attacks are often carried out by non-state actors, such as cyberterrorists or hacktivists (social activists who hack), without any involvement of the actual state. For instance, in 2007 a massive cyber attack launched on Estonia was blamed on Russia due to the then on-going tensions between these two states [17]. However, the attacks on Estonia were generated from all over the world; and even those from Russia could not have been linked to the Russian authorities, who denied involvement. Similarly, a huge wave of cyber attacks dubbed GhostNet that compromised computers in 103 countries in 2009 was blamed on China, not the least for hacking computers of Tibetan authorities. However, it could not be conclusively proven that this was an attack perpetrated by the Chinese authorities [18]. Any retaliation against a state for a cyber attack can never be certain to be against the right target – the state should not be blamed for the actions of its individual citizens. cyber attacks, non-state actors, cyberterrorists, hacktivists, attribution challenges, Estonia 2007, GhostNet, state responsibility, state-sponsored cyber attacks, Russia, China, plausible deniability, cyberwarfare, international law, retaliation, digital forensics, false flag operations, global cyber threats, cyber attribution, cyber activism, transnational cybercrime cyber attacks, non-state actors, cyberterrorists, hacktivists, state attribution, Estonia 2007 cyber attack, Russian involvement denial, GhostNet, China cyber attack, attribution challenges, retaliation, state responsibility, international cybersecurity, cyber warfare, hacking, plausible deniability, state versus individuals, global cyber incidents, cyber attribution difficulties, anonymous attacks, sovereign blame cyber attacks, non-state actors, cyberterrorists, hacktivists, cybercrime attribution, Estonia cyber attack 2007, Russia, GhostNet, China, state-sponsored cyber attacks, cyber attribution challenges, international cyber conflict, cyber warfare, state responsibility, plausible deniability, cyber retaliation, cyber security, global cyber attacks, Tibetan authorities, false flag cyber operations, independent hackers cyber attacks, non-state actors, cyberterrorists, hacktivists, state involvement, Estonia 2007, Russia, GhostNet, China, attribution, hacker activism, plausible deniability, cyber warfare, cyber attribution, hacker groups, international relations, sovereignty, cyber espionage, cyber retaliation, state liability, false flag operations cyber attacks, non-state actors, cyberterrorists, hacktivists, state involvement, Estonia cyber attack 2007, attribution, Russia, GhostNet, China, Tibetan authorities, state responsibility, cyber attribution, retaliation, plausible deniability, global cyber threats, hacking, international relations, cybercrime, misattribution, evidence linking, cyber warfare
test-society-asfhwapg-con01a	Patenting drives up the cost of therapies and renders them unaffordable to the poor  The government and its laws should take care of all their people. Because the state is a construct built by all the people, who all pay taxes to support it, laws should also be based to benefit the greatest amount of people possible.In the case of the Myriad company, which holds, together with the University of Utah Research Foundation, rights over tests for ovarian cancer, it prevented cheaper tests being offered to the public. As a result, Myriad is the only company that can market a test for the mutations, and it charges as much as $3,000 . That is a price that for many is inaccessible. Patients’ state: “There is no other, cheaper test that you could go get in another laboratory, because they have the exclusive patent,” she explained, adding that Myriad also controls the efficacy of the test—second opinions are only available for certain surgeries 1.Because patenting harms the accessibility of diagnostics and testing, it should not be allowed.  1. Pratt P.A., Court Rules That DNA Is Information, Not Intellectual Property, published March 30th 2010,  , accessed 07/20/2011 patent, healthcare cost, therapy affordability, poor access, government responsibility, public welfare, tax-funded, benefit majority, Myriad Genetics, University of Utah Research Foundation, ovarian cancer test, genetic testing monopoly, exclusive patent, diagnostic accessibility, high medical cost, unaffordable treatment, legal regulation, intellectual property, DNA patenting, cheaper alternatives, healthcare inequality, second opinion restriction, ethical issues, healthcare law, biomarker patents, Pratt P.A., DNA information ruling patenting, therapy costs, unaffordable healthcare, government responsibility, healthcare laws, public benefit, Myriad Genetics, University of Utah Research Foundation, ovarian cancer test, exclusive patent, diagnostic access, high price medical tests, healthcare inequality, intellectual property, DNA patent, second opinion restriction, legal response, medical monopoly, healthcare policy, patient rights patent law, healthcare access, therapy cost, affordability, poor patients, government responsibility, tax payer benefit, public health policy, Myriad Genetics, University of Utah Research Foundation, ovarian cancer test, diagnostic patents, exclusive rights, cost barriers, medical monopolies, affordable diagnostics, patent restrictions, DNA testing, intellectual property, healthcare inequality, second opinion restriction, harm to accessibility, legal reform, patient rights, bioethics, medical test pricing, public interest law patent, cost of therapies, unaffordable, poor, government responsibility, healthcare laws, public benefit, Myriad Genetics, University of Utah Research Foundation, ovarian cancer test, exclusive rights, diagnostic accessibility, genetic testing, high price, $3,000 test, patent monopoly, second opinions, patient access, patent harm, diagnostic patents, healthcare inequality, DNA patent court ruling, DNA as information, intellectual property, patent law, medical affordability, social justice, healthcare access, patent restriction, affordable diagnostics patenting, therapy cost, unaffordable, poor access, government responsibility, universal healthcare, public good, taxation, legal framework, majority benefit, Myriad Genetics, University of Utah Research Foundation, ovarian cancer test, exclusive rights, high pricing, genetic testing, healthcare affordability, test monopoly, diagnostic accessibility, intellectual property, second opinions, patent law, access to care, DNA patent case, Court ruling, medical patents, social justice, healthcare inequality, public interest, medical innovation, bioethics
test-society-cpisydfphwj-pro03a	"Facebook is good for democracy  Social networks aid our society on multiple levels, one of them being the democratic process. This happens both in autocracies, where the democratic process is basically nonexistent and in western liberal democracies where Facebook acts as a megaphone for the will of the population.  Firstly, when talking about oppressive regimes, Facebook allows the population to organize themselves in massive protests which can, in time, overthrow the government. This is of particular importance as the population cannot organize protests ""offline"" in the real world, because government forces would quickly find them and stop the protests before they even started. These people need a safe house, where government intervention is minimized, so that they can spread the news and organize the protests. The online environment is the best options. We have seen this happening in the Arab Spring(1), Brazil (2), Turkey(3) as well as for protests in democracies as in Wisconsin(4)  For western liberal democracies too Facebook plays a very important role in aiding the democratic process. Even in a democracy the government often engages in unpopular policies. Unfortunately, as we are talking about countries with tens of millions of people, citizens often feel they can’t make a difference. Luckily, here's where Facebook comes in. It connects all the people who share the same disapproval of government actions, removing the feeling that you can do nothing as there is no one backing you. Millions can come together to voice their opinions. Therefore there is more likely to be dissent. Moreover, the internet allowed individuals to start massive campaigns of online petition gathering, which they will later use as an irrefutable argument to the government showing the desire for change. There are a lot of sites, one of the biggest being Avaaz.org which facilitates this process, which use Facebook as a medium through which the petition is shared and so grows.  (1) Sonya Angelica Diehn “Social media use evolving in Egypt”, DW , 04.07.2013   (2) Caroline Stauffer “Social media spreads and splinters Brazil protests”, Reuters ,June 22, 2013   (3) “Activists in Turkey use social media to organize, evade crackdown As protests continue across Turkey against the government”   (4)Wikipedia Facebook, democracy, social networks, democratic process, autocracies, liberal democracies, online activism, protest organization, oppressive regimes, government opposition, Arab Spring, Brazil protests, Turkey protests, Wisconsin protests, political mobilization, dissent, online petitions, Avaaz.org, citizen engagement, social media influence, digital activism, public opinion, megaphone effect, collective action, online campaign, political participation, government accountability, civic engagement, social change, freedom of expression, networked society Facebook, democracy, social networks, democratic process, autocracies, western liberal democracies, megaphone, public opinion, protest organization, oppressive regimes, online activism, Arab Spring, Brazil protests, Turkey protests, Wisconsin protests, government criticism, dissent, online petitions, Avaaz.org, citizen engagement, collective action, social media, political mobilization, advocacy, digital activism, civic participation Facebook, democracy, social networks, autocracies, western liberal democracies, protests, online organization, government, Arab Spring, Brazil protests, Turkey protests, Wisconsin protests, civic mobilization, dissent, online petitions, Avaaz.org, digital activism, citizen engagement, mass communication, political participation, social change, collective action, government accountability, freedom of expression, internet activism, democratic process, policy criticism, online communities, civil society, digital safe house, information dissemination Facebook, democracy, social networks, democratic process, autocracies, oppressive regimes, protests, government overthrow, online organization, Arab Spring, Brazil protests, Turkey protests, Wisconsin protests, western liberal democracies, citizen mobilization, government policies, dissent, online petitions, Avaaz.org, digital activism, civic engagement, collective action, social media influence, public opinion, political participation Facebook, democracy, social networks, democratic process, autocracies, western liberal democracies, protests, government overthrow, online organization, Arab Spring, Brazil protests, Turkey protests, Wisconsin protests, civic engagement, government opposition, online petitions, Avaaz.org, collective action, digital activism, public opinion, internet mobilization, mass movements, political participation, social media influence, governmental dissent, information dissemination"
test-society-mmcpsgfhbf-pro04a	Pornography eroticises violence  Many forms of media are often accused of inciting violence, promoting stereotypes, or indoctrinating in some form or another. While this is contentious, the key principle that ‘sex sells’ is more obvious. Pornography is not like other media in that, while most other films are aimed at entertainment, this is aimed at arousal. That is, it is aimed at immediate and fully selfish pleasure, which is much more forceful and addictive than mere laughter.  The psychological effect of pornography is harmful due to the associations it conditions its audience to make. It eroticises violence through portrayals (fake or genuine) of rape and a general treatment of women that is comparable to torture, yet presented in a context that necessarily biologically excites its viewers. Through continuous exposure to the link between abuse and intense pleasure, this link is easily extended to personal relationships. The master-slave dialectic suddenly becomes acceptable. Compulsive rapists, such as Ted Bundy, are often found to have consumed mass amounts of pornography (Benson). [1] More subtle, yet certainly still present is the force of such associations on young teenagers who have not yet had a sexual relationship and rely on pornography for guidance. This has a potentially massive impact given that 11 is the average age of first internet porn exposure (Techmedia Network). [2]  [1] Benson, Rusty. “Vile Passions.” AFA Journal August 2002.   [2] Techmedia Network. Feminist Porn Award. pornography, eroticises violence, media influence, inciting violence, promoting stereotypes, indoctrination, sex sells, entertainment, arousal, psychological effects, harmful associations, conditioned response, rape portrayal, torture, women objectification, sexual violence, eroticized abuse, pleasure link, personal relationships, master-slave dialectic, compulsive rapists, Ted Bundy, pornography consumption, sexual guidance, teenagers, adolescent exposure, internet porn, first exposure age, feminist critique, media impact, AFA Journal, Techmedia Network, porn and violence, feminist pornography, youth sexual development pornography, eroticises violence, media influence, inciting violence, stereotypes, indoctrination, sex sells, sexual arousal, psychological effects, conditioning, associations, rape portrayal, women abuse, torture, biological excitement, abuse and pleasure, personal relationships, master-slave dialectic, compulsive rapists, Ted Bundy, teenage exposure, sexual guidance, internet porn exposure, harmful effects, feminist critique, porn addiction, youth impact, AFA Journal, Techmedia Network pornography, eroticises violence, media influence, inciting violence, sex sells, arousal, psychological effects, harmful associations, rape portrayal, violence against women, torture, audience conditioning, sexual pleasure, abuse, personal relationships, master-slave dynamic, compulsive rapists, Ted Bundy, teenage exposure, sexual education, internet porn, early exposure age, feminist critique, gender stereotypes, media indoctrination pornography, eroticisation of violence, media influence, inciting violence, promoting stereotypes, sex sells, psychological effects, harmful associations, conditioning, rape portrayal, torture, women, abuse and pleasure association, personal relationships, master-slave dialectic, compulsive rapists, Ted Bundy, teenage exposure, sexual guidance, internet porn exposure, AFA Journal, Techmedia Network, feminist critique, addiction, arousal, entertainment vs arousal, sexual violence, gender stereotypes, youth impact, violence normalization, media psychology pornography, eroticises violence, media influence, inciting violence, promoting stereotypes, sex sells, psychological effects, harmful associations, arousal, selfish pleasure, addictive media, portrayals of rape, treatment of women, torture, abuse, intense pleasure, personal relationships, master-slave dialectic, compulsive rapists, Ted Bundy, youth exposure, teenage guidance, internet porn exposure, feminist criticism, AFA Journal, Techmedia Network, sexual conditioning, gender dynamics, sexual violence, media indoctrination, feminist porn, negative impact on youth
test-international-iwiaghbss-pro02a	Small size makes for ease  The Seychelles, as with the other nations whose very existence is threatened by climate change, is small. It is twice the size of Washington D.C., so smaller than many cities. As such finding enough land to relocate the country should not be a problem. Several of the states closest to the Seychelles; Kenya, Tanzania, Somalia, and Madagascar, have plenty of land that they could give up without any inconvenience to their own state. Kenya, the smallest, is more than 1200 times bigger than Seychelles Seychelles, small size, climate change, relocation, land availability, comparison, Washington D.C., Kenya, Tanzania, Somalia, Madagascar, threatened nations, land area, environmental migration, regional geography, state size, land transfer, population displacement Seychelles, small size, ease of relocation, climate change, threatened nations, land availability, relocation feasibility, country size comparison, Washington D.C., nearby states, Kenya, Tanzania, Somalia, Madagascar, land donation, population displacement, territorial relocation, environmental vulnerability, national relocation, land sufficiency, regional geography Seychelles, small size, land relocation, climate change, threatened nations, land availability, Kenya, Tanzania, Somalia, Madagascar, country size comparison, resettlement, geographic size, population relocation, island nations, territory size Seychelles, small size, climate change, relocation, land availability, threatened nations, Washington D.C. comparison, Kenya, Tanzania, Somalia, Madagascar, land area, island nations, resettlement, environmental threat, territorial comparison Seychelles, small nation, climate change, relocation, land size, country comparison, Washington D.C., Kenya, Tanzania, Somalia, Madagascar, land availability, threatened nations, ease of relocation, land area, environmental migration
test-law-lghwpcctcc-con04a	Witnesses and jurors could easily become involved in the media coverage of the case and place the trial at jeopardy.  Newspaper interviews with witnesses have already caused trials to be cancelled in the past [1] because the judiciary recognises that media coverage can change people’s incentives and warp their priorities. This interference may affect the reliability of the witness’ evidence or the jurors’ verdict. Following the televised trial of O. J. Simpson, several witnesses and jurors gave interviews to the media, or wrote their memoirs of the case [2] . If witnesses and jurors know that their public lives could be affected by how the rest of society perceives them through a court case, they might have an incentive to be more harsh or more lenient; public outrage when the criminal sentence does not match their own interpretations is likely to be laid on those who caused that sentence. This is particularly dangerous for America, where they have trial by jury [3] . Here, the jury has more control over the sentencing of criminals – which obviously becomes a problem if the jury has a vested interest in giving harsh sentences to offenders in order to gain public support. Cameras in court can only encourage witnesses and jurors to distort their true recollection or their opinions in order to profit from the media circus.  [1]  , accessed 19/08/11  [2]  , accessed 19/08/11  [3]  , accessed 19/08/11 witnesses, jurors, media coverage, trial jeopardy, newspaper interviews, trial cancellation, judiciary, media influence, evidence reliability, verdict reliability, televised trial, O.J. Simpson, memoirs, public perception, public outrage, criminal sentencing, trial by jury, jury control, sentencing bias, vested interest, public support, cameras in court, media circus, witness recollection, juror opinions, media interference, legal proceedings, criminal justice, United States, court transparency, trial integrity, judicial process media coverage, witnesses, jurors, trial jeopardy, newspaper interviews, cancelled trials, judiciary, incentives, evidence reliability, juror verdict, televised trials, O. J. Simpson, memoirs, public perception, harsh sentencing, leniency, public outrage, trial by jury, jury control, sentencing, vested interest, public support, cameras in court, media circus, profit motive, witness recollection distortion, opinion distortion, American legal system media coverage, witnesses, jurors, trial jeopardy, newspaper interviews, cancelled trials, judicial interference, witness reliability, juror verdict, O. J. Simpson trial, televised trials, media influence, public perception, court case, sentencing, jury control, America, trial by jury, public support, harsh sentencing, cameras in court, recollection distortion, media circus, judicial process, criminal justice, courtroom transparency, impartiality, media impact, evidence reliability, public outrage media coverage, witnesses, jurors, trial jeopardy, newspaper interviews, trial cancellation, judiciary, incentives, evidence reliability, jury verdict, televised trial, O. J. Simpson, memoirs, public perception, harsh sentencing, leniency, public outrage, trial by jury, jury control, sentencing influence, cameras in court, media interference, witness recollection, jury opinion, media circus, criminal justice system, America, public support, vested interests, judicial process media influence, witnesses, jurors, court cases, media coverage, trial jeopardy, jury impartiality, newspaper interviews, trial cancellation, judiciary, witness reliability, juror verdict, televised trials, O.J. Simpson, jury incentives, public perception, criminal sentencing, public outrage, trial by jury, sentencing control, vested interest, harsh sentencing, public support, cameras in court, evidence distortion, media circus, United States, judicial process, witness memoirs, legal ethics, court publicity
test-health-dhgsshbesbc-con02a	The risks of ignorance and prejudice are too high  This measure could be actively dangerous for HIV-positive workers. Ignorance causes so much bad behaviour towards AIDS sufferers and HIV-positive men and women. A fifth of men in the UK who disclose their HIV positive status at work then experience HIV discrimination. [1] The proposition seeks to institutionalise and widen the shunning and ill-treatment of HIV-positive workers that already happens when people find out about their condition. Even if not motivated by prejudice, co-workers will often take excessive precautions which are medically unnecessary and inflame unsubstantiated fears of casual transmission.  In addition, many people who are HIV-positive choose not to reveal their condition for fear of violent reactions to them from their families and the rest of society. If disclosure to an employer is compulsory, then the news will inevitably leak out to the wider community. In effect, they will lose any right of privacy completely.  [1] Pebody, 2009 HIV discrimination, workplace prejudice, HIV-positive workers, AIDS stigma, ignorance risks, compulsory disclosure, privacy loss, medical confidentiality, UK HIV statistics, workplace harassment, social exclusion, unsubstantiated fears, HIV-positive rights, workplace safety, discrimination risks, HIV stigma, institutional discrimination, violence against HIV-positive, privacy violation, AIDS patient treatment HIV, HIV-positive, AIDS, workplace discrimination, HIV stigma, ignorance, prejudice, HIV disclosure, privacy, workplace policy, casual transmission fears, institutional discrimination, UK, negative attitudes, mandatory disclosure, Pebody 2009, social shunning, excessive precautions, HIV-positive workers, fear of violence, confidentiality, medical privacy, HIV workplace rights, employer obligations, employee protections HIV discrimination, workplace stigma, HIV-positive workers, AIDS prejudice, disclosure risks, privacy loss, social shunning, HIV workplace policy, institutionalized discrimination, prejudice against HIV, HIV status disclosure, employment rights HIV, fear of violence HIV, unnecessary precautions HIV, medical misinformation AIDS, HIV-positive privacy rights, consequences of disclosure, workplace harassment HIV, UK HIV statistics, Pebody 2009 HIV, AIDS, workplace discrimination, HIV-positive workers, ignorance, prejudice, stigma, HIV disclosure, privacy, institutional discrimination, UK, HIV-positive status, shunning, ill-treatment, casual transmission fears, compulsory disclosure, social stigma, medical confidentiality, Pebody 2009, occupational health, fear of violence, HIV-related prejudice, workplace safety, employee rights, privacy loss, HIV policy, discriminatory practices, excessive precautions, public health ethics HIV, HIV-positive, AIDS, discrimination, workplace, stigma, ignorance, prejudice, UK, HIV workers, HIV disclosure, HIV privacy, HIV shunning, institutional discrimination, HIV-related violence, compulsory disclosure, medical confidentiality, fear of transmission, social exclusion, anti-HIV bias, employee rights, workplace policy, HIV-positive men, HIV-positive women, unsubstantiated fears, family reactions, protection of privacy, Pebody 2009
test-international-ssiarcmhb-con02a	In contradiction to the Catholic Church's responsibility to promote life.  Many Catholic countries in Africa and South America have huge problems with AIDS and HIV with thousands of people dying as a result. In a survey carried out in 20091, it was found that in sub-Saharan Africa 22.5 million people were living with HIV/AIDS and 1.3 million people died of AIDS. An enormous number of these people contracted HIV because they did not use a condom during intercourse, under the advice of the Catholic Church. It is clear, then, that the Catholic Church's stance on barrier contraception promotes the spread of AIDS. The opposition also believes that since the Catholic Church are in a position of power over a colossal number of people, they have a responsibility to ensure the welfare of those people. They must, therefore, reduce the likelihood that the people that they have power over will die as much as they can. Their ban over the use of barrier contraception is not in line with this responsibility. 1 UNAIDS global report. Catholic Church, responsibility, promote life, AIDS, HIV, Africa, South America, condom use, barrier contraception, Church stance, disease transmission, public health, UNAIDS report, survey 2009, mortality, HIV prevention, Church influence, sexual health, policy impact, ethical responsibility, contraception ban, epidemic, welfare, sub-Saharan Africa, religious authority, health crisis Catholic Church, responsibility, promote life, AIDS, HIV, Africa, South America, condom use, barrier contraception, Catholic countries, church stance, HIV transmission, mortality, UNAIDS report, public health, sexual ethics, church influence, contraception ban, welfare, epidemic, religious teaching, prevention, church policy, sub-Saharan Africa, survey 2009, epidemic response, Catholic doctrine, global health, church opposition, health responsibility, deaths, power dynamics Catholic Church, responsibility, promote life, AIDS, HIV, Africa, South America, sub-Saharan Africa, UNAIDS, 2009 survey, condom use, barrier contraception, Church stance, HIV transmission, Church authority, welfare, mortality, public health, sexual health, contraception ban, ethical responsibility, epidemic, religious influence, health policy, condom ban, population welfare, church policy, epidemic response, HIV prevention, Catholic doctrine, public health ethics Catholic Church, responsibility, promote life, Catholic countries, Africa, South America, AIDS, HIV, mortality, sub-Saharan Africa, condom use, contraception, barrier methods, Church stance, HIV transmission, public health, power, influence, welfare, ethics, UNAIDS, 2009 survey, sexual health, church policy, death rate, prevention, epidemic, religious opposition, health policy Catholic Church, responsibility, promote life, HIV, AIDS, sub-Saharan Africa, South America, contraception, condom use, barrier contraception, church stance, public health, mortality, UNAIDS report, religious influence, ethical responsibility, sexual health, epidemic, policy impact, church authority, population welfare, preventable deaths, health crisis, Catholic doctrine, Africa, Latin America
test-education-ughbuesbf-con01a	The cost to the state is far too great to sustain universal free university education  The system of paying for universal healthcare, education, pensions, etc. threatens to bankrupt countries. The cost of paying for free university education is ruinously high. [1] In the OECD 1.9% of GDP, a third of education expenditure, is spent on tertiary education. [2] For countries to survive, they must rethink what they can afford to provide freely to citizens. It seems fair that all states should offer access to their citizens to primary and secondary education opportunities. University, on the other hand, is not essential to life in the same way. People can be functional and responsible citizens without it. For this reason, the state must consider university in the same way it does any non­essential service; people may pay for it if they wish to partake, but it is not an entitlement owed by the state.  [1] Ullman, Ben. 2007. “Should Higher Education Really Be Free For All?”. The New Statesman. Available:  ­radicals/2007/01/higher­education­free­students  [2] ‘What proportion of national wealth is spent on education’, Education at a glance, OECD, 2011, p.225, universal free university education, state expenditure, cost to state, sustainability, public finance, universal healthcare, education funding, pension costs, economic impact, tertiary education, OECD, GDP education spending, education policy, entitlement, primary education, secondary education, non-essential services, higher education affordability, citizen access, government budget, education entitlement, Ben Ullman, New Statesman, OECD Education at a Glance, national wealth spent on education, education reform, public services, university funding, state provision, education priorities, fiscal sustainability universal free university education, state expenditure, education funding, higher education costs, OECD, GDP education spending, sustainability, government budget, public services, healthcare funding, pension systems, tertiary education, education policy, entitlement, essential services, citizen access, primary and secondary education, university fees, education affordability, economic impact, education reform, public vs private funding, financial sustainability, education entitlements, national wealth allocation, Ben Ullman, Education at a Glance, OECD 2011 universal free university education, state expenditure, public spending, tertiary education costs, OECD, GDP education spending, higher education funding, government budget, sustainability, public services, essential services, non-essential services, primary education, secondary education, entitlement, cost-benefit analysis, education policy, education reform, public finance, welfare state, social services, university tuition, national budget impact, economic burden, pensions, healthcare, education affordability, fiscal sustainability, education entitlement, university access, education funding models universal free university education, state expenditure, university funding, higher education costs, OECD education spending, GDP education percentage, tertiary education costs, sustainable public services, universal healthcare funding, education affordability, government budget, primary secondary education access, non-essential public services, user pays principle, welfare state sustainability, public funding priorities, education entitlement, higher education policy, state responsibility education, public expenditure reform universal free university education, cost to state, sustainability, universal healthcare, public expenditure, education funding, tertiary education costs, OECD, GDP education spending, rethinking public services, affordability, essential vs non-essential services, entitlement, user-pays higher education, educational policy, national budgets, primary and secondary education, higher education debate, public debt, social entitlement, Ben Ullman, New Statesman, OECD education statistics
test-international-bmaggiahbl-con02a	Setting Rwanda's priorities  Rwanda is an emerging democracy healing from the wounds of the horrific past. To achieve the set vision, there should be a priority which in this case is economic development[1].  A large number of Rwandans believe that the government should focus on transforming the nation economically although it may mean restricting free speech, which has prompted a huge participation in government development programs like Ubudehe[2]. Freedom of speech and press needs to be restricted if the government wants to engage in unlimited development; there is no time to engage in long debates over whether a particular project is being implemented the correct way. Having freedom of speech and press would hinder the government’s ability to manage the resources of the state and to encourage investors who don’t want to have protests to their building factories, or have labour complaining about not being paid enough.  Whether a country puts rights or the economy first is up to the individual country, Rwanda has chosen.  [1] Horand, Knaup, ‘Kagame's Priorities for Rwanda: First Prosperity, then Freedom of Expression’, Spiegel.de, 12 August 2010  [2] NS world, ‘Rwanda Engages Citizens in Community-Level development’, nsworld.org Rwanda, emerging democracy, economic development, government priorities, freedom of speech, press freedom, development programs, Ubudehe, resource management, state control, investor confidence, labor rights, post-genocide, community development, political stability, Kagame, prosperity vs freedom, national healing, policy trade-offs, rights versus economy, public participation, restrictive governance, developmental state Rwanda, priorities, economic development, emerging democracy, government programs, Ubudehe, freedom of speech, press restrictions, government control, resource management, investment climate, protests, labor rights, development policy, Kagame, prosperity vs freedom, citizen participation, post-conflict recovery, community development, rights vs economy, political stability, governance, public debate, state management, investor confidence Rwanda, priorities, economic development, emerging democracy, healing, horrific past, government focus, vision 2020, free speech, press freedom, restricted freedom, government programs, Ubudehe, citizen participation, prosperity, resource management, investment climate, protests, labor rights, human rights, rights vs economy, Paul Kagame, post-genocide, development strategy, governance, media restrictions, national development, community development, foreign investment, policy choices Rwanda, emerging democracy, economic development, priorities, government policy, free speech, freedom of expression, development programs, Ubudehe, resource management, press freedom, investor confidence, labor rights, community development, Kagame, prosperity, post-genocide, public participation, state control, individual rights, transformational governance Rwanda, priorities, economic development, democracy, post-genocide, government policy, free speech, press freedom, restrictions, development programs, Ubudehe, national transformation, prosperity vs rights, resource management, investor confidence, labor issues, political participation, freedom vs growth, Kagame, community development
test-philosophy-pphbclsbs-con02a	The loss of individual liberty is the start of a slippery slope.  The proposition puts us in a dangerous place. That situation is the thin edge of a totalitarian wedge – we must take a principled stand for liberty and stop the increasing number of anti-terrorist legislation and over powerful policing powers. Many evil events in history started with good intentions and few cases of injustice. Allowing even a few abuses as an acceptable side effect of improved security will change the tolerance level of the public and lead to a belief that rights such as the presumption of innocence and habeas corpus (which prevents the state from imprisoning someone without charging them with a crime and then trying them) are a negotiable luxury. Furthermore, abuses of the system are likely to victimise certain minority groups (e.g. Muslims, Arab-Americans) in the same way that Japanese-Americans and many other groups were persecuted in World War II, [1] something about which Americans are now rightly ashamed.  [1] Hummel, Jeffrey Rogers, ‘Not Just Japanese Americans: The Untold Story of U.S. Repression During 'The Good War'’, The Journal of Historical Review, Fall 1987 (Vol. 7, No. 3),  , accessed 9 September 2011 individual liberty, slippery slope, totalitarianism, policing powers, anti-terrorist legislation, civil rights, habeas corpus, presumption of innocence, security vs freedom, government abuse, minority persecution, historical injustice, Japanese-American internment, Arab-Americans, Muslim discrimination, public tolerance, state power, civil liberties erosion, injustice, principled stand individual liberty, slippery slope, totalitarianism, principled stand, anti-terrorist legislation, policing powers, history, good intentions, injustice, public tolerance, presumption of innocence, habeas corpus, state power, abuse of power, security vs liberty, minority victimization, Muslims, Arab-Americans, Japanese-Americans, World War II, civil rights, public safety, repression, legal safeguards, historical examples, government overreach, civil liberties, rights erosion, targeted persecution, national security, rule of law individual liberty, slippery slope, totalitarianism, anti-terrorist legislation, policing powers, civil liberties, presumption of innocence, habeas corpus, security vs. freedom, historical abuses, minority victimization, Japanese-American internment, government overreach, public tolerance, rights erosion, principled stand, state power, injustice, good intentions, war-time repression individual liberty, slippery slope, totalitarianism, anti-terrorist legislation, policing powers, civil liberties, presumption of innocence, habeas corpus, security vs freedom, public tolerance, rights erosion, minority groups, victimization, Japanese-Americans, World War II, historical abuses, good intentions, injustice, government overreach, state power, repression, discrimination, civil rights, legal safeguards, historical parallels individual liberty, slippery slope, totalitarianism, anti-terrorist legislation, policing powers, security vs freedom, civil liberties, presumption of innocence, habeas corpus, state power, public tolerance, human rights, abuse of power, minority persecution, historical injustice, Japanese-Americans, Arab-Americans, Muslims, World War II, government overreach, principled stand, repression, good intentions, injustice, public opinion, negotiable rights, civil rights, legislative abuse
test-international-aglhrilhb-pro02a	The only just method  Prosecuting offenders is the only way to get a just outcome when there have been horrific crimes committed. At a most principled level, those who commit a crime ought to be held accountable for their actions even if they are powerful or it damages the chances of peace because the powerful must be shown not to be above the law. Even where the law did not exist, or the leaders were in control of the law, international norms provide a standard for what actions merit prosecution, and judiciaries have been very good at convicting those who committed atrocities[1]. Having those who committed crimes convicted by law courts helps prevent those affected by atrocities holding grudges and put the past behind them so aiding the healing process [2].  [1] Moore, John J Jr ‘Problems With Forgiveness’ 43 Stanford Law Review 733, February 1991  [2] abc news, ‘Dallas Holocaust survivors welcome prosecution of former Nazi guard’, wfaa.com, 20 August 2010, prosecution, justice, accountability, offenders, horrific crimes, powerful individuals, rule of law, international norms, crime conviction, judicial process, atrocity prevention, healing process, legal standards, legal prosecution, war crimes, international law, ending impunity, reconciliation, Stanford Law Review, Holocaust survivors, Dallas, Nazi guard, criminal accountability, peace vs justice, legal retribution, legal responsibility, court convictions, transitional justice prosecution, justice, accountability, horrific crimes, legal accountability, rule of law, powerful offenders, international norms, war crimes, crimes against humanity, legal prosecution, judicial conviction, healing process, atrocity prevention, peace vs justice, legal standards, law courts, history of prosecution, post-conflict justice, reconciliation, legal principles, Moore John J Jr, Stanford Law Review, Nazi prosecution, Holocaust survivors, wfaa.com prosecuting offenders, just outcome, horrific crimes, accountability, powerful individuals, rule of law, international norms, prosecution standards, judiciaries, atrocity convictions, justice, legal accountability, peace vs justice, law courts, healing process, forgiveness, historical crimes, war crimes, international law, crime prosecution, legal justice, post-conflict healing, atrocity prevention, Stanford Law Review, Holocaust survivors, Nazi prosecution prosecution, offenders, justice, accountability, powerful individuals, rule of law, international norms, war crimes, atrocity crimes, legal standards, conviction, judiciary, healing process, forgiveness, transitional justice, crime prevention, peace vs justice, historical accountability, post-conflict resolution, law enforcement, legal prosecution, impunity, international courts prosecution, justice, accountability, offenders, crime, powerful individuals, rule of law, international norms, war crimes, atrocities, conviction, judiciary, healing, reconciliation, peace, legal standards, court trials, historical crimes, war criminals, legal deterrence, post-conflict justice, forgiveness, law enforcement, transitional justice, human rights, criminal responsibility
test-economy-epiasghbf-pro03a	Labour participation and rights  Labour participation enables an awareness, and acquirement, of equal gender rights. Firstly, labour participation is challenging cultural ideologies and norms of which see the woman’s responsibility as limited to the reproductive sphere. Entering the productive sphere brings women equal work rights and the right to enter public space. By such a change gender norms of the male breadwinner are challenged. Secondly, labour force participation by women has resulted in the emergence of community lawyers and organisations to represent them. The Declaration of the African Regional Domestic Workers Network is a case in point. [1] With the rising number of female domestic workers, the network is working to change conditions - upholding Conferences, sharing information, and taking action.  [1] See labour participation, gender rights, women's rights, cultural norms, gender norms, productive sphere, reproductive sphere, equal work rights, public space, male breadwinner, female labour force, community lawyers, women's organisations, African Regional Domestic Workers Network, domestic workers, gender equality, labour force participation, women's empowerment, workplace rights, women in public sphere, gender discrimination, women's activism, labour rights, women's movements, gender roles, collective action labour participation, gender rights, equal rights, women's labour force participation, cultural norms, gender norms, male breadwinner, productive sphere, reproductive sphere, women's work rights, public space, women's empowerment, community lawyers, women's organisations, domestic workers, African Regional Domestic Workers Network, gender equality, labour rights, women's advocacy, female workers, women's representation, women's rights movement, workplace equality, women's legal representation labour participation, gender rights, women's rights, gender equality, cultural norms, reproductive sphere, productive sphere, work rights, public space, gender norms, male breadwinner, female labour force, women’s employment, community lawyers, women's organisations, African Regional Domestic Workers Network, domestic workers, working conditions, women's empowerment, gender representation, equal employment opportunities, gendered division of labour, labour rights, women's advocacy, social change labour participation, gender rights, women's rights, gender equality, cultural norms, reproductive sphere, productive sphere, work rights, public space, gender norms, male breadwinner, labour force participation, community lawyers, women's organisations, African Regional Domestic Workers Network, female domestic workers, working conditions, advocacy, equal rights, women's empowerment labour participation, gender rights, women's rights, gender equality, cultural norms, reproductive sphere, productive sphere, women at work, public space, male breadwinner, gender norms, female labour force, community lawyers, women's organisations, African Regional Domestic Workers Network, female domestic workers, workers' rights, workplace equality, women's empowerment, gender discrimination, legal advocacy, gender roles, labour movement, women's representation, social change
test-free-speech-debate-yfsdfkhbwu-pro02a	A bargaining chip  In much the same way that material investment in countries can be used as a bargaining chip to secure improvements in areas of legislation, so cultural investment can be used to secure rights associated with related fields of endeavour. Free speech is merely the most obvious. It is reasonable for a western university to insist that its graduates will need to have access to the fruits of a free press and democratic speculation of experts and the wider public [i] .  The cases of the lecturer, Chia Thye Poh who is arguably the world’s longest serving prisoner of conscience or the political opposition leader, Vincent Cheng who was barred from addressing a talk organised the History Society of NUS at the national library [ii] both give examples of how Singaporean government actions impact directly on university life and academic freedoms. In the light of this, it seems the height of reasonableness for Western universities to say that they will only operate in areas that offer the same academic freedoms they would expect in their home country. If the Singaporean government wants that benefits that Yale graduates can bring, they should be prepared to accept such a change.  [i] Stateuniversity.Com. western Europe – Educational roots, reform in the twentieth century, contemporary reform trends, future challenges.  [ii] Ex-detainee Vincent Cheng barred from speaking in history seminar, The Online Citizen, 28 May 2010 bargaining chip, material investment, cultural investment, legislative improvements, free speech, academic freedom, western universities, Singapore government, press freedom, democratic speculation, prisoner of conscience, Chia Thye Poh, Vincent Cheng, opposition leader, university autonomy, university operation conditions, Yale graduates, international education, government restrictions, graduate access, free press, academic rights, university governance, NUS, History Society, political censorship bargaining chip, material investment, cultural investment, academic freedom, free speech, press freedom, democratic speculation, western universities, Singapore government, Chia Thye Poh, Vincent Cheng, prisoner of conscience, opposition leader, university life, legislation, education reform, Yale graduates, government policy, academic rights, censorship, public discourse, NUS, History Society, national library, western Europe, human rights, international education, political interference, academic collaboration, university autonomy bargaining chip, material investment, cultural investment, academic freedom, free speech, legislation, university operations, western universities, Singapore government, Chia Thye Poh, Vincent Cheng, prisoner of conscience, political opposition, talk barring, academic rights, press freedom, democratic speculation, graduate requirements, education reform, international universities, Yale, NUS, History Society, government actions, university life, access to information, scholarly freedom, foreign university partnerships, legislative influence, educational policy, Singapore academic environment bargaining chip, material investment, cultural investment, academic freedom, free speech, university autonomy, graduate rights, free press, democratic discourse, legislation reform, Singapore government, lecturer Chia Thye Poh, political opposition, Vincent Cheng, prisoner of conscience, censorship, educational policy, western universities, Yale, History Society NUS, academic cooperation, government interference, university operations, international education, institutional autonomy, human rights, public debate bargaining chip, material investment, cultural investment, academic freedom, free speech, free press, democracy, university policy, legislation, Singapore, Chia Thye Poh, Vincent Cheng, prisoner of conscience, political opposition, government censorship, Western universities, academic operation, graduate rights, international education, Yale graduates, educational reform, university-government relations, academic rights, censorship, democratic speculation, public discourse
test-law-lghwpcctcc-pro01a	People should have a right of access to justice.  Given that people are already allowed to watch court proceedings from the public gallery – including the Judicial Committee of the House of Lords in the UK [1] , and the Supreme Court in the US [2] – there is little reason why this should not be extended to give better access across the nation to anybody who wants to watch. Those with full-time jobs or who live far away from the courts are currently unfairly limited in this respect, and those who do wish to attend well-publicised trials often have to arrive hours in advance to get a seat. Individuals should not have to give up so much time and money just to be able to watch a democratic proceeding, which is a cornerstone of democratic nations. Given that many closed trials such as the trial of the Guantánamo Bay terrorism suspects [3] have still led to intense media coverage, we would be better off showing the courts to be transparent and just instead of vainly trying to hide everything behind closed doors.  [1]  , accessed 05/08/11  [2]  , accessed 05/08/11  [3]  , accessed 19/08/11. access to justice, public court proceedings, right to watch trials, Supreme Court transparency, democratic process, public gallery access, remote court viewing, judicial transparency, open justice, court accessibility, trial media coverage, transparency in courts, democratic rights, court public access, closed trials, Guantánamo Bay trial, judicial openness, court broadcasting, civic engagement, legal transparency access to justice, public court proceedings, transparency, open courts, judicial transparency, live court streaming, court accessibility, public gallery, remote viewing, democratic process, media coverage, closed trials, Supreme Court, Judicial Committee, right to observe, legal transparency, civic engagement, open justice, judicial accountability, court openness, Guantánamo Bay trial, public participation, legal system fairness, court broadcasting, court openness rationale access to justice, court transparency, public access, judicial transparency, court proceedings, public gallery, judicial committee, House of Lords, Supreme Court, UK courts, US courts, trial access, open courts, democratic process, remote access, televised trials, court broadcasting, legal transparency, public participation, closed trials, Guantánamo Bay trial, media coverage, judicial fairness, legal access rights, democracy, courtroom openness access to justice, public gallery, court proceedings, judicial transparency, Supreme Court, House of Lords, open courts, courtroom broadcasting, public access, trial observation, remote viewing, democratic process, media coverage, court transparency, legal accessibility, closed trials, Guantánamo Bay, judicial accountability, public scrutiny, legal rights, trial attendance, justice system openness, judicial committee, citizen access, fair trials right of access to justice, public access to court proceedings, transparency in judiciary, open courts, live streaming court cases, judicial transparency, public gallery, access to justice, Supreme Court access, House of Lords judiciary, trial media coverage, democratic proceedings, courtroom attendance barriers, remote court viewing, closed trials, Guantánamo Bay trial, court transparency, judicial accountability, fair access to courts, court proceedings accessibility
test-digital-freedoms-eifdfaihs-con01a	Incentivise ISPs to provide more data capacity  If the ISPs were actually making their money on the basis of data provision rather than bandwidth then it’s in their interest to provide it. If they can’t, they don’t make money.  If they want to sell more data, they have to provide more bandwidth, otherwise they can’t do it. This way both the data gluttons and the dieters get what they want. The gluttons get a fast provision of the resources they want or the capacity to share those resources at a reasonable speed and the dieters get cheaper provision.  Measures being pursued by the European Commission aim to do exactly this. They will allow ISPs to control the passage of data across their networks but must, at the same time, make it clear what they are doing and offer low data use price plans accordingly [i] .  This is more so with mobile devices than with ‘plumbed in’ ones. For many people, it wouldn’t occur to them to use Skype for a call and a phone – even a smart one – is primarily just that, a phone. Why should they pay for a capacity they will never use because others can’t take a bus journey without watching a movie?  [i] Out-Law.com: Legal news and guidance from Pinsent Masons. European Commission to propose net neutrality measures. 30 May 2012 . ISP incentives, data capacity, bandwidth provision, data pricing models, net neutrality, European Commission measures, low data usage plans, mobile data, plumbed-in connections, consumer choice, network management, data gluttons, data dieters, data transparency, internet service providers, regulatory compliance, user-centric pricing, broadband allocation, Pinsent Masons, Out-Law.com ISP incentives, data capacity, bandwidth provision, data usage, revenue models, data plans, net neutrality, European Commission, low data use plans, mobile data, network management, consumer choice, data pricing, internet service providers, network traffic control, user demand, bandwidth allocation, telecommunications policy, regulatory measures, data-heavy users, light data users, transparency requirements, telecommunications regulation, data provision economics ISP incentives, data capacity, bandwidth provision, data pricing models, user demand, European Commission, net neutrality, traffic management, mobile data plans, usage-based pricing, transparency requirements, data usage tiers, consumer choice, network infrastructure, data gluttons, data dieters, price differentiation, telecommunications regulation, mobile vs fixed network, Pinsent Masons, Out-Law.com ISPs, data capacity, data provision, bandwidth, data pricing, European Commission, net neutrality, incentive structures, mobile devices, price plans, data usage, network management, consumer choice, resource allocation, legal measures, Pinsent Masons, regulatory policy, data gluttons, low data use, network transparency, broadband, telecommunications, internet service providers, capacity management, digital policy ISPs, data capacity, bandwidth, data provision, incentives, European Commission, net neutrality, mobile devices, low data use plans, pricing models, network management, data usage, consumer choice, transparency, broadband, infrastructure investment, digital economy, telecommunications, usage-based pricing, regulatory measures, mobile broadband, data gluttons, data dieters, service differentiation, Internet service providers
test-international-aghwrem-pro03a	There is scope for further diplomatic progress in the region through disengagement  Reengagement has potential for having a positive influence in various contexts. Myanmar is rich in natural resources, including forest products, minerals and gems. Removing trade restrictions and offering developmental aid would benefit the local economy and population.1 In the longer term, economic activity can act as a stimulus for development of a stronger legal and business framework to reduce corruption. If the US and the EU create confidence in the Myanmar government that they are willing to offer something constructive rather than critical, it may be possible to ask for greater transparency in government and reduce systematic violations of human rights as well.2 The newly elected civilian government has indicated it is willing to pursue democratic reform, and the US and the EU should not lose this opportunity for change.  1 BBC News, ‘India and Burma expand trade ties and sign gas deals’, 14 October 2011.  2 Human Rights Watch, ‘China: press visiting Burmese leader on elections and accountability’, 6 September 2010, (example of how state relations can encourage democracy) diplomatic progress, Myanmar, disengagement, reengagement, positive influence, natural resources, forest products, minerals, gems, trade restrictions, developmental aid, local economy, economic stimulus, legal framework, business framework, corruption reduction, US, EU, constructive engagement, government transparency, human rights, democratic reform, civilian government, opportunity for change, trade ties, gas deals, state relations, democracy encouragement, accountability diplomatic progress, disengagement, reengagement, positive influence, Myanmar, natural resources, forest products, minerals, gems, trade restrictions, developmental aid, local economy, economic stimulus, legal framework, business framework, corruption reduction, US, EU, constructive engagement, transparency, government accountability, human rights, civilian government, democratic reform, economic development, international relations, foreign aid, trade ties, democracy promotion, state relations, accountability diplomatic progress, disengagement, reengagement, positive influence, Myanmar, natural resources, forest products, minerals, gems, trade restrictions, developmental aid, local economy, economic stimulus, legal framework, business framework, corruption reduction, US, EU, confidence building, constructive engagement, transparency, government accountability, human rights, civilian government, democratic reform, state relations, democracy encouragement, trade ties, gas deals, economic development, international aid, foreign policy diplomatic progress, disengagement, reengagement, positive influence, Myanmar, natural resources, forest products, minerals, gems, trade restrictions, developmental aid, local economy, economic development, legal framework, business framework, corruption reduction, US, EU, government transparency, human rights, civilian government, democratic reform, constructive engagement, opportunity for change, India-Myanmar trade, gas deals, accountability, state relations, encourage democracy diplomatic progress, disengagement, reengagement, positive influence, Myanmar, natural resources, forest products, minerals, gems, trade restrictions, developmental aid, local economy, economic stimulus, legal framework, business framework, corruption reduction, US, EU, confidence building, constructive engagement, government transparency, human rights, civilian government, democratic reform, foreign policy, international relations, economic development, trade relations, democracy promotion, accountability, state relations, foreign aid, reform incentives
test-society-simhbrasnba-con01a	We have a duty to help the persecuted  The principles which underlie the asylum regime are as valid as ever. Millions still face persecution, death and torture globally because of who they are or because of their convictions. Democratic countries still have a moral obligation to offer protection to these people. We all recognise it as a horrendous failing by the countries who turned away Jewish refugees in the early days of Nazism where both the United States and the UK turned away large numbers or refugees, [1] and only the Dominican Republic was willing to take in large numbers. [2] This should never happen again. Developed nations have both the wealth and security to make them the best destinations for those seeking refuge.  [1] Perl, William R., ‘The Holocaust conspiracy: an international policy of genocide’, 1989, pp.37-51  [2] Museum of Jewish Heritage, ‘”A Community Born in Pain and Nurtured in Love” Jews who were given refuge by Dominican Republic’, 8 January 2008. asylum, persecution, refugees, moral obligation, protection, democratic countries, genocide, holocaust, Nazism, Jewish refugees, United States, United Kingdom, Dominican Republic, international policy, torture, death, human rights, developed nations, refugee policy, historical precedents, refugee failures, immigration, wealth, security, humanitarian duty, museum of Jewish heritage asylum, refugees, persecution, moral obligation, protection, democratic countries, Nazism, Jewish refugees, United States, United Kingdom, Dominican Republic, Holocaust, genocide, international policy, developed nations, wealth, security, torture, human rights, historical failure, global responsibility, immigration, refugee policy, humanitarian duty, history, WWII, museum, William R. Perl asylum, refugee protection, persecution, moral obligation, democratic countries, Holocaust, Jewish refugees, Nazism, refugee policy, developed nations, international responsibility, genocide, Dominican Republic, United States, United Kingdom, wealth, security, historical precedents, torture, human rights, migration, refugee resettlement, World War II, immigration policy asylum, refugee protection, persecution, human rights, moral obligation, democratic countries, Holocaust, Jewish refugees, Nazism, United States, United Kingdom, Dominican Republic, international law, genocide, historical precedent, immigration policy, developed nations, wealth, security, humanitarian response, global responsibility, torture, convictions, Museum of Jewish Heritage, William R. Perl, Holocaust conspiracy asylum, refugee protection, persecution, moral obligation, humanitarian duty, democratic countries, Jewish refugees, Nazism, Holocaust, international response, United States, United Kingdom, Dominican Republic, developed nations, torture, genocide, global crises, historical precedent, policy failure, refugee acceptance, William R. Perl, Museum of Jewish Heritage, human rights, shelter, wealth, security, WWII, refugee policy, migration, international law
test-politics-oapdhwinkp-con01a	"North Korea is an irrational regime that is a strategic threat to numerous great powers  North Korea is an irrational and irresponsible regime that can’t simply be ignored. As the United States National Security Council spokesman Tonny Vietor said in response to the 12th December 2012 missile test “This action is yet another example of North Korea's pattern of irresponsible behavior.” As a power that is willing to defy international sanctions and resolutions such as “Resolution 1874, which demands the DPRK not to conduct ""any launch using ballistic missile technology"" and urges it to ""suspend all activities related to its ballistic missile programme""” [1] it is essential that there is engagement to prevent the regime breaking more international norms.  It is impossible simply to ignore a regime with such a propensity to engage in provocative actions when it borders you, as is the case with China and Russia, or when it has tested missiles that can potentially hit targets 6000km away, so most of Asia, including numerous US bases. [2]  [1] ‘North Korea rocket: International reaction’, BBC News, 12 December 2012,   [2] ‘North Korea’s missile programme’, BBC News, 12 December 2012, North Korea, irrational regime, strategic threat, great powers, United States, National Security Council, Tonny Vietor, missile test, irresponsible behavior, international sanctions, Resolution 1874, ballistic missile technology, international norms, provocative actions, China, Russia, missile range, Asia, US bases, missile programme, international reaction North Korea, irrational regime, strategic threat, great powers, irresponsible behavior, US National Security Council, Tonny Vietor, missile test, international sanctions, UN Resolution 1874, ballistic missile technology, ballistic missile programme, international norms, engagement, provocative actions, China, Russia, missile range, Asia, US bases, DPRK, international reaction, 2012, BBC News North Korea, irrational regime, strategic threat, great powers, irresponsible behavior, United States, National Security Council, missile test, international sanctions, UN Resolution 1874, ballistic missile technology, international norms, provocative actions, China, Russia, missile range, Asia, US military bases, international reaction, North Korea missile programme, security, nuclear threat North Korea, irrational regime, strategic threat, great powers, irresponsible behavior, United States, National Security Council, Tonny Vietor, missile test, international sanctions, UN Resolution 1874, ballistic missile technology, international norms, provocative actions, China, Russia, missile range, Asia, US military bases, DPRK, international security, noncompliance, defiance, containment, denuclearization, BBC News, 2012 North Korea, irrational regime, strategic threat, great powers, irresponsible behavior, United States, National Security Council, missile test, international sanctions, Resolution 1874, ballistic missile technology, missile programme, international norms, provocative actions, China, Russia, Asia, US bases, missile range, international reaction, security threat, DPRK, nuclear proliferation, BBC News"
test-politics-gvhwhnerse-con04a	Sham elections do not mean the elections have no influence or impact.  For an autocracy the election for the top job needs to be predetermined, but the other elections do not. This means that elections for the legislature can still be competitive. The seats do have some influence, provide patronage, and have status attached so there are plenty of people who want to contest them. In the Arab world before the Arab spring there was a less than 25% incumbency rate for legislatures. [1] Having elections that determine control in local areas or allow opposition some control in parliament is far preferable to the alternative where the government appoints everyone. Aung San Suu Kyi and the National League for Democracy in Burma have for example gained entry into Parliament and have despite being a minority had an impact. This has particularly been the case internationally. They have helped liberalise the new Foreign Investment Law and have encouraged more liberalised freedom of the press and association. [2]  [1] Lust, Ellen, ‘The Multiple Meanings of Elections In Non-Democratic Regimes: Breakdown, Response and Outcome in the Arab Uprisings’, Yale University, p.7.   [2] Turnell, Sean, ‘Myanmar has made a good start to economic reform’, East Asia Forum, 27 March 2013, sham elections, non-democratic regimes, autocracy, predetermined elections, legislative competitiveness, legislative elections, patronage, status, incumbency rate, Arab world, Arab Spring, parliament, opposition control, local elections, government appointments, Aung San Suu Kyi, National League for Democracy, Burma, Myanmar, parliamentary impact, Foreign Investment Law, press freedom, association freedom, Ellen Lust, Arab uprisings, Sean Turnell, economic reform, East Asia Forum sham elections, autocracy, legislative elections, electoral competitiveness, incumbency rate, Arab world, Arab Spring, patronage, parliamentary influence, opposition control, government appointments, Aung San Suu Kyi, National League for Democracy, Burma, Myanmar, democratic impact, foreign investment law, press freedom, association freedom, non-democratic regimes, Ellen Lust, Sean Turnell, election outcomes, local elections, parliament, electoral liberalisation sham elections, autocracy, predetermined elections, legislative competitiveness, legislature elections, electoral influence, patronage, parliamentary status, incumbent turnover, Arab world, Arab Spring, incumbency rate, opposition participation, government appointment, local control, parliamentary opposition, Aung San Suu Kyi, National League for Democracy, Burma, Myanmar parliament, minority impact, international influence, foreign investment law, press freedom, association freedom, non-democratic regimes, election outcomes, Ellen Lust, Sean Turnell, economic reform, political liberalisation sham elections, autocracy, predetermined elections, legislative elections, competitive elections, influence, patronage, status, incumbency rate, Arab world, Arab Spring, local control, opposition, government appointments, Aung San Suu Kyi, National League for Democracy, Burma, Myanmar, minority impact, international influence, foreign investment law, press freedom, freedom of association, non-democratic regimes, election outcomes, legislative influence, parliamentary elections, Ellen Lust, Sean Turnell, electoral competitiveness, legislative contestation, authoritarian regimes sham elections, autocracy, legislative competitiveness, predetermined outcomes, patronage, status, Arab world, pre-Arab Spring, incumbency rate, local control, opposition impact, government appointments, Aung San Suu Kyi, National League for Democracy, Burma, Myanmar, parliamentary influence, liberalization, foreign investment law, freedom of press, freedom of association, non-democratic regimes, Ellen Lust, Sean Turnell, political impact, election influence, legislative elections, authoritarian regimes
test-international-iiahwagit-pro01a	Natural habitats being are destroyed  A tougher approach to the protection of animals is needed to prevent their natural habitats from being destroyed by locals. As humans expand their agricultural activity in Africa they are destroying the environments of endangered animals and pushing others towards being endangered. Due to an increase in large scale cotton plantations and food crops, the West African lion has seen a marked decrease in population; numbering less than 400 in early 2014 [1] . Tougher protection, such as fencing off areas from human activity, has been suggested and has seen success in South Africa [2] .  [1] BBC, “Lions ‘facing extinction in West Africa’”  [2] Morelle,R. “Fencing off wild lions from humans ‘could save them’” natural habitats, habitat destruction, animal protection, endangered species, Africa, agricultural expansion, West African lion, cotton plantations, food crops, population decline, conservation, fencing, human-wildlife conflict, habitat preservation, wildlife management, environmental impact, local communities, protected areas, extinction, wildlife reserves natural habitats, habitat destruction, animal protection, endangered species, agricultural expansion, Africa, West African lion, population decline, large-scale plantations, cotton crops, food crops, environmental impact, wildlife conservation, habitat fencing, human-wildlife conflict, conservation strategies, South Africa, locals, extinction risk, protected areas, biodiversity loss natural habitats, habitat destruction, animal protection, endangered species, Africa, agricultural expansion, environmental impact, locals, cotton plantations, food crops, West African lion, population decline, conservation, fencing, human-wildlife conflict, South Africa, wildlife preservation, extinction risk, protected areas, wildlife management natural habitats, habitat destruction, animal protection, endangered species, agricultural expansion, Africa, West Africa, large-scale plantations, cotton plantations, food crops, West African lion, population decline, extinction, conservation, environmental impact, human-wildlife conflict, fencing, protected areas, South Africa, wildlife management, local communities, ecosystem preservation, biodiversity, wildlife conservation, habitat loss natural habitats, habitat destruction, animal protection, endangered species, agricultural expansion, Africa, West African lion, population decline, cotton plantations, food crops, conservation, fencing, human-wildlife conflict, protected areas, local communities, wildlife extinction, South Africa, habitat preservation, wildlife management, environmental impact
test-international-iighbopcc-con01a	Sovereign states should be allowed to set their own targets and be trusted to meet them  States are sovereign entities meaning that only they have power within their borders and climate change should not be a cause for groups of countries meddling in the business of others. Each state making its own commitment and then doing its own monitoring and enforcement is the right way to go about preventing climate change. By doing it this way no countries will feel unduly burdened or persecuted. sovereign states, national sovereignty, climate change, self-determination, target setting, international relations, state autonomy, environmental policy, non-interference, national commitments, domestic enforcement, monitoring, global climate agreements, policy independence, state power, international meddling, national responsibility, climate commitments, unilateral action, climate governance sovereign states, national targets, self-determination, climate change policy, state sovereignty, international relations, non-interference, independent monitoring, national enforcement, voluntary commitments, climate governance, policy autonomy, national decision-making, anti-external intervention, state autonomy, environmental responsibility, country-led action, climate agreements, independent climate action, domestic climate regulation sovereign states, national targets, climate change, self-regulation, state sovereignty, international intervention, emissions commitments, climate policy, national enforcement, independent monitoring, state autonomy, climate agreements, non-interference, climate governance, environmental sovereignty sovereign states, climate change, national targets, autonomy, international relations, policy enforcement, state sovereignty, self-monitoring, environmental commitments, non-interference, national governance, country-specific targets, climate agreements, national responsibility, border authority, climate policy, voluntary commitments, international meddling, climate action, independent enforcement sovereign states, target-setting, climate change, national sovereignty, self-governance, international intervention, state power, climate commitments, monitoring, enforcement, autonomy, non-interference, national policy, global governance, climate agreements, domestic regulation, independence, international relations, burden-sharing, environmental policy
test-society-asfhwapg-con02a	"Patenting inhibits research and therapeutics  The prevailing belief is that this is an area of such great importance and potential benefit to mankind, as such there should be no, self-interested impediment to genome research. The only barriers should be those of conscience.  The Human Genome Project is one of the government funded projects that makes all its research freely and publicly available. They are not driven by profit and offer information on their discoveries for free enabling others to build upon their findings.  The problem with patents is that companies claim ownership without regard towards moral issues. It is purely in the pursuit of their profits that they decide not to allow others to build on their findings and make the process of discovering treatments far more difficult. An example of this is the Myriad company which, whilst holding patents on BRCA 1 & 2, genes connected with breast cancer, prevented the University of Pennsylvania from using a test for these genes which was substantially cheaper than the company’s own screening procedure. 1  Instead of protecting their research investment, companies should have a moral duty to facilitate in any way they can to the development of cheap, available treatments and screenings for diseases which are so dangerous to so many people.  1. Spektor, Michelle, ""Genes Are Still Patentable, Federal Appeals Court Rules"", Science Progress, 17 August 2011, patenting, research inhibition, therapeutics, genome research, Human Genome Project, open access, public domain, profit motive, moral barriers, patent ownership, Myriad, BRCA1, BRCA2, gene patents, breast cancer, university research restrictions, affordable screening, medical patent ethics, intellectual property, biotechnology, science policy, treatment accessibility, corporate control, innovation barriers, health equity, federal court rulings, Michelle Spektor, Science Progress patenting, research inhibition, therapeutics, genome research, conscience barriers, Human Genome Project, government-funded research, open access science, profit vs morality, research patents, Myriad Genetics, BRCA1, BRCA2, gene patents, breast cancer, University of Pennsylvania, affordable genetic testing, patent ownership, moral responsibility, biomedical innovation, medical research access, public good, treatment development, screening availability, ethical issues, science policy, open data, patent law, genetic discovery, medical ethics patenting, research inhibition, therapeutics, genome research, Human Genome Project, public domain, open access, profit motive, research barriers, moral issues, patent ownership, Myriad Genetics, BRCA1, BRCA2, breast cancer, university research, affordable screening, access to treatments, patent ethics, intellectual property, health innovation, scientific progress, government funded research, commercial interests, medical research, gene patents, treatment accessibility, DNA patenting, patent law, biomedical ethics patent restriction, research inhibition, therapeutics, genome research, Human Genome Project, open access, free data sharing, profit-driven companies, patent morality, barriers to innovation, Myriad Genetics, BRCA genes, patent litigation, University of Pennsylvania, cheaper genetic testing, public health impact, access to treatment, patent monopoly, ethical issues, gene patenting controversy, medical research accessibility, patent law, biotechnology policy, scientific collaboration, genetic screening, healthcare equity patenting, research inhibition, therapeutics, genome research, moral barriers, Human Genome Project, government-funded research, open access, profit motive, information sharing, patents, company ownership, ethical issues, discovery barriers, Myriad Genetics, BRCA1, BRCA2, breast cancer genes, University of Pennsylvania, genetic testing, affordable screening, research investment, moral duty, develop treatments, public health, gene patentability, federal appeals court, Science Progress"
test-philosophy-elkosmj-con04a	We do not want a society in which killing can be acceptable  As soon as we agree that there are situations where killing is acceptable we have reason to fear for our own safety. By accepting killing in certain situations society as a whole becomes more open to the idea. It then becomes hard to draw the line as to where killing is acceptable and where killing is unacceptable. It is much better to outlaw all instances of killing so that we have a general moral standard to follow in all situations. killing, morality, societal norms, ethical standards, acceptable killing, moral boundaries, outlaw killing, general moral standard, violence, safety, ethical dilemma, legal prohibition, societal safety, slippery slope, normalization of killing, moral absolutism, social ethics, fear, law and morality killing, morality, society, ethical standards, acceptable killing, outlaw killing, moral standard, fear, safety, slippery slope, line drawing, societal values, ethics, universal prohibition, justifiable homicide, social norms, legal standards, moral relativism, crime, violence, prohibition killing, morality, society, acceptable, unacceptable, moral standard, outlaw, fear, safety, justification, ethical boundaries, prohibition, slippery slope, universal standard, ethical society, normalization, legal framework killing, morality, societal norms, ethical standards, acceptable killing, outlawing killing, safety, moral boundaries, social acceptance, universal moral standard, moral relativism, violence, law, ethical consistency, slippery slope, crime prevention, legal prohibition, moral philosophy, social safety, justifiable killing killing, society, moral standards, acceptability, outlaw, safety, ethics, societal norms, justification, slippery slope, universal prohibition, legal standards, moral boundaries, line drawing, violence, social acceptance, public safety, prohibition of killing, ethical dilemmas
test-science-wsihwclscaaw-con02a	Cyber attacks are difficult to trace  Cyber attacks are very difficult to trace as cyber attackers hide their digital tracks [20]. Cyber attackers also often launch attacks from poorly protected computers in other countries, which in no way implicates that the state was responsible for attacks – for instance, roughly 10% of spam comes from computers in China, but that is not Chinese spam [21]. The situation is different with traditional warfare, where there is evidence of weapons used, uniforms spotted, and reports of witnesses on site. Of course, we can expect states to lie about launching cyber attacks, thus China and the USA trade accusations about responsibility for cyber attacks, but there is no good way to test the truth. All of this means that an act of war would be judged based on incomplete and misleading information about another state’s involvement, threatening international peace and resulting in the loss of human life for no good reason. cyber attacks, attribution difficulty, digital forensics, anonymity, international response, state responsibility, third-party computers, proxy attacks, spam sources, evidence, traditional warfare, false attribution, state denial, cyber warfare, misattribution, international peace, loss of life, cross-border attacks, information reliability, geopolitical tensions cyber attacks, attribution, traceability, digital forensics, anonymity, spoofing, botnets, jurisdiction, state responsibility, international conflict, evidence, false flag operations, cyber warfare, spam origin, China, USA, misleading information, international relations, peace, collateral damage, attribution challenges, cybercrime, denial, misattribution, digital footprints, accountability cyber attacks, traceability, attribution, digital forensics, anonymous attackers, international cybercrime, proxy computers, spam origin, state responsibility, evidence, traditional warfare comparison, false flag operations, plausible deniability, cyber warfare, misinformation, international relations, conflict escalation, attribution challenges, China, USA, cyber accusations, incomplete information, peace threat, human life risk cyber attacks, attribution, traceability, digital evidence, anonymity, attacker concealment, international law, state responsibility, indirect attacks, spam origins, botnets, false flag, cyber warfare, traditional warfare comparison, digital forensics, misleading information, state denial, China, USA, cross-border attacks, international relations, cyber peace, loss of life, misinformation, cyber conflict, witness absence, attack attribution challenges cyber attacks, attribution, traceability, digital forensics, anonymity, attacker obfuscation, international cybercrime, botnets, state-sponsored attacks, false flag operations, cyberwarfare, evidence challenges, cross-border attacks, spam origin, misattribution, digital footprints, plausible deniability, information warfare, international relations, geopolitical tensions, China, USA, accusation, responsibility, incomplete information, misinformation, threat to peace
test-science-dssghsdmd-pro03a	A robust missile defense shield will provide the protection previously afforded by the doctrine of Mutually Assured Destruction, allowing the US to dismantle much of its dangerous nuclear arsenal  With a fully functioning missile defense shield deployed, nuclear-armed ballistic missiles become obsolete, unable to ever reach their targets. This means countries’ strategic obsession with second-strike capacity, the ability to return fire with nuclear weapons should they be attacked by them (Mutually Assured Destruction), will cease to be an issue, as first-strikes are destined to be wiped out before they hit a single target. What this means is that countries with missile defense systems can feel secure without the need of retaining massive nuclear arsenals. This will alleviate the pressure to have stockpiles of warheads and will promote disarmament. Mutually Assured Destruction has become a far less secure strategy as nuclear proliferation has occurred to states with different strategic conceptions. This has been seen in the United States, which since its full adoption of the Aegis system has actively pursued a policy of reaching a new accord with Russia on nuclear arms reduction. This culminated in 2010 with the signing of the New START (Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty), an accord to reduce the number of strategic nuclear missile launchers by half (Associated Press, 2011). This new step toward nuclear disarmament could not be politically possible in the United States without a replacement defense, which only a national missile defense system can provide. missile defense shield, mutually assured destruction, nuclear arsenal, ballistic missiles, second-strike capability, nuclear disarmament, nuclear proliferation, strategic arms reduction, Aegis system, New START treaty, nuclear warheads, missile defense system, nuclear arms reduction, national security, strategic deterrence, arms control, US-Russia relations, nuclear launchers, nuclear strategy, disarmament policy missile defense shield, nuclear arsenal reduction, Mutually Assured Destruction, second-strike capability, ballistic missile obsolescence, strategic deterrence, nuclear disarmament, arms reduction, Aegis system, US missile defense, nuclear proliferation, New START treaty, nuclear arms reduction, warhead stockpiles, national security, missile defense systems, US-Russia nuclear accords, nuclear weapons policy, strategic stability, United States defense policy, missile interception technology missile defense shield, nuclear arsenal reduction, Mutually Assured Destruction, second-strike capacity, first-strike prevention, nuclear disarmament, nuclear proliferation, ballistic missiles, ballistic missile defense, Aegis system, New START treaty, strategic arms reduction, US-Russia relations, nuclear deterrence strategy, warhead stockpiles, national security, arms control, nuclear weapons obsolescence, missile defense policy, treaty negotiation missile defense shield, Mutually Assured Destruction, nuclear arsenal reduction, ballistic missile defense, second-strike capacity, nuclear disarmament, strategic deterrence, nuclear proliferation, Aegis system, US-Russia arms control, New START Treaty, nuclear arms reduction, missile defense policy, strategic stability, nuclear warhead stockpiles, national missile defense system missile defense shield, nuclear arsenal reduction, Mutually Assured Destruction, second-strike capacity, ballistic missiles obsolescence, strategic security, nuclear disarmament, Aegis system, US missile defense, nuclear proliferation, arms reduction, New START treaty, Russia-US accords, warhead stockpile reduction, national missile defense, nuclear deterrence, strategic stability, nuclear arms control, defense policy, nuclear security
test-digital-freedoms-piidfiphwu-pro03a	A graduated response is the fairest way to enforce copyright legislation  First, the sanction after three warnings can be tailored to fit general notions of justice, the punishment need not be severe and could fit the crime: maybe a consumer would be cut off of the internet for only two weeks, or only cut off from accessing download sites but still be allowed to access government and banking sites, or receive a small fine.  Secondly, the consumer has ample time to change his or her behaviour: a consumer can insist on infringing copyright at least two times before the sanction takes place. The consumer can easily avoid being cut off (even temporarily), meaning the punishment likely doesn’t even have to take place. [1]  [1] Barry Sookman, ‘Graduated response and copyright: an idea that is right for the times’, January 10th, 2010. URL: graduated response, copyright enforcement, fair sanctions, justice, tailored punishment, three warnings, internet disconnection, download site restriction, financial penalties, behavior change, consumer rights, infringement, proportional punishment, deterrence, copyright legislation, temporary cutoff, copyright policy, Barry Sookman, graduated response system, legislative enforcement, penalty alternatives graduated response, copyright enforcement, fairness, sanctions, three warnings, tailored punishment, justice, proportional punishment, internet cutoff, limited access, download sites, government sites, banking sites, small fine, consumer behavior, warning system, copyright infringement, deterrence, compliance, digital rights management, graduated sanctions, Barry Sookman, 2010, copyright legislation graduated response, copyright enforcement, fair sanctions, warning system, proportional punishment, internet disconnection, access restrictions, consumer behavior, copyright infringement, digital rights, small fines, justice, enforcement mechanisms, graduated penalty, Barry Sookman, copyright legislation, temporary suspension, online access, download sites, deterrence, compliance, copyright policy graduated response, copyright enforcement, fair punishment, tailored sanctions, justice, copyright legislation, infringement, consumer behavior, internet cutoff, download sites restriction, government site access, banking site access, small fine, warning system, proportional penalty, copyright policy, Barry Sookman, digital rights, behavioral change, deterrence, legislative measures, copyright infringement, three-strike rule, flexible punishment, copyright compliance graduated response, copyright enforcement, fair sanctions, justice, proportional punishment, internet cutoff, access restrictions, download sites, government sites, banking sites, small fine, consumer behavior, warning system, infringement, deterrence, Barry Sookman, copyright legislation, graduated sanctions, legal compliance, temporary disconnection, tailored penalties
test-international-bmaggiahbl-con01a	Focused leadership  Progress in Africa has been hindered by factors like corruption, conflicts and poor infrastructure, all of which are linked to the incompetent or greedy leaders.  Rwanda is a different case, ranked among the best countries with a strong and focused leadership in Africa, the country has set up clear policies like EDPRS [Economic Development and Poverty Reduction Strategy] which aims to change Rwanda from an agriculture based economy to knowledge and service economy [1]. It is well known for zero tolerance to corruption, improved infrastructure and technology all of which are core factors in achieving development. In Africa, Rwanda tops list of easiest countries to do business a move that has encouraged more investors into the country[2].  Limited freedom of speech and press does not hinder economic development. What matters is that the government is trusted to fulfil all its commitments. After all, nothing has stopped China progressing despite human rights violations and censorship of both free speech and the press.  [1] The world bank, ‘Rwanda overview’, worldbank.org  [2] International finance corporation, ‘Rwanda top business reformer’, ifc.org focused leadership, Africa development, corruption, conflicts, poor infrastructure, incompetent leaders, greedy leaders, Rwanda, strong leadership, governance, Economic Development and Poverty Reduction Strategy, EDPRS, policy implementation, agriculture transition, knowledge economy, service economy, zero tolerance corruption, improved infrastructure, technology advancement, development factors, ease of doing business, investment Rwanda, government trust, limited freedom of speech, limited press freedom, economic progress, human rights, censorship, China development comparison, World Bank Rwanda, International Finance Corporation Rwanda focused leadership, Africa, progress hindrances, corruption, conflicts, poor infrastructure, incompetent leaders, greedy leaders, Rwanda, strong leadership, governance, EDPRS, Economic Development and Poverty Reduction Strategy, policy implementation, agriculture to knowledge economy, service economy, zero tolerance to corruption, improved infrastructure, technology advancement, development factors, ease of doing business, investment, limited freedom of speech, press freedom, economic development, government trust, China development, human rights violations, censorship, business reforms focused leadership, Africa, progress, corruption, conflict, poor infrastructure, leadership incompetence, leadership greed, Rwanda, strong leadership, EDPRS, Economic Development and Poverty Reduction Strategy, policy implementation, economic transformation, agriculture, knowledge economy, service economy, zero tolerance corruption, improved infrastructure, technology advancement, development, ease of doing business, investment, limited freedom of speech, limited press freedom, economic development, government trust, China development, human rights violations, censorship, World Bank, International Finance Corporation, business reform focused leadership, Africa development, corruption, conflicts, poor infrastructure, incompetent leaders, greedy leaders, Rwanda, strong leadership, EDPRS, Economic Development and Poverty Reduction Strategy, policy implementation, agriculture to knowledge economy, service economy, zero tolerance corruption, improved infrastructure, technology development, development factors, ease of doing business, investment, business reform, limited freedom of speech, limited press freedom, government trust, economic growth, China development, human rights violations, press censorship, World Bank, IFC, business environment Africa focused leadership, Africa development, corruption, conflicts, poor infrastructure, governance, incompetent leaders, greedy leaders, Rwanda, strong leadership, EDPRS, Economic Development and Poverty Reduction Strategy, policy reform, agriculture to knowledge economy, service economy, zero tolerance corruption, infrastructure improvement, technology development, ease of doing business, investment, press freedom, freedom of speech, economic progress, government trust, China development, human rights violations, censorship, World Bank, IFC, business reform, economic transformation, Africa governance, Rwanda case study, investor confidence
test-law-cplglghwbhwd-con01a	Hand Guns Are Required For Self Defence.  Under the status quo handguns are legal. This means that should a criminal initially wish to consider mugging someone he has to consider the possibility that he might be shot should he choose to take this action. A visceral fear of death and injury means that a significant number of criminals will be deterred from engaging in burglaries, violent robberies or muggings if they suspect that they might face armed resistance. As such the presence of handguns within a community contributes to the general deterrence of crime within that community.7  Secondly, should someone try to attack someone else with a handgun, if the other person is armed then they are in a much better position to negotiate with their attacker and prevent harm to either party. Creating a public culture in which handguns are held and used sensibly, and in which firearms training is widely available, allows a parity of power to be created between ordinary citizens and criminals. However, this parity of power is changed in favour of the defender. This is because there are more law abiding citizens than criminals. If the mugger is caught by another citizen then it is possible that citizen will also have a handgun leading to a situation where the mugger will likely be arrested or risk death.8  Finally, the normalisation of handguns in society means that people are less likely to panic should they be attacked by a mugger who has one. Deaths from mugging can often be caused by the victim simply panicking in response to the mugger. Shots are often fired by desperate and unstable assailants who are unprepared for their victim’s reaction. In a society acclimatised to handguns and aware of the risk they present, incidents of this type- fuelled by panic, uncertainty and fear- are much less likely to occur. handguns, self-defence, crime deterrence, mugging, armed resistance, handgun legality, firearm ownership, public safety, criminal deterrence, parity of power, firearms training, citizen protection, violent crime prevention, burglary deterrence, handgun normalization, risk of death, law-abiding citizens, attacker negotiation, community safety, panic reduction, gun culture, armed society, victim response, handgun use, crime prevention, muggers, armed confrontation, defensive gun use, public security handguns, self-defense, crime deterrence, legal handguns, armed resistance, criminal deterrence, community safety, firearms training, handgun culture, power parity, law-abiding citizens, muggings, violent robberies, burglaries, public safety, firearm normalization, handgun ownership, defensive gun use, attack prevention, citizen protection, panic reduction, crime prevention, armed citizens, public security handguns, self defense, deterrence, crime prevention, legal status, mugging, burglary, violent robbery, armed resistance, criminal deterrence, firearms training, public safety, armed citizens, parity of power, law-abiding citizens, gun ownership, handgun normalization, community security, panic reduction, victim response, attacker negotiation, armed society, self-protection, risk assessment, societal acclimatization handguns, self defence, deterrence, crime prevention, armed resistance, burglary, violent robbery, mugging, criminal deterrence, public safety, firearm ownership, gun legality, firearms training, parity of power, law abiding citizens, citizen empowerment, public culture, normalisation, panic reduction, self-protection, attacker negotiation, community safety, handgun normalization, armed citizens, gun violence, mugger deterrence, handgun risks, self-defense culture, public safety benefits handguns, self-defence, legal handguns, crime deterrence, criminal deterrence, armed resistance, burglaries, violent robberies, muggings, community safety, firearm ownership, parity of power, citizens vs criminals, firearms training, sensible gun use, public culture, risk of injury, negotiation with attackers, handgun normalization, panic reduction, defensive gun use, mugging prevention, law-abiding citizens, armed citizens, crime prevention, firearm availability, threat perception, public safety, gun policy, attacker deterrence
test-politics-cdmaggpdgdf-con05a	In security too much transparency endangers lives  Transparency is all very well when it comes to how much is being spent on a new tank, aircraft, or generals houses, but it is very different when it comes to operations. Transparency in operations can endanger lives. With intelligence services transparency would risk the lives of informants; it is similar with the case of interpreters for US forces in Iraq who were targeted after they were told they could not wear masks because they are considered to be traitors. [1]  In military operations being open about almost anything could be a benefit to the opposition. Most obviously things like the timing and numbers involved in operations need to be kept under wraps but all sorts of information could be damaging in one way or another. Simply because a state is not involved in a full scale war does not mean it can open up on these operations. This is why the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs Admiral Mike Mullen in response to WikiLeaks said “Mr. Assange can say whatever he likes about the greater good he thinks he and his source are doing… But the truth is they might already have on their hands the blood of some young soldier or that of an Afghan family.” [2]  [1] Londoño, Ernesto, ‘U.S. Ban on Masks Upsets Iraqui Interpreters’, Washington Post, 17 November 2008  [2] Jaffe, Greg, and Partlow, Joshua, ‘Joint Chiefs Chairman Mullen: WikiLeaks release endangers troops, Afghans’, Washington Post, 30 July 2010 security, transparency, operational security, intelligence, informants, military operations, classified information, information leakage, risk to lives, interpreters, US forces, Iraq, targeted attacks, masking, traitors, opposition advantage, secrecy, WikiLeaks, Admiral Mike Mullen, information disclosure, troop safety, Afghan families, intelligence services, operational risk, information sensitivity, military spending, public accountability, harm, consequences of transparency, national security, information protection security, transparency, operational secrecy, intelligence, military operations, informants, interpreters, US forces, Iraq, risk, lives, opposition, operational details, classified information, information disclosure, WikiLeaks, Admiral Mike Mullen, troop safety, intelligence services, information security, mask ban, traitors, Afghan family, information risk, national security, operational transparency, public oversight, leaks, sensitive information, military expenditure security, transparency, operational secrecy, military operations, intelligence services, informant protection, interpreter safety, US forces Iraq, information risk, opposition advantage, classified information, WikiLeaks, Admiral Mike Mullen, operational security, lives endangered, transparency risks, combat operations, information disclosure, defense secrecy, military intelligence, mask ban interpreters, national security, troop safety, casualty risk, Afghan interpreters, information leaks security, transparency, operational secrecy, intelligence services, informant safety, military operations, classified information, information disclosure, interpreter vulnerability, Iraq war, US forces, Wikileaks, Admiral Mike Mullen, troop safety, Afghan civilians, targeted attacks, information risk, national security, operational security, traitors, war reporting, data leaks, military expenditure, public accountability, sensitive information, information management, information leakage, battlefield intelligence, masking policy, general officers housing, press freedom, ethical disclosure security, transparency, operational secrecy, intelligence services, information protection, lives at risk, informant safety, military operations, interpreters, US forces, Iraq, operational details, classified information, opposition benefit, WikiLeaks, Admiral Mike Mullen, risk to soldiers, Afghan civilians, military intelligence, transparency limits, information leaks, national security, troop safety, mask ban, source protection, Washington Post, information disclosure, classified operations, traitor targeting, intelligence leaks
test-law-cplglghwbhwd-con02a	Handguns are Required For Symbolic Reasons As A Defence Against the State Monopoly of Power  Handguns are legal in the U.S. for symbolic reasons. In Justice Scalla’s oral argument he stated “isn't it perfectly plausible, indeed reasonable, to assume that since the framers knew that the way militias were destroyed by tyrants in the past was not by passing a law against militias, but by taking away the people's weapons -- that was the way militias were destroyed. The two clauses go together beautifully: Since we need a militia, the right of the people to keep and bear arms shall not be infringed.”9 Guns are necessary to prevent the disarming of the people and as a statement that the citizens of the U.S. are allowed to stand up against the state.  In the formation of the state, the citizens of the state give up their freedoms and their ability to do violence upon each other in favour a state monopoly on violence. The implication is that the state, through this monopoly on violence, then prevents citizens from doing violence against one another.  However, it is possible for the state to use its monopoly on physical force in a reckless or subversive fashion. This means that the citizens should always be able to reassert the primacy of their rights and independence over the state, should the state begin to deviate from its mandated role as protector of those rights.  The right to carry firearms is part of this ability to assert one’s power over the state. However, as the state has become more powerful, ownership of small arms has become an increasingly symbolic gesture. Taking away the right to bear arms from any American is thus harmful, as it removes the symbol that the state’s power is not absolute and that ultimately the state is subservient to its people.10 handguns, symbolic reasons, defense, state monopoly of power, Second Amendment, Justice Scalia, militias, tyranny, right to bear arms, U.S. Constitution, citizen rights, disarmament, state authority, state power, independence, state violence, state monopoly on violence, citizen resistance, state subversion, firearms, small arms ownership, civil liberties, government control, individual rights, power balance, subservience of state, gun rights, American citizens, state formation handguns, symbolic reasons, defense, state monopoly of power, U.S. gun laws, Justice Scalia, oral argument, Second Amendment, militias, tyranny, disarming citizens, right to bear arms, state power, citizen rights, state monopoly on violence, self-defense, state authority, citizen independence, firearm ownership, symbolic gesture, governmental power, constitutional rights, state subservience, individual liberty handguns, symbolic reasons, defense against state, state monopoly of power, U.S. gun laws, Justice Scalia, militias, right to bear arms, Second Amendment, citizens rights, state power, disarming citizens, state violence, state authority, individual rights, small arms ownership, state subservience, state-citizen relationship, state tyranny, firearm symbolism, American gun rights, state control, self-defense, government oppression handguns, symbolic reasons, defense, state monopoly of power, Second Amendment, U.S. Constitution, militia, Justice Scalia, tyranny, right to bear arms, individual rights, disarming citizens, state power, citizen independence, state violence, civil liberties, symbolic gesture, gun ownership, firearm rights, government authority, personal freedom handguns, symbolic reasons, defense, state monopoly of power, U.S. gun laws, Justice Scalia, Second Amendment, right to bear arms, militias, tyranny, disarming citizens, state violence, state power, individual rights, citizen independence, state authority, firearm ownership, symbolic gesture, subservience of state, constitutional rights, gun control, political symbolism, government overreach, personal liberty, American citizens, arms as deterrence
test-philosophy-ippelhbcp-pro03a	Diplomatic relations  European states in particular put a particular emphasis on capital punishment when determining human rights issues for foreign policy. The UK for example has a policy of promoting and lobbying for the abolition of capital punishment with foreign governments. [1]  This will help generate goodwill for the nation. This could have a whole myriad of benefits - from aid and trade, to being seen as the “good guy” in any international disputes. When using capital punishment the opposite is the case; controversy has been created by the use of UN resources in drugs cases in Vietnam that could lead to executions for drug offences [2] .  [1] Foreign & Commonwealth Office, ‘HMG Strategy for Abolition of the Death Penalty 2010-2015’, gov.uk, October 2011,   [2] “UN urged to freeze anti-drug aid to Vietnam over death penalty”, Reuters, 12 Feb 2014, diplomatic relations, European states, capital punishment, human rights, foreign policy, UK policy, abolition of death penalty, lobbying, goodwill, international disputes, aid, trade benefits, global image, controversy, UN resources, drug offences, Vietnam, executions, foreign governments, death penalty strategy, international law, human rights issues, abolition efforts diplomatic relations, European states, capital punishment, human rights, foreign policy, UK, abolition, lobbying, goodwill, international aid, international trade, foreign governments, moral diplomacy, death penalty, controversy, UN resources, drug offences, Vietnam, international disputes, Foreign & Commonwealth Office, human rights strategy, death penalty policy, international reputation, sanctions, international law diplomatic relations, European states, capital punishment, human rights, foreign policy, UK, abolition, lobbying, goodwill, international benefits, aid, trade, international disputes, UN, drug offences, Vietnam, executions, controversy, death penalty, foreign governments, international law, sanctions, foreign affairs, government strategy, humanitarian policy, international perception, anti-drug aid, United Nations, global governance diplomatic relations, European states, capital punishment, human rights, foreign policy, UK policy, abolition of death penalty, lobbying, goodwill, international benefits, trade, aid, international reputation, United Nations, Vietnam, drug offences, executions, controversy, HMG strategy, foreign governments, anti-drug aid, international disputes, human rights promotion, European diplomacy, death penalty abolition, international law, Reuters, Foreign & Commonwealth Office diplomatic relations, European states, capital punishment, human rights, foreign policy, UK, abolition, lobbying, goodwill, international benefits, aid, trade, reputation, UN, controversy, Vietnam, drug offences, executions, Foreign & Commonwealth Office, death penalty, international disputes, anti-drug aid, Reuters
test-politics-grcrgshwbr-con03a	If you ban one thing, you have to ban lots of things.  Every religious symbol should be treated equally so as not to cause discrimination. It's just not viable to ban one symbol. If you ban something, for example, as sacred and religious as the Muslim veil, people will then start rallying cries for other things to be banned. At the end of the day, if the Government feels that it is in the best interests of society not to ban the veil, then we have to believe them. Really if one thing is banned then the uproar that would happen would have significantly worse consequences than before the ban. There have been worries about the banning of the Sikh Kirpan because outsiders regard it as a possible weapon and a danger to people in public places.1 However, in the Sikh perspective, the Kirpan is a sacred symbol very similar to other religions' symbols.  1 'Timeline: The Quebec kirpan case', CBC News Online, 2nd March 2006, accessed on 25th July 2011 ban, religious symbols, equality, discrimination, Muslim veil, government policy, public opinion, societal impact, Sikh Kirpan, religious freedom, sacred symbols, legal issues, Quebec kirpan case, minority rights, secularism, public safety, multiculturalism, symbolism, law, protest, social consequences, religious neutrality, case studies ban, religious symbols, discrimination, equality, Muslim veil, government, society, Sikh Kirpan, sacred symbols, public places, banning consequences, Quebec kirpan case, CBC News, religious freedom, legal issues, minority rights, policy, secularism, social impact ban, religious symbols, discrimination, equality, Muslim veil, government policy, social consequences, Sikh Kirpan, sacred symbols, public safety, religious freedom, Quebec kirpan case, religious tolerance, legislation, minority rights ban, religious symbols, discrimination, equality, Muslim veil, government policy, societal impact, sacred symbols, Sikh kirpan, religious freedom, public policy, legal consequences, minority rights, cultural sensitivity, Quebec kirpan case, CBC News, symbolic objects, public places, secularism, religious tolerance ban, religious symbols, discrimination, equality, Muslim veil, government policy, societal impact, Sikh Kirpan, sacred symbols, public safety, religious freedom, Quebec kirpan case, government trust, public outcry, banning consequences
test-politics-nlpdwhbusbuc-con01a	Cluster Bombs Have Significant Strategic Value  As mentioned earlier in the opposition counter arguments, cluster bombs are incredibly effective at dealing with large formations of troops and armoured vehicles and can cause a significant amount of damage to an opposing force in a relatively small amount of time. This niche is not filled as cheaply or as easily by other weapons that can be released from a bombing aircraft. As such cluster bombs have a significant level of military and strategic value when used in conflict.  In the case where cluster bombs were banned, it would simply fall to the military to find an effective replacement weapon for these scenarios and it is likely that these would be as problematic if not more so.8 cluster bombs, strategic value, military strategy, troop formations, armored vehicles, damage effectiveness, aerial bombing, conflict weapons, weapon alternatives, military tactics, weapon replacement, munitions, battlefield impact, opposition arguments, cost-effectiveness, banning cluster bombs, warfare, air-dropped weapons, military operations, ordinance cluster bombs, strategic value, military effectiveness, armored vehicles, troop formations, bombing aircraft, weapon alternatives, conflict, damage, opposition arguments, military tactics, weapons ban, replacement weapons, cost-effectiveness, battlefield impact, military strategy cluster bombs, strategic value, military effectiveness, large troop formations, armored vehicles, damage potential, aerial bombing, weapon alternatives, conflict, military strategy, weapon replacement, opposition arguments, cost-effective weapons, battlefield impact, cluster munitions, tactical advantage, bomb ban, military necessity, force multiplier, humanitarian concerns cluster bombs, strategic value, military effectiveness, troop formations, armored vehicles, damage, bombing aircraft, cost-effectiveness, conflict, weapon replacement, military strategy, opposition arguments, banning cluster bombs, alternative weapons, effectiveness comparison cluster bombs, strategic value, military effectiveness, large troop formations, armored vehicles, damage, bombing aircraft, weapon alternatives, military strategy, conflict, weapon replacement, opposition arguments, cost-effective weapons, banned weapons, military capability, munitions, operational value, battlefield advantage, air-delivered weapons, destructive capability
test-economy-epiasghbf-pro02a	The effects of unemployment  Unemployment has been linked to several health and wellbeing effects. Firstly, the psychological impact of unemployment involve a range of issues - from confidence to mental well-being. Issues of mental health problems - such as depression, suicide, anxiety, and substance abuse, need recognition in Africa. The impact of mental health may not only be on the individual, but dispersed within families and across generations. Secondly, unemployment may result in a loss of social networks and networking skills. The power of social capital, or networks, in reducing vulnerability has been widely noted. Therefore encouraging women to participate within the labour market ensures new networks are built and retained through the vital communication skills used. Finally. unemployment may affect physical health status.  Unemployment may place individuals in a downward spiral, making it harder to re-enter the job market. unemployment, psychological impact, mental health, depression, suicide, anxiety, substance abuse, Africa, individual wellbeing, family impact, generational effects, loss of social networks, networking skills, social capital, vulnerability, women labor force participation, communication skills, physical health, downward spiral, job market re-entry unemployment, psychological impact, mental health, depression, suicide, anxiety, substance abuse, Africa, wellbeing, families, generational impact, social networks, social capital, vulnerability, women, labour market, communication skills, physical health, downward spiral, job market re-entry unemployment, health effects, wellbeing, psychological impact, mental health, depression, suicide, anxiety, substance abuse, Africa, family impact, generational impact, social networks, social capital, vulnerability, women, labour market, communication skills, physical health, downward spiral, job market re-entry unemployment, health effects, wellbeing, psychological impact, mental health, depression, suicide, anxiety, substance abuse, Africa, family impact, intergenerational effects, social networks, social capital, networking skills, women employment, labour market participation, communication skills, physical health, downward spiral, job market re-entry unemployment, health effects, wellbeing, psychological impact, mental health, depression, suicide, anxiety, substance abuse, Africa, individual impact, family impact, generational impact, loss of social networks, social capital, vulnerability, women labour force participation, networking skills, communication skills, physical health, downward spiral, job market re-entry
test-international-aghwrem-pro04a	Disengagement has done more harm than good in the region  The policy of disengagement has not resulted in any meaningful change in Myanmar, politically or economically. Since Myanmar has not been dependent on the US or the EU, sanctions and arms embargoes have not had any effect on the government. The changes in 2010-2011 have been due to the influence of the NLD, and certain regional players (like Thailand and China) which have sought to directly engage with Myanmar. Further, the sections of the population that are most affected by the sanctions are those not in the top tier of the political and economic class, but smaller manufacturers and the working class. Restrictions on exports and developmental aid from the US and the EU prevent local manufacturers and consumers from having access to them. On the other hand, restrictions on imports from Myanmar weaken the market for its exporters. These factors only further impoverish and alienate the local population, increasing economic disparity, and consequently the power of the ruling elite in the national context as well. disengagement, Myanmar, sanctions, arms embargo, US, EU, economic impact, political impact, regional players, NLD, Thailand, China, local manufacturers, working class, developmental aid, export restrictions, import restrictions, trade policy, economic disparity, ruling elite, regional influence disengagement, Myanmar, sanctions, arms embargoes, US, EU, regional players, Thailand, China, NLD, political change, economic impact, local manufacturers, working class, export restrictions, import restrictions, developmental aid, economic disparity, ruling elite, poverty, alienation, policy effects, Southeast Asia, international relations, local population, market access, economic sanctions, foreign influence disengagement, Myanmar, sanctions, arms embargoes, US, EU, economic impact, political change, NLD, Thailand, China, regional influence, working class, manufacturers, export restrictions, import restrictions, developmental aid, economic disparity, ruling elite, poverty, local population, humanitarian impact, economic policy, foreign relations, ASEAN, engagement policy disengagement, Myanmar, sanctions, arms embargoes, US, EU, NLD, Thailand, China, regional players, political change, economic impact, local manufacturers, working class, export restrictions, import restrictions, developmental aid, economic disparity, ruling elite, impoverishment, alienation, policy impact disengagement, Myanmar, sanctions, arms embargoes, US, EU, political change, economic impact, NLD, Thailand, China, regional engagement, local manufacturers, working class, export restrictions, import restrictions, developmental aid, economic disparity, ruling elite, population impoverishment, policy effects
test-society-simhbrasnba-con02a	The rights of refugees are a cornerstone of international law  Signatories of The 1951 Convention on Refugees have a legal responsibility to offer asylum to any foreign national who has a well-founded fear of persecution, for political, religious, ethnic or social reasons, and who is unwilling to return home. Moreover the refugee is protected against forcible return when his life may be threatened, something which is an obligation even for countries which are not parties to the convention bust respect as it is part of international customary law. [1] This treaty is one of the cornerstones of international human rights law, and as such states should uphold it to the letter.  [1] Jastram, Kate, and Achiron, Marilyn, Refugee Protection: A Guide to International Refugee Law’, P.14. refugee rights, international law, 1951 Refugee Convention, asylum, persecution, legal responsibility, signatory states, non-refoulement, international customary law, human rights law, refugee protection, political persecution, religious persecution, ethnic persecution, social persecution, obligation, international treaties, state responsibility, refugee status, United Nations, refugee conventions, legal duty, forcible return, protection from persecution, customary international law refugee rights, international law, 1951 Refugee Convention, asylum, legal responsibility, persecution, political reasons, religious reasons, ethnic reasons, social reasons, non-refoulement, forcible return, international customary law, human rights, treaty obligations, refugee protection, signatory states, Jastram, Achiron, international refugee law refugee rights, international law, 1951 Refugee Convention, asylum, legal responsibility, persecution, protection, non-refoulement, international customary law, human rights law, signatory states, refugee protection, international obligations, refugee treaty, forcible return, well-founded fear, Jastram Kate, Achiron Marilyn, refugee legal framework, humanitarian law refugee rights, international law, 1951 Refugee Convention, asylum, legal responsibility, persecution, political reasons, religious reasons, ethnic reasons, social reasons, non-refoulement, customary international law, international human rights, treaty obligations, state responsibility, refugee protection, international refugee law, well-founded fear, forced return, signatory states, human rights law refugee rights, international law, 1951 Convention, asylum, persecution, legal responsibility, signatories, non-refoulement, customary international law, human rights law, refugee protection, international treaties, state obligations, political persecution, religious persecution, ethnic persecution, social persecution, principle of non-refoulement, well-founded fear, international refugee law
test-economy-egecegphw-pro02a	The expansion of Heathrow is vital for the economy  Expanding Heathrow would ensure many current jobs as well as creating new ones. Currently, Heathrow supports around 250,000 jobs. [1] Added to this many hundreds of thousands more are dependent upon the tourist trade in London which relies on good transport links like Heathrow. Loosing competitiveness in front of other European airports not only could imply wasting the possibility to create new jobs, but lose some of those that already exist. Expansion of Heathrow would also be building a vital part of infrastructure at a time when British infrastructure spending is very low as a result of the recession so helping to boost growth. Good flight connections are critical for attracting new business and maintaining current business. This is because aviation infrastructure is important for identifying new business opportunities. The UK’s economic future depends on trading not just with traditional destinations in Europe and America but also with the expanding cities of China and India, cities such as Chongqing and Chengdu. [2] Businesses based in these cities will be much more likely to invest in Britain with direct flights. [3]  [1] BBC News, ‘New group backs Heathrow expansion’, 21 July 2003,   [2] Duncan, E., ‘Wake up. We need a third runway’. The Times, 2012,   [3] Salomone, Roger, ‘Time to up the ante on roads and airports’, EEF Blog, 2 April 2013, Heathrow expansion, economic impact, job creation, UK infrastructure, transport links, tourism, European airport competitiveness, infrastructure investment, recession recovery, business attraction, aviation infrastructure, international trade, direct flights, China business, India business, foreign investment, London economy, airport connectivity, Heathrow jobs, British growth Heathrow expansion, UK economy, job creation, employment, tourism, transport links, European airports, competitiveness, British infrastructure, recession recovery, economic growth, flight connections, business attraction, aviation infrastructure, trade, global markets, China, India, direct flights, foreign investment, Chongqing, Chengdu, runway construction, infrastructure spending, London tourism, business opportunities, airport capacity, UK trade Heathrow expansion, economic impact, job creation, infrastructure development, tourism, London economy, transport links, airport competitiveness, European airports, infrastructure spending, recession recovery, business growth, aviation infrastructure, international trade, UK economy, flight connections, business investment, China trade, India trade, direct flights, foreign investment, third runway, British infrastructure Heathrow expansion, economic impact, job creation, UK infrastructure, aviation, transport links, London tourism, competitiveness, European airports, recession, growth, flight connections, business investment, global trade, China, India, direct flights, infrastructure spending, employment, airport capacity, British economy Heathrow expansion, economic impact, job creation, job retention, tourism, transport links, London economy, airport competitiveness, European airports, infrastructure investment, recession recovery, economic growth, flight connections, business attraction, aviation infrastructure, international trade, UK economy, China trade, India trade, direct flights, business investment, third runway, infrastructure spending, British economy, global connectivity
test-health-dhghwapgd-con01a	"Generic drugs often prove to be less effective than their brand name counterparts, and can even be dangerous  Generic drugs are meant to retain a substantial degree of bioequivalence with their brand name predecessors. Yet, even under strict testing laws in this regard, generic drugs have on several cases been shown to manifest side effects not present in their parent products. For example, a generic version of Wellbutrin XL, an anti-depressant, that was ostensibly chemically equivalent to the brand name drug, caused suicidal episodes in several users1. This demonstrates that no amount of chemical testing can guarantee true bioequivalence, and thus generic drugs cannot be considered as identical to brand name drugs in terms of safety. While improving testing of generics would go some way toward fixing this problem, it would not do so entirely, as the market for new drugs will be so greatly widened with the approval of generic production that the cost of screening will be very high and the likelihood of poor knock-offs reaching consumers, particularly in the developing world where screening is less robust, is increased substantially2. Brand name drugs may be more expensive, but their safety is more thoroughly guaranteed. Flooding the market with cheap, potentially dangerous alternative drugs helps no one but the undertaker.  1 Childs, Dan. 2007. ""Generic Drugs: Dangerous Differences?"". ABC News. Available: 2 Mercurio, Bryan. 2007. ""Resolving the Public Health Crisis in the Developing World: Problems and Barriers of Access to Essential Medicines"". Northwestern University Journal of International Human Rights. Available: generic drugs, bioequivalence, brand name drugs, drug safety, drug effectiveness, side effects, chemical equivalence, Wellbutrin XL, antidepressant, drug testing, regulatory laws, pharmaceutical market, drug screening, developing world, medicine quality, drug approval, drug regulation, generic drug risks, public health, drug market, cost of screening, drug quality control, pharmaceutical standards, counterfeit drugs, drug efficacy, medical safety, adverse reactions, clinical trials, generic vs brand debate, pharmacovigilance generic drugs, brand name drugs, drug effectiveness, drug safety, bioequivalence, side effects, Wellbutrin XL, antidepressants, generic drug risks, chemical equivalence, pharmaceutical regulation, drug testing laws, drug screening, developing world pharmaceuticals, counterfeit drugs, drug quality, drug approval, medication safety, drug market, essential medicines, drug access, pharmaceutical standards, public health, drug regulation, pharmaceutical industry, medication dangers generic drugs, brand name drugs, drug effectiveness, drug safety, bioequivalence, side effects, Wellbutrin XL, antidepressant, chemical equivalence, drug testing, drug regulation, drug screening, developing world, drug quality, public health, pharmaceutical standards, drug market, generic drug dangers, regulatory oversight, drug approval, access to medicines, counterfeit drugs, drug cost, drug manufacturing, drug side effects, drug quality control generic drugs, brand name drugs, bioequivalence, drug safety, side effects, chemical testing, drug effectiveness, Wellbutrin XL, antidepressant, drug regulation, drug screening, developing world, pharmaceutical quality, drug approval, knock-offs, drug market, public health, essential medicines, drug cost, drug efficacy, regulatory standards, health risks, pharmaceutical industry, generic drug controversy, medication safety, adverse reactions generic drugs, brand name drugs, drug efficacy, drug safety, bioequivalence, drug side effects, Wellbutrin XL, antidepressant generics, chemical equivalence, drug testing laws, generic drug risks, pharmaceutical regulation, drug market, developing countries, drug screening, counterfeit drugs, drug approval, public health crisis, essential medicines access, drug cost, market flooding, pharmaceutical quality control"
test-health-hpehwadvoee-con01a	Self-preservation is our primary moral duty  Many people, especially those who belong to religious groups believe that we have a duty to preserve our own lives. They would argue that suicide is never justified, even if the reasons might appear to be good. It is impossible to sacrifice your life for others, because you cannot know how important your life is to others in relation to how important other people’s lives are. Either life is invaluable and it is thus impossible to value one life higher than others, or it can be valued, but it is impossible for us to assess our life’s value in relation to others. Therefore, while we accept that some might die, it is not for the individual to take matters into his or her own hands and accelerate the process, as this decision might be made on the wrong grounds, but cannot be reversed. self-preservation, moral duty, religious beliefs, duty to live, suicide, justification of suicide, value of life, life valuation, sacrificing life, moral philosophy, ethics, irreplaceability of life, decision-making, preservation of life, individual autonomy, irreversible decisions, religious morality, sanctity of life, existential value, ethical dilemmas self-preservation, moral duty, religious beliefs, value of life, suicide, ethics, life preservation, sacrificial acts, moral philosophy, intrinsic value, suicide ethics, duty to live, irreversibility, inequality of lives, self-sacrifice, life valuation, ethical justification, religious ethics, sanctity of life self-preservation, moral duty, suicide, religious beliefs, value of life, sanctity of life, ethical reasoning, individuality, self-sacrifice, moral philosophy, duty to live, life valuation, irreversible decisions, morality of suicide, ethical dilemmas, religious morality, life worth, life preservation, duty to self, ethics of self-harm self-preservation, moral duty, value of life, suicide ethics, religious beliefs, duty to preserve life, justification of suicide, life valuation, moral philosophy, personal sacrifice, individual vs collective value, irreversible decisions, ethics of suicide, sanctity of life, moral responsibility, duty to self, duty to others, evaluating life worth, irreversible actions, religious morality self-preservation, moral duty, sanctity of life, suicide ethics, religious beliefs, value of life, ethical duty, life preservation, morality, individual responsibility, irreversible decisions, value comparison, ethical suicide debate, life valuation, religious morality
test-digital-freedoms-dfiphbgs-con02a	Open source software undermines national security.  Even if closed source software firms are ultimately answerable to their shareholders, their shareholders want them to produce software which meets the needs of their customers so that they can sell their products. That is why Microsoft has offered a cheap version of Windows Vista to developing nations, and has been willing to cut the price of its software in negotiations with governments around the world.  More worrying than the burden that closed source software places on a government’s coffers is the threat that open source software presents to a state’s security.  By definition, the code for open source software is freely available. However, the continual attempts to hack into government computer systems demonstrate that many of the same hackers are now moving beyond mere targets of opportunity. Hackers could well take advantage of the increasing ubiquity of open source code to attack national computer systems.  The additional security that open source software claims to benefit from is an illusion. Rather, it is the lack of ubiquitous open source platforms that has kept OSs such as Linux and BSD safe from attack. The possibility that an might yield some form of a reward is reduced when a hacker is presented with fewer viable targets.  Although open source code may give ethical and honest coders more opportunities to spot the flaws in programmes, it also incentivises hackers to invest their efforts in spotting such flaws first. open source software, national security, closed source software, software vulnerabilities, government systems, hacking, Microsoft, Windows Vista, software pricing, software transparency, code accessibility, cyber threats, security risks, Linux, BSD, open source attacks, software flaws, hacker incentives, cybersecurity, software adoption, software security, ethical hackers, developing nations, code exploitation, customer needs, software market, software platforms open source software, national security, closed source software, proprietary software, software security, Microsoft, Windows Vista, developing nations, software pricing, government software procurement, software vulnerabilities, hacking, cybersecurity, open source code risks, Linux, BSD, attacker incentives, ubiquity of platforms, software flaws, ethical hacking, hacker motivation, platform diversity, security by obscurity, shareholder influence, software market, risk assessment open source software, national security, closed source software, cybersecurity, Microsoft, Windows Vista, developing nations, software pricing, government negotiations, software vulnerabilities, hackers, hacking threats, code availability, Linux, BSD, security risks, exploit development, security through obscurity, software flaws, ethical hacking, software security, ubiquitous platforms, government systems, hacker incentives open source software, national security, closed source software, software vulnerabilities, government cybersecurity, Microsoft, Windows Vista, software pricing, code accessibility, hacking threats, Linux security, BSD security, open source risks, software attacks, ethical hackers, software flaws, cyberattacks, ubiquity of open source, shareholder interests, government IT security, target diversity, incentive for hackers, code transparency, software security illusion, developing nations, commercial software open source software, national security, closed source software, software security, hacking, government computer systems, code availability, Linux, BSD, Windows Vista, Microsoft, software vulnerabilities, software price negotiation, developing nations, software flaws, hacker incentives, software attacks, software ubiquity, government software, ethical coders, open source risks, cybersecurity, software threats, proprietary software, software transparency, software targets, computer systems protection, code sharing, security illusion, hacker motivation, software market
test-politics-lghwdecm-pro04a	Mayors would raise the profile of the city they represent  Elected mayors would speak on behalf of their communities, raising the profile of their town or city nationally and internationally. This could be particularly valuable when negotiating with businesses, helping to draw valuable investment into their area and overcoming bureaucratic hurdles that typically hinder development. Chambers of commerce in cities that are holding referendums believe a figurehead will provide a focal point for business relations and a single point of contact that champions the city’s interests. [1] In addition, mayors would give local government in general a higher profile after years of increasing centralisation by national government. Acting collectively, and through the change in attitudes their higher media profile would generate, mayors would be able to draw power away from the centre once again and bring it closer to the people.  [1] Carter, Andrew, ‘Mayors and Economic Growth’, in Tom Gash and Sam Sims eds., What can elected mayors do for our cities? Institute for Government, 2012, pp.37-42, p.41 elected mayors, city profile, community representation, national profile, international profile, business negotiation, investment attraction, bureaucratic hurdles, chambers of commerce, business relations, city figurehead, focal point, local government, centralisation, media profile, decentralisation, local autonomy, economic growth, Institute for Government, urban development, city leadership, power decentralisation, policy influence elected mayors, city profile, city representation, national profile, international profile, business negotiation, investment attraction, bureaucratic hurdles, chambers of commerce, referendums, business relations, city figurehead, single point of contact, city interests, local government profile, centralisation, national government, collective action, media profile, decentralisation, local empowerment, urban governance, economic growth, city development elected mayors, city profile, local government, community representation, business investment, international profile, economic growth, mayors and economic growth, chambers of commerce, business relations, centralisation, devolution, local development, urban leadership, city figurehead, media profile, city interests, government decentralisation, power redistribution, city investment, negotiation with businesses, bureaucratic hurdles, civic engagement, government reforms, focal point, urban policy, city promotion elected mayors, city profile, local government, business investment, urban development, city representation, national profile, international profile, chambers of commerce, economic growth, business relations, centralisation, local autonomy, power decentralisation, media profile, urban leadership, city figurehead, community representation, city interests, negotiating investment, bureaucratic hurdles, city promotion, municipal leadership, policy influence, government reform elected mayors, city profile, civic representation, business investment, city promotion, international profile, local government, centralisation, power decentralisation, chambers of commerce, figurehead, business relations, city interests, media profile, negotiation, economic growth, urban development, local governance, mayoral leadership, investment attraction, bureaucratic obstacles, public perception, community advocacy, city champion, municipal authority
test-education-pshhghwpba0-pro02a	Schools are best places to ensure good nutrition  Education is universal from 5 or 6 to 16 years old in most countries, 58% of children worldwide attend secondary school, [1] with even poor countries providing education for all from 5 to 12 years old. As a result giving breakfast at school will mean that all children between these ages receive it.  [1] Unicef, ‘58: The percentage of children of secondary school age worldwide who attend secondary school is 58’, Unicef global databases, 2008, schools, nutrition, breakfast programs, universal education, child nutrition, secondary school attendance, global education statistics, UNICEF, school meal programs, school-age children, universal school meals, educational access, primary education, secondary education, worldwide education, school feeding programs, child welfare, education policy, developing countries, school attendance rates school nutrition, universal education, child nutrition, school breakfast programs, global education access, secondary school attendance, primary education, nutrition intervention, UNICEF statistics, school-age children, education policy, breakfast provision, childhood health, global school enrollment, poverty and education school nutrition, universal education, breakfast programs, child nutrition, secondary school attendance, UNICEF statistics, global education, school feeding programs, education access, child health, primary education, secondary education, nutrition intervention, children ages 5-16, education coverage, developing countries, school meals, student health, educational policy, food security school nutrition, universal education, breakfast programs, child health, school meals, global education, secondary school attendance, primary education, UNICEF data, school age children, food security, nutrition intervention, developing countries, student well-being, educational access school nutrition, school breakfast programs, child nutrition, universal education, secondary school attendance, global education statistics, Unicef education data, nutrition in schools, breakfast for students, age-based education enrollment, educational access, nutrition policy, developing countries education, school meal programs, school-age children, global child nutrition, school feeding, education and nutrition link
test-economy-epegiahsc-con01a	The FTAA is bad for industries in developing nations.  This agreement would put farmers and workers in some of the world’s most impoverished nations in direct competition with some of the richest companies in the developed world. FTAA would have small, domestic industries in countries like Bolivia or Haiti compete with massive American corporations, and prevent their governments from aiding them in any way. The disparity of power and resources would be so great in the case of such a collision, that it would mean these small industries could easily be wiped out and never develop to a level where they can sustain a healthy national economy and become competitive against giant multinational corporations. This would be disastrous for development and poverty reduction in South America [1] .  [1] Robinson, Mary. “Free Trade Area of the Americas: Latin America Deserves Better.” New York Times. 18 November 2003. www.nytimes.com/2003/11/18/opinion/18iht-edrob_ed3_.html?scp=1&sq= FTAA, Free Trade Area of the Americas, developing nations, industries, farmers, workers, impoverished nations, domestic industries, Bolivia, Haiti, American corporations, multinational corporations, government aid, economic disparity, competition, poverty reduction, economic development, South America, trade agreement, globalization, unequal power, market access, trade policy, Latin America, industrialization, economic inequality, Mary Robinson, New York Times FTAA, developing nations, industries, farmers, workers, poverty, multinational corporations, trade agreement, economic disparity, Bolivia, Haiti, American corporations, government intervention, domestic industries, market competition, economic development, poverty reduction, South America, trade impact, small businesses, Latin America, New York Times, Mary Robinson FTAA, developing nations, industries, farmers, workers, competition, multinational corporations, domestic industries, Bolivia, Haiti, American corporations, government aid, economic disparity, poverty, development, South America, trade agreements, free trade, Latin America, economic impact, local economies, globalization, inequality, economic sustainability, trade policy FTAA, developing nations, industries, farmers, workers, impoverished nations, competition, multinational corporations, Bolivia, Haiti, American corporations, government intervention, economic disparity, power imbalance, small industries, market competition, economic development, poverty reduction, South America, free trade agreement, trade policies, Latin America, Mary Robinson, New York Times FTAA, Free Trade Area of the Americas, developing nations, developing countries, negative impact, industries, farmers, workers, poverty, economic disparity, multinational corporations, American corporations, trade competition, domestic industries, Bolivia, Haiti, government aid, market competition, economic development, poverty reduction, South America, trade agreement, trade liberalization, Mary Robinson, Latin America, New York Times, trade policy, industrialization, economic inequality
test-science-wsihwclscaaw-con03a	Definition of a large scale cyber attack is extremely vague  Armed acts of aggression are a good method of judging if an action is an act of war because they result in actual destruction, violence and loss of human life. Cyber attacks, on the other hand, do not and thus there is no objective way to tell what scale of a cyber attack is enough to constitute an act of war. While Pentagon claims a cyber attack that is equivalent of damage caused by traditional warfare as a standard, how is it supposed to be applied if pretty much all of the cyber attacks have been bloodless [24]? For instance, stealing large amounts of confidential data from a country is a large scale cyber attack, and could have an immense economic impact, but it is bloodless and so how much damage does there need to be before it can be a casus belli? It is very difficult to measure the impact of even a very evident and intense cyber attack, as NATO found out when assessing a cyber attack on Georgia in 2008 [25]. While the Pentagon might have a nice theoretical framework, in reality there are too many unanswered (and possible impossible to answer) questions. This can lead to abuse of justifications for war and unnecessary violence. large scale cyber attack, definition, vagueness, armed acts of aggression, act of war, destruction, violence, loss of human life, cyber attack measurement, Pentagon standard, bloodless attacks, cyber warfare, economic impact, confidential data theft, casus belli, damage assessment, NATO, Georgia 2008 cyber attack, theoretical framework, justification for war, cyber conflict, international law, war thresholds large scale cyber attack, definition, vagueness, armed aggression, act of war, destruction, violence, loss of life, objective criteria, Pentagon, equivalence, traditional warfare, application, bloodless attacks, confidential data theft, economic impact, casus belli, measuring impact, NATO, Georgia 2008, theoretical framework, unanswered questions, justification abuse, unnecessary violence large scale cyber attack, definition, vagueness, armed aggression, act of war, objective criteria, destruction, violence, loss of life, Pentagon standard, traditional warfare, damage equivalence, cyber attack measurement, bloodless attack, confidential data theft, economic impact, casus belli, impact assessment, NATO, Georgia 2008, theoretical framework, unanswered questions, justification for war, cyber warfare, abuse, measuring impact, war thresholds large scale cyber attack, cyber warfare definition, bloodless conflict, act of war, cyber attack criteria, Pentagon cyber policy, traditional warfare comparison, economic impact, cyber-physical damage, cyber attack threshold, confidential data theft, casus belli, NATO cyber attack assessment, Georgia 2008 cyberattack, cyber warfare ambiguity, objective measurement cyber attacks, war justification abuse, violence escalation, cyber attack impact, cyber warfare legal framework large scale cyber attack, cyber warfare definition, act of war, armed aggression, destruction, violence, loss of life, Pentagon cyber policy, damage equivalency, bloodless cyber attack, economic impact, confidential data theft, casus belli, NATO, Georgia 2008 cyber attack, cyber attack measurement, theoretical framework, justification for war, cyber conflict ambiguity, policy challenges, cyber war thresholds
test-international-iiahwagit-pro02a	Poaching is becoming more advanced  A stronger, militarised approach is needed as poaching is becoming far more advanced. Poachers now operate with high-calibre rifles, night vision scopes, silencers and use helicopters to hunt their prey. [1] These methods are used particularly against rhinoceroses in South Africa, whose horns have become extremely valuable on the Asian market for their supposed medical properties. [2] In response to this, South African rangers are being given specialised training and use their own aerial surveillance to track poachers down with success, [3] supporting the argument for a militarised response to protect endangered animals.  [1] WWF, ‘African rhino poaching crisis’  [2] Zapwing, ‘The Rhino Poaching Crisis’  [3] ibid poaching, advanced methods, militarised approach, high-calibre rifles, night vision scopes, silencers, helicopters, rhinoceroses, South Africa, rhino horn trade, Asia, wildlife crime, anti-poaching strategies, ranger training, aerial surveillance, endangered species protection, WWF, Zapwing, wildlife trafficking, conservation enforcement, militarisation, illegal hunting poaching, advanced poaching methods, militarised anti-poaching, high-calibre rifles, night vision scopes, silencers, helicopters, rhinoceros, South Africa, rhino horn trade, Asian market, medical properties, specialised ranger training, aerial surveillance, endangered species protection, WWF, Zapwing, rhino poaching crisis, anti-poaching response, wildlife crime, illegal wildlife trade poaching, advanced poaching methods, militarised anti-poaching, high-calibre rifles, night vision scopes, silencers, helicopters, rhinoceros poaching, rhino horns, South Africa, Asian market, wildlife crime, endangered species, specialised ranger training, aerial surveillance, anti-poaching response, illegal wildlife trade, wildlife protection, conservation enforcement, WWF, Zapwing poaching, advanced poaching techniques, militarised response, anti-poaching strategies, high-calibre rifles, night vision scopes, silencers, helicopters, rhinoceros poaching, South Africa, rhino horn trade, Asian market, wildlife protection, endangered species, specialised ranger training, aerial surveillance, WWF, African rhino poaching crisis, Zapwing, rhino poaching crisis poaching, advanced poaching methods, militarised anti-poaching, high-calibre rifles, night vision scopes, silencers, helicopters, rhino poaching, South Africa, rhino horn, Asian market, wildlife trafficking, endangered species, specialised ranger training, aerial surveillance, anti-poaching strategies, WWF, Rhino Poaching Crisis, wildlife conservation, law enforcement, wildlife protection
test-society-asfhwapg-con03a	"Immoral to own a human life  Patenting genes and DNA fragments is immoral because of their significance for human life and welfare. It is immoral to own building blocks of the human life. Commercialization of human genes degrades value of human life. Once we give people the possibility to put an ownership tag on genes (basics of life), there is people who value human life merely based on monetary value. Bidding for the best gene, highest price and making the basics of life the same as buying a car. Andy Miah in his essay on Ethical Issues in Genetics argues: ""Evidence of such disaffection has appeared most recently from the emergence of Ron's Angels, a company set up for the auctioning of female eggs and male sperm to infertile couples seeking 'exceptional' children. Whilst numerous companies of this kind now exist, Ron's Angels is interesting not simply for having arranged a standard and reasonable price for such genes; far from it. Rather, as indicated above, eggs and sperm are awarded to the highest bidder.""1 Thus making the perception of human life what people believe is ""fair to pay"" and creating a race to figure out the cheapest ways of buying parts of the human body. 1 10) Miah, A., Patenting Human DNA. In Almond, B. & Parker, M. (2003) Ethical Issues in the New Genetics: Are Genes Us? gene patenting, DNA ownership, ethics of genetics, commercialization of human genes, moral issues gene patents, value of human life, genetic commodification, human genome ethics, bioethics, Ron's Angels, auctioning human eggs, sperm bidding, genetic material ownership, patent law DNA, human dignity genetics, genetic discrimination, Andy Miah, genetic welfare, genetic exceptionalism, ethics genetic engineering gene patenting, DNA ownership, ethics, human life value, commercializing genes, moral implications, building blocks of life, genetic commodification, gene auction, pricing human life, Ron's Angels, egg and sperm bidding, bioethics, Andy Miah, Ethical Issues in Genetics, genetic commercialization, monetary value of genes, genetic patents, human body parts market, genetic ownership debate, patent law ethics gene patenting, DNA ownership, ethics, morality, commercialization, human life value, genetic commodification, patenting genes, building blocks of life, genetic ownership, pricing human genes, gene auctions, Ron's Angels, ethical genetics, infertility market, sperm auction, egg auction, bioethics, new genetics, ownership tag, human body commercialization gene patenting, DNA ownership, bioethics, commercialization of human genes, value of human life, genetic commodification, human dignity, genetic auctions, Ron's Angels, reproductive ethics, ethical issues genetics, Andy Miah, gene monetization, human rights, moral implications genetics, patenting DNA, embryo commercialization, genetic material ownership, gene trading, biotechnology ethics gene patenting, DNA ownership, ethics, commercialization, human life value, genetic material, moral issues, bioethics, human dignity, gene commodification, reproductive technology, Ron's Angels, genetic auction, DNA fragments, human body commercialization, genetic engineering, genetic ownership, infertility market, highest bidder, value of life, biotechnology ethics, genetic rights, patent ethics, genetic privacy, building blocks of life"
test-philosophy-elkosmj-con03a	We instinctively know killing is wrong  While sometimes our feelings as to what is right and what is wrong are not accurate they are needed when thinking about morality. If a theory is well argued and thought out but goes against our feelings as to what is right and wrong then we will dismiss it. Most people have the feeling that killing is wrong and so to partake in any action that leads to the death of another is also wrong. morality, ethics, killing, right and wrong, moral intuition, moral feelings, moral theory, human instinct, moral judgment, ethical reasoning, moral beliefs, perception of wrongness, emotional response, conscience, moral psychology, justification, death, value of life, moral dismissal, societal norms morality, killing, wrong, instinct, feelings, ethical theory, moral intuition, right and wrong, moral judgment, death, conscience, moral reasoning, ethical beliefs, intuitionism, emotional response, normative ethics, moral philosophy killing, morality, instinct, right and wrong, moral feelings, ethics, moral theory, intuition, moral judgment, death, moral reasoning, ethical decision, human nature, moral intuition, moral disagreement morality, killing, instincts, right and wrong, moral feelings, ethical theory, moral intuition, conscience, moral judgments, actions, death, ethical reasoning, moral beliefs, moral disagreement, human nature morality, killing, right and wrong, moral instincts, ethical feelings, moral theory, ethical intuition, moral judgement, emotions in ethics, intuitionism, moral reasoning, feelings vs logic, ethical argument, moral psychology, conscience, moral principles, ethical disagreement, internal morality, value judgement, theory rejection
test-society-simhbrasnba-con03a	We must practice what we preach  Democratic nations preach the language of freedom, human rights and justice. They encourage those who live under oppression to oppose their rulers and work towards these goals. This is all rendered hollow, and hypocritical if they then refuse to protect individuals who are persecuted for taking the brave and noble step of working to improve their societies. Not only is this a moral failing but practically very harmful too. It is in the interests of democratic nations to spread democracy and peaceful forms of government. If the people of authoritarian nations don't feel they have the support of other, then the incentive for them to risk everything and stand up in the name of freedom is diminished, and so too the best chance of change in such oppressive regimes. democratic nations, practice what we preach, freedom, human rights, justice, oppression, support, persecution, moral responsibility, hypocrisy, protect individuals, authoritarian regimes, democracy promotion, peaceful government, societal improvement, standing up, regime change, international support, civic courage, moral failing, practical harm democratic nations, freedom, human rights, justice, oppression, persecution, hypocrisy, moral responsibility, asylum, support, authoritarian regimes, democracy promotion, political refugees, democratic values, international support, regime change, peaceful government, advocacy, foreign policy, incentive, societal improvement democratic nations, freedom, human rights, justice, oppression, hypocrisy, moral responsibility, persecution, societal improvement, democratic support, authoritarian regimes, democracy promotion, peaceful government, international support, incentive for change, oppressive regimes, moral failing, practical consequences, standing up, regime change democracy, human rights, justice, freedom, democratic nations, oppression, authoritarian regimes, hypocrisy, moral responsibility, protection, persecuted individuals, spreading democracy, peaceful government, support, incentives, societal change, international relations, advocacy, political reform, responsibility, foreign policy democracy, democratic nations, human rights, justice, freedom, hypocrisy, moral responsibility, oppressed individuals, persecution, support, authoritarian regimes, societal improvement, political asylum, international relations, ethical foreign policy, regime change, peaceful government, supporting dissidents, spreading democracy, moral failure, practical harm, incentive, international support
test-environment-chbwtlgcc-con03a	New Technology  Humanity has revolutionized the world repeatedly through such monumental inventions as agriculture, steel, anti-biotics, and microchips. And as technology has improved, so too has the rate at which technology improves. It is predicted that there will be 32 times more change between 2000 and 2050 than there was between 1950 and 2000. In the midst of this, many great minds will be focussed on emissions abatement and climate control technologies. So, even if the most severe climate predictions do come to pass, it is unimaginable that humanity will not find a way to intervene. Even small changes will make a difference – more efficient coal power stations can emit a third less emissions than less efficient ones 1. Renewable energy will become more competitive and scalable and technology develops we may even be able to remove carbon from the atmosphere so undoing the damage. 1  1. Bradsher, Keith. “China Outpaces U.S. in Cleaner Coal-Fired Plants.”, New York Times Published: May 10, 2009. new technology, technological innovation, monumental inventions, agriculture, steel, antibiotics, microchips, accelerated progress, exponential change, emissions abatement, climate control technologies, climate change solutions, carbon removal, renewable energy, energy efficiency, cleaner coal, scalable technology, atmospheric intervention, global warming mitigation, climate predictions, environmental technology, future technology trends, competitive renewables, carbon capture, sustainable development, cleaner coal-fired plants, technological advancement, sustainability, climate resilience, New York Times reference new technology, technological innovation, historical inventions, agriculture, steel, antibiotics, microchips, exponential technological change, rate of progress, emissions abatement, climate control technologies, climate change mitigation, renewable energy, carbon removal, efficient coal power, cleaner energy, atmospheric carbon extraction, environmental intervention, scalable technology, future predictions, sustainable development, cleaner coal-fired plants, Keith Bradsher, technological advancement, climate technology, technological impact, emission reduction, climate solutions, energy efficiency, New York Times new technology, technological advancement, innovation, human progress, monumental inventions, agriculture, steel, antibiotics, microchips, accelerating change, future predictions, exponential growth, climate change, emissions abatement, climate control technology, renewable energy, carbon removal, efficient coal power, emissions reduction, sustainability, environmental technology, clean energy, carbon capture, global warming solutions, technological intervention, energy scalability, cleaner coal plants new technology, technological innovation, rapid change, historic inventions, agriculture, steel, antibiotics, microchips, technology acceleration, future predictions, climate change, emissions abatement, climate control, renewable energy, energy efficiency, carbon removal, cleaner coal, competitive renewables, sustainable development, environmental technology, scalability, intervention, technological progress new technology, technological advancement, innovation, monumental inventions, agriculture, steel, antibiotics, microchips, exponential change, climate change, emissions abatement, climate control technologies, renewable energy, efficient coal power, carbon removal, atmospheric carbon, cleaner coal-fired plants, sustainable development, energy transition, environmental intervention, Bradsher Keith, China energy, U.S. energy, climate predictions, technology rate of change, future technology, emission reduction, technological solutions, scalable energy, environmental technology
test-science-dssghsdmd-pro04a	Strategic missile defense technology is substantially more advanced and discriminating in application than nuclear weapons, making potential future wars less potentially devastating  An operational national missile defense system renders nuclear weapons, and intercontinental ballistic missiles generally, obsolete. When a country can shoot down all enemy missiles, those weapons lose their power. The future of war, once countries have access to the technology to build missile shields, will no longer be marked by fingers held over the proverbial red button. Rather, the incentive for conflict between states armed with effective missile defenses will be to seek diplomatic solutions to problems. The technology will likely be in the hands of many nations very soon, as the United States has already provided the technology to Japan and Australia, and will be building defense batteries in Romania from 2015 (McMichael, 2009). Furthermore, even should war break out, they will necessarily be far less destructive, as they will not feature the city-leveling power of nuclear missiles. With missile defense, war will be less likely and, should it occur, less destructive. strategic missile defense, missile defense technology, nuclear weapons, intercontinental ballistic missiles, national missile defense system, missile shields, future warfare, arms race, diplomatic conflict resolution, military technology proliferation, United States missile defense, Japan missile defense, Australia missile defense, Romania missile defense, war deterrence, reduced destructiveness, non-nuclear conflict, missile defense impact, military strategy, technological advancement, arms control strategic missile defense, missile defense technology, advanced missile defense, discriminating application, nuclear weapons, intercontinental ballistic missiles, ICBM obsolescence, operational national missile defense, missile interception, missile shield, international security, future warfare, diplomatic conflict resolution, US missile defense export, missile defense proliferation, Japan missile defense, Australia missile defense, Romania missile batteries, reduced war destructiveness, less devastating wars, security technology diffusion, McMichael 2009 strategic missile defense, missile defense technology, nuclear weapons, intercontinental ballistic missiles, obsolescence, national missile defense, missile shield, deterrence, international security, arms race, conflict resolution, diplomatic solutions, war devastation, military technology transfer, United States, Japan, Australia, Romania, McMichael 2009, military doctrine, global security, missile interception, advanced warfare, reduced destructiveness, future of war, proliferation, disarmament strategic missile defense, missile defense technology, nuclear weapons obsolescence, intercontinental ballistic missiles, national missile defense system, advanced missile defense, war deterrence, conflict prevention, missile shield proliferation, diplomatic conflict resolution, US missile defense exports, Japan missile defense, Australia missile defense, Romania missile defense, defensive military technology, future warfare, reduced war devastation, non-nuclear conflict, McMichael 2009, global security, military innovation, international stability, arms race reduction strategic missile defense, missile defense technology, nuclear weapons, intercontinental ballistic missiles, national missile defense system, missile shields, war deterrence, arms race, military technology, advanced defense systems, diplomatic solutions, defense proliferation, United States, Japan, Australia, Romania, less destructive war, future warfare, technology transfer, military strategy, global security
test-economy-egecegphw-pro03a	Heathrow is in the best location for London  Flying is critical for business. Heathrow is well located for the people that will pick up the bill funding its expansion. People need to be able to get to their homes and work easily from the airport otherwise it is impractical. According to the Civil Aviation Authority 25% of business passengers start their journey within 30 minutes of Heathrow, far more than any other airport. [1] This demonstrates that the demand for Heathrow’s services from the local area is real and pronounced. Heathrow is closer to London than its rivals Gatwick and Stansted and has better transport links through the Piccadilly line and Heathrow Express. A new airport could potentially be closer, but finding space within the M25 for a large airport without attracting the same kind of opposition that expanding Heathrow has would be next to impossible  [1] Leunig, Tim, ‘A bigger and quieter Heathrow is the answer to our aviation capacity problem’, The Spectator, 5 October 2012, Heathrow, airport expansion, London location, business travel, Civil Aviation Authority, transport links, Piccadilly line, Heathrow Express, airport proximity, airport demand, M25, Gatwick, Stansted, aviation capacity, Tim Leunig, The Spectator, local area, passenger journey times, airport funding, infrastructure, airport accessibility, new airport, opposition to expansion Heathrow, London, airport location, business travel, airport expansion, Civil Aviation Authority, business passengers, transport links, Piccadilly line, Heathrow Express, Gatwick, Stansted, M25, aviation capacity, airport accessibility, airport proximity, airport comparison, travel demand, infrastructure, airport funding, commuter access Heathrow, London, airport location, business travel, airport expansion, transport links, Civil Aviation Authority, business passengers, journey time, Gatwick, Stansted, Piccadilly line, Heathrow Express, aviation capacity, M25, airport accessibility, local demand, Tim Leunig, The Spectator, airport opposition, airport proximity Heathrow, London, airport location, business travel, airport expansion, Civil Aviation Authority, business passengers, transport links, Piccadilly line, Heathrow Express, local demand, Gatwick, Stansted, M25, aviation capacity, airport accessibility, airport proximity, infrastructure, opposition, The Spectator, Tim Leunig Heathrow, London airport location, business travel, airport expansion, airport accessibility, Civil Aviation Authority, business passengers, Heathrow demand, Gatwick comparison, Stansted comparison, transport links, Piccadilly line, Heathrow Express, airport alternatives, M25, aviation capacity, airport infrastructure, airport funding, airport opposition, urban planning, Spectator article
test-philosophy-ippelhbcp-pro02a	Justice co-operation  Crime does not stop at national borders. Therefore efforts to fight crime cannot, either. A country that abolishes capital punishment will be in a much better position to cooperate on justice issues internationally.  Many states, particularly ones in the Global North, have policies of not extraditing people to jeopardy of capital punishment. Not only could more people be extradited, foreign states may be more willing to provide broader based assistance and co-operation if they see that a state has made steps forward in criminal justice policy.  Some states have a policy of not extraditing to states where there is a risk of capital punishment: a particular clause on this is included in the US-Mexico extradition treaty, and it is the position of the European Court of Human Rights. [1]  [1] Soering v United Kingdom - available at justice cooperation, cross-border crime, international crime, capital punishment, death penalty, extradition, criminal justice policy, international cooperation, legal assistance, abolition of death penalty, Global North, extradition treaties, Soering v United Kingdom, human rights, US-Mexico extradition treaty, European Court of Human Rights, foreign assistance, cross-border justice, states cooperation, anti-crime efforts justice cooperation, transnational crime, international extradition, capital punishment, death penalty abolishment, criminal justice policy, Global North, extradition policies, international legal assistance, Soering v United Kingdom, US-Mexico extradition treaty, European Court of Human Rights, cross-border crime, anti-crime cooperation, human rights, foreign legal cooperation, extradition restrictions, death penalty risk, legal harmonization, international law enforcement justice cooperation, transnational crime, capital punishment, death penalty, extradition policies, international cooperation, criminal justice, abolition of death penalty, global north, extradition treaties, US-Mexico extradition treaty, European Court of Human Rights, Soering v United Kingdom, anti-extradition, mutual legal assistance, cross-border crime, human rights, international law enforcement, legal reform, judicial assistance justice cooperation, transnational crime, international criminal justice, capital punishment, death penalty, extradition policies, global north, international law, criminal justice reform, Soering v United Kingdom, US-Mexico extradition treaty, European Court of Human Rights, abolition of death penalty, cross-border crime, international cooperation, mutual legal assistance, human rights, crime prevention, legal harmonization, policy reform justice cooperation, cross-border crime, capital punishment, extradition, international criminal justice, abolition of death penalty, global north policies, criminal justice policy, legal assistance, international co-operation, Soering v United Kingdom, European Court of Human Rights, US-Mexico extradition treaty, death penalty risk, legal extradition barriers, human rights, judicial collaboration, legal reform, international treaties, global justice
test-politics-grcrgshwbr-con04a	It is their culture and religion.  Religions themselves tend to encompass their own distinctive culture and, to many of their members, this culture and its methods comes before anything secular. For this reason, Muslims should be allowed to wear personal items as it states in the ruling of their religious book to do so. Had a particular garment been required in the Christian religious book - The Bible - then no doubt those stout Christians would follow this particular ruling. The question is, would it be wrong to take away something close and meaningful to these religions? Surely, a religious symbol or method is purely personal, and, therefore, banning such symbols would be an intrusion into their individuality.1  1 Jessica Shepherd, 'Uniform Dissent', The Guardian, 9th October 2007 , accessed on 24th July 2011 religion, culture, religious symbols, secularism, religious garments, personal items, Islam, Muslims, Quran, Christianity, Bible, religious rights, religious freedom, individuality, cultural identity, banning symbols, religious expression, personal beliefs, uniform dissent, Jessica Shepherd, The Guardian religion, culture, religious symbols, personal items, religious garments, secularism, Islam, Muslims, Quran, Christianity, Bible, religious expression, individuality, personal rights, religious freedom, religious identity, cultural practices, religious rulings, religious clothing, banning symbols, intrusion, uniform dissent, Jessica Shepherd, The Guardian religion, culture, religious symbols, religious clothing, personal items, secularism, Islam, Christianity, Quran, Bible, religious freedom, individuality, religious expression, banning symbols, cultural identity, religious rights, uniform dissent, Jessica Shepherd, The Guardian religion, culture, religious symbols, personal items, Muslim, Christian, religious book, Quran, Bible, religious garment, individuality, secularism, religious expression, religious freedom, religious attire, banning symbols, personal belief, cultural identity, Jessica Shepherd, Uniform Dissent, The Guardian religion, culture, religious symbols, personal items, religious clothing, secularism, individuality, religious freedom, Islam, Muslims, Bible, Christianity, religious identity, garment, religious rights, cultural expression, religious book, banning symbols, religious ruling, intrusion, uniform dissent, Jessica Shepherd, The Guardian
test-politics-nlpdwhbusbuc-con02a	The Ban is Unfeasible  The problem with the ban on cluster bombs is that it is unfeasible in the prevention of the use of cluster bombs on the battlefield. Many countries aside from the U.S. will continue to use the weapons and will likely do so less responsibly. There is no way to persuade these countries to abandon the weapons. Countries such as China and the US are unconcerned by threats that their use can be a crime against humanity and might result in international criminal prosecutions as they are not signed up to the ICC and as Security Council members can prevent investigations of themselves or their clients.  The U.S. and Western powers continuing to manufacture cluster bombs allows them to engage with the other users of cluster bombs on the battlefield. Many countries import weapons from Western powers and as such, continuing the manufacture of cluster bombs allows Western powers to keep a check on their use by other countries.  Further, the ability for Western powers to use cluster bombs allows Western powers to discourage their use on the battlefield through the threat of retaliation with the same weaponry. As such, banning the weapons could cost the lives of soldiers on the battlefield.8 cluster bombs, ban unfeasibility, battlefield use, international law, non-signatory countries, ICC, Security Council, China, United States, weapons manufacturing, Western powers, arms imports, weapon accountability, deterrence, retaliation, military strategy, human rights, international criminal prosecution, arms control, compliance challenges, military balance cluster bombs, ban unfeasible, prevention, battlefield, international law, U.S., China, ICC, Security Council, prosecution, Western powers, weapon manufacture, arms import, retaliation, military strategy, weapon regulation, compliance, enforcement, national security, deterrence, humanitarian concerns cluster bombs, ban, unfeasible, battlefield, prevention, international law, accountability, United States, China, ICC, Security Council, manufacture, Western powers, weapon export, deterrence, retaliation, humanitarian law, enforcement, military strategy, compliance, crime against humanity cluster bombs, ban, unfeasible, battlefield, prevention, enforcement, compliance, international law, non-signatory countries, China, United States, ICC, Security Council, prosecution, manufacture, Western powers, arms export, deterrence, retaliation, military strategy, soldier safety, weapon regulation, humanitarian law, international relations, accountability, weapon proliferation cluster bombs, ban feasibility, battlefield use, international law, weapon proliferation, United States, China, International Criminal Court, Security Council, international prosecutions, Western powers, arms manufacturing, arms imports, export controls, oversight, retaliation threat, deterrence, military strategy, humanitarian law, arms ban enforcement
test-economy-epiasghbf-pro01a	The importance of jobs in livelihoods - money  Jobs are empowerment. Building sustainable livelihoods, and tackling poverty in the long term, requires enabling access to capital assets. A key asset is financial capital. Jobs, and employment, provide a means to access and build financial capital required, whether through loans or wages. When a woman is able to work she is therefore able to take control of her own life. Additionally she may provide a second wage meaning the burden of poverty on households is cumulatively reduced. Having a job and the financial security it brings means that other benefits can be realised such as investing in good healthcare and education. [1] .  Women working from home in Kenya, designing jewellery, shows the link between employment and earning an income [2] . The women have been empowered to improve their way of life.  [1] See further readings: Ellis et al, 2010.  [2] See further readings: Petty, 2013. jobs, livelihoods, financial capital, employment, poverty reduction, economic empowerment, women employment, income generation, sustainable livelihoods, access to assets, household income, financial security, healthcare investment, education investment, women empowerment, wage employment, capital assets, microenterprise, Kenya, jewelry design, work from home, cumulative poverty reduction, gender equality, economic independence, asset building, poverty alleviation jobs, livelihoods, financial capital, employment, poverty reduction, empowerment, sustainable livelihoods, access to capital, wages, income generation, women empowerment, working women, household income, financial security, healthcare investment, education investment, women in Kenya, home-based work, jewellery design, poverty alleviation, economic empowerment, capital assets, social benefits, economic independence, gender equality jobs, livelihoods, financial capital, employment, poverty reduction, economic empowerment, access to capital, sustainable livelihoods, wages, household income, women's empowerment, financial security, healthcare investment, education investment, women working, home-based work, Kenya, income generation, jewelry design, asset building, poverty alleviation, economic independence, microenterprise, gender equality employment, livelihoods, financial capital, poverty reduction, women's empowerment, income generation, sustainable livelihoods, access to capital, financial security, household income, economic empowerment, jobs, healthcare investment, education access, women's work, home-based employment, Kenya, jewelry design, asset building, wage earnings jobs, livelihoods, employment, financial capital, poverty reduction, empowerment, women, access to assets, sustainable livelihoods, income generation, financial security, household income, healthcare investment, education investment, women's employment, second wage, economic empowerment, rural women, home-based work, jewelry design, Kenya, asset building, capital assets, poverty alleviation, gender empowerment
test-international-aghwrem-pro05a	Regional factors favour re-engagement  Myanmar has continuing economic and political relations with many other countries, including members of the ASEAN, and significantly, China (which is also the source of a large proportion of foreign investment in Myanmar). These countries, some of which are major economic and political partners of the US and the EU, do not share the same attitude about the legitimacy of the Myanmar government and the approach that should be taken towards it. For the purposes of regional stability, it would be better for the US and the EU to align their positions with the others. This reduces the risk of diplomatic rifts which could destabilise the region. Further, if the international community presents a united viewpoint on what steps Myanmar should take to improve its democracy, such steps are more likely to be taken. regional factors, re-engagement, Myanmar, ASEAN, China, foreign investment, economic relations, political relations, US, EU, legitimacy, Myanmar government, regional stability, diplomatic rifts, international community, democracy improvement, united viewpoint, alignment, foreign policy, Southeast Asia, geopolitical strategy, international relations, economic partners, political partners, policy coordination Myanmar, regional factors, re-engagement, ASEAN, China, foreign investment, economic relations, political relations, US, EU, legitimacy, Myanmar government, regional stability, diplomatic alignment, international community, democracy, diplomatic rift, consensus, foreign policy, Southeast Asia, international cooperation, major partners, sanctions, diplomatic strategy regional factors, Myanmar, re-engagement, economic relations, political relations, ASEAN, China, foreign investment, US, EU, legitimacy, regional stability, diplomatic rifts, international community, democracy, policy alignment, international viewpoint, regional diplomacy, Southeast Asia, foreign policy, multilateral relations Myanmar, regional factors, re-engagement, ASEAN, China, foreign investment, US, EU, international relations, legitimacy, regional stability, diplomatic alignment, political relations, economic relations, international community, democracy, diplomatic rifts, united viewpoint, policy approach, Southeast Asia, global diplomacy Myanmar, regional factors, re-engagement, ASEAN, China, foreign investment, economic relations, political relations, legitimacy, government, US, EU, international community, regional stability, diplomatic rifts, democracy, unified approach, policy alignment, international relations, Southeast Asia, geopolitical strategy
test-health-dhghwapgd-con02a	"Patent rights allow firms to more readily release their products and methods into the public domain, particularly through licensing  Without patent protection, innovative and enterprising firms lacking the capacity to market successfully or efficiently produce new drugs might develop new drugs and never release them, since it would simply result in others profiting from their efforts. After all, no one likes to see others profit by their hard work, and leaving them nothing; such is tantamount to slavery. Patent protection encourages the release of new ideas and products to the public, which serves to benefit society generally1. The main mechanism for this is the system of licensing, by which firs can retain their right of ownership over a drug while essentially renting the ability to produce it to firms with productive capacities that would better capitalize on the new product. Furthermore, the disclosure of ideas to the public allows firms to try to make the product better by ""inventing around"" the initial design, or by exploiting it once the term of the patent expires2. If the drug formula never enters the public, it might never do so, leaving society bereft of a potentially valuable asset.  1 Rockwell, Llewellyn. 2011. ""The Google Pharm Case"". Mises Daily. Available: 2 Business Line. 2007. ""Patents Grant Freedom to Invent Around"". Hindu Business Line. Available: patent rights, product release, public domain, licensing, patent protection, innovation, drug development, market entry, intellectual property, ownership, disclosure, knowledge sharing, ""inventing around"", patent expiration, society benefit, pharmaceutical industry, technology transfer, productivity, competitive advantage, R&D incentives, information dissemination, proprietary technology, access to medicine, commercialization, secondary innovation, exclusivity, patent law, pharmaceutical patents, knowledge diffusion, public health, pharmaceutical licensing patent rights, intellectual property, public domain, drug innovation, patent protection, drug licensing, pharmaceutical industry, product release, ownership rights, technology transfer, market capacity, patent disclosure, inventing around, expired patents, knowledge sharing, societal benefit, pharmaceutical licensing, drug development, patent system, competitive advantage, innovation incentives, research and development, patent law, patent policy, drug formula, product commercialization patent rights, public domain, product release, licensing, patent protection, drug innovation, pharmaceutical industry, intellectual property, market entry, production capacity, competitive advantage, invention disclosure, technology transfer, inventing around, patent expiration, knowledge sharing, drug development, societal benefit, ownership rights, rent production rights, formula disclosure, R&D incentives, new drug release, patent system, economic incentive patent rights, public domain, licensing, patent protection, innovation, drug development, intellectual property, market capacity, product release, ownership rights, pharmaceutical patents, technology transfer, patent disclosure, inventing around, patent expiry, social benefit, drug formula, patent system, society, knowledge sharing, commercialization, patent incentives, exclusivity, research and development, competitive advantage, knowledge diffusion patent rights, intellectual property, product release, public domain, licensing, patent protection, innovative firms, drug development, market capacity, profitable innovation, ownership rights, new drug formula, disclosure, inventing around, patent expiration, societal benefit, technology transfer, intellectual property licensing, pharmaceutical industry, knowledge sharing"
test-education-pshhghwpba0-pro01a	A school breakfast gives all students an equal start to the day  All children should have equal opportunities, a breakfast for all helps provide this. With schools providing breakfast for everyone the start to the day will be the same for all. No one will starting school hungry or thirsty. Everyone will have had a chance to wake up before their lessons start allowing them to get as good a start to the day as possible. school breakfast, equal start, equal opportunities, breakfast for all, student nutrition, school meal programs, hunger prevention, educational equity, morning meal, child welfare, universal breakfast, learning readiness, healthy start, student wellbeing, inclusive education, school nutrition programs school breakfast, equal start, equal opportunities, breakfast for all, student nutrition, school meal programs, hunger prevention, educational equity, morning meals, child wellbeing, academic performance, school inclusion, universal breakfast, student health, improved learning, access to food, school support school breakfast, equal opportunities, student nutrition, breakfast for all, hunger prevention, school meals, educational equity, morning meals, child welfare, learning readiness, student well-being, food security, academic performance, inclusive education, healthy start, school food programs, universal breakfast, student health, classroom preparedness, equitable start school breakfast, equal opportunities, student nutrition, universal breakfast, educational equity, child hunger, school meal programs, academic performance, morning nutrition, student well-being, breakfast for all, child development, school health, food insecurity, equal access school breakfast, equal opportunities, students, nutritional equity, universal breakfast, child nutrition, access to food, hunger prevention, morning meal, school meal programs, educational outcomes, student wellbeing, inclusive education, academic performance, start the day, food security, children's health, breakfast for all, equal start, school programs
test-health-hpehwadvoee-con02a	The recipient is forced to receive the sacrifice of another  In many cases, the recipient is not in position to consent to the donation. Thus, even if it saves his or her life, it is comes with an intrusion on his or her moral integrity that he or she might value higher than survival. If we are to receive such a drastic sacrifice from someone that we love – surely we must have a right to veto it? [1] This means that to enable the choice of the donor the choice of the receiver has been ignored, there seems to be little reason to simply switch those two positions around as is proposed.  [1] Monforte-Royo, C., et al. “The wish to hasten death: a review of clinical studies.” Psycho-Oncology 20.8 (2011): 795-804. forced donation, recipient consent, moral integrity, right to veto, non-consensual medical procedures, donor-recipient autonomy, ethical dilemmas, medical ethics, life-saving sacrifices, intrusion on autonomy, patient rights, sacrifice acceptance, ethical consent, wish to hasten death, Monforte-Royo, medical decision-making forced donation, recipient consent, donor sacrifice, moral integrity, right to veto, autonomy, ethical dilemma, life-saving intervention, intrusion, recipient rights, donor choice, recipient agency, medical ethics, organ transplantation, consent ethics, bioethics, psycho-oncology, Monforte-Royo, wish to hasten death, clinical ethics forced sacrifice, recipient consent, donation ethics, moral integrity, right to veto, autonomy, donor choice, recipient autonomy, non-consensual donation, ethical intrusion, survival vs autonomy, medical ethics, transplant ethics, end-of-life decisions, recipient rights, Monforte-Royo, wish to hasten death, psycho-oncology, clinical ethics recipient consent, forced sacrifice, non-consensual donation, moral integrity, ethical dilemma, right to veto, donor autonomy, recipient autonomy, medical ethics, organ transplantation ethics, patient rights, consent in donation, moral intrusion, survival versus values, autonomy conflict, ethical sacrifice, wish to hasten death, decision-making in transplantation, Monforte-Royo, clinical ethics forced sacrifice, non-consensual donation, recipient autonomy, moral integrity, right to veto, donor choice, recipient choice, ethical organ donation, autonomy vs. beneficence, medical ethics, involuntary donation, sacrificial ethics, intrusive intervention, decision-making capacity, patient consent, value of survival, wish to hasten death, Monforte-Royo, Psycho-Oncology
test-politics-oapdhwinkp-con03a	Ignoring North Korea wont resolve the situation  While the great powers can try to keep on with business as usual how will this be helpful? The situation is unstable and needs to be resolved which is something that ignoring the North will not do. Commentators thought that the North would collapse as a result of the withdrawal of support that was given by the USSR in the early 1990s but it did not happen. The regime will likely be able to hang on in the status quo situation pretty much indefinitely.  There is also no reason to believe that the provocations may not become bigger should smaller provocations be ignored. While North Korea can attract the world’s attention with a missile test launch it is likely to keep doing such small and relatively harmless actions. Should such actions fail the regime may resort to bigger incidents such as the sinking of the South Korean corvette Cheonan in 2010 which resulted in 46 deaths which may have been an attempt at coercive diplomacy against a regime that was unwilling to engage in negotiations. [1]  [1] Cha, Victor, ‘The Sinking of the Cheonan’, Center for Strategic & International Studies, 22 April 2010, North Korea, diplomatic relations, great powers, stability, regime survival, USSR withdrawal, provocations, missile tests, Cheonan sinking, coercive diplomacy, negotiations, international response, security, regional instability, engagement policy, conflict escalation, status quo, deterrence, sanctions, military incidents North Korea, great powers, business as usual, unstable situation, regime survival, Soviet Union support, USSR withdrawal, provocations, missile tests, Cheonan sinking, coercive diplomacy, negotiations, international response, North Korea collapse, security threat, military incidents, escalation, diplomatic engagement, deterrence, East Asia security North Korea, international relations, great powers, diplomatic strategy, provocations, regime stability, USSR support withdrawal, commentators, missile tests, coercive diplomacy, Cheonan sinking, South Korea, negotiation, conflict resolution, instability, regime survival, military incidents, global attention, policy response North Korea, diplomatic engagement, provocations, missile tests, regime stability, USSR support withdrawal, Cheonan sinking, coercive diplomacy, international relations, sanctions, great powers, crisis resolution, status quo, deterrence, diplomacy, escalation, regional security, unification prospects, negotiation, security policy North Korea, diplomatic isolation, regime stability, provocations, great powers, international relations, USSR support withdrawal, Cheonan sinking, coercive diplomacy, business as usual, missile tests, collapse predictions, 2010 incident, policy response, negotiation reluctance, global security, conflict escalation, small provocations, large provocations, unresolved situation, commentator analysis
test-digital-freedoms-dfiphbgs-con03a	Closed source software is better at meeting consumer needs.  Closed source software companies are more than capable of segmenting their products to reach each part of the market, as Microsoft has shown by producing its new Windows 7 operating system in a record six different versions.  Microsoft’s monopoly of desktop computers ensures that if a programmer produces a niche software package or software translation for a specialized purpose, that programmer knows that potential clients will almost certainly be able to run the program if it is designed for Windows. If this monopoly is broken up and governments start to push Linux or other open source alternatives, the programmer will either have to develop for two or more platforms, thereby increasing the cost of the final product, or they will have to gamble on a single platform; both options would reduce the likelihood of the niche solution reaching the clients that need it.  While open source software does allow anyone to spot a potential market and customize software to sell to that market, that access is also its great undoing. The type of accessibility that many open source products pride themselves on providing leaves projects open to abuse, either by well-meaning amateurs or intentional wreckers. Constant self-policing by the open source community is required, in order to guarantee the stability of the software it creates. An analogy can be drawn with Wikipedia, where the freedom of the mob led to defamatory statements being written about the former editor of USA Today [i] . Governments should be wary of relying on an anarchic, self-organising community to serve their IT needs, no matter how smart and well intentioned the members of that community may be.  [i] Seigenthaler, John. .”A false Wikipedia “biography”.” USA Today. 29 November 2005 closed source software, consumer needs, product segmentation, Microsoft, Windows 7, software versions, market reach, software monopoly, desktop computing, niche software, software compatibility, platform dependency, Linux, open source alternatives, development cost, software customization, software accessibility, open source risks, software stability, software abuse, community self-policing, Wikipedia analogy, government IT policy, proprietary software, software market, cross-platform development, software reliability, IT procurement, software development challenges closed source software, consumer needs, product segmentation, Microsoft, Windows 7, software versions, desktop monopoly, niche software, software compatibility, software platforms, programmer costs, open source software, software accessibility, project abuse, software stability, community self-policing, Wikipedia analogy, government IT policy, platform fragmentation, software customization, market reach, operating systems, software development, software reliability, software security, software market, monopolies, Linux alternatives closed source software, consumer needs, product segmentation, Microsoft, Windows 7, software versions, desktop monopoly, niche software, platform compatibility, software development costs, government policy, Linux, open source alternatives, market reach, software customization, open source risks, project abuse, software stability, community self-policing, software reliability, Wikipedia analogy, IT procurement, government IT, proprietary software, open source drawbacks, software market segmentation closed source software, consumer needs, product segmentation, Microsoft, Windows 7, software versions, software monopoly, desktop computers, software compatibility, niche software, software translation, platform development, Linux, open source alternatives, government policy, software development cost, market reach, software customization, open source risks, software stability, community self-policing, amateur contributions, intentional sabotage, Wikipedia analogy, information reliability, government IT decisions, self-organising community, IT procurement, software platform compatibility closed source software, consumer needs, market segmentation, Microsoft, Windows 7, software versions, software monopoly, desktop computers, niche software, software compatibility, software platforms, government policy, Linux, open source alternatives, software development cost, platform diversity, software accessibility, open source drawbacks, project stability, community self-policing, Wikipedia analogy, software reliability, government IT, self-organizing community, software abuse, software customization
test-health-dhpelhbass-pro01a	Every human being has a right to life  Perhaps the most basic and fundamental of all our rights. However, with every right comes a choice. The right to speech does not remove the option to remain silent; the right to vote brings with it the right to abstain. In the same way, the right to choose to die is implicit in the right to life. The degree to which physical pain and psychological distress can be tolerated is different in all humans. Quality of life judgements are private and personal, thus only the sufferer can make relevant decisions. [1] This was particularly evident in the case of Daniel James. [2] After suffering a spinal dislocation as the result of a rugby accident he decided that he would live a second-rate existence if he continued with life and that it was not something he wanted to prolong. People are given a large degree of autonomy within their lives and since deciding to end your life does not physically harm anyone else, it should be within your rights to decide when you wish to die. While the act of suicide does remove option to choose life, most cases in which physician assisted suicide is reasonable, death is the inevitable and often imminent outcome for the patient regardless if by suicide or pathological process. The choice for the patient, therefore, is not to die, but to cease suffering and tto chose the time and manner of their death.  [1] Derek Humphrey, 'Liberty and Death: A manifesto concerning an individual's right to choose to die', assistedsuicide.org 1 March 2005,  (accessed 4/6/2011)  [2] Elizabeth Stewart, 'Parents defend assisted suicide of paralysed rugby player', guardian.co.uk, 17 October 2008,  (accessed 6/6/2011) right to life, right to die, individual autonomy, physician assisted suicide, end-of-life choices, quality of life, suffering, euthanasia, Daniel James case, spinal injury, personal decision, liberty and death, suicide, medical ethics, patient rights, psychological distress, terminal illness, dignity in dying, assisted suicide, moral philosophy right to life, right to die, autonomy, euthanasia, assisted suicide, patient choice, quality of life, Daniel James, spinal injury, end-of-life decisions, suffering, psychological distress, physician-assisted suicide, liberty, individual rights, bioethics, personal autonomy, death with dignity, Derek Humphrey, choice, suicide, terminal illness, suffering relief, moral rights, ethics, guardian, rugby accident, consent, personal decision, palliative care right to life, right to die, autonomy, assisted suicide, physician assisted suicide, quality of life, individual choice, suffering, end of life decision, suicide, Derek Humphrey, Liberty and Death, Daniel James, physical pain, psychological distress, patient rights, euthanasia, terminal illness, personal decision, end of suffering, ethical issues, life and death, legal rights, consent, case studies, spinal injury, paralysed rugby player, guardian.co.uk, dignity in death, moral philosophy right to life, right to die, assisted suicide, euthanasia, patient autonomy, quality of life, physician assisted suicide, Daniel James case, spinal injury, suffering, end of life decisions, psychological distress, personal choice, suicide ethics, liberty and death, Derek Humphrey, terminal illness, individual rights, moral autonomy, end of suffering right to life, right to die, autonomy, physician assisted suicide, euthanasia, quality of life, suffering, Daniel James, suicide, patient choice, liberty, death, individual rights, dignity, end-of-life decision, personal autonomy, medical ethics, spinal injury, psychological distress, Derek Humphrey, assisted suicide, terminal illness, self-determination, guardian article, personal decision, suffering relief, pain tolerance, consent, moral philosophy
test-law-cppshbcjsfm-pro01a	Rehabilitation Is A Better General Justifying Aim for Punishment  Rehabilitation is the most valuable ideological justification for imprisonment, for it alone promotes the humanising belief in the notion that offenders can be saved and not simply punished. Desert (retributive) theory, on the other hand, sees punishment as an end in itself, in other words, punishment for punishment’s sake. This has no place in any enlightened society.  An example can be taken from the aftermath of the London rioters, where 170 riot offenders under 18 are now in custody without firstly understanding the causes of the riots nor the reasons of why these people offended. [1]  The rehabilitative ideal does not ignore society and the victim. In fact it is because retribution places such great value on the prisoner’s rights that it tries so hard to change the offender and prevent his reoffending. By seeking to reduce reoffending and to reduce crime, it seeks constructively to promote the safety of the public, and to protect individuals from the victimisation of crime. The public agrees; a 2008 poll of British citizens found 82% ‘thought rehabilitation was as important, or more important than punishment as a criterion when sentencing criminals’. [2] Such a model of punishment is therefore a more enlightened approach in a modern day criminal justice system. Our current system which focuses more on retribution does not have the possibility of seeking to prevent reoffending by curing the offender of their desire to reoffend.  [1] Malik, Shiv, ‘UK riots cause 8% rise in jailed children’, guardian.co.uk, 8 September 2011.  [2] Directgov. Rehabilitation versus punishment - judge for yourself. 1 July 2008 . rehabilitation, punishment, justification, imprisonment, rehabilitative ideal, retribution, desert theory, offender reform, criminal justice system, recidivism, crime prevention, public safety, victim protection, London riots, youth offenders, reoffending, societal impact, enlightened society, prisoner rights, sentencing, British public opinion, restorative justice, modern penal policy, prison reform, crime reduction rehabilitation, punishment, justification, imprisonment, retribution, criminal justice, offenders, reoffending, crime prevention, humanising, desert theory, public opinion, sentencing, recidivism, London riots, juvenile offenders, correctional philosophy, victim protection, punitive system, enlightened society rehabilitation, punishment, justification, imprisonment, ideological justification, offenders, retributive theory, retribution, desert theory, London riots, juvenile offenders, causes of crime, recidivism, offender reform, victim protection, public safety, crime reduction, modern criminal justice, sentencing, public opinion, enlightened society, humane punishment, criminal justice reform, restorative justice, offender rights, reoffending prevention, British criminal justice, societal response, UK riots, youth custody, rehabilitative ideal rehabilitation, punishment, criminal justice, justification, imprisonment, retributive theory, retribution, desert theory, offender reform, reoffending, recidivism, victim protection, public safety, enlightened society, London riots, youth offenders, crime prevention, restorative justice, sentencing, public opinion, prisoner rights, rehabilitation versus punishment, criminal sentencing, societal impact, UK justice system, 2008 British poll rehabilitation, punishment, justification, imprisonment, retributive theory, desert theory, humanising belief, offender reform, recidivism, reoffending prevention, restorative justice, enlightened society, London riots, youth offenders, criminal justice system, public safety, victim protection, public opinion, sentencing policy, correctional philosophy, retribution, punitive measures, rehabilitative ideal, criminal rehabilitation, crime reduction, prisoner rights, offender treatment, social reintegration, criminal prevention
test-politics-eppghwlrba-pro02a	The legal ownership of guns by ordinary citizens inevitably leads to many accidental deaths  The legal ownership of guns by law-abiding citizens inevitably leads to many unnecessary and tragic deaths. Legally held guns are stolen and end up in the hands of criminals, who would have greater difficulty in obtaining such weapons if firearms were less prevalent in society. Guns also end up in the hands of children, leading to tragic accidents and terrible disasters such as the Columbine High School massacre in the U.S.A. Sometimes even normal-seeming registered gun owners appear to go mad and kill, as tragically happened at Hungerford and Dunblaine in the U.K. gun ownership, accidental deaths, gun accidents, law-abiding citizens, firearm fatalities, legally owned guns, gun theft, criminal access to guns, gun prevalence, child gun accidents, school shootings, Columbine massacre, Hungerford massacre, Dunblane massacre, registered gun owners, mass shootings, gun violence, gun control, gun safety, public safety legal gun ownership, ordinary citizens, accidental deaths, law-abiding citizens, unnecessary deaths, tragic deaths, stolen guns, criminals, firearm prevalence, gun accidents, children, Columbine massacre, U.S., registered gun owners, mass shootings, Hungerford, Dunblane, U.K., gun control, gun violence, firearms legislation gun ownership, accidental deaths, law-abiding citizens, firearm regulation, gun violence, legal firearms, gun theft, criminal access, gun accidents, children, school shootings, Columbine massacre, mass shootings, Hungerford massacre, Dunblane massacre, public safety, gun control, societal impact, registered gun owners, mental health, firearm prevalence legal gun ownership, accidental gun deaths, law-abiding citizens, firearm prevalence, gun theft, criminal access to guns, child gun accidents, school shootings, Columbine massacre, Hungerford massacre, Dunblane massacre, registered gun owners, gun violence, firearms in society, tragic deaths, gun control, gun laws gun ownership, accidental deaths, law-abiding citizens, unnecessary deaths, tragic deaths, legally held guns, gun theft, criminals, firearms prevalence, child access to guns, gun accidents, Columbine massacre, registered gun owners, mass shootings, Hungerford, Dunblane, gun violence, gun safety, firearm regulation, gun control
test-philosophy-elkosmj-con06a	Utilitarianism is demanding  If we choose to save the five people just because we have the power to do so then we also have to consider all the other lives that are in our power to save. It is in our power to donate all of our excess money to charity to save lives and so we must also do this. Actions like this are worthy of praise but no one would suggest that we have a duty to do them. utilitarianism, demandingness objection, moral obligations, power to save, sacrificing for others, duty, charity donation, consequentialism, ethical theory, moral praise, supererogation, saving lives, excess money, moral responsibility, philosopher, ethical demandingness utilitarianism, demandingness objection, ethics, moral obligation, saving lives, charity, effective altruism, consequentialism, duty, supererogatory acts, moral praise, philanthropy, power to help, moral responsibility, philosophical debate utilitarianism, demandingness, moral obligation, save lives, trolley problem, effective altruism, charity, moral duty, praise, altruism, ethical theory, supererogation, consequentialism, moral responsibility, sacrifice, excess money, ethical demands, moral expectations, normative ethics utilitarianism, demandingness, moral obligation, save lives, charity, excess money, moral duty, praise, ethical theories, consequentialism, moral sacrifice, altruism, ethical demands, utilitarian critique, supererogation, duty vs supererogation utilitarianism, demandingness objection, moral obligation, saving lives, power to save, charity, excess money, moral duty, praise, ethical theory, consequentialism, moral requirements, supererogation, moral demands, obligation to help, philanthropy, maximally demanding morality
test-society-asfhwapg-con04a	A liability regime not patents.  There are alternatives to the kind of blanket patenting that stifles innovation and drives up prices . The most obvious is to have no patents at all for genes which would result in a free for all but might have the result the proposition argues it would, that without any kind of pay back for the research no one will do the research in the first place.  However there are alternatives that prevent many of the problems of patents while still bringing in many of the benefits . This would be to have some kind of rights for the discover. Unlike patents there would be no right to refuse or provide conditions for access to the discovery. This would be a use now pay later system. Anyone could research using the discovery or seek to commercialize it but would have to pay a fee which would depend upon what the application was1. Palombi has proposed the creation of ‘Genetic Sequence Rights’ “the GSR would be administered using… the present ‘international’ patent system so as to minimize establishment costs and to facilitate its adoption. A GSR would be granted to the first person to file and disclose a genetic sequence defining genetic material of any origin and explaining its function and utility… The GSR would become part of an international electronic database which would be freely accessible by any person.  Upon registration the GSR holder would have the right to a GSR use fee (GSR fee). The GSR fee would vary depending on the nature of the use. For publicly funded institutions such as universities, experimental use would not attract a GSR fee, but for commercial entities, the GSR fee would apply commensurately with the nature of the use2.” This would therefore create a much fairer system that both encourages research for commercial purposes and for academic purposes.  1. Dutfield G., DNA patenting: implications for public health research, WHO   2. Palombi, Luigi, “The Genetic Sequence Right: A Sui Generis Alternative to the Patenting of Biological Materials”, Patenting Lives Conference, 1-2 December 2005, p.18.  , liability regime, patent alternatives, gene patents, innovation, research incentives, blanket patenting, genetic sequence rights, GSR, payback for research, discovery rights, no-patent system, use now pay later, commercialization, GSR fee, research access, public health research, international patent system, genetic material, sui generis system, academic research, commercial research, electronic database, patent reform, Palombi, Dutfield, patent barriers, biological materials, technology transfer, intellectual property models liability regime, patent alternatives, gene patenting, innovation, research incentives, liability rule, blanket patenting, genetic sequence rights, GSR, GSR fee, use now pay later, commercialization, academic research, patent system, intellectual property, public health research, biotechnology patents, Palombi, Dutfield, international patent system, genetic material, sui generis rights, fair compensation, database access, university research, commercial entities, access to discovery, research funding liability regime, alternatives to patents, genetic patents, innovation, research incentives, gene patenting, patent alternatives, Genetic Sequence Rights, GSR, Palombi, use now pay later, research funding, commercial research, academic research, GSR fee, electronic database, international patent system, public health research, DNA patenting, biological materials, patent system reform, access to genetic discoveries, rights for discoverers, sui generis protection, biotech patent policy, university research, commercialization fees liability regime, patent alternatives, innovation, gene patents, patent-free, research incentives, blanket patenting, stifling innovation, genetic sequence rights, GSR, use now pay later, research funding, commercialization, access to discovery, payback mechanism, patent system, intellectual property, fee structure, public health research, academic research, commercial entities, international patent system, database access, experimental use, DNA patenting, public vs private, patent problems, patent benefits, sui generis rights, biotechnology, Palombi, Dutfield liability regime, patent alternatives, gene patents, innovation, research incentives, patent-free, genetic sequence rights, GSR, use now pay later, intellectual property, biotechnology, Palombi, public health research, DNA patenting, international patent system, GSR fee, commercial research, academic research, open access, sui generis protection, genetic material, fair system, biotechnology law, research funding, access to discoveries, blanket patenting
test-economy-epegiahsc-con04a	FTAA is bad for labour in developed countries.  Liberalizing the labour market across the entirety of the Americas would be a severe blow to workers in the US and Canada. It would put them in direct competition with workers from countries where the average salary is much lower than in the US, who would be willing to work for a fraction of what a US or Canadian worker currently makes. In order to stay competitive in such a market, they would have to accept lower salaries and a cut in benefits. This would reverse decades of progress in the direction of better protections for workers and workers’ rights, as well as lead to higher unemployment levels in developed countries [1] . This has occurred as a result of previous free trade agreements in the Americas for example the North American Free Trade Area (NAFTA) after it was implemented resulted in the displacement of 682,000 US jobs [2] this then gives employers a chance to reduce working conditions as there is surplus labor.  [1] Suroweicki, James. “The Free-Trade Paradox.” The New Yorker. 26 May 2008.   [2] Scott, Robert E., “Heading South: U.S.-Mexico trade and job displacement after NAFTA”, Economic Policy Institute, 3 May 2011, FTAA, labor market liberalization, developed countries, workers rights, US, Canada, wage competition, salary reduction, job displacement, unemployment, labor protections, free trade agreements, NAFTA, working conditions, surplus labor, employer advantage, labor standards, North America, economic impact, trade policy, income inequality, trade liberalization, labor benefits, job loss, labor market effects FTAA, free trade, labour market liberalization, developed countries, United States, Canada, workers' rights, wage competition, salary reduction, benefits cuts, employment effects, job displacement, NAFTA, North America, working conditions, labor surplus, trade agreements, Economic Policy Institute, The New Yorker, worker protections, unemployment, wage inequality, labor standards, globalization, economic impact FTAA, labour market liberalization, developed countries, US workers, Canadian workers, wage competition, lower salaries, reduced benefits, workers’ rights, unemployment, free trade agreements, NAFTA, job displacement, working conditions, surplus labor, labor protections, economic impact, North America, wage suppression, employer incentives, labor standards, US-Mexico trade, Economic Policy Institute, James Surowiecki, The New Yorker, globalization, labor market integration, trade liberalization, wage inequality, labor policy FTAA, free trade, labour market liberalization, developed countries, US workers, Canadian workers, wage competition, salary reduction, benefits cut, workers’ rights, job displacement, unemployment, NAFTA, trade agreements, labor protections, working conditions, surplus labor, economic impact, wage suppression, Americas, employment effects, labor standards, job loss, income inequality, economic policy, North American Free Trade Area FTAA, labor market liberalization, developed countries, US workers, Canadian workers, wage competition, lower salaries, reduced benefits, workers’ rights, unemployment, free trade agreements, NAFTA, job displacement, working conditions, surplus labor, labor protections, economic impact, wage inequality, globalization, labor standards
test-politics-dhwem-pro02a	PMCs give value for money  Mercenaries are a cost efficient way of fighting. Although expensive to hire, the government does not have to cover the cost of training, housing, pensions or healthcare. Mercenaries, unlike regular troops, are only paid for the days on which they are used. Outsourcing when necessary will reduce the cost of the force. For example, the US army is around a third smaller than it was in the 1991 Gulf War (PBS News Hour, 2004). This saves taxpayers’ money and avoids the build up of conventional troops, which, in the past, has contributed to the development of arms races which can be cripplingly expensive as shown by the collapse of the Soviet Union. PMCs, private military companies, cost efficiency, mercenaries, government spending, military outsourcing, value for money, military expenditure, taxpayer savings, training costs, pension costs, healthcare costs, US army size, military downsizing, arms race, Soviet Union collapse, force reduction, military contractor, defense budget, cost-benefit, military privatization PMCs, private military companies, value for money, mercenaries, cost efficiency, government spending, training costs, housing costs, pension costs, healthcare costs, pay per use, force outsourcing, military outsourcing, reduced military size, taxpayer savings, arms race, military expenditures, Soviet Union collapse, US army size, Gulf War, defense budget, military privatization PMCs, value for money, cost efficiency, mercenaries, government spending, military outsourcing, cost reduction, military expenditure, taxpayer savings, privatized military, training costs, pensions, healthcare, US army size, arms race, Soviet Union collapse, defense budget, conventional troops, military contractors, pay-per-use, force downsizing PMCs, value for money, mercenaries, cost efficiency, military outsourcing, contractor expenses, government savings, training costs, pensions, military healthcare, pay-for-use, force reduction, cost reduction, US army size, taxpayer savings, arms race, Soviet Union collapse, military privatization, compare regular troops, defense budget, military expenditure PMCs, private military companies, value for money, cost efficiency, mercenaries, government expenses, training costs, housing costs, pension costs, healthcare costs, outsourcing military, taxpayer savings, reduced armed forces, US army size, Gulf War, arms race, military expenditure, Soviet Union collapse, military outsourcing, military privatization, operational costs
test-environment-chbwtlgcc-con02a	Earth's Resiliency  All the conclusions about the effects of rising atmospheric GHGs are based on computerized climate models. Even those that develop and use the models admit that the models are not nearly complex enough to be 100% accurate. Climate science is incredibly complicated and different models sometimes produce vastly different results 1.Increased carbon dioxide will increase plant life which may mitigate other damages of climate change and protect species currently considered threatened by climate change. Therefore, it is far too early to conclude that humanity is going to be destroyed. The earth's climate is continuously changing, with or without anthropogenic effects, and life has always found a way to continue.  1. Lemonick, Michael D., 'How much can we really trust climate models to tell us about the future?', 18th january 2011. earth resiliency, climate models, rising atmospheric GHGs, model accuracy, model complexity, climate science complexity, climate model variability, increased carbon dioxide, plant life, mitigation, climate change impacts, species adaptation, anthropogenic effects, natural climate variability, life resiliency, climate change uncertainty, Lemonick Michael, trust in climate models, future climate predictions Earth resiliency, atmospheric greenhouse gases, GHG, climate models, model accuracy, climate science complexity, modeling uncertainty, carbon dioxide effects, plant growth, climate change mitigation, threatened species, anthropogenic effects, natural climate variability, climate adaptation, climate change skepticism, resilience of life, Lemonick Michael D, trust in climate models, future climate predictions, ecological impacts Earth resiliency, climate models, atmospheric greenhouse gases, GHG effects, model accuracy, climate model complexity, climate science, model uncertainty, increased carbon dioxide, plant growth, carbon dioxide mitigation, species protection, threatened species, climate change adaptation, anthropogenic effects, natural climate variability, climate change skepticism, model predictions, future climate, environmental resilience, Lemonick 2011, computerized models, climate model limitations Earth resiliency, climate models, atmospheric greenhouse gases, GHGs, model accuracy, climate science complexity, carbon dioxide effects, plant life increase, mitigation, species protection, threatened species, anthropogenic climate change, climate variability, climate model uncertainty, climate projections, Lemonick Michael D., trust in climate models, climate model limitations, climate model predictions, future climate, earth adaptation, historical climate change, resilience of life Earth resiliency, climate models, atmospheric greenhouse gases, model accuracy, model complexity, climate change effects, carbon dioxide, plant life increase, species protection, climate mitigation, natural climate variability, anthropogenic effects, climate model uncertainty, climate science complexity, environmental resilience, Michael D. Lemonick, trust in climate models, future climate predictions
test-digital-freedoms-piidfiphwu-pro01a	The unauthorised downloading of copyrighted material should be addressed and prevented by the state  Copyrighted material is intellectual property: someone worked hard for it to produce it. Downloading this content without paying the proper rights holder for it amounts to theft.  Furthermore, downloading copyrighted material from an unauthorized source creates an impossible market for producers of copyrighted content, because they have to ‘compete with free’. Why would the average consumer want to pay for a download from an authorized website, when she can get the same movie from a pirate-site for free? To build a commercially viable content industry online, we need to protect this industry from the unfair competition of the parallel market. [1]  [1] Piotr Stryszowski , Danny Scorpecci, Piracy of Digital Content. 2009, OECD Publishing. URL for purchase: unauthorised downloading, copyright infringement, intellectual property, piracy, digital content, content protection, state intervention, illegal downloads, copyright law, online piracy, content industry, market competition, copyright enforcement, digital rights, copyright theft, piracy prevention, unauthorized sources, parallel market, content producers, commercial viability, OECD, Danny Scorpecci, Piotr Stryszowski unauthorised downloading, copyrighted material, intellectual property, copyright infringement, state intervention, digital piracy, content theft, online piracy, copyright enforcement, unauthorized sources, market impact, producers, parallel market, fair competition, digital content industry, piracy prevention, copyright protection, economic impact, consumer behavior, authorized websites, pirate sites, commercial viability, copyright law, digital rights, OECD, Piotr Stryszowski, Danny Scorpecci unauthorized downloading, copyright infringement, intellectual property, content piracy, digital piracy, copyright law, state intervention, illegal downloads, copyright protection, online piracy, market impact, digital content, piracy prevention, parallel market, content industry, copyright enforcement, theft, rights holders, unauthorized sources, fair competition, commercial viability, OECD, Piotr Stryszowski, Danny Scorpecci, digital media piracy, law enforcement, content creators, copyright violation, piracy deterrence unauthorized downloading, copyrighted material, intellectual property, copyright infringement, digital piracy, content protection, state intervention, theft, rights holder, illegal downloads, digital content, market competition, free downloads, pirate sites, authorized websites, commercial viability, content industry, parallel market, copyright enforcement, online piracy, digital rights management, content producers, piracy prevention, copyright policy, OECD, digital content piracy unauthorized downloading, copyright infringement, intellectual property, digital piracy, online piracy, state intervention, content protection, copyright enforcement, piracy prevention, illegal downloads, copyright theft, digital content, illegal distribution, market competition, parallel market, content industry, authorized websites, pirate sites, free downloads, fair competition, copyright policy, OECD, digital media, content creators, piracy impact, copyright laws
test-international-iiahwagit-pro03a	Endangered animals are a source of pride for African countries  Endangered animals warrant a tougher degree of protection in Africa as they have notable cultural significance. Some groups believe that African elephants have mystic powers attached to them and have coveted them for centuries. [1] African lions have been depicted on the coat of arms for states and institutions both past and present. [2] They are intrinsically linked with Africa’s past and its identity. The extinction of these animals, therefore, would have a negative cultural impact and should be prevented.  [1] University of California, Los Angeles, ‘Elephant: The Animal and its Ivory in African Culture’  [2] Coleman, Q. ‘The importance of African lions’ endangered animals, African wildlife, cultural significance, Africa, animal protection, African elephants, mystic powers, tradition, cultural heritage, African lions, coat of arms, national symbols, identity, extinction, cultural impact, conservation, pride, African culture, animal symbolism, wildlife protection, species preservation, ivory trade, historical significance, iconography endangered animals, Africa, cultural significance, African elephants, African lions, protection, mystic powers, national identity, extinction, cultural impact, African heritage, wildlife conservation, coat of arms, African culture, animal symbolism, historical significance, pride, UCLA, Coleman, ivory, African states, animal extinction prevention endangered animals, Africa, cultural significance, African elephants, mystic powers, African lions, extinction, protection, African identity, pride, coat of arms, conservation, wildlife, African culture, cultural heritage, cultural impact, animal symbolism, traditional beliefs, species protection, biodiversity, UCLA, Coleman endangered animals, Africa, cultural significance, African elephants, mystic powers, African lions, national identity, coat of arms, cultural impact, animal extinction, wildlife protection, African heritage, traditional beliefs, conservation, UCLA, Coleman endangered animals, African wildlife, cultural significance, African elephants, mystic powers, African lions, coat of arms, African identity, cultural heritage, animal extinction, wildlife protection, conservation, African culture, symbolic animals, national pride, historical symbolism, animal protection, UCLA elephant ivory, African traditions, Coleman African lions
test-education-egscphsrdt-con03a	Safeguarding the teacher-student relationship  Random drug tests change the student-teacher relationship from one of trust into one of suspicion, whereby the teachers and the school establishment become a body which many students will perceive as being out to catch them, and suspicious of all. The destruction of this trust makes it far harder for teachers to impart useful information on illegal drugs and the consequences of their use to students, and students may be less willing to seek teachers out on this information. This would lead to students relying increasingly on their peers and the internet for information on illegal drugs, and this information is far more likely to be of questionable policy or influenced by notions of drug use as 'cool' or glamorous. Thus schools' anti-drugs message may be harmed by random drug tests. teacher-student relationship, trust, suspicion, random drug tests, school policy, student perception, information sharing, illegal drugs, drug education, communication barriers, peer influence, internet information, misinformation, anti-drug message, school authority, student engagement, deterrence, teacher credibility, student trust, drug prevention programs teacher-student relationship, trust, suspicion, random drug tests, school policy, student perception, information on illegal drugs, drug education, peer influence, internet influence, destruction of trust, anti-drugs message, student-teacher communication, school authority, drug use, impact on education, policy effectiveness, student reliance, teacher role, drug prevention, perception of teachers teacher-student relationship, trust, suspicion, random drug tests, school policy, student perception, teacher authority, information dissemination, illegal drug education, student reliance, peer influence, internet information, anti-drug message, educational impact, school environment, student support, drug prevention, communication barriers, student-teacher trust, policy consequences teacher-student relationship, random drug testing, trust, suspicion, school policy, student perception, information on illegal drugs, drug education, peer influence, internet information, anti-drug messaging, school authority, student reliance, drug use stigma, educational impact, drug prevention, school environment, student engagement, information accuracy, teacher effectiveness teacher-student relationship, trust, suspicion, random drug tests, school policy, student perception, teacher authority, information dissemination, illegal drugs, drug education, anti-drugs message, peer influence, internet information, consequences, school environment, effectiveness, student reliance, information quality, teacher-student trust, drug use perception, safeguarding relationships
test-politics-cdmaggpdgdf-con03a	Don’t panic!  The role of the security services is in part to deal with some very dangerous ideas and events. But the point is to deal with them in such a way that does not cause public disorder or even panic. We clearly don’t want every report detailing specific threats to be made public, especially if it is reporting something that could be devastating but there is a low risk of it actually occurring. If such information is taken the wrong way it can potentially cause panic, either over nothing, or else in such a way that it damages any possible response to the crisis. Unfortunately the media and the public often misunderstand risk. For example preventing terrorism has been regularly cited in polls as being the Americans top foreign policy goal with more than 80% thinking it very important in Gallup polls for over a decade [1] even when the chance of being killed by terrorism in Western countries is very low. If the public misunderstands the risk the response is unlikely to be proportionate and can be akin to yelling fire in a packed theatre.  While it is not (usually) a security, but rather a public health issue, pandemics make a good example. The question of how much information to release is only slightly different than in security; officials want to release enough information that everyone is informed, but not so much that there is panic whenever there is an unusual death. [2] In 2009 the WHO declared swine flu to be a pandemic despite it being a relatively mild virus that did not cause many deaths, so causing an unnecessary scare and stockpiling of drugs. [3]  [1] Jones, Jeffrey M., ‘Americans Say Preventing Terrorism Top Foreign Policy Goal’, Gallup Politics, 20 February 2013  [2] Honigsbaum, Mark, ‘The coronavirus conundrum: when to press the panic button’, guardian.co.uk, 14 February 2013  [3] Cheng, Maria, ‘WHO’s response to swine flu pandemic flawed’, Phys.org, 10 May 2011 security services, public disorder, panic, risk communication, information disclosure, threat assessment, media influence, public misunderstanding, terrorism, risk perception, crisis response, Gallup poll, public health, pandemic communication, information release, swine flu, WHO, misinformation, crisis management, proportionate response, public reaction, stockpiling, unnecessary scare, media reporting security services, public disorder, panic, threat reporting, risk communication, media influence, public misunderstanding, terrorism perception, foreign policy, risk assessment, crisis management, information disclosure, proportional response, public health, pandemics, information release, swine flu, WHO response, misinformation, public reaction, crisis response, Gallup polls, risk perception, stockpiling, communication strategy, media coverage security services, public disorder, public panic, information release, risk communication, media influence, terrorism risk, public perception, proportionate response, crisis management, risk misunderstanding, foreign policy, terrorism prevention, pandemic response, public health communication, information control, swine flu, WHO pandemic, stockpiling, unnecessary scare, media reporting, risk assessment, Gallup poll, public opinion, threat reporting security services, public disorder, panic, risk communication, information release, threat reporting, terrorism perception, public misunderstanding, crisis response, media impact, proportionate response, pandemics, public health communication, swine flu, WHO response, risk management, Gallup poll, public opinion, crisis information, threat management, unnecessary scare, information control, stockpiling, media influence, public policy, pandemic response security services, risk communication, public panic, threat reports, public disorder, media influence, risk perception, terrorism, foreign policy, public misunderstanding, proportional response, information disclosure, pandemics, public health communication, swine flu, World Health Organization, crisis management, risk assessment, media coverage, misinformation, Gallup poll, terrorism risk, information management, crisis response, panic prevention
test-politics-nlpdwhbusbuc-con03a	This House Believes That the U.S. Should Ban The Use of Cluster Bombs  Currently the U.S. is working on improving the reliability of cluster bombs. The weakness of cluster bombs, being that the bomblets often do not explode is something that U.S. military has understood for a long time. It is inefficient for the military to allow this problem to continue. As such a large amount of military funding goes into improving cluster bombs.  The U.S. is hoping to improve cluster bombs in two ways, the first is ensuring that when the cluster bombs are deployed that all bomblets explode on impact or explode very quickly after the initial barrage. However, the U.S. is also working on technology that would allow bomblets to disarm themselves after a short period of time, hence preventing accidental discharges in the future.  If these improvements work, then cluster bombs cease to cause civilian damage and will likely be an incredibly effective tool in warfare. Hence a ban on them when this technology is being deployed is premature.10 cluster bombs, U.S. military, ban, reliability, bomblets, unexploded ordnance, disarmament technology, civilian damage, military funding, weapon improvement, warfare, accidental discharge, munitions, arms control, defense policy, international law, humanitarian impact, effectiveness, premature ban, military technology U.S., cluster bombs, ban, military technology, reliability, bomblets, unexploded ordnance, civilian casualties, military funding, disarmament technology, impact detonation, accidental discharge prevention, warfare effectiveness, weapon improvements, ethical debate, premature ban, international law, humanitarian concerns, defense policy, military innovation cluster bombs, U.S. ban, munition reliability, unexploded ordnance, military funding, bomblets, civilian casualties, self-disarming technology, impact explosion, military technology, warfare effectiveness, cluster munitions policy, disarmament debate, accidental discharge prevention, weapons improvement, humanitarian law, arms control, military ethics, international law, weapons proliferation cluster bombs, U.S. military, ban, military funding, unexploded ordnance, bomblets, detonation reliability, disarmament technology, civilian casualties, warfare effectiveness, arms control, munitions reliability, humanitarian law, weapons ban, improved safety, military technology, international law, premature ban, defense policy, munition improvement cluster bombs, U.S. military, cluster munitions ban, bomblet reliability, unexploded ordnance, civilian casualties, military technology, disarmament, humanitarian law, weapons development, defense funding, international law, warfare ethics, explosive remnants, military innovation, arms control, precision weapons, treaty compliance, post-conflict hazards, U.S. policy
test-politics-lghwdecm-pro02a	Mayors would be more accountable than a council  Electing mayors would improve accountability in local government. A Mayor would have a bigger mandate, which could be up to 500,000 votes compared to 5,000 for individual councillors making them more directly accountable to the city’s electorate. [1] They are also more visible; 57% of people could name their mayor when they had one compared to only 8% being able to name their council leader and so they are more likely to be held to account for their individual policies. [2] By comparison where there are not mayors an elaborate and confusing series of committees make decisions in most areas, making it easy for individual councillors or parties to dodge responsibility for unpopular decisions or failed policies. Bristol is a good example of this with wobbly coalitions resulting from backroom deals and constantly shifting politics; the council changed hands seven times in the ten years to 2012. [3] Placing this power in the hands of an elected mayor would streamline decision-making and increase accountability. A mayor who failed to improve local services or in other ways implement their campaign promises would have little chance of re-election.  [1] Sims, Sam, ‘Electing mayors for more English cities would increase local democratic accountability and widen political participation. But the government must grant them real power and freedom’, blogs.lse.ac.uk, 7 October 2011.  [2] Gash, Tom, ‘A turning point for England’s big cities’, Institute for Government, 29 March 2012.  [3] The Economist, ‘Why elected mayors matter’, 19 April 2012. mayor accountability, elected mayors, local government, electorate mandate, visibility of mayors, council leaders, committee decision-making, councillor responsibility, local democracy, political participation, streamlined decision-making, re-election, Bristol council, coalition government, policy accountability, local service improvement, campaign promises, direct election, backroom deals, shifting politics, public recognition, council structure, political transparency, English cities, government reform mayoral accountability, elected mayors, local government, council vs mayor, direct mandate, voter recognition, political visibility, decision-making, local democracy, policy responsibility, committee system, political participation, council coalitions, Bristol council, re-election, public accountability, local governance, political leadership, municipal politics, English cities, government reform elected mayors, local government accountability, mayoral mandate, voter visibility, council leader recognition, decision-making, committee system, political responsibility, Bristol council, coalition politics, policy accountability, electoral mandate, public policy, local democracy, re-election, council governance, political participation, mayoral power, local services, policy implementation, electoral systems, local leadership mayoral accountability, elected mayors, local government, mandate size, voter visibility, council leaders, policy accountability, committee decision-making, councillor responsibility, political coalitions, local democracy, policy implementation, electoral responsibility, local services, Bristol city council, mayoral elections, democratic participation, individual mandate, decision-making efficiency, public recognition of leaders, government transparency, governance structures elected mayors, local government accountability, mayoral mandate, council accountability, electoral mandate, visibility of mayors, public recognition, policy responsibility, committee decision-making, councillor responsibility, Bristol council instability, coalition politics, streamlined decision-making, campaign promises, political participation, local democracy, centralization of power, re-election incentives, democratic legitimacy, council leadership comparison, decentralization, English cities, governance reform, local services improvement
test-politics-grcrgshwbr-con01a	Banning religious symbols is just a way of unfairly targeting people.  Banning religious symbols could be viewed as just a way of targeting a group of people. In a nutshell, religious symbols would be used as a scapegoat in order to both highlight and blame for problems that are much bigger. Removing the hijab, the Crucifix or the Jewish skullcap would take away someone's culture, religion and heritage, and, therefore, banning them would cause more problems.1 It could potentially increase hatred within religious groups, and lead to more racism and more criticism, ultimately making the country a worse place to live.  1 at 'Belgian ban on full veils comes into force', BBC News Europe, 23rd July 2011 , accessed on 23rd July 2011 banning religious symbols, religious freedom, cultural identity, discrimination, targeting minority groups, scapegoating, hijab ban, crucifix removal, kippah ban, social cohesion, hate crimes, racism, religious intolerance, heritage loss, social conflict, BBC News Europe, Belgian full veil ban, multiculturalism, social integration, religious rights banning religious symbols, discrimination, targeting religious groups, scapegoating, hijab, crucifix, Jewish skullcap, cultural identity, religious freedom, heritage, social cohesion, racism, criticism, social division, hate, Belgium veil ban, BBC News, religious intolerance, cultural rights, religious expression, minority rights banning religious symbols, religious discrimination, cultural identity, freedom of religion, hijab ban, crucifix ban, Jewish skullcap, scapegoating minorities, social integration, religious heritage, social consequences, racism, religious targeting, social cohesion, Belgium veil ban, BBC News, group targeting, religious rights, religious attire, secularism, multiculturalism banning religious symbols, unfair targeting, religious discrimination, cultural identity, scapegoat, hijab ban, crucifix ban, kippah ban, religious freedom, heritage removal, social cohesion, religious intolerance, racism, criticism, societal impact, religious group hatred, diversity, multiculturalism, Belgium veil ban, BBC News, civil rights, social harmony, minority rights, religious expression, secularism banning religious symbols, unfair targeting, discrimination, cultural heritage, religious freedom, hijab, crucifix, Jewish skullcap, social cohesion, scapegoating, racism, cultural identity, increased hatred, Belgian veil ban, religious intolerance, human rights, social division, criticism, religious groups, BBC News
test-politics-glgvhbqssc-con02a	"This is not the will of the people of Quebec.  Secession from Canada would not be a fair or adequate representation of the will of the people of Quebec.  The most recent referendum and all current polling data suggest that an overwhelming majority of Quebecers are opposed to Quebec seeking independence from Canada [1] . The government of Quebec pursuing such a policy is only representative of a very small minority of people in Quebec, and therefore is undemocratic in nature. Moreover, this policy explicitly denies consideration or enfranchisement for the very large populations of Anglophone Quebecers who also deserve representation, and whose interests are being wholly discounted to pursue this one policy on behalf of the Francophones in their province.  Therefore, pursuing secession is both wholly undemocratic, but also specifically disenfranchises a very large portion of the population entirely in a trade-off for one specific policy that doesn’t appeal strongly to anyone beyond a very small minority of citizens.  [1] Chung, Andrew. ""Sovereignty ""outmoded,"" Quebec poll indicates."" Star 19 May 2010, n. pag. Web. 1 Dec. 2011. <  . Quebec, secession, independence, Canada, will of the people, referendum, polling data, majority opinion, Quebecers, public opinion, minority representation, undemocratic, Anglophone Quebecers, Francophone Quebecers, disenfranchisement, government policy, sovereignty, representation, Quebec sovereignty, democracy, Quebec independence movement, minority rights, polling, public sentiment Quebec, secession, Canada, will of the people, referendum, polling data, Quebecers, independence, public opinion, democracy, minority representation, Anglophone Quebecers, Francophones, government policy, disenfranchisement, sovereignty, undemocratic, ethnic groups, political representation, Quebec politics Quebec, secession, Canada, will of the people, referendum, polling data, independence, majority opposition, Quebecers, minority support, undemocratic, government policy, representation, Anglophone, Francophone, disenfranchisement, political legitimacy, sovereignty, public opinion, democratic process, minority rights, outmoded, Andrew Chung, Star newspaper, 2010 poll Quebec, secession, Canada, will of the people, referendum, polling data, independence, Quebecers, majority opinion, minority representation, undemocratic, Anglophone Quebecers, Francophone Quebecers, disenfranchisement, government policy, sovereignty, representation, Quebec independence, public opinion, democratic legitimacy Quebec, secession, Canada, will of the people, referendum, polling data, independence, Quebecers, government, minority, undemocratic, Anglophone, Francophone, representation, disenfranchisement, sovereignty, public opinion, majority, policy, independence movement, statistics, democratic representation"
test-law-umtlilhotac-pro01a	Televising turns justice into entertainment  Broadcasting trials would be likely to turn the court in to entertainment. The Simpson trial showed how harmful a televised high profile trial can be degenerating into a freak show. The ICC trials are among the most high profile in the world so are likely to be susceptible to this. Much of the interest in the SCSL Charles Taylor trial came along when Naomi Campbell gave evidence so giving the trial celebrity interest that had little to do with the legalities involved [1] .  Jurisdictions where cameras are not permitted in courts still can and do have accurate, informative and timely reports of cases, however high profile, without filming them. Courtroom sketches, written transcripts and other tools allow reportage without the use of original footage in a tawdry manner.  [1] Bowcott, Owen, ‘Charles Taylor and the ‘dirty-looking stones’ given to Naomi Campbell’, theguardian.com, 26 April 2012, televised trials, courtroom entertainment, media coverage, high-profile cases, Simpson trial, ICC trials, celebrity testimony, Charles Taylor trial, Naomi Campbell, court cameras, legal reporting, courtroom sketches, written transcripts, trial publicity, media sensationalism, justice and media, legal ethics, public perception, court transparency, judicial process televised trials, courtroom entertainment, justice media, high profile trials, Simpson trial, freak show, ICC trials, SCSL Charles Taylor trial, Naomi Campbell testimony, celebrity influence, court media coverage, cameras in court, court reporting, courtroom sketches, written transcripts, trial broadcasting, legal process integrity, media sensationalism, original footage, legal reportage, court publicity, Bowcott Owen, theguardian.com televised trials, courtroom entertainment, justice system, high-profile trials, Simpson trial, ICC, SCSL, Charles Taylor, Naomi Campbell, media coverage, court reporting, cameras in courtroom, legal proceedings, celebrity influence, trial publicity, courtroom sketches, written transcripts, trial media impact, sensationalism, judicial integrity, public perception, trial broadcasting drawbacks televised trials, court entertainment, media influence, Simpson trial, ICC trials, SCSL, Charles Taylor, Naomi Campbell testimony, celebrity trials, courtroom cameras, judicial integrity, media coverage, courtroom sketches, legal reporting, trial broadcasting, court transparency, trial sensationalism, accurate reporting, high-profile cases, legal journalism televising justice, courtroom broadcasting, trial entertainment, high-profile trials, Simpson trial, freak show, ICC trials, SCSL Charles Taylor trial, Naomi Campbell testimony, celebrity influence, legal process, cameras in court, court media coverage, courtroom sketches, written transcripts, media ethics, accurate reporting, original footage, legal journalism, court spectacle, adverse effects, trial publicity
test-health-dhghwapgd-con03a	"The product of a firm's intellectual endeavor is the property of that firm, and it deserves to profit from it  When a firm directs individuals to mix their labor with its capital or other resources, part of that firm's identity inheres in the product that arises from the effort. This is the origin of, and fundamental philosophical justification for, property rights. Property rights are an unquestioned mainstay of life in all developed countries, and are an essential prerequisite for stable markets to develop and function1. The law protects patent rights in much the same way as more conventional physical property, as well it should. Individuals and firms generating ideas and using their effort to produce an intangible good, such as a new drug formula, have a property right on those ideas and the products that arise from them. It is the effort to produce a real good, albeit an intangible one, that marks the difference between an idea in someone's head that he does not act up, and intellectual property that can be protected by a patent. Developing a new drug is a very intensive endeavor, taking time, energy, and usually a considerable amount of financial investment2. The cost of developing a new drug varies widely, from a low of $800 million to nearly $2 billion per drug and is rising3. People and firms deserve as a matter of principle to benefit from the products of the effort of creation. For this reason, stealing intellectual property, which developing generic drugs is, is the same as stealing an actual physical product. Each is a real thing, even if one can be touched while the other is intangible in a physical sense. As a matter of principle, property rights can be assigned to intangible assets like drug formulae, and in practice they are a necessity to many firms' financial survival.  1Fitzgerald, Brian and Anne Fitzgerald. 2004. Intellectual Property: In Principle. Melbourne: Lawbook Company. 2 Congressional Budget Office. 2006. Research and Development in the Pharmaceutical Industry"". The Congress of the United States. Available: 3 Masia, Neal, 2008, ""The Cost of Developing a New Drug"", Focus on Intellectual Property Rights, America.gov, Available: intellectual property, property rights, firm ownership, patent protection, intangible assets, pharmaceutical industry, drug development, labor and capital, market stability, financial investment, patent law, generic drugs, drug formula, principle of creation, legal justification, intellectual endeavor, property law, economic benefits, investment in R&D, copyright, patent rights, intangible goods intellectual property, property rights, patent law, firm ownership, intangible assets, drug development, pharmaceutical patents, labor and capital, market stability, legal protection, innovation incentives, product of creation, generic drugs, intellectual theft, R&D costs, financial investment, patent justification, identity in products, creation effort, developed countries, asset protection, pharmaceutical industry, property justification, economic rights, intangible goods, patent enforcement intellectual property, property rights, firm ownership, patent protection, intangible assets, drug development, pharmaceutical industry, labor and capital, economic justification, innovation, market stability, legal protection, financial investment, generic drugs, intellectual theft, patent law, intangible goods, creation effort, pharmaceutical patents, R&D costs intellectual property, property rights, firm ownership, patent protection, intangible assets, drug formula, pharmaceutical industry, patent law, R&D investment, financial investment, market stability, generic drugs, intellectual property theft, creation effort, labor and capital, proprietary rights, drug development cost, legal protection, innovation incentives, developed countries, asset ownership, intangible goods, principle of property, identity in production, property justification intellectual property, property rights, firm ownership, patent protection, intangible assets, pharmaceutical industry, drug development costs, labor and capital, philosophical justification, stable markets, legal protection, generic drugs, innovation, financial investment, product creation, intangible goods, patent law, property as incentive, intellectual endeavor, economic impact, market function, investment recovery, research and development, property theft, exclusive rights, policy justification"
test-economy-epegiahsc-con03a	"FTAA is bad for the environment.  Free trade creates a ""race to the bottom"", whereby developing countries lower their labor and environmental standards in an effort to attract foreign investment. Developed countries, which may have higher standards, are then forced to lower them as well in order to make sure companies don’t relocate or outsource their jobs abroad [1] .  [1] Hassoun, Nicole. “Free Trade and the Environment”. Environmental Ethics, Vol. 31. FTAA, environment, free trade, race to the bottom, developing countries, labor standards, environmental standards, foreign investment, outsourcing, developed countries, regulatory competition, environmental ethics, economic globalization, Nicole Hassoun, trade policy, environmental degradation, investment attraction, labor rights, international trade, sustainability, environmental regulation FTAA, environment, free trade, race to the bottom, developing countries, labor standards, environmental standards, foreign investment, developed countries, outsourcing, environmental ethics, Nicole Hassoun, trade agreements, regulatory competition, globalization, environmental impact, standard lowering, economic incentives, environmental regulation, international trade FTAA, environment, free trade, race to the bottom, developing countries, labor standards, environmental standards, foreign investment, developed countries, outsourcing, relocation, economic policy, environmental ethics, Nicole Hassoun, trade agreements, regulatory competition, global trade, environmental impact, labor rights, policy consequences FTAA, environment, free trade, race to the bottom, developing countries, labor standards, environmental standards, foreign investment, outsourcing, developed countries, regulatory competition, environmental degradation, economic globalization, trade agreements, environmental ethics, Nicole Hassoun FTAA, environment, free trade, race to the bottom, developing countries, labor standards, environmental standards, foreign investment, developed countries, outsourcing, relocation, environmental ethics, Nicole Hassoun, trade policy, globalization, environmental degradation, regulatory standards, economic competition, Environmental Ethics journal"
test-health-dhpelhbass-pro02a	Those who are in the late stages of a terminal disease have a horrific future agead of them  The gradual decline of their body, the failure of their organs and the need for artificial support. In some cases, the illness will slowly destroy their minds, the essence of themselves; even if this is not the case, the huge amounts of medication required to ‘control’ their pain will often leave them in a delirious and incapable state. At least five percent of terminal pain cannot be controlled, even with the best care. Faced with this, it is surely more humane that those people be allowed to choose the manner of their own end, and have the assistance of a doctor to die with dignity. One particular account was of Sue Rodriguez who died slowly of Lou Gehrig's disease. She lived for several years with the knowledge that her muscles would, one by one, waste away until the day came when, fully conscious, she would choke to death. She begged the courts to reassure her that a doctor would be allowed to assist her in choosing the moment of death. They refused. Rodriguez did not accept the verdict and with the help of an anonymous physician committed suicide in February 1994. [1]  [1] Chris Docker, Cases in history, euthanasia.cc, 2000  (accessed 6/6/2011) terminal illness, end-of-life care, organ failure, artificial life support, cognitive decline, pain management, uncontrollable pain, euthanasia, physician-assisted suicide, dignity in death, patient autonomy, Lou Gehrig's disease, ALS, Sue Rodriguez, medical ethics, court cases, right to die, delirium, palliative care, quality of life, assisted dying legislation, terminal disease progression terminal illness, end-of-life care, euthanasia, physician-assisted suicide, dignity in death, pain management, palliative care, organ failure, artificial life support, mental deterioration, delirium, uncontrollable pain, Lou Gehrig's disease, ALS, Sue Rodriguez, medical ethics, right to die, terminal decline, assisted dying, court cases, patient autonomy terminal illness, late-stage disease, organ failure, artificial support, cognitive decline, mind destruction, pain management, uncontrolled pain, medication side effects, delirium, incapacity, dignity in death, humane end-of-life options, physician-assisted suicide, doctor assistance, euthanasia, patient choice, Sue Rodriguez, Lou Gehrig's disease, ALS, muscle wasting, court case, legal verdict, voluntary euthanasia, assisted dying, end-of-life suffering, historical cases, suicide, patient autonomy, Canada, Chris Docker terminal illness, late stage disease, organ failure, artificial support, mental decline, pain management, uncontrolled pain, euthanasia, assisted dying, dignity in death, terminal patient autonomy, doctor-assisted suicide, Sue Rodriguez, Lou Gehrig's disease, ALS, medical ethics, palliative care, right to die, court cases, physician assistance, suffering, end-of-life decisions terminal illness, late stage disease, organ failure, artificial support, mental decline, pain control, uncontrolled pain, euthanasia, physician-assisted suicide, death with dignity, Sue Rodriguez, Lou Gehrig's disease, ALS, muscle wasting, court cases, right to die, medical ethics, patient autonomy, end-of-life care, suffering, palliative care, assisted dying, legal cases, dignity in dying
test-politics-ypppdghwid-con02a	"Unilateral action is burdensome, and dangerous.  POINT  The motion suggests that a particular government is imposing democracy, but in fact it is far better to try and encourage democracy multilaterally. Multilateral assistance, like the UN Democracy Fund which seeks to ""strengthen the voice of civil society, promote human rights, and encourages the participation of all groups in the democratic process""1, is better, because it makes the support seem less political and colonial, and more honest. By using the international community to encourage democracy in a given country, we increase the chances of the people in that country respecting and supporting our attempts, rather than viewing them with suspicion2.  1 United Nations Democracy Fund, 'About UNDEF', 2010,  2 Doyle , Michael. ""Promoting Democracy is Not Imposing Democracy."" The Huffington Post. unilateral action, dangers, burdensome, governmental imposition, democracy promotion, multilateral assistance, United Nations Democracy Fund, UNDEF, civil society, human rights, democratic participation, international community, political legitimacy, decolonization, suspicion, support for democracy, multilateralism, honest intervention, soft power, democracy encouragement, Michael Doyle, promoting democracy, international legitimacy, democracy support, political perception, democratic process unilateral action, multilateral action, democracy promotion, international community, government, imposing democracy, encouraging democracy, United Nations Democracy Fund, UNDEF, civil society, human rights, democratic process, multilateral assistance, political legitimacy, colonialism, support for democracy, international legitimacy, Michael Doyle, promoting democracy, democracy support, suspicion, participation, democratic legitimacy, multilateralism, foreign intervention unilateral action, multilateral assistance, democracy promotion, United Nations Democracy Fund, UNDEF, civil society, human rights, political legitimacy, decolonization, international community, democratic process, political support, foreign policy, imposing democracy, suspicion, government intervention, diplomatic efforts, multilateralism, Doyle Michael, democracy encouragement, international cooperation unilateral action, burdensome, dangerous, democracy promotion, multilateral assistance, United Nations Democracy Fund, UNDEF, civil society, human rights, international community, political legitimacy, colonialism, honest support, suspicion, Michael Doyle, democracy encouragement, government intervention, democratic process, multilateralism, democracy support, legitimacy, international relations, foreign policy, democracy advocacy unilateral action, multilateral assistance, democracy promotion, imposing democracy, UN Democracy Fund, international community, civil society, human rights, democratic process, political legitimacy, colonialism, suspicion, government intervention, democracy support, multilateralism, honest assistance, United Nations, Michael Doyle, promoting democracy, foreign policy, participation, legitimacy, international relations"
test-philosophy-elkosmj-con05a	The act of killing is emotionally damaging  To actually be involved in the death of another person is an incredibly traumatic experience. Soldiers coming back from war often suffer from ‘post-traumatic stress disorder’ which suggests that being in a situation in which you have to take another persons life has a long lasting impact on your mental health. This is also true for people who are not directly involved in the act of killing. For instance, the people who worked on developing the atomic bomb described an incredible guilt for what they had created even though they were not involved in the decision to drop the bombs. The same traumatic experiences would likely affect the person responsible for pulling the lever. emotional trauma, killing, psychological impact, PTSD, soldiers, war, mental health, trauma, guilt, atomic bomb, moral injury, bystander effect, indirect involvement, combat stress, long-term effects, responsibility, ethical consequences, trauma of killing, perpetrator trauma, secondary trauma emotional trauma, killing, psychological impact, mental health, soldiers, war, post-traumatic stress disorder, PTSD, guilt, atomic bomb, moral injury, indirect involvement, decision-making, long-term effects, combat stress, trauma, ethical consequences, civilian guilt, responsibility, lever-pulling, wartime psychology emotional trauma, killing, psychological impact, PTSD, soldiers, war veterans, post-traumatic stress disorder, guilt, moral injury, atomic bomb, developers, indirect trauma, bystander effect, mental health, combat stress, trauma of killing, perpetrator trauma, decision-making, ethical responsibility, long-term effects, psychological consequences, warfare, involvement in death emotional damage, killing, trauma, psychological impact, post-traumatic stress disorder, PTSD, soldiers, war, mental health, guilt, atomic bomb, moral injury, indirect responsibility, vicarious trauma, lever pulling, combat stress, ethical consequences, emotional toll, war veterans, indirect involvement, psychological consequences emotional trauma, killing, psychological impact, soldiers, war, post-traumatic stress disorder, PTSD, mental health, guilt, atomic bomb, moral injury, trauma, noncombatants, war guilt, vicarious trauma, lever responsibility, moral consequences, combat stress, psychological effects, indirect involvement, ethical dilemmas
test-politics-dhwem-pro01a	PMCs are a valuable resource  PMCs are a flexible and efficient tool with which to fight 21st Century wars making them a necessity. Private contractors can be hired at short notice and used only when necessary. They can be used to carry out specific missions, to reinforce traditional troops where greater numbers are required or to protect other contractors whilst traditional troops carry out more lucrative missions. Additionally, most PMCs are non-combative but rather defensive, providing security for officials, supply trains etc. As a result they are viewed less as invaders or “the enemy” and more as peace-keepers. PMCs, private military contractors, 21st century warfare, resource, flexibility, efficiency, short notice hiring, specific missions, troop reinforcement, contractor protection, security services, defensive roles, peacekeeping, non-combative, military outsourcing, traditional troops, mission support, supply train security, official protection, necessity, modern warfare, perception, invaders, enemy, peace-keepers PMCs, private military companies, private contractors, 21st Century wars, military efficiency, flexible military tool, specific missions, troop reinforcement, security provision, non-combative roles, defensive operations, peace-keeping, traditional troops, military necessity, supply train protection, mission support, rapid deployment, short notice hiring, contractor security, war resource, military outsourcing PMCs, private military companies, 21st century warfare, flexible military tool, efficient military resource, private contractors, rapid deployment, mission-specific, troop reinforcement, security provision, defensive operations, protection, non-combative roles, peacekeeping, military outsourcing, contractor security, support roles, traditional troops, military necessity, supply train protection, official security, reduced hostility, public perception, military efficiency PMCs, private military contractors, 21st Century warfare, flexible military tool, efficient military resource, hire at short notice, specialized missions, reinforce traditional troops, non-combative roles, defensive security, protect officials, secure supply trains, peace-keepers, military necessity, private contractors, military efficiency, military flexibility, security services, mission-specific deployment, non-traditional forces PMCs, private military contractors, 21st century warfare, flexible resource, efficient tool, necessity, short notice hiring, specific missions, reinforce troops, troop augmentation, protection, contractor security, non-combative, defensive roles, officials protection, supply train security, peace-keepers, non-invaders, military strategy, security services, auxiliary forces, modern conflict, outsourced military, combat support
test-law-cppshbcjsfm-pro02a	Rehabilitation Has Greater Regard For the Offender  Rehabilitation has another important value – it recognises the reality of social inequity. To say that some offenders need help to be rehabilitated is to accept the idea that circumstances can constrain, if not compel, and lead to criminality; it admits that we can help unfortunate persons who have been overcome by their circumstance. It rejects the idea that individuals, regardless of their position in the social order, exercise equal freedom in deciding whether to commit a crime, and should be punished equally according to their offence, irrespective of their social backgrounds. Prisons are little more than schools of crime if there aren't any rehabilitation programs. Prisons isolate offenders from their families and friends so that when they are released their social networks tend to be made up largely of those whom they met in prison. As well as sharing ideas, prisoners may validate each others’ criminal activity. Employers are less willing to employ those who have been to prison. Such circumstances may reduce the options available to past offenders and make future criminal behaviour more likely. Rehabilitation becomes more difficult. In addition, rates of self-harm and abuse are alarmingly high within both men’s and women’s prisons. In 2006 alone, there were 11,503 attempts by women to self-harm in British prisons. [1] This suggests that imprisoning offenders unnecessarily is harmful both for the offenders themselves and for society as a whole.  [1] Women in Prison. Statistics. Retrieved August 4, 2011, from Women in Prison . rehabilitation, offender, social inequity, criminal justice, recidivism, prisons, self-harm, social circumstances, punishment, alternatives to incarceration, social background, criminal behaviour, reentry, employment barriers, prison programs, social networks, reintegration, mental health, prison statistics, women's prisons, crime prevention, social support, societal impact, restorative justice, reoffending, offender assistance, prison environment, rehabilitation effectiveness rehabilitation, offender, social inequity, crime, criminality, circumstances, recidivism, punishment, prison, prison reform, social background, reoffending, rehabilitation programs, social networks, employment barriers, post-prison adjustment, self-harm, prison abuse, women's prisons, criminal justice, restorative justice, social justice, offender support, societal impact, reintegration, prison effects, recidivism prevention rehabilitation, offender, social inequity, criminal justice, recidivism, prisons, punishment, social background, reintegration, self-harm, prison programs, employment after prison, social networks, criminal behavior, women's prisons, prison statistics, mental health in prisons, societal impact, crime prevention, equality in sentencing, restorative justice, incarceration effects, prison isolation, recidivism rates, offender support rehabilitation, offender, social inequity, criminality, circumstances, punishment, social background, prisons, recidivism, rehabilitation programs, social networks, reoffending, prison employment, reintegration, self-harm, prison abuse, women in prison, criminal justice, incarceration, penal system, social disadvantage, deterrence, restorative justice, offender support, recidivism rates, prison consequences, correctional system, mental health, prisoner isolation, prison statistics rehabilitation, offender, social inequity, criminality, social circumstances, recidivism, prisons, punishment, social backgrounds, prison reform, reentry, stigma, employment after prison, self-harm, abuse in prisons, women in prison, criminal justice, restorative justice, rehabilitation programs, prison isolation, social networks, reintegration, prison statistics, mental health, societal impact, offender support, criminal behavior, correctional system, prison alternatives, social justice
test-politics-eppghwlrba-pro01a	The only function of a gun is to kill  The only function of a gun is to kill. The more instruments of death and injury can be removed from our society, the safer it will be. In the U.S.A. death by gunshot has become the leading cause of death among some social groups; in particular for African-American males aged from 12 to 19 years old. [1] Quite simply, guns are lethal and the fewer people have them the better.  [1 ‘Study: Homicide leading cause of death among young black males, Jacksonville.com, 5 May 2010, gun violence, firearm deaths, gun control, homicide rates, youth mortality, African-American males, United States, gun safety, lethal weapons, public health, firearm removal, social groups, teenage gun deaths, leading cause of death, gunshot fatalities, gun-related mortality, youth homicide, gun policy, gun injury prevention gun violence, firearm fatalities, gun control, gun deaths, youth homicide, African-American males, teen gun deaths, lethal weapons, public safety, United States, gun-related mortality, social groups, homicide statistics, Jacksonville.com, firearm injury, death by gunshot, gun ownership, youth violence, leading cause of death, gun removal gun violence, firearm fatalities, gun control, homicide rates, youth gun deaths, African-American males, gun safety, lethal weapons, public health, United States, teen mortality, firearm removal, social groups, gunshot deaths, gun policy, Jacksonville.com, 2010 study gun violence, firearm fatalities, homicide rates, youth gun deaths, African-American males, teenage shooting deaths, gun control, public safety, United States, lethal weapons, gun-related mortality, societal safety, firearm removal, injury prevention, Jacksonville.com study gun violence, firearm lethality, gun function, gun deaths, public safety, gun removal, homicide rates, African-American males, youth mortality, firearms in society, gunshot deaths, leading cause of death, social groups, gun control, United States, adolescent violence
test-digital-freedoms-piidfiphwu-pro02a	A graduated response will be an effective deterrent  Research has shown that consumers are likely to stop downloading from unauthorized sources when warned by their ISP. For example: Seven out of ten (72%) UK music consumers would stop illegally downloading if told to do so by their ISP, and 90 per cent of consumers would stop illegally file-sharing after two warnings from their ISP. [1]  This shows that the threat of a possible disconnection together with a friendly warning is enough to stop most consumers from downloading from illegal source. The reasoning behind it is simple: consumers can now download without a cost, a graduated response mechanism first raises awareness scaring off those who are only casually downloading out of convenience and then heightens the expected cost of infringement and thus makes it more likely consumers will use legal sources. [2] [1] IFPI, Digital Music Report 2009. 2009. URL for PDF:   [2] Olivier Bomsel and Heritania Ranaivoson, ‘Decreasing copyright enforcement costs: the scope of a graduated response’. 2009. Review of Economic Research on Copyright Issues, Volume 6(2), p. 13 – 29. URL for PDF: graduated response, deterrent, ISP warnings, unauthorized downloading, file-sharing, illegal sources, consumer behavior, music piracy, copyright enforcement, digital music, infringement cost, legal sources, IFPI Digital Music Report, review of economic research, copyright issues, disconnection threat, awareness, convenience, enforcement mechanisms, piracy deterrence, compliance, policy effectiveness, behavioral response, copyright protection graduated response, deterrent, illegal downloading, unauthorized sources, ISP warnings, consumer behavior, file-sharing, copyright enforcement, disconnection threat, music piracy, legal alternatives, infringement cost, digital music, IFPI, copyright policy, economic research, warning effectiveness, enforcement costs, compliance, piracy prevention graduated response, deterrent, ISP warnings, unauthorized downloading, illegal file-sharing, consumer behavior, copyright enforcement, digital music, UK music consumers, infringement costs, legal sources, IFPI Digital Music Report, copyright issues, file-sharing policy, enforcement mechanisms, disconnection threat, warning effectiveness, economic research, copyright compliance, music piracy prevention graduated response, deterrent, ISP warnings, unauthorized downloading, illegal file-sharing, consumer behavior, digital piracy, copyright enforcement, music consumers, UK, threat of disconnection, legal alternatives, compliance, infringement cost, IFPI Digital Music Report, copyright issues, Olivier Bomsel, Heritania Ranaivoson, enforcement mechanisms, file-sharing deterrence, digital music, consumer compliance, enforcement effectiveness graduated response, deterrent, ISP warnings, illegal downloading, unauthorized sources, file-sharing, consumer behavior, copyright enforcement, digital piracy, music consumers, disconnection threat, legal alternatives, copyright issues, enforcement costs, awareness, digital music report, IFPI, economic research, UK, compliance, infringement cost, copyright policy, warning effectiveness, peer-to-peer sharing, copyright deterrence, digital rights management
test-environment-chbwtlgcc-con01a	Carbon Trading Schemes  The EU ETS is an example of a viable carbon market, it covers thirty countries from the EU as well as Iceland, Liechtenstein and Norway. Countries within the ETS are using market mechanisms to force domestic emitters to meet national caps as the amount of allowances reduces over time emissions fall. In 2020 under the ETS emissions will be 21% lower than in 2005 1. The IPCC report contains recommendations for how emissions can be abated through the simultaneous application of numerous small reductions and the implementation of abatement technologies and this is exactly what schemes like the ETS encourage. Part of the reason that the ETS is successful is that it is ensuring an even playing field between countries by (more or less) applying its rules equally across borders and industries.2  1. European Trading System, 2010  2. European Commission Climate Action, 'Emissions Trading System' carbon trading, EU ETS, European Union Emissions Trading System, carbon market, emission allowances, cap-and-trade, domestic emitters, national caps, emission reduction, abatement technologies, IPCC report, emissions abatement, market mechanisms, cross-border application, industry regulation, European Commission, climate action, emissions trading, carbon pricing, environmental policy, 2020 emissions data, Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway, compliance, equal rules, carbon markets effectiveness carbon trading schemes, EU ETS, European Union Emissions Trading System, carbon market, emission allowances, market mechanisms, domestic emitters, national caps, emissions reduction, 2020 emissions targets, 2005 baseline, IPCC report, emissions abatement, abatement technologies, equal rules, cross-border regulation, industry compliance, European Commission Climate Action, Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway, carbon market success factors, environmental policy, trading system, emissions trading policy, European climate policy carbon trading schemes, EU ETS, European Union Emissions Trading System, carbon market, emissions reduction, market mechanisms, national caps, emission allowances, abatement technologies, IPCC report, climate policy, emissions abatement, cross-border regulation, European Commission Climate Action, emission trading, cap and trade, environmental policy, Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway, greenhouse gas emissions, climate change mitigation, allowance allocation, emissions cap, emissions trading success, even playing field, 2020 emissions target, emission reductions, industry regulation carbon trading schemes, EU ETS, European Union Emissions Trading System, carbon market, emissions trading, market mechanisms, domestic emitters, national caps, emission allowances, emissions reduction, 2020 emissions target, 21% reduction, IPCC report, abatement technologies, incremental emissions reduction, cross-border regulation, industry regulation, even playing field, European Trading System, European Commission, climate action, emissions abatement, Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway, multi-country carbon market, allowance reduction, emissions cap compliance Carbon Trading Schemes, EU ETS, European Union Emissions Trading System, carbon market, emission allowances, emissions reduction, market mechanisms, national caps, abatement technologies, IPCC report, emissions abatement, cross-border regulation, emissions trading, emission targets, European Commission, climate action, cap-and-trade, greenhouse gas emissions, Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway, European carbon market, pollution permits, emissions cap, domestic emitters, carbon market viability, emissions monitoring, environmental policy, international carbon trading, emissions reduction targets, harmonized regulation, trading schemes effectiveness
test-international-iiahwagit-pro04a	Poaching is linked to terrorism  Stronger protection of animals should be implemented to reduce the funding for terrorist groups. Certain terrorist organisations use the illegal ivory and horn trade as funding for their operations. Al-Shabaab, the Lord’s Resistance Army (LRA), and the Sudanese Janjaweed all use the illicit trade as a source of income, with the former using the trade for 40% of its expenditure. [1] This enables them to carry out attacks such as the 2013 Westgate siege in Kenya. [2] Tougher protection of endangered animals would reduce the ability of these groups to fund themselves. In turn, this would decrease their operational capability, increasing stability in Africa.  [1] Stewart, C. ‘Illegal ivory trade funds al-shabaab’s terrorist attacks’  [2] Tackett,C. ‘How elephant poaching helped fund Kenya terrorist attack’ poaching, terrorism, ivory trade, horn trade, terrorist funding, Al-Shabaab, Lord’s Resistance Army, LRA, Janjaweed, endangered animals, wildlife protection, illegal trade, Africa, wildlife crime, terrorist organisations, Westgate attack, Kenya, anti-poaching, animal protection, terrorist operations, illicit trade, counterterrorism, wildlife trafficking, ivory smuggling, funding terrorist groups poaching, terrorism, wildlife crime, ivory trade, horn trade, terrorist financing, Al-Shabaab, Lord’s Resistance Army, LRA, Janjaweed, illegal wildlife trade, animal protection, counterterrorism, funding terrorism, endangered species, Westgate attack, Kenya, Africa stability, anti-poaching, illicit trade, environmental security, conservation, transnational crime, terrorism financing networks poaching, terrorism, animal protection, ivory trade, horn trade, terrorist funding, Al-Shabaab, Lord’s Resistance Army, LRA, Janjaweed, illicit wildlife trade, endangered animals, Westgate siege, Africa security, transnational crime, wildlife trafficking, counterterrorism, terrorist groups, wildlife crime, terrorism financing, anti-poaching measures, African stability poaching, terrorism, animal protection, illegal ivory trade, funding terrorist groups, Al-Shabaab, Lord’s Resistance Army, LRA, Janjaweed, illicit trade, terrorist financing, endangered species, wildlife crime, African security, Westgate attack, Kenya, counter-terrorism, elephant poaching, horn trade, terrorist operations, wildlife trafficking, insurgent funding, anti-poaching measures, Africa stability, crime-terror nexus poaching, terrorism, ivory trade, horn trade, wildlife trafficking, terrorist funding, Al-Shabaab, Lord’s Resistance Army, LRA, Janjaweed, illegal wildlife trade, endangered animals, animal protection, wildlife crime, terrorist organizations, Africa, funding sources, Westgate attack, Kenya, counter-terrorism, security, militant groups, anti-poaching measures, illicit trade, operational capability, stability, East Africa, conservation, law enforcement, smuggling, wildlife protection
test-international-atiahblit-con04a	The MDG is the barrier  Significant progress has been made in meeting the MDG in Africa, therefore criticism needs to be raised on the MDG themselves. The MDG are unrealistic, unfair, and the benchmarks set fail to acknowledge progress made (Easterly, 2009).  The barrier to achieving universal education is not a lack of investment, rather inappropriate targets. MDG, Millennium Development Goals, Africa, progress, criticism, unrealistic targets, unfair benchmarks, Easterly 2009, universal education, investment, barrier, inappropriate targets, development metrics, educational achievement, goal setting, policy evaluation MDG, Millennium Development Goals, barriers, Africa, progress, criticism, unrealistic targets, fairness, benchmarks, universal education, inappropriate targets, investment, education goals, Easterly 2009, development indicators, measurement, education progress MDG, Millennium Development Goals, Africa, criticism, unrealistic targets, unfair benchmarks, education barriers, investment, inappropriate targets, progress measurement, universal education, Easterly 2009, development goals, benchmarking, progress evaluation MDG, Millennium Development Goals, Africa, criticism, unrealistic targets, unfair benchmarks, progress measurement, Easterly 2009, universal education, education targets, development indicators, barrier, investment, goal setting, progress acknowledgement, target appropriateness MDG, Millennium Development Goals, barriers, criticism, Africa, unrealistic targets, unfair benchmarks, progress measurement, Easterly 2009, universal education, investment, development goals, target appropriateness, educational progress, development criticism, international benchmarks, Africa education, aid effectiveness
test-law-cplglghwbhwd-con03a	The DC Handgun ban is inconsistent with other legislation in the U.S.  A change in legislation in DC that is markedly different from everywhere else in the U.S. is harmful. Whilst the constitution might be amended to give a specific change for DC, the rest of the U.S. will still be able to bear arms. The point of the American constitution is that it is meant to give an even field to all citizens under the law. Minor differences between people within different states is acceptable; owing to specific needs of specific states and all state legislation must be proved to be constitutional anyway. This difference is specifically problematic because of the nature of its interactions with both the constitution and the law.  This change is harmful because the state is dependent upon consistency within the law and perception of the law as being a fair mechanism for all people. Large inconsistencies within the law should not be tolerated as such inconsistencies often bring into debate the legitimacy of the state’s legal code. This is problematic as such debates and inconsistencies can lead to confusion about the reach of the law as well as doubt in the legitimacy of the law. The law is dependent upon citizens understanding and subscribing to the legal code, otherwise legal systems might suffer from problems such as people simply not reporting crime to the police owing to their doubt in the legal system and its ability to protect them, or otherwise law abiding citizens from other areas of the country inadvertently breaking the law by bringing guns into D.C. DC Handgun ban, legislative inconsistency, U.S. gun laws, constitutional equality, Washington DC firearm legislation, Second Amendment, legal uniformity, impact of inconsistent laws, legitimacy of law, legal perception, state vs federal law, gun ownership rights, fair legal system, legal confusion, law enforcement challenges, legislative differences, interstate legal issues, legal code legitimacy, citizen trust in law, American constitution, state-specific legislation, criminal reporting reluctance, firearm policy differences DC handgun ban, legislative inconsistency, U.S. firearm laws, constitutional fairness, legal uniformity, state vs federal laws, Second Amendment, legal legitimacy, perception of law, legal confusion, legal code consistency, legal system trust, law enforcement challenges, interstate law differences, gun ownership rights, District of Columbia legislation, constitutional amendments, public trust in law, crime reporting, legal interpretation DC Handgun ban, inconsistency, U.S. legislation, constitutional rights, Second Amendment, state vs federal law, legal uniformity, legal consistency, perception of law, legitimacy of legal system, constitutional amendment, firearm regulation, inter-state differences, legal confusion, public trust in law, legal fairness, law enforcement, legal compliance, crime reporting, handgun laws, legal disparities, legal interpretation, gun control, Washington DC laws, state-specific legislation, legal legitimacy DC Handgun ban, legislative inconsistency, U.S. gun laws, constitutional law, Second Amendment, state vs federal law, legal uniformity, legislative disparities, legal legitimacy, perception of law, fairness in law, policy differences, firearm regulation, law enforcement challenges, inter-state differences, constitutional consistency, public trust in law, crime reporting, legal confusion, legitimacy of legal system, Amendments, state sovereignty, citizen rights, District of Columbia, bearing arms, legal interpretation DC handgun ban, U.S. legislation inconsistency, constitutional fairness, legal uniformity, state vs federal law, constitutional amendment, Second Amendment, legal legitimacy, perception of fairness, legal consistency, legislative disparities, legal confusion, public trust law, inter-state legal differences, gun control DC, law enforcement challenges, legal code understanding, constitutional rights, crime reporting, state legal autonomy
test-politics-cdmaggpdgdf-con04a	Transparency can lead to conflict  The idea that transparency is good assumes that the people watching the government be transparent are likely to provide a moderating influence on policy. This is not always the case. Instead transparency can lead to more conflict.  First a nationalist population may force the government into taking more action than it wants. One obvious way to quiet such sentiment is to show that the country is not ready for war; something that may not be possible if being transparent. Instead if it is transparent that the military could win then there is nothing to stop a march to war. It then becomes possible for multiple interest groups to form into coalitions each with differing reasons for conflict trading off with each other resulting in overstretch and conflict. [1]  Secondly when there is a rapidly changing balance of power then transparency for the rising power may not be a good thing. Instead as Deng Xiaoping advised they should “Hide your strength, bide your time”. [2] Showing in the open how your military is expanding may simply force action from the current dominant power. Transparency, combined with domestic media worrying about the other’s build up can make the other side seem more and more of a threat that must be dealt with before it can get any more powerful. It is quite a common international relations theory that one way or another relative power and the quest for hegemony is the cause for war, [3] transparency simply encourages this. William C. Wohlforth points out when studying the cause of the First World War that it is perception of relative power that matters. Germany’s leaders believed it had to strike before it out of time as a result of Russia rapidly industrialising. [4] Transparency unfortunately reduces the ability of the government to manage perception.  [1] Snyder, Jack, Myths of Empire, Cornell University Press, 1991, p.17  [2] Allison, Graham, and Blackwill, Robert D., ‘Will China Ever Be No.1?’, YakeGlobal, 20 February 2013  [3] Kaplan, Robert D., ‘Why John J. Mearsheimer Is Right (About Some Things)’, The Atlantic, 20 December 2011  [4] Wohlforth, William C., ‘The Perception of Power: Russia in the Pre-1914 Balance’, World Politics, Vol.39, No.3, (April 1987), pp.353-381, p.362 transparency, conflict, government, policy, nationalism, public opinion, military readiness, war, domestic politics, coalition formation, overstretch, balance of power, rising power, hegemony, international relations, perception, relative power, security dilemma, media influence, transparency risks, Jack Snyder, Myths of Empire, Deng Xiaoping, military expansion, threat perception, preemptive war, power transition, First World War, William Wohlforth, Germany, Russia, power management, perception management, Graham Allison, Robert Blackwill, Robert Kaplan, John Mearsheimer transparency, conflict, government, moderating influence, nationalism, war, public opinion, military readiness, coalition formation, balance of power, rising power, Deng Xiaoping, “hide your strength, bide your time”, military expansion, dominant power, domestic media, threat perception, international relations theory, relative power, hegemony, security dilemma, power transition, World War I, Germany, Russia, industrialization, perception management, Jack Snyder, Myths of Empire, Graham Allison, Robert D. Blackwill, China, Robert D. Kaplan, John J. Mearsheimer, William C. Wohlforth, pre- transparency, conflict, government, public opinion, nationalism, policy influence, military transparency, war escalation, interest groups, coalitions, overstretch, rising power, balance of power, Deng Xiaoping, hide strength, military buildup, perception, relative power, hegemony, international relations theory, security dilemma, misperception, preemptive action, First World War, Germany, Russia, rapid industrialization, media influence, Jack Snyder, myths of empire, William Wohlforth, power perception, Robert Kaplan, John Mearsheimer, China, Graham Allison, Blackwill transparency, conflict, government policy, moderating influence, nationalism, war, military transparency, interest groups, coalitions, power balance, rising power, Deng Xiaoping, military expansion, dominant power, relative power, international relations, hegemony, perception management, First World War, Germany, Russia, Jack Snyder, Robert D. Kaplan, John J. Mearsheimer, William C. Wohlforth, security dilemma, arms race, media influence, policy overstretch, domestic politics, threat perception transparency, conflict, international relations, government, public opinion, nationalism, military readiness, war, coalition formation, power balance, rising powers, Deng Xiaoping, strategic deception, military build-up, media influence, threat perception, hegemony, relative power, power perception, Germany, Russia, First World War, Jack Snyder, Graham Allison, Robert Blackwill, Robert Kaplan, John Mearsheimer, William Wohlforth, perception management
test-politics-lghwdecm-pro03a	Elected Mayors would attract the best candidates to run for office.  Elected mayors would allow talented individuals to make a difference, regardless of their party affiliation. The present system rewards long-serving and loyal party hacks rather than innovative managers, thinkers and leaders; polls show that the public think councillors put party politics above the needs of their community. Those who are most talented who are elected are simply using the council as a stepping stone for running for national office. If mayors were directly elected, local parties would have to find dynamic candidates with a proven ability to solve problems and manage big organisations, or risk such candidates running and winning as independents. This has already been shown to be the case in London where Ken Livingstone (who initially became Mayor as an independent) and Boris Johnson, both established and well known politicians, ran for Mayor, and in Birmingham where Lam Byrne, formally no.2 at the treasury, has expressed an interest in running. [1]  [1] BBC News, ‘Labour’s Liam Byrne wants to run for Birmingham mayor’, 30 March 2012. elected mayors, candidate quality, talent recruitment, party affiliation, party politics, local government reform, innovative leadership, independent candidates, public opinion, council politics, political career paths, dynamic leadership, political recruitment, London mayoral election, Ken Livingstone, Boris Johnson, Birmingham mayoral election, Liam Byrne, party loyalty, community needs, problem-solving ability, organisational management, political innovation elected mayors, candidate recruitment, talent attraction, party affiliation, political reform, local government, council system, party politics, community needs, political innovation, leadership selection, councilors, independent candidates, proven ability, problem-solving, organizational management, London mayor, Ken Livingstone, Boris Johnson, Birmingham mayor, Liam Byrne, political career ladder, national office, dynamic candidates, local parties, public opinion, polling, party hacks, established politicians, UK politics elected mayors, candidate quality, local government reform, party affiliation, independent candidates, talent recruitment, political innovation, managerial leadership, public opinion, party politics, council elections, stepping stone, national office, dynamic candidates, problem-solving, organisational management, direct election, London mayoral race, Ken Livingstone, Boris Johnson, Birmingham mayor, Liam Byrne, party hacks, community needs, political leadership, local democracy elected mayors, candidate recruitment, talent attraction, party affiliation, local government reform, innovative leadership, public opinion, party politics, council system, independent candidates, political innovation, governance, London mayor election, Ken Livingstone, Boris Johnson, Birmingham mayor, Liam Byrne, proven managers, public service, structural change, political leadership, local democracy, electoral systems, community needs, party loyalty, mayoral elections elected mayors, candidate quality, party affiliation, party politics, innovative leaders, public opinion, local government reform, independent candidates, mayoral elections, council system, talent attraction, proven leadership, organisational management, dynamic candidates, London mayor, Ken Livingstone, Boris Johnson, Birmingham mayor, Liam Byrne, national office, local parties, political recruitment, public trust, political innovation, council stepping stone, poll results, leadership selection
test-politics-grcrgshwbr-con02a	Religious symbols are personal, therefore, they should not matter to others.  At the end of the day, the wearing of religious symbols is the choice of the individual. Many have considered intervention in the practice of religion and symbolism as an intrusion into privacy and individuality. The recent bans on the full Muslim veil, particularly in Belgium, have been criticised for causing those who feel they have an obligation to wear it to be ostracised and forced to be confined within their own home.1  1 'Belgian ban on full veils comes into force', BBC News Europe, 23rd July 2011 , accessed on 23rd July 2011 religious symbols, personal choice, individual rights, religious freedom, privacy, individuality, intervention, religious practice, religious symbolism, Muslim veil, veil ban, Belgium, legal restrictions, social ostracism, confinement, human rights, religious attire, privacy intrusion, Belgium full veil ban, BBC News 2011 religious symbols, personal choice, religious expression, individuality, privacy, intervention, religious symbolism, Muslim veil, burqa ban, Belgium, legal bans, religious freedom, criticism, social ostracism, confinement, BBC News, cultural rights, full veil, individual rights religious symbols, individual choice, personal expression, religious freedom, privacy, individuality, intervention, practice of religion, symbolism, intrusion, bans, Muslim veil, full veil, Belgium, criticism, ostracism, social exclusion, women's rights, confinement, religious attire, secularism, public policy, human rights, BBC News, 2011 religious symbols, personal expression, individual choice, privacy, individuality, religious practice, symbolism, intervention, Muslim veil ban, Belgium, full veil, niqab, burqa, secularism, religious freedom, discrimination, social ostracism, women's rights, BBC News, 2011, human rights, religious attire, legislation, cultural identity, public policy religious symbols, individual choice, religious freedom, privacy, personal expression, religious symbolism, government intervention, veil ban, Muslim veil, Belgium, full face veil, burqa ban, social ostracism, individuality, intrusion, religious practice, secularism, human rights, cultural identity, discrimination, BBC News, 2011, European policy, religious attire, legislation
test-law-rmelhrilhbiw-pro01a	The Settlements are illegal, and demonstrate the impotence of the international community  The Settlements, constructed on land that is neither recognizably Israel’s nor which Israel has even claimed to annex are illegal, encroaching on the territory of a future Palestinian state.  It is absurd for the international community to demand the creation of a Palestinian state in the West Bank, and yet allow Israel to establish its population on that land in settlements that view themselves and are viewed by Israel as Israeli territory. [1]  Furthermore, their continued expansion is something that each and every Palestinian can see every day. As a result, the continued expansion both: 1. Destroys Palestinian confidence in the ability and willingness of the International community to enforce its own promises, especially after repeated American and European promises to stop their construction.  2. Convinces Palestinian opinion that the negotiating process is an Israeli game to buy time until they have changed the facts on the ground.  As a consequence of these two factors, the continued expansion of settlements has an impact in driving Palestinians towards violent resistance even beyond the direct impact of the settlement construction by undermining their faith in International Law, and by adding a sense of urgency to their grievances.  [1] MacIntyre, Donald, ‘The Big Question: What are Israeli settlements, and why are they coming under pressure?’, the Independent, 29 May 2009, Israeli settlements, illegality, West Bank, international community, Palestinian state, annexation, Israeli territory, settlement expansion, Palestinian confidence, international law, U.S. promises, European promises, Israeli-Palestinian conflict, negotiation process, facts on the ground, violent resistance, grievances, land encroachment, faith in international law, settlement impact, Donald MacIntyre, The Independent, 2009 Israeli settlements, illegality, international law, West Bank, Palestinian state, land annexation, settlement expansion, international community, impotence, American promises, European promises, Palestinian confidence, negotiation process, Israeli territory, Palestinian grievances, violent resistance, enforcement, facts on the ground, Palestinian opinion, Donald MacIntyre, The Independent Israeli settlements, illegal settlements, international law, international community, West Bank, Palestinian state, land annexation, settlement expansion, Israeli territory, Palestinian confidence, American promises, European promises, negotiation process, facts on the ground, Palestinian resistance, faith in international law, grievances, violent resistance, settlement impact, Donald MacIntyre, The Independent, Israel-Palestine conflict, Palestinian territory, Israeli occupation, enforcement failure, political impotence, settlement illegality Israeli settlements, illegality, international community, West Bank, Palestinian state, land annexation, settlement expansion, international law, Palestinian confidence, American promises, European promises, negotiation process, Israeli policy, facts on the ground, violent resistance, grievances, Palestinian territory, Donald MacIntyre, The Independent, 2009 Israeli settlements, illegality, international law, West Bank, annexation, Palestinian state, land encroachment, international community impotence, settlement expansion, confidence erosion, diplomatic failure, peace process, negotiation skepticism, American promises, European promises, Palestinian grievances, violent resistance, urgency, facts on the ground, Donald MacIntyre, The Independent, Israeli territory, legal status
test-politics-glgvhbqssc-con01a	"Quebec would not be able to be economically viable on its own.  Quebec independence simply will not work because Quebec would not be financially viable as an independent economy.  Quebec has been financially dependent on the rest of Canada for years [1] specifically being dependent on “have” provinces such as Alberta to prop-up its economy as a “have-not” provinces through equalization payments [2] . Moreover, all financial indicators point to the situation staying as it is or worsening, with no signs of improvement in the economy visible [3] .  If Quebec were to gain independence, it simply would not be able to sustain itself as an independent country. Quality of life would necessarily have to drop for all those living in Quebec and the economy would only crash further as confidence in it would dwindle once you remove the credibility the support of the Canadian government and economy that currently gives it.  Therefore, Quebec should not secede from Canada as it would only serve to harm their economy and the livelihoods of the people they supposedly are there to protect.  [1] Van Praet, Nicolas. ""No progress in Quebec prosperity: report."" Financial Post 30 Aug 2011, n. pag. Web. 1 Dec. 2011. <  .  [2] Van Praet, Nicolas. ""No progress in Quebec prosperity: report."" Financial Post 30 Aug 2011, n. pag. Web. 1 Dec. 2011. <  .  [3] Van Praet, Nicolas. ""No progress in Quebec prosperity: report."" Financial Post 30 Aug 2011, n. pag. Web. 1 Dec. 2011. <  . Quebec independence, economic viability, financial dependence, equalization payments, have-not provinces, Alberta, Canadian economy, Quebec economy, quality of life, economic indicators, secession, financial sustainability, economic crash, prosperity report, Financial Post, Quebec secession, economic consequences, fiscal imbalance, self-sufficiency, support from Canada, provincial finances Quebec independence, Quebec economy, economic viability, financial dependence, equalization payments, have-not provinces, Alberta, Canadian government support, Quebec secession, economic sustainability, Quebec prosperity, financial indicators, quality of life, Canadian economy, economic crash, economic confidence, financial viability, Quebec livelihood, Quebec financial stability Quebec independence, economic viability, financial dependence, Canada, equalization payments, have-not provinces, Alberta, economy, financial indicators, prosperity, quality of life, secession, economic sustainability, Canadian government support, Quebec economy, economic crash, sovereign Quebec, financial stability, equalization, provincial finances, economic decline, Quebec secession, fiscal transfers, interprovincial relations Quebec independence, Quebec economy, economic viability, financial viability, equalization payments, have-not provinces, have provinces, Alberta, Canadian economy, financial dependence, secession, Quebec prosperity, economic indicators, quality of life, economic sustainability, Quebec secession, economic impact, financial support, living standards, sovereign Quebec, Canada-Quebec relations, provincial economics, independence debate, fiscal policy, economic crash, government support Quebec independence, economic viability, financial dependence, equalization payments, have-not provinces, Alberta, Canadian economy, Quebec economy, secession, quality of life, economic indicators, financial sustainability, prosperity, economic crash, provincial finances, interprovincial support, economic impact, national unity, Quebec secession, fiscal policy, economic confidence, livelihood, Canadian government, economic support"
test-economy-egecegphw-pro01a	Heathrow is full; it must expand  Put simply Heathrow is at the limits of its capacity so there needs to be expansion. Heathrow is already at 99% capacity and running so close to maximum capacity means that any minor problem can result in large delays for passengers. London’s major rivals have four-runway hub airports Paris, Frankfurt, even Madrid [1] this means these cities have much greater capacity as they can take up to 700,000 flights a year compared to Heathrow’s 480,000. [2] Britain does not want to be left behind, crumbling in the dust. These airports therefore clearly have the capacity to take flights that would otherwise be going to Heathrow. Heathrow needs to expand to maintain its competitiveness so that the airport retains its position the most popular place to stop-over in before catching a connecting flight. Colin Matthews, the chief executive of Heathrow (formerly BAA) has argued that Heathrow’s lack of hub capacity currently costs the UK £14billion. [3] Heathrow is in danger of falling behind continental rivals in Frankfurt and Amsterdam.  [1] Leunig, T., ‘A third runway? Yes, and a fourth too, please’ The Times, 2012,   [2] Lundgren, Kari, “Heathrow Limit Costs U.K. 14 Billion Pounds, Airport Says”, Bloomberg, 15 November 2012,   [3] Topham, Gwyn., ‘Heathrow must be expanded or replaced, airport chief announces’ The Guardian, 15 November 2012, Heathrow expansion, airport capacity, Heathrow limits, passenger delays, four-runway hubs, Paris airport, Frankfurt airport, Madrid airport, flight capacity, hub competitiveness, connecting flights, UK aviation, Colin Matthews, BAA, economic cost, UK £14billion, European rivals, stop-over airport, airport infrastructure, third runway, airport comparison, hub airports, London aviation, airline capacity, congestion, UK transport, aviation competitiveness, Heathrow rivals, airport delays, socio-economic impact, airport infrastructure investment Heathrow, airport expansion, capacity limits, four-runway hubs, flight delays, international competition, Paris airport, Frankfurt airport, Madrid airport, connecting flights, London airports, UK aviation, hub capacity, flight volume, airport infrastructure, competitiveness, Colin Matthews, BAA, economic impact, £14 billion, continental rivals, stop-over airport, third runway, fourth runway, air travel capacity, European airports, aviation policy, passenger delays, airport congestion, economic loss, airport ranking Heathrow, airport expansion, capacity limits, UK airports, runway, hub airports, Paris, Frankfurt, Madrid, flight capacity, passenger delays, competitiveness, connecting flights, Colin Matthews, BAA, economic impact, UK aviation, London airports, rival airports, international connectivity, air travel, third runway, fourth runway, Heathrow vs Frankfurt, Heathrow vs Amsterdam, flight growth, airport infrastructure, stop-over destination, lost revenue, global aviation hub, air traffic Heathrow, airport expansion, capacity limits, flight delays, hub airports, London, Paris, Frankfurt, Madrid, runway capacity, international competition, UK aviation, air traffic, connecting flights, Colin Matthews, BAA, economic impact, competitiveness, £14 billion cost, infrastructure, stop-over hub, rival airports, third runway, fourth runway, passenger numbers, Britain's position, European airports, reference sources Heathrow, airport capacity, expansion, runway, hub airport, flight delays, competitiveness, London, Paris, Frankfurt, Madrid, flights per year, connecting flights, UK economy, rival airports, BAA, Colin Matthews, air traffic, infrastructure, hub capacity, stop-over, UK aviation, aviation industry, international competitiveness, air travel, airport congestion, third runway, fourth runway, European airports, global aviation, airport expansion, passenger delays, economic impact, airport infrastructure, air transport, transport policy
test-law-tahglcphsld-pro07a	Legal drugs would increase tax revenue  In 2009-2010, the tax revenue from tobacco in the UK was £10.5 billion. [1] If the state legalizes drugs, it can tax them and use the revenue from this practise to fund treatment. At the moment such treatment is difficult to justify as it appears to be spending ordinary taxpayers’ money on junkies.  [1] Tobacco Manufacturers’ Association, ‘Tax Revenue From Tobacco’, accessed 16th June 2011 - legal drugs, tax revenue, drug legalization, UK, tobacco tax, 2009-2010, government revenue, state funding, drug treatment, public spending, taxpayer money, tobacco industry, harm reduction, fiscal policy, sin taxes, healthcare funding, substance regulation, social costs, drug policy, economic impact legal drugs, tax revenue, tobacco tax, UK, 2009-2010, drug legalization, government funding, treatment funding, public health, drug policy, taxation, tobacco revenue, state revenue, economic impact, substance control, fiscal policy, public spending, drug treatment, taxpayer money, Tobacco Manufacturers' Association legal drugs, tax revenue, drug legalization, UK, tobacco tax, 2009-2010, government funding, treatment funding, taxpayer money, public health, Tobacco Manufacturers’ Association, drug policy, fiscal impact, substance taxation, addiction treatment legal drugs, tax revenue, tobacco tax, UK, 2009-2010, legalization, drug taxation, government revenue, funding treatment, public health, taxpayer funding, tobacco industry, economic impact, drug policy, addiction treatment, fiscal policy, substance legalization, tax policy, revenue generation, policy justification legal drugs, tax revenue, tobacco, UK, 2009-2010, drug legalization, taxation, funding treatment, government revenue, public health funding, substance regulation, drug policy, economic impact, tobacco tax, treatment funding, taxpayers, UK government, Tobacco Manufacturers’ Association
test-digital-freedoms-dfiphbgs-con01a	Open source software is more expensive for governments in the long run.  Open source software is often confused with free software; in fact, it is usually provided at some cost to the user. More importantly, if a Microsoft product fails, a government IT department knows that it can rely on a patch or technical support. Whereas, with open source software, they are left waiting on a community to get round to tackling the problem. This has meant that governments which choose open source software have had to pay for expensive support packages, which makes the total cost of the IT solution similar to that of the closed source software. This has been to the advantage of major consultancy firms, which are often chosen to put together IT solutions and who can make more money from pushing expensive support contracts than on upfront costs for software.  In the rush to find the software with the cheapest sticker price, there is a risk that governments will end up paying more overall for open software that lacks the accessibility and features of the closed source alternatives. open source software, government IT, long term cost, free software, software support, Microsoft, technical support, software maintenance, support packages, total cost of ownership, closed source software, proprietary software, consultancy firms, IT solutions, expensive contracts, software procurement, sticker price, software accessibility, software features, cost comparison, public sector technology open source software, government IT costs, total cost of ownership, support packages, consultancy firms, software procurement, free software misconception, closed source software, Microsoft support, technical support, long-term expenses, IT solutions, support contracts, accessibility, software features, upfront costs, sticker price, open source vs closed source, software reliability, government software adoption, cost comparison open source software, government IT costs, total cost of ownership, software support, technical support, proprietary software, free software misconception, consultancy firms, support contracts, IT solutions, software accessibility, closed source alternatives, software features, long-term expenses, support packages, Microsoft product comparison, upfront costs, expensive support, software procurement, public sector software, cost comparison, sticker price, IT budgeting, software maintenance, community support, software reliability open source software, government IT costs, total cost of ownership, support packages, technical support, software procurement, free software misconception, closed source alternatives, consultancy firms, support contracts, software accessibility, software features, Microsoft products, software pricing, long-term expenses, IT solutions, software maintenance, software reliability, government software decisions, software lifecycle costs open source software, government IT costs, long-term expenses, free software misconception, software licensing, technical support, Microsoft, software reliability, support packages, consultancy firms, IT solutions, total cost of ownership, closed source software, proprietary software, sticker price, software accessibility, software features, public sector IT, software procurement, support contracts
test-health-dhghwapgd-con04a	"Robust drug patent laws incentivize investment of time and money in developing new products  When a real chance of profit exists in the development of a new product or drug, people and firms put the effort into developing and creating them. The incentive to profit drives a great deal of people's intellectual endeavors. Research and development, for example, forms a major part of industries' investment, as they seek to create new products and inventions that will benefit consumers, and thus society as a whole. Research and development is extremely costly, however. The US pharmaceutical industry alone spends tens of billions of dollars every year on researching new drugs1. The fear of theft, or of lack of profit stemming from such research, will serve as a powerful disincentive to investment. Without the protection of patents, new drugs lose much of their value, since a second-comer on the field can simply take the formula and develop the same product without the heavy costs of research involved, leaving the innovative company worse off than its copycat competitor. This will lead to far less innovation, and will hamper companies currently geared toward innovative and progressive products. Patent protection is particularly important to companies with high fixed costs and low marginal costs, such as pharmaceutical firms. Without the guarantee of ownership over intellectual products, the incentive to invest in their development is diminished as they will not be guaranteed a payback for their research costs as a competitor could simply take the product off them. Within a robust patents system, firms compete to produce the best product for patenting and licensing that will give them a higher market share and allow them to reap high profits. These incentives lead firms to ""invent around"" one another's patents, leading to gradual improvements in drugs and treatments, benefiting all consumers2. Without patents the drugs companies are trapped in a kind of prisoners' dilemma where both are individually better off by refusing to innovate, yet both suffer if neither innovates. Patents are the solution to this: if a company innovates, it alone can reap the rewards of the new invention3. In the absence of patent protection there is no incentive to develop new drugs, meaning in the long run more people will suffer from diseases and ailments that might have been cured were it profitable to invest in developing them. Clearly, patent protection is essential for a dynamic, progressive pharmaceutical industry.  1 Congressional Budget Office. 2006. Research and Development in the Pharmaceutical Industry"". The Congress of the United States. Available: 2 Nicol, Dianne and Jane Nielsen. 2003. ""Patents and Medical Biotechnology: Empirical Analysis of Issues Facing the Australian Industry"". Center for Law and Genetics Occasional Paper 6. Available: 3 Yale Law & Technology. 2011, ""Patents: Essential, if flawed"", Available: drug patent laws, patent protection, pharmaceutical industry, research and development, R&D investment, innovation incentives, intellectual property, profit motive, patents and innovation, patent system benefits, fixed costs pharmaceutical, generic competition, drug development costs, market exclusivity, patent licensing, patent system drawbacks, pharmaceutical profitability, copycat competition, patent-driven progress, incremental innovation, incentives for innovation, legal protection innovation, intellectual property rights, economic impact patents, pharmaceutical investment barriers, patent system importance, drug research incentives, competitive innovation, drug patent system, impact of lack of patents drug patent laws, pharmaceutical industry, research and development, R&D investment, patent protection, intellectual property, innovation incentives, product development, profit motive, drug innovation, patent system, high fixed costs, low marginal costs, patent ownership, market exclusivity, patent competition, licensing, incremental innovation, prisoner’s dilemma, drug discovery, patent enforcement, competitive advantage, copying risk, research costs, patent-driven innovation, dynamic pharmaceutical sector, medical biotechnology, barriers to entry, patent value, copying competitors, healthcare innovation, investment disincentive, patent benefits drug patent laws, patent protection, pharmaceutical industry, research and development, R&D investment, intellectual property, innovation incentives, patent system, patent incentives, new drug development, market exclusivity, pharmaceutical innovation, profit motivation, fixed costs, marginal costs, patent licensing, patent-driven competition, invent around patents, cost of drug development, patent monopoly, copycat competitors, disincentive to invest, intellectual property theft, profit guarantee, R&D costs, progressive pharmaceutical industry, medical biotechnology, patent-driven research, patent enforcement, return on investment, social benefits of patents, pharmaceutical patents, drug innovation, incentive to innovate, economic impact of patents drug patent laws, pharmaceutical innovation, research and development, intellectual property, investment incentives, patent protection, pharmaceutical industry, new drug development, R&D costs, market exclusivity, patent system, innovation incentives, healthcare industry, fixed costs, marginal costs, generic competition, drug discovery, profits, intellectual property rights, technology transfer, licensing, competitive advantage, medical biotechnology, copycat competitors, prisoners' dilemma, barriers to entry, patent ownership, pharmaceutical patents, drug research investment, industry profits, patent-driven innovation, patent incentive, US pharmaceutical industry, patent-related investment drug patent laws, pharmaceutical innovation, intellectual property, research and development, R&D investment, patent protection, drug development incentives, pharmaceutical industry, patents and profits, market exclusivity, patent system benefits, innovation incentives, patent law impact, fixed costs, marginal costs, generic competition, formula theft, copycat drugs, patent licensing, market share, gradual improvements, medical biotechnology patents, industry investment, prisoner’s dilemma, patent enforcement, patent system necessity, US pharmaceutical R&D, profit incentive, patent-driven innovation, pharmaceutical policy"
test-economy-epegiahsc-con02a	The FTAA is bad for South American Agriculture.  During the FTAA negotiations, the US has consistently refused to eliminate subsidies for American farmers [1] . Because of subsidies, great agricultural surpluses are produced that are then sold on developing markets at prices lower than the cost of production. Farmers in places like Brazil or Argentina, who are much more efficient in their process of production but do not benefit from subsidies, could not compete with these low priced imports, either locally or on the American market. Farmers would soon go out of business.  [1] Marquis, Christopher. “Panama Challenges Miami as Free Trade Headquarters.” New York Times. 11 November 2003. www.nytimes.com/2003/11/11/world/panama-challenges-miami-as-free-trade-h... FTAA, South American agriculture, US subsidies, American farmers, agricultural surpluses, developing markets, dumping, Brazil, Argentina, trade competition, local farmers, subsidies elimination, market access, production efficiency, trade negotiations, import prices, free trade, Miami, Panama, business closures, New York Times FTAA, Free Trade Area of the Americas, South American agriculture, US subsidies, agricultural subsidies, trade negotiations, agricultural surpluses, market prices, dumping, developing markets, Brazil agriculture, Argentina farmers, trade competition, export markets, local markets, trade barriers, American farmers, subsidy elimination, economic impact, agricultural imports, Miami Free Trade Headquarters, New York Times, globalization, trade agreements, farm policy FTAA, South American agriculture, US subsidies, American farmers, agricultural surpluses, developing markets, below cost pricing, Brazil, Argentina, production efficiency, subsidy elimination, competitive disadvantage, local markets, American market, farm bankruptcy, trade negotiations, free trade, agricultural imports, market distortion, Marquis Christopher, New York Times FTAA, South American agriculture, US subsidies, American farmers, agricultural surpluses, developing markets, below-cost imports, Brazil, Argentina, trade competition, market access, subsidy impact, trade inequalities, free trade, Miami, Panama, New York Times, Christopher Marquis, FTAA negotiations, agricultural policy, export dumping FTAA, Free Trade Area of the Americas, South American agriculture, US farm subsidies, agricultural surpluses, dumping, developing markets, Brazil, Argentina, market competition, subsidy impact, agricultural imports, trade negotiation, farmer livelihood, market access, protectionism, American market, local farmers, New York Times, trade policy, agricultural economics
test-health-dhpelhbass-pro03a	"Suicide is a lonely, desperate act, carried out in secrecy and often as a cry for help  The impact on the family who remain can be catastrophic. Often because they were unaware of how their loved one was feeling. Suicide cases such as Megan Meier, an American teenager who committed suicide by hanging herself in 2006, [1] as the parents have to launch police investigations into why their child might have felt so desperate. By legalising assisted suicide, the process can be brought out into the open. In some cases, families might have been unaware of the true feelings of their loved one; being forced to confront the issue of their illness may do great good, perhaps even allowing them to persuade the patient not to end their life. In other cases, it makes them part of the process: they can understand the reasons behind their decision without feelings of guilt and recrimination, and the terminally ill patient can speak openly to them about their feelings before their death.  [1] Wikipedia, ""Suicide of Megan Meier"", en.wikipedia.org,  (accessed 6/6/2011) suicide, loneliness, desperation, secrecy, cry for help, family impact, catastrophic effects, awareness, Megan Meier, teenage suicide, police investigation, assisted suicide, legalization, open discussion, family involvement, terminal illness, patient communication, guilt, recrimination, mental health, emotional support, prevention, understanding motives, end-of-life decisions, Wikipedia, case study suicide, loneliness, desperation, secrecy, cry for help, family impact, catastrophic effect, lack of awareness, Megan Meier, teenage suicide, hanging, police investigation, emotional distress, assisted suicide, legalization, open process, familial involvement, terminal illness, patient communication, guilt, recrimination, coping mechanisms, end-of-life decisions, mental health, suicide prevention, Wikipedia reference suicide, loneliness, desperation, secrecy, cry for help, family impact, bereavement, unawareness, emotional distress, Megan Meier, teen suicide, police investigations, assisted suicide, legalization, open discussion, mental health, terminal illness, family involvement, guilt, recrimination, communication, patient autonomy, end-of-life decisions, Wikipedia, suicide prevention suicide, loneliness, desperation, secrecy, cry for help, family impact, catastrophic effects, unawareness, Megan Meier, teenage suicide, police investigation, mental health, legalising assisted suicide, open process, family involvement, terminal illness, patient communication, guilt, recrimination, understanding reasons, emotional support, family awareness, patient-family dialogue, assisted dying, psychological consequences, suicide prevention suicide, loneliness, secrecy, cry for help, family impact, catastrophic effects, unawareness, Megan Meier, teenage suicide, police investigation, assisted suicide, legalization, open discussion, terminal illness, family involvement, guilt, recrimination, patient communication, emotional support, suicide prevention, mental health, Wikipedia, suicide cases"
test-politics-ypppdghwid-con01a	"Democracy by its very nature cannot be imposed.  Democratic government is not only government for the people, but also government by and of the people. A foreign-imposed government is not a government established by the people which it rules, meaning that it lacks the legitimacy necessary to claim democratic status. It is wrong to force a government upon people, and imposers of 'democracy' do just that. This is exacerbated by the fact that foreign-imposed democracies often have a great deal of trouble governing themselves independently (like the Iraqi and Afghani governments, which are still very much reliant on the United States), thus de- legitimizing the government even further1.  1 Doyle, Michael. ""Promoting Democracy is Not Imposing Democracy."" The Huffington Post. democracy, imposed democracy, legitimacy, government by the people, foreign-imposed government, democratic legitimacy, self-governance, forced democracy, democratic status, external intervention, Iraqi government, Afghani government, United States influence, dependency, democratic theory, Michael Doyle, promoting democracy, Huffington Post, imposed regimes, government imposition, autonomy, legitimacy crisis, foreign intervention, democracy promotion democracy, imposition, legitimacy, foreign-imposed government, democratic legitimacy, government by the people, democracy promotion, forced democracy, self-governance, external intervention, Iraq, Afghanistan, United States, democratic status, imposed government, democratic theory, popular sovereignty, Doyle Michael, democratic legitimacy, autonomy, independent governance democracy, democratic government, government legitimacy, foreign-imposed democracy, government by the people, government of the people, imposition of government, legitimacy, self-governance, Iraq, Afghanistan, U.S. intervention, forced democracy, external intervention, democratization, sovereignty, Doyle Michael, Promoting Democracy, The Huffington Post democracy, imposed democracy, legitimacy, foreign-imposed government, self-governance, democratic legitimacy, government by the people, democracy promotion, democratic status, forced government, foreign intervention, Iraq, Afghanistan, United States, reliance, legitimacy crisis, democratic theory, Michael Doyle, Huffington Post democracy, legitimacy, foreign-imposed government, democratic legitimacy, government by the people, government for the people, democracy promotion, imposed democracy, self-governance, legitimacy crisis, Iraq, Afghanistan, U.S. intervention, democratic status, external intervention, state-building, democratic autonomy, dependency, democratic theory, forced government, Michael Doyle"
test-international-glilpdwhsn-con02a	"The New START treaty helps Russia more than the US  Not only does New START leave in place Russia’s extant tactical nuclear advantage but it has further loopholes for Russian weapons. As Mitt Romney argued in 2010: ""Does the treaty provide gaping loopholes that Russia could use to escape nuclear weapon limits entirely? Yes. For example, multiple warhead missile bombers are counted under the treaty as only one warhead. While we currently have more bombers than the Russians, they have embarked on new programs for long-range bombers and for air-launched nuclear cruise missiles. Thus, it is no surprise that Russia is happy to undercount missiles on bombers."" [1]  New START also fails to limit rail-mobile intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs), which Russia could potentially make use of. The definition of rail-mobile ICBM launchers was established in the expired START as “an erector-launcher mechanism for launching ICBMs and the railcar or flatcar on which it is mounted.” [2] This and associated restrictions and limitations in START, are not in the New START. This makes it possible for Russia to claim that any new Rail Mobile ICBMs are not subject to New START limitations. [3] Mitt Romney worries that Russia is already working to take advantage of these omissions: “As drafted, it lets Russia escape the limit on its number of strategic nuclear warheads. Loopholes and lapses -- presumably carefully crafted by Moscow -- provide a path to entirely avoid the advertised warhead-reduction targets. …. These omissions would be consistent with Russia's plans for a new heavy bomber and reports of growing interest in rail-mobile ICBMs."" [4]  This means that under the treaty limits, the United States is the only country that must reduce its launchers and strategic nuclear weapons. Russia has managed to negotiate the treaty limits so that they simply restrict it to reductions it was already planning to do. As a result the United States is making what are effectively unilateral reductions. [5] Therefore, New START is an unequal treaty as it offers more to Russia than to the US. This is bad for the balance of power and thus bad for world peace, and so New START should be opposed.  [1] Romney, Mitt. ""Stop START."" Boston.com. 3 December 2010.   [2] ‘Terms and Definitions’, The Treaty Between The United States Of America And The Union Of Soviet Socialist Republics On The Reduction And Limitation Of Strategic Offensive Arms And Associated Documents, 1991,   [3] Spring, Baker. ""Twelve Flaws of New START That Will Be Difficult to Fix"". Heritage Foundation, The Foundry. 16 September 2010.   [4] Romney, Mitt. ""Stop START."" Boston.com. 3 December 2010.   [5] Romney, Mitt. ""Stop START."" Boston.com. 3 December 2010. New START, Russia, United States, nuclear treaty, tactical nuclear advantage, loopholes, nuclear weapons, warhead counting, missile bombers, air-launched cruise missiles, rail-mobile ICBMs, treaty limitations, START treaty, Mitt Romney, bomber undercount, nuclear arms control, unilateral reductions, strategic nuclear weapons, treaty imbalance, verification, arms reduction, nuclear deterrence, strategic arms, arms limitation, rail-mobile launchers, treaty compliance, strategic balance, US-Russia relations, nuclear modernization, treaty flaws, arms race, international security, world peace New START, Russia, United States, treaty, nuclear weapons, tactical nuclear advantage, loopholes, missile bombers, warhead counting, Mitt Romney, rail-mobile ICBMs, START, strategic nuclear warheads, treaty limitations, unilateral reductions, strategic balance, arms control, heavy bomber, air-launched cruise missiles, nuclear deterrence, arms race, verification, compliance, world peace, unequal treaty New START treaty, Russia, United States, nuclear weapons, strategic arms reduction, tactical nuclear advantage, treaty loopholes, missile bombers, warhead counting, air-launched cruise missiles, rail-mobile ICBMs, launchers, arms control, Mitt Romney, treaty limitations, strategic nuclear warheads, unilateral reductions, treaty imbalance, arms race, world peace, security implications, nuclear deterrence, START definitions, policy criticism, Russian military programs, U.S. disarmament, heritage foundation, nuclear treaty flaws, bomber counting rules, treaty compliance, arms negotiation, nuclear modernization, power balance New START, Russia advantage, US disadvantage, nuclear treaty loopholes, tactical nuclear weapons, strategic nuclear weapons, warhead counting, bomber loopholes, air-launched nuclear cruise missiles, rail-mobile ICBMs, treaty omissions, START limitations, missile launchers, unilateral reductions, Mitt Romney, arms control, treaty criticism, nuclear balance of power, world peace, treaty opposition, heavy bomber development, arms reduction negotiation, US-Russia relations New START, nuclear treaty, Russia, United States, strategic nuclear weapons, tactical nuclear advantage, loopholes, warhead counting, missile bombers, air-launched cruise missiles, rail-mobile ICBMs, treaty limitations, warhead-reduction, launcher limits, unilateral reductions, balance of power, Mitt Romney, heavy bomber, strategic arms control, treaty criticism, arms reduction, nuclear parity, verification, arms negotiation, Treaty loopholes, military advantage"
test-international-ehbfe-con01a	Moves toward federalism will endanger the stability of the EU  There are great dangers of forcing people in a direction they do not wish to go. An ill-advised dash to build a federal Europe could raise dormant nationalist feelings, promote the rise of populist politicians with xenophobic agendas and endanger the stability of the EU. A Gaullist “Europe of Nations” [1] preserves the current benefits of EU without the risks of further unwanted political integration.  “(...)Dominant groups have more to gain from the majoritarian principle which is indispensable for constitutional democracies. As such, minorities would be placed at an ever more disadvantaged position in a European state. Thus, the progression of the EU into a federal state is bound to have a more negative than it would a positive impact on European integration.” [2]  [1] Ross, ‘Chirac the Great or de Gaulle the Small?’  [2] Cocodia, ‘Problems of Integration in a Federal Europe’ federalism, EU stability, European integration, nationalism, populism, xenophobia, political integration, Europe of Nations, Gaullist Europe, minority rights, majoritarianism, constitutional democracy, unwanted integration, risks of federal Europe, rise of populist politicians, disadvantages for minorities, dangers of federalization, sovereignty, nation-state, supranationalism, EU governance federalism, EU stability, European Union, political integration, nationalism, populism, xenophobia, Europe of Nations, Gaullism, majoritarianism, minorities, European state, constitutional democracy, European integration, risks, dangers, political unity, national sovereignty, unwanted integration, populist politicians, dormant nationalism, minority disadvantage, federal Europe, democratic principles, de Gaulle, Chirac, Cocodia federalism, EU stability, European Union, nationalist sentiments, populism, xenophobia, political integration, Europe of Nations, Gaullism, minority rights, majoritarian principle, constitutional democracy, European integration, risks of federal Europe, national sovereignty, unwanted political change, dangers of federal structure, populist politicians, dormant nationalism, EU political risks federalism, European Union, EU stability, European integration, nationalism, populism, xenophobia, Gaullist, Europe of Nations, political integration, constitutional democracy, majority rule, minority rights, federal Europe, de Gaulle, Chirac, political risks, populist politicians, unwanted integration, disadvantages minorities, federal state, European state, dangers of federalism, EU governance, sovereignty, integration problems, nationalism resurgence, populist rise federalism, EU stability, European Union, political integration, nationalism, populism, xenophobia, Europe of Nations, Gaullism, majoritarian principle, minorities, European state, negative impact, risks, constitutional democracy, unwanted integration, political risks, dangers of federalism, EU integration, national sovereignty, Ross, Cocodia
test-society-tlhrilsfhwr-pro03a	Removing barriers to demobilisation, disarmament and rehabilitation  It can easily be conceded, without weakening the resolution, that war and combat are horrific, damaging experiences. Over the last seventy years, the international community has attempted to limit the suffering that follows the end of a conflict by giving soldiers and civilians access to medical and psychological care. This is now an accepted part of the practice of post-conflict reconstruction, referred to as Disarmament, Demobilisation and Reintegration (DDR) [i] .  The effects of chronic war and chronic engagement with war are best addressed by a slow and continuous process of habituation to normal life. Former child soldiers are sent to treatment centres specialising in this type of care in states such as Sierra Leone [ii] .  What is harmful to this process of recovery is the branding of child soldiers as war criminals. The stigma attached to such a conviction would condemn hundreds of former child soldiers to suffering extended beyond the end of armed conflicts.  Sentencing guidelines binding on the ICC state that anyone convicted of war crimes who is younger than eighteen should not be subject to a sentence of life imprisonment. Their treatment, once incarcerated, is required to be oriented toward rehabilitation.  Many child soldiers become officers within the organisations that they join. Alternately, they might find themselves ordered to seek more recruits from their villages and communities. For these children participation in the conflict becomes participation in the crime itself. What began as a choice of necessity during war-time could, under the status quo, damage and stigmatise a child during peace-time [iii] . Even if their sentence emphasises reform and education, a former child soldier is likely to become an uninjured casualty of the war, marked out as complicit in acts of aggression. When labelled as such children will become vulnerable to reprisal attacks and entrenched social exclusion.  Discussing attempts to foster former Colombian child combatants, the Coalition to Stop the Use of Child Soldiers state that, “The stigmatization of child soldiers, frequently perceived as violent and threatening, meant that families were reluctant to receive former child soldiers. Those leaving the specialized care centres moved either to youth homes or youth protection facilities for those with special protection problems. While efforts continued to strengthen fostering and family-based care, approximately 60 per cent of those entering the DDR program were in institutional care in 2007.” [iv]  Crucially, fear of being targeted by the ICC may lead former child soldiers to avoid disclosing their status to officials running demobilisation programs. They may be deterred from participating in the DDR process [v] .  Moreover, the authority of the ICC is often subject to criticism on the international stage by politicians and jurists linked to both democratic states [vi] and the non-liberal or authoritarian regimes most likely to become involved in conflicts that breach humanitarian law. It cannot assist the claims of the ICC to be a body that represents universal concepts of compassion and justice if it is seen to target children- often barely in their teens- in the course of prosecuting war crimes.  As the Child Soliders 2008 Global Report notes, “Prosecutions should not, by focusing solely on the recruitment and use of child soldiers, exclude other crimes committed against children. Such an approach risks stigmatizing child soldiers and ignores the wider abuses experienced by children in conflict situations. It is on these grounds that some have questioned the exclusive child-soldier focus of the ICC’s charges against Thomas Lubanga. After all, the Union of Congolese Patriots (UPC/L), the armed group he led, is widely acknowledged to have committed numerous other serious crimes against children, as well as adults.” [vii]  [i] “Case Studies in War to Peace Transition”, Coletta, N., Kostner, M., Widerhofer, I. The World Bank, 1996  [ii] “Return of Sierra Leone’s Lost Generation”, The Guardian, 02 March 2000,   [iii] “Agony Without End for Liberia’s Child Soldiers”, The Guardian, 12 July 2009,   [iv] “Child Soldiers: Global Report 2008”, Coalition to Stop the Use of Child Soldiers, 2007, p103,   [v] “Child Soldiers: Global Report 2008”, Coalition to Stop the Use of Child Soldiers, 2007, p16,   [vi] “America Attacked for ICC Tactics”, The Guardian, 27 August 2002,   [vii] “Child Soldiers: Global Report 2008”, Coalition to Stop the Use of Child Soldiers, 2007, pp32-33, demobilisation, disarmament, reintegration, DDR, child soldiers, post-conflict reconstruction, stigmatization, rehabilitation, psychological care, medical care, war crimes, ICC, sentencing, trauma, Sierra Leone, Colombia, war-affected children, social exclusion, recruitment, international humanitarian law, transitional justice, institutional care, fostering, family-based care, Lubanga, Union of Congolese Patriots, global report, demobilisation barriers, re-integration, war trauma, post-war recovery, prosecuting children, war criminal branding, reprisal attacks, international law, youth protection, conflict resolution, conflict aftermath, former combat disarmament, demobilisation, rehabilitation, DDR, post-conflict reconstruction, child soldiers, stigma, war crimes, ICC, reintegration, psychological care, chronic war, treatment centres, Sierra Leone, Liberia, recruitment, social exclusion, sentence guidelines, international criminal court, institutional care, family-based care, fostering, reprisal attacks, humanitarian law, war trauma, conflict recovery, Thomas Lubanga, Union of Congolese Patriots, transitional justice, international law, youth protection, post-war recovery, trauma, civilian reintegration, criminal justice, war crimes prosecution, child soldier reintegration, stigmatization, peacebuilding, combat demobilisation, disarmament, rehabilitation, DDR, post-conflict reconstruction, child soldiers, stigma, war crimes, International Criminal Court, ICC, post-war recovery, psychological care, medical care, Sierra Leone, Liberia, reintegration, social exclusion, war trauma, youth protection, institutional care, family-based care, prosecuting children, humanitarian law, fostering, chronic war, criminal branding, reprisal attacks, transitional justice, former combatants, international humanitarian law, Thomas Lubanga, Union of Congolese Patriots, human rights, armed conflict, reintegration barriers, youth rehabilitation, peacebuilding, reintegration challenges, social rein demobilisation, disarmament, rehabilitation, DDR, post-conflict reconstruction, child soldiers, war crimes, ICC, stigmatization, reintegration, psychological care, medical care, post-war recovery, sentencing guidelines, humanitarian law, former combatants, institutional care, family-based care, Sierra Leone, Colombia, Liberia, recruitment of child soldiers, international law, war trauma, social exclusion, reprisal attacks, transitional justice, rehabilitation programs, peacebuilding, youth protection, transitional justice, conflict recovery, transitional process, post-conflict societies, international criminal court, legal protections, demobilisation barriers, child soldier stigma, reintegration demobilisation, disarmament, rehabilitation, DDR, post-conflict reconstruction, child soldiers, war crimes, ICC, stigma, reintegration, psychological care, medical care, postwar trauma, social exclusion, reprisal attacks, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Colombia, war criminal branding, sentencing guidelines, youth protection, fostering, institutional care, international law, humanitarian law, justice, compassion, Thomas Lubanga, Union of Congolese Patriots, recruitment, transitional justice, chronic war, civilian impact, former combatants, crime participation, reintegration barriers, specialized care, family reluctance, fear of prosecution, international criticism, universal justice
test-philosophy-elhbrd-pro03a	The decision to die is a deeply personal one - it is no business of the state.  Ultimately, the decision to die is a personal one, it may affect others but, clearly it has the greatest impact on the person who decides to die.  Clearly those who remain behind will have to deal with the consequences of that death and the end of their relationship with that person but, one would hope, that would be the case if she had died of natural causes at a later date. Furthermore the experience of watching someone die can by as traumatic, or more so, for the carer or loved one than it is for the individual concerned.  What it clearly is not, is an issue for legislators and other strangers who have no connection to the person involved. There are deeply personal issues such as love, death, sex, and reproduction where we accept the state may have a role in the formal sense of preventing their abuse but otherwise should not have an opinion either way. With the right to die the state has maintained not only an opinion but a criminal sanction. This is a clear example of where the role of the state is to respect the individual and step back; legislation is far too cumbersome a tool with be used in circumstances as varied and complex as these.  Dealing with the loss of a loved one, particularly in a situation such as assisted suicide, is painful and traumatic enough for all concerned without adding to that the additional stress of a threat of criminal sanction. right to die, assisted suicide, euthanasia, personal autonomy, state intervention, legislation, criminal sanction, individual rights, ethical issues, death, end-of-life decisions, bereavement, trauma, carers, loved ones, state role, personal choice, government regulation, moral responsibility, public policy, private matters, suffering, dignity in death, compassion, legal issues, human rights, quality of life, mental health, freedom of choice right to die, assisted suicide, personal autonomy, state intervention, legislation, criminal sanction, end-of-life decisions, individual rights, euthanasia, mental health, grief, trauma, carers, loved ones, state role, ethical issues, personal choice, death, end-of-life care, moral autonomy, legal implications, suffering, dignity in death, public policy, government involvement, personal liberty right to die, assisted suicide, personal autonomy, state intervention, death, individual rights, legislation, criminal sanction, euthanasia, personal decision, state role, end-of-life choices, trauma, carer experience, bereavement, law and morality, death with dignity, government involvement, ethical issues, legal issues right to die, assisted suicide, euthanasia, personal autonomy, state intervention, individual rights, criminal sanction, legislation, end-of-life decisions, death, trauma, grief, carers, loved ones, compassion, autonomy, state role, personal choice, legal issues, ethical considerations, self-determination, criminalization, mental health, caregiver burden, bereavement, legislative limitations, dignity in dying, end-of-life care right to die, assisted suicide, personal autonomy, role of the state, death, legislation, criminal sanction, end of life decisions, individual rights, trauma, carers, bereavement, ethical issues, personal choice, government intervention, emotional impact, euthanasia, state involvement, freedom, terminal illness, dignity in death, legal issues, suicide, law and morality, loss, relationships, end-of-life care
test-politics-cpegiepgh-con02a	"In joining the single currency, Britain would have to surrender her sovereignty and allow Brussels (where the EU is based) to dictate her financial affairs.  If she accepted the Euro as her currency, Britain would have to hand the control she has over her economy over to Brussels. EU Committees would dictate how she may spend and tax. It is too dangerous for any country to have her economic affairs dictated by another country. This is an issue even Europhiles (those who support the EU) are sceptical about. ""Joining the euro would involve a major surrendering of our sovereignty, severely hindering our ability to run the economy as we see fit. We would lose control over interest rates, and the ability to manage the economy through taxing and spending. Instead, it would be run by European committees… Even British politician Kenneth Clarke, nicknamed “Europe’s biggest friend” and one of the leading campaigners for the euro, admits that Britain’s ability to tax is central to its democracy.”1  1Browne, A., 2001, ""The Euro: Should Britain Join?"", page 70 Britain, single currency, euro, sovereignty, Brussels, EU, financial affairs, economic control, taxation, spending, Europhiles, scepticism, interest rates, economic management, European committees, democracy, Kenneth Clarke, euro campaign, fiscal policy, economic independence, monetary union Britain, single currency, Euro, surrender sovereignty, EU, Brussels, financial affairs, economic control, EU Committees, spending, taxation, interest rates, economic policy, democracy, British economy, economic independence, Kenneth Clarke, Europhiles, Euro scepticism, currency union, fiscal policy single currency, Britain, sovereignty, Brussels, European Union, EU, financial affairs, Euro, economic control, EU Committees, taxation, spending, economic policy, interest rates, economic independence, democracy, Europhiles, euro scepticism, Kenneth Clarke, British politics, major surrender, economic management, national control, monetary union single currency, Britain, sovereignty, Brussels, EU, financial affairs, Euro, economic control, spend, tax, EU Committees, economic policy, interest rates, taxation, democracy, European integration, Kenneth Clarke, euro membership, economic independence, policy autonomy, europhiles, scepticism, surrendering sovereignty, Euro adoption, UK economy, fiscal policy single currency, Britain, surrender sovereignty, Brussels, EU, financial affairs, Euro, economy control, EU Committees, taxation, spending, economic affairs, economic policy, Europhiles, skepticism, interest rates, economic management, European committees, Kenneth Clarke, democracy, British politics, integration, monetary union, fiscal policy, national control, European Union, economic independence, loss of sovereignty, eurozone, decision-making, taxation power"
test-international-miasimyhw-pro03a	Policies towards a free labour market will create unity.  National borders are a result of Africa’s colonial history. The boundaries constructed do not reflect meaning or unite ethnic groups across the continent. The border between Togo and Ghana alone divides the Dagomba, Akposso, Konkomba and Ewe peoples. [1] Therefore encouraging freedom of movement across Africa will erase a vital component of Africa’s colonial history.  The erasing of boundaries, for labour markets, will have significant impacts for rebuilding a sense of unity, and reducing xenophobic fears, of which have been politically constructed.  A sense of unity will motivate citizens to reduce disparities and inequalities of poverty.  [1] Cogneau, 2012, pp.5-6 free labour market, African unity, colonial borders, Africa, ethnic groups, freedom of movement, migration, Togo-Ghana border, Dagomba, Akposso, Konkomba, Ewe, colonial history, border erasure, labour mobility, xenophobia, anti-xenophobia policies, poverty reduction, inequalities, African integration, socioeconomic impact, Cogneau 2012 free labour market, African unity, colonial borders, Africa, ethnic groups, Togo-Ghana border, Dagomba, Akposso, Konkomba, Ewe, freedom of movement, erasing boundaries, labour migration, post-colonial Africa, xenophobia, poverty reduction, policy impact, inequality, colonial history, political borders, Cogneau 2012 free labour market, Africa, colonial borders, ethnic groups, freedom of movement, national unity, Togo-Ghana border, Dagomba, Akposso, Konkomba, Ewe, postcolonial Africa, xenophobia, political borders, reconstruction of unity, poverty reduction, migration policy, labor mobility, historical boundaries, Cogneau 2012, African integration free labour market, Africa, national borders, colonial history, ethnic groups, unity, Togo-Ghana border, Dagomba, Akposso, Konkomba, Ewe, freedom of movement, erasing boundaries, xenophobia, political construction, poverty reduction, economic disparities, inequality, labour mobility, African integration, border policy free labour market, unity, national borders, Africa, colonial history, ethnic groups, Togo, Ghana, Dagomba, Akposso, Konkomba, Ewe, freedom of movement, boundary erasure, labour mobility, xenophobia, political construction, inequality reduction, poverty, African unity, Cogneau 2012
test-international-gpsmhbsosb-con01a	"Illegitimacy of the 2006 referendum  South Ossetia was wrong to hold elections under conflict conditions. In 2006, South Ossetia can be said to have been in 8 conflicts with Georgia when it held its 2006 referendum on independence. Holding referendums under such conflict conditions is generally illegitimate because the results of the elections are skewed by the conflict, threats, and the various risks for the voters involved. This caused David Bakradze, the chairman of a Georgian parliamentary European Integration Committee, to comment, “Under conflict conditions, you cannot speak about legitimate elections.” [1] This mirrors European human rights watchdog, the Council of Europe’s, denunciation of the referendum as ""unnecessary, unhelpful and unfair"". [2] Furthermore Russia's involvement in the 2006 referendum arguably corrupted its validity, as many of the authorities in S. Ossetia were installed there by the Russian government. [3]  [1] Radio Free Europe. “Overwhelming Support For South Ossetia Independence”. Radio Free Europe. The Journal of the Turkish Weekly. 13 November 2006.   [2] Walker, Shaun. “South Ossetia: Russian, Georgian...independent?”. Open Democracy. 15 November 2006.   [3] Socor, Vladimir. “MOSCOW’S FINGERPRINTS ALL OVER SOUTH OSSETIA’S REFERENDUM”. Eurasia Daily Monitor Volume: 3 Issue: 212. The Jamestown Foundation. 15 November 2006. South Ossetia, 2006 referendum, illegitimacy, conflict conditions, Georgia, independence, elections, skewed results, threats, voter risks, David Bakradze, European Integration Committee, legitimacy, Council of Europe, denunciation, unnecessary referendum, unhelpful referendum, unfair referendum, Russia involvement, corrupted validity, Russian authorities, Radio Free Europe, Open Democracy, Jamestown Foundation, Moscow influence, election interference, European human rights, disputed territories, international law, election manipulation, separatism, Eurasia Daily Monitor South Ossetia, 2006 referendum, illegitimacy, conflict conditions, Georgian conflicts, independence, election legitimacy, voter intimidation, referendum validity, David Bakradze, European Integration Committee, Council of Europe, fairness, Russian involvement, Russian-installed authorities, electoral corruption, international condemnation, human rights, skewed election results, legitimacy challenges South Ossetia, 2006 referendum, illegitimacy, elections, conflict conditions, Georgia, independence, election legitimacy, electoral integrity, Council of Europe, European human rights, Russian involvement, electoral interference, skewed results, voter risks, David Bakradze, legitimacy, conflict zones, unfair elections, international condemnation, referendum criticism, Moscow influence, authority installation, electoral corruption, Eurasia Daily Monitor, Open Democracy, Radio Free Europe South Ossetia, 2006 referendum, illegitimacy, conflict conditions, Georgia, independence, electoral legitimacy, voter risk, electoral manipulation, Council of Europe, Russian involvement, David Bakradze, European Integration Committee, referendum fairness, election corruption, Russian-installed authorities, international condemnation, skewed election results, human rights, conflict impact on elections, Eurasia Daily Monitor, Radio Free Europe, Open Democracy, Turkish Weekly, Jamestown Foundation South Ossetia, 2006 referendum, illegitimacy, conflict conditions, elections, independence, Georgia conflicts, voter risks, electoral legitimacy, David Bakradze, Council of Europe, European human rights, Russian involvement, electoral fairness, geopolitical influence, referendum corruption, installed authorities, international response, political instability, external interference, Radio Free Europe, Open Democracy, Jamestown Foundation"
test-international-iwiaghbss-con01a	Other states would not want to waste resources on a refugee state  The Seychelles are not a particularly rich place. Their main industries are tourism and tuna fishing accounting for 32% of employment, [1] both of which are unfortunately entirely dependent upon the territory of the islands themselves and cannot be moved. The result is that the Seychelles have little to offer those states that might consider giving up territory. The country will therefore have difficulty rebuilding its economy and would likely be a drain upon its host making countries unwilling to take on the commitment.  [1] The World Bank, ‘Seychelles Overview’, October 2013, Seychelles, refugee state, resource allocation, tourism industry, tuna fishing, employment, economic dependency, territorial dependence, economic contribution, host countries, willingness, relocation, economic challenges, World Bank, 2013, country economy, state support, economic drain, international assistance, island economy refugee state, Seychelles, resource allocation, tourism industry, tuna fishing, economic dependency, employment sectors, island territory, economic challenges, host countries, relocation difficulty, economic burden, willingness to accept refugees, territory loss, World Bank, economic viability, resettlement obstacles Seychelles, refugee state, resource allocation, tourism, tuna fishing, employment, economic dependency, territorial limitations, relocation challenges, host countries, economic burden, state commitment, World Bank, Seychelles economy, island industries, territory-dependent industries, international aid, state resettlement, economic viability, state cooperation Seychelles, refugee state, resource allocation, host country, tourism industry, tuna fishing, economic dependency, island territory, economic challenges, employment, territorial relocation, international relations, state commitment, World Bank, economic drain, territory offer, rebuilding economy, host country reluctance Seychelles, refugee state, economic challenges, tourism industry, tuna fishing, limited resources, employment, territory dependence, host country burden, relocation difficulty, World Bank, 2013, international relations, state cooperation, resource allocation, willingness to host, economic sustainability, migration, resettlement, island economy, state incentives
test-health-hpehwadvoee-con05a	Doctors should not be asked to take the moral burden of people who want to commit suicide  It is not fair to ask doctors who have committed their lives to preserving health to act as an instrument of killing a person. The doctor will then have to live with the doubt as to whether the act of assisting in the donation was just or not. In other words, if the person who wanted to die for another did not do so voluntarily, the act of killing him or her is morally wrong and the doctor becomes complicit. In order to carry out this scheme, the individual moral autonomy of doctors will be violated. [1]  [1] Tremblay, Joe. “Organ Donation Euthanasia: A Growing Epidemic.” Catholic News Agency, (2013). physician-assisted suicide, moral burden, doctors' ethics, euthanasia, organ donation, medical ethics, moral autonomy, complicity, voluntariness, assisted dying, healthcare ethics, physician responsibilities, ethical dilemmas, patient consent, Catholic ethics, end-of-life care, professional integrity, organ donation euthanasia, Tremblay Joe, moral conflict, healthcare professionals, instrumentalization, ethical controversy, right to die physician assisted suicide, medical ethics, organ donation euthanasia, doctors moral responsibility, healthcare professionals, end-of-life decisions, individual moral autonomy, ethical dilemmas, medical profession, killing vs healing, moral burden, voluntary euthanasia, complicity, organ donation controversy, Catholic ethics, Tremblay Joe, conscience rights, healthcare morality, assisted dying, ethical conflict doctors, moral burden, assisted suicide, physician assisted death, ethical dilemma, organ donation, euthanasia, medical ethics, moral autonomy, health preservation, complicit, voluntary euthanasia, consent, moral responsibility, Catholic perspective, bioethics, Tremblay Joe, individual autonomy, life preservation, medical profession, ethical conflict, Catholic News Agency euthanasia, physician-assisted suicide, organ donation, medical ethics, moral burden, doctors, healthcare professionals, individual autonomy, moral responsibility, complicity, voluntary consent, right to die, end-of-life decision, Catholic viewpoint, ethical dilemmas, patient autonomy, professional responsibility, organ donation euthanasia, Tremblay, moral conflict physician-assisted suicide, medical ethics, euthanasia, organ donation, moral autonomy, doctors' moral burden, healthcare ethics, assisted dying, patient consent, complicity, end-of-life decisions, Hippocratic Oath, medical professionalism, Catholic ethics, voluntary euthanasia, non-voluntary euthanasia, organ donation ethics, patient autonomy, doctor-patient relationship, ethical dilemmas, medical moral responsibility
test-law-tahglcphsld-pro06a	The law is hypocritical  In most countries where drugs are illegal, tobacco and alcohol, which arguably have equally devastating consequences in society, are legal. In a UK study, alcohol was shown to have the worst effects of any drug, yet the current law recognises that people should be able to choose whether they drink or not. [1] The same should be true of drugs.  [1] Professor David Nutt, ‘Drug Harms in the UK: a multicriteria decision analysis’, The Lancet, Vol 376, Issue 9752, pp. 1558-1565, 6th November 2010, law, hypocrisy, drug policy, illegal drugs, legal substances, tobacco, alcohol, societal impact, UK study, drug comparison, David Nutt, drug harms, multicriteria decision analysis, The Lancet, substance regulation, personal choice, harm reduction, legal inconsistency, public health, drug legislation drug legislation, legal hypocrisy, alcohol vs drugs, tobacco legality, drug policy, societal harm comparison, UK drug laws, Professor David Nutt, legal substance comparison, The Lancet drug study, multicriteria decision analysis, substance harm ranking, public health law, alcohol societal impact, drug prohibition, addictive substances, drug versus alcohol consequences, harm reduction, drug law reform drug laws, hypocrisy, legality, tobacco, alcohol, societal impact, drug policy, UK, study, drug harm, David Nutt, The Lancet, multicriteria decision analysis, legalisation, criminalisation, personal choice, substance regulation, public health, comparative harm, controlled substances drug laws, legal hypocrisy, drug policy, alcohol legality, tobacco legality, drug effects, societal impact, UK study, substance harm, David Nutt, multicriteria decision analysis, The Lancet, legal regulation, public health, alcohol harm, drug legalization, substance comparison, drug prohibition, law inconsistency, personal choice drug laws, hypocrisy, alcohol, tobacco, drug legality, UK, drug policy, societal impact, substance comparison, David Nutt, The Lancet, harm assessment, legalization debate, public health, multicriteria decision analysis, addictive substances, legal drugs, illegal drugs, drug harms, societal consequences
test-sport-otshwbe2uuyt-pro03a	Boycotting Euro 2012 is proportional  Diplomacy is necessary with any regime almost no matter how oppressive they are however that does not show approval of a regime to the world in the way that high profile visits and events can. Just as the Beijing Olympics were the People’s Republic of China’s coming out party so Euro 2012 is an ideal chance for Ukraine to show itself off to Europe and the rest of the world. If there was not a boycott this would implicitly show that Europe approves of Ukraine and the actions of its government.  In a list of possible diplomatic responses that range from verbal diplomatic complaints right up to sanctions a boycott represents a mid-point. A boycott is perhaps the best action that the European Union leaders could take is it takes away the shine that the event would otherwise give the Yanukovych. It will be denying him the political benefits of the Euros while highlighting rights concerns. A boycott is also proportional because it gives Ukraine’s leaders a chance to reform before beginning any further measures that would have a much deeper effect on diplomatic relations. Euro 2012, boycott, proportional response, diplomacy, oppressive regimes, regime approval, high profile events, Beijing Olympics, China, Ukraine, European Union, government actions, diplomatic responses, sanctions, political benefits, Yanukovych, rights concerns, reform, diplomatic relations, international events, EU leaders, political signaling, external pressure, soft power, human rights, sports diplomacy Euro 2012, boycott, proportional response, diplomacy, oppressive regimes, high profile events, international approval, Beijing Olympics, Ukraine, European Union, government actions, diplomatic responses, sanctions, Yanukovych, political benefits, human rights concerns, reform, diplomatic relations, international relations, sports diplomacy, political legitimacy Euro 2012, boycott, proportional response, diplomacy, oppressive regimes, international approval, high-profile events, Beijing Olympics, Ukraine, European Union, sanctions, Yanukovych, political benefits, human rights, diplomatic relations, reform, diplomatic measures, sports boycott, international relations, government actions, political symbolism boycott, Euro 2012, proportional response, diplomacy, oppressive regimes, international approval, Ukraine, government actions, high profile events, Beijing Olympics, global image, European Union, sanctions, political benefits, Yanukovych, rights concerns, diplomatic measures, reform, international relations, event boycott, political pressure, human rights, public perception Euro 2012, boycott, proportional response, diplomacy, oppressive regimes, high profile events, international approval, Beijing Olympics, China, Ukraine, global image, government actions, European Union, diplomatic options, sanctions, Yanukovych, human rights, political benefits, rights concerns, reform opportunity, diplomatic relations
test-international-iiahwagit-con01a	African countries have little money to spare  Africa has some of the least developed countries in the world, making extensive protection of endangered animals unviable. Many African countries are burdened by the more pressing issues of civil war, large debts, poverty, and economic underdevelopment. [1] These factors already draw significant amounts of money from limited budgets. Tanzania, for example, has revenue of $5.571 billion and an expenditure of $6.706 billion. [2] Increased expenditure on animal protection projects would only serve to worsen this budget deficit.  [1] Simensen, J. ‘Africa: the causes of under-development and the challenges of globalisation’  [2] The World Factbook ‘Tanzania’ African countries, limited funds, least developed countries, endangered animals, wildlife protection, civil war, national debt, poverty, economic underdevelopment, government budgets, Tanzania, budget deficit, public expenditure, development challenges, globalisation, underdevelopment causes Africa, African countries, underdevelopment, least developed countries, endangered animals, wildlife protection, conservation funding, limited budgets, civil war, debt, poverty, economic underdevelopment, budget deficit, Tanzania, government expenditure, revenue, financial constraints, animal protection, development challenges, globalisation, environmental policy Africa, African countries, limited budgets, underdevelopment, least developed countries, endangered animals, wildlife protection, economic constraints, poverty, civil war, large debts, budget deficit, Tanzania, government expenditure, revenue, economic challenges, conservation funding, globalisation, development issues, animal protection, public spending, financial limitations, resource allocation Africa, African countries, endangered animals, wildlife protection, conservation funding, least developed countries, underdevelopment, civil war, poverty, economic challenges, national budget, government spending, budget deficit, foreign debt, Tanzania, fiscal constraints, development priorities, financial limitations, Simensen, World Factbook Africa, African countries, budget constraints, limited funds, economic underdevelopment, poverty, civil war, national debt, government expenditure, revenue, least developed countries, endangered animals, conservation funding, animal protection, budget deficit, Tanzania, development challenges, resource allocation, public spending, financial limitations, globalisation, Simensen, World Factbook
test-international-aglhrilhb-con01a	Peace more important than Justice  In practice, prosecutions often come at the expense of other forms of reconciliation. For instance before Truth and Reconciliation Commissions can work amnesties have to be given for people to be willing to tell their stories. In order for people to put down weapons, or agree to tell stories, prosecutions must be given up.  This is evident with the conflict is South Sudan; the opposition which had signed the ceasefire agreement to restore stability in the region, breached it and started fighting again when many of its members were indicted for the crimes they had committed [1]. In such case the most important thing is to prevent future atrocities as healing can only start when there is no conflict or atrocities going on.  [1] Deustche Welle, ‘South Sudan: Rebels Strike Oil Centre, Breaching Ceasefire’, allafrica.com, 18 February 2014, peace, justice, reconciliation, prosecutions, amnesties, Truth and Reconciliation Commissions, conflict resolution, South Sudan, ceasefire, stability, healing, atrocities prevention, war crimes, story-telling, conflict, rebels, peace agreements, transitional justice, compromise, stability over retribution, post-conflict societies, future atrocities, healing process, conflict cessation Peace vs Justice, reconciliation, prosecutions, amnesty, Truth and Reconciliation Commissions, conflict resolution, South Sudan, ceasefire agreement, war crimes, preventing future atrocities, transitional justice, stability, storytelling, healing, conflict prevention, post-conflict justice, peace negotiations, forgiveness, accountability, peacebuilding peace, justice, reconciliation, prosecutions, amnesty, Truth and Reconciliation Commissions, conflict resolution, South Sudan, ceasefire, stability, atrocities prevention, healing, storytelling, post-conflict, rebel indictments, conflict termination, war crimes, transitional justice, peace agreements, crime impunity, truth telling peace vs justice, reconciliation, prosecutions, amnesty, truth and reconciliation commissions, conflict resolution, ceasefire, South Sudan, post-conflict healing, atrocities prevention, transitional justice, stability, conflict cessation, deustche welle, allafrica.com, rebel indictments, restorative justice, criminal accountability, peace agreements, storytelling, justice trade-off, conflict relapse peace, justice, reconciliation, prosecutions, amnesties, truth and reconciliation commissions, conflict resolution, South Sudan, ceasefire, indictments, stability, post-conflict, healing, atrocity prevention, rebel groups, story-telling, criminal accountability, stability vs. justice, transitional justice, conflict, future atrocities, peacebuilding
test-economy-fiahwpamu-con02a	Deeper issues unresolved  Microfinance provides a quick-fix solution for the poor. The individual, or community, is provided with a loan to invest in their future. However, although access to capital is a key concern for enabling entrepreneurialism it is not the silver bullet. Microfinance schemes will fail without providing a stable political and economic environment that makes a good climate to invest in.  Microfinance is essentially short-termist. It encourages investment but only in things that will bring a quick return. With interest rates as high as 30% the person taking the loan needs to pay it back as quickly as possible. This can sometimes be against an individual’s long term interests, for example access to microfinance often reduces primary school attendance as this is a long term investment that will not pay back the loan money (IOE, 2011). microfinance, quick-fix solution, poverty alleviation, entrepreneurialism, access to capital, loan repayment, political environment, economic stability, investment climate, short-termism, high interest rates, long-term impact, educational outcomes, primary school attendance, developmental finance, barriers to success, socioeconomic factors, sustainable development, microcredit limitations, IOE 2011, community investment, repayment pressure microfinance, quick-fix solutions, poverty, loans, entrepreneurialism, access to capital, political environment, economic stability, investment climate, short-termism, high interest rates, loan repayment, long-term interests, education impact, primary school attendance, development challenges, microfinance limitations, economic development, sustainable development, poverty alleviation microfinance, quick-fix solution, poverty, access to capital, entrepreneurialism, political environment, economic environment, investment climate, short-termism, high interest rates, loan repayment, long-term interests, primary school attendance, education impact, loan constraints, sustainable development, microcredit limitations, financial inclusion, social impact, community investment microfinance, quick-fix solution, poverty alleviation, unresolved issues, access to capital, entrepreneurialism, political stability, economic environment, investment climate, short-termism, high interest rates, loan repayment, long-term impact, primary school attendance, opportunity cost, education trade-offs, IOE 2011, microcredit limitations, sustainable development, structural barriers microfinance, unresolved issues, quick-fix, poverty alleviation, loan access, entrepreneurialism, capital, stable environment, political stability, economic stability, investment climate, scheme failure, short-termism, interest rates, loan repayment, long-term impact, education, primary school attendance, negative consequences, IOE 2011
test-sport-ybfgsohbhog-pro01a	Hosting creates a 'feel-good' factor  Hosting creates a 'feel-good factor'. It is hard to put a price on the buzz that surrounds international sporting events. Think of Paris during the World Football Cup in 1998 or Sydney during the 2002 Olympics. Even sporting success abroad can unite a nation (for example the England Rugby Union Team's victory in the 2003 Rugby World Cup in Australia). Governments are aware of the huge potential for boosting national pride and national unity. The Paris 2012 bid has used a well-known footballer, Zinedine Zidane, who is the son of an immigrant to stress how hosting the Olympics would bring Parisians of all backgrounds together. It is partly because of this 'feel-good factor' that so many people want their city to host the Olympics (97% of Parisians and 87% of Londoners want the 2012 Olympics). hosting, feel-good factor, international sporting events, national pride, national unity, Olympics, World Cup, Paris 2012 bid, Zinedine Zidane, community cohesion, city support, sports tourism, public sentiment, event impact, government strategy, nation-building, Paris, Sydney, London, public opinion, sports legacy, multiculturalism, sports event benefits feel-good factor, hosting international sporting events, national pride, national unity, Paris World Cup 1998, Sydney Olympics 2002, England Rugby World Cup 2003, government, Zinedine Zidane, Paris 2012 bid, Olympics, social cohesion, community spirit, sporting success, city hosting Olympics, public opinion, immigrant representation, national morale, sporting event impact, London 2012 Olympics feel-good factor, hosting international sporting events, national pride, national unity, Olympic Games, Paris 2012 bid, community cohesion, global sports events, Zinedine Zidane, sport tourism, economic impact, city branding, national identity, public enthusiasm, government support, event legacy, multiculturalism, major events, urban development, international recognition feel-good factor, hosting international sporting events, national pride, national unity, Olympics, World Cup, Zinedine Zidane, Paris 2012 bid, sporting success, community cohesion, city hosting benefits, sport tourism, social impact of sports, national morale, major sports events, public support for Olympics, sporting event atmosphere, national identity, immigrant integration, sports and society, urban unity feel-good factor, hosting international sporting events, national pride, national unity, Olympics, World Cup, public sentiment, community cohesion, Paris 1998, Sydney 2000 Olympics, England Rugby 2003, government support, Zinedine Zidane, immigrant representation, Olympic bid, public support, city hosting benefits, social impact, unity through sports, national morale, event atmosphere
test-economy-egppphbcb-pro03a	"The capitalist society enhances personal freedom  The Western democratic capitalist system protects individual's rights and liberties through freedom from of interference by other people. Mature adult citizens are believed to have the capacity to choose what kind of life they want to lead and create their own future without paternalistic coercion from the state (Berlin, 1958). The capitalist society's ideals could perhaps be best exemplified with the American dream where everyone has an initial equal opportunity to reach their full potential, each individual being choosing their own path free from external coercion,. James Truslow Adams defines the American Dream as the following in 1931 ""life should be better and richer and fuller for everyone, with opportunity for each according to ability or achievement""1. The current President of United Stated Barack Obama is a typical example of a person who has achieved the American dream. Barack Obama did not start his life with a traditional ""fortunate circumstance"" previous presidents had enjoyed (e.g. George Bush). Nevertheless he succeeded in transcending his social class, his race etc. and became the president of United States2. Thus capitalism provides everyone with a fair chance to reach great achievements in their life if they seize the opportunities.  1 James Truslow Adams papers, 1918-1949. (n.d.). Columbia University Library. Retrieved June 7, 2011  2 Barack Obama is the American Dream writ large. (2008). Mirror. Retrieved June 7, 2011 capitalist society, personal freedom, Western democracy, capitalist system, individual rights, individual liberties, freedom from interference, mature citizens, personal choice, non-paternalistic state, Berlin 1958, American Dream, equal opportunity, self-determination, social mobility, James Truslow Adams, achievement, opportunity, Barack Obama, social class mobility, race transcendence, United States presidency, capitalism, fair chance, life achievement, external coercion, meritocracy, social equality, liberal democracy capitalist society, personal freedom, Western democracy, capitalism, individual rights, individual liberties, freedom from interference, mature citizens, personal choice, life choices, non-paternalism, state interference, American dream, equal opportunity, self-determination, James Truslow Adams, opportunity, meritocracy, achievement, Barack Obama, social mobility, race, class, United States, fair chance, success, external coercion, liberty, achievement, social advancement capitalist society, personal freedom, Western democracy, individual rights, liberties, non-interference, mature citizens, self-determination, paternalistic coercion, state interference, American Dream, equal opportunity, social mobility, James Truslow Adams, achievement, Barack Obama, meritocracy, social class transcendence, external coercion, fair chance, freedom of choice, capitalism, liberal democracy, opportunity, achievement motivation, individual autonomy, social mobility examples, United States, presidential success, race transcendence capitalist society, personal freedom, Western democracy, individual rights, liberties, non-interference, mature citizens, self-determination, state paternalism, Berlin 1958, American dream, equal opportunity, achievement, James Truslow Adams, social mobility, Barack Obama, social class, fair chance, opportunity, meritocracy, liberty, individualism, external coercion, race, United States, success stories, achievement barriers, democracy, freedom capitalist society, personal freedom, Western democracy, capitalism, individual rights, civil liberties, freedom from interference, autonomy, self-determination, paternalism, state coercion, American Dream, equal opportunity, meritocracy, social mobility, achievement, James Truslow Adams, Barack Obama, opportunity, social class, race transcendence, fair chance, liberalism, democracy, individualism, success stories, historical examples, liberty"
test-international-glilpdwhsn-con01a	"The New START treaty harms US nuclear capabilities  As David Ganz, the president of the Jewish Institute for National Security Affairs (JINSA), argues: ""This treaty would restrain the development and deployment of new nuclear weapons, missile defense systems, and missile delivery systems."" [1] The atrophying U.S. nuclear arsenal and weapons enterprise make reductions in the U.S. strategic nuclear arsenal even more dangerous. The new START treaty allows nuclear modernization but while the US capacity to modernize nuclear weapons is limited and either congress or the president is likely to prevent modernization on cost grounds. The Russians have a large, if unknown, advantage over the United States in terms of nonstrategic, particularly tactical, and nuclear weapons. The New START treaty however ignores these weapons entirely as it is focused on strategic arms. This therefore leaves the Russians with an advantage and potentially reduces the potential for deterrence in areas beyond the US. [2]  New START also restricts US missile defence options. The Obama Administration insists the treaty doesn’t affect it, but the Kremlin’s takes a different view: ""[START] can operate and be viable only if the United States of America refrains from developing its missile-defense capabilities quantitatively or qualitatively."" [3] New START imposes restrictions on U.S. missile defence options in at least four areas. First the preamble recognizes “the interrelationship between strategic offensive arms and strategic defensive arms” it seeks to make sure defensive arms “do not undermine the viability and effectiveness of the strategic offensive arms of the parties” so defensive arms must be reduced to allow offensive arms to remain effective. [4] Russia also issued a unilateral statement on April 7, 2010, Russia reinforced this restriction by issuing a unilateral statement asserting that it considers the “extraordinary events” that give “the right to withdraw from this treaty” to include a buildup of missile defense. [5] Second, Article V states “Each Party shall not convert and shall not use ICBM launchers and SLBM launchers for placement of missile defense interceptors” and vice versa. [6] There are also restrictions on some types of missiles and launchers that are used in the testing of missile defense. And Finally, article X established the Bilateral Consultative Commission (BCC), the treaty’s implementing body, with oversight over the implementation of the treaty which may impose additional restrictions on the U.S. missile defense program. [7]  [1] Weingarten, Elizabeth. “How did New START become a Jewish issue?”. The Atlantic. 1 Decemebr 2010.   [2] Spring, Baker. ""Twelve Flaws of New START That Will Be Difficult to Fix"". Heritage Foundation, The Foundry. 16 September 2010.   [3] Brookes, Peter. “Not a new START, but a bad START”. The Hill. 13 September 2010.   [4] Obama, Barak, and Medvedev, Dmitri, ‘Treaty Between The United States of America And The Russian Federation On Measures For The Further Reduction And Limitation Of Strategic Offensive Arms’, U.S. Department of State,   [5] Bureau of Verification, Compliance, and Implementation, ‘New START Treaty Fact Sheet: Unilateral Statements’, U.S. Department of State, 13 May 2010,   [6] Obama, Barak, and Medvedev, Dmitri, ‘Treaty Between The United States of America And The Russian Federation On Measures For The Further Reduction And Limitation Of Strategic Offensive Arms’, U.S. Department of State,   [7] Spring, Baker. ""Twelve Flaws of New START That Will Be Difficult to Fix"". Heritage Foundation, The Foundry. 16 September 2010. New START treaty, US nuclear capabilities, nuclear modernization, missile defense, missile delivery systems, JINSA, David Ganz, strategic nuclear arsenal, tactical nuclear weapons, nonstrategic nuclear weapons, US-Russia arms control, nuclear deterrence, nuclear parity, US congress, nuclear weapons enterprise, modernization limits, Russian nuclear advantage, strategic arms reduction, missile defense restrictions, Article V, Bilateral Consultative Commission, BCC, missile interceptor launchers, treaty implementation, Obama Administration, Russian unilateral statement, arms limitation, heritage foundation, nuclear weapons policy, nuclear force structure, arms control agreement, strategic offensive arms, strategic defensive arms, US New START treaty, US nuclear capabilities, nuclear modernization, missile defense restrictions, nuclear arsenal reduction, tactical nuclear weapons, nonstrategic nuclear weapons, strategic arms limitation, Russian nuclear advantage, JINSA, David Ganz, missile delivery systems, US-Russia arms control, Bilateral Consultative Commission, US missile defense limitations, Obama administration, Russian unilateral statement, ICBM launcher restrictions, SLBM launcher restrictions, US nuclear deterrence, arms control flaws, treaty implementation, cost of modernization, US strategic offensive arms, US strategic defensive arms New START treaty, US nuclear capabilities, JINSA, David Ganz, nuclear modernization, missile defense systems, missile delivery systems, strategic arms, nonstrategic weapons, tactical nuclear weapons, Russian advantage, US deterrence, strategic nuclear arsenal, US-Russia arms control, Obama Administration, missile defense restrictions, Bilateral Consultative Commission, strategic offensive arms, strategic defensive arms, US missile defense program, treaty limitations, ICBM launchers, SLBM launchers, unilateral statement, Heritage Foundation, The Atlantic, US nuclear arsenal, arms reduction, modernization constraints, missile defense buildup, U.S. Department of State, strategic arms reduction New START treaty, US nuclear capabilities, David Ganz, Jewish Institute for National Security Affairs, JINSA, nuclear modernization, US arsenal, missile defense, missile delivery systems, US strategic nuclear arsenal, Russian tactical nuclear weapons, nonstrategic nuclear weapons, deterrence, treaty limitations, Obama Administration, treaty preamble, strategic offensive arms, strategic defensive arms, missile defense restrictions, unilateral statement, Russia, Article V, ICBM launchers, SLBM launchers, missile defense interceptors, missile testing, Bilateral Consultative Commission, BCC, treaty implementation, US missile defense program, nuclear arms control, arms reduction, US New START treaty, US nuclear capabilities, nuclear modernization, missile defense, JINSA, David Ganz, nonstrategic nuclear weapons, tactical nuclear weapons, Russian nuclear advantage, strategic arms, deterrence, US arsenal reduction, Obama Administration, treaty restrictions, Bilateral Consultative Commission, Article V, Article X, launchers, interceptors, missile defense limitations, unilateral statement, Russia, cost constraints, modernization barriers, nonstrategic arms exclusion, strategic offensive arms, strategic defensive arms, treaty implementation, US-Russia arms control, tactical arms imbalance, heritage foundation, Jewish Institute for National Security Affairs, atrophying arsenal, US-R"
test-international-ehbfe-con02a	"Existing contributive inequalities within the Union would be amplified by a formal federal system  There is a possibility that once a federation, Europe will adopt certain policies that might be harmful for a minority of the member states. In consequence, any economic downturn in those states could manifest itself on a larger scale in the United States of Europe as economies of the member states rely (more than ever) on each other.  Furthermore different states may not contribute equally. States, because inducements to cooperate or threats to punish may be low, fail to provide for the collective benefit, therefore essentially ""passing the buck"" to other states, and most frequently to the most economically powerful participants. Citizens of large states like France, Great Britain, and Germany frequently complain that smaller states are not paying their ""fair share"" of the costs of the European Union. Meanwhile, smaller states may complain that they are overlooked or even disregarded because of their economically weaker status. These issues will be exacerbated in a European federation.  Decentralization decreases economic progress. [1] European countries where regions have more powers and responsibilities in terms of taxation, legislation and education policies tend to do better economically than centralised ones. Centralism hammers development of countries at the cost of its citizens.  [1] EUObserver, ‘Centralised states bad for economy, study shows’ contributive inequalities, federal system, European federation, minority member states, harmful policies, economic downturn, interdependence, economic reliance, unequal contribution, collective benefit, free rider problem, economic power, large states, small states, fair share, economic disparities, representation, decentralization, economic progress, regional powers, taxation, legislation, education policies, centralization, economic development, EU economics, collective action, policy impact, member state relations, economic complaints, fiscal imbalance contributive inequalities, formal federal system, European federation, minority member states, federation policies, economic interdependence, economic downturn, unequal contributions, collective benefit, burden sharing, economically powerful states, large states, small states, fair share, economic disparities, decentralization, centralization, regional powers, taxation autonomy, legislative autonomy, education policy, economic progress, EU complaints, member state relations, economic integration, centralist policies, economic development, citizenship grievances contributive inequalities, European Union, formal federal system, federation, harmful policies, minority member states, economic downturn, economic interdependence, unequal contributions, collective benefit, free-rider problem, economically powerful states, France, Great Britain, Germany, fair share, small states, economic disparity, representation, decentralization, centralized states, economic progress, regional powers, taxation policy, legislative powers, education policy, economic development, EUObserver, centralism, federalism, economic impact contributive inequalities, formal federal system, federation, Europe, minority member states, harmful policies, economic downturn, United States of Europe, economic interdependence, unequal contributions, collective benefit, free rider problem, economic powerhouse states, France, Great Britain, Germany, fair share, small states, economic disparity, European Union, federation challenges, decentralization, economic progress, regional autonomy, centralization, economic development, legislative autonomy, taxation powers, education policies, centralised states, EUObserver, economic study contributive inequalities, European Union, federal system, federation, harmful policies, minority member states, economic downturn, interdependence, unequal contribution, collective benefit, free riding, economic power, fair share, large states, small states, economic disparity, decentralization, centralization, economic progress, regional autonomy, taxation, legislation, education policies, economic development, centralism, member states, EU policy, fiscal responsibility"
test-education-pstrgsehwt-con01a	The scientific community as a whole overwhelmingly rejects Creationism.  95% of all scientists accept evolution, and only a fraction of those that do not accept Creationism. [1] The numbers are even smaller among biologists, the people most qualified to discuss the relative merits of Creationism and evolution, as the study of life and biological processes are their specialty. There is, in fact, greater consensus in biology than in virtually any other discipline. Evolution is often called one of the most thoroughly proven theories, more so even than such things as the observable laws of physics, which break down at the subatomic level. Evolution is a constant, which is why it has survived as a theory for 150 years. [2] The scientific community always fights any effort to institute Creationism in schools through the political process. [3] This is why, when court cases are brought on the issue of teaching Creationism, the panel of scientists is always on the side of evolution. Only a few discredited cranks support Creationism, and they invariably break down under cross-examination when they can offer no positive evidence for their claims. Furthermore, many scientists have religious faith and accept evolution. They simply see no reason to reject observable reality just to serve faith [4] . Creationists try to portray evolution as contrary to religion, which forms one of the main planks of their political campaigns against it, but such claims are fallacious. Science and faith can be compatible, so long as people are willing to accept observable reality as well as belief. The scientific community rejects creationism because it is not true and is not science.  [1] Robinson, B. 1995. “Public Beliefs About Education and Creation”.  [2] Lenski, Richard. 2011. “Evolution: Fact and Theory”. Action Bioscience.  [3] Irons, Peter. 2007. “Disaster in Dover: The Trials (and Tribulations) of Intelligent Design”. University of Montana Law Review 68(1).  [4] Gould, Stephen. 2002. Rocks of Ages: Science and Religion in the Fullness of Life. New York: Ballantine Books. scientific community, creationism, evolution, biologists, consensus, biology, proven theories, theory of evolution, observable laws, scientific consensus, evolution acceptance, creationism rejection, science vs religion, creationism in schools, court cases, scientific evidence, religious scientists, faith and science, observable reality, public beliefs, intelligent design, science education, Richard Lenski, Peter Irons, Stephen Gould, compatibility, scientific discipline, biology consensus, education debate, scientific method, science and religion, scientific panel scientific community, creationism, evolution, scientific consensus, biologists, biology, theory of evolution, acceptance rate, public opinion, science education, court cases, intelligent design, religion and science, compatibility, observable reality, scientific method, disproven claims, faith and science, teaching evolution, anti-creationism, empirical evidence, Richard Lenski, Action Bioscience, Peter Irons, Dover trial, Stephen Gould, science and religion, substantiated theory, scientific rejection, biological processes, scientific discipline, education policy scientific community, creationism, evolution, scientist consensus, biologists, biology, proven theories, acceptance of evolution, science and religion, teaching creationism, court cases, political process, evidence, scientific method, religious scientists, observable reality, faith compatibility, intelligent design, public beliefs, education, laws of physics, cross-examination, discredited claims, Richard Lenski, Stephen Gould, Peter Irons, science education, school curriculum, fact vs theory, scientific discipline consensus, action bioscience, religious belief, science rejection of creationism scientific community, creationism, evolution, scientist consensus, biologists, biology, proven theories, laws of physics, observable reality, court cases, teaching creationism, political process, cross-examination, positive evidence, religious scientists, science and faith, public beliefs, intelligent design, science education, scientific rejection, compatibility, observable evidence, Richard Lenski, Stephen Gould, Peter Irons, Brian Robinson scientific community, creationism, evolution, scientists, biologists, biology, scientific consensus, proven theories, observable laws, physics, political process, court cases, teaching creationism, public education, intelligent design, science and religion, faith, observable reality, compatibility, discredited claims, Richard Lenski, Peter Irons, Stephen Gould, public beliefs, scientific rejection, evidence, scientific method, religion, education policy, action bioscience, law review
test-politics-cdfsaphgiap-con02a	Rivals could misuse the opportunity  While the leader suffers from an illness, rivals can use the opportunity to ease the leader out of office. A period of illness is a period of vulnerability in which the government is less able to respond to external and internal threats. Not telling the public about the leader's health during an illness helps prevent such attempts. The same is the case with a leader's death; a few days of secrecy allows for smooth succession as the appointed successor has the time to ensure the loyalty of the government, army and other vital institutions. In 2008 when General Lansana Conte of Guinea died power should have been transferred to the president of the National Assembly Aboubacar Sompare with an election within 90 days. Instead a group of junior military officers took advantage of the quick announcement to launch a coup. 1  1 Yusuf, Huma, ‘Military coup follows death of Guinea’s President’, The Christian Science Monitor, 23 December 2008, leader illness, political vulnerability, rivals, misuse opportunity, secrecy, succession, leadership transition, power struggle, coup, government stability, internal threats, external threats, public disclosure, military coup, Guinea, Lansana Conte, Aboubacar Sompare, succession planning, government response, loyalty, vital institutions, political instability, leadership death, leadership crisis, transition period, political opportunism political succession, leader illness, leadership vulnerability, rivals, coup, power transition, secrecy, leader death, government stability, military takeover, external threats, internal threats, Guinea, Lansana Conte, Aboubacar Sompare, succession planning, political instability, elite loyalty, information control, crisis management leadership illness, political vulnerability, power transition, secrecy, leader health, government stability, coup risk, succession planning, military coup, Guinea 2008, General Lansana Conte, Aboubacar Sompare, political rivals, opportunity misuse, succession secrecy, government response, external threats, internal threats, leadership succession, public announcement timing, institutional loyalty leader illness, political vulnerability, rivals, government stability, power succession, coup risk, leadership transition, secrecy, health disclosure, military coup, Guinea 2008, Lansana Conte, Aboubacar Sompare, loyalty, government response, external threats, internal threats, succession planning, political instability, leadership death, power vacuum leader illness, power vacuum, leadership vulnerability, secrecy, leadership succession, government stability, coup prevention, rival exploitation, regime security, information control, political transition, military coup, Guinea 2008, Lansana Conte, Aboubacar Sompare, leadership death, succession planning, internal threats, external threats, government response, power transfer
test-philosophy-elhbrd-pro02a	Medical science allows us to control death, suicide and euthanasia are sensible corollaries to that.  We now live longer than at any time in the 100,000 years or so of human evolution and longer than the other primates [i] . In many nations we have successfully increased the quantity of life without improving the quality. More to the point, too little thought has been given to the quality of our deaths.  Let us consider the example of the cancer patient who opts not to put herself through the agony and uncertainty of chemotherapy. In such a circumstance, we accept that a person may accept the certainty of death with grace and reason rather than chasing after a slim probability of living longer but in pain.  All proposition is arguing is that this approach can also apply to other conditions, which may not be terminal in the strict sense of the world but certainly lead to the death of that person in any meaningful sense. The application of medical science to extend a life, long after life is ‘worth living’ or would be possible to live without these interventions cannot be considered a moral good for its own sake. Many find that they are facing the prospect of living out the rest of their days in physical pain or are losing their memory. As a result, some may see ‘going out at the top of their game’ as the better, and more natural, option.  [i] Caleb E Finch. Evolution of Human Lifespan and the Diseases of Aging: Roles of Infection, Inflammation, and Nutrition. Proceding of the National Academy of Sciences of the united States of America. 12 October 2009. medical science, death, suicide, euthanasia, life extension, human evolution, lifespan, quality of life, end-of-life care, cancer patient, chemotherapy, palliative care, dignity in death, meaningful life, terminal illness, non-terminal conditions, moral implications, pain management, memory loss, aging, ethical considerations, assisted dying, autonomy, suffering, quantity vs quality of life, medical intervention, natural death, chronic illness, self-determination, human lifespan, decision-making, personal choice medical science, control of death, suicide, euthanasia, human lifespan, evolution, longevity, quality of life, end-of-life decisions, terminal illness, cancer patient, chemotherapy, quality of death, life extension, moral considerations, physical pain, memory loss, meaningful life, palliative care, dignity in death, voluntary death, assisted dying, aging diseases, medical ethics, intervention, natural death medical science, death, suicide, euthanasia, human lifespan, evolution, longevity, quality of life, end-of-life care, cancer patient, chemotherapy, terminal illness, meaningful life, life extension, moral ethics, pain management, memory loss, voluntary death, dignified death, medical intervention, aging, quality of death, palliative care, suffering, assisted dying, choosing death, lifespan extension, natural death, moral philosophy, biomedical ethics, chronic illness medical science, death, suicide, euthanasia, life extension, human evolution, lifespan, quality of life, terminal illness, cancer patient, chemotherapy, medical ethics, end-of-life decisions, assisted dying, palliative care, aging, physical pain, memory loss, dignified death, moral considerations, quantity vs quality of life, natural death, disease of aging, intervention, existential suffering, chronic illness medical science, death control, suicide, euthanasia, human evolution, lifespan extension, primates longevity, quality of life, quality of death, terminal illness, cancer patient, chemotherapy refusal, end-of-life decisions, moral implications, pain management, memory loss, dignity in dying, aging, life extension ethics, palliative care, living wills, voluntary death, natural death, medical intervention, meaningful existence, aging population, assisted dying, suffering, terminal conditions, bioethics
test-international-miasimyhw-pro04a	Implementing a free labour market will enable effective management of migration.  Even without the implementation of a free labour market, migration will continue informally; therefore policies introducing free movement and providing appropriate travel documents provides a method to manage migration. In the case of Southern Africa, the lack of a regional framework enabling migration is articulated through the informal nature of movement and strategic bilateral ties between nation-states.  Several benefits arise from managing migration. First, speeding up the emigration process will provide health benefits. Evidence shows slow, and inefficient, border controls have led to a rise in HIV/AIDs; as truck drivers wait in delays sex is offered [1] . Second, a free labour market can provide national governments with data and information. The provision of travel documentation provides migrants with an identity, and as movement is monitored, the big picture of migration can be provided. Information, evidence, and data, will enable effective policies to be constructed for places of origin and destination, and to enable trade efficiency. Lastly, today, undocumented migrants are unable to claim their right to health care. In Africa, availability does not equate to accessibility for new migrants. In South Africa, migrants fear deportation and harassment, meaning formal health treatment and advice is not sought (Human Rights Watch, 2009). Therefore documentation and formal approval of movement ensures health is recognised as an equal right.  [1] See further readings: Lucas, 2012. free labour market, migration management, informal migration, Southern Africa, regional migration framework, bilateral migration agreements, travel documentation, migrant identity, migration data, border controls, HIV/AIDS, health outcomes, truck drivers, migration policies, migration monitoring, trade efficiency, undocumented migrants, healthcare access, migrant rights, deportation, South Africa, Human Rights Watch, migration evidence, migration benefits, migration and health, migration statistics, movement formalization, regional integration, migration emigration process, migration documentation free labour market, migration management, informal migration, free movement policies, travel documents, Southern Africa, regional migration framework, bilateral migration agreements, migration benefits, emigration process, health benefits, border controls, HIV/AIDS, truck drivers, migration data, migrant identity, migration monitoring, migration policy, trade efficiency, undocumented migrants, healthcare access, migrant rights, deportation, migrant harassment, South Africa, migration documentation, formal migration, migration and health, Human Rights Watch, Lucas 2012 free labour market, migration management, informal migration, regional migration framework, Southern Africa, bilateral migration agreements, emigration process, border controls, HIV/AIDS, truck drivers, sex work, travel documentation, migrant identity, migration data, migration policy, trade efficiency, undocumented migrants, healthcare access, migrant rights, South Africa, deportation, harassment, Human Rights Watch, formal movement approval, health equality, migration evidence, Lucas 2012 free labour market, migration management, informal migration, regional migration framework, Southern Africa, bilateral migration agreements, migration policy, travel documents, free movement, border controls, emigration process, health benefits, HIV/AIDS, truck drivers, migration data, migrant identity, migration monitoring, policy development, trade efficiency, undocumented migrants, healthcare access, migrant rights, South Africa, migrant deportation, migrant harassment, formal health treatment, migration documentation, Human Rights Watch, Lucas 2012 free labour market, migration management, Southern Africa, regional migration framework, informal migration, bilateral migration agreements, travel documents, free movement, emigration process, health benefits, HIV/AIDS, border control delays, truck drivers, migration data, migrant identity, migration monitoring, migration policy, trade efficiency, undocumented migrants, healthcare access, migrant rights, deportation, health care, South Africa, Human Rights Watch, migrant documentation, formal migration approval, migrant health, migration evidence, Lucas 2012
test-society-tlhrilsfhwr-pro04a	The cultural construction of armed conflict  The jurisdiction of the ICC is primarily exercised according to culturally constructed assumptions about the way war works – that there will be a clear division between aggressors and defenders, that armies will be organised according to chains of command, the civilians will not be targeted and will be evacuated from conflict zones. But countless conflicts in Africa and central Asia have proven these assumptions to be flawed.  It should not be forgotten that almost all formulations of this motion define cultural relativism only as a defence to the use of child soldiers. It will still be open for ICC prosecutors to prove that the use of child soldiers has been systematic, pernicious and deliberate, rather than the product of uncertainty, necessity and unstable legal norms. Moreover, not all defences are “complete” defences; they do not all result in acquittal, and are often used by judges to mitigate the harshness of certain sentences.  It can be argued that it was never intended for the ICC to enforce laws relating to child soldiers against other children or leaders of vulnerable communities who acted under the duress of circumstances. At the very least, those responsible for arming children in these circumstances should face a more lenient sentence than a better-resourced state body that used child soldiers as a matter of policy.  Due to the nature of conflicts in developing nations, where the geographic influence of “recognised” governments is limited, and multiple local law-making bodies may contribute to an armed struggle, it is difficult for the international community to directly oversee combat itself. United Nations troops are often underfunded, unmotivated and poorly trained, being sourced primarily from the same continent as the belligerent parties in a conflict. When peacekeepers are deployed from western nations, their rules of engagement have previously prevented robust protection of civilian populations. Ironically, this is partly the result of concerns that western states might be accused of indulging in neo-colonialism. It is outrageous for the international community to dictate standards of war-time conduct to communities and states unable to enforce them, while withholding the assistance and expertise that might allow them to do so.  Therefore, the ICC, as a specialist legal and investigative body, should be encouraged to use the expertise it has accumulated to distinguish between child military participation driven by a desire to terrorise populations or quickly reinforce armies, and child military participation that has arisen as a survival strategy. cultural construction, armed conflict, ICC jurisdiction, cultural assumptions, war, aggressors, defenders, chain of command, civilians, Africa conflicts, Central Asia conflicts, cultural relativism, child soldiers, ICC prosecutors, systematic use, legal norms, defence mitigation, sentencing, vulnerable communities, duress, arming children, developing nations, government influence, local law-making, international oversight, UN troops, peacekeepers, rules of engagement, neo-colonialism, wartime conduct standards, assistance, expertise, legal investigation, military participation, survival strategy, terror, army reinforcement cultural construction, armed conflict, ICC jurisdiction, cultural assumptions, war, aggressors, defenders, chain of command, civilian targeting, conflict zones, Africa, Central Asia, cultural relativism, child soldiers, ICC prosecution, systematic use, legal norms, sentencing mitigation, vulnerable communities, duress, sentencing leniency, developing nations, recognized governments, local law-making, armed struggle, international oversight, UN peacekeepers, rules of engagement, neo-colonialism, wartime conduct standards, international community, enforcement limitations, legal expertise, child military participation, survival strategy, terrorizing populations, military reinforcement, international criminal law, humanitarian law cultural construction, armed conflict, ICC jurisdiction, cultural assumptions, war, aggressors, defenders, chain of command, civilians, conflict zones, Africa, Central Asia, flawed assumptions, child soldiers, cultural relativism, ICC prosecution, systematic use, legal norms, defence mitigation, sentencing, vulnerable communities, duress, arming children, policy, developing nations, local law-making, international oversight, United Nations troops, peacekeepers, western nations, rules of engagement, neo-colonialism, wartime conduct, international community, legal expertise, military participation, survival strategy, terrorize populations, specialist investigative body cultural construction, armed conflict, ICC jurisdiction, cultural assumptions, war, aggressors, defenders, chain of command, civilian targeting, conflict zones, African conflicts, Central Asia, cultural relativism, child soldiers, ICC prosecution, systematic use, legal norms, vulnerable communities, duress, sentencing mitigation, international law, developing nations, government recognition, local law-making, armed struggle, peacekeepers, UN troops, western nations, rules of engagement, neo-colonialism, wartime conduct, expertise, military participation, survival strategy cultural construction, armed conflict, ICC jurisdiction, war assumptions, aggressors versus defenders, chain of command, civilian targeting, conflict zones, Africa conflicts, Central Asia conflicts, cultural relativism, child soldiers, ICC prosecutors, legal norms, complete defense, sentence mitigation, vulnerable communities, duress, arming children, lenient sentencing, developing nations conflict, recognized governments, local law-making, international oversight, United Nations troops, peacekeeping, western nations, rules of engagement, neo-colonialism, wartime conduct standards, international community, expertise, child military participation, survival strategy, terrorize populations, policy, legal investigation,
test-international-gpsmhbsosb-con02a	A South Ossetian state is unviable  There are many factors that make South Ossetia unviable as a state. South Ossetia is very small with a very small population. It is also a landlocked state and very poor. These facts make it unlikely that South Ossetia could act effectively as an independent state. The result is that it would become dependent on other states. [1] This can already be seen from the fact that S. Ossetia has only been able to secure its current de facto independence with substantial military and foreign aid from Russia. [2] S. Ossetia is economically unviable as an independent state. It is landlocked and only has meaningful road access to the sea through Georgia. S. Ossetian GDP was estimated at US$ 15 million (US$ 250 per capita) in a work published in 2002. S. Ossetia is arguably lacking in the basic economic necessities for autonomy. Indeed, a $15 million GDP would make South Ossetia one of the poorest nations in the world. Particularly following a war with Georgia in the 1990s, South Ossetia has struggled economically. Employment and supplies are scarce. The majority of the population survives on subsistence farming. Virtually the only significant economic asset that South Ossetia possesses is control of the Roki Tunnel that links Russia and Georgia, from which the South Ossetian government reportedly obtains as much as a third of its budget by levying customs duties on freight traffic. The separatist officials admitted that Tskhinvali received more than 60 percent of its 2006 budget revenue directly from the Russian government. [3] [4] Finally, S. Ossetia has a population of roughly 70,000. [5] This would make it one of the smallest states in the world. This fact, combined with its high level of poverty, makes it a poor candidate for independence, and shows that its “independence” would compel it to become even more dependent on Russia, or else risk disintegrating as an unviable state.  [1] BBC News. “S Ossetia votes for independence”. BBC News. 13 November 2006.   [2] Socor, Vladimir. “MOSCOW’S FINGERPRINTS ALL OVER SOUTH OSSETIA’S REFERENDUM”. Eurasia Daily Monitor Volume: 3 Issue: 212. The Jamestown Foundation. 15 November 2006.   [3] Walker, Shaun. “South Ossetia: Russian, Georgian...independent?”. Open Democracy. 15 November 2006.   [4] Vaisman, Daria. “No recognition for breakaway South Ossetia's vote”. The Christian Science Monitor. 10 November 2006.   [5] BBC News. “S Ossetia votes for independence”. BBC News. 13 November 2006. South Ossetia, state viability, unviable state, small population, landlocked, poverty, economic dependency, Russian aid, de facto independence, international recognition, GDP, subsistence farming, Roki Tunnel, customs revenue, budget dependency, Russian government, autonomy, separatism, Tskhinvali, breakaway regions, post-war economy, employment scarcity, lack of resources, independence challenges, microstates, unrecognized states, Georgia, economic sustainability, political dependence, Eurasia, conflict region South Ossetia, state unviability, economic viability, independence, small population, landlocked, poverty, GDP, economic dependence, Russia, foreign aid, military aid, subsistence farming, Roki Tunnel, customs duties, budget revenue, separatism, Georgia, de facto independence, national sovereignty, international recognition, conflict, self-sufficiency, economic difficulties, employment scarcity, separatist region, breakaway state, post-Soviet politics, regional instability, Tskhinvali South Ossetia, state viability, unviable state, small population, landlocked, poverty, economic dependence, Russian aid, de facto independence, GDP, Roki Tunnel, customs duties, budget revenue, Russian government, independent state, economic autonomy, subsistence farming, separatism, breakaway regions, Tskhinvali, Georgia conflict, post-war economy, international recognition, population size, failed states, economic sustainability, foreign assistance, geopolitical dependence, micronations, statehood, sovereignty, Eurasia, JAM, BBC News, Open Democracy, Christian Science Monitor South Ossetia, state viability, unviable state, independence, economic viability, poverty, population size, landlocked, Russian aid, foreign aid, de facto independence, GDP, Roki Tunnel, customs revenue, budget dependency, subsistence farming, economic autonomy, Georgia, separatist region, Russian support, economic hardship, small states, post-Soviet conflict, international recognition, statehood, breakaway regions, Eurasia, Tskhinvali, budget revenue, employment scarcity, secession, state dependency, microstates, regional conflict South Ossetia, state viability, unviable state, economic viability, population size, landlocked, poverty, GDP, Russia aid, de facto independence, Roki Tunnel, customs revenue, subsistence farming, employment, economic dependence, small population, international recognition, post-war economy, budget reliance, Georgia, separatism, independence, vulnerable states, state-building, Russian influence, fiscal sustainability, South Caucasus, breakaway regions, conflict zones, aid dependency, governance challenges
test-politics-cpegiepgh-con01a	"For Britain to join the single currency is simply unthinkable; jobs will be lost  The EU creates economic conditions that threaten jobs. As explained by Anthony Browne in The Euro: Should Britain join?, ""Joining the Euro would damage the British economy with 'one size fits all' interest rates, and so destroy jobs.""1 This is not merely a product of anti-EU propaganda created by the British tabloid press; The evidence speaks for itself; ""In 2000, (Euro was launched 1st January, 1999) unemployment in Euroland averaged about 10 per cent, compared to under 6 per cent in the UK"" Britain must also learn from the mistakes of history; ""Past experience has already shown us that locking ourselves into inappropriate interest rates destroys jobs. After we joined the Exchange Rate Mechanism, 100,000 businesses went bankrupt and unemployment doubled before we were finally forced out in 1992."" Repetition of this is to be avoided at all costs and by Britain staying out of the Euro.  1Browne, A., 2001, ""The Euro: Should Britain Join?"" Britain, single currency, Euro, EU, economic conditions, jobs, unemployment, interest rates, Eurozone, join Euro, British economy, ERM, Exchange Rate Mechanism, business bankruptcies, historical lessons, Anthony Browne, propaganda, unemployment statistics, economic policy, anti-EU, 1992, euro adoption, UK economy, job loss, monetary policy, euro impact, economic risks Britain, single currency, Euro, unemployment, jobs, EU, economic impact, interest rates, Exchange Rate Mechanism, EMU, Anthony Browne, British economy, job loss, Eurozone, historical experience, monetary policy, business bankruptcies, anti-Euro arguments, Euro adoption, labor market, UK economy, 1992 ERM crisis, Eurozone unemployment, economic risks, British sovereignty, euro debate Britain, single currency, Euro, EU, jobs, unemployment, economic conditions, interest rates, one size fits all, British economy, anti-EU propaganda, Anthony Browne, The Euro Should Britain Join, Eurozone, Euroland, unemployment rate, UK economy, Exchange Rate Mechanism, ERM, business bankruptcies, historical mistakes, 1992, euro adoption, economic impact, job loss, financial stability, monetary policy, economic integration, British jobs, economic risks, Euro scepticism Britain, single currency, Euro, job loss, EU, economic conditions, unemployment, interest rates, British economy, one size fits all, Eurozone, Exchange Rate Mechanism, ERM, 1992 crisis, unemployment rates, business bankruptcy, economic history, EU membership, anti-EU, Anthony Browne, Euro debate, currency union, monetary policy, policy impact, economic evidence Britain, single currency, Euro, jobs, unemployment, EU, economic conditions, interest rates, British economy, Anthony Browne, Eurozone, job loss, Exchange Rate Mechanism, ERM, business bankruptcy, 1992 crisis, anti-EU, press, Euro adoption, economic impact, UK, Euroland, historical experience, 2000 unemployment, economic risk, UK economy, monetary policy, one size fits all, evidence, Euro debate, monetary union, employment statistics"
test-international-aglhrilhb-con02a	Prosecutions don't get to the real truth  Truth is the most important factor that supports the healing process. Individuals when being prosecuted have incentives to hide crimes and lie about the true motivations for offences occurring as they don’t want to go to prison for telling the truth. This means that the whole truth of matters never really come to light. TRC’s, such as that in South Africa, do a very good job of ensuring that the full record of human rights abuses come to light [1].The Rwandan Gacaca courts which encompasses three important features of relevance to broader experiments of reconciliatory justice serve as a lesson. Those who confess their crimes are rewarded with the halving of prison sentences and as a result, 60,238 prisoners have confessed to participating in the genocide [2]. Second, gacaca law highlights apologies welcomed by many as an important ingredient to promote reconciliation.  [1] Linfield, Susie, ‘Trading Truth for Justice? Reflections on South Africa’s Truth and Reconciliation Commission’, bostonreview,net, 01 June 2000,   [2] Graybill, Lyn, and Lanegran , Kimberly, ‘Truth, Justice, and Reconciliation in Africa: Issues and Cases’, ufl.edu, Fall 2004, truth commissions, prosecutions, truth and reconciliation, South Africa TRC, Rwandan Gacaca courts, restorative justice, incentives to confess, human rights abuses, criminal justice, reconciliation, apology, healing process, motivations for crime, judicial incentives, confession rewards, memory and reconciliation, truth vs justice, legal truth, hidden crimes, accountability, post-conflict justice prosecution limitations, truth and healing, truth discovery, incentives to lie, motivations for offences, truth vs justice, South Africa TRC, truth commissions, human rights abuses, confessions, reduced sentences, Rwanda Gacaca courts, reconciliatory justice, restorative justice, apologies, reconciliation, prisoner confessions, justice alternatives, transitional justice, legal truth vs real truth, criminal justice shortcomings, incentives for honesty, post-conflict justice truth commissions, prosecutions, truth, healing process, incentives to lie, criminal justice, South Africa TRC, human rights abuses, Gacaca courts, Rwanda, reconciliatory justice, confessions, reduced sentences, genocide, apologies, reconciliation, restorative justice, motivations for offences, judicial incentives, Linfield Susie, Graybill Lyn, Lanegran Kimberly prosecution limitations, truth in justice, healing process, legal truth vs real truth, defendant incentives, motivation concealment, prison avoidance, truth and reconciliation commissions, TRC South Africa, human rights abuses, Gacaca courts, Rwanda genocide, confessions, reduced sentences, reconciliation, restorative justice, apologies, criminal justice reform, disclosure incentives, Linfield article, Graybill Lanegran, transitional justice, restorative justice Africa, apology and healing, truth recovery, confessional justice, justice vs truth, reconciliation mechanisms prosecutions, truth, healing process, incentives to lie, motivations for offences, South Africa TRC, Truth and Reconciliation Commission, human rights abuses, Rwandan Gacaca courts, reconciliatory justice, confessions, reduced sentencing, genocide, apologies, reconciliation, restorative justice, transitional justice, incentives for truth-telling, accountability, criminal justice limitations, Linfield, Graybill, Lanegran
test-international-iwiaghbss-con02a	New countries forged by those fleeing disaster  There have been very few countries that have been created in circumstances that are at all similar to that which would happen when island nations are forced to abandon their homeland. The closest parallel is Israel when Jews arrived en mass first because they were promised the land after WWI, when it is notable that they purchased the land they occupied, [1] and then after the disaster of the Holocaust. The Palestinians have not been happy about the loss of territory. Indeed there have been few examples in history of peoples’ willingly giving up land to a new arrival whether it is due to colonialism or migration. The result, especially if sovereignty is involved, is usually conflict.  [1] Pipes, Daniel, ‘Not Stealing Palestine, but Purchasing Israel’, National Review Online, 21 June 2011, new countries, state formation, disaster migration, island nation abandonment, forced migration, refugee nation, post-disaster sovereignty, historical parallels, Israel creation, Holocaust migration, land purchase, population displacement, colonialism, land conflicts, migration conflict, Palestinian territory, territorial loss, state sovereignty, peoples’ land cession, conflict over land, national formation, geopolitical migration new countries, disaster migration, island nations, homeland abandonment, state creation, forced migration, Israel history, Jewish migration, Holocaust refugees, land acquisition, territory loss, colonialism parallels, migration conflict, sovereignty issues, Palestinian displacement, historical examples, nation formation, population displacement, land disputes, political conflict new countries, disaster migration, island nations, forced abandonment, homeland loss, country creation, refugee states, historical parallels, Israel formation, Jewish migration, post-Holocaust, land purchase, WWI promises, Palestinian conflict, territorial loss, sovereignty dispute, migration conflict, colonialism, relocation consequences, Daniel Pipes, population displacement, state creation history new countries, disaster migration, island nations, state formation, displaced populations, sovereign territory, forced migration, land purchase, Israel creation, Jewish migration, Holocaust aftermath, land transfer, territorial conflict, colonialism, migration effects, sovereignty conflict, population displacement, history of nation creation, Palestinian territory, land acquisition, refugees forming states, national sovereignty, political conflict, new state examples new countries, disaster migration, island nations, homeland abandonment, state formation, forced migration, historical parallels, Israel creation, Jewish migration, Holocaust aftermath, land acquisition, land purchase, territorial conflict, Palestine, sovereignty, colonialism, migration, territorial loss, nation-building, displacement, geopolitical conflict, refugee states, post-disaster resettlement, population movement, new sovereign states
test-philosophy-ippelhbcp-con04a	Particular need in Africa  Capital punishment for particularly dangerous offenders is a practical solution for African nations with low quality prison systems, which, through either deliberate policy or basic underfunding, can have poor conditions, or poor security. In 2013, over a thousand prisoners escaped from a prison near Benghazi in Libya [1] . A similar escape with particularly dangerous offenders would be dangerous - a corpse can’t escape.  [1] Zway, Suliman Ali, “Amid protests, Inmates escape from Libyan prison”, New York Times, 27 July 2013, Africa, capital punishment, dangerous offenders, prison systems, prison conditions, prison security, underfunding, prison escapes, Libya, Benghazi, prison break, inmate escape, criminal justice, African nations, prison management, 2013, corpse can't escape, Suliman Ali Zway, New York Times, practical solution, policy, poor security Africa, capital punishment, dangerous offenders, prison escapes, prison security, prison conditions, underfunding, Libyan prison escape, criminal justice, African nations, incarceration, Benghazi, prison management, prison policy, offender containment, practical solutions, justice system, inmate escape, crime deterrence Africa, capital punishment, dangerous offenders, prison escapes, prison security, prison conditions, underfunding, prison systems, Libya, Benghazi prison escape, criminal justice, incarceration, prison policy, prison management, African nations, inmate escapes, prisoner escape risks capital punishment, Africa, dangerous offenders, prison security, prison conditions, criminal justice, prisoner escape, Benghazi prison break, Libya, prison underfunding, prison policy, African nations, inmate escapes, correctional facilities, public safety, practical solutions, death penalty, prison infrastructure Africa, capital punishment, dangerous offenders, prison escapes, prison systems, Libya, Benghazi, prison conditions, prison security, underfunding, criminal justice, prison management, inmate escape, prison policy, New York Times, 2013, Suliman Ali Zway, crime prevention
test-politics-cdfsaphgiap-con01a	Denial of privacy to the leaders  The leaders of states deserve privacy in exactly the same way as anyone else. Just like their citizens leaders want and deserve privacy and it would be unfair for everyone to know about their health. Leaders may suffer from diseases such AIDS/HIV or embarrassing illnesses which could damage a leader.  The people only a need for the people to know when the illness significantly damages the running of the government. The government can function on its own without its leader for several days; only if the illness incapacitates the leader for a long period is there any need to tell the people. Clearly if the President is working from his bed he is still doing the job and his government is functioning. William Pitt the Younger, Prime Minister of Great Britain was toasted as 'the Saviour of Europe' while he was seriously ill but still running the country during the height of the Napoleonic Wars. 1  1 Bloy, Marjie, 'William Pitt the Younger (1759-1806)', Victorian Web, 4 January 2006, leader privacy, government transparency, health disclosure, political leadership, public interest, privacy rights, medical confidentiality, head of state, illness disclosure, government functioning, leader incapacitation, citizen privacy, HIV/AIDS stigma, embarrassing illnesses, state leader privacy, ethical responsibilities, privacy vs public interest, political accountability, William Pitt the Younger, prime minister health, Napoleonic Wars, Victorian Web, political ethics, public information, leader health records leader privacy, state leaders, right to privacy, government transparency, leader health, public disclosure, privacy vs public interest, political leaders, illness disclosure, confidential health information, leader incapacitation, government functioning, William Pitt the Younger, historical precedent, HIV/AIDS stigma, embarrassing illnesses, privacy rights, leadership and health, public need to know, invasion of privacy privacy, state leaders, leaders' health, public disclosure, government transparency, medical confidentiality, leader incapacitation, political leadership, privacy rights, public interest, HIV/AIDS, embarrassing illnesses, confidentiality, head of state, William Pitt the Younger, government functioning, historical examples, illness and leadership, leader privacy debate, ethical considerations leader privacy, state leader health, government transparency, political confidentiality, illness disclosure, leader medical privacy, public right to know, leader incapacitation, privacy vs transparency, health status of politicians, political leadership illness, William Pitt the Younger, historical leader health, governance continuity, political ethics, privacy rights, public disclosure laws, leader personal life, government functioning, public trust, stigmatized illness in politics leader privacy, political privacy, government transparency, leader health disclosure, public right to know, privacy rights, confidentiality, leader illness, state leader privacy, disclosure of illness, public officials, medical privacy, leadership and health, state governance, incapacitated leader, government functioning, leadership confidentiality, privacy vs transparency, political figures, historical examples, William Pitt the Younger
test-sport-otshwbe2uuyt-pro02a	"Boycotting Euro 2012 will highlight Ukraine’s backsliding on human rights  European leaders must take a stand on human rights in their own back yard if they are to be taken seriously on the issue anywhere in the world. There are numerous human rights abuses in Ukraine; migrants ""risk abusive treatment and arbitrary detention"", Roma and people with dark skin in particular face governmental and societal discrimination and some xenophobic attacks and may be prosecuted for acting in self defense. [1] Amnesty International has highlighted abuse of power by the police “numerous cases in Euro 2012 host cities in which police have tortured people in an attempt to extort money, extract a confession, or simply because of the victims’ sexuality or ethnic origin”. [2] If Europe turns a blind eye to these kinds of abuses in neighbouring states without even a minor diplomatic snub it will not have the moral authority to confront worse abuses elsewhere in the world. States that are abusing their own citizens would shrug off criticism believing that European states will not back their criticism up with any action.  [1] Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor, ‘2010 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices Report’, U.S. Department of State, 8 April 2011.  [2] ‘Ukraine: Euro 2012 jeopardised by criminal police force – New Amnesty report’, Amnesty.org.uk, 2 May 2012 . Euro 2012, boycott, Ukraine, human rights, European leaders, human rights abuses, migrants, arbitrary detention, Roma, discrimination, xenophobia, self defense, Amnesty International, police abuse, torture, extortion, confessions, sexuality, ethnic origin, diplomatic action, moral authority, Europe, neighboring states, criticism, Bureau of Democracy Human Rights and Labor, U.S. Department of State, Amnesty report, criminal police, societal discrimination, backsliding, international relations, government accountability Euro 2012, Ukraine, human rights, boycott, European leaders, Amnesty International, police abuse, arbitrary detention, migrants, Roma, xenophobia, discrimination, abuse of power, extortion, confession, sexuality, ethnic origin, diplomatic pressure, moral authority, civil rights, societal discrimination, U.S. Department of State, Amnesty report, criminal police force, international criticism, backsliding, minorities, law enforcement, European Union, diplomatic response, international reputation Euro 2012, Ukraine, human rights, boycott, European leaders, discrimination, migrants, Roma, xenophobia, police abuse, Amnesty International, ethnic origin, torture, arbitrary detention, governmental discrimination, societal discrimination, diplomatic response, moral authority, human rights abuses, criticism, Europe, self-defense, law enforcement, host cities, extortion, confession, sexual orientation, international relations, civil liberties, U.S. Department of State, Amnesty report Euro 2012, boycott, Ukraine, human rights, backsliding, European leaders, moral authority, Amnesty International, police abuse, discrimination, Roma, migrants, arbitrary detention, xenophobia, abuse of power, torture, ethnic discrimination, diplomatic pressure, governmental discrimination, societal discrimination, self-defense prosecution, international response, human rights abuses, Europe, accountability, international criticism, civil liberties, Ukraine crisis, United States State Department, Amnesty report Euro 2012, Ukraine, human rights, boycott, European leaders, Amnesty International, police abuse, discrimination, migrants, Roma, xenophobia, arbitrary detention, abuse of power, societal discrimination, ethnic origin, diplomatic action, moral authority, human rights abuses, Europe, international criticism, government accountability, torture, law enforcement, civil rights, minority persecution, civil society, international relations"
test-sport-ybfgsohbhog-pro02a	Hosting stimulates regeneration in local areas  Hosting stimulates regeneration. The IOC is enthusiastic about bids that will leave a lasting impact and have looked favourably on cities that locate their Olympic Villages and stadia in deprived areas in need of regeneration. The 1992 Barcelona Olympics were used as a means to completely overhaul the port and coast of the city creating an artificial beach and waterside cultural area that became a lasting tourist attraction. Along with cleaning up areas and new stadia, Olympic Villages release between 5,000 and 20,000 new homes which governments can chose to hand over as low-cost housing (as is proposed for London 2012). Whilst these projects could be completed without the Olympics, the need to provide an overall package (transport, accommodation, stadia, greenery etc.) for a set deadline means that there is far more incentive to get the projects done. An example of this in London is the plan for a new £15bn underground rail system called ‘Crossrail’, first proposed over 20 years ago but only now being developed because of the attention surrounding the London 2012 bid.1 The fact that international scrutiny will follow the building program means that it is far more likely to be completed to a high standard (consider the detailed coverage of the preparations for Athens 2004).  1 Hayes, S. (2011, April 19). Crossrail will leave a positive legacy. Retrieved May 12, 2011, from Wharf Olympic regeneration, urban renewal, hosting impact, Olympic bids, deprived areas, Olympic Villages, Barcelona 1992, urban transformation, tourism development, low-cost housing, housing legacy, infrastructure investment, sport legacy, London 2012, Crossrail, transport improvement, stadia construction, international scrutiny, project deadlines, Athens 2004, urban planning, government policy, housing provision, cultural development, long-term impact, public investment Olympics, urban regeneration, local impact, IOC, Olympic bids, deprived areas, infrastructure development, Barcelona 1992, port redevelopment, coastal renewal, artificial beach, lasting legacy, tourism, cultural areas, Olympic Village, low-cost housing, London 2012, urban renewal, transport projects, accommodation, sports stadia, greenery, Crossrail, public scrutiny, housing legacy, international attention, urban improvement, city transformation, Athens 2004, infrastructure deadlines, large-scale projects, legacy planning Olympic Games, urban regeneration, host cities, lasting impact, deprived areas, city renewal, Olympic Villages, stadia development, low-cost housing, Barcelona 1992, London 2012, infrastructure projects, transport upgrade, Crossrail, international scrutiny, urban redevelopment, housing legacy, tourist attraction, government incentives, housing legacy, city transformation, Athens 2004 preparations, urban planning, sports infrastructure, city branding, economic impact Olympic Games, urban regeneration, hosting benefits, IOC, Olympic Villages, deprived areas, legacy, economic impact, urban renewal, infrastructure development, city transformation, Barcelona 1992, London 2012, low-cost housing, stadia construction, transport improvements, Crossrail, tourism attraction, sustainable development, international scrutiny, urban planning, social housing, city revitalization, event-driven development, housing legacy, infrastructure legacy, government investment, metropolitan regeneration, public transport, Athens 2004, regeneration projects Olympic Games, regeneration, urban renewal, local development, deprived areas, IOC, Olympic Villages, lasting impact, Barcelona 1992, city transformation, artificial beach, tourist attraction, housing, low-cost housing, London 2012, urban infrastructure, transport, accommodation, stadia, greenery, project deadlines, Crossrail, infrastructure investment, city planning, international scrutiny, urban legacy, Athens 2004, urban improvement, mega-events, sports infrastructure, positive legacy, city bids, cultural regeneration
test-law-tahglcphsld-pro05a	Drugs currently fund terrorism and regional instability  The Taliban gets most of its revenue from poppies, which provide the opium for heroin. They do this by intimidating local farmers who would otherwise sell their harvest at market. They then demand “protection money” as well, or else either another local warlord or the ‘protectors’ themselves would rob the farmer. Something like 22,700 people have died in Mexico since January 2007 from gangsters who want to protect their revenue and almost the entire continent of South America, from Brazil to Colombia, has had their governments destabilised by drug lords. [1] The hugely-costly but unsuccessful war on drugs could be ended, starving terrorists of the profits of drug production. As a result peace and development could be brought to unstable drug-producing states such as Colombia and Afghanistan.  [1] Mexico under siege, The drug war on our doorstep, Los Angeles Times , 27 September 2011, drugs, terrorism, regional instability, Taliban, revenue, poppies, opium, heroin, local farmers, protection money, warlords, Mexico, drug gangs, violence, South America, Brazil, Colombia, government destabilization, drug lords, war on drugs, drug profits, peace, development, unstable states, drug production, Afghanistan drugs, terrorism, regional instability, Taliban, poppies, opium, heroin, revenue, local farmers, protection money, warlords, Mexico, drug cartels, gang violence, deaths, South America, Brazil, Colombia, government destabilization, drug lords, war on drugs, drug trade, terrorist financing, peace, development, unstable states, Colombia, Afghanistan, drug-producing countries, Los Angeles Times drugs, terrorism, regional instability, Taliban, poppy cultivation, opium, heroin, drug revenue, farmer intimidation, protection money, warlords, Mexico, gang violence, South America, Brazil, Colombia, government destabilization, drug lords, war on drugs, counter-narcotics, drug production, drug profits, peace, development, Afghanistan, drug trade, narco-terrorism, organized crime, illicit crops, violence, Latin America, drug cartels, Los Angeles Times drugs, terrorism, regional instability, Taliban, poppy cultivation, opium, heroin, drug revenue, farmer intimidation, protection money, local warlords, drug violence, Mexico, gang violence, South America, Brazil, Colombia, government destabilization, drug lords, war on drugs, drug profits, counterterrorism, peace, development, drug-producing states, Afghanistan, Mexico drug war, narcotrafficking, organized crime, insurgency funding, drug cartels drugs, terrorism, regional instability, Taliban, opium, heroin, poppies, drug revenue, farmer intimidation, protection money, warlords, Mexico, gang violence, South America, Colombia, Brazil, government destabilization, drug lords, war on drugs, drug production, terrorist financing, peace, development, unstable states, Afghanistan, drug trafficking
test-economy-egppphbcb-pro02a	"Each man has a right to private property  The right to own property is central to man's existence since it ensures him of his independence of survival. It provides a means to sustain himself without relying on others inasmuch as he has control over a property and can make a living from it. However in order to acquire property the person must gain it from his own labour, if he takes the fruit of someone else's labour without consent that would be plain stealth. However, this is not the only requirement which must be fulfilled in order to gain property: imagine a scenario where I pour out tomato juice into the ocean, I have mixed my own labour with nature and made an ""own"" creation, but could it be said that the ocean is my property? Most people would certainly say no and therefore one of the following two provisos must also be met before one can fully acquire property: 1. It does not impact on others chance of survival/ comfort of life 2. Leaves the others better off than before. Let us presume that we have a wasteland which generates very little harvest since it is uncultivated. If I privatise and cultivate a bit of this land it will generate more harvest since I have put work effort in it. Presuming that the privatisation does not leave the others worse off than before e.g. there is plenty of other wasteland they can cultivate on their own and does thus not harm anyone else's opportunities/chances to cultivate their own land, privatisation is allowed for the individual good. Alternately, others are better off if they do not have the skill to cultivate land themselves and can lease their labour working on my privatized land, they would win on the deal since the wage I pay them would be better than what they would have gained on their own1/2.  1 Locke, J. (n.d.). Chapter. V. Of Property. Constitution Society. Retrieved June 7, 2011  2 Nozick, R. (1974). Anarchy State and Utopia (pp. 54-56, 137-42). Basic Books. private property, property rights, independence, survival, self-sufficiency, labor theory of property, consent, theft, ownership, acquisition of property, John Locke, provisos, labor mixing, impact on others, survival, comfort of life, betterment, wasteland, cultivation, privatization, individual good, opportunity, skill, wage labor, leasing labor, Robert Nozick, Anarchy State and Utopia, justification of property, social impact, ethical acquisition, Constitution Society private property, property rights, independence, survival, ownership, labor theory of property, consent, theft, acquisition, John Locke, proviso, mixing labor with nature, ocean property example, impact on others, survival, comfort, improvement, enclosure, wasteland cultivation, privatisation, individual benefit, communal benefit, opportunity cost, wage labor, Robert Nozick, entitlement theory, Anarchy State and Utopia, just acquisition, consent, distribution, Constitution Society, property ethics private property, right to property, property ownership, independence, self-sufficiency, labor theory of property, John Locke, Locke proviso, acquisition of property, labor mixing, consent, theft, natural resources, tomato juice ocean example, property requirements, impact on others, survival, comfort, wasteland cultivation, individual good, privatisation, opportunity cost, wage labor, better off, harm principle, Robert Nozick, Anarchy State and Utopia, property ethics, property rights, basic books, Constitution Society private property, property rights, ownership, independence, survival, self-sufficiency, labor theory of property, John Locke, Robert Nozick, acquisition, consent, theft, justice in acquisition, Locke's proviso, labor mixing, natural resources, ocean analogy, impact on others, opportunity cost, improvement, cultivation, wasteland, privatisation, wage labor, individual good, opportunity, distribution, Anarchy State and Utopia, Constitution Society, ethical property, morality of property, land use, economic justice private property, property rights, independence, survival, self-sufficiency, labor theory of property, consent, theft, acquisition, Locke, provisos, ocean analogy, impact on others, survival of others, comfort of life, improvement, uncultivated land, privatization, cultivation, opportunity cost, individual good, wasteland, wage labor, fair compensation, better off, Nozick, Anarchy State and Utopia, property acquisition conditions, ethical ownership, property justification, Constitution Society"
test-politics-dhwem-con01a	PMCs have an interest in conflict.  ncreased reliance on mercenaries is destabilising in the long term. It allows invaders and local governments to feel that they can get away with not providing sufficiently trained or numerous security forces because there are men on the ground. It also means that the most influential actors, large multi-national companies, no longer have to pressure governments so hard to provide security guarantees for everyone because they can buy their own. That leaves those without influence or money high and dry. This then leads to a proliferation of armed forces in the country, some working for the central government, others for local governments and some for private individuals and firms. These PMCs are hired provide security and to help create stability yet that is not where their interests lie. If the country returns to stability they are out of a job so it is in their interest to keep an unstable situation unstable to result in more work. (Wennmann, 2008) PMCs, private military companies, mercenaries, conflict of interest, destabilisation, security outsourcing, security provision, multinational corporations, armed actors, instability, security guarantees, government reliance, proliferation of armed forces, private security, economic incentives, conflict perpetuation, governance, influence, instability incentives, Wennmann 2008 Private Military Companies, PMCs, mercenaries, conflict of interest, destabilisation, security sector, multinational corporations, government security, security guarantees, influence, wealth disparity, proliferation of armed groups, local governments, security outsourcing, instability, job incentives, private security, Wennmann 2008, long-term effects, armed conflict, accountability, state monopoly on violence PMCs, mercenaries, conflict of interest, destabilization, security provision, private military companies, reliance on mercenaries, security outsourcing, multinational corporations, government security, security guarantees, influence, armed proliferation, non-state actors, instability, security privatization, local governments, central government, security inequality, Wennmann 2008 PMCs, private military companies, mercenaries, conflict of interest, security outsourcing, destabilisation, long-term instability, security provision, local governments, invaders, multinational corporations, security guarantees, inequality, armed groups proliferation, non-state actors, instability incentives, job security, security market, state control erosion, Wennmann 2008 PMCs, private military companies, mercenaries, conflict of interest, destabilisation, security provision, multi-national companies, security guarantees, armed actors, government forces, proliferation, instability, local governments, corporate security, influence, security sector, instability incentives, reliance on contractors, security industry, Wennmann 2008
test-economy-fiahwpamu-con01a	Realistic barriers  There are significant barriers to introducing microfinance. Microfinance can’t reach everywhere; a lack of infrastructure, or poor infrastructure, can mean that microfinance initiatives often can’t reach where need is greatest. Those who are poorest most need money just to get buy, not to invest. They would be unable to repay even tiny loans. It returns to the question of who is the poorest, and what do we know about them - where they are, what they need, and why are they poor?  Secondly, structural constraints limit the ability for microfinance to be sustainable and provide a long term solution. Bad governance, inadequate structures to regulate microfinance, and political instability, mean the theoretical benefits of microfinance may not become a lived reality.  Thirdly, who is involved in the supply? The involvement of multiple actors - NGOs, communities, the state, and private sector, complicates how microfinance is being run and therefore the effectiveness. Tensions emerge with such partnerships as each actor has the different objectives and motivations. microfinance barriers, infrastructure challenges, poorest populations, loan repayment, poverty, sustainability, structural constraints, governance, microfinance regulation, political instability, location of the poor, financial inclusion, actors in microfinance, NGOs, state involvement, private sector, community participation, stakeholder objectives, partnership tensions, implementation challenges, long-term impact microfinance, barriers, infrastructure, poverty, poorest communities, loan repayment, financial inclusion, sustainability, structural constraints, governance, regulation, political instability, development, multi-actor involvement, NGOs, state, private sector, community participation, objectives, motivations, partnerships, effectiveness, needs assessment, rural access, financial regulation, long-term solutions microfinance barriers, infrastructure challenges, poorest populations, loan repayment issues, poverty assessment, beneficiary identification, structural constraints, sustainability, governance, regulatory frameworks, political instability, multi-actor involvement, NGOs, community participation, state role, private sector, partnership tensions, effectiveness, motivations, objectives microfinance, barriers, infrastructure, poor infrastructure, access, poverty, loan repayment, poorest populations, financial inclusion, investment, structural constraints, sustainability, long-term solutions, governance, regulatory structures, political instability, stakeholders, NGOs, community involvement, state involvement, private sector, partnerships, actor motivations, effectiveness, distribution, outreach, microfinance limitations, aid effectiveness, developmental finance microfinance, barriers, infrastructure, poverty, poorest populations, loan repayment, structural constraints, sustainability, governance, regulatory frameworks, political instability, stakeholders, NGOs, community involvement, government role, private sector, partnerships, effectiveness, objectives, motivations, financial inclusion, rural areas, access to credit, development challenges, economic empowerment
test-international-gpsmhbsosb-con03a	Georgia has a right to territorial integrity  Georgia has a legitimate sovereign right to maintain its territorial integrity as well as the social contract accompanying it. Georgia has the right to take action to secure the integrity of these things, unless blocked by a higher international authority. Internationally, S. Ossetia's independence is recognised by only five nations (including Russia), demonstrating that the international community is not convinced that S. Ossetia's claim to self-determination trumps Georgia's claim to territorial integrity. [1] In order to obtain independence, it is important that a country be recognized diplomatically by a significant number of the members of the United Nations. This is important in large part because it ensures that a state will have viable diplomatic relations internationally if it becomes independent. It also demonstrates that the international system supports a certain action being taken internationally. Thus Georgia's claim should continue to stand until the international community changes its mind, and at the moment the international community has legitimate concerns regarding the regional instability and conflict that an independent S. Ossetia might foster. Moreover, as shown above the S. Ossetian state is entirely dependent on Russian support, and so it can be accurately stated that the issue of S. Ossetian independence, and its threat to Georgian territorial integrity, has arisen only because of Russian interference within Georgia. Even those who argue that any region has the right to self-determination would probably reject the idea that nations have the right to foster and encourage parts of other nations to secede from their current state and join another. The S. Ossetian independence movement can thus be correctly seen simply as Russian aggression against Georgia for its own advantage, not an issue of self-determination.  [1] RIA Novosti. “Nicaragua recognizes South Ossetia and Abkhazia”. RIA Novosti. 4 September 2008. Georgia, territorial integrity, sovereignty, South Ossetia, international recognition, self-determination, diplomatic recognition, United Nations, international community, regional instability, conflict, Russian interference, Russian aggression, Abkhazia, secession, international law, statehood, legitimacy, diplomatic relations, independence movement Georgia, territorial integrity, sovereignty, international law, South Ossetia, self-determination, diplomatic recognition, United Nations, international community, regional instability, conflict, Russian interference, Russian aggression, independence movement, Abkhazia, statehood, secession, legitimacy, foreign intervention, international relations, recognized states, social contract, geopolitical conflict, international authority, legitimacy of claims, international support, national borders, separatism, state dependency, RIA Novosti Georgia, territorial integrity, sovereignty, international law, South Ossetia, self-determination, international recognition, United Nations, diplomatic relations, regional instability, Russian interference, Russian aggression, separatism, statehood, Abkhazia, international community, legitimacy, conflict, independence movement, secession, foreign intervention, legitimacy of claims, geopolitical conflict, international authority, social contract Georgia, territorial integrity, sovereignty, international law, South Ossetia, S. Ossetia, independence, self-determination, diplomatic recognition, United Nations, international community, Russia, Russian interference, regional instability, conflict, Abkhazia, separatism, international relations, intervention, state dependency, global politics, national borders, social contract, legitimacy, aggression, secession, international authority, recognition criteria, nationhood Georgia, territorial integrity, sovereign right, social contract, international authority, South Ossetia, S. Ossetia, independence, diplomatic recognition, United Nations, international community, self-determination, regional instability, conflict, Russian support, Russian interference, secession, aggression, Abkhazia, legitimacy, sovereignty, international relations, state recognition, separatism, foreign intervention, UN members, Russian foreign policy, post-Soviet states, national borders, statehood, diplomacy
test-digital-freedoms-phwnaccpdt-pro03a	Data breaches can result in huge amounts of personal data falling into unscrupulous hands  The data collected and sold by companies is not safe. Servers with even the most sophisticated security systems are susceptible to hackers and other miscreants seeking to exploit the personal data of unsuspecting customers. Identity theft is a ubiquitous threat in the Information Age, one that increases every year as the arms race between data protection designers and invaders rages on. Data breaches have been rapidly increasing [1] and although the total number declined from 412 million exposed records in 2011 to 267 million in 2012 this has increasingly been due to hacking rather than simple negligence. [2] The result of these breaches is huge costs to individuals who have their identities and also to firms that appear to be unsafe. As individuals see companies as being uncaring of their information they tend to punish them in the market. [3] There is no opt-in because the individual has no means of seeing to whom the data is sold, and how secure their servers might be, putting them doubly at risk. Firms are better off not playing with fire and keeping data that could have huge potential costs to them if it is lost, and individuals are better off not having their information disseminated across cyberspace without any guarantee of its safety.  [1] Federal Trade Commission. “Privacy online: Fair information practices in the electronic marketplace: A report to Congress. Technical report, Federal Trade Commission”. May 2000.   [2] Risk Based Security, “Historically, Over 1.2 Billion Records Exposed According to Risk Based Security, Inc.” Risk Based Security, 22 February 2012,   Risk Based Security, “2012 Sets New Record for Reported Data Breaches”, PR Newswire, 14 February 2013,   [3] Acquisti, A. “The Economics of Personal Data and the Economics of Privacy”. OECD. 2010, data breaches, personal data, data security, identity theft, hacking, information privacy, cybersecurity, data protection, exposed records, server security, information age, privacy risks, market punishment, consumer trust, data exploitation, information practices, security vulnerabilities, corporate responsibility, data loss, opt-in consent, data sales, customer information, sensitive data, privacy online, negligent security, cyber threats, breach costs, data dissemination, record exposure, privacy economics, FTC report, risk based security, OECD, electronic marketplace, data handling, privacy concerns, data misuse, hacker threats, privacy violations data breaches, personal data, information security, hackers, identity theft, data protection, cyber threats, server security, exposed records, hacking, corporate negligence, privacy, market punishment, customer trust, data sales, information safety, data dissemination, information risk, electronic marketplace, fair information practices, FTC, Risk Based Security, economic impact, privacy economics, online privacy, data loss, data security, cybersecurity, data privacy, customer data, data collection data breaches, personal data, privacy, identity theft, data security, hacking, cyberattacks, data protection, information age, online privacy, exposed records, cybersecurity, data loss, market punishment, consumer trust, data sales, server security, corporate responsibility, data collection, information dissemination, risk management, fair information practices, Federal Trade Commission, online marketplace, data breach costs, negligence, data exposure, risk based security, economics of privacy, information safety data breaches, personal data, information security, data protection, identity theft, hacking, cybercrime, data privacy, server security, exposed records, customer data, cybersecurity, online privacy, data loss, company reputation, market punishment, opt-in, data sales, privacy practices, FTC report, Risk Based Security, data economics, privacy economics, OECD, electronic marketplace, consumer trust, breach costs, cyber threats, cybersecurity arms race, data misuse data breach, personal data, information security, data privacy, hackers, identity theft, cyber security, data protection, exposed records, hacking, online privacy, consumer trust, data loss, company reputation, data vulnerability, data collection, server security, unauthorized access, market punishment, data dissemination, opt-in consent, data sales, data safety, FTC, Risk Based Security, Acquisti, privacy economics, corporate responsibility, negligence, individual risk
test-economy-eptpghdtre-pro04a	Deregulation contributed to the banking crises and, therefore the 2009 economic crash  It is clear that the economic meltdown was, in large part, caused by deregulation of the banking and financial sectors. The Republican obsession causes not only environmental damage and low wages but it doesn’t even succeed in its avowed aim of leaving the market free to generate wealth. In just a way of letting the parties friends in the boardrooms of corporate America to get even richer by gambling with the homes and pensions of ordinary, hard-working Americans [i] .  The Congressional Republican response to the 2008 crash was to pass a bill that curtailed 38 environmental regulations, blaming the EPA for the stalled economy. Why is anyone’s guess.  [i] “Why Government Becomes the Scapegoat”. Governemtnisgood.com deregulation, banking crisis, 2009 economic crash, financial sector, Republican policies, economic meltdown, financial regulation, corporate America, market failure, environmental deregulation, low wages, wealth inequality, economic policy, EPA, 2008 crash, Congressional response, environmental regulations, government scapegoating, economic recession, Wall Street, pensions, housing crisis deregulation, banking crisis, 2009 economic crash, financial sector, economic meltdown, Republican policies, environmental regulations, low wages, market freedom, corporate America, wealth inequality, subprime mortgages, congressional response, EPA, stalled economy, government scapegoat, financial regulation, economic policy, financial collapse, boardroom, pensions, regulation rollback, 2008 crash deregulation, banking crisis, 2008 financial crisis, 2009 economic crash, financial sector, Republican policies, economic meltdown, environmental regulations, low wages, market freedom, corporate America, wealth inequality, Congressional Republicans, EPA, policy response, government scapegoat, regulation rollback, boardroom influence, pensions, housing crisis, financial gamble, economic policy, financial regulation, environmental policy, government regulation deregulation, banking crisis, 2009 economic crash, financial sector, economic meltdown, Republican policies, environmental damage, low wages, free market, corporate America, wealth inequality, boardrooms, pensions, ordinary Americans, Congressional Republicans, 2008 crash, environmental regulations, EPA, stalled economy, government scapegoat, financial regulation, economic policy, regulatory rollback, mortgage crisis, Wall Street, financial gambling banking crisis, 2009 economic crash, deregulation, financial sector, Republican policies, economic meltdown, environmental deregulation, corporate America, wealth inequality, economic regulation, EPA, 2008 financial crisis, environmental regulations rollback, government scapegoat, housing market collapse, pension risk, low wages, free market, Congress response, government regulation
test-free-speech-debate-magghbcrg-pro02a	Radio is cheap to produce and easily accessible.  Community radio relies on the power of its ideas and the thirst for those ideas among its audience. It accepts the notion that it is the exchange of information and views, freely given and received, that is more important than the ideas themselves.  It doesn’t require massive budgets and radio waves can be received on equipment that costs pennies; more importantly it can be shared.  For all of its pretensions of accessibility the devices used to access the Internet tend to be expensive and they also tend not to be shared – unlike radios [i] .  To give some context to this, even paying Western prices, a small radio station can be started for as little as $10,000 with monthly costs of $1,000 [ii] . Some of that, of course, relates to government issued licences, clearly this does not apply if the station is planning to be ignored by the authorities. These costs can be further reduced when the founders have a pre-existing knowledge of radio engineering or work with a partner organisation such as the BBC World Service or the various NGOs who specialise in the field [iii] .  [i] Plunkett, John, Community radio: A rare success story. The Guardian. 9 March 2009.  [ii] Prometheus Radio Project.  [iii] Wikipedia. Community Radio. community radio, radio production costs, radio accessibility, information exchange, radio audience, low-cost broadcasting, shared radio devices, internet accessibility, radio equipment affordability, radio station startup costs, government radio licensing, radio engineering knowledge, NGO radio support, BBC World Service, radio broadcasting sustainability, community media, local radio, grassroots media, radio infrastructure, radio technology community radio, accessibility, low-cost production, radio station setup, information exchange, affordable technology, shared devices, radio engineering, NGO support, BBC World Service, internet access costs, government licenses, Prometheus Radio Project, equipment costs, audience engagement, media infrastructure, grassroots media, media democratization community radio, radio production costs, accessibility, information exchange, audience engagement, low-cost broadcasting, radio equipment, content sharing, internet access barriers, radio station startup, operational expenses, broadcasting licenses, radio engineering, partner organizations, NGOs, BBC World Service, technology affordability, media accessibility, community media, Prometheus Radio Project community radio, radio accessibility, radio production cost, information exchange, radio ideas, audience engagement, radio equipment, radio sharing, internet access cost, radio station startup, radio licensing, radio engineering, NGO support, BBC World Service, community broadcasting, low-cost media, media accessibility, grassroots media, radio audience, media infrastructure, community engagement, broadcasting equipment, radio affordability community radio, accessible media, low-cost broadcasting, radio production costs, information exchange, shared devices, cheap radio equipment, radio audience, radio licensing, radio engineering, partner organizations, NGOs, BBC World Service, internet accessibility, radio vs internet, grassroots media, radio affordability, radio waves, mass communication, small radio station startup, monthly radio expenses, media accessibility, community engagement, alternative media, broadcasting infrastructure
test-philosophy-elkosmj-con02a	We cannot make any judgments about whose life is valuable and whose is not  It is impossible to know what any of the people involved in the situation will do with their life. One might be a serial killer while another might be a life-saving doctor. By attempting to use some sort of calculation in the scenario we are presuming that we have more knowledge than we actually do. In reality we are totally ignorant to the right course of action and doing anything in the situation could be a terrible mistake that causes a lot of pain and suffering in the future. life value, moral judgment, ethical uncertainty, utilitarianism, moral dilemmas, unpredictability, human worth, decision-making, ignorance, consequences, pain and suffering, moral philosophy, ethical calculation, outcome uncertainty, value of life moral judgment, value of life, ethical uncertainty, trolley problem, consequentialism, utilitarianism, ignorance, unpredictability, decision making, moral dilemmas, outcome uncertainty, action consequences, ethics, philosophy, life evaluation, future impact, suffering, risk, mistaken assumptions, knowledge limits moral judgment, value of life, ethical dilemma, uncertainty, ignorance, consequentialism, utilitarianism, decision-making, unpredictability, trolley problem, moral philosophy, outcome uncertainty, unintended consequences, ethical calculus, human worth, life valuation, risk, ethical uncertainty value of life, moral judgment, ethical uncertainty, utilitarianism, consequentialism, unpredictability, trolley problem, decision-making, knowledge limits, moral responsibility, philosophical ethics, outcome uncertainty, moral ignorance, ethical dilemmas, life-and-death decisions moral uncertainty, value of life, ethical judgment, decision-making, moral ignorance, utilitarianism critique, unpredictability, consequences, trolley problem, moral philosophy, personhood, ethical dilemmas, knowledge limitations, future outcomes, unintended consequences
test-international-iighbopcc-con03a	A more informal agreement avoids the US congress  The United States Congress is a potential hurdle for any climate agreement. While President Barack Obama is keen to make tackling climate change a legacy of his Presidency the Republican dominated Congress is both likely to try to block the President for that very reason and is sceptical of climate change. It is therefore a major benefit to have an agreement that will not need to be submitted to Congress for approval as any treaty needs to be confirmed by the Senate.  The Secretary of State Kerry argues that it is “definitely not going to be a treaty,” and “not going to be legally binding reduction targets like Kyoto”. It won’t need to be passed to the Senate because the President already has the power to implement the agreement through existing law. [1]  [1] Mufson, Steven, and Demirjian, Karoun, ‘Trick or treaty? The legal question hanging over the Paris climate change conference’, Washington Post, 30 November 2015, informal agreement, US Congress, climate agreement, President Barack Obama, Republican Congress, climate change skepticism, congressional approval, Senate confirmation, treaty, Secretary of State John Kerry, legally binding targets, Kyoto Protocol, executive power, existing law, Paris climate conference, Washington Post informal agreement, US Congress, climate agreement, Barack Obama, legacy, Republican Congress, climate change skepticism, Senate approval, treaty, legally binding, Kyoto Protocol, executive power, existing law, Paris climate conference, Steven Mufson, Karoun Demirjian, Washington Post informal agreement, US Congress, climate agreement, Barack Obama, climate change policy, Republican Congress, Senate approval, treaty, legally binding, Kyoto Protocol, executive power, Paris climate conference, John Kerry, legislative hurdle, presidential authority, climate negotiation, Washington Post, Mufson, Demirjian informal agreement, US Congress, climate agreement, presidential powers, Senate approval, treaty, legally binding, Obama, Republican Congress, climate change skepticism, Kyoto Protocol, executive action, Paris climate conference, legal authority, John Kerry, climate policy, Washington Post, legislative obstacle, climate change legislation, international agreements informal agreement, US Congress, climate agreement, Barack Obama, climate change policy, Republican opposition, treaty approval, Senate confirmation, legal binding, Kyoto Protocol, executive power, Paris climate conference, implementation authority, John Kerry, climate legislation, presidential legacy, legislative hurdle, international agreements, Washington Post
test-education-pstrgsehwt-con02a	Education should be about truth and facts, not dogma and faith.  Scientific enquiry is, at its core, a search for truth [1] . It is about shining light in dark places. Dogmatic adherence to beliefs in spite of evidence, and even trying to cover up facts that contradict those beliefs is academically dishonest and intellectually facile. Evolution is proven fact, a theory so sound that it is the cornerstone of all biology. Nothing in biology makes any sense unless considered in the context of evolution. Schools should teach this fact, not the pseudoscience of religious demagogues. It is a fundamental attack on children's rights to subject them to false information for the sake of upholding outdated and disproved beliefs. It is a right of all people to have a valuable education, because good education is required to be able to take part in the democratic process, to be able to make informed decisions. That right is compromised when the educational system gives them a worthless education in untruths, like Creationism, because informed decisions must be based on fact, and must be objective the way science is, rather than loaded with religious undertones, that skew ones view of the facts. The value of education is only as good as its applicability, either directly or through its fostering of critical thinking. So, when the political process is used to circumvent the curriculum set by teachers and experts, who actually know the subjects they are talking about, and replacing them with the curriculum set by a scientifically illiterate political body, the children suffer as the quality of their education decreases.  [1] Pauling, Linus. 1983. No More War! New York: Dodd Mead. education, truth, facts, dogma, faith, scientific inquiry, academic honesty, intellectual integrity, evolution, biology, science curriculum, pseudoscience, religious beliefs, children's rights, critical thinking, informed decision-making, Creationism, objectivity, secular education, political interference, curriculum development, scientific literacy, evidence-based teaching, religious influence in education, educational rights, democratic participation education, truth, facts, dogma, faith, scientific enquiry, academic honesty, intellectual integrity, evolution, biology, schools, curriculum, pseudoscience, religious beliefs, children's rights, informed decisions, democracy, creationism, objectivity, science, critical thinking, political interference, curriculum development, scientific literacy, children's education, evidence-based teaching, academic standards education, truth, facts, dogma, faith, scientific enquiry, academic honesty, intellectual integrity, evolution, biology, teaching, pseudoscience, religious beliefs, children's rights, misinformation, informed decisions, democratic process, creationism, objectivity, critical thinking, curriculum, scientific literacy, political interference, educational quality, expert authority, educational policy, science education, evidence-based teaching education, truth, facts, dogma, faith, scientific inquiry, academic honesty, intellectual integrity, evolution, biology, science curriculum, creationism, pseudoscience, religious influence, children’s rights, informed decisions, democratic process, critical thinking, curriculum reform, educational quality, evidence-based teaching, science literacy, political intervention, academic standards, Linus Pauling education, truth, facts, dogma, faith, scientific enquiry, academic honesty, evolution, biology, schools, pseudoscience, religious demagogues, children's rights, false information, outdated beliefs, valuable education, democratic process, informed decisions, untruths, Creationism, objective science, religious undertones, critical thinking, political interference, curriculum, scientific literacy, children's education, quality education, Linus Pauling, No More War
test-society-tlhrilsfhwr-pro01a	Cultural relativism and adapting to conflict  The issues underlying all debates on child soldiers go to the very heart of intercultural justice, politics and governance. International and supranational legislation notwithstanding, the notion that children should be protected from all forms of violence at any cost is expressly western.  The facts stated in the introduction are not sufficient to support the creation of a defence of cultural relativism to charges of recruiting and using child soldiers. “Cultures” are not simply sets of practices defined by history and tradition. They are also methods of living, of survival and of ordering societies that change and develop in response to societies’ environments. Within many communities, children are inducted (or induct themselves) into military organisations as a result of necessity. The traditional providers of physical safety within a society may have been killed or displaced by war. Communities left vulnerable by long running and vaguely defined conflicts may have no other option but to begin arming their children, in order to help them avoid violent exploitation. A great many child soldiers in South Sudan actively sought out units of the rebel army known to accept child recruits [i] . Following the death of parents and the dispersal of extended families, children gravitated towards known sources of safety and strength – organisations capable of providing protection and independence within nations utterly distorted and ruined by conflict.  Western notions of inviolate childhood, free of worry and violence, are merely a cultural construct. This construct cannot be duplicated in societies beset by forms of privation and conflict that have been alien to western liberal democracies for the last seventy years. Attempting to enforce this construct as law- and as a form of law that can trump domestic legislation- endangers vulnerable communities, inhibits the creation of democratic norms and can even criminalise the children it claims to protect.  [i] “Raised by war: Child Soldiers of the Southern Sudanese Second Civil War”, Christine Emily Ryan, PhD Thesis, University of London, 2009 cultural relativism, child soldiers, intercultural justice, western norms, international legislation, supranational law, violence against children, cultural constructs, conflict adaptation, survival strategies, military recruitment, South Sudan, vulnerable communities, protection, independence, war-affected societies, domestic legislation, democratic norms, criminalisation, cultural differences, humanitarian intervention, children’s rights, local practices, law enforcement, privation, armed conflict cultural relativism, child soldiers, intercultural justice, politics, governance, international law, supranational legislation, western values, violence against children, cultural practices, societal survival, community protection, conflict adaptation, necessity, military induction, vulnerability, war impact, South Sudan, rebel recruitment, orphans, protection systems, western childhood construct, legal enforcement, domestic legislation, democratic norms, criminalization, humanitarian intervention cultural relativism, child soldiers, intercultural justice, conflict adaptation, western cultural constructs, international law, supranational legislation, children and violence, community survival, wartime recruitment, South Sudan, military induction, child protection, democratic norms, enforced legal standards, vulnerable communities, cultural constructs of childhood, western liberal democracies, necessity in conflict, ethical debates, war-affected societies, humanitarian intervention, children in armed conflict, local governance, protection versus exploitation cultural relativism, child soldiers, intercultural justice, international law, supranational legislation, western values, violence against children, cultural constructs, social adaptation, conflict zones, war-affected societies, community survival, military recruitment, South Sudan, child protection, legal frameworks, democratic norms, domestic legislation, criminalization, vulnerability, war-induced displacement, traditional safety providers, cultural context, necessity, autonomy, child agency, humanitarian law, ethical debates, post-conflict societies, cross-cultural differences, governance, western liberal democracies, enforcement of norms, Christine Emily Ryan cultural relativism, child soldiers, intercultural justice, governance, international law, supranational legislation, western values, childhood protection, violence, cultural construct, armed conflict, South Sudan, recruitment, military organizations, survival strategies, community vulnerability, war, children in conflict, legal defense, domestic legislation, protection, independence, western liberal democracies, democratic norms, criminalization, Christine Emily Ryan, Sudanese Civil War
test-international-miasimyhw-pro05a	The freedom to move is a human right.  Mobility is a human right - which needs to be enabled across national spaces and Africa. Obstacles need to be removed. Mobility enables access to interconnected rights - such as ensuring women their right to move enables empowerment in the political, social and economic spheres.  Taking the case of migration of young people, the process reflects a right of passage, a means of exploring opportunities and identity.For example the Mourides of Senegal have established a dense network sustaining informal trading across multiple scales based on a foundation of ‘Brotherhood’ youths leaving rural areas become integrated into dynamic social networks and educated within the Mouride culture. As research in Tanzania shows although migration is not a priority for all youths, many identify the opportunity as a time to prove yourself and establish your transition into adulthood. The process empowers human identity and rights. freedom of movement, human rights, mobility, Africa, migration, obstacles, interconnected rights, women's empowerment, political rights, social rights, economic rights, youth migration, rites of passage, opportunity, identity, Mourides, Senegal, informal trading, brotherhood, social networks, cultural integration, rural to urban migration, Tanzania, youth empowerment, transition to adulthood, human identity, right to move, removal of barriers, migrant networks freedom of movement, human rights, mobility, Africa, national spaces, migration, youth migration, obstacles to mobility, women empowerment, political rights, social rights, economic rights, interconnected rights, migration as rite of passage, opportunity, identity, Mourides, Senegal, informal trading, brotherhood networks, rural to urban migration, social networks, cultural integration, Mouride culture, Tanzania, youth empowerment, adulthood transition, human identity, access rights, migration research, empowerment freedom of movement, human rights, mobility, Africa, national borders, obstacles, empowerment, women’s rights, political empowerment, social empowerment, economic empowerment, migration, youth migration, rite of passage, opportunity, identity, Mourides, Senegal, informal trading, social networks, Brotherhood, rural-urban migration, Tanzania, transition to adulthood, human identity, access to rights, interconnected rights, social integration, youth empowerment freedom of movement, human rights, mobility, national borders, Africa, obstacles, access, interconnected rights, women empowerment, political rights, social rights, economic rights, youth migration, rite of passage, opportunities, identity, Mourides, Senegal, informal trading, brotherhood, social networks, rural-urban migration, education, Mouride culture, Tanzania, youth perspectives, transition to adulthood, empowerment, human identity, migration benefits freedom of movement, human right, mobility, national borders, Africa, obstacles, interconnected rights, women empowerment, political participation, social inclusion, economic empowerment, migration, youth migration, rite of passage, opportunity, identity, Mourides, Senegal, informal trading, Brotherhood, social networks, rural to urban migration, Mouride culture, integration, Tanzania, youth, adulthood transition, empowerment, human rights
test-education-usuprmhbu-con02a	Affirmative action creates bad workplaces for all minorities  Affirmative action creates a negative workplaces for all minorities whose group receives affirmative action support.  The existence of affirmative action creates a de-facto assumption that anyone of that particular minority must have gotten where they are not on their own merit, but simply because they are that particular minority. This causes people to resent the minority group for getting for “free” what people feel they had to work hard for. This furthers the perception of the minority as being inferior, and removes their capacity to be treated as an equal in the workplace and prove themselves.  This assumption is not only harmful to those minorities who did receive assistance from affirmative action, but also anyone of that minority group regardless of if they were hired using affirmative action because there is simply an assumption that they are less qualified and there because of the policy because the policy exists.  Therefore, affirmative action creates an assumption that minorities in the workplace are less qualified and inherently inferior to the other workers due to the affirmative action policy causing resentment and deepening inequality, not helping eradicate it. affirmative action, workplace, minorities, negative impact, resentment, meritocracy, perceptions, inequality, minority employees, stereotype, inferiority, assumptions, workplace diversity, employment discrimination, minority qualifications, hiring policies, workplace equality, policy backlash, diversity initiatives, workplace integration affirmative action, workplace inequality, minority resentment, merit assumption, hiring bias, minority stereotypes, perceived inferiority, workplace discrimination, diversity backlash, equal opportunity, policy impact, minority qualifications, employee perception, workplace culture, affirmative action criticism affirmative action, workplace impact, minority groups, negative perception, meritocracy, workplace resentment, stigma, inferiority assumption, discrimination, equality, workplace inequality, minority advancement, diversity policies, workplace bias, hiring practices, tokenism, employee morale, policy backlash, workplace integration, structural inequality affirmative action, workplace effects, minority perception, meritocracy, workplace resentment, minority disadvantage, stigma, workplace inequality, affirmative action criticism, minority inferiority, workplace discrimination, diversity policies, employment bias, hiring assumptions, workplace integration, equal opportunity, unintended consequences, negative impact, racial stereotypes, workplace dynamics affirmative action, workplace resentment, minority perceptions, meritocracy, workplace inequality, minority disadvantage, negative assumptions, minority inferiority, workplace discrimination, equality, diversity policies, hiring bias, stigma, employment fairness, workplace dynamics, minority representation, policy backlash, workplace cohesion, diversity backlash, social inequality
test-international-ghwcitca-con03a	Unlike warfare cyber-attacks don’t kill so they don’t need to be restricted in the same way  Warfare needs to be closely regulated because of the numbers of people who can be killed and the devastation that can result. This is not something that is a concern with cyber-attacks. So far cyber-attacks have not been very effective. ‘Stuxnet’ was a computer worm targeted an important control system in the Iranian nuclear program sabotaging gas centrifuges by making them run out of control. It was created by US and Israeli intelligence yet was not particularly effective, and certainly did not kill anyone. [1] Other major attacks have infected a large number of machines, such as ‘Shamoon’ that attacked the Saudi state oil company ARAMCO which affected 30,000 computers, but again this is simply destruction of property. [2] No matter how indiscriminate cyber-attacks may be that they don’t cause large numbers of deaths means there is little need to ban such attacks – it simply does not matter if attackers don’t follow a set of conventions like the Geneva conventions.  [1] Barzashka, Ivanka, ‘Are Cyber-Weapons Effective? Assessing Stuxnet’s Impact on the Iranian Enrichment Programme’, RUSI Journal, Vol.158, Issue 2, 28 April 2013,   [2] Garamone, Jim, ‘Panetta Spells out DOD Roles in Cyberdefense’, American Forces Press Service, 11 October 2012, cyber-attacks, warfare, regulation, Geneva Conventions, effectiveness, Stuxnet, Shamoon, Iranian nuclear program, ARAMCO, destruction of property, casualties, lethality, US intelligence, Israeli intelligence, cyber-weapons, restrictions, cyberdefense, legal frameworks, international law, computer worm, sabotage, gas centrifuges, property damage, non-lethal attacks, cyber operations, military conflict, cyber regulation, ethics, political implications, security policy, cyber warfare cyber-attacks, warfare, regulation, lethality, Stuxnet, Iranian nuclear program, sabotage, US intelligence, Israeli intelligence, Shamoon, ARAMCO, property destruction, Geneva Conventions, effectiveness, death toll, cyber-weapons, cyberdefense, international law, restrictions, ethical considerations cyber-attacks, warfare, regulation, Geneva Conventions, Stuxnet, Shamoon, ARAMCO, effectiveness, lethality, property destruction, Iranian nuclear program, US intelligence, Israeli intelligence, cyber-weapons, casualties, cyberdefense, international law, RUSI Journal, DOD, ARAMCO attack, non-lethal threats, military ethics, cyber regulations, cyber warfare impact, civilian harm, cyber-operations, cyber-attack restrictions cyber-attacks, warfare, regulation, effectiveness, Stuxnet, Iranian nuclear program, sabotage, US intelligence, Israeli intelligence, Shamoon, ARAMCO, property destruction, casualties, Geneva conventions, cyber-weapons, cyber defense, cyber warfare, legal restrictions, military regulation, death toll, ethical considerations, cyber regulations, computer worm, targeted attacks, critical infrastructure, RUSI Journal, American Forces Press Service cyber-attacks, warfare regulation, Geneva Conventions, lethality, civilian casualties, Stuxnet, Shamoon, ARAMCO, cyber-weapons effectiveness, property destruction, cyber conflict, international law, military ethics, cyber operations, non-lethal attacks, digital sabotage, Iranian nuclear program, US-Israeli intelligence, cyber defense, DOD cyber roles, cyberwar consequences
test-politics-oglilpdwhsn-con04a	"Problems with Verification.  Verification is vital in any agreement to limit arms. Both sides need to trust each other a bit but a lot of this trust needs to come from comprehensive mechanisms to monitor and ensure that both sides are carrying out their commitments. If the verification system is not good enough then neither side will have faith in the agreement and will be more likely to try and bypass it.  Unfortunately the expired START’s verification regime was robust when compared to that for the New START. Baker Spring at the Heritage foundation lists some of the specific areas that are significantly less robust: A narrowing of the requirements for exchanging telemetry (electronic transmissions that give details of missile performance that helps give a good idea about whether Russia is complying with the treaty) , A reduction in the effectiveness of the inspections (the Russians feel that inspections are unfairly biased against them), Weaknesses in the ability to verify the number of deployed warheads on ICBMs and submarine-launched ballistic missiles (SLBMs), Abolition of the START verification regime governing mobile ICBMs, and A weakening of the verification standards governing the elimination of delivery vehicles. [1]  [1] Spring, Baker. ""Twelve Flaws of New START That Will Be Difficult to Fix"". Heritage Foundation, The Foundry. 16 September 2010. arms control, verification problems, treaty compliance, trust mechanisms, monitoring systems, START treaty, New START, verification regime, telemetry exchange, missile performance data, inspection effectiveness, Russian compliance, deployed warheads, ICBMs, SLBMs, mobile ICBMs, delivery vehicle elimination, Heritage Foundation, Baker Spring, verification standards, mutual trust, arms limitations, treaty flaws, treaty monitoring, arms reduction, inspection weaknesses, compliance mechanisms arms control, verification problems, treaty compliance, START treaty, New START, trust mechanisms, monitoring, inspections, telemetry exchange, missile performance data, verification regime, inspection effectiveness, Russian compliance, warhead verification, ICBM verification, SLBM verification, mobile ICBMs, delivery vehicle elimination, Heritage Foundation, Baker Spring, treaty flaws, arms limitation agreements, verification standards, compliance monitoring, treaty robustness arms control, verification problems, treaty compliance, START, New START, verification regime, trust, arms agreement, monitoring mechanisms, telemetry exchange, missile verification, inspection effectiveness, warhead verification, ICBM, SLBM, mobile ICBMs, delivery vehicle elimination, verification standards, Baker Spring, Heritage Foundation, treaty flaws, compliance monitoring, inspection bias, transparency, nuclear arms, disarmament, arms limitation, Russia compliance, treaty robustness arms control, verification problems, treaty compliance, START, New START, telemetry exchange, missile performance, inspections, ICBM, SLBM, Russia, deployed warheads, mobile ICBMs, delivery vehicles, verification standards, Heritage Foundation, trust, monitoring mechanisms, treaty flaws, Baker Spring, arms limitation, verification regime, transparency, confidence-building measures, verification weaknesses arms control, verification problems, treaty compliance, trust mechanisms, monitoring systems, START treaty, New START, verification regime, telemetry exchange, missile performance, inspection effectiveness, biased inspections, deployed warheads verification, ICBM verification, SLBM verification, mobile ICBMs, delivery vehicle elimination, verification standards, treaty flaws, Heritage Foundation, Baker Spring"
test-international-aglhrilhb-con03a	Fear of prosecutions cause leaders to do more damage  Instead of giving up fighting, leaders continue to fight, disrupting the ability of a country to move on, for fear of prosecution. Pol Pot, for example, rebuilt armies and continued to fight long after his regime was overthrown, killing thousands more people. Had an amnesty been offered, he might well have given up and allowed the country to heal with far less death. Joseph Kony also continues to plague Uganda from within bush land even though he has offered to surrender for amnesty, because the ICC refuses to grant him any indemnity for his crimes [1].  [1] BBC news Africa, ‘LRA leader Joseph Kony 'in surrender talks' with CAR’, bbc.co.uk, 20 November 2013, prosecution fear, leaders resistance, post-conflict violence, amnesty, accountability, war crimes, transitional justice, Pol Pot, Joseph Kony, ICC, surrender deterrence, conflict resolution, regime change, armed groups, impunity, peace process, political violence, Uganda, Cambodia, international criminal court, rebel leaders, healing, civilian casualties, justice vs peace, amnesty policy fear of prosecution, leaders, continued conflict, amnesty, transitional justice, Pol Pot, Joseph Kony, civil war, post-conflict recovery, ICC, international criminal court, Uganda, CAR, surrender talks, indemnity, rebel leaders, accountability, political violence, war crimes, peace negotiations, healing, deterrence, prosecution deterrent, obstruction of peace, case studies, rebel amnesty, leadership decisions, post-conflict justice fear of prosecution, leaders, continued violence, post-conflict, amnesty, war crimes, international criminal court, ICC, transitional justice, armed resistance, regime change, Pol Pot, Joseph Kony, Uganda, civil conflict, leader surrender, immunity, legal indemnity, reconciliation, peace process, accountability, rebuilding armies, death toll, obstacles to peace, political violence fear of prosecution, leaders, continued conflict, amnesty, transitional justice, post-conflict, leadership accountability, Pol Pot, Joseph Kony, surrender, impunity, fighting aftermath, peace processes, International Criminal Court, ICC, indemnity, Uganda, LRA, reconciliation, civil war, country healing, political violence, prosecution deterrent, armed conflict, rebel leaders fear of prosecution, leaders, ongoing conflict, surrender, amnesty, impunity, transitional justice, deterrence, criminal accountability, post-conflict, civil war, Pol Pot, Joseph Kony, ICC, indemnity, Uganda, regime change, prolonging violence, restoration, peace process, war crimes, international law, rebel leaders, armed conflict, LRA, human rights, reconciliation, prosecution risk, healing, post-war recovery, transitional governments
test-international-iwiaghbss-con03a	Could retain sovereignty without acquiring new territory  While it is normal for states to have exclusive sovereign control over territory this has not always happened in the past. There have been governments in exile that have remained recognised as a result of wars or revolutions. Most notable perhaps was during world war II where there were governments in exile as a result of invasions by Germany and Japan. For example Philippine President Quezon set up The Commonwealth government in exile in Washington D.C. which remained the recognised government by the allies and therefore much of the world. [1]  A state therefore does not have to have control over a populated territory to maintain a sovereign government and for the world to recognise it as such. [2] Having a population on the territory over which the state has sovereignty matters little; migrants don’t always change citizenship when they move to live in another country. Indeed 56.9% of Samoans live outside their own territory. [3]  [1] Jose, Ricardo, T., ‘Governments in Exile’, University of the Philippines,  , p.182  [2] Yu, 2013,   [3] McAdam, 2010,  , p.8 sovereignty, government in exile, territorial control, World War II, recognized government, Philippine Commonwealth, state recognition, sovereignty without territory, exclusive control, population migration, citizenship, international law, exiled governments, recognition by allies, historical examples, sovereignty maintenance, government legitimacy, Samoan diaspora, external recognition, unpopulated territory sovereignty, governments in exile, World War II, territorial control, state recognition, international law, Philippine Commonwealth, recognized government, exile, population, citizenship, migrants, Samoans, unpopulated territory, state legitimacy, government recognition, sovereign government, territory acquisition, historical examples, non-territorial sovereignty sovereignty, territorial control, governments in exile, recognition, World War II, international law, statehood, government legitimacy, unpopulated territory, Philippine Commonwealth, exile government, population, citizenship, migration, extraterritorial sovereignty, international recognition, diaspora, national identity, state continuity, legal sovereignty sovereignty, territory, governments in exile, World War II, recognition, international law, Philippine Commonwealth, President Quezon, government recognition, non-territorial sovereignty, exile, population, citizenship, statehood, Samoan diaspora, migrant citizenship, international relations, war, government legitimacy, territorial control sovereignty, governments in exile, territorial control, state recognition, World War II, Philippine Commonwealth, President Quezon, international law, population migration, extraterritorial government, sovereignty without territory, unpopulated sovereignty, diaspora, legal recognition, government legitimacy, Samoan diaspora, Germany invasion, Japan invasion, wartime recognition, migrant citizenship
test-philosophy-ippelhbcp-con03a	Capital punishment is a comparatively small issue  Whatever the merits, capital punishment in Africa is a small issue. Capital punishment opponents should focus on China, which uses capital punishment in a secretive manner for all variety of offences and executes far more people than the rest of the world put together. [1]  If Western human rights groups genuinely want to improve human rights in Africa, there are a myriad of issues that affect many more people relating to good governance, political rights and socio-economic rights, rather than just focusing on a small number of individuals, generally convicted of particularly serious criminal offences.  [1] ‘Death Sentences and Executions 2012’, Amnesty International, April 2013,  , p.6 capital punishment, Africa, China, executions, human rights, good governance, political rights, socio-economic rights, criminal justice, Amnesty International, death penalty, human rights groups, secretive executions, serious criminal offences, Western advocacy, global comparisons, execution statistics, legal reforms, rights improvement, issue prioritization capital punishment, Africa, human rights, China, death penalty, executions, socio-economic rights, political rights, good governance, Amnesty International, secretive executions, criminal offences, Western human rights groups, death sentences, global comparison, justice system, Africa human rights issues, capital punishment statistics, governance Africa, execution rates, criminal justice reform, international human rights capital punishment, Africa, China, human rights, executions, death penalty, Amnesty International, political rights, socio-economic rights, good governance, criminal justice, secretive executions, Western human rights groups, global comparisons, criminal offences, human rights improvement, African issues, execution statistics, public policy, worldwide death penalty capital punishment, Africa, China, executions, human rights, death penalty, Amnesty International, secretive execution, governance, political rights, socio-economic rights, criminal justice, human rights groups, death sentences, global comparison, legal reform, judicial system, advocacy, Western organizations, serious offences capital punishment, Africa, human rights, executions, China, secretive justice, Amnesty International, death penalty, governance, political rights, socio-economic rights, criminal offences, death sentences, human rights groups, crime and punishment, execution statistics, global comparison, serious crimes, Western advocacy, legal reform
test-free-speech-debate-radhbsshr-pro01a	Artistic Freedom  A core principle of art is that it should be free from any form of inhibition, as the particular artwork is an expression of the particular views and ideals of the artist. The subject matter in many instances is their own choice; therefore they have the right to say what they want about the subject matter, safe in the knowledge that is their opinion alone being portrayed.  The artist that painted ‘The Spear’, Brett Murray, created the piece as part of an exhibition that reflected his own discontent at the lack of major progress since the ruling African National Congress took power in South Africa after the end of Apartheid in 1994. Murray used his work to promulgate an idea that he has, allowing for others to see the art work for themselves and make up their own minds about President Zuma and the ANC. [1]  Art Galleries have a right to display any artist they feel will attract visitors as well showcase the forms of art that they believe is suitable. The Goodman Gallery saw no issue with Murray’s work to the extent that they prevented any particular works from being displayed. As it was their venue which was the setting for ‘The Spear’s display, The Goodman Gallery had the right to take decisions independently of external pressure. The removal of the exhibit sets a dangerous precedent whereby government can unduly censor artworks, threatening the free actions of artists and the galleries that display their work in turn affecting plural, democratic discourse. [2]  [1] Du Toit, ‘Artist Brett Murray explains why he painted ‘The spear’, 2 Ocean’s Vibe, 2012,   [2] Robins. P, ‘The spear that divided the nation’, Amandla, 2012, artistic freedom, art censorship, artist rights, Brett Murray, The Spear, Goodman Gallery, freedom of expression, art exhibition, South Africa, ANC, post-Apartheid, presidential criticism, gallery independence, democratic discourse, government censorship, visual arts, political art, controversial art, exhibition rights, opinion expression, art criticism, pluralism, public debate, art and politics, artistic expression artistic freedom, artistic expression, art censorship, Brett Murray, The Spear, Goodman Gallery, South African art, apartheid, African National Congress, ANC, President Zuma, exhibition controversy, freedom of speech, gallery rights, government censorship, democratic discourse, pluralism in art, contemporary art, art and politics, art rights, art and democracy artistic freedom, censorship, art expression, artist rights, Brett Murray, The Spear, Goodman Gallery, South Africa, African National Congress, ANC, President Zuma, post-apartheid, exhibition, discontent, government censorship, gallery autonomy, democratic discourse, pluralism, controversial art, art and politics, free speech, contemporary art, public opinion, art criticism, art and society, art controversy, South African art, freedom of expression, art galleries, political art artistic freedom, art censorship, Brett Murray, The Spear, Goodman Gallery, freedom of expression, South Africa, ANC, post-apartheid, art exhibition, political art, gallery rights, artist opinion, democratic discourse, government censorship, exhibition removal, Nelson Mandela, President Zuma, freedom of speech, pluralism, art controversy, visual arts, cultural policy, artistic rights, art and politics artistic freedom, censorship, art expression, Brett Murray, The Spear, Goodman Gallery, freedom of speech, South African art, political art, ANC, apartheid, exhibition, democratic discourse, government censorship, art galleries, artist rights, opinion in art, exhibition rights, freedom of expression, art controversy, President Zuma, South Africa, pluralism, gallery independence
test-health-hpehwadvoee-con03a	This would encourage coercion for some to die to save others  By allowing sacrificial donations society becomes vulnerable to abuse of this system. It is possible that people are scared or coerced into sacrificing their lives for others. While society does all it can for those who are ill, it cannot start moving the boundaries for when it actively takes the lives of its citizens.  Even when there is no coercion, we cannot even know when a person is beyond all hope. Even in the direst situations, there are exceptional cases when people recover. However, if we take a person’s vital organs, the process is irreversible. Therefore, it is always wrong to prematurely kill another person, while the recipient is still alive and within the realm of luck and miracles. In the status quo the donor is already dead and the trade-off is not a problem, but this cannot be extended to the living coercion, sacrificial donation, organ donation ethics, vulnerable society, system abuse, forced sacrifice, autonomy, premature death, vital organs, donor consent, living donor risks, medical miracles, irreversibility, moral boundaries, euthanasia, end-of-life decisions, exploitation, life trade-off, ethics of saving lives, involuntary euthanasia coercion, sacrificial donations, organ donation ethics, abuse of organ donation, vulnerable systems, forced sacrifice, voluntary euthanasia, boundaries of life and death, taking lives, exceptional recovery, irreversibility, premature death, living donor controversy, donor consent, terminal illness, medical miracles, ethical dilemmas, organ transplant ethics, active euthanasia, donor autonomy, status quo, morality of sacrifice coercion, sacrificial donations, organ donation ethics, abuse of system, vulnerability, forced sacrifice, consent, boundaries of life, end-of-life decisions, medical ethics, organ harvesting, hope of recovery, irreversibility, premature death, living donors, dead donors, trade-off, miracles, ethical concerns, societal implications, protection of vulnerable, exploitation risks, coercive practices coercion, sacrificial organ donation, ethical concerns, system abuse, forced sacrifice, organ transplant ethics, consent, premature death, medical boundaries, living donor risks, irreversibility, vulnerable populations, exceptional recovery, autonomy, end-of-life decisions, donor recipient ethics, organ trade-off, vital organs, social exploitation, medical ethics coercion, sacrificial donations, organ donation ethics, abuse of donation system, vulnerable populations, forced sacrifice, societal boundaries, killing for organ donation, hope in recovery, exceptional medical recovery, irreversible process, premature death, moral dilemmas, living donors, dead donors, ethical organ trade-offs, donation consent, end-of-life decisions, medical miracles, donation policy, exploitation risk
test-international-aahwstdrtfm-con03a	Receive much greater interest from Taiwan  There are benefits to being one of only twenty-two countries that recognise another country; you are lavished with attention. The President of the RoC visited São Tomé in January 2014, [1] he was last intending to visit only two years before but cancelled as President Manuel Pinto da Costa was overseas. [2] Visits also regularly go the other way; in a four month period from October 2010 São Tomé’s President, Minister of Finance, and Prime Minister all made separate trips to Taiwan. [3] The PRC being recognised by many more countries could never provide the same level of attention. As one of the poorest countries in the world without the question of recognition the PRC would have practically no interest in such a small African state.  [1] ‘Ma vows to strengthen ROC-Sao Tome relations’, Taiwan Today, 27 January 2014,   [2] Hsiu-chuan, Shih, ‘Ma’s trip canceled due to scheduling conflict: Sao Tome’, Taipei Times, 5 April 2012,   [3] Martins, Vasco, ‘Aid for legitimacy: São Tomé and Principe hand in hand with Taiwan’, IPRIS Viewpoints, February 2011, Taiwan, São Tomé and Príncipe, diplomatic recognition, international relations, Republic of China, PRC, official visits, foreign aid, bilateral relations, Africa, small states, President Ma Ying-jeou, diplomatic attention, recognition benefits, cross-strait relations, diplomatic competition, foreign policy, China-Taiwan rivalry, Taiwan foreign aid, São Tomé leaders, diplomatic incentives, international legitimacy, Taiwan Africa relations Taiwan, São Tomé and Príncipe, diplomatic recognition, Republic of China, PRC relations, international attention, foreign aid, state visits, bilateral relations, Taiwan diplomacy, African countries, China recognition, international legitimacy, small states, foreign policy, Ma Ying-jeou, Manuel Pinto da Costa, Taiwan foreign policy, diplomatic benefits Taiwan diplomatic recognition, São Tomé and Príncipe, ROC international relations, foreign aid, diplomatic visits, President Ma Ying-jeou, Manuel Pinto da Costa, cross-strait relations, Africa-Taiwan relations, PRC diplomatic isolation, development assistance, small state diplomacy, bilateral cooperation, Taiwan soft power, official state visits, international legitimacy, Taipei Times, Taiwan Today, IPRIS Viewpoints Taiwan, São Tomé and Príncipe, diplomatic recognition, international relations, Republic of China, PRC, foreign aid, presidential visits, diplomatic attention, Africa, small states, Taiwan diplomacy, cross-strait relations, Taiwan allies, international legitimacy, diplomatic benefits, bilateral relations, state visits, Taiwan foreign policy, global recognition Taiwan, diplomatic recognition, São Tomé and Príncipe, Republic of China, President Ma Ying-jeou, international relations, foreign aid, state visits, Africa, People's Republic of China, bilateral relations, small states, foreign policy, international attention, cross-strait relations, political legitimacy, diplomatic competition, economic assistance, PRC vs ROC, African diplomacy
test-health-hdond-con04a	People may have valid religious reasons not to donate organs  Many major religions, such as some forms of Orthodox Judaism {Haredim Issue}, specifically mandate leaving the body intact after death. To create a system that aims to strongly pressure people, with the threat of reduced priority for life-saving treatment, to violate their religious beliefs violates religious freedom. This policy would put individuals and families in the untenable position of having to choose between contravene the edicts of their god and losing the life of themselves or a loved one. While it could be said that any religion that bans organ donation would presumably ban receiving organs as transplants, this is not actually the case; some followers of Shintoism and Roma faiths prohibit removing organs from the body, but allow transplants to the body. religious objections, organ donation, religious freedom, Orthodox Judaism, Haredim, intact body, religious beliefs, policy debate, medical ethics, Shintoism, Roma faiths, organ transplant, religious mandates, end-of-life issues, healthcare priority, religious discrimination, bioethics, organ removal, faith-based objections, medical prioritization, religious exemption religious objections, organ donation, religious freedom, Orthodox Judaism, Haredim, body integrity, religious beliefs, Shintoism, Roma faith, transplant ethics, policy impact, healthcare prioritization, religious mandates, faith-based exemptions, organ transplant policy, religious edicts, medical ethics, faith conflicts, body after death, minority religions religious objections, organ donation, Orthodox Judaism, Haredim, Shintoism, Roma faith, religious freedom, body integrity, after death, transplant ethics, religious beliefs, medical ethics, organ transplant policy, minority religions, healthcare discrimination, faith-based prohibitions, intact body, life-saving treatment, religious edicts, family decisions, recipient eligibility, religious diversity, ethical dilemmas, donor policy, religious exemptions religious freedom, organ donation, religious objections, Orthodox Judaism, Haredim, Shintoism, Roma faiths, body integrity, religious beliefs, ethical dilemmas, transplant policy, medical ethics, religious edicts, faith-based objections, healthcare policy, life-saving treatment, religious exemptions, body after death, transplant eligibility, faith and medicine religious freedom, organ donation, religious objections, Orthodox Judaism, Haredim, Shintoism, Roma faith, body integrity, post-mortem, transplant ethics, religious beliefs, medical ethics, policy criticism, life-saving treatment, faith-based medical decisions, religious mandates, religious accommodation, patient rights, medical prioritization, cultural differences, religious exemptions, transplantation policies
test-sport-ybfgsohbhog-pro03a	COUNTERPOINT Any large expenditure in one area will stimulate regeneration. Considering that the cost of hosting the London 2012 Olympics is predicted at £2.375 billion, expected to rise far higher, regeneration is the least that can be expected as a le  The Olympics are a showcase. Hosting the Olympics can be a way of making a strong political point because of the intense media scrutiny that accompanies the games. During the Cold War both Moscow 1980 and Los Angeles 1984 were used by the USSR and USA to show their economic strength. Seoul in 1988 used the games to demonstrate South Korea's economic and political maturity. The Beijing Olympics in 2008 are seen by many as evidence of China's acceptance into the global community and a way for her to showcase her economic growth and acceptance of the West. For New York, the 2012 bid is a way of showing that the post-9/11 healing process has been completed and that the city is 'open for business' despite the terrorist attacks. Olympics, hosting, regeneration, expenditure, London 2012, cost, economic impact, media scrutiny, political showcase, Cold War, Moscow 1980, Los Angeles 1984, economic strength, Seoul 1988, South Korea, political maturity, Beijing 2008, China, global acceptance, economic growth, New York, 2012 bid, post-9/11, urban renewal, city branding, international relations, legacy, infrastructure investment, mega-events London 2012 Olympics, expenditure, economic regeneration, political showcase, media scrutiny, Olympic Games, Cold War, Moscow 1980, Los Angeles 1984, USSR, USA, economic strength, Seoul 1988, South Korea, political maturity, Beijing 2008, China, global community, economic growth, Western acceptance, New York, 2012 Olympic bid, post-9/11, urban regeneration, city branding, soft power, international relations, economic impact, political symbolism Olympics, London 2012, regeneration, economic impact, large expenditure, media scrutiny, political showcase, Moscow 1980, Los Angeles 1984, Cold War, Seoul 1988, South Korea, Beijing 2008, China, global community, economic growth, New York, post-9/11, city recovery, international image, political point, hosting costs, urban renewal, event legacy, national prestige Olympics, London 2012, expenditure, regeneration, economic impact, political showcase, media scrutiny, Moscow 1980, Los Angeles 1984, Seoul 1988, Beijing 2008, economic strength, political maturity, global community, China, South Korea, USA, USSR, New York, 9/11, urban renewal, city branding, economic growth, mega-events, infrastructure investment, political symbolism, post-terrorism recovery, international image, cost-benefit, global acceptance Olympics, hosting, economic impact, regeneration, London 2012, expenditure, showcase, political statement, media scrutiny, Cold War, Moscow 1980, Los Angeles 1984, Seoul 1988, Beijing 2008, China's economic growth, global community, New York 2012 bid, post-9/11, city recovery, urban regeneration, international image, economic strength, sports mega-events, political maturity, event legacy, global acceptance, public investment
test-law-tahglcphsld-pro04a	Legalisation reduces crime  The illegality of drugs fuels a huge amount of crime that could be eliminated if drugs were legalised. Price controls would mean that addicts would no longer have to steal to fund their habits, and a state-provided drug services would put dealers out of business, starving criminal gangs of their main source of funding. For example, an Italian Mafia family were making around $44bn a year from cocaine smuggling. [1] This represents something like 3% of Italy’s entire GDP – and that from only one crime syndicate.  [1] Kington, Tom, ‘Italian police raids reveal how an 80-year-old gangster held sway over the feared Calabrian mafia’, The Observer, 18 July 2010, drug legalisation, crime reduction, drug-related crime, state-provided drug services, price controls, drug addicts, funding criminal gangs, drug dealers, cocaine smuggling, Italian Mafia, organized crime, mafia funding, illegal drugs, crime syndicates, black market, criminal enterprises, illicit drugs, law enforcement, drug policy, economic impact of drugs drug legalisation, crime reduction, drug illegality, drug crime, price controls, drug addiction, theft, state-provided drug services, drug dealers, criminal gangs, drug funding, Mafia, cocaine smuggling, organized crime, Italian Mafia, GDP impact, criminal economy, law enforcement, drug policy, crime syndicate drug legalisation, crime reduction, illegal drugs, drug-related crime, addicts, price controls, state-provided drug services, criminal gangs, drug dealers, mafia, cocaine smuggling, organised crime, illicit drugs, funding crime, drug policy, harm reduction, Italian mafia, GDP impact, black market, criminal syndicates legalisation, crime reduction, drug legalisation, drug crime, price controls, drug addiction, state-provided drug services, eliminating drug dealers, criminal gangs funding, cocaine smuggling, Italian Mafia, mafia revenue, organised crime, drug-related crime, drug trafficking, law enforcement, crime statistics, drugs and GDP, crime syndicates, drug policy, criminal justice, economic impact, illegal drugs drug legalisation, crime reduction, drug crime, price controls, drug addiction, state-provided drug services, drug dealers, criminal gangs, drug funding, cocaine smuggling, Italian Mafia, organised crime, drug policy, drugs and GDP, crime syndicates, illegal drug trade, mafia revenues, crime prevention, economic impact drugs, criminal justice, drug law reform
test-international-iiahwagit-con03a	Legalising the trade of horns, ivory, furs and pelts would be more effective  Making it legal for hunters to kill these endangered animals, rather than protecting them, could prevent extinction. The protected status of endangered animals has made their pelts, horns and tusks more expensive as they are harder to obtain. [1] The current illegality of trading rhino horns has constrained supply in comparison to demand in Asia. This has driven the price of the horn to around £84,000. Softening protection for endangered animals could, in theory, reduce the price to a point where it is no longer profitable to hunt these endangered animals. [2] This would potentially increase supply by freeing up that seized by governments which is currently destroyed, and could potentially involve farming as South Africa is considering with Rhino horn. [3]  [1] Welz, A. ‘The War on African Poaching: Is Militarization Fated to Fail?’  [2] Player, I. & Fourie, A. ‘How to win the war against poachers’  [3] Molewa, E., ‘Statement on Rhino poaching intervention’ legalising wildlife trade, horn trade, ivory trade, fur trade, pelt trade, endangered species, extinction prevention, market prices, supply and demand, illegal wildlife trade, poaching, rhino horn, Asia market, economic incentives, protected status, wildlife farming, government seizures, anti-poaching strategies, regulated hunting, conservation policy, wildlife commodification, price reduction, South Africa rhino farming, wildlife protection, wildlife law, species conservation, black market, wildlife management legalization, wildlife trade, horns, ivory, furs, pelts, endangered species, hunting regulation, extinction prevention, market dynamics, protected status, black market, supply and demand, price reduction, rhino horn trade, Asia demand, poaching, government seizure, wildlife farming, South Africa, conservation policy, antipoaching strategies, economic incentives, wildlife commodification, Welz, Player, Fourie, Molewa legalising wildlife trade, horn trade, ivory trade, fur trade, pelt trade, endangered species, wildlife protection laws, endangered animal farming, anti-poaching, black market wildlife, rhino horn price, wildlife supply and demand, wildlife product legalization, conservation economics, wildlife policy, animal extinction prevention, rhino horn farming, wildlife trafficking, market regulation, poaching economics, Asia wildlife demand, wildlife law enforcement, government seized wildlife, wildlife product markets, South Africa rhino policy legal trade, wildlife products, rhino horn, ivory trade, furs, pelts, endangered species, conservation policy, market dynamics, poaching, price reduction, supply and demand, Asia demand, black market, wildlife farming, South Africa, anti-poaching strategies, government seizures, extinction prevention, wildlife protection, decriminalization, economic incentives, wildlife trafficking legalizing trade, animal horns, ivory trade, fur trade, pelts, endangered species, hunting legislation, wildlife protection, extinction prevention, economic incentives, black market, illicit trade, rhino horn, supply and demand, Asia wildlife trade, wildlife farming, South Africa, poaching, wildlife product prices, conservation policy, protected status, animal product legalization, government seizure, anti-poaching strategies, pelt market, tusks trade
test-education-pshhghwpba0-pro04a	Breakfast teaches about health  Children need to learn about how good nutrition keeps them healthy. Providing a school breakfast means that the meal can be an educational experience and have teaching alongside. This education will ensure that when these children grow up they continue to eat healthily with future benefits for the nation’s health. breakfast, health education, children, nutrition, school breakfast, healthy eating, nutrition education, student health, lifelong habits, national health, children nutrition, school meals, healthy lifestyle, future health, dietary habits, classroom nutrition, child wellbeing breakfast, nutrition education, children, school breakfast, healthy eating, health benefits, nutritional awareness, lifelong habits, child health, educational meals, future health, public health, nutrition lessons, school programs, healthy lifestyle, teaching nutrition, student wellness breakfast, health education, children, nutrition, healthy eating, school breakfast, nutrition education, lifelong health, dietary habits, public health, teaching nutrition, child health, school meal programs, future health benefits, healthy lifestyle, nutrition awareness, health promotion breakfast, health education, children, nutrition, school breakfast, healthy eating, nutrition education, lifelong health, student wellbeing, food education, dietary habits, school meals, childhood nutrition, public health, future health benefits breakfast, health education, children, nutrition, healthy eating, school breakfast, nutrition education, healthy habits, child health, lifelong health, student wellness, dietary habits, health benefits, school meal programs, nutrition awareness, public health, eating behavior, educational experience, food literacy, future health
test-health-hgwhwbjfs-con04a	Pupils will bring unhealthy food with them to schools.  Frequently, a ban- whether or food, alcohol or forms of media- serves only to build interest in the things that has been prohibited. When a ban affects something that is a familiar part of everyday life that is generally regarded as benign, there is a risk that individuals may try to acquire the banned thing through other means.  Having had their perspective in junk food defined partly by attractive, highly persuasive advertising, children are likely to adopt an ambivalent perspective on any attempt to restrict their dietary choices. The extreme contrast between the former popularity of vending machines in schools and the austere approach required by new policies may hamper schools’ attempts to convince pupils of the necessity and rationality of their decision.  Even though schools may be able to coerce and compel their pupils to comply with disciplinary measures, they cannot stop children buying sweets outside of school hours.  When rules at an Orange county school changed, and the cafeteria got rid of its sweets, the demand was still up high, so that the school had to figure out a way to fix the situation. They created a “candy cart” – which now brings them income for sports equipment or other necessities. One of the pupils, Edgar Coker (18-year-old senior) explained that: “If I couldn’t buy it here, I’d bring it from home.” [1]  It is difficult to regulate junk food consumption through unsophisticated measures such as prohibition. A ban my undermine attempts to alter pupil’s mindsets and their perspective on food marketing and their own diets.  [1] Harris G., 'A Federal Effort to Push Junk Food Out of School', New York Times, 2 August 2010  , accessed 09/10/2011 junk food, school ban, unhealthy food, student behavior, food prohibition, advertising influence, vending machines, school policies, dietary choices, child nutrition, consumption regulation, food marketing, compliance, sweets restriction, candy cart, external purchasing, mindset change, school cafeteria, food demand, disciplinary measures junk food, school bans, food prohibition, unhealthy food, vending machines, food advertising, student compliance, dietary choices, food marketing, school policy, regulation of junk food, ambivalent attitudes, pupil mindset, candy cart, external purchase, enforcement difficulty, cafeteria changes, persuasive advertising, disciplinary measures, resistance to bans, food consumption regulation junk food, school food policy, food ban, student behavior, unhealthy food, food prohibition, advertising influence, vending machines, dietary choices, coercion, compliance, sweets ban, cafeteria policy, candy cart, regulation effectiveness, food marketing, student perspective, external food purchase, prohibition consequences, rational diet policy, Harris 2010 junk food, school ban, unhealthy food, prohibition, food policy, dietary choices, pupil behavior, vending machines, advertising influence, persuasive marketing, disciplinary measures, candy cart, sweets demand, regulatory challenges, food marketing, compliance, consumption regulation, mindset change, student perspective, external purchase, income generation, cafeteria policy, policy effectiveness, alternative acquisition, education policy, food restriction, student autonomy, New York Times, Harris G., case study, Orange County school junk food, school ban, unhealthy food, pupil behavior, prohibition effects, dietary choices, food advertising, vending machines, school policy, disciplinary measures, off-campus purchases, candy cart, student perspective, food regulation, marketing influence, compliance challenges, regulation effectiveness, policy resistance, child diet, New York Times, case study, food industry, persuasive advertising, student ambivalence, outside school consumption, revenue alternatives, impact of bans
test-free-speech-debate-magghbcrg-pro03a	Community radio evens the playing field against state and corporate broadcasters.  Autocracy has, at its root, the premise that only one perspective, or group of perspectives is legitimate. Certain assumptions are unquestionable, certain rules inviolable and, more often than not, certain voices unchallengeable.  It’s all too easy for that state of affairs to be normalised. Community radio offers another voice. More to the point it offers many.  As well as the value of the messages themselves, the very fact that they are there and broadcast is a powerful statement against autocratic assumptions. The process of establishing and running a community radio station is, in and of itself, a powerful fillip for community cohesion.  Giving voices to communities supports them as groups in their own right; cohesive, engaged and worthy of respect. In doing so it can provide a focus which increases the homogeneity of those communities without requiring the approval of a central structure of control [i] . In addition to well known examples such as Radio Free Europe and Radio Liberty, radio stations across the Middle East And, especially, Africa have been key movers in the shift to democracy [ii] .  [i] Siddharth. Riding the radio wave; Community radio in South-East Asia. Culture360.org 18 February 2010.  [ii] Buckley, Steve, President, World Association for Community Radio Broadcasters. Community Broadcasting: good practice in policy, law and regulation. UNESCO. 2008. community radio, media democratization, state broadcasters, corporate broadcasters, autocracy, multiple perspectives, alternative voices, normalization, broadcast diversity, community cohesion, collective identity, grassroots media, decentralization, empowerment, Radio Free Europe, Radio Liberty, Middle East radio, African radio, democracy promotion, local media, community engagement, media pluralism, participatory broadcasting, media independence, UNESCO, media regulation, broadcast policy, public discourse, social integration, Southeast Asia radio community radio, media democratization, state broadcasters, corporate broadcasters, alternative voices, autocracy, media plurality, community cohesion, grassroots media, media diversity, radio democracy, Middle East, Africa, Radio Free Europe, Radio Liberty, local empowerment, media regulation, UNESCO, community engagement, participatory media, broadcasting policy, media control, freedom of expression community radio, media pluralism, state broadcasters, corporate broadcasters, autocracy, alternative voices, democratic media, community cohesion, local empowerment, broadcasting diversity, media democracy, Radio Free Europe, Radio Liberty, Middle East radio, African radio, participatory media, grassroots communication, freedom of expression, decentralization, independent media, civil society, media regulation, UNESCO, culture360, Siddharth, Steve Buckley community radio, media pluralism, democratization, broadcasting, alternative media, state broadcasters, corporate broadcasters, autocracy, media diversity, community cohesion, grassroots media, citizen voices, local broadcasting, media empowerment, political participation, Radio Free Europe, Radio Liberty, Middle East, Africa, democracy, media regulation, UNESCO, Siddharth, media policy, community engagement, freedom of expression community radio, media pluralism, state broadcasters, corporate broadcasters, autocracy, legitimacy, multiple perspectives, alternative voices, community cohesion, community empowerment, social inclusion, democratization, radio Free Europe, radio Liberty, Middle East, Africa, democracy promotion, grassroots media, participatory media, media diversity, central control, media regulation, UNESCO, Siddharth, Steve Buckley, policy, media law, radio broadcasting, voice representation
test-digital-freedoms-phwnaccpdt-pro02a	Consumers tend to feel alienated by spreading of their personal information for profit  People experiencing the use of their personal details by companies have largely been found to see the process as extremely invasive and unsettling. Many have felt violated by the exploitation of their personal lives to market them products, often from people to whom they never consented to hand over information. This feeling has been demonstrated through significant public outcry and backlash, as well as empirical results showing these attitudes becoming more and more widespread, particularly in the case of online targeted advertising, which is the most well-known use of personal information. The best example of such backlash is the result of Amazon.com’s “dynamic pricing” system, in which the company varied its offerings and pricings to customers based on information gathered about them from prior uses. The result was a severe backlash that cost Amazon business until it ended the policy. [1] This has led to a blunting of the desired outcome of such marketers who experience declines in uptake rather than increased and more efficient reach of marketing. Furthermore, the targeted marketing that arises from these forms of information storage and sale can tend toward stereotypes, using programmes that favour broad brushstrokes in their marketing, resulting in stereotyped services on the basis of apparent race and gender. When this happens it is all the more alienating.  [1] Taylor, C., “Private Demands and Demands For Privacy: Dynamic Pricing and the Market for Customer Information”, Duke University, September 2002,  p.1 consumer privacy, personal information, data exploitation, data-driven marketing, targeted advertising, online privacy, public backlash, dynamic pricing, Amazon case study, privacy invasion, consumer alienation, marketing stereotypes, data consent, information misuse, privacy concerns, profiling, data-driven discrimination, consent violations, marketing ethics, personalized advertising consumer alienation, personal information, data privacy, targeted advertising, online marketing, consumer backlash, dynamic pricing, Amazon, information exploitation, privacy invasion, consent, marketing stereotypes, race bias, gender bias, public outcry, data-driven marketing, customer profiling, information storage, profit motive, stereotype-driven marketing consumer privacy, personal information exploitation, targeted advertising backlash, data-driven marketing, privacy invasion, consumer alienation, dynamic pricing controversy, Amazon dynamic pricing, online privacy concerns, marketing stereotypes, demographic targeting, consumer trust erosion, profiling and discrimination, data commodification, information consent, digital marketing ethics, consumer backlash, personalized marketing resistance, privacy policy violations, consumer empowerment consumer alienation, personal information, data privacy, information exploitation, targeted advertising, consumer backlash, online privacy, dynamic pricing, Amazon dynamic pricing, marketing stereotyping, consent, information spread, data sale, profiling, perceived invasiveness, privacy violation, public outcry, marketing ethics, stereotype bias, race and gender bias, customer information, empirical attitudes, marketing efficiency, privacy concerns consumer privacy, personal information, data exploitation, data privacy, targeted advertising, online marketing, consumer alienation, privacy invasion, dynamic pricing, Amazon backlash, stereotyping, data consent, information storage, marketing ethics, consumer backlash, commercial use of data, privacy attitudes, public outcry, digital marketing, algorithmic bias
test-philosophy-elkosmj-con01a	Killing is worse than letting someone die  People die in accidents and by natural cause all of the time. However, it is much rarer for a person to be actively involved in another person’s death. If one chooses to pull the lever and change the course of the train then one is actively participating in the death of the one person. The other option involves no action; it simply allows a set of events to run their course. There is, therefore, a greater responsibility involved in being actively involved in the death of another. killing, letting die, moral responsibility, active participation, passive allowance, ethical dilemma, trolley problem, moral philosophy, consequentialism, deontology, responsibility, action versus inaction, intentional harm, accidental death, ethics, duty to intervene, moral culpability, killing versus letting die killing, letting die, moral responsibility, active participation, passive omission, ethics, trolley problem, consequentialism, action versus inaction, moral philosophy, death, causality, moral judgment, accident, natural causes, responsibility, involvement in death, ethics of killing, moral dilemma, moral agency killing, letting die, moral responsibility, active involvement, passive allowance, ethical dilemma, trolley problem, action vs inaction, death, moral philosophy, accidental death, natural causes, consequentialism, responsibility, participation, ethics killing, letting die, moral responsibility, active involvement, passive allowance, trolley problem, ethics, moral philosophy, death, action versus inaction, culpability, natural causes, accidents, participation, consequentialism, moral dilemma, decision-making, ethical theory killing, letting die, moral responsibility, active involvement, passive inaction, ethical dilemma, trolley problem, causation, death, duty, consequence, intentional action, natural causes, accidents, participation, moral philosophy, responsibility, ethical decision-making
test-international-iighbopcc-con02a	Only a non-binding agreement would get the targets necessary  Fully binding treaties with mechanisms for compliance are the gold standard for agreements between nations. But because they are onerous they are the most difficult kind of treaties to get agreed to start with. If the aim were such an agreement it would unfortunately never happen. This has been demonstrated by the years of successive failures in crafting climate agreements. COP 15 is the most notable; expectations were immensely high for a binding international treaty but there was a failure to deliver, largely because governments did not want a binding international solution which is what was being negotiated at Copenhagen. [1]  [1] BBC News, ‘Why did Copenhagen fail to deliver a climate deal?’, 22 December 2009, non-binding agreement, binding treaties, compliance mechanisms, international agreements, nations, treaty negotiation, climate agreements, COP 15, Copenhagen failure, climate deal, international law, treaty enforcement, agreement challenges, governmental reluctance, BBC News, climate negotiations, treaty success factors, international cooperation, climate policy, treaty bindingness non-binding agreement, binding treaty, compliance mechanisms, international agreements, treaty negotiation, climate agreement failure, COP 15, Copenhagen 2009, treaty difficulties, international law, government reluctance, climate policy, gold standard, environmental policy, treaty enforcement, international cooperation, agreement targets, legal bindingness non-binding agreement, binding treaties, compliance mechanisms, international agreements, treaty negotiation, climate agreements, COP 15, Copenhagen failure, binding international treaty, climate deal failure, international law, treaty enforcement, global governance, political obstacles, climate policy, treaty compliance, international cooperation, environmental agreements, diplomatic challenges non-binding agreement, binding treaties, compliance mechanisms, international agreements, climate agreements, treaty negotiation, COP 15, Copenhagen climate summit, treaty failure, international law, government reluctance, climate deal, treaty enforcement, BBC News, Copenhagen 2009 non-binding agreement, binding treaty, compliance mechanisms, international agreements, treaty negotiation, climate agreements, treaty difficulty, treaty failure, COP 15, Copenhagen summit, climate deal, international law, treaty enforcement, climate policy, BBC News, Copenhagen failure, climate negotiations, treaty obligations, government reluctance, international cooperation
test-politics-epvhbfsmsaop-con01a	Celebrity involvement can act as a ‘gateway’ to get more people engaged in politics  Celebrity endorsement of a candidate does more than make people vote, drone-like, for the candidate endorsed by their favourite celebrity. Rather, it encourages people who might not otherwise have thought politics was interesting to pay attention to it. Especially in an age of easily accessible information, people can easily access sufficient information about political personalities and policies to cast a meaningful vote.  As a consequence, you have more potential voters, from a wider cross-section of society, note the key role played by personalities like will.i.am in engaging young people during the Obama campaign. Rock the Vote with a large amount of celebrity support registered 2.6million voters in 2008 and it and other celebrity campaigns had been prominent in 2004 as well which was probably a key factor in 2million more 18-29 year olds voting in 2008 compared to 2004 or 6.5million over 2000. [1]  Some of the people thus enthused may go on further with their interest in the political system, some may simply start listening to news shows or reading blogs that they would otherwise have shunned. Either way, celebrity involvement has a beneficial impact on our political system that it would be foolish to discard: the larger and more diverse the voter base, the more politicians are held to account and the more likely we are to reach the best political outcomes.  [1] Brubaker, Jennifer, ‘It doesn’t affect my vote: Third-person effects of Celebrity Endorsements on College Voters in the 2004 and 2008 Presidential Elections’, American Communication Journal, Vol.13 Issue 2, Summer 2011, p.8. celebrity involvement, political engagement, celebrity endorsement, voter mobilization, youth voting, political participation, celebrity influence, Obama campaign, Rock the Vote, voter registration, young voters, political awareness, media impact, information accessibility, diverse electorate, voter turnout, political accountability, celebrity campaigns, political system, Will.i.am, third-person effect, college voters, presidential elections, political outcomes, American Communication Journal celebrity endorsement, political engagement, voter turnout, youth voting, celebrity influence, political participation, will.i.am, Obama campaign, Rock the Vote, celebrity campaigns, young voters, information accessibility, voter diversity, political awareness, third-person effect, college voters, celebrity impact, American Communication Journal celebrity involvement, political engagement, celebrity endorsement, voter turnout, Obama campaign, will.i.am, Rock the Vote, youth voters, political participation, voter registration, diverse electorate, benefit of celebrities, 18-29 year olds, political awareness, media influence, political campaigns, information accessibility, American elections, college voters, third-person effect, Jennifer Brubaker, celebrity influence, political accountability, voter diversity, celebrity campaigns, 2004 presidential election, 2008 presidential election, voting behavior celebrity involvement, political engagement, celebrity endorsement, voter turnout, youth voting, political participation, Rock the Vote, will.i.am, Obama campaign, political awareness, political campaigns, diverse electorate, voter registration, 18-29 year olds, popular culture and politics, celebrity influence, electoral outcomes, political accountability, celebrity political activism, information accessibility, American elections, celebrity supported campaigns, third-person effect, college voters, civic engagement celebrity involvement, celebrity endorsement, political engagement, voter mobilization, political participation, youth vote, Will.i.am, Obama campaign, Rock the Vote, celebrity campaigns, voter registration, young voters, political awareness, voter turnout, information access, diverse electorate, political influence, political system, accountability, third-person effect, college voters, celebrity impact, 2004 election, 2008 election, American Communication Journal
test-education-pstrgsehwt-con03a	There is no empirical evidence supporting Creationism, whereas all evidence supports abiogenesis and evolution.  Creationists have never once offered a positive evidence for their claims. When challenged, they respond with vitriolic, and often deliberately false, criticisms of evolution and abiogenesis. They behave as if delegitimizing an alternative theory necessarily gives credence to their own. Unfortunately for Creationism, that is not how science works. Positive claims require positive evidence. Even if the Creationists were able to provide evidence that actually refutes evolution it would do nothing to support a theory that intelligent agency is behind the existence and development of life. For Creationism to be true, there would need to be demonstration of living organisms that are unambiguously designed, and not the product of evolution by means of mutation and natural selection. Proponents of Creationism have consistently failed to do so. When they point to things they claim to be irreducibly complex they are invariably forced to back off as soon as scientists appear on the scene to test their claims. [1] The truth is there are no examples of organisms that could not have evolved. Abiogensis and evolution, on the other hand are thoroughly proven by observation and data. [2] In the case of abiogenesis, self-assembling molecules have been observed that are akin to the first proto-life, and hopes have never been higher that they will be able to observe the development under laboratory conditions of fully-formed new life. Evolution likewise is extensively demonstrated. Speciation, phylogenetic mapping, a more and more complete fossil record, structural atavisms, junk DNA, and embryology provide just some of the proofs of evolution. [3] All of these disciples are in agreement with evolution. In fact, only in light of evolution does anything in biology make any sense at all. Clearly, Creationism has no basis in science and thus no place in the classroom.  [1] Miller, Kenneth. 2004. “The Flagellum Unspun: The Collapse of ‘Irreducible Complexity’” in Ruse, Michael and William Dembski (ed.). Debating Design: From Darwin to DNA. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.  [2] Lenski, Richard. 2011. “Evolution: Fact and Theory”. Action Bioscience.  [3] Colby, Chris. 1997. “Evidence for Evolution: An Eclectic Survey”. TalkOrigins Archive. creationism, empirical evidence, abiogenesis, evolution, scientific evidence, positive claims, intelligent agency, design argument, irreducible complexity, observation, data, self-assembling molecules, proto-life, laboratory origin of life, speciation, phylogenetics, fossil record, atavism, junk DNA, embryology, evolution demonstration, science education, classroom, Kenneth Miller, flagellum, irreducible complexity collapse, Richard Lenski, evolution fact theory, Chris Colby, evidence for evolution, TalkOrigins, pseudoscience, anti-evolution, scientific method, debunking creationism creationism, abiogenesis, evolution, empirical evidence, intelligent design, irreducible complexity, scientific methodology, speciation, phylogenetics, fossil record, atavisms, junk DNA, embryology, biology, science education, positive evidence, negative evidence, pseudoscience, scientific consensus, observation, self-assembling molecules, laboratory evidence, mutation, natural selection, critique of creationism, Kenneth Miller, Lenski, Chris Colby, TalkOrigins, Debating Design, classroom science, scientific claims, evolution proofs, protolife, scientific discipline, anti-evolution arguments creationism, empirical evidence, abiogenesis, evolution, positive evidence, intelligent design, irreducible complexity, mutation, natural selection, self-assembling molecules, proto-life, laboratory, speciation, phylogenetic mapping, fossil record, structural atavisms, junk DNA, embryology, biology, science education, scientific method, Miller Flagellum Unspun, Lenski Evolution Fact, Colby Evidence for Evolution, TalkOrigins, debunk creationism, scientific consensus, observation, data, classroom, alternative theory, refutation, delegitimization, positive claims, designed organisms, disproving creationism, teaching evolution Creationism, empirical evidence, abiogenesis, evolution, intelligent design, positive evidence, irreducible complexity, science, natural selection, mutation, organism design, speciation, phylogenetics, fossil record, structural atavisms, junk DNA, embryology, self-assembling molecules, proto-life, laboratory observation, biology, scientific method, Kenneth Miller, Richard Lenski, Chris Colby, evidence against creationism, proof of evolution, classroom science standards creationism, empirical evidence, abiogenesis, evolution, positive evidence, intelligent design, scientific method, irreducible complexity, mutation, natural selection, speciation, phylogenetics, fossil record, structural atavism, junk DNA, embryology, observation, data, self-assembling molecules, proto-life, laboratory experiments, biology, scientific consensus, science education, Kenneth Miller, flagellum, Michael Ruse, William Dembski, Richard Lenski, Chris Colby, TalkOrigins, debunking creationism, classroom science, pseudoscience, design argument, evolutionary evidence
test-society-tlhrilsfhwr-pro02a	The failure of rule of law  As the anthropologist and lawyer Sally Falk-Moore observed “law is only ever a piecemeal intervention by the state in the life of society.” [i]  Laws are, ultimately, social norms that are taught, enforced and arbitrated on by the state. The value of these norms is such that they are deemed to be a vital part of a society’s identity and the state is entrusted with their protection. However, this ideal can be difficult to achieve. Debate as to which norms the state should be custodian of is constant. Where there is a disconnect between a law and the daily lives, aspirations and struggles of a society, it becomes unlikely that that law will be complied with. Generally, a state will not be able to give a pronouncement the force of law if it does not reflect the values held by a majority of a society.  Compliance with the law can be even harder to obtain in highly plural societies. Even in plural societies ruled peacefully by an effective central government (such as India), communities’ conceptions of children’s rights may be radically different from those set down in law. The Indian child marriage restraint act has been in force since 1929, but the practice remains endemic in southern India to this day [ii] . Governments can attempt to enforce compliance with a law, through education, incentives or deterrence.  What if the state that is intended to mount the “piecemeal intervention” of banning the use of child soldiers is weak, corrupt or non-existent? What if a state cannot carry out structured interventions of the type described above? Norms that state that the conscription of children is acceptable- due to tradition or need- will be dominant.  Situations of this type will be the rule rather than the exception in underdeveloped states and states where conflict is so rife that children have become participants in warfare. The ICC has jurisdiction to prosecute individuals with command over military units who use children as combatants [iii] , but how should the concept of a “commander” be defined in these circumstances?  In order for the juristic principles underlying the authority of the ICC to function properly, it is necessary for there to be a degree of certainty and accessibility underlying laws promulgated by a state. While ignorance of the law is not a defence before the ICC, it impossible to call a system of law fair or just that is not overseen by a stable or accepted government. This is not possible if a state is so corrupt that it does not command the trust of its people; if a state is so poor that it cannot afford to operate an open, reliable and transparent court and advocacy system; if territory with a state’s borders is occupied by an armed aggressor. Western notions of rule-of-law are almost impossible to enforce under such conditions. All of these are scenarios encountered frequently in Africa, and central and southern Asia.  Some regions within developing nations are so isolated from the influence of the state, or so heavily contested in internecine conflicts, that communities living within them cannot be expected to know that the state nominally responsible for them has signed the Convention of the Rights of The Child or the Rome Statute. Nor can the state attempt to inform them of this fact. Laws still exist and are enforced within such communities, but these are not state-made forms of law.  For an individual living within a community of the type described above- an individual living in the DRC, in pre-secession South Sudan [iv] or an ethnic minority enclave on the border of Myanmar [v] - the question is a simple one. Does the most immediate source of authority and protection within his world- his community- condone the role that children play in armed conflict? He should not be made liable for abiding by laws and norms that have sprung up to fill a void created by a weak or corrupt central state. There is little hope that he will ever be able to access the counter-point that state sponsored education and engagement could provide.  Child soldiers and their commanders are simply obeying the strongest, the most effective and the most stable source of law in their immediate environment.  [i] “Comparative Law in a Global Context: The Legal Systems of Asia and Africa”, Werner Menski, Cambridge University Press, 2006  [ii] “State of the World’s Children 2009”, UNICEF, United Nations, 2008  [iii] “Elements of Crimes”, International Criminal Court,   [iv] “Child Soldiers: Global Report 2008”, Coalition to Stop the Use of Child Soldiers, 2007, p315,   [v] “Child Soldiers: Global Report 2008”, Coalition to Stop the Use of Child Soldiers, 2007, p240, rule of law, law failure, Sally Falk-Moore, social norms, legal pluralism, state authority, legal compliance, child soldiers, weak states, corrupt states, child marriage, India, Indian child marriage restraint act, legal enforcement, international law, ICC, children’s rights, customary law, legal identity, social values, conflict zones, underdeveloped states, legal legitimacy, state capacity, human rights, Convention on the Rights of the Child, Rome Statute, ethnic minorities, legal education, legal accessibility, community law, legal disconnect, military command responsibility, Africa, central Asia, southern Asia, DRC, South Sudan rule of law, legal anthropology, Sally Falk-Moore, state intervention, social norms, law compliance, legal pluralism, central government, children's rights, child marriage, Indian Child Marriage Restraint Act, legal enforcement, weak states, state failure, child soldiers, use of children in armed conflict, state legitimacy, legal authority, ICC jurisdiction, commander definition, legal certainty, legal accessibility, justice, corrupt government, poor states, legal system, conflict zones, developing nations, legal isolation, customary law, community norms, Convention on the Rights of the Child, Rome Statute, DRC, South Sudan, Myanmar, ethnic minorities rule of law, legal pluralism, state authority, Sally Falk-Moore, social norms, law compliance, child marriage, child soldiers, weak states, corrupt governments, armed conflict, ICC, international criminal law, command responsibility, legal enforcement, traditional norms, state legitimacy, laws and society, legal identity, jurisprudence, developing countries, Africa, South Asia, state capacity, customary law, community authority, law and conflict, Convention on the Rights of the Child, Rome Statute, ethnic minorities, Myanmar, Democratic Republic of Congo, South Sudan, legal uncertainty, access to justice, legal education, societal values, state intervention, rule of law, legal anthropology, Sally Falk-Moore, state intervention, social norms, law compliance, plural societies, cultural relativism, child marriage, Indian Child Marriage Restraint Act, children’s rights, legal enforcement, weak states, failed states, child soldiers, conscription of children, state legitimacy, ICC, International Criminal Court, commander definition, legal certainty, government corruption, judicial transparency, access to justice, developing countries, Africa, Asia, state authority, ethnic minorities, local law, community norms, legal pluralism, armed conflict, DRC, South Sudan, Myanmar, customary law, Rome Statute, Convention rule of law, legal pluralism, Sally Falk-Moore, social norms, state intervention, law compliance, cultural norms, children's rights, child marriage, India, child soldiers, weak states, failed states, state legitimacy, conflict zones, International Criminal Court, ICC jurisdiction, commander definition, law enforcement, corruption, inaccessible law, legal legitimacy, norm enforcement, customary law, Africa, Asia, state capacity, legal authority, non-state actors, underdeveloped states, internal conflict, community authority, Convention on the Rights of the Child, Rome Statute, ethnic minorities, law and identity, law in society, legal education, deterr
test-politics-cpegiepgh-con03a	"Losing the Queen's head on banknotes is NOT a minor issue, it symbolises Britain losing her identity and control over her own economy.  This must not be dismissed as petty nostalgia, desire for outdated British tradition and fear of change. The fact that Britain does not want to lose the national symbol of her Queen on the banknotes is surely a sign that the British want to hold on to their own identity and keep control of their own economy. As explained by Alan Clark, ""The European Commission Press Office chose that moment to release facsimiles of the new euro banknotes in their various denominations. The unfamiliar, but so obviously foreign, appearance made many people uneasy. Polls showed that the electorate, for most of the time indifferent to European squabbling, whose technicalities they could not be bothered to master, disliked the removal of their Sovereign's head from the currency of the realm. The sceptics took fresh heart and the likelihood of the dispute fading …became still more remote.”1 This highlights the depth and strength of anti-Euro sentiment in the British psyche. It is surely unfair for both Britain and those fellow EU Member states that ARE under the Euro to enter the single currency while not entirely convinced by it.  1Alan Clarke, The Tories: Conservatives and the Nation State 1922-1997, page 435-6. Queen's head, banknotes, British identity, national symbols, economic control, nostalgia, British tradition, fear of change, Euro banknotes, European Commission, anti-Euro sentiment, British psyche, single currency, UK sovereignty, EU membership, public opinion, currency symbolism, Alan Clark, The Tories, euro scepticism, loss of national symbols, national pride, British economy, euro introduction, currency design, British electorate, political symbolism, national currency, British tradition vs change Queen's head, banknotes, British identity, national symbols, economic control, anti-Euro sentiment, British sovereignty, euro banknotes, European Commission, nostalgia, tradition, currency change, Alan Clark, scepticism, single currency, EU member states, identity loss, public opinion, sovereignty removal, national pride, euro introduction Queen's head, banknotes, British identity, national symbol, British economy, nostalgia, tradition, fear of change, euro banknotes, European Commission, currency, Sovereign, anti-Euro sentiment, British psyche, single currency, UK sovereignty, EU membership, Alan Clark, The Tories, British nationalism, pound sterling, economic control, UK euro skepticism, European integration, public opinion, national pride, cultural symbolism, eurozone, identity loss, political debate Queen's head, banknotes, British identity, national symbols, economic control, euro banknotes, anti-Euro sentiment, British psyche, nostalgia, tradition, fear of change, European Union, single currency, sovereignty, Alan Clark, public opinion, currency symbolism, EU membership, national pride, UK economy, Monetary Union, euro scepticism, British tradition, British sovereignty, British banknotes Queen’s head, banknotes, British identity, British economy, national symbol, euro currency, anti-Euro sentiment, Alan Clark, European Commission, currency change, British tradition, nostalgia, sovereignty, public opinion, euro banknotes, national pride, EU membership, currency transition, political scepticism, conservative views, economic control"
test-law-sdiflhrdffe-pro03a	This offer of amnesty serves as a powerful public statement in favour of free speech and rule of law  In offering amnesty Western governments make an exceptionally powerful public statement in the international arena, an area in which they already hold great sway as norm-setters. It is a statement that shows that they will not simply ignore the abuses of power used by repressive regimes to stifle dissent and the voices of reform. [1] Ultimately, the power of oppressors to act with impunity is the product of democracies’ unwillingness to challenge them. Authoritarian regimes often claim to value freedom of the press, for example article 35 of the Constitution of the People’s Republic of China guarantees it, [2] and this policy challenges them to make their practice more like what they preach. A policy of amnesty for those threatened with the lash of tyranny serves to actively protect those people while at the same time upholding the avowed principles of justice and fairness the West proclaims. This will show that the West does not play favourites or turn a blind eye to these repressions, but is an active player, willing to step in to shield those who share its dreams of a freer world. The international ridicule these policies can generate will serve to shame regimes into relaxing their policies and to embrace at least a road to reform. Nor should it be assumed that this rhetoric will have no real consequences, many authoritarian regimes encourage investment by companies from democratic countries, such investment is less likely when that company’s home state is publically condemning that state by granting amnesties to dissident bloggers.  [1] Clinton, H. “Conference on Internet Freedom”. U.S. Department of State, 8 December 2011.   [2] Fifth National People’s Congress, “Constitution of the People’s Republic of China”, 4 December 1982, amnesty, free speech, rule of law, Western governments, public statement, international arena, norm-setters, repressive regimes, dissent, reform, abuses of power, impunity, democracy, authoritarianism, freedom of the press, China, Constitution, article 35, policy, justice, fairness, human rights, activism, protection, Western values, repression, international relations, public condemnation, dissident bloggers, investment, regime change, diplomatic pressure, shame, global norms, internet freedom, Hillary Clinton, soft power amnesty, free speech, rule of law, Western governments, international arena, norm-setters, repressive regimes, dissent, reform, abuses of power, impunity, democracies, authoritarian regimes, freedom of the press, Constitution of China, article 35, policy, justice, fairness, West, repression, active intervention, international ridicule, shame regimes, reform, rhetoric, investment, democratic countries, dissident bloggers, Internet freedom, Clinton, U.S. Department of State, People’s Republic of China, human rights, public statement, protection, advocacy amnesty, free speech, rule of law, Western governments, international arena, norm-setters, repressive regimes, dissent, reform, impunity, democracies, authoritarian regimes, freedom of the press, Constitution of China, article 35, justice, fairness, human rights, Western policy, public condemnation, dissident bloggers, international ridicule, reform, investment, democratic countries, internet freedom, state repression, Clinton, U.S. Department of State, China, rights protection, public statement, political asylum, global norms, advocacy, civil liberties, press freedom, punishment, tyranny amnesty, free speech, rule of law, public statement, Western governments, international arena, norm-setters, abuses of power, repressive regimes, dissent, reform, impunity, democracies, authoritarian regimes, freedom of the press, China Constitution, article 35, policy challenge, justice, fairness, West, repression, active intervention, human rights, international pressure, ridicule, shame, policy reform, investment, democratic countries, dissident bloggers, internet freedom, Hillary Clinton, U.S. Department of State, constitutional guarantees amnesty, free speech, rule of law, Western governments, public statement, international arena, norm-setting, repressive regimes, dissent, reform, abuses of power, democracy, authoritarian regimes, freedom of the press, China Constitution Article 35, policy challenge, justice, fairness, Western principles, repression, active intervention, international ridicule, shame, reform, rhetoric, consequences, investment, democratic countries, condemnation, dissidents, bloggers, internet freedom, human rights, Clinton, U.S. Department of State, National People’s Congress, China, political asylum, protective policies
test-economy-thhghwhwift-pro01a	An individual's BMI is no longer a purely personal matter  The obesity epidemic is taking an enormous toll on global medical costs. In the US alone the health care costs attributable to either direct or indirect consequences of obesity have been estimated at $147bn. [1] Put into context, this amounts to roughly 9% of the health spending in the US. [2]  The figure might seem excessive, but we need to remember that obesity is linked to Type 2 Diabetes, several kinds of cancer, coronary artery disease, stroke, congestive heart failure, asthma, chronic back pain and hypertension, to name just a few.  We also need to realize that many of the diseases on this list are chronic in nature, requiring lifelong pharmacological therapy, which often follows complex and expensive diagnostic procedures, frequent medical specialist consultations, and not infrequent emergency interventions. [3]  Adding to the list is the value of income lost due to decreased productivity, restricted activity, and absenteeism, not to mention the value of future income lost by premature death.  Thus it becomes increasingly clear that due to the substantial cost obesity presents to the society, individual choices that might lead to excessive weight gain, can no longer be considered as solely individual in nature. [4]  Therefore the government is legitimate in its action to introduce a form of a fat tax in order to try to dissuade the population from becoming obese and cover the increasing societal costs the already obese individuals are responsible for.  [1] CDC, Obesity: Economic Consequences, published 3/28/2011,  , accessed 9/12/2011  [2] RTI international, Obesity Costs U.S. About $147 Billion Annually, Study Finds, published 7/27/2009,  , accessed 9/14/2011  [3] The Council of State Governments, Costs of Chronic Diseases: What Are States Facing?, published in 2006,  , accessed, 9/14/2011  [4] Los Angeles Times, Should there be a 'fat tax'?, published 4/11/2011,  , accessed 9/12/2011 BMI, obesity epidemic, global medical costs, US healthcare costs, chronic diseases, Type 2 diabetes, cancer, coronary artery disease, stroke, heart failure, asthma, chronic back pain, hypertension, pharmacological therapy, diagnostic procedures, medical specialist consultations, emergency interventions, income loss, productivity loss, absenteeism, premature death, societal costs, individual responsibility, fat tax, government policy, public health, economic consequences, obesity-related costs, healthcare spending, obesity prevention, chronic illness management, tax policy obesity, BMI, health care costs, global medical costs, US health spending, chronic diseases, Type 2 Diabetes, cancer, coronary artery disease, stroke, congestive heart failure, asthma, chronic back pain, hypertension, pharmacological therapy, diagnostic procedures, medical specialist consultations, emergency interventions, productivity loss, absenteeism, premature death, societal cost, individual responsibility, fat tax, government intervention, public health policy, economic impact, income loss, chronic illness, obesity epidemic, obesity prevention BMI, obesity, public health, healthcare costs, obesity epidemic, United States, medical expenses, chronic diseases, Type 2 diabetes, cancer, coronary artery disease, stroke, congestive heart failure, asthma, chronic back pain, hypertension, pharmacological therapy, diagnostic procedures, specialist consultations, emergency interventions, lost income, productivity loss, absenteeism, premature death, societal costs, individual responsibility, fat tax, government policy, economic impact, healthcare spending, obesity prevention, public policy, healthcare burden BMI, obesity epidemic, global medical costs, US healthcare spending, obesity-related diseases, Type 2 diabetes, cancer, coronary artery disease, stroke, congestive heart failure, asthma, chronic back pain, hypertension, chronic diseases, lifelong therapy, pharmacological treatment, diagnostic procedures, medical consultations, emergency interventions, decreased productivity, restricted activity, absenteeism, premature death, societal costs, individual responsibility, personal health, government intervention, fat tax, public health policy, health economics, healthcare burden, obesity prevention, economic consequences, indirect costs, direct costs, chronic disease management BMI, obesity epidemic, global medical costs, US health spending, direct consequences, indirect consequences, chronic diseases, type 2 diabetes, cancer, coronary artery disease, stroke, congestive heart failure, asthma, chronic back pain, hypertension, lifelong therapy, pharmacological therapy, diagnostic procedures, medical specialist consultations, emergency interventions, productivity loss, absenteeism, premature death, societal cost, individual choices, government intervention, fat tax, public health policy, economic impact, healthcare expenditure, obesity-related diseases, CDC, RTI International, chronic disease costs, income loss, preventative policy
test-education-usuprmhbu-con03a	"Affirmative action perpetuates prejudice  Affirmative action causes prejudice against minorities in society.  The existence of affirmative action creates a de-facto assumption that anyone of that particular minority must have gotten where they are not on their own merit, but simply because they are that particular minority. This causes people to resent the minority group for getting for “free” what people feel they had to work hard for. People feel as though that minority is getting a “free-ride” and are inherently less worthy of what they achieve.  This is damaging on a societal level because minorities who receive affirmative action are assumed to be less qualified and less valuable than others in society simply because many of them are aided by affirmative action policies. This not only creates damaging stereotypes, but also causes resentment and backlash from others in society who view affirmative action as simply unfair.  This is best demonstrated by the backlash in America in the mid-1990s over the existence of affirmative action policies [1] .  [1] Aka, Philip. ""Affirmative Action and the Black Experience in America."" American Bar Association. 36.4 (2009): Print. affirmative action, prejudice, minority groups, merit, societal resentment, stereotypes, qualifications, de-facto assumptions, unfairness, societal backlash, free-ride perception, discrimination, policy impact, American experience, Philip Aka, mid-1990s backlash, minority achievement, perception of minorities, reverse discrimination, legitimacy doubts, stereotype threat affirmative action, prejudice, minorities, merit, societal perception, discrimination, stereotypes, resentment, backlash, policy critique, fairness, qualifications, minority achievement, societal impact, minority resentment, negative assumptions, minority worth, American backlash, policy consequences, affirmative action debate affirmative action, prejudice, minorities, societal resentment, stereotypes, meritocracy, backlash, perceived unfairness, minority qualifications, de-facto assumptions, free-ride perception, minority achievement, damaging stereotypes, societal division, policy criticism, American affirmative action, mid-1990s backlash, minority worthiness, affirmative action criticism, minority disadvantage affirmative action, prejudice, minorities, meritocracy, societal backlash, stereotypes, resentment, unfairness, qualifications, de-facto assumptions, minority achievement, free-ride perception, societal damage, discrimination, policy criticism, affirmative action controversy, minority resentment, affirmative action stereotypes, American backlash, 1990s, equality, race relations, Philip Aka, Black experience, American Bar Association affirmative action, prejudice, minorities, meritocracy, societal resentment, stereotypes, backlash, policy criticism, minority qualifications, fairness, de-facto assumption, social perception, affirmative action consequences, minority achievement, societal damage, minority disadvantage, public perception, affirmative action controversy, 1990s backlash, minority merit, social inequality, perceptions of fairness"
test-international-ghwcitca-con02a	A treaty would benefit larger powers over the small  Any treaty that seeks to ban cyber-attacks would simply be an attempt to cement the position of the most powerful countries at the expense of weaker ones. This is because cyber-attacks are, like terrorism, weapons that can be used by anyone to attack a much bigger target. To launch a cyber-attack there is little need for training, only a small amount of comparatively cheap equipment (to military hardware at any rate), and an internet connection. [1] And it is difficult to defend against. This makes it ideal for poor nations to maintain cyber warfare as a credible threat to their bigger neighbours while their neighbours threaten them conventionally with their bigger militaries. We have seen before arms treaties that are fundamentally biased in favour of a small group of powerful states. Most notable is the Nuclear non-proliferation treaty where there are five recognised nuclear weapons states who are allowed the horrific weapons and everyone else is banned from having them. This discrimination was accepted as a result of the agreement that the nuclear weapons states would eventually disarm. It has not happened so leaving a troubled treaty system that appears to be regularly flouted. [2]  [1] Phillips, Andrew T., ‘Now Hear This – The Asymmetric Nature of Cyber Warfare’, U.S. Naval Institute, Vol.138/10/1316, October 2012,   [2] Miller, Steven E., ‘Nuclear Collisions: Discord, Reform & the Nuclear Nonproliferation Regime’, American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 2012, cyber-attacks, cyber warfare, international treaties, power imbalance, asymmetric warfare, small states, large powers, nonproliferation, nuclear treaty, arms control, treaty bias, military advantage, state discrimination, cyber security, global governance, strategic stability, conventional military, deterrence, weapon proliferation, geopolitical inequality cyber-attacks, cyber warfare, international treaties, power imbalance, small states, large powers, arms control, nonproliferation, asymmetric warfare, military strategy, cyber security, global governance, treaty bias, nuclear non-proliferation treaty, weapon regulation, state sovereignty, conventional forces, disarmament, weak nations, strong nations, terrorism analogy, security policy, international relations, cyber threat, treaty discrimination cyber warfare, cyber-attack treaty, asymmetric warfare, international treaties, power imbalance, small states, large powers, nuclear non-proliferation treaty, arms control, military advantage, treaty bias, state discrimination, cybersecurity, internet-based attacks, military technology, defense challenges, international relations, nonproliferation, geopolitical inequality, strategic disadvantage, national security, cyber weapons, terrorism comparison, arms treaties, cyber deterrence, global security, enforcement difficulties, disarmament, state power, treaty effectiveness cyber-attacks, cyber warfare, international treaties, asymmetric warfare, small states, powerful nations, treaty bias, nonproliferation, nuclear arms treaty, power imbalance, technology in warfare, military strategy, internet security, disarmament, weapons proliferation, conventional military, global security, treaty discrimination, arms control, geopolitical power cyber warfare, cyber-attacks, asymmetric warfare, cybersecurity treaties, power imbalance, small states, large powers, international treaties, arms control, nuclear non-proliferation treaty, NPT, military advantage, international relations, global security, weak states, strong states, treaty discrimination, cyber weapons, digital warfare, deterrence, treaty bias, military strategy, cyber threat, conventional military, disarmament, global politics, weapons proliferation
test-health-hpehwadvoee-con04a	The role of society is to save lives not to assist in suicide  The purpose of society, the health sector and more specifically the doctors is to preserve health, not to be damaging health or even assisting in the ending of a life even if voluntarily. As part of this, death is sometimes something that must be affected. However, it is not in line with the purpose of medical professionals to kill a healthy person. The solution is to focus every possible effort on curing the sick person, but society cannot be complicit in killing a healthy person [1] .  [1] Tremblay, Joe. “Organ Donation Euthanasia: A Growing Epidemic.” Catholic News Agency, (2013). society, save lives, suicide, health sector, doctors, preserve health, medical ethics, euthanasia, organ donation, voluntary death, assisted suicide, role of medicine, curing illness, killing healthy person, medical professionals, societal responsibility, Catholic News Agency, Joe Tremblay, organ donation euthanasia society role, save lives, suicide prevention, health sector ethics, doctors responsibilities, preserve health, euthanasia debate, medical ethics, organ donation, assisted suicide, physician assisted death, curing sick, society complicity, killing healthy person, Joe Tremblay, Catholic News Agency, healthcare professionals, life preservation, end-of-life care, medical morality assisted suicide, euthanasia, medical ethics, role of society, healthcare purpose, doctors responsibilities, preserving life, health sector, organ donation, opposition to euthanasia, Catholic perspective, ethical debate, end-of-life care, medical professionals, curing the sick, society complicity, healthy person, voluntary death, bioethics, life preservation society, save lives, suicide, medical ethics, health sector, doctors, preserve health, euthanasia, organ donation, voluntary death, medical professionals, curing illness, assisted suicide, Catholic News Agency, Joe Tremblay, opposition to euthanasia, bioethics, patient care, sanctity of life society role, save lives, suicide, euthanasia, medical ethics, health sector, doctors, preserve health, assist suicide, medical profession, killing healthy person, curing sick, organ donation, Catholic perspective, Joe Tremblay, moral responsibility, end-of-life care, medical responsibility, ethical debate, assisted dying
test-international-aahwstdrtfm-con02a	There is a truce in the diplomatic conflict  There is a truce between Taipei and Beijing on the issue of recognition. Neither is currently aiming to poach countries from the other. China has refused advances from El Salvador and Honduras that have said they wish to change their recognition to the PRC. [1] When Gambia terminated its ties with Taiwan Hong Lei a spokesman for the PRC Foreign Ministry said “We learned the relevant information from the foreign media. Before that, China was not in contact with The Gambia.” [2] The truce has been maintained and Gambia has been left essentially not recognising either China. [3]  [1] Cole, J Michael, ‘Is China and Taiwan’s Diplomatic Truce Over?’, The Diplomat, 18 November 2013,   [2] Enav, Peter, ‘Beijing was in dark about Gambia's broken ties with Taiwan: China official’, The China Post, 16 November 2013,   [3] Atkinson, Joel, ‘Gambia’s Break with Taiwan’, The Diplomat, 2 December 2013, diplomatic truce, Taipei, Beijing, China, Taiwan, diplomatic conflict, recognition, poaching countries, El Salvador, Honduras, PRC, Gambia, Taiwan-Gambia relations, diplomatic recognition, foreign ministry, China-Taiwan relations, cross-strait relations, diplomatic isolation, One China policy, The Diplomat, The China Post diplomatic truce, China-Taiwan relations, Taipei, Beijing, diplomatic recognition, poaching countries, El Salvador, Honduras, PRC, Gambia, Taiwan, foreign relations, diplomatic conflict, cross-strait relations, China Foreign Ministry, recognition issue, The Diplomat, The China Post, international recognition, severed ties, diplomatic standoff diplomatic truce, Taiwan, China, diplomatic recognition, Taipei, Beijing, poaching countries, El Salvador, Honduras, Gambia, PRC, cross-strait relations, foreign ministry, diplomatic conflict, China-Taiwan relations, recognition issue, international diplomacy, broken ties, diplomatic relations, unrecognized states diplomatic truce, Taipei, Beijing, recognition, China, Taiwan, diplomatic conflict, poaching countries, El Salvador, Honduras, PRC, Gambia, Taiwan relations, foreign ministry, diplomatic ties, recognition issue, China-Taiwan relations, cross-strait relations, diplomatic isolation, official recognition, third-party mediation, The Diplomat, The China Post diplomatic truce, Taiwan, China, PRC, Taipei, Beijing, diplomatic recognition, poaching countries, El Salvador, Honduras, The Gambia, diplomatic conflict, cross-strait relations, foreign policy, diplomatic ties, international recognition, China-Taiwan relations, recognition shift, diplomatic isolation, One China policy, foreign ministry
test-philosophy-ippelhbcp-con02a	African values  Human rights are a concept that take on different conclusions and priorities when applied in different cultural contexts. Protecting the community as a whole, by removing dangerous offenders from circulation, and by a deterrence effect, capital punishment is a manifestation of a form of “African Values” that place more emphasis on the community over the individual than western legal tradition. Capital Punishment has traditionally used for the most serious crimes such as murder as well as some serious religious offenses which it was feared might bring serious consequences for the entire community. [1]  [1] Balogun, Oladele Abiodun, ‘A Philosophical Defence of Punishment in Traditional African Legal Culture: The Yoruba Example’, The Journal of Pan African Studies, Vol.3, No.3, September 2009,  , p.47 African values, human rights, cultural context, community protection, capital punishment, deterrence, communal emphasis, Western legal tradition, serious crimes, murder, religious offenses, traditional African law, Yoruba legal culture, punishment philosophy, justice, crime deterrence, Oladele Abiodun Balogun, Journal of Pan African Studies, legal traditions, cultural differences, collective security, community vs individual, African jurisprudence African values, human rights, cultural context, community protection, deterrence, capital punishment, collective over individual, Western legal tradition, serious crimes, murder, religious offenses, community consequences, traditional African legal culture, Yoruba, punishment philosophy, criminal justice, African jurisprudence, Balogun Oladele, Pan African Studies African values, human rights, cultural context, community protection, capital punishment, traditional African law, deterrence, community vs individual, Western legal tradition, serious crimes, murder, religious offenses, Yoruba legal culture, African philosophy, punishment, collective security, African justice systems, Balogun Oladele Abiodun, Pan African Studies, legal traditions, community emphasis, African jurisprudence African values, human rights, cultural context, community protection, deterrence, capital punishment, African legal tradition, Western legal tradition, collective over individual, serious crimes, murder, religious offenses, Yoruba, traditional African law, punishment philosophy, legal culture, societal consequences, crime deterrence, justice, Oladele Abiodun Balogun, Pan African Studies African values, human rights, cultural context, community protection, deterrence, capital punishment, traditional African law, communal emphasis, Western legal tradition, serious crimes, murder, religious offenses, Yoruba legal culture, punishment philosophy, African legal tradition, collective responsibility, community over individual, justice, deterrent effect, Balogun Oladele, Pan African Studies
test-sport-ybfgsohbhog-pro04a	Hosting has wide-reaching economic benefits  Hosting creates an economic boost. Whilst none of the Olympics of recent times have made an immediate profit, the cost of the regeneration and improved infrastructure means that this is not a big problem as long as the losses are not huge. The Olympics showcases the host nation to the world and most hosts have seen a boost in tourism in the years after the Olympics (Australia estimates it gained£2bn extra tourist revenue in the four years after Sydney 2000). During the games between 60,000 (Paris 2012 estimate) and 135,000 (New York 2012 estimate) jobs are created providing skills and training to local people. economic benefits, Olympics, hosting, economic boost, regeneration, infrastructure improvement, tourism increase, host nation, immediate profit, long-term gains, job creation, skills training, local employment, post-Olympic impact, revenue growth, tourism revenue, urban development, global exposure, Sydney 2000, Paris 2012, New York 2012, cost-benefit analysis, economic impact, city regeneration, tourism boost Olympics, economic benefits, hosting, economic boost, infrastructure improvement, regeneration, tourism increase, profit, job creation, skills training, local employment, host nation showcase, tourist revenue, Sydney 2000, Paris 2012, New York 2012, long-term impact, local economy, international exposure, urban development economic benefits, hosting, Olympics, economic boost, profit, regeneration, infrastructure, tourism, revenue, job creation, skills training, local employment, Sydney 2000, tourist revenue, Paris 2012, New York 2012, showcase nation, long-term impact, investment, local development Olympics, economic benefits, hosting, economic boost, infrastructure improvement, regeneration, profit, tourism increase, job creation, skills training, local employment, host nation, tourist revenue, Sydney 2000, Paris 2012, New York 2012, global showcase, long-term impact, immediate profit, event legacy, economic impact Olympics, economic benefits, hosting, economic boost, infrastructure investment, regeneration, tourism increase, post-Olympic tourism, job creation, skills training, local employment, host nation showcase, Sydney 2000, Paris 2012, New York 2012, tourist revenue, Olympic legacy, economic impact, long-term benefits, urban development, mega-events
test-education-pshhghwpba0-pro03a	A healthy breakfast improves students concentration  Children are in school to learn. To do this they need to concentrate. To be able to concentrate they need to have a balanced meal – one without too much sugar – that will ensure they are not hungry until lunchtime. A child who is hungry is not going to be concentrating on their studies. A study by the Indian National Institute of Nutrition has shown a regular breakfast to result in a 2% increase in test scores in addition to other health benefits. [1]  [1] Gajre, N.S., Fernandez, S., Balakrishna, N., and Vazir, S., ‘Breakfast Eating Habit and its Influence on Attention-concentration, Immediate Memory and School Achievement’, National Institute of Nutrition, 31 March 2008, healthy breakfast, student concentration, school performance, balanced meal, nutrition, children, learning, attention, memory, academic achievement, hunger, sugar intake, test scores, Indian National Institute of Nutrition, breakfast habits, cognitive function, education, health benefits, schoolchildren, classroom focus healthy breakfast, students, concentration, school performance, learning, balanced meal, sugar intake, hunger, academic achievement, test scores, cognitive function, nutrition, children's health, Indian National Institute of Nutrition, breakfast habits, memory, attention, education, school children, nutritional benefits healthy breakfast, student concentration, school performance, balanced meal, low sugar breakfast, hunger and learning, academic achievement, test scores, nutrition and cognition, children breakfast habits, attention and memory, Indian National Institute of Nutrition, breakfast study, school nutrition, childhood learning, breakfast benefits, memory retention, breakfast and test performance, classroom behavior, healthy eating, cognitive performance, breakfast research healthy breakfast, student concentration, school performance, balanced meal, children nutrition, learning, academic achievement, test scores, attention, memory, hunger, sugar intake, Indian National Institute of Nutrition, breakfast habits, cognitive function, classroom focus, childhood diet, school meals, nutrition impact, educational outcomes healthy breakfast, student concentration, school performance, learning, balanced meal, low sugar breakfast, hunger, academic achievement, cognitive function, attention, memory, nutrition, Indian National Institute of Nutrition, breakfast habits, test scores, children, school nutrition, educational outcomes, classroom behavior, breakfast benefits, breakfast and learning, breakfast study
test-international-iiahwagit-con02a	Fewer human deaths  Fewer large beasts will lead to fewer deaths in Africa. Some endangered animals are aggressive and will attack humans. Hippopotamuses kill in excess of three hundred humans a year in Africa, with other animals such as the elephant and lion also causing many fatalities. [1] Footage released in early 2014 of a bull elephant attacking a tourist’s car in Kruger National Park, South Africa demonstrated the continued threat these animals cause. [2] Tougher protection would result in higher numbers of these animals which increases the risk to human lives.  [1] Animal Danger ‘Most Dangerous Animals’  [2] Withnall, A. ‘Rampaging bull elephant flips over British tourist car in Kruger Park’ human-wildlife conflict, endangered species, human fatalities, Africa, aggressive animals, hippopotamus attacks, elephant attacks, lion attacks, wildlife-related deaths, Kruger National Park, animal protection, conservation risks, most dangerous animals, wildlife management, tourism safety, animal-human interactions, bull elephant attack, wildlife population control, animal aggression, human safety, African wildlife Africa, human deaths, large beasts, endangered animals, aggressive animals, hippopotamus attacks, elephant attacks, lion attacks, wildlife fatalities, animal attacks, Kruger National Park, bull elephant, tourist attacks, animal-human conflict, dangerous animals, animal protection, wildlife dangers, most dangerous animals, animal population risks, South Africa, animal-human fatalities human fatalities, Africa, large animals, endangered species, aggressive wildlife, hippos, elephants, lions, animal attacks, wildlife danger, tourist incidents, Kruger National Park, animal population, human-wildlife conflict, conservation risks, animal-related deaths, dangerous animals, safety concerns, wildlife protection, animal-human interactions human fatalities, Africa, large animals, endangered species, animal attacks, hippopotamus, elephant, lion, wildlife danger, human-wildlife conflict, Kruger National Park, aggressive animals, animal-related deaths, conservation risks, animal population protection, wildlife management, tourist safety, human safety, animal threats, bull elephant attack human-wildlife conflict, animal attacks, Africa, endangered species, hippopotamus fatalities, elephant attacks, lion attacks, human deaths, wildlife conservation, risk to humans, Kruger National Park, aggressive animals, animal population management, dangerous African animals, tourism safety, wildlife protection, animal-human encounters, most dangerous animals, large mammal threats, wildlife statistics, park incidents, Withnall reference
test-law-tahglcphsld-pro03a	Drugs are safer when legal  Currently in the UK, purity of illegal Amphetamine is normally under 5%, and some tablets sold as ecstasy contain no MDMA at all. Instead, drugs are adulterated (“cut”) with substances from chalk and talcum powder to completely different drugs. [1]  At least when drugs are legalised the state can regulate their sale to make sure that they are clean and not cut with other dangerous substances. This will minimise the risk to users.  [1] Drugscope, ‘How Pure Are Street Drugs?’, updated January 2005, drug safety, drug legalization, UK drug purity, illegal drugs, amphetamine purity, ecstasy adulteration, MDMA, drug adulterants, drug regulation, harm minimization, drug law reform, street drugs, substance purity, drug control, state regulation, public health, drug contamination, safe drug use, drugscope, drug policy drug safety, drug legalization, UK drugs, amphetamine purity, ecstasy authenticity, MDMA, drug adulteration, drug regulation, drug contamination, street drug purity, Drugscope, legal regulation, user risk minimization, controlled substances, drug policy, harm reduction, drug contamination risks, substance abuse, unsafe drugs, regulated drugs drug safety, drug legalization, UK drug purity, illegal amphetamine, ecstasy purity, MDMA adulteration, drug regulation, drug contamination, drug adulterants, drug harm reduction, regulated drug sale, street drug risks, drugscope, drug policy, drug purity statistics, user risk minimization drug legalization, UK, drug purity, amphetamine, ecstasy, MDMA, drug adulteration, drug contamination, drug regulation, state control, user safety, drug policy, harm reduction, street drugs, drugscope, drug safety, illegal drugs, drug comparison, clean drugs, impurity drug safety, drug legalization, UK drug purity, illegal amphetamine, ecstasy adulteration, MDMA purity, drug adulteration, drug regulation, harm reduction, legal drugs, street drugs, Drugscope, drug risks, substance contamination, controlled substances, user safety, unregulated drugs, drug sale regulation
test-economy-fiahwpamu-con03a	Debt cycles and the curse of microfinance  Microfinance is incorporating free market ideologies and subprime (lending to those who may not be able to repay) lending at a smaller scale. Unstable crises’ form as a result, and debt is intensified for the poorest - of which are given access to credit they are not able to repay. This is a problem with all lending, microfinance is no exception.  In India the pressures of microfinance repayment has become linked to suicide and early mortality (Biswas, 2010). The stress of looking for microcredit, and then how to pay it back, has created a crisis within the microfinance industry. Regulation is required on the microfinance organisation: controlling the distribution of credit and the use of threats if the individual defaults. debt cycles, microfinance, free market ideology, subprime lending, unstable crises, intensified debt, poorest borrowers, credit access, repayment pressure, microfinance regulation, India, microcredit stress, borrower suicides, early mortality, Biswas 2010, lending risks, credit control, coercive recovery, default threats, microfinance crisis, disadvantaged communities debt cycles, microfinance, subprime lending, free market ideology, unstable crises, credit access, repayment pressure, poverty, India, microfinance regulation, microcredit stress, borrower suicide, mortality, loan default, credit distribution, financial threats, over-indebtedness, microfinance crisis, financial exclusion, predatory lending debt cycles, microfinance, microcredit, free market ideology, subprime lending, small-scale lending, financial crisis, debt intensification, poverty, credit access, repayment pressure, microfinance regulation, credit distribution, loan default, borrower stress, India, microfinance suicides, early mortality, credit crisis, microfinance industry, threat tactics, financial regulation, credit repayment, predatory lending, poverty trap, Biswas 2010 debt cycles, microfinance, subprime lending, free market ideologies, microcredit, lending crisis, over-indebtedness, credit access, loan default, financial instability, poverty, microfinance regulation, microfinance crisis, borrower stress, India, suicide, early mortality, credit distribution, coercive recovery, predatory lending, microfinance industry, Biswas 2010, poverty trap, borrower vulnerability, credit risk, repayment pressure debt cycles, microfinance, subprime lending, free market ideology, credit access, unstable crises, poverty, repayment pressure, India, microfinance regulation, borrower stress, financial crisis, credit risk, suicide, early mortality, microcredit crisis, lending practices, threat of default, credit distribution control, consumer protection, Biswas 2010
test-economy-egppphbcb-pro04a	Incentive in form of profit benefits society as a whole  The strongest motivational force a human being can feel towards work is a potential reward for their effort, therefore those who work hard and contribute most to society should justly also gain the most in form of increased wealth (e.g. private property). When work is uncoupled from reward or when an artificial safety net provides a high standard of living for those who do not work, society as a whole suffers. If those who work will benefit equally as the ones who do not there will be no reason to work and the overall productivity will be lowered, which is bad for society. Incentives are therefore necessary since it increases the overall standard for the whole society in form of material wealth, the fact that individuals are driven to succeed and earns what is rightfully theirs is thus in all our interest. With an overall higher productivity even the worst off may benefit more than they would have if the productivity had been low e.g. through charities etc.1/2/3/4  1 Rawls, J. (1999). A theory of justice (Rev.). Oxford: Oxford University Press.  2 Bradford, W. (1856). History of Plymouth plantation. Little, Brown and company.  3 Nozick, R. (1974). Anarchy State and Utopia (pp. 54-56, 137-42). Basic Books.  4 Perry, M. J. (1995). Why Socialism Failed. University of Michigan- Flint, Mark J Perry?s personal page. incentives, profit motive, society, wealth distribution, motivational force, private property, work ethic, reward systems, productivity, standard of living, safety net, social welfare, economic incentives, material wealth, individual success, just reward, charitable benefits, work-reward coupling, Rawls, Nozick, capitalism, socialism critique, economic motivation, meritocracy, societal benefit, compensation, labor, social justice, distributive justice, historical references, productivity impact incentives, profit motive, societal benefit, productivity, motivational force, reward for effort, wealth distribution, private property, work and reward, safety net, standard of living, labor motivation, economic incentives, wealth inequality, productivity effects, societal welfare, incentives and society, economic justice, Rawls, Nozick, theory of justice, capitalism, socialism critique, work ethic, charity benefits, redistribution, historical examples, Plymouth Plantation, labor compensation, incentive structures, material wealth incentives, profit motive, societal benefit, motivation, work ethic, reward system, wealth distribution, private property, productivity, labor, economic incentives, standard of living, meritocracy, welfare, safety net, economic productivity, material wealth, individual success, distributive justice, Rawls, Nozick, capitalism, socialism critique, charity, economic theory, motivation to work, wealth inequality, social benefit, productivity increase, personal gain, social justice incentives, profit motive, societal benefits, reward system, productivity, wealth distribution, private property, motivation, work ethic, economic incentives, standard of living, social welfare, individual effort, equity, meritocracy, disincentive effects, redistribution, charities, Rawls, Nozick, justice theory, economic philosophy, socialism failure, work-reward link, material wealth, economic productivity, labor motivation, social justice, property rights, incentive structures incentives, profit motive, societal benefit, motivation, reward, hard work, wealth, private property, productivity, safety net, standard of living, individual gain, equity, work-reward link, decreased productivity, incentive necessity, material wealth, individual success, meritocracy, high productivity, disadvantaged benefit, economic theory, Rawls, Nozick, social justice, capitalism, socialism failure, charity, distributive justice, labor economics, motivation theory
test-health-hgwhwbjfs-con03a	“Junk food” sales are an important source of funding for schools.  An important issue to consider in this topic is the constellation of incentives that actually got us to the place where we are at today.  With the environment designed to incentivize improving schools’ performance on standardized tests, there is absolutely nothing that would motivate them to invest their very limited resources into non-core programs or subjects, such as PE and sports and other activities. [1]  Ironically, schools turned to soda and snack vending companies in order to increase their discretionary funds. An example cited in the paper is one high school in Beltsville, MD, which made $72,438.53 in the 1999-2000 school year through a contract with a soft drink company and another $26,227.49 through a contract with a snack vending company. The almost $100,000 obtained was used for a variety of activities, including instructional uses such as purchasing computers, as well as extracurricular uses such as the yearbook, clubs and field trips.  Thus it becomes clear that the proposed ban is not only ineffective, but also demonstrably detrimental to schools and by extension their pupils.  [1] Anderson, P. M., 'Reading, Writing and Raisinets: Are School Finances Contributing to Children’s Obesity?', National Bureau of Economic Research, March 2005,  , accessed 9/11/2011 junk food sales, school funding, school vending machines, incentives, standardized tests, discretionary funds, non-core programs, PE funding, extracurricular activities, soda contracts, snack vending contracts, school budget, school finance, soft drink companies, funding sources, school performance, school resources, children’s obesity, school nutrition policies, vending machine revenue, school fundraising, education funding, policy impact, resource allocation, school activities, instructional funding, school health, program investment, vending contracts, education incentives junk food sales, school funding, financial incentives, standardized tests, discretionary funds, vending machine contracts, soda contracts, snack vending, extracurricular funding, non-core programs, physical education, school budgets, Beltsville Maryland, school revenue, instructional funding, school activities, soda companies, snack companies, fundraising, school health, Anderson PM, school finances, children's obesity, policy impact, National Bureau of Economic Research junk food sales, school funding, vending machine contracts, soft drink contracts, snack vending, discretionary funds, school budgets, standardized testing incentives, non-core programs, extracurricular activities, school finances, school performance, Maryland high school, instructional funding, computer purchases, clubs funding, field trips funding, proposed junk food ban, policy impact, school revenue sources, children’s obesity, education funding sources, school snack policies, Anderson PM, National Bureau of Economic Research junk food sales, school funding, school finances, vending machines, soft drink contracts, snack vending, incentives, standardized testing, discretionary funds, educational funding, non-core programs, PE funding, extracurricular activities, school budgets, food policy, student health, school nutrition, soda contracts, Maryland schools, financial incentives, school resource allocation, school revenue, Anderson paper, children’s obesity, school fundraising, vending revenue, education policy, impact of bans, instructional funding, field trips, clubs funding, computers in schools junk food sales, school funding, vending machines, soda contracts, snack contracts, discretionary funds, standardized tests, education incentives, non-core programs, PE funding, sports funding, extracurricular activities, school budgets, school finances, childhood obesity, funding impact, Beltsville MD, vending revenue, resource allocation, school programs, funding sources, policy impact, school nutrition, Anderson PM, NBER, school fundraising, education policy
test-international-epdlhfcefp-pro04a	The High Representative will be a catalyst and a facilitator for decision-making.  The High Representative will not only act as a spokesman for EU nations when they agree on foreign policies, but will act as a catalyst around which external policy will increasingly become coordinated. By chairing meetings of EU foreign ministers, he or she will be able to shape the agenda and influence the outcomes of meetings, encouraging member states increasingly to think in terms of common foreign policy positions. They will have added authority from their ability to speak for the EU in the UN Security Council. The High Representative will also direct the EU’s new External Action Service, which brings together policy specialists from both the Council and Commission in a unique manner (ranging from the Arctic region to nuclear safety and enlargement) 1. With representatives all over the world the EU will develop a foreign service capable of creating and articulating policy positions in a manner that few national governments can match. Over time this will promote the evolution of a true EU foreign and security policy, and will contribute significantly to increased European consciousness among EU citizens and further moves to political unity.  1. European Union External Action, Policies, accessed 1/8/11 High Representative, catalyst, facilitator, decision-making, EU foreign policy, spokesman, policy coordination, chairing meetings, agenda setting, member states, common positions, authority, UN Security Council, External Action Service, policy specialists, Council, Commission, Arctic region, nuclear safety, enlargement, global representatives, foreign service, policy articulation, EU foreign and security policy, European consciousness, political unity, European Union, external action High Representative, catalyst, facilitator, decision-making, EU foreign policy, spokesman, coordination, agenda setting, influence, meetings, foreign ministers, common positions, UN Security Council, authority, External Action Service, Council, Commission, policy specialists, global representatives, foreign service, policy articulation, European foreign and security policy, political unity, European consciousness, policy development, external affairs, diplomacy, EU integration, global influence, enlargement, nuclear safety, Arctic region High Representative, EU, catalyst, facilitator, decision-making, spokesman, foreign policies, policy coordination, external policy, chairing meetings, EU foreign ministers, agenda shaping, influence, member states, common foreign policy, UN Security Council, authority, EU External Action Service, Council, Commission, policy specialists, Arctic region, nuclear safety, enlargement, foreign service, global representation, policy positions, EU foreign policy, security policy, European consciousness, political unity, European Union, external relations, diplomacy High Representative, EU foreign policy, decision-making, catalyst, facilitator, spokesman, policy coordination, chairing meetings, EU foreign ministers, agenda setting, policy influence, common foreign policy, UN Security Council, authority, External Action Service, Council, Commission, policy specialists, global representation, foreign service, policy articulation, Arctic region, nuclear safety, EU enlargement, security policy, European consciousness, political unity, European Union, international relations, diplomacy High Representative, EU foreign policy, catalyst, facilitator, decision-making, spokesman, foreign ministers, agenda setting, EU External Action Service, Council, Commission, policy coordination, UN Security Council, global representatives, foreign service, policy articulation, European unity, European security policy, political unity, European consciousness
test-economy-eptpghdtre-pro02a	Historically Democrats have presided over more economic stability whereas the GOP is the party of boom and Bust  During the past 60 years Democrats have been considerably more likely to preside over a balanced budget than their Republican rivals. Since the OPEC shocks of the mid-70s the average unemployment rate under Republican Presidents has been 6.7 % as opposed to 5.5% under democrats. Even expanding that period out to the whole of the post-war period, unemployment has averaged 4.8% under democrats and 6.3% under democrats [i] .  Republican presidencies have been marked by higher unemployment, bigger deficits and lower wages.  [i] Larry Bartels. “Why the economy fares much better under Democrats.” Christian Science Monitor. October 21st, 2010 . Democrats, Republicans, economic stability, boom and bust, balanced budget, OPEC shocks, unemployment rate, post-war period, economic performance, deficits, wage levels, party comparison, Larry Bartels, Christian Science Monitor, presidential economic record, historical analysis, fiscal policy, economic outcomes, political parties, U.S. economy, presidential impact Democrats, Republicans, economic stability, boom and bust, balanced budget, OPEC shocks, unemployment rate, GOP, post-war period, deficits, wages, presidential administrations, economic performance, party comparison, U.S. economy, historical trends, Larry Bartels, economic policy, fiscal responsibility, unemployment statistics, political parties, economic outcomes Democrats, Republicans, economic stability, boom and bust, balanced budget, unemployment rate, OPEC shocks, post-war period, deficit, wages, historical comparison, economic performance, presidential administrations, Larry Bartels, Christian Science Monitor Democrats, Republicans, economic stability, boom and bust, balanced budget, unemployment rate, OPEC shocks, post-war period, deficit, wages, presidential economic performance, party comparison, Larry Bartels, Christian Science Monitor, historical analysis, economic policy, fiscal responsibility, U.S. presidency, economic outcomes, party governance, employment statistics Democrats, Republicans, economic stability, boom and bust, balanced budget, OPEC shocks, unemployment rate, post-war period, wage growth, budget deficit, presidential economic performance, partisan economic outcomes, Larry Bartels, Christian Science Monitor, historical economic trends, political party comparison, fiscal responsibility, economic indicators, US presidents, macroeconomic outcomes
test-politics-oeplhbuwhmi-con03a	The EU is a force multiplier  The UK gets more bang for the buck as a result of being a member of the EU. It has representation in more countries as a result of the European External Action Service (equivalent of the Foreign Office) thus extending UK influence to countries where it would not otherwise have representation. For example the EU have representation in Djibouti [1] whereas the UK individually is represented there from neighbouring Ethiopia. [2]  The UK, along with France, and to a lesser extent Germany, leads the EU on foreign policy matters, as illustrated by the first The High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy being a Briton, Catherine Ashton. [3] This means the UK essentially gains from the backing of the other 26 member states giving the UK a much more influential voice globally. For example the EU has a role in the Middle East ‘quartet’ of the EU, USA, Russia and United Nations [4] giving the UK a place at the table on the key issue of Israel Palestine where otherwise it would have none.  [1] ‘Délégation en République de Djibouti’, Délégation de l’Union européenne,   [2] ‘British Embassy Addis Ababa’, Gov.uk,   [3] ‘The High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy’, Europea Union External Action,   [4] ‘The Quartet’, Office of the Quartet, EU, force multiplier, UK, influence, global influence, European External Action Service, EEAS, foreign policy, representation, Djibouti, Addis Ababa, Middle East Quartet, Israel-Palestine, Catherine Ashton, High Representative, international relations, diplomatic reach, EU member states, collective diplomacy, EU foreign affairs, multilateral representation, France, Germany, global voice, Foreign Office, UK foreign policy, EU diplomacy, diplomacy benefits, global representation, international cooperation, external relations EU, force multiplier, UK influence, European External Action Service, foreign policy, diplomatic representation, EU member states, global influence, UK foreign office, Catherine Ashton, High Representative, Middle East Quartet, Israel Palestine, international relations, EU diplomacy, diplomatic missions, joint foreign policy, EU External Action, UK membership benefits, EU global presence, UK France Germany, EU foreign affairs, Djibouti, UK embassy Ethiopia, international backing, multilateral diplomacy, representation in foreign countries, EU-USA-Russia-UN, UK voice in EU, EU foreign policy leadership EU, force multiplier, UK influence, European External Action Service, foreign policy, international representation, global influence, Catherine Ashton, High Representative, EU member states, Middle East quartet, Israel Palestine, UK diplomacy, EU foreign office, UK global presence, Djibouti, Addis Ababa, international relations, EU foreign affairs, collective bargaining, global voice, UK EU membership, foreign policy leadership, UK France Germany, international cooperation, European Union diplomacy EU, force multiplier, UK, influence, European External Action Service, foreign policy, global representation, diplomatic reach, member states, Middle East quartet, Catherine Ashton, EU foreign affairs, Djibouti, UK embassy, international influence, Israel Palestine, UN, USA, Russia, UK global voice, EU backing, European Union diplomacy, foreign relations, joint representation, EU membership benefits, international presence EU, force multiplier, UK, European Union, influence, European External Action Service, foreign policy, global representation, membership benefits, diplomacy, Catherine Ashton, High Representative, Middle East Quartet, international relations, Djibouti, UK embassy, EU delegation, multilateral relations, foreign affairs, United Nations, USA, Russia, France, Germany, UK voice, global stage, international presence, foreign office equivalent, external action
test-culture-mmctghwbsa-pro03a	Since advertising is pervasive in mediated messages, it has the power to influence social attitudes.  Adverts occupy more public space than ever before in history. Due to technology, public space is global and ads can been seen around the world, in 2009 the UK became the first major economy where advertisers spend more on internet advertising than on television advertising1. Through such dominance, ads contribute to attitudes and values. Due to their power to influence attitudes within a society, serious attention should be paid to the content of advertising. 1 Sweney, Mark, 'Internet overtakes television to become biggest advertising sector in the UK', The Guardian, 30 September 2009 advertising, mediated messages, influence, social attitudes, public space, global advertising, technology, internet advertising, television advertising, UK, 2009, advertiser spending, dominance, values, societal impact, content analysis, media influence, advertising power, digital advertising, cultural impact, media consumption, advertising content, public opinion, mediated communication, online advertising advertising, mediated messages, social attitudes, public space, global advertising, internet advertising, television advertising, UK, advertiser spending, technological influence, ad dominance, cultural values, societal influence, advertising content, media consumption, 2009, The Guardian, Mark Sweney, commercial influence, digital advertising, media impact, global reach, advertising regulation advertising, mediated messages, influence, social attitudes, public space, global advertising, internet advertising, television advertising, advertising dominance, technology, societal values, advertising content, UK advertising, online ads, advertising impact, media influence, advertising spending, attitudes, values, advertising history, media space advertising, mediated messages, social attitudes, public space, global advertising, internet advertising, television advertising, UK advertising trends, technological impact, advertising influence, societal values, advertising content, media dominance, advertising expenditure, digital advertising, cultural impact, advertising regulation, public perception, UK media, The Guardian, Sweney Mark advertising, mediated messages, social attitudes, public space, global advertising, internet advertising, television advertising, media influence, advertising dominance, values, technology, UK advertising market, online ads, societal impact, content regulation, advertising power, global reach, media consumption, digital advertising, cultural influence
test-economy-thhghwhwift-pro02a	There is ample precedent in the form of other “sin” taxes  A sin tax is a term often used for fees tacked on to popular vices like drinking, gambling and smoking. Its roots have been traced back to the 16th century Vatican, where Pope Leo X taxed licensed prostitutes. [1]  More recently, and with greater success, US federal cigarette taxes were shown to have reduced consumption by 4% for every 10% increase in the price of cigarettes. [2]  Given the success achieved with uprooting this societal vice, which on a number of counts is similar to the unhealthy food one - immense health costs linked to a choice to consume a product – we should employ this tried and true strategy to combat the obesity epidemic.  In fact, a recent study published in the Archives of Internal Medicine followed 5000 people for 20 years, tracking food consumption and various biological metrics. The report states that “Researchers found that, incremental increases in price of unhealthy foods resulted in incremental decreases in consumption. In other words, when junk food cost more, people ate it less.” [3]  Thus leaning on the successful tradition of existing “sin” taxes and research that points out the potential for success of a similar solution in this arena, it should be concluded that a fat tax is an important part of a sensible and effective solution to the obesity epidemic.  [1] Altman, A., A Brief History Of: Sin Taxes, published 4/2/2009,  , accessed 9/12/2011  [2] CDC, Steady Increases in Tobacco Taxes Promote Quitting, Discourage Smoking, published 5/27/2009,  , accessed 14/9/2011  [3] O'Callaghan, T., Sin taxes promote healthier food choices, published 3/10/2010,  , accessed 9/12/2011 sin taxes, history, unhealthy food, vice taxes, obesity epidemic, fat tax, cigarette taxes, consumption reduction, public health, Pope Leo X, 16th century, taxation, junk food, health costs, Archives of Internal Medicine, food pricing, smoking, drinking, gambling, behavioral economics, soda tax, food policy, chronic disease prevention, pricing strategies, health outcomes, fiscal policy, U.S. federal taxes, economic incentives, health promotion, tax effectiveness sin taxes, historical precedent, unhealthy food, obesity epidemic, fat tax, cigarette taxes, consumption reduction, public health, junk food, pricing strategies, behavioral economics, tobacco taxation, food policy, vice taxes, health costs, Pope Leo X, smoking, gambling, alcohol, Archives of Internal Medicine, food consumption study, fiscal policy, health promotion, tax effectiveness, obesity solutions, societal vices, preventative health, soda tax, sugar tax sin taxes, obesity, fat tax, unhealthy food, junk food, public health, cigarette taxes, consumption reduction, health costs, food pricing, vices, smoking, drinking, gambling, tax policy, Archives of Internal Medicine, Pope Leo X, historical precedent, regulatory strategy, food consumption, behavioral economics, price elasticity, government intervention, health outcomes, obesity epidemic, policy effectiveness, taxation impact, sin tax examples, preventive health, food regulation sin taxes, sin tax history, vice taxes, cigarette tax, tobacco tax, gambling tax, alcohol tax, Pope Leo X, historical sin taxes, unhealthy food tax, fat tax, obesity epidemic, public health policy, food consumption, price elasticity, junk food tax, taxation impact, health costs, consumption reduction, Archives of Internal Medicine, price increase food, food choices, dietary behavior, health policy, obesity solutions, societal vices, tax precedent, success sin taxes, economic incentives, public health interventions sin taxes, fat tax, obesity epidemic, unhealthy food, cigarette tax, tobacco tax, junk food, food policy, health costs, consumption reduction, price elasticity, diet, public health, taxation, vices, policy precedent, food pricing, health economics, Pope Leo X, historical taxes, food regulation, Archives of Internal Medicine, behavioral economics, vice taxes, US federal cigarette tax, societal vice, food choice, anti-obesity measures, tax effectiveness, commodity tax
test-philosophy-pphbclsbs-pro05a	The argument is about practicality and the balancing of risks.  It would be incredibly disingenuous of the opposition if they did not concede that the dangers are great and that something must be done. Because, deep down, everyone knows that it is simply a balancing of risks – in practice all the government is trying to do is save lives. It is of course, the government’s primary duty to protect citizens but this can only be done with the loss of some civil liberties. These liberties will of course still be completely protected by the courts. When it comes to the issue of life and death, it is the proposition’s hope that a few civil liberties would be only willingly given up by any prudent citizen. practicality, balancing risks, government duty, save lives, civil liberties, court protection, risk assessment, opposition argument, individual rights, public safety, life and death, prudent citizens, government intervention, disingenuous opposition, loss of liberty, legal protection, policy debate practicality, balancing risks, government duty, civil liberties, protection, opposition, dangers, save lives, courts, citizen safety, life and death, risk assessment, sacrifice, constitutional rights, public safety, legal protection, prudent citizen, government responsibility, policy debate, security vs freedom practicality, balancing risks, government duty, civil liberties, opposition, danger, protection, citizen safety, court protection, life and death, prudent citizen, loss of liberty, risk assessment, government responsibility, public safety, compromise, individual rights, judicial oversight, policy justification, disingenuous argument practicality, balancing risks, civil liberties, government duty, public safety, opposition, disingenuous, dangers, risk assessment, save lives, court protection, loss of liberties, protection of citizens, life and death, prudent citizen, government responsibility, security vs freedom, legal safeguards, rights trade-off, policy debate practicality, balancing risks, civil liberties, government duty, save lives, protect citizens, danger, opposition, courts, life and death, prudent citizen, disingenuous, loss of rights, risk assessment, policy debate, public safety, government intervention, legal protection
test-law-sdiflhrdffe-pro02a	Democracies have an obligation to shield these people and to encourage further dissent  The universality of human rights, of the freedom of speech and of due process is all touted as crucial by the world’s democracies. Democratic countries are frequently vocal on the subject of liberty, on the superiority of their system of government that provides for the best protection of human dignity. By offering amnesty to bloggers, the people standing at the forefront of the democratic cause in oppressive regimes, Western countries take a largely low-cost action that provides for the security and safety of some the bravest people in the public arena. The West must stop kowtowing to oppression and make a stand to offer an umbrella of protection to those who need it. That protection is absolutely crucial to the development of more dissent in the blogosphere and on the ground. Only by nurturing dissent can it ever take root and overcome the vast powers of authoritarian government. The promise of protection is hugely powerful because it gives bloggers a safety net to fall back on. Those already active will feel more empowered to speak out against their oppressors, and some currently cowed by fear will have the courage to speak up. The guarantee of amnesty also removes the perceived randomness of such offerings that currently occur, as in the recent case of Cuba in which two bloggers of similar pedigree asked for asylum in the US, but only one received it. [1] Such inconsistency has bred fear in the minds of dissidents. This policy would correct for it and help bolster the cause of justice on all fronts. It is through offering amnesty that democracies can provide the catalyst for the change they avow to be the paramount aim of human civilization.  [1] Fox News Latino. “Cuba: Prominent Blogger-Dissidents Receive Contradictory Results on Visa Petitions”. 31 January 2013. democracy, obligation, protection, dissent, human rights, freedom of speech, due process, democratic countries, liberty, human dignity, amnesty, bloggers, oppressive regimes, Western countries, oppression, umbrella of protection, blogosphere, authoritarian government, safety net, empowerment, asylum, inconsistency, dissidents, justice, policy change, catalyst, visa petitions, Cuba, US, Fox News Latino democracies, human rights, freedom of speech, due process, amnesty, bloggers, dissent, oppressive regimes, Western countries, liberty, protection, human dignity, asylum, dissidents, authoritarian government, empowerment, oppression, fear, justice, democratic values, visa petitions, Cuba, Fox News Latino, blogosphere, public arena, safety net, activism, political asylum, government policy, inconsistency, change, catalyst, nurturing dissent, superiority of democracy democracy, obligation, human rights, freedom of speech, due process, amnesty, bloggers, dissent, oppressive regimes, Western countries, liberty, government, human dignity, protection, asylum, blogosphere, nurturing dissent, authoritarianism, safety net, oppression, empowerment, fear, policy inconsistency, asylum policy, justice, change, catalyst, civil liberties, dissidents, visa petitions, Cuba, Fox News Latino democracies, obligation, dissent, human rights, freedom of speech, due process, protection, bloggers, amnesty, oppressive regimes, Western countries, security, safety, public arena, oppression, umbrella of protection, dissent development, blogosphere, authoritarian government, nurturing dissent, empowerment, speaking out, asylum, inconsistency, dissidents, justice, policy, catalyst, change, visa petitions, Cuba, blogger-dissidents, Fox News Latino democracy, obligation, protection, dissent, universality, human rights, freedom of speech, due process, amnesty, bloggers, oppressive regimes, Western countries, security, safety, public arena, oppression, umbrella of protection, development, blogosphere, authoritarian government, nurturing dissent, empowerment, asylum, inconsistency, dissidents, justice, change, human dignity, visa petitions, Cuba, Fox News Latino
test-sport-aastshsrqsar-con01a	Meritocracy  It is a value of sport in general that it should be outside the sphere of social ills like racial, religious and political tensions. Sport should be based on merit only; those who play best get onto the team.  Racial quotas will lead to any non-white player in a team in a competition where quotas are being employed to being under a suspicion that they are not good enough and were only selected due to their race. As Peter de Villiers, the first black coach of the Springboks, says “Everybody will believe that these players will be picked because people are looking out for them.” [1] The result could be more racial abuse of players, not less.  [1] Peacock, James, ‘Peter de Villiers says racial quotas are ‘waste of time’, BBC Sport, 15 August 2013, meritocracy, sport values, racial quotas, team selection, social ills, racial tensions, religious tensions, political tensions, performance-based selection, discrimination, Springboks, Peter de Villiers, player selection, team composition, racial abuse, non-white players, suspicion, BBC Sport, sports ethics, inclusivity, equality in sport, fairness, athletic merit, sports policy meritocracy, sports values, racial quotas, team selection, merit-based selection, social ills, racial tensions, religious tensions, political tensions, non-white players, suspicion, racial abuse, Peter de Villiers, Springboks, racial selection, affirmative action in sports, inclusivity, diversity in sports, BBC Sport, James Peacock meritocracy, sport values, racial quotas, team selection, merit-based selection, social ills, racial tensions, religious tensions, political tensions, discrimination, non-white players, suspicion, player selection, racial abuse, Peter de Villiers, Springboks, race in sport, equality in sport, sports fairness, sports policy, sports inclusivity, team diversity, quota system, BBC Sport, racial bias, sports ethics meritocracy, sport values, racial quotas, team selection, social issues, racial tensions, religious tensions, political tensions, merit-based selection, team performance, non-white players, player suspicion, racial selection, Peter de Villiers, Springboks, racial abuse, player discrimination, racial equality, sports fairness, sports discrimination, quota system, BBC Sport, sports ethics meritocracy, sport values, racial quotas, team selection, sports merit, discrimination, racial tensions, social ills, equality in sport, fairness, Springboks, Peter de Villiers, racial abuse, team composition, athletic merit, diversity in sport, quota system debates, non-white athletes, sports politics, selection bias, sports fairness, BBC Sport, affirmative action in sports
test-education-pstrgsehwt-con04a	Creationism is a religious, not a scientific, explanation of reality.  Creationism is, by definition, not science. It is not based in any empirical evidence. Rather, Creationists start with a presupposed answer and work back from it. They assume there is a designer, so they look for holes in evolutionary theory and claim only a designer can explain the gaps. When new evidence arises that gives a natural explanation of the phenomenon in question, the Creationists backpedal and start looking for new holes. No amount of evidence could convince a Creationist because his belief is not based on evidence, but rather on a usually religion-driven opposition to evolution on a political and belief level. A science proves itself through experimentation and submitting research for peer review. Creationism fears scrutiny by real scientists. Instead supporters of creationism attempt to further its agenda through politics and courts, where science is not the main goal, but popularity and where expertise is not in science but in law (Dawkins, 2006). Creationism couches itself in the language of science and does its best to look respectable in the eyes of the public. For example, in rebranding as Intelligent Design, Creationists sought to appear less overtly religious. These attempts show the illegitimacy of Creationism. The pseudoscience of Creationism must, for the sake of education, be kept out of the classroom. creationism, science, religion, empirical evidence, presupposition, designer, evolutionary theory, gaps, natural explanation, belief, opposition to evolution, political, experimentation, peer review, scrutiny, scientific community, intelligent design, pseudoscience, education, classroom, Dawkins, public perception, court cases, legal strategies, rebranding, scientific legitimacy, scientific method, evidence-based, scientific literacy, science education Creationism, religion, science, empirical evidence, presupposition, designer, evolutionary theory, Intelligent Design, gaps, natural explanation, belief, opposition, evolution, politics, peer review, scrutiny, pseudoscience, education, courtroom, Dawkins, scientific legitimacy, public perception, rebranding, law, classroom, scientific method, pseudoscientific, anti-evolution, scientific community, scientific evidence Creationism, religious explanation, science vs religion, empirical evidence, presupposition, designer, evolutionary theory, gaps in evolution, Intelligent Design, pseudoscience, peer review, scientific scrutiny, opposition to evolution, politics and courts, Dawkins 2006, science education, public perception, rebranding, legitimacy, classroom debate, natural explanation, scientific method, belief vs evidence, anti-evolution, religious motivation, educational policy creationism, religion, science, empirical evidence, presupposition, designer, evolutionary theory, gaps, natural explanation, belief, opposition to evolution, political, peer review, scientific scrutiny, politics, courts, intelligent design, pseudoscience, education, classroom, Dawkins, scientific legitimacy, rebranding, public perception Creationism, religion, science, empirical evidence, evolutionary theory, intelligent design, pseudoscience, peer review, scientific scrutiny, scientific method, political opposition, education, Dawkins, courts, law, public perception, designer, gaps in evolution, natural explanation, rebranding, classroom, belief vs evidence, legitimacy, scientific community, anti-evolution, religious motivation, peer review process, scientific experimentation, educational policy
test-law-hrilpgwhwr-pro02a	The ICC offers justice to victims of war crimes.  The ICC offers a multilateral means by which international law can be brought to bear on the perpetrators of war crimes. As Amnesty International argues, 'the ICC ensures that those who commit serious human rights violations are held accountable. Justice helps promote lasting peace, enables victims to rebuild their lives and sends a strong message that perpetrators of serious international crimes will not go unpunished'. Furthermore, and for the first time, the ICC has the power to order a criminal to pay reparations to a victim who has suffered as a result of their crimes. Such reparations may include restitution, indemnification and rehabilitation. Judges are able to order such reparations whether the victims have been able to apply for them or not. Though reparations will often not be sufficient on their own for lasting peace, they are a step in the right direction and only made possible by the establishment of the ICC. ICC, International Criminal Court, justice, victims, war crimes, international law, multilateral, human rights violations, accountability, Amnesty International, lasting peace, reparations, restitution, indemnification, rehabilitation, perpetrators, serious crimes, criminal responsibility, victim compensation, judicial orders, international justice, crime deterrence, restitution mechanisms, post-conflict recovery, law enforcement, transitional justice ICC, International Criminal Court, justice, war crimes, victims, international law, human rights violations, accountability, Amnesty International, multilateral, perpetrators, lasting peace, reparations, restitution, indemnification, rehabilitation, criminal responsibility, victim compensation, judicial orders, international justice, legal accountability, serious crimes, peacebuilding, war crimes prosecution, criminal punishment ICC, International Criminal Court, justice, victims, war crimes, international law, perpetrators, accountability, human rights, Amnesty International, peace, reparations, restitution, indemnification, rehabilitation, judges, criminal responsibility, victim compensation, multilateral justice, serious international crimes, human rights violations, lasting peace, legal accountability, criminal penalties, reparative justice ICC, International Criminal Court, justice, war crimes, victims, multilateral, international law, perpetrators, accountability, Amnesty International, human rights violations, peace, reparations, restitution, indemnification, rehabilitation, judges, criminal responsibility, prosecution, lasting peace, legal mechanisms, criminal justice, victim compensation, enforcement, international justice, transitional justice, human rights, criminal punishment, deterrence, criminal courts ICC, International Criminal Court, war crimes, justice, victims, international law, accountability, human rights violations, multilateral, Amnesty International, perpetrators, reparations, restitution, indemnification, rehabilitation, victim compensation, judicial orders, peace, lasting peace, criminal responsibility, human rights, international justice, legal redress, crime victims, post-conflict justice
test-politics-dhbanhrnw-con02a	The threat of nuclear weapons falling into the hands of rogue states and terrorists increases as more countries possess them  There are many dangerous dictators and tyrants, many of who covet the possession of nuclear weapons not just for the purpose of defence, but also for that of intimidating their neighbours. [1] Such leaders should not possess nuclear weapons, nor should they ever be facilitated in their acquisition. For example, Iran has endeavoured for years on a clandestine nuclear weapons program that, were it recognized as a legitimate pursuit, could be increased in scale and completed with greater speed. The result of such an achievement could well destabilize the Middle East and would represent a major threat to the existence of a number of states within the region, particularly Israel. Furthermore, the risk of nuclear weapons, or at least weapons-grade material, falling into the hands of dissidents and terrorists increases substantially when there are more of them and larger numbers of countries possess them. Additionally, many countries in the developing world lack the capacity to safely secure weapons if they owned them, due to lack of technology, national instability, and government corruption. [2] Recognizing the rights of these countries to hold nuclear weapons vastly increases the risk of their loss or misuse.  [1] Slantchev, Branislav. 2005. “Military Coercion in Interstate Crises”. American Political Science Review 99(4).  [2] Sagan, Scott D. 1993. The Limits of Safety: Organizations, Accidents, and Nuclear Weapons. Princeton: Princeton University Press. nuclear weapons, rogue states, terrorists, proliferation, dictators, tyrants, nuclear deterrence, Iran, clandestine nuclear program, Middle East, Israel, weapons-grade material, dissidents, national instability, government corruption, developing countries, nuclear security, nuclear nonproliferation, weapons misuse, nuclear risk, international security, military coercion, arms control, nuclear safety, nuclear threats, regional destabilization nuclear weapons, rogue states, terrorists, proliferation, dictators, tyrants, nuclear intimidation, Iran, clandestine nuclear program, Middle East instability, Israel threat, weapons-grade material, dissidents, developing countries, nuclear security, technology gaps, national instability, government corruption, nuclear rights, nuclear misuse, nuclear safety, nuclear acquisition, state actors, non-state actors, international security, nuclear deterrence nuclear weapons, rogue states, terrorists, proliferation, dictators, tyrants, nuclear intimidation, Iran, clandestine nuclear program, Middle East instability, Israel threat, weapons-grade material, dissidents, developing countries, nuclear security, technology gaps, national instability, government corruption, nuclear arms control, weapons misuse, international security, nonproliferation, nuclear acquisition, military coercion, nuclear risks, State destabilization nuclear weapons, rogue states, terrorists, proliferation, dangerous dictators, tyrants, nuclear deterrence, intimidation, Iran, clandestine nuclear program, Middle East instability, Israel threat, weapons-grade material, nuclear security, developing countries, technology gap, national instability, government corruption, nuclear rights, nuclear loss, nuclear misuse, arms control, nonproliferation, military coercion, nuclear accidents, international security, nuclear safeguards, proliferation risk, nuclear terrorism, nuclear state capacity, nuclear policy nuclear weapons, proliferation, rogue states, terrorists, dictators, tyrants, nuclear threat, nuclear security, Iran, clandestine nuclear program, Middle East destabilization, Israel, weapons-grade material, dissidents, developing countries, nuclear safety, technology gaps, government corruption, interstate crises, military coercion, weapons misuse, nuclear nonproliferation, Scott Sagan, Branislav Slantchev
test-international-ghwcitca-con01a	It would never work  There are immense challenges to making a treaty seeking to prevent or curtail cyber-attacks work. Even on issues where there are clear security concerns it is unusual for the involved nations to be willing to get along and cooperate. This has proven to be the same with regards to the internet governance with Russia and China wanting greater state control while the US and Western Europe is opposed. [1] Even on issues where lives are being lost there is often no global agreement as can be seen by the deadlock in the UN security council over what to do about the civil war in Syria. [2]  Additionally there is the problem that working out who engaged in a cyber-attack is difficult. Such attacks are often routed through proxy computers to launch their attacks. If attacking a difficult target that may seek to strike back the attack will be through numerous proxies which will be in numerous countries to make tracking back difficult. [3] This means there can be misattribution of attacks creating confusion about which state needs to act domestically to prevent the cyber-attacks – or in the worst case resulting in a response aimed at the wrong country. For example South Korea has blamed its Northern neighbour for an attack on the website of the South Korean Presidency but the hacking is more likely to have been the work of someone in South Korea itself as a South Korean detailed his plans on Twitter before the attack. [4] If it is difficult to attribute who launched the attack then it would clearly be easy to get around any ban.  [1] Nebehay, Stephanie, ‘China, Russia seek greater control of Internet’, Reuters, 7 March 2013,   [2] Black, Ian, ‘UN may struggle to respond to reports of Syrian chemical attacks’, The Guardian, 21 August 2013,   [3] Greenemeier, Larry, ‘Seeking Address: Why Cyber Attacks Are So Difficult to Trace back to Hackers’, Scientific American, 11 June 2011,   [4] Koo, Soo-Kyung, ‘Cyber Security in South Korea: The Threat Within’, The Diplomat, 19 August 2013, cyber-attacks, cyber treaty, attribution challenges, internet governance, international cooperation, state control, Russia, China, United States, Western Europe, cybersecurity, proxy servers, cyberattack misattribution, UN Security Council, Syria conflict, global agreement, cyber defense, cyber norms, hacker tracing, cybercrime, digital forensics, international law, cyber diplomacy, geopolitical tensions, sovereign internet, cross-border attacks, information security, retaliatory attacks, nation-state hacking, security deadlock, cyber policy cyber-attacks, cyber treaty, international cooperation, internet governance, state control, attribution, misattribution, proxy servers, cybersecurity challenges, Russia, China, US, Western Europe, UN security council, global agreement, civil war, Syria, digital forensics, cyber conflict, hacking, policy deadlock, global security, cyber attribution, cybersecurity policy, international relations, cyber regulations, cyber norms, retaliation, cyber deterrence, cyber law, South Korea, North Korea, cyber threat, governance deadlock cyber-attacks, cyber treaty, international cooperation, internet governance, attribution challenges, proxy servers, state control, Russia, China, United States, Western Europe, UN Security Council, Syria, misattribution, cyber security, geopolitical conflict, diplomatic deadlock, cyber attribution, hacking, global agreement, cyber-ban enforcement, sovereign interests, cyber-attack tracing, information warfare, international law, cyber norms, cross-border cybercrime cyber-attacks, international treaty, treaty challenges, cyber attribution, internet governance, Russia, China, state control, US, Western Europe, global cooperation, UN Security Council, Syria civil war, misattribution, proxy servers, hacking attribution, cyber attack response, cyber security, non-cooperation, cyber ban, diplomatic deadlock, sovereignty, cross-border cyber attacks, cyber diplomacy, retaliation risks, hacking proxies, cyber norms, cyber law, South Korea, North Korea, domestic legislation, information warfare, internet regulation, global governance, policy differences, international law, technical barriers, hacker traceability, cybercrime, multilateral agreements, cyber-attacks, treaty challenges, cyber security, international cooperation, internet governance, Russia, China, state control, US, Western Europe, UN Security Council, Syria conflict, cyber-attack attribution, proxy servers, misattribution, global agreement, North Korea, South Korea, false attribution, diplomatic deadlock, cyber treaties, hacking, internet regulation, cyber norms, state sovereignty, cross-border attacks, cyber ban enforcement, cyber deterrence, information warfare, cyber attack response, multilateral treaties, international law, digital sovereignty
test-health-hdond-con02a	This system will punish people for a past decision they cannot now undo  Most formulations of this policy involve assessing donor status on the basis of whether the patient was a registered organ donor prior to needing an organ. Thus, a sick person could find themselves in the tortuous situation of sincerely regretting their past decision not to donate, but having no means to atone for their past act. To visit such a situation upon citizens not only meaningfully deprives them of the means to continue living, it subjects them to great psychological distress. Indeed, they are not only aware that their past passive decision not to register as a donor has doomed them, but they are constantly told by the state that this is well and just. organ donation policy, donor status assessment, retrospective punishment, irreversible decisions, psychological distress, organ transplant eligibility, past decision consequences, ethical implications, regret, state policy, medical eligibility criteria, patient suffering, atonement, fairness in allocation, moral responsibility, punitive policies organ donation policy, donor status assessment, punishment for past decisions, irreversible decisions, organ donor registration, ethical implications, psychological distress, atonement for past actions, access to organ transplants, policy consequences, fairness in healthcare, regret and organ donation, state-enforced punishment, deprivation of medical care, bioethics organ donation policy, donor status assessment, retrospective punishment, organ donor registration, ethical implications, psychological distress, atonement for past decisions, eligibility for organ transplant, state-imposed consequences, non-donor exclusion, medical ethics, regret and organ donation, passive decision consequences, healthcare justice, life-or-death policies, morality of eligibility criteria organ donation policy, donor status assessment, retrospective punishment, irreversible decisions, organ donor registration, ethical implications, psychological distress, policy consequences, non-donor exclusion, regret, atonement, healthcare ethics, medical resource allocation, fairness, justice, state policy, organ recipient eligibility, punitive policies, decision regret, access to transplants, passive decision-making organ donation policy, donor status criteria, retrospective punishment, irreversible decisions, regret, organ recipient eligibility, psychological distress, ethical implications, state policy, past actions consequences, fairness in healthcare, organ transplant ethics, non-donor exclusion, moral responsibility, healthcare justice
test-environment-ehwsnwu-pro02a	Underground Nuclear Storage is Safe  Underground nuclear waste storage means that nuclear waste is stored at least 300m underground. [I1]  The harm of a leak 300m underground is significantly limited, if the area has been chosen correctly then there should be no water sources nearby to contaminate. If this is the case, then a leak’s harm would be limited to the layers of sediment nearby which would be unaffected by radiation. By comparison a leak outside might lead to animals nearby suffering from contamination. Further nuclear waste might reach water sources should there be a leak above ground, if it is raining heavily when the leak happens for example.  Further, the other options available, such as above ground storage present a potentially greater danger, should something go wrong. This is because it is much easier for nuclear waste to leak radiation into the air. This is problematic because even a hint of radiation may well cause people to panic owing to the damaging and heavily publicised consequences of previous nuclear safety crises. As such, underground storage is safer both directly and indirectly. [1]  As well as this, underground storage also prevents nuclear waste or nuclear radiation from reaching other states and as such, results in greater safety across borders. [2]  Further, storing all nuclear waste underground means that countries can concentrate their research and training efforts on responding to subterranean containment failures. Focus and specialisation of this type is much more likely to avert a serious release of nuclear material from an underground facility than the broad and general approach that will be fostered by diverse and distinct above-ground storage solutions.  [1] “Europe eyes underground nuclear waste repositories.” Infowars Ireland. 20/02/2010   [2] “EU Debates Permanent Storage For Nuclear Waste.” 04/11/2010 AboutMyPlanet.   [I1] I am not sure how to replace this section. “Leakage” of radioactive material into the air is a minimal danger. The contributor may be referring to the ejection of irradiated dust and other particulates that has occurred when nuclear power stations have suffered explosive containment failures, but this is not comparable to the types of containment failures that might happen in facilities used to store spent nuclear fuel rods and medical waste.  One of the more substantial risks presented by underground storage is release of nuclear material into a water source. underground nuclear waste storage, deep geological repository, nuclear waste safety, radioactive waste containment, 300m underground, leak risk, water contamination, sediment layers, above ground storage, radiation exposure, air contamination, nuclear safety, cross-border risks, storage facility, containment failure, emergency response, specialized training, subterranean storage, radioactive leakage, environmental impact, nuclear accident, public panic, nuclear waste disposal, nuclear facility safety, leak prevention, groundwater protection underground nuclear waste storage, nuclear waste safety, deep geological repository, containment failure, water contamination, radioactive leakage, sediment protection, above-ground storage risks, radiation exposure, public panic, cross-border safety, nuclear waste management, subterranean containment, radioactive material, nuclear facility accidents, irradiated dust, environmental impact, nuclear safety crises, specialized response training, spent nuclear fuel, medical waste storage, European nuclear policy, nuclear repository safety, radioactive waste research, air contamination, accidental release, underground containment advantages, nuclear storage site selection underground nuclear storage, nuclear waste, deep geological storage, radioactive waste, containment, radiation leakage, environmental safety, groundwater contamination, above ground storage, air contamination, sediment layers, nuclear safety, cross-border safety, subterranean containment, risk management, storage facility, nuclear accidents, containment failure, public perception, research and training, repository, water sources, radioactive material, spent fuel rods, medical nuclear waste, incident response, nuclear repository, environmental impact, long-term storage, nuclear crisis, release prevention underground nuclear storage, nuclear waste disposal, deep geological repository, radioactive waste safety, containment failure, groundwater contamination, environmental impact, comparative risk assessment, above ground storage, radiation leakage, sediment barriers, cross-border safety, subterranean containment, emergency response, nuclear waste research, public perception, nuclear accidents, irradiated dust, containment breaches, storage facility design, water source protection, spent fuel rods, medical radioactive waste, nuclear repository, site selection criteria underground nuclear waste storage, nuclear waste safety, radiation containment, subterranean storage, containment failure, groundwater contamination, radioactive leak risk, environmental impact, above-ground storage comparison, nuclear waste repository, public perception nuclear energy, cross-border nuclear safety, specialized containment response, radioactive material isolation, sediment barrier, nuclear storage facility safety, nuclear crisis prevention, irradiated dust risk, water source contamination, nuclear waste management, nuclear facility research, storage depth guidelines, permanent nuclear waste storage, nuclear power plant safety
test-education-xeegshwfeu-con01a	The most vulnerable children would be left behind by the scheme  Even if a voucher scheme is used, parents still need to have considerable input in order that their children are able to access the best educational opportunities. Thus, those children who are most vulnerable, i.e. those with inadequate home support structures, will find that they are unable to access the best schools as their parents may lack the desire or knowledge to find out which schools are the best in their area.  Further, this problem will be exacerbated by the subsequent dearth of funding at the worst schools. vulnerable children, educational vouchers, parental involvement, access to education, educational inequality, home support, disadvantaged students, best schools, school choice, parental knowledge, funding disparities, inequitable access, underprivileged families, education scheme, opportunity gap, resource allocation, educational disadvantage vulnerable children, educational vouchers, access to education, parental involvement, home support, educational inequality, best schools, school choice, disadvantaged students, funding disparities, educational opportunity, inadequate home environment, school selection, parental knowledge, educational access barriers vulnerable children, voucher scheme, educational access, parental involvement, inadequate home support, school choice, access barriers, disadvantaged students, best schools, parental knowledge, educational inequality, funding disparities, underfunded schools, educational opportunities, equity in education vulnerable children, voucher scheme, educational access, parental involvement, inadequate home support, educational opportunities, best schools, disadvantaged students, school choice, parental knowledge, funding inequality, resource allocation, educational inequality, access barriers, disadvantaged families vulnerable children, educational voucher scheme, access to education, parental involvement, inadequate home support, best schools, disadvantaged students, educational inequality, lack of parental knowledge, school funding, at-risk students, education opportunity gap, parental support, resource allocation, educational disadvantage
test-free-speech-debate-radhbsshr-pro03a	Racialised Opposition  Some critics of ‘The Spear’ have criticised the artwork on the grounds that it ‘dehumanises’ black people in general [1] and President Zuma in particular and criticises him based upon his personal life rather than policy, using vulgar means to do it. This line of opposition is part of a dog-whistle tactic that the ANC has consistently used against white critics of its government in the past. [2]  ANC criticisms of its white critics, including the opposition Democratic Alliance have made discreet reference to the injustices of the past as a means of creating distrust in the minds of poor, black voters who maintain ANC support as a result. Some politicians within the ANC, most notably the former President of its youth wing Julius Malema, have made incendiary statements that could be seen to stoke up hatred against whites.  It is against this back drop that the double standards over criticism of Murray should be viewed. Murray, a white artist, has been criticised roundly for ‘The Spear’, while black artists have created works that could be seen to denigrate President Zuma in a similar manner to ‘The Spear’. A noticeable example is ‘Ngcono ihlwempu kunesibhanxo sesityebi’ (Better a fool than a rich man’s nonsense) by Ayanda Mabulu, that carried a much more graphic depiction of the President and other leading politicians of the past and present with barely a murmur raised. [3]  By bowing to the pressure exerted by the ANC and its followers, the Goodman Gallery and City Press have bowed to pressure, denying criticism of the government and accepting the implied view that White South Africans are unable to criticise the government without seeking to re-assert any forms of superiority that had existed under Apartheid. Whilst there may still be underlying problems of Far-Right activity in South Africa, to smear anyone who criticises the government based on their race does nothing to help move the country on from autocracy and institutionalised racism. The Goodman Gallery and City Press should have stood by displaying the image as it represented the opinion of Brett Murray, free from intimidation or race based slander.  [1] Dana, Simphiwe, ‘The 'Sarah Baartmanisation' of the black body’, Mail & Guardian, 12 June 2012,   [2] Hlongwane, Sipho, ‘The ANC's best friend: Brett Murray & The Spear’, Amandla,   [3] Ndlovu, Andile, ‘'Spear' sparks hot Twitter debate’, Times Live, 23 May 2012, The Spear, Brett Murray, racialised opposition, ANC criticism, dehumanisation, black representation, President Zuma, vulgar artwork, personal life vs policy, dog-whistle tactics, white critics, Democratic Alliance, apartheid legacy, voter distrust, Julius Malema, incendiary statements, anti-white rhetoric, racial double standards, Ayanda Mabulu, Ngcono ihlwempu kunesibhanxo sesityebi, artistic censorship, Goodman Gallery, City Press, South African politics, freedom of expression, institutionalised racism, racial slander, art controversy, media response, race relations, post-apartheid South Africa, Sarah Ba The Spear, Brett Murray, President Zuma, ANC, racialised opposition, dehumanisation, black representation, white critics, policy criticism, personal life, dog-whistle politics, Democratic Alliance, historical injustice, ANC youth wing, Julius Malema, racial tension, double standards, Ayanda Mabulu, artistic censorship, Goodman Gallery, City Press, Apartheid legacy, institutionalised racism, free expression, South African art controversy, media pressure, political art, race-based criticism, Sarah Baartmanisation, media response, autocracy, stoking racial hatred The Spear, Brett Murray, ANC, racialised opposition, dehumanisation, President Zuma, art controversy, South Africa, Goodman Gallery, City Press, white critics, black artists, double standards, Julius Malema, Ayanda Mabulu, Ngcono ihlwempu kunesibhanxo sesityebi, Democratic Alliance, race relations, post-Apartheid, government criticism, dog-whistle politics, institutional racism, free expression, censorship, Simphiwe Dana, Sarah Baartmanisation, Mail & Guardian, Sipho Hlongwane, Amandla, Andile Ndlovu, Times Live, political art The Spear, Brett Murray, racialised opposition, ANC, African National Congress, Julius Malema, racial criticism, dehumanisation, black representation, white critics, double standards, Goodman Gallery, City Press, Ayanda Mabulu, art controversy, Zuma artwork, freedom of expression, South African politics, post-apartheid, race relations, media censorship, institutional racism, political art, Sarah Baartmanisation, public debate, Democratic Alliance, race-based criticism, incitement, historical injustice, artistic freedom, government criticism The Spear, Brett Murray, racialised opposition, ANC, dehumanisation, Jacob Zuma, art controversy, white critics, dog-whistle politics, Democratic Alliance, racial tension, Julius Malema, Ayanda Mabulu, Ngcono ihlwempu kunesibhanxo sesityebi, Goodman Gallery, City Press, apartheid, race-based criticism, institutional racism, freedom of expression, South African politics, black artists, double standards, media censorship, Simphiwe Dana, Sarah Baartmanisation, Sipho Hlongwane, Andile Ndlovu, Times Live, Amandla, Mail & Guardian
test-politics-oglilpdwhsn-con02a	"The New START treaty helps Russia more than the US  Not only does New START leave in place Russia’s extant tactical nuclear advantage but it has further loopholes for Russian weapons. As Mitt Romney argued in 2010: ""Does the treaty provide gaping loopholes that Russia could use to escape nuclear weapon limits entirely? Yes. For example, multiple warhead missile bombers are counted under the treaty as only one warhead. While we currently have more bombers than the Russians, they have embarked on new programs for long-range bombers and for air-launched nuclear cruise missiles. Thus, it is no surprise that Russia is happy to undercount missiles on bombers."" [1]  New START also fails to limit rail-mobile intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs), which Russia could potentially make use of. The definition of rail-mobile ICBM launchers was established in the expired START as “an erector-launcher mechanism for launching ICBMs and the railcar or flatcar on which it is mounted.” [2] This and associated restrictions and limitations in START, are not in the New START. This makes it possible for Russia to claim that any new Rail Mobile ICBMs are not subject to New START limitations. [3] Mitt Romney worries that Russia is already working to take advantage of these omissions: “As drafted, it lets Russia escape the limit on its number of strategic nuclear warheads. Loopholes and lapses -- presumably carefully crafted by Moscow -- provide a path to entirely avoid the advertised warhead-reduction targets. …. These omissions would be consistent with Russia's plans for a new heavy bomber and reports of growing interest in rail-mobile ICBMs."" [4]  This means that under the treaty limits, the United States is the only country that must reduce its launchers and strategic nuclear weapons. Russia has managed to negotiate the treaty limits so that they simply restrict it to reductions it was already planning to do. As a result the United States is making what are effectively unilateral reductions. [5] Therefore, New START is an unequal treaty as it offers more to Russia than to the US. This is bad for the balance of power and thus bad for world peace, and so New START should be opposed.  [1] Romney, Mitt. ""Stop START."" Boston.com. 3 December 2010.   [2] ‘Terms and Definitions’, The Treaty Between The United States Of America And The Union Of Soviet Socialist Republics On The Reduction And Limitation Of Strategic Offensive Arms And Associated Documents, 1991,   [3] Spring, Baker. ""Twelve Flaws of New START That Will Be Difficult to Fix"". Heritage Foundation, The Foundry. 16 September 2010.   [4] Romney, Mitt. ""Stop START."" Boston.com. 3 December 2010.   [5] Romney, Mitt. ""Stop START."" Boston.com. 3 December 2010. New START Treaty, Russia, United States, nuclear arms control, strategic nuclear weapons, treaty loopholes, tactical nuclear advantage, warhead limits, missile bombers, air-launched cruise missiles, rail-mobile ICBMs, treaty definitions, START I, arms reduction, Mitt Romney, strategic bombers, nuclear treaty flaws, unilateral reductions, U.S. disarmament, balance of power, unequal treaty, arms negotiation, world peace, nuclear deterrence, Russian nuclear modernization, treaty verification New START, nuclear treaty, Russia, United States, tactical nuclear advantage, loopholes, multiple warhead missile bombers, air-launched nuclear cruise missiles, rail-mobile ICBMs, treaty limitations, strategic nuclear weapons, unilateral reductions, Mitt Romney, heavy bomber, imbalance, world peace, balance of power, treaty flaws, arms control, warhead counting, bomber loophole, nuclear arms reduction, START expiration, enforcement gaps, verification, noncompliance, nuclear modernization, defense policy New START treaty, Russia advantage, US disadvantage, nuclear weapons, loopholes, strategic arms reduction, rail-mobile ICBMs, tactical nuclear weapons, bomber counting rules, Mitt Romney, treaty limitations, unilateral reductions, nuclear balance of power, heavy bombers, air-launched cruise missiles, warhead limits, START treaty, arms control, Russian compliance, US disarmament, verification gaps, nuclear proliferation, strategic bombers, treaty omissions, US-Russia negotiations, nuclear modernization, nuclear deterrence, international security, arms race, disarmament policy New START, Russia, United States, treaty loopholes, tactical nuclear advantage, strategic nuclear weapons, rail-mobile ICBMs, missile bombers, warhead counting, nuclear arms control, Mitt Romney, treaty criticism, unilateral reductions, arms limitations, bomber undercounting, heavy bombers, air-launched cruise missiles, treaty imbalance, nuclear deterrence, strategic balance, world peace, treaty flaws New START, Russia, United States, nuclear treaty, tactical nuclear advantage, loopholes, strategic nuclear weapons, missile bombers, warhead counting, long-range bombers, air-launched cruise missiles, rail-mobile ICBMs, treaty limitations, START treaty, Mitt Romney, unilateral reductions, nuclear balance of power, arms control, treaty critique, U.S. security, weapons limits, verification, bomber counting rules, treaty compliance, treaty omissions, nuclear reductions, missile launchers, heavy bombers, U.S.-Russia relations, world peace, treaty opposition"
test-society-cpisydfphwj-pro02a	Facebook provides an information point  Undoubtedly, one of the most important aspects which will influence your efforts to improve your life is your ability to take advantage of every opportunity which comes up. Obviously, one of the, if not the, best way to do this is to stay connected with the world around you, this enables you to be able to quickly find out about job opportunities, sporting competitions or social events in your area. Facebook created and developed an efficient, extremely widely visited platform on which millions of users can get in touch with each other. This can prove to be an extremely useful tool both for companies or event planners and direct customers. No matter if we are talking about Google's new hiring policy or Toyota's new discount, an upcoming music festival or a football tournament for amateur players, Facebook is informing the individuals about these events, keeping them connected with their community.  Social networks are more efficient to serving this purpose than other more conventional means like TV commercials because it is free. A very good example of this is the Kony 2012 campaign, which informed the people about the atrocities that happened in Uganda at the time, mainly relying only on social media. The Youtube video telling its story has more than 98 million views and also there were more posts on Facebook about Kony on March 6th and 7th than even Apple’s new iPad or TV releases. (1) No matter if we talk about TV ads, radio commercials or billboards, the price that has to be paid in order to promote an event is a big drawback for anyone who wants to inform the population. As a result, Facebook as with other social media is the online, cheap, efficient equivalent to an info point.  (1) Kyle Willis “Kony 2012 Social Media Case Study “, March 8, 2012 Facebook, information point, social media, connectivity, opportunity, job opportunities, event promotion, community engagement, event notifications, platform, companies, event planners, users, communication, Google hiring, Toyota discount, music festival, football tournament, Kony 2012, Uganda, campaign, Youtube video, viral content, information dissemination, social networks, efficiency, TV commercials, cost comparison, publicity, online events, community connection, case study, information sharing, user engagement, promotional tools, awareness campaigns, digital marketing, social causes, mass communication, advertising, outreach, free information, population informing Facebook, information point, social media, connectivity, job opportunities, event promotion, community engagement, user platform, companies, event planners, customers, Google's hiring policy, Toyota discount, music festival, football tournament, information dissemination, social networking, TV commercials, free communication, Kony 2012, Uganda awareness, Youtube views, campaign, population inform, online promotion, efficient communication, cost-effective, advertising, digital marketing, community updates, billboard alternative, radio commercials, viral campaigns, social awareness, digital info point Facebook, information dissemination, social media, connectivity, community engagement, job opportunities, event promotion, sporting competitions, social events, online platform, user interaction, companies, event planners, direct customers, Google hiring policy, Toyota discount, music festivals, amateur football tournaments, information sharing, Kony 2012 campaign, Uganda, Youtube, viral campaigns, advertising alternatives, TV commercials, radio commercials, billboards, promotion costs, digital marketing, online info point, social network efficiency, public awareness, campaign outreach, cost-effective communication Facebook, social networks, information point, staying connected, opportunities, job opportunities, sporting competitions, social events, event promotion, community connection, platform, millions of users, companies, event planners, customers, Google hiring, Toyota discount, music festival, football tournament, informing individuals, efficiency, free promotion, Kony 2012, Uganda, social media campaigns, YouTube views, viral campaigns, Apple iPad release, TV commercials, radio commercials, billboards, event cost, online equivalent, cheap advertising, social media benefits, mass communication, event marketing, case study Facebook, information point, social media, connectivity, job opportunities, event promotion, community engagement, online platform, event awareness, digital marketing, user interaction, Kony 2012, social campaigns, cost-effective promotion, community updates, company events, free information dissemination, social networking, viral campaigns, advertising alternatives, Youtube, event planners, real-time updates, global reach, mass communication
test-law-tahglcphsld-pro02a	Prohibition does not work; instead, it glamorizes drugs  Those who want to use drugs will take them whether they are legal or not – and more are doing so than ever before. In 1970 there was something like 1,000 problematic drug users in the UK, now there are over 250,000. [1] Legalization will also remove the glamour which surrounds an underground activity and so make drug use less attractive to impressionable teenagers. For example, statistics suggest that cannabis use in the UK declined after its classification was lowered from ‘B’ to ‘C’. [2]  [1] Home Affairs Select Committee, ‘The Government’s Drug Policy: Is It Working?’, parliament.uk, 22 May 2002,   [2] Travis, Alan, ‘Cannabis use down since legal change’, The Guardian, 26th October 2007, drug prohibition, drug legalization, drug policy, UK drug use statistics, glamorization of drugs, teenage drug use, drug law classification, cannabis classification, cannabis use decline, underage drug use, impressionable teenagers, effective drug policies, Home Affairs Select Committee, problematic drug users UK, drug law impact, drug policy outcomes, underground drug activity, legal status drugs, drug use trends, UK Parliament drug policy drug prohibition, drug legalization, glamorization, UK drug policy, problematic drug users, youth drug use, cannabis classification, drug law effectiveness, drug statistics, Home Affairs Select Committee, drug use trends, underground drug activity, impressionable teenagers, cannabis use decline, legal status, drug policy reform, harm reduction, drug law impacts, Alan Travis, The Guardian prohibition, drug policy, drug glamorization, legalization, UK drug statistics, problematic drug users, teenage drug use, cannabis classification, drug law enforcement, Home Affairs Select Committee, underground activity, drug use trends, cannabis legalization, drug regulation, drug use deterrent, drug policy effectiveness, drug use data, The Guardian, parliament.uk, drug law impact prohibition, drug legalization, drug policy, drug glamorization, UK drug use statistics, teenage drug use, problem drug users, legalization impact, cannabis classification, cannabis use decline, drug law effects, impressionable teenagers, underground activity, drug crime, Home Affairs Select Committee, government drug policy, cannabis reclassification, drug regulation, public health, drug laws UK prohibition, drug policy, drug legalization, drug glamour, teenage drug use, UK drug statistics, problematic drug users, Home Affairs Select Committee, drug classification, cannabis use, drug trends, parliament.uk, The Guardian, drug laws, underground activity, youth drug prevention, drug legislation
test-politics-oeplhbuwhmi-con04a	Leaving the EU will mean the UK will have less regional influence  Like it or not the UK is a part of Europe geographically and as such the countries that are most important to UK foreign policy are also in Europe. Leaving the EU will damage relations with those powers that are currently a part of the EU, and potentially also those who are used to dealing with the UK as part of the EU. The United States has noted it “benefits from a strong UK being part of the European Union” [1] in much the same way as the UK does. If this is the UK's strongest ally's view what would be the view of the powers from whom out would mean divorce? The UK will be outside the group trying to influence it rather than on the inside. The EU states will no longer need to listen to the UK on a wide range of issues where it has previously been a key voice.  [1] Earnest, Josh, ‘Press Briefing by the Press Secretary Josh Earnest’, White House, 14 March 2016, Brexit, UK regional influence, EU relations, Europe geography, UK foreign policy, diplomatic impact, EU member states, US-UK relations, international alliances, foreign policy consequences, European powers, political influence, UK-EU separation, diplomatic isolation, global diplomacy, policy voice, Earnest Josh, White House briefing, 2016, ally perspectives Brexit, UK regional influence, EU membership, UK foreign policy, Europe relations, EU powers, diplomatic impact, UK-US relations, international alliances, geopolitical influence, UK-EU divorce, policy influence, Josh Earnest, US viewpoint, European Union, UK isolation, economic relations, UK global role, EU decision-making, UK diplomacy Brexit, UK regional influence, EU relations, UK foreign policy, European Union, international relations, UK-US relations, diplomatic impact, geopolitical influence, Europe, diplomatic isolation, policy influence, transatlantic relations, foreign policy consequences, UK-EU divorce, political ramifications, Earnest Josh press briefing, White House statement, alliance strength, UK global role Brexit, United Kingdom, European Union, regional influence, foreign policy, Europe, diplomatic relations, international relations, EU member states, US-UK relations, geopolitical impact, global influence, EU powers, UK-EU divorce, political isolation, policy influence, UK's role in Europe, press briefing, White House, ally perspectives Brexit, UK regional influence, EU relations, European Union, UK foreign policy, UK-Europe relations, transatlantic relations, UK-US alliance, diplomatic influence, geopolitical impact, international relations, power dynamics, Brexit consequences, UK isolation, EU member states, UK diplomacy, foreign policy impact, UK outside EU, Josh Earnest, US perspective on Brexit
test-economy-eptpghdtre-pro03a	Democrats focus on increasing wages, creating better consumers.  Quality customers can only be created by paying people enough to allow them to purchase goods and services. You can create as many jobs as you like but if they’re created at a level where consumers can’t even afford to survive it does absolutely nothing to stimulate the economy. Instead Democrats believe in working with labour to ensure that wages are set at levels that both respect the worker and have a positive effect on the economy. [i]  [i] Mark Pash, CFP_ wi8th Brad Parker. “Progressive Economic Principles: Creating a Quality Economy.” Democrats, increasing wages, quality customers, consumer purchasing power, living wage, economic stimulation, job creation, labor cooperation, wage standards, worker respect, positive economic effect, Progressive Economic Principles, Mark Pash, Brad Parker, quality economy, labor rights, economic policy, worker wages, consumer economy, minimum wage Democrats, increasing wages, consumer spending, quality customers, economic stimulation, job creation, living wage, income levels, labour collaboration, wage policy, worker respect, economy impact, progressive economic principles, Mark Pash, Brad Parker, quality economy, purchasing power, goods and services, wage standards, economic growth, labour relations Democrats, increasing wages, quality customers, consumer spending, economic stimulus, job creation, living wage, labor, wage levels, worker rights, progressive economic principles, Mark Pash, Brad Parker, economic policy, purchasing power, economic growth, minimum wage, income equality, workforce, economic impact, quality economy Democrats, increasing wages, better consumers, quality customers, purchasing power, goods and services, job creation, consumer affordability, economic stimulation, labour, wage levels, worker respect, positive economic effect, Progressive Economic Principles, Mark Pash, Brad Parker, quality economy, progressive economics, minimum wage, labor policy Democrats, increasing wages, better consumers, quality customers, purchasing power, living wage, stimulate economy, job creation, economic stimulation, labor collaboration, wage levels, worker respect, economic policy, progressive principles, consumer spending, Mark Pash, Brad Parker, progressive economics, quality economy, labor standards
test-free-speech-debate-magghbcrg-pro01a	Community radio gives voices to the people rather than imposing those of the powerful.  The events of the Arab Spring (and previous events such as the revolutions of 1989) have shown that effective means of communicating are vital. In a country where people have heard only one perspective, anything that can break the monopoly is to be welcomed. As Orwell put it, ‎'In an age of universal deceit, to tell the truth is a subversive act'.  Community radio can both encourage an initial outpouring of democracy and, just as importantly, ensure that a diversity of opinions means that one autocratic regime is not just replaced by another.  In almost all other forms of mass communication, genuinely democratic voices are easily swamped by those with either the power or the money to drown out the competition [i] . As the focus of community radio is public service, rather than profit, responsible to – and frequently produced by – their listener base there do not have commercial advertisers’ aversion to upsetting authority – either political or cultural. As a result they are free to eschew the bland lowest common denominator approach that is so typical of commercial radio.  [i] AMARC (World Association of Community Radio) booklet. What is Community Radio? 1998. community radio, voices to the people, media diversity, Arab Spring, revolutions of 1989, communication, media monopoly, truth-telling, democratic participation, opinion diversity, autocratic regimes, mass communication, public service broadcasting, listener produced content, anti-authoritarian media, commercial radio contrast, AMARC, political communication, grassroots media, media pluralism community radio, democratic communication, alternative media, grassroots media, public service broadcasting, Arab Spring, revolutions of 1989, media diversity, media monopoly, voice to the voiceless, participatory media, local broadcasting, media pluralism, media democracy, autocratic regime, power of media, independent media, non-commercial radio, listener participation, dissent in media, AMARC, mass communication, truth in journalism, Orwell, freedom of expression, media empowerment community radio, democratic media, alternative voices, Arab Spring, media monopoly, public service broadcasting, diversity of opinion, grassroots communication, media pluralism, freedom of expression, authoritarianism, listener-produced media, media democracy, AMARC, revolution and communication, non-commercial broadcasting, political change, independent media, citizen journalism, subversive truth, mass communication, media power, social movements, radio and democracy, Orwelling quote, advocacy media community radio, public service broadcasting, democratic media, Arab Spring, revolutions of 1989, media diversity, alternative voices, media monopoly, truth in journalism, subversive media, grassroots communication, media pluralism, autocratic regime, non-commercial radio, listener-produced content, media power dynamics, censorship resistance, AMARC, independent broadcasting, freedom of expression community radio, grassroots media, democratic communication, public voice, media monopoly, Arab Spring, revolutions of 1989, diversity of opinions, subversive truth, George Orwell, mass communication, media power dynamics, public service broadcasting, non-commercial radio, listener-produced content, political authority, cultural authority, media diversity, AMARC, community broadcasting, alternative media, media pluralism, freedom of expression, participatory media
test-law-cplgpshwdp-con01a	The motion completely undermines the assumption of innocence which accompanies a fair trial.  By projecting past convictions on to a new case, this disclosure greatly weakens the presumption of innocence which is the defendant’s right [1] . It is the jury’s duty to form a verdict based on the relevant case, and it should not be dependent on events from the defendant’s past life which may be completely irrelevant to the case in hand. Many people who mistakenly committed a crime at one point in their life realise that it was a mistake and do not go on to re-offend, particularly if they have received help or treatment from the state [2] . Even if the defendant has repeatedly committed crimes in their past, it does not necessarily follow that they are guilty of the particular offence which has gone to trial.  [1] Criminal Defense Department’ Every person is PRESUMED INNOCENT until Proven Guilty Beyond a Reasonable Doubt’, Parkes Law Group, 6 May 2011  [2] Public Safety Canada, ‘Treatment for sex offenders’, 28 December 2007 presumption of innocence, assumption of innocence, fair trial, jury impartiality, prior convictions, past criminal record, disclosure of past offences, defendant rights, relevant evidence, irrelevant evidence, re-offending, rehabilitation, recidivism, criminal justice, legal fairness, burden of proof, reasonable doubt, criminal defense, past life events, innocent until proven guilty, jury duty, influence of past crimes, treatment for offenders, criminal trial procedure presumption of innocence, fair trial, past convictions, jury duty, relevant evidence, criminal justice, defendant rights, reasonable doubt, criminal defense, prior offenses, rehabilitation, recidivism, case-specific evidence, disclosure, prejudice, judicial fairness, legal rights, criminal history, re-offending, treatment programs presumption of innocence, fair trial, past convictions, jury duty, irrelevant evidence, defendant’s rights, disclosure, criminal justice, repeat offenders, rehabilitation, criminal record, prior offences, legal fairness, due process, reasonable doubt, recidivism, treatment programs, prejudice, criminal defense, justice system presumption of innocence, fair trial, assumption of innocence, past convictions, jury duty, disclosure of criminal history, relevant evidence, prior offenses, defendant rights, irrelevant evidence, recidivism, criminal justice, fair trial standards, beyond reasonable doubt, criminal defense, rehabilitation, treatment for offenders, re-offending, criminal history in court, impact on jury, prejudice in trials presumption of innocence, fair trial, assumption of innocence, jury duty, past convictions, criminal record disclosure, defendant rights, relevance of evidence, recidivism, rehabilitation, prior offenses, guilt determination, reasonable doubt, criminal justice, evidence admissibility, wrongful conviction, defense rights, criminal law, public safety, offender treatment, legal fairness, case relevance, criminal proceedings
test-law-sdiflhrdffe-pro01a	These people are under serious threat for their pursuit of justice  The internet has become the paramount means of voicing dissent within repressive regimes. As the technology regimes have to keep control of their people increases, with access to high-tech surveillance technology adding to their already formidable arsenals of physical oppression, the internet has become the only platform to express meaningful dissent. The Jasmine Revolution in Tunisia, for example, wherein people mobilized to overthrow their dictator has even been dubbed the Twitter Revolution. [1] Bloggers have become a major voice of dissent in other repressive regimes, including Cuba and China. Yet the blog platform is far from safe. Governments have sought to crack down on bloggers’ ability to dissent, using draconian methods like imprisonment to cow them into silence. In China the arrests of bloggers like Zhai Xiaobing, who was arrested and detained for simply posting a joke about Communist Party, have served to frighten many into silence. [2] So long as information is denied to the public, governments are able to maintain their repression. Only external help from democratic, or at least more liberal, states can provide the safe haven for people who have rubbed their governments the wrong way in their pursuit of reform and justice.  [1] Zuckerman, E. “The First Twitter Revolution?”. Foreign Policy. 14 January 2011.   [2] Wong, G. “Zhai Xiaobing, Chinese Blogger, Arrested for Twitter Joke About China’s Government”. Huffington Post. 21 November 2012. internet dissent, repressive regimes, surveillance technology, Jasmine Revolution, Tunisia, Twitter Revolution, bloggers, Cuba, China, government crackdown, censorship, imprisonment, Zhai Xiaobing, freedom of expression, information control, digital activism, state repression, online activism, external intervention, democratic states, safe haven, reform pursuit, justice activism, physical oppression, high-tech surveillance, online voice, Blogger arrests, social media mobilization, political dissent, technology and oppression, draconian laws internet censorship, freedom of expression, digital dissent, repressive regimes, surveillance technology, Jasmine Revolution, Twitter Revolution, Tunisia protests, blogger arrests, Cuba, China, political oppression, Zhai Xiaobing, information control, external support, democratic states, government crackdowns, online activism, human rights, digital activism, blogger imprisonment, state repression, technological surveillance internet dissent, repressive regimes, high-tech surveillance, digital activism, blogger repression, censorship, Tunisia Jasmine Revolution, Twitter Revolution, online activism, freedom of expression, blogger imprisonment, China internet censorship, Cuba bloggers, Zhai Xiaobing arrest, information control, governmental oppression, democratization support, safe haven activists, social media protest, digital rights, freedom of speech internet censorship, digital dissent, repressive regimes, online activism, surveillance technology, freedom of expression, cybersecurity, blogger persecution, government oppression, Jasmine Revolution, Twitter Revolution, China, Cuba, political prisoners, digital rights, information control, Zhai Xiaobing, online surveillance, human rights, protest movements, social media activism, external intervention, authoritarianism, imprisonment of bloggers, vocal dissent, internet freedom internet censorship, digital dissent, repressive regimes, online activism, bloggers, surveillance technology, freedom of expression, internet freedom, Jasmine Revolution, Twitter Revolution, Tunisia, Cuba, China, government oppression, political prisoners, Zhai Xiaobing, information control, democratic support, human rights, social media, online surveillance
test-culture-mmctghwbsa-pro04a	"Policies should be established which ban the promotion of sexist attitudes in advertising.  Norway and Denmark have already developed policies to restrict sexist advertising1. In 2008, the UN Committee to Eliminate Discrimination Against Women calls upon states to taken action and in particular the United Kingdom government to address this issue.2 In May of 2011 Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe 's Committee on Equal Opportunity for Women made a case for sexist advertising as a barrier to gender equality. In that report standards were presented and methods to cope with sexist advertising were suggested.3In Australia a government advisory board has developed a list of principles to guide both advertising and the fashion industry.4 1 Holmes, Stefanie. ""Scandinavian split on sexist ads."" BBC news. 2008/April 25 accessed 2011/08/25 2 Object.com. ""Women are not Sex Objects."" 3 Parliamentary Assembly of 26 May 2011, The Council of Europe. 4 Kennedy, Jean. ""Fashion Industry asked to adopt body image code."" ABCNews. 2010/June 27 sexist advertising, advertising policies, gender equality, discrimination against women, advertising bans, Norway, Denmark, UK government, UN Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women, Council of Europe, parliamentary assembly, equal opportunity, advertising standards, Australia, fashion industry, body image code, advertising regulation, media policies, promotion ban, gender stereotypes, media ethics, advertising principles, international examples, government action, advertising guidelines sexist advertising, advertising policies, gender equality, discrimination against women, advertising regulation, Norway, Denmark, United Nations, UK government, Council of Europe, parliamentary reports, equal opportunity, advertising standards, media sexism, fashion industry guidelines, body image code, Australia, policy development, promotion ban, advertising ethics, women's rights, media regulation, UN Committee to Eliminate Discrimination Against Women, self-regulation, advertising principles, anti-sexism sexist advertising, advertising policies, promotion ban, gender equality, anti-discrimination, United Nations, UK government, Norway, Denmark, Council of Europe, Parliamentary Assembly, equal opportunity, women’s rights, policy development, standards, regulatory frameworks, fashion industry, body image code, Australia, government advisory board, ethical advertising, gender stereotypes, media regulation, international examples, legislative measures sexist advertising, advertising policies, advertising bans, gender equality, anti-sexism, Norway, Denmark, UN Committee, CEDAW, UK government, Council of Europe, Parliamentary Assembly, equal opportunity, gender discrimination, advertising standards, policy development, international regulation, women's rights, fashion industry, body image code, Australia, government advisory board, advertising guidelines, sexist attitudes, media regulation, public policy, discrimination against women sexist advertising, advertising policies, gender equality, discrimination against women, UN Committee, Council of Europe, United Kingdom, Australia, Denmark, Norway, advertising regulation, fashion industry, body image code, equal opportunity, anti-sexism standards, policy development, media representation, women's rights, advertising guidelines, international examples, legislative action, advisory board, sexist attitudes, promotion ban"
test-economy-thhghwhwift-pro03a	A fat tax levels out the playing field for healthier food  An important reason why people continuously turn to unhealthy, fat, sugar and salt laden food, is the simple fact that it’s often cheaper than a more wholesome meal comprised at least in part of fresh produce.  A study done at the University of Washington found that “when they compared the prices of 370 foods… junk foods not only cost less… but junk food prices are also less likely to rise as a result of inflation.” [1]  A similar conclusion was reached by a group of Australian researchers, who found that the prices of healthy food have risen 20 per cent above inflation, while the harmful counterpart have actually dropped below inflation – as much as 20 per cent below. [2]  Noting that obesity is more prevalent in groups of lower socioeconomic status, we find that the price of food is a substantial incentive for consumption.  Thus it is only reasonable to levy a tax against unhealthy, fatty food in order to give healthy food a fighting chance.  [1] Parker-Pope, T., A High Price for Healthy Food, published 12/5/2007,  , accessed 9/12/2011  [2] Burns, C., The rising cost of healthy foods, published 10/16/2008,  , accessed 9/12/2011 fat tax, healthy food, unhealthy food, junk food, food prices, inflation, socioeconomic status, food affordability, obesity, sugar, salt, fresh produce, Washington University study, Australian research, food policy, food taxation, food economics, nutrition, food consumption, price comparison, food accessibility, public health, food cost, taxation effects, food inequality, dietary choices fat tax, unhealthy food, healthy food, food pricing, junk food, sugar, salt, food affordability, food inflation, socioeconomic status, obesity, food tax, food policy, food cost comparison, food consumption, economic incentive, fresh produce, price disparity, public health, Australia, United States, food researchers fat tax, unhealthy food, healthy food, food pricing, food affordability, junk food, fresh produce, University of Washington study, Australian researchers, food inflation, food price disparity, socioeconomic status, obesity, food consumption, tax on fatty food, food incentives, processed food, food costs, nutrition policy, health equity, food taxation fat tax, healthy food, unhealthy food, food pricing, obesity, socioeconomic status, junk food, food affordability, food inflation, food policy, nutrition, sugar tax, salt tax, food costs, fresh produce, food economics, public health, food research, University of Washington, food taxation, food consumption, Australia, food regulation, health disparities fat tax, unhealthy food, healthy food, food prices, socioeconomic status, junk food, fresh produce, food inflation, food policy, obesity, food affordability, food consumption, sugar, salt, cost comparison, food tax, nutrition, economic incentives, University of Washington study, Australian researchers, health disparities, dietary choices, food regulation, price gap, public health, food accessibility
test-education-usuprmhbu-con01a	Meritocracy is the only fair system by which society should be ordered  Any system that does not reward individuals on the basis of their merit is one that is unjust to those not in the group that is “preferred” and therefore benefitted by it.  Meritocracy is the only fair system to run a society on. Any system that does not reward individuals on the basis of their skill and effort is one that is unjust. The use of any criteria other than merit to select or benefit an individual is the definition of discrimination itself. Simply putting the word “positive” in front of it does not make it a beneficial or just system. For every act of “positive” discrimination enacted, an act of “negative” discrimination occurs against the individual that was denied a position or achievement they earned on their own merit for the person that received the “positive” end of the discrimination.  Affirmative action is simply reversing the discrimination in society so injustice is enacted in the opposite direction. This is not a just system of distribution; it’s simply unjust against a different group. The only truly fair system to use is one that has no criteria other than merit to determine who receives what. meritocracy, fairness, social order, justice, discrimination, merit-based selection, affirmative action, positive discrimination, negative discrimination, skill, effort, equality, social systems, just society, reward based on merit, anti-affirmative action, reverse discrimination, fairness in society, merit system, discrimination definition, equality of opportunity meritocracy, fairness, social order, merit-based system, justice, discrimination, positive discrimination, negative discrimination, affirmative action, social justice, skill, effort, achievement, equal opportunity, unbiased selection, just distribution, merit, reward system, group preference, selection criteria, fairness in society, reverse discrimination, social policy, equality, societal structure meritocracy, fairness, social order, merit-based, justice, discrimination, positive discrimination, reverse discrimination, affirmative action, skills, effort, selection criteria, unjust systems, equality, just distribution, societal organization, individual merit, preferred groups, benefits, achievement, opportunity, equal opportunity, fairness in society, societal fairness meritocracy, fairness, just society, discrimination, positive discrimination, negative discrimination, skill, effort, merit-based selection, group preference, affirmative action, reverse discrimination, justice, equality, social order, merit-only system, criteria for selection, unjust systems, social distribution, merit vs. preference meritocracy, fairness, just society, merit-based system, discrimination, positive discrimination, negative discrimination, affirmative action, reverse discrimination, skill-based reward, effort-based reward, unjust systems, social justice, equality, selection criteria, distribution of opportunities, group preference, individual merit, social order, justice, fairness in society
test-sport-aastshsrqsar-con02a	IRB rules  Racial quotas are a breach of the views of the world governing body of Rugby Union, the International Rugby Board [1] . If this were found to be the case then it would have a large negative impact on South African rugby.  An IRB intervention would lead to at least interference by the governing body, which would be highly embarrassing for the SARU (as well as difficult for a sport which has had major political rows before), or even worse, some form of sanction or expulsion – things that could lead to long term instability in the sport, which should be avoided.  [1] SARugbymag.co.za, ‘Saru quotas ‘breach IRP rules’’, 3 December 2013, IRB rules, racial quotas, Rugby Union, International Rugby Board, IRB intervention, SARU, South African rugby, sports governance, political interference, sanctions, expulsion, rugby instability, SARugbymag.co.za, quota breach, rugby politics, 2013 rugby, governing body, rugby regulations, World Rugby IRB rules, rugby union, International Rugby Board, racial quotas, South African rugby, SARU, governance, sanctions, expulsion, world rugby, quota controversy, political interference, sports governance, rugby policy, IRB intervention, rugby ethics, rugby regulations, racial policy, sports sanctions, international sports law IRB rules, racial quotas, International Rugby Board, Rugby Union, South African rugby, SARU, rugby governance, IRB intervention, rugby sanctions, rugby expulsion, rugby instability, rugby politics, SARugbymag.co.za, Saru quotas, IRP rules, sports governance, rugby policy, rugby quotas, rugby regulations IRB rules, racial quotas, Rugby Union, International Rugby Board, IRB intervention, SARU, South African rugby, rugby governance, sports sanctions, political controversy, rugby expulsion, rugby instability, sports quotas, rugby policy, SARugbymag, quota breach, rugby regulations, international rugby, sports law, rugby politics IRB rules, racial quotas, Rugby Union, International Rugby Board, South African rugby, SARU, governance, political interference, sporting sanctions, expulsion, regulatory breach, rugby governance, international sports law, SARugbymag, rugby quotas controversy, 2013, sports politics, quota policy, rugby regulations, anti-discrimination
test-law-hrilpgwhwr-pro03a	The deterrent effect of the Court ensures wide-spread and equal adherence to international law.  Upon signing the Rome Statute in 1996, U.N. Secretary General Kofi Annan stated that 'the establishment of the Court is still a gift of hope to future generations, and a giant step forward in the march towards universal human rights and the rule of law'1. Such statements demonstrate the impact the Court could potentially have, as a body that simultaneously cherishes sovereignty and protects national courts whilst offering a means by which criminals in states unable or unwilling to prosecute will still be brought to justice. As the natural and permanent heir to the process started at Nuremberg in the wake of World War II2, the ICC ensures that the reach of law is now universal; war criminals, either in national or international courts, will be forced to trial as a result of the principle of universal jurisdiction1. The deterrent effect of such a court is obvious and a warning to those who felt they were operating in anarchic legal environments.  1 Amnesty International. (2007, September). Fact Sheet: International Criminal Court. Retrieved May 11, 2011  2 Crossland, D. (2005, November 23). Nuremberg Trials a Tough Act to Follow. Retrieved May 11, 2011, from Spiegel International International Criminal Court, ICC, deterrent effect, Rome Statute, international law, universal jurisdiction, war criminals, rule of law, Kofi Annan, Nuremberg Trials, national courts, sovereignty, human rights, prosecution, amnesty international, justice, future generations, universal human rights, legal environments, war crimes, international justice, global justice, accountability, international cooperation, prosecution of crimes, UN Secretary General, crime deterrence, legal adherence, international treaties, post-WWII justice International Criminal Court, ICC, deterrent effect, Rome Statute, universal jurisdiction, international law, Kofi Annan, rule of law, sovereignty, national courts, human rights, war crimes, Nuremberg Trials, prosecution, Amnesty International, justice, universal adherence, international justice, United Nations, war criminals, legal accountability, humanitarian law, international courts, criminal prosecution, state responsibility, global governance International Criminal Court, ICC, deterrent effect, international law, Rome Statute, Kofi Annan, universal human rights, rule of law, sovereignty, national courts, prosecution of criminals, universal jurisdiction, Nuremberg Trials, World War II, war criminals, Amnesty International, legal enforcement, global justice, international justice, court impact, legal adherence, international prosecution International Criminal Court, ICC, deterrent effect, international law, Rome Statute, Kofi Annan, universal human rights, rule of law, sovereignty, national courts, prosecution, Nuremberg Trials, war crimes, universal jurisdiction, justice, Amnesty International, post-World War II, criminal accountability, legal enforcement, human rights protection, international justice, war criminals, legal deterrence International Criminal Court, ICC, deterrent effect, universal jurisdiction, Rome Statute, Kofi Annan, rule of law, human rights, Nuremberg Trials, international law, war criminals, prosecution, sovereignty, national courts, justice, Amnesty International, compliance, accountability, legal enforcement, United Nations, future generations, legal precedent, universal human rights, post-World War II, international justice, legal deterrence, criminal responsibility
test-education-egtuscpih-pro05a	Online courses encourage sharing of academic information  One of the technical features of MOOCs is that content of courses can easily be shared between universities and learners (as content is freely downloadable). This is useful in two ways. First, people who are not earning credit from the course can have full access to educational materials, which expands knowledge of those not enrolled in the university. Second, less prestigious universities can benefit by learning how to design courses better, so they can offer better services. MOOCs even offer opportunities for universities to cooperate together to offer shared courses that would decrease duplication and increase quality of education [16], which would be of even greater benefit to financially stressed institutions. Shared educational resources would expand access to education even further and drive educational standards higher through university cooperation. MOOCs, online courses, academic information sharing, educational content, course sharing, university collaboration, open educational resources, content download, educational access, non-credit learners, course design, less prestigious universities, educational materials, knowledge expansion, shared courses, duplication reduction, quality improvement, financially stressed institutions, university cooperation, resource sharing, education access, educational standards, open access, online education, digital learning, collaborative learning online courses, MOOCs, academic information sharing, course content sharing, downloadable educational materials, open educational resources, university cooperation, shared courses, expanding access to education, educational resource sharing, knowledge dissemination, course design improvement, less prestigious universities, financial benefit, educational quality improvement, educational standards, university collaboration, non-enrolled learners, access to learning materials, reducing course duplication, educational innovation, free access courses MOOCs, online courses, academic information sharing, course content sharing, open educational resources, downloadable materials, university collaboration, educational access, credit-free learning, course design improvement, knowledge expansion, less prestigious universities, educational quality, course duplication reduction, financially stressed institutions, shared courses, university cooperation, educational standards, expanding education access, open access education MOOCs, online courses, academic information sharing, course content, open educational resources, downloadable materials, university collaboration, educational access, course design, less prestigious universities, shared courses, duplication reduction, education quality, financial sustainability, university cooperation, educational standards, expanded access, educational materials, higher education, resource sharing MOOCs, online courses, academic information sharing, course content sharing, downloadable materials, open educational resources, university cooperation, access to education, collaborative courses, educational quality, educational standards, course design improvement, university partnerships, resource sharing, digital learning, educational equity, less prestigious universities, financial sustainability, shared courses, higher education, educational resources, institutional collaboration
test-politics-oglilpdwhsn-con03a	"The New START treaty sets a bad approach for a changing world  New START reduces US deterrence in world that is arming, not disarming. The United States has relied on deterrence for sixty years and as a result has prevented war between the great powers. A US drawdown, especially as other new powers are arming, will undermine deterrence. This will then encourage rivals to try to catch the United States while the reductions show that the United States is in decline. [1]  While proponents of reducing nuclear weapons, or reaching global zero, argue that possession of nuclear weapons by the nuclear weapons states is the incentive behind proliferation, this is not true. The US has consistently taken leadership in the reduction of nuclear arms through treaties but this has so far had no effect in encouraging other nuclear powers to reduce their arsenals and indeed new powers have joined the club. Reducing nuclear arms through New START will therefore not encourage others to stop pursuing nukes. The U.S. should not be taking steps towards disarmament without all nuclear weapons states, including those not signed up to the Nuclear Non-Proliferation treaty, also being involved. [2]  New START also fails to speak to the issue of protecting and defending the U.S. and its allies against strategic attack. The treaty fails to recognize that deterrence is no longer simply between the U.S. and Russia and that the whole policy should no longer be based on just against strategic attacks on the United States or very close allies. Instead it is much more critical to deal with nuclear policy towards ‘rogue’ states and rising powers. [3]  Finally, the US should not set a precedent that it will sacrifice its own interests to bribe Russia over issues like Iran. As the Jewish Institute for National Security Affairs (JINSA) argues: “we are told that the real purpose of New START is to create a stronger U.S.-Russia bond in a broader international effort to restrain Iran's nuclear weapons program. Such a justification is wrong. Iran's nuclear ambitions are no secret; neither are Russia’s past efforts in aiding that program. We seriously question whether Russia is serious about stopping Iran, with or without New START. There is no reason why the United States should be required to sacrifice its own defense capabilities to inspire Russia to a greater degree of diplomatic fortitude. If Russia is indeed concerned with a nuclear-armed Iran to its immediate south, it should need no extra incentive to take the action necessary to stop it."" [4] If the U.S. bribes Russia over Iran China might expect to get similar treatment over North Korea. New START puts the US in a disadvantaged position in a changing world, and consequently should not be supported.  [1] Brookes, Peter. “Not a new START, but a bad START”. The Hill. 13 September 2010.   [2] Spring, Baker. ""Twelve Flaws of New START That Will Be Difficult to Fix"". Heritage Foundation, The Foundry. 16 September 2010.   [3] Ibid.  [4] Weingarten, Elizabeth. “How did New START become a Jewish issue?”. The Atlantic. 1 Decemebr 2010. New START treaty, US deterrence, nuclear disarmament, nuclear arms reduction, great power rivalry, nuclear proliferation, global zero, nuclear weapons states, nuclear non-proliferation treaty, rogue states, rising powers, strategic defense, US-Russia relations, Iran nuclear program, Russia-Iran cooperation, US national security, military drawdown, nuclear policy, defense capabilities, international security, nuclear strategy, North Korea, China, diplomatic incentives, US decline, treaty criticism, security dilemma, nuclear arms race, arms control flaws New START treaty, US nuclear deterrence, nuclear arms reduction, global zero, nuclear proliferation, nuclear weapons states, US-Russia relations, strategic deterrence, rising powers, rogue states, Iranian nuclear program, Russian foreign policy, US defense policy, North Korea, disarmament, Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT), arms control, US security, international security, military drawdown, nuclear strategy, great power competition, nuclear policy, diplomatic leverage, nuclear modernization, allied protection, geopolitical decline, US military superiority New START treaty, US deterrence, nuclear arms reduction, global zero, nuclear proliferation, nuclear weapons states, US-Russia relations, strategic defense, rogue states, rising powers, Iran nuclear program, Russia-Iran cooperation, US national security, nuclear disarmament, Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty, US defense capabilities, US-China relations, North Korea, US diplomatic strategy, arms control policy, nuclear policy, great power competition, security dilemma, military drawdown, international security, JINSA, Baker Spring, Peter Brookes, Heritage Foundation, Jewish Institute for National Security Affairs New START treaty, nuclear deterrence, US nuclear policy, nuclear arms reduction, global zero, nuclear proliferation, US drawdown, nuclear disarmament, great power competition, rising powers, rogue states, strategic stability, US-Russia relations, Iran nuclear program, Russia-Iran cooperation, North Korea, US defense capabilities, Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty, nuclear arsenal, nuclear weapons states, international security, arms control, US national interest, policy criticism, nuclear policy debate, Heritage Foundation, JINSA, nuclear arms race New START Treaty, US deterrence, nuclear arms reduction, nuclear proliferation, global zero, disarmament, nuclear weapons policy, US-Russia relations, strategic deterrence, rogue states, rising powers, US national security, Iran nuclear program, Russia-Iran relations, North Korea, China security policy, Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty, arms control flaws, international security, great power competition, US military drawdown, defense capability, treaty criticism, nuclear modernization, nuclear doctrine, strategic stability, diplomatic incentives, US interests, precedent-setting, arms race"
test-politics-dhbanhrnw-con03a	Humanitarian intervention becomes impossible in states that possess nuclear weapons  It has often proven to be necessary for the UN, the United States, and various international coalitions to stage humanitarian interventions into states fighting civil wars, committing genocide, or otherwise abusing the human rights of their citizens. [1] An example of such an intervention is the recent contributions by many states to the rebels in Libya. Were all countries permitted to possess nuclear weapons, such interventions would become next to impossible. Were, for example, countries to try and contribute to the Libyan rebels, they would find themselves the targets of Libyan nuclear warheads. The cost of intervention thus becomes too high for virtually any country to tolerate, in terms of both human and political costs. The world would be a worse place if tyrants were allowed to perpetrate whatever crimes they saw fit upon their people, while the international community could do nothing for fear of nuclear retaliation.  [1] Slantchev, Branislav. 2005. “Military Coercion in Interstate Crises”. American Political Science Review 99(4). humanitarian intervention, nuclear weapons, state sovereignty, civil wars, genocide, human rights abuses, United Nations, U.S. foreign policy, international coalitions, Libya intervention, nuclear deterrence, military coercion, nuclear retaliation, intervention barriers, global security, tyrannical regimes, military intervention risks, international relations, humanitarian crises, nuclear-armed states, Branislav Slantchev, political costs, humanitarian costs, nuclear escalation, intervention impossibility, interstate crises, non-intervention, nuclear strategy, international law, military threats humanitarian intervention, nuclear weapons, nuclear deterrence, civil wars, genocide, human rights abuses, UN intervention, international coalitions, military coercion, Libya intervention, nuclear retaliation, international community, rogue states, military intervention, political cost, human cost, military strategy, nonproliferation, global security, interstate crises, tyrannical regimes humanitarian intervention, nuclear weapons, civil wars, genocide, human rights abuses, United Nations, international coalitions, Libya intervention, military coercion, deterrence, nuclear deterrent, state sovereignty, tyrannical regimes, nuclear retaliation, intervention costs, global security, nonproliferation, nuclear proliferation, regime protection, threat of force, interstate crises humanitarian intervention, nuclear weapons, state sovereignty, UN interventions, United States, international coalitions, civil wars, genocide, human rights abuses, Libya, intervention cost, nuclear deterrence, military coercion, interstate crises, nuclear retaliation, nuclear proliferation, international security, tyrants, political costs, humanitarian crisis, military intervention, Slantchev, American Political Science Review humanitarian intervention, nuclear weapons, civil wars, genocide, human rights abuses, UN intervention, United States intervention, international coalitions, Libya intervention, nuclear deterrence, military coercion, interstate crises, nuclear retaliation, intervention costs, tyrants, international community, nuclear warheads, political costs, Branislav Slantchev, American Political Science Review
test-science-eassgbatj-pro01a	Animals shouldn’t be harmed  The difference between us and other animals is a matter of degree rather than type [2]. Their bodies resemble ours, as do their ways of conveying meaning. They recoil from pain, appear to express fear of a tormentor, and appear to take pleasure in activities; a point clear to anyone who has observed a pet dog on hearing the word “walk”.  We believe other people experience feelings like us because they are like us in appearance and behaviour. An animal sharing our anatomical, physiological, and behavioural characteristics is surely likely to have feelings like us.  If people have a right to not be harmed, we must ask ourselves what makes animals different? If animals feel what we feel, and suffer like us, to condemn one to testing because of them being of a different species is similar to racism or sexism.[3] animal rights, animal welfare, animal sentience, ethical treatment, speciesism, pain perception, animal consciousness, human-animal similarities, moral consideration, animal suffering, animal testing ethics, animal emotions, animal behavior, physiological similarities, animal cognition, anti-speciesism, animal advocacy animal rights, animal welfare, animal consciousness, animal sentience, animal suffering, speciesism, ethical treatment of animals, pain perception, animal emotions, animal cognition, animal moral status, animal experimentation, human-animal differences, anthropomorphism, animal behavior, animal rights philosophy, comparative anatomy, comparative physiology, empathy for animals, animal testing ethics animal rights, animal welfare, sentience, pain perception, animal suffering, speciesism, ethics, animal testing, moral status, animal consciousness, human-animal differences, animal emotions, animal behavior, rights of animals, ethical treatment, interspecies comparison, animal feelings, animal cognition, moral consideration, testing on animals animal rights, animal sentience, ethical treatment, speciesism, animal consciousness, pain perception, animal behavior, moral consideration, animal testing, human-animal similarity, animal welfare, empathy, ethics, nonhuman animals, animal suffering, animal emotions, discrimination, physiological similarity, behavioral similarity, animal protection, human-animal differences, moral philosophy animal rights, animal welfare, sentience, pain perception, speciesism, ethics, human-animal similarity, suffering, moral consideration, animal testing, moral status, empathy, consciousness, physiology, behavior, discrimination, ethical treatment, animal consciousness, human-animal relationships, anti-cruelty
test-health-hdond-con03a	Denying organs to non-donors is unduly coercive.  For the state to make organ donation mandatory is rightly seen as beyond the pale of what society would tolerate. This is because the right to the integrity of one’s body, including what is done with its component parts after death, must be held in the highest respect {UNDHR – Article 3 re security of person}. One’s body is one’s most foundational possession. Creating a system that effectively threatens death to anyone who refuses to donate part of their body is only marginally different from making it outright mandatory. The state’s goal is in effect the same: to compel citizens to give up their organs for a purpose the government has deemed socially worthwhile. This is a gross violation of body rights. organ donation, coercion, body autonomy, bodily integrity, mandatory donation, state intervention, human rights, UNDHR Article 3, security of person, ethical concerns, postmortem rights, personal autonomy, organ transplant policy, consent, government compulsion, moral rights, organ allocation ethics, foundational possessions, violation of rights, donor reciprocity organ donation, mandatory organ donation, coercion, bodily autonomy, body integrity, UNDHR Article 3, security of person, ethics, non-donors, refusal, state policy, bodily rights, medical ethics, personal autonomy, post-mortem rights, organ allocation, consent, government compulsion, human rights, individual rights organ donation, coercion, non-donors, state policy, mandatory organ donation, bodily autonomy, body integrity, human rights, UNDHR Article 3, security of person, posthumous bodily rights, foundational possession, government compulsion, ethical issues, social tolerance, bodily rights violation, organ transplant ethics, personal autonomy, right to refuse, state overreach, medical ethics organ donation, organ allocation ethics, body autonomy, coercion, mandatory donation, non-donors, human rights, article 3, bodily integrity, state compulsion, posthumous consent, security of person, bioethics, government overreach, personal rights, possession of body, death threat, social worth, organ donation policy, ethical violation organ donation, non-donors, coercion, mandatory organ donation, bodily integrity, UNDHR Article 3, security of person, body autonomy, posthumous rights, foundational possession, bioethics, state compulsion, government mandate, individual rights, social worth, organ allocation ethics, body rights violation, medical ethics, personal liberty, donor consent, death threat, human rights
test-free-speech-debate-radhbsshr-pro02a	Pluralism and Political Interference  The removal of ‘The Spear’ from the Goodman Gallery and the City Press also hints at a threat to pluralism, especially when one considers the political nature of the campaign to have such images removed.  While Jacob Zuma attempted to have the image banned in a personal capacity, the intensive campaigning by both the ANC and the Congress of South African Trade Unions (COSATU) against both the Goodman Gallery and City Press [1] hints at a dangerously political action taken by those with close access to power over the South African state.  This should be cause to worry. Chapter Two of the Constitution of South Africa, in place since 1997, protects freedoms such as Freedom of Speech and Freedom of Association. [2] The intimidation of Art Galleries and Newspapers threatens the free exchange of ideas that occurs in these areas, as well sending an implicit image by its supports that criticism of the Government cannot be tolerated.  If neither the Gallery nor City Press removed the image of ‘The Spear’ from public view, then a clear message would have been sent that the principles of Free Speech, Free Association and Freedom of Intimidation outlined in the Constitution is to be upheld at all times, regardless of who may take offence at what is being said. It is important in the South African context to protect the right to criticise the government and voice opinions that vary from the ideals of the majority. It is worrying what kind of message is sent by those close to the South African Government that intimidation seems to be the appropriate response to criticism such as this rather than asking why such criticism is there in the first place.  [1] Mthembu, Jackson, ‘ANC calls on all South Africans to boycott buying City Press Newspaper and to join the protest match to the Goodman Gallery’, African National Congress, 24 May 2012,   [2] ‘Constitution of the Republic of South Africa’, Statutes of the Republic of South Africa, 4 February 1997, pluralism, political interference, The Spear, Goodman Gallery, City Press, art censorship, Jacob Zuma, ANC, COSATU, freedom of speech, constitution, South Africa, freedom of association, media intimidation, government criticism, freedom of expression, chapter two, media freedom, South African constitution, artistic expression, state power, public protest, press freedom, art controversy, civil liberties pluralism, political interference, The Spear, Goodman Gallery, City Press, art censorship, South Africa, ANC, COSATU, Jacob Zuma, freedom of speech, freedom of association, South African Constitution, media intimidation, state power, government criticism, press freedom, artistic expression, constitutional rights, majority ideals, protest, censorship, public discourse, democracy, Chapter Two, civil liberties pluralism, political interference, The Spear, Goodman Gallery, City Press, South Africa, ANC, COSATU, Jacob Zuma, censorship, freedom of speech, constitution, South African Constitution, freedom of association, art censorship, media intimidation, government criticism, free expression, artistic freedom, civil liberties, Chapter Two Constitution, government power, media freedom, democratic values, political campaign, state influence pluralism, political interference, The Spear, Goodman Gallery, City Press, Jacob Zuma, ANC, COSATU, South Africa, art censorship, freedom of speech, freedom of association, South African Constitution, freedom of press, government criticism, intimidation, media suppression, artistic expression, civil liberties, Chapter Two, majority opinion, newspaper boycott, protest, democracy, State power, media freedom pluralism, political interference, The Spear, Goodman Gallery, City Press, art censorship, Jacob Zuma, ANC, COSATU, South Africa, freedom of speech, freedom of association, Constitution of South Africa, media intimidation, art galleries, newspapers, government criticism, free expression, South African politics, majority ideals, freedom of intimidation, state power, artistic freedom, protest, media boycott
test-international-appghblsba-con03a	It is not in the interest of South Africa to annex a poor, underdeveloped country  It is not in South Africa’s interests to annex Lesotho. Lesotho would be a burden; it is poor, might cause instability, and has no resources as compensation. On a simple cost-benefit analysis made by the SA government they would clearly see they would have more responsibility towards the Basotho population but new resources to fulfil those responsibilities. South Africa has its own problems that it should be focusing on first. Poverty is officially at 52.3% [1] and unemployment is a great problem for South Africans; a quarter of the majority black workforce is unemployed. [2] Moreover, Only 40.2% of black infants live in a home with a flush toilet, a convenience enjoyed by almost all their white and Indian counterparts showing the inequality that still exists in the ‘rainbow nation’. [3] Why add more people under your protection when you can’t take care of your own?  [1] ‘Statement by Minister in The Presidency for Performance Monitoring and Evaluation, Collins Chabane, on the occasion of the launch of the Development Indicators 2012 Report’, thepresidency.gov.za, 20 August 2013,   [2] Mcgroarty, Patrick, ‘Poverty Still Plagues South Africa's Black Majority’, The Wall Street Journal, 8 December 2013,   [3] Kielburger, Craig & Marc, ‘Why South Africa is Still Dealing With Segregation and Poverty’, Huffington Post, 18 December 2013, South Africa, annexation, Lesotho, cost-benefit analysis, burden, underdevelopment, poverty, unemployment, instability, resources, Basotho population, government responsibility, economic impact, inequality, black workforce, social issues, development indicators, public services, historical context, segregation, policy analysis, state capacity, economic disparity, domestic focus South Africa, Lesotho, annexation, cost-benefit analysis, poverty, underdevelopment, unemployment, resource scarcity, Basotho population, government responsibility, economic burden, inequality, public services, black workforce, social instability, development indicators, segregation, national interests, domestic issues, flush toilets, racial disparity, resource allocation, policy evaluation South Africa, Lesotho, annexation, cost-benefit analysis, poverty, underdevelopment, instability, resources, Basotho population, unemployment, government responsibility, social inequality, black workforce, development indicators, service delivery, flush toilets, racial disparity, economic burden, national priorities, segregation, post-apartheid, black majority, public policy, regional instability, economic development, social welfare South Africa, Lesotho, annexation, cost-benefit analysis, poverty, underdevelopment, instability, resource scarcity, Basotho population, governmental responsibility, unemployment, economic inequality, social inequality, black workforce, public services, flush toilets, living conditions, development indicators, policy analysis, South African government, regional politics, burden, population welfare, segregation, infrastructure, economic challenges, resource allocation South Africa, Lesotho, annexation, cost-benefit analysis, underdevelopment, poverty, unemployment, inequality, Basotho population, government responsibility, resource scarcity, economic burden, political stability, social challenges, Development Indicators Report, black workforce, public services, segregation, flush toilets, post-apartheid, policy implications, national priorities, population burden, South African economy, social inequality, regional relations, governance, resource allocation
test-education-xeegshwfeu-con02a	Only well-off families will benefit from increased freedom of choice  Under the current system, many schools that are “failing” are struggling as a result of factors such as deprivation in their area, or high levels of children for whom English is not their native tongue.  There will be no incentive for companies to set up schools in such areas: the voucher scheme dictates that each child gets the same amount of funding, and thus in schools where a lot of extra facilities (like extra teachers, specialist language tutors etc.) are needed the potential profit to be made will be lower. On the other hand, children in well-to-do middle class areas will be highly profitable (it is not difficult to make children with a wealth of parental support do well in their exams). Thus rich children will have a range of subsidised schools from which to choose, whilst the poorest in society are still failed. school vouchers, educational inequality, school choice, socioeconomic status, deprived areas, funding disparity, profit incentives, failing schools, English as a second language, extra educational support, educational opportunity, middle class advantage, parental involvement, subsidized schools, education policy, privatization, access to education, underserved communities, resource allocation, educational outcomes, social mobility school choice, voucher system, educational inequality, deprivation, English as a second language, funding disparities, well-off families, failing schools, profit incentives, private education providers, specialist facilities, middle class advantage, educational access, social class, school performance, resource allocation, disadvantaged students, parental support, equity in education, underprivileged areas, education policy school choice, voucher system, educational inequality, deprivation, failing schools, English as second language, funding disparities, profit incentive, private schools, educational access, underprivileged students, middle class advantage, resource allocation, educational policy, education reform, socioeconomic status, parental support, inequality in education, corporate education, subsidized schools, social mobility, educational opportunity, disadvantaged areas, educational outcomes, market-driven education school choice, voucher scheme, educational inequality, funding disparities, socio-economic status, deprivation, failing schools, parental support, English as a second language, educational profit, well-off families, middle class, company incentives, specialist teachers, language tutors, subsidized schools, disadvantaged children, educational access, wealth gap, resource allocation, profit motive in education school voucher scheme, educational inequality, well-off families, parental support, deprived areas, failing schools, English as second language, government funding, profit incentives, access to education, private schools, extra facilities, social disadvantage, middle class, subsidised schools, social mobility, educational access, low-income families, resource allocation, corporate interests, educational opportunity, school choice, education policy, educational segregation
test-society-cpisydfphwj-pro01a	Facebook encourages socialisation  One of the most crucial elements in any child's development is the ability to socialize with peers. By having a large circle of friends to talk to and share interests, the child gains trust, self-esteem and self-confidence. If you have people to talk to when you have a problem, it is much easier to overcome any problems.  Facebook and social networks in general help teenagers on multiple levels to maintain and expand their circle of friends. Firstly, it lets you remain in touch with friends even if you are very far apart. As we live in an increasingly globalized world, friend circles tend to be broken up very easily. As a result, individuals need to be able to keep in touch in spite of the physical distance. Facebook enables them to do that. (1)  Secondly, by allowing people with shared opinions, hobbies or interests to gather, social networks allow users to expand their circle of friends, something that is more applicable the bigger the social network. Thirdly, it allows young people to spend more time with the friends and people they already know through chat conversations, shared photos or status updates. As a result, people who are engaged on these social networks have more self esteem, more confidence in them, feel more appreciated and tend to be happier in general due to their wide circle of friends. (2)  (1) Keith Wilcox and Andrew T. Stephen “Are Close Friends the Enemy? Online Social Networks, Self-Esteem, and Self-Control” Journal of Consumer Research, 2012   (2) Brittany Gentilea, Jean M. Twengeb, Elise C. Freemanb, W. Keith Campbella “The effect of social networking websites on positive self-views: An experimental investigation” 2012 Facebook, socialisation, child development, peer interactions, self-esteem, self-confidence, social networks, teenagers, friend circles, globalized world, maintain friendships, expand social connections, physical distance, shared interests, online communities, youth communication, chat conversations, shared photos, status updates, psychological effects, well-being, happiness, social support, Keith Wilcox, Andrew T. Stephen, Brittany Gentilea, Jean M. Twenge, self-views, adolescent socialization Facebook, socialisation, child development, peer interaction, self-esteem, self-confidence, social networks, teenagers, friend circle, globalized world, maintaining friendships, expanding friends, physical distance, online communication, shared interests, chat conversations, shared photos, status updates, positive self-views, happiness, appreciation, Wilcox, Stephen, Gentile, Twenge, Facebook benefits, adolescent socialization, social support, adolescent psychology, social media impact, online friendships, youth socialization Facebook, socialisation, child development, peer interaction, self-esteem, self-confidence, social networks, teenagers, friendship, globalized world, long-distance communication, shared interests, expanding friend circle, online communities, social support, chat, photo sharing, status updates, psychological benefits, happiness, well-being, social networking effects, self-view, positive self-image, online social behavior, youth, adolescence, research studies, Keith Wilcox, Andrew T. Stephen, Brittany Gentile, Jean Twenge, social connection, mental health Facebook, socialization, child development, peer interaction, self-esteem, self-confidence, friendship, social networks, teenagers, globalized world, maintaining friendships, expanding social circles, shared interests, online communication, distance relationships, chat conversations, shared photos, status updates, positive self-views, adolescent well-being, social support, trust, psychological benefits, youth, mental health, online communities, social capital Facebook, socialization, child development, peer interaction, self-esteem, self-confidence, globalized world, maintaining friendships, expanding friend circle, social networks, teenagers, communication, online friendship, shared interests, chat conversations, shared photos, status updates, appreciation, well-being, online connections, psychological benefits, Keith Wilcox, Andrew T. Stephen, Journal of Consumer Research, Brittany Gentile, Jean M. Twenge, Elise C. Freeman, W. Keith Campbell, experimental investigation, positive self-views
test-international-iiahwagit-con04a	Heavy handed approaches do not solve the motivations for poaching  Creating tougher responses to poaching will not deter poachers as they fail to recognise the motivations for illegal hunting. Many hunters, especially those who aren’t native to Africa, take part in poaching as there is a thrill in the illegal status. [1] The close calls, challenges and sense of independence will all be multiplied by increased protection on the game reserves.  Then there are those who take part out of necessity. Poachers will often be able to make $50-100 per kilogram for a rhinoceros’ horn [2] and the bush meat from kills can be a necessary source of nutrition. [3] Poaching creates opportunities for Africans which are usually unavailable in licit work. Tougher protection of animals fails to provide an alternative livelihood for these poachers.  [1] Forsyth, C. & Marckese, T. ‘Thrills and skills: a sociological analysis of poaching’ pg.162  [2] Stewart, C. ‘Illegal ivory trade funds al-shabaab’s terrorist attacks’  [3] BBC, “Lions ‘facing extinction in West Africa’” poaching, motivations, illegal hunting, deterrence, heavy handed approaches, thrill seeking, non-native hunters, game reserves, increased protection, necessity, rhinoceros horn, bushmeat, alternative livelihoods, African poachers, illicit work, socioeconomic factors, wildlife crime, conservation policy, enforcement, livelihood alternatives, anti-poaching strategies, economic incentives, wildlife protection, root causes, criminal justice, deterrence effectiveness poaching, illegal hunting, motivations, deterrence, enforcement, game reserves, thrill-seeking, necessity, poverty, alternative livelihoods, socioeconomic factors, non-native hunters, bush meat, endangered species, rhino horn trade, wildlife protection, poacher incentives, economic opportunities, law enforcement, conservation strategies, Africa, criminalization, deterrent effect, wildlife crime, supply and demand, subsistence hunting poaching, motivations, heavy handed approaches, deterrence, illegal hunting, thrill, non-native hunters, close calls, challenges, independence, increased protection, game reserves, necessity, rhinoceros horn, bush meat, nutrition, alternative livelihood, African poachers, illicit work, tougher protection, economic incentives, poverty, wildlife conservation, law enforcement, socioeconomic factors, illegal wildlife trade poaching motivations, deterrence, heavy-handed approaches, illegal hunting, thrill-seeking, game reserves, necessity-driven poaching, rhino horn trade, bush meat, alternative livelihoods, socioeconomic factors, anti-poaching strategies, African poachers, illegal wildlife trade, wildlife protection, enforcement effectiveness, illicit income, conservation challenges, poverty, enforcement escalation poaching motivations, heavy-handed approaches, deterrence, illegal hunting, non-native hunters, thrill of illegality, wildlife protection, game reserves, necessity-driven poaching, rhinoceros horn trade, bush meat, nutrition source, alternative livelihoods, economic incentives, illegal wildlife trade, sociological analysis, criminalization effects, Africa, conservation policy, income opportunities, law enforcement, poverty, sustainable alternatives, subsistence poaching
test-law-tahglcphsld-pro01a	People should be free to take drugs  Individuals are sovereign over their own bodies, and should be free to make choices which affect them and not other individuals. Since the pleasure gained from drugs and the extent to which this weighs against potential risks is fundamentally subjective, it is not up to the state to legislate in this area. Rather than pouring wasted resources into attempting to suppress drug use, the state would be better off running information campaigns to educate people about the risks and consequences of taking different types of drugs. drug legalization, individual sovereignty, personal autonomy, bodily autonomy, drug policy, subjective experience, state intervention, government role, drug education, harm reduction, risk awareness, freedom of choice, drug regulation, personal responsibility, prohibition critique, drug use, public health campaigns, drug risks, state resources, drug laws drug legalization, bodily autonomy, individual sovereignty, personal freedom, drug policy, state intervention, subjective risk, harm reduction, drug education, informed choice, drug use, government regulation, personal responsibility, public resources, education campaigns, drug risks, drug consequences, legal philosophy, paternalism, self-ownership personal autonomy, bodily sovereignty, drug legalization, individual freedom, subjective risk assessment, drug policy, harm reduction, state intervention, drug education, information campaigns, drug use, personal choice, civil liberties, public health, government regulation drug legalization, bodily autonomy, individual sovereignty, personal choice, drug policy, state intervention, subjective pleasure, drug risks, harm reduction, information campaigns, drug education, government regulation, personal freedom, narcotics law, self-ownership, public health, prohibition critique, civil liberties, state role, substance use drug legalization, personal autonomy, bodily sovereignty, individual choice, drug policy, harm reduction, subjective risk, state intervention, informational campaigns, drug education, personal freedom, drug use, self-ownership, legislative limits, drug risks, state resources, drug suppression, public health, government regulation, informed consent
test-politics-dhwem-con03a	PMCs violate human rights and International agreements in pursuit of profit or power.  Some PMCs may abuse the power they wield. Simon Mann, founder of PMCs EO and Sandline International, in a recent plot to oust President Obiang in Equatorial Guinea (BBC News, 2008) shows that even mercenary organisations considered legitimate by the British Government remain staffed by corrupt opportunists. It is highly morally questionable whether organisations with such a profound disrespect for the sovereignty of other nation states should be involved with the training of our armed forces, let alone fighting alongside them. PMCs, private military companies, human rights violations, international agreements, profit, power, abuse of power, Simon Mann, Executive Outcomes, Sandline International, coup, Equatorial Guinea, President Obiang, BBC News 2008, mercenaries, British Government, corruption, opportunists, moral questioning, sovereignty, nation states, military training, armed forces, legitimacy, ethical concerns PMCs, private military companies, human rights violations, International agreements, profit, power, abuse of power, Simon Mann, Executive Outcomes, Sandline International, coup, Equatorial Guinea, President Obiang, mercenary, legitimacy, British Government, corruption, opportunists, moral concerns, sovereignty, nation states, armed forces, military training, ethical issues, BBC News 2008 PMCs, human rights violations, International agreements, profit, power, abuse of power, Simon Mann, Executive Outcomes, Sandline International, coup, Equatorial Guinea, President Obiang, mercenary organisations, British Government, corruption, opportunists, sovereignty, nation states, military training, armed forces, ethical concerns, legitimacy, BBC News 2008 PMCs, private military companies, human rights violations, international agreements, profit, power, abuse, Simon Mann, Executive Outcomes, Sandline International, Equatorial Guinea coup, President Obiang, BBC News 2008, mercenaries, legitimacy, British Government, corruption, opportunism, moral questions, sovereignty, nation states, armed forces training, military collaboration PMCs, human rights violations, international agreements, profit, power, abuse of power, Simon Mann, Executive Outcomes, Sandline International, mercenary organisations, Equatorial Guinea coup, President Obiang, BBC News 2008, corruption, opportunists, British government, legitimacy, sovereignty, foreign intervention, armed forces training, moral issues, ethics, military contractors, private military companies, state sovereignty, international law
test-international-ehbfe-con03a	The concept of federalism lacks political support  Euroscepticism is highest in Latvia, the United Kingdom, and Hungary, with only 25%–32% viewing membership as a good thing. Belief that the citizen's country has benefited from EU membership is lowest (below 50%) in the UK, Hungary, Latvia, Italy, Austria, Sweden and Bulgaria. A significant minority (36%) do not tend to trust the European Parliament. The European Parliament does not command the same sense of respect as national Parliaments, nor the connection with ordinary people. [1]  [1] Directorate-General for Communication, ‘EUROBAROMETER 71 Public opinion in the European Union’ federalism, political support, Euroscepticism, Latvia, United Kingdom, Hungary, EU membership, public opinion, European Union, citizen benefit, trust European Parliament, national parliament comparison, respect, Eurobarometer 71, Directorate-General for Communication, low trust, membership perception, Italy, Austria, Sweden, Bulgaria federalism, political support, Euroscepticism, Latvia, United Kingdom, Hungary, EU membership, public opinion, European Union, trust, European Parliament, national parliaments, citizen benefit, Austria, Sweden, Bulgaria, Italy, Directorate-General for Communication, Eurobarometer 71, respect, public trust, membership perception federalism, political support, Euroscepticism, Latvia, United Kingdom, Hungary, EU membership perception, public opinion, European Union, national benefit, trust, European Parliament, legitimacy, national parliaments, public connection, Eurobarometer, Directorate-General for Communication, Italy, Austria, Sweden, Bulgaria, political legitimacy, EU institutions, citizen trust federalism, political support, Euroscepticism, Latvia, United Kingdom, Hungary, EU membership, public opinion, European Union, benefits, trust, European Parliament, national Parliaments, citizen perception, Austria, Sweden, Bulgaria, Italy, Directorate-General for Communication, Eurobarometer, public trust, member states, respect, parliamentary connection, EU institutions federalism, political support, Euroscepticism, Latvia, United Kingdom, Hungary, EU membership, public opinion, European Parliament, trust, respect, national parliament, citizen views, Eurobarometer, Directorate-General for Communication, Italy, Austria, Sweden, Bulgaria
test-sport-aastshsrqsar-con03a	Quotas can drive players away.  Policies of racial quotas can have the effect of driving players abroad. Such policies have had similar affects in cricket. Kevin Pietersen stated that racial quotas in domestic competition, requiring four non-white players per team, were a key reason for his decision to leave South Africa and move to England. Eligible due to playing in England for four years and an English parent, he successfully had an England career. In rugby union, Brian Mujati left South Africa to play in England as he did not want to be selected to fill a racial quota [1] .  [1] Foy, Chris, ‘Last orders at the bar for master brewer – prop Mujati calls time on Saints career’, MailOnline, 19 April 2013, racial quotas, sports migration, player exodus, cricket, rugby union, Kevin Pietersen, Brian Mujati, South Africa, England, non-white players, domestic competition, selection policies, sports policy impact, MailOnline, sports careers abroad, affirmative action, team composition, effects of quotas, player decisions, international sports eligibility racial quotas, sports migration, player exodus, cricket, rugby union, Kevin Pietersen, Brian Mujati, South Africa, England, non-white players, domestic competition, eligibility, policy impact, international careers, team selection, affirmative action, diversity policies, sport policy effects, athletic migration, quota system, Foy Chris, MailOnline, 2013 racial quotas, player migration, sports policy, cricket, rugby union, South Africa, England, Kevin Pietersen, Brian Mujati, non-white player requirements, domestic competition, athlete relocation, affirmative action in sports, team selection, international careers, sports governance, diversity policies, talent drain, sports recruitment, sports eligibility racial quotas, player migration, sports policies, cricket, rugby union, South Africa, Kevin Pietersen, Brian Mujati, international careers, non-white player requirements, quota system effects, sports recruitment, policy impact, athlete relocation, sports diversity, domestic competition, eligibility criteria, England sports, sports governance racial quotas, sports migration, player retention, cricket, rugby union, South Africa, Kevin Pietersen, Brian Mujati, domestic competitions, non-white players, England, policy impact, athlete mobility, selection policies, international careers, sports diversity, affirmative action, quota effects, emigration, talent drain
test-philosophy-pphbclsbs-pro03a	Western countries already benefit from extremely liberal laws.  The USA is at present far better than most countries in their respect and regard for civil liberties. New security measures do not greatly compromise this liberty, and the US measures are at the very least comparable with similar measures already in effect in other democratic developed countries, e.g. Spain and the UK, which have had to cope with domestic terrorism for far longer than the USA. The facts speak for themselves – the USA enjoys a healthy western-liberalism the likes of which most of the world’s people cannot even conceive of. The issue of the erosion of a few minor liberties of (states like the US’s) citizens should be overlooked in favour of the much greater issue of protecting the very existence of that state. [1]  [1] Zetter, Kim, ‘The Patriot Act Is Your Friend’, Wired, 24 February 2004,  , accessed 9 September 2011 Western countries, liberal laws, USA, civil liberties, security measures, democratic countries, developed nations, domestic terrorism, Spain, UK, liberty, western liberalism, erosion of liberties, protection of state, Patriot Act, comparative analysis, civil rights, national security, Zetter Kim, Wired 2004 civil liberties, western countries, liberal laws, USA, security measures, democratic countries, developed countries, Spain, UK, domestic terrorism, patriot act, state protection, liberty erosion, developed democracies, individual rights, national security, western-liberalism, Wired, Kim Zetter, freedom, law enforcement Western countries, liberal laws, USA, civil liberties, security measures, liberty, democratic developed countries, Spain, UK, domestic terrorism, western-liberalism, erosion of liberties, citizen rights, state protection, Patriot Act, Kim Zetter, comparative analysis, national security, Wired, public policy Western countries, liberal laws, civil liberties, USA, security measures, liberty compromise, democratic developed countries, domestic terrorism, Spain, UK, western liberalism, erosion of liberties, state protection, Patriot Act, terrorism response, constitutional rights, government policy, public safety, national security, Wired, Kim Zetter civil liberties, western countries, liberal laws, USA, security measures, democratic countries, developed countries, Spain, UK, domestic terrorism, liberty, erosion of liberties, state protection, Patriot Act, civil rights, national security, comparative analysis, Wired, Kim Zetter, legislative comparison, constitutional rights, terrorism response, public safety, individual rights, legal frameworks
test-philosophy-elhbrd-pro01a	Suicide is a rational choice in many situations.  When confronted with chronic pain or with diseases that steadily remove our sense of self – or at least the self of whom we are aware – death has proven to be a sensible option taken by sensible people [i] . It is a simple fact that we all die, our objections to it tend to be based on the idea that it can happen at the hands of others or at a time, or in a manner, not of our choosing.  Neither of these issues arise with either assisted suicide or voluntary euthanasia. Proposition has no difficulty at all with the suggestion that both procedures should be regulated and take place in safe, medically supported, environments.  However, if an individual accepts that death is their preferred option in such a scenario, it is difficult to comprehend of reasons why they should not be allowed to proceed. Our social rejection of murder does not, ultimately relate to death itself but to the denial of choice. With murder someone is denying that person all their future potential so denying their freedom of choice, and this remains the case even if the murder was completely painless. Here, reason tells us, the virtuous act is death and the reservation of that choice.  The determining element of humanity is that we are rational beings; a blanket ban – legal and social – on choosing the time and manner of our deaths reflects our primeval fear of a death that comes, unwanted, in the dark of the night, not the mature judgement of modern, thinking (and long-lived) humans.  [i] Andy Bloxham. Husband films assisted suicide of wife to prove it was not murder. The Daily Telegraph. 10 March 2011. assisted suicide, voluntary euthanasia, rational suicide, chronic pain, terminal illness, sense of self, death with dignity, end-of-life choices, autonomy, self-determination, regulation, medical support, moral reasoning, choice in death, murder vs. suicide, freedom of choice, ethical debate, legal regulation, Andy Bloxham, The Daily Telegraph, terminal disease, existential autonomy, right to die, personal autonomy, painless death, humanity and rationality suicide, rational choice, chronic pain, euthanasia, assisted suicide, voluntary euthanasia, self-determination, end-of-life decisions, autonomy, medical ethics, death with dignity, patient choice, terminal illness, regulation, legalisation, moral reasoning, freedom of choice, denial of choice, humane death, quality of life, medical support, mental capacity, societal attitudes, murder vs suicide, ethical justification, Andy Bloxham, Daily Telegraph, filmed assisted suicide, safe environment, personal autonomy suicide, rational choice, chronic pain, terminal illness, self-identity loss, assisted suicide, voluntary euthanasia, regulated procedures, medical support, death preference, autonomy, freedom of choice, murder distinction, denial of choice, ethical considerations, death acceptance, humanity, legal bans, social bans, end-of-life decisions, mature judgement, euthanasia debate, patient rights, suffering, terminal disease, safe environment, moral philosophy, right to die, individual autonomy, death with dignity, Andy Bloxham, assisted dying assisted suicide, rational choice, voluntary euthanasia, chronic pain, terminal illness, loss of self, death with dignity, autonomy, patient rights, end-of-life decisions, medical regulation, ethical considerations, personal freedom, moral reasoning, humanity, choice in death, legal framework, social attitudes, murder versus suicide, individual autonomy, virtuous death, psychological suffering, suffering alleviation, Andy Bloxham, case studies suicide, rational choice, chronic pain, terminal illness, self-awareness, death, assisted suicide, voluntary euthanasia, regulation, medical support, autonomy, freedom of choice, murder, denial of choice, ethics, humanity, death rights, blanket ban, legal issues, social issues, modern views, end-of-life decision, Andy Bloxham, assisted suicide case, moral philosophy
test-politics-cdfsaphgiap-con03a	Markets like stability  Business and the markets prize political stability. Clearly when the leader of a country is ill this stability is damaged but the damage can be mitigated by being transparent. The markets will want to know how ill the leader is, and that the succession is secure so that they know what the future holds. Secrecy and the consequent spread of rumour is the worst option as businesses can have no idea what the future holds so cant make investment decisions that will be influenced by the political environment.  Leaders do matter to the economy; they set the parameters of the business environment, the taxes, subsidies, how much bureaucracy. They also influence other areas like the price of energy, the availability of transport links etc. It has been estimated that “a one standard deviation change in leader quality leads to a growth change of 1.5 percentage points”. 1 The leader who follows may be of the same quality in which case there will be little difference but equally it could mean a large change.  1 Jones, Benjjamin F., and Olken, Benjamin A., 'Do Leaders Matter? National Leadership and Growth Since World War II', Quarterly Journal of Economics, February 2005, markets, political stability, business environment, leadership health, succession planning, transparency, economic growth, investment decisions, leader quality, government policy, business confidence, political risk, information disclosure, economic impact, rumor, uncertainty, regulatory environment, subsidies, taxes, bureaucracy, transport infrastructure, energy prices, leadership transition, market response, economic policy, national leaders, leadership change political stability, markets, business, leadership, leader illness, succession planning, transparency, investment decisions, economic growth, leadership quality, business environment, policy uncertainty, government transparency, market reaction, leader transition, rumour, economic policy, energy prices, infrastructure, bureaucracy, taxes, subsidies, national leadership, economic impact, Quarterly Journal of Economics, leader succession, investor confidence, market stability, leadership change markets, political stability, business environment, leadership, leader illness, succession planning, transparency, investment decisions, economic growth, leader quality, bureaucracy, taxation, subsidies, energy policy, transport infrastructure, uncertainty, market reaction, rumour, national leadership, government policy, economic impact, crisis management, Ben Jones, Benjamin Olken, leadership transition political stability, market response, business confidence, leadership health, transparency, succession planning, economic impact, leadership change, investment decisions, policy uncertainty, market volatility, leader quality, economic growth, business environment, government policy, taxation, subsidies, bureaucracy, energy prices, infrastructure, leadership transition, rumor effect, transparency benefits, leader succession, economic leadership, policy continuity, investor sentiment, national leadership, political risk, market uncertainty, Quarterly Journal of Economics, Jones and Olken political stability, market reaction, business confidence, leadership illness, transparency, succession planning, investment decisions, economic policy, leader quality, economic growth, government transparency, rumor impact, business environment, fiscal policy, bureaucracy, energy policy, transport infrastructure, governance, leader change, economic uncertainty, leadership transition, investor confidence, policy continuity, political risk
test-education-egtuscpih-pro04a	Online courses would allow universities to use more resources on teaching and research  Traditional Universities are forced to spend a lot on administration and facilities, such as renting and maintaining buildings and parking lots, providing student support for accommodation, renting student halls, subsiding transports costs and meals, supervising university areas and so on. Across 72 US public universities the average administrative cost was about 8% of spending with the highest, at the University of Connecticut at 17% [15]. All these costs can be cut or abandoned all together if universities move to online teaching. There would be no need for lecture halls and student accommodation as students would just work from home, and even professors could mostly work from home. Even if some of administrative costs remain, that would still substantially increase the amount of resources to be spent entirely on teaching and research. This allows universities to improve their academic credentials and their academic output, which benefits the students and the society. online courses, university resources, teaching, research, traditional universities, administrative costs, facilities, building maintenance, parking, student support, accommodation, student halls, transport costs, meal subsidies, university supervision, public universities, Connecticut, cost reduction, online teaching, lecture halls, remote learning, academic output, academic credentials, resource allocation, student benefits, societal benefits, distance education, remote work, faculty, efficiency, spending online courses, university resources, teaching, research, traditional universities, administrative costs, facilities, building maintenance, parking lots, student support, accommodation, student halls, transport costs, meal subsidies, supervision, public universities, cost reduction, online teaching, remote learning, resource allocation, academic credentials, academic output, student benefits, societal benefits online courses, university resources, teaching, research, traditional universities, administrative costs, facilities expenses, building maintenance, student support, accommodation costs, student halls, transport subsidies, meal subsidies, campus supervision, cost reduction, online teaching, remote learning, lecture halls, faculty work from home, budget allocation, academic output, academic credentials, educational efficiency, resource optimization, public universities, spending distribution, academic benefits, societal impact online courses, universities, resource allocation, teaching, research, administrative costs, campus facilities, cost reduction, remote learning, distance education, academic output, student accommodation, lecture halls, student support, cost efficiency, faculty remote work, university spending, academic credentials, operational expenses, public universities, digital education, budget optimization, education costs, traditional universities, infrastructure savings, virtual classrooms online courses, universities, resource allocation, teaching, research, administrative costs, facility expenses, traditional universities, cost reduction, building maintenance, parking lots, student support, accommodation costs, student halls, transport subsidies, meal subsidies, university supervision, administrative spending, University of Connecticut, public universities, online teaching, lecture halls, remote work, professors, academic credentials, academic output, higher education, educational efficiency, academic benefits, societal benefits
test-international-epdlhfcefp-pro02a	The fact that it is a Representative highlights the fact that the EU is based on consultation and consensus, and that is a positive thing.  While the new ‘EU High Representative for Foreign and Security Policy’ marks only a bold first step towards a more unified voice for the EU, the decisions are indeed still based on a state by state consultation mechanism – hence the name representative. This should however not to be downplayed as a less significant change in how the EU approaches its foreign policy. The consultation aspect is in fact essential to reaching agreement and the importance of not only presenting a united front to the rest of the world (the EU is exemplary in trade policy and environmental policy, but less important when it comes to presenting a united voice in foreign policy as Belgian Foreign minister Mark Eyskens put it in 1991 “Europe is an economic giant, a political dwarf, and a military worm” 1, but also creating a united front through collaboration and debate. One should thus see this not only as a means to an end, but rather as an important mechanism in itself, whereby new identities are slowly created along with a deeper sense of commitment to a common set of values.  1. Craig R Whitney, ‘WAR IN THE GULF: EUROPE; Gulf Fighting Shatters Europeans’ Fragile Unity’, EU High Representative, foreign policy, security policy, consultation, consensus, unified voice, state-by-state mechanism, European Union, decision-making, representation, collaboration, agreement, common values, identity formation, trade policy, environmental policy, political unity, Mark Eyskens, military capacity, political influence, European integration, policymaking, EU governance, foreign affairs EU High Representative, foreign policy, security policy, consultation, consensus, EU decision-making, state-by-state mechanism, unified voice, collaborative policy, identity formation, common values, EU integration, trade policy, environmental policy, political unity, Mark Eyskens, European unity, policy coordination, representative governance, foreign policy mechanisms, EU collaboration, European commitment EU High Representative, EU foreign policy, consultation, consensus, decision-making, state-by-state mechanism, unified EU voice, European Union, collaboration, debate, identity creation, common values, Mark Eyskens, EU trade policy, EU environmental policy, political unity, foreign policy coordination, EU integration, collective decision-making, diplomacy, institutional mechanisms, state sovereignty, common external policy, European values, policy-making process EU High Representative, EU foreign policy, consultation mechanism, consensus, unified EU voice, European Union decision-making, state by state consultation, foreign and security policy, EU integration, policy coordination, collaborative decision-making, EU values, identity formation, EU unity, Mark Eyskens, political union, economic giant, military worm, trade policy, environmental policy, international representation, Craig R. Whitney, European collaboration, commitment to values, EU unity challenges, policy debate, European identity EU, consultation, consensus, High Representative, Foreign and Security Policy, unified voice, state-by-state mechanism, foreign policy, decision-making, unity, collaboration, debate, identity formation, common values, trade policy, environmental policy, political unity, Mark Eyskens, European integration, institutional change, Gulf War, commitment, Europe political power, policy-making
test-culture-thbcsbptwhht-con03a	"No feasible system of which grounds of compensation can occur because of the fluidity of culture and cultural identity  How a person identifies themselves aligns with the culture they are a part of. Szewczak and Snodgrass argue this is as the values of an individual “are influenced and modified by membership of other professional, organisational, ethnic, religious, and various other social groups, each of which has its own specialized culture and value set. Thus, individuals vary greatly in the degree in which they espouse, if at all, values by a single cultural group, such as their national culture” [1]. As a result, people can identify with several different cultures often at one time. This creates difficulties in allowing one person to seek compensation from another purely on the basis of identity politics – individuals at least partially define their own culture and it may only be one among multiple cultures they identify with.  Culture itself has a complex nature; it adapts, borrows and evolves. It also influences lives in different ways and to different extents. No culture is fully homogenous. Because of this, any model for the extent of compensation would almost be impossible. Somebody with a long distant relative of which they haven't met, could potentially gain compensation for something that doesn’t directly affect them. They may even identify with the majority culture that is doing the compensating. Conversely some who identify with the culture being compensated may not be eligible for compensation even if they are directly affected.  [1] Snodgrass, Coral R., & Szweczak, Edward J. ""The Substitutability of Strategic Control Choices: An Empirical Study"". The Journal of Management Studies. Vol. 25. 1990. cultural identity, compensation systems, identity politics, cultural fluidity, self-identification, multiculturalism, professional identity, organizational culture, ethnic identity, religious identity, social groups, value systems, cultural hybridity, cultural complexity, compensation models, homogenization, culture adaptation, cultural influence, eligibility for compensation, collective identity, individual agency, Snodgrass, Szewczak, The Journal of Management Studies compensation systems, cultural fluidity, cultural identity, identity politics, cultural hybridity, self-identification, multiculturalism, values, social groups, organizational culture, ethnic identity, compensation models, cultural adaptation, cultural evolution, cultural heterogeneity, eligibility for compensation, individual cultural alignment, professional identity, group membership, national culture, compensation challenges, social influence, boundaries of culture, overlapping identities, compensation criteria, subjectivity in culture culture fluidity, cultural identity, compensation systems, identity politics, multi-cultural identification, cultural adaptation, evolving culture, cultural heterogeneity, complex identity, individual cultural alignment, compensation eligibility, Snodgrass and Szewczak, cultural group membership, national culture values, professional culture, organizational culture, ethnic identity, religious identity, value modification, compensation model limitations, cross-cultural compensation, culture influence, specialized culture, compensation basis, homogeneous culture, identity-based compensation, strategic control choices. compensation systems, cultural identity, fluidity of culture, identity politics, multiple cultural affiliations, Szewczak, Snodgrass, value sets, national culture, individual values, professional groups, organisational culture, ethnic identity, religious identity, social group membership, cultural hybridity, compensation eligibility, culture evolution, homogeneity, compensation models, cultural diversity, self-identification, group compensation, identity-based claims, cultural influence, strategic control choices cultural identity, cultural fluidity, identity politics, compensation systems, cultural hybridity, multiculturalism, individual values, group membership, culture complexity, culture adaptation, culture evolution, cultural affiliation, culture homogeneity, compensation eligibility, identity dynamics, professional culture, organizational culture, ethnic identity, social groups, value modification, cultural influence, overlapping identities, compensation models, Szewczak, Snodgrass, The Substitutability of Strategic Control Choices, national culture, compensation challenges, collective identity, self-identification, cultural boundaries"
test-politics-dhbanhrnw-con04a	Possessing nuclear weapons will be counter to the peaceful interests of states  Most states will not benefit at all from possessing nuclear weapons. Developing a nuclear deterrent is seen in the international community as a sign of belligerence and a warlike character. Such an image does not suit the vast majority of states who would be better suited focusing on diplomacy, trade, and economic interdependence. [1] The loss of such diplomatic and economic relations in favour of force can seriously harm the citizens of would-be nuclear powers, as has occurred to the North Koreans, who have been isolated in international relations by their government’s decision to develop nuclear weapons. If the right to nuclear weapons were recognized for all states, only those states that currently want them for strategic reasons will develop them, and they will do so more brazenly and with greater speed. These countries might try to develop them even if proliferation is outlawed, but giving them license increases the likelihood that they will succeed. Furthermore, when countries develop nuclear weapons, their neighbours may feel more vulnerable and thus be compelled by necessity to develop their own weapons. This will lead to arms races in some cases, and generally harm diplomacy.  [1] Sartori, Anne. 2005. Deterrence By Diplomacy. Princeton: Princeton University Press. nuclear weapons, proliferation, deterrence, peaceful interests, belligerence, international community, diplomacy, trade, economic interdependence, diplomatic relations, economic sanctions, North Korea, international isolation, strategic reasons, arms race, security dilemma, international relations, nonproliferation, disarmament, global security, state behavior, deterrence by diplomacy, Sartori, warlike image nuclear weapons, nonproliferation, peaceful interests, state security, international community, deterrence, belligerence, diplomacy, trade, economic interdependence, sanctions, isolation, North Korea, strategic interests, arms race, proliferation, global security, foreign relations, economic harm, national image, warlike character, diplomatic relations, economic sanctions, security dilemma, international relations, Sartori, deterrence by diplomacy, Princeton University Press nuclear weapons, peaceful interests, states, deterrence, international community, belligerence, warlike character, diplomacy, trade, economic interdependence, diplomatic relations, economic relations, force, isolation, North Korea, nuclear proliferation, strategic reasons, arms race, security dilemma, international relations, disarmament, nonproliferation, neighbors, global security, diplomatic harm, economic harm, Sartori, Deterrence by Diplomacy, Princeton University Press nuclear weapons, peaceful interests, states, nuclear deterrent, international community, diplomacy, trade, economic interdependence, diplomatic relations, economic relations, international isolation, North Korea, nuclear proliferation, strategic reasons, arms race, security dilemma, deterrence, warlike character, international relations, Sartori, disarmament, nonproliferation, economic harm, diplomatic harm, global security, belligerence nuclear weapons, non-proliferation, peaceful interests, state security, nuclear deterrence, international community, diplomacy, trade, economic interdependence, diplomatic isolation, North Korea, international relations, arms race, proliferation, strategic reasons, security dilemma, global security, nuclear policy, disarmament, belligerence, economic sanctions, state behavior, regional instability, deterrence by diplomacy, Anne Sartori
test-education-xeegshwfeu-con03a	The state retain control of schools - freedom, in this context, is illusory  The state funds education using taxes taken from everyone in society, not just those who have children. Therefore the state has a duty to benefit the whole of society, not just parents and children, when funding education. It is therefore entirely legitimate for the state to use schools to fulfil other societal purposes. A good example of this is the question of teaching citizenship in schools: it does not necessarily help children to pass exams, and so schools do not have a strong incentive to insure that children are taught it. However, it fulfils government goals of helping to ensure that people become functioning members of our democracy.  When schools are privatised it becomes increasingly difficult for the government to ensure that such agendas are followed in schools. state control, schools, freedom, education funding, taxes, societal benefit, government duty, parents, children, legitimacy, societal purposes, citizenship education, curriculum, privatisation, government agendas, democracy, public education, exam incentives, educational policy, communal responsibility state control, schools, education funding, taxation, societal benefit, parental rights, public interest, state duty, societal purposes, teaching citizenship, government goals, democracy, exam performance, privatisation, government oversight, educational agenda, social responsibility, education policy, public education, school governance state control, schools, freedom, education funding, taxes, societal benefit, government duty, citizenship education, democracy, public education, privatisation, societal purposes, government goals, education policy, social responsibility, exam performance, education incentives, state intervention, educational agendas, public vs private schools state control, schools, educational funding, taxation, societal benefit, public education, government responsibility, citizenship education, privatisation, democratic values, societal purposes, education policy, curriculum, public goods, education reform state control, schools, education funding, taxation, societal benefit, public education, state duty, citizenship education, government goals, democracy, societal purposes, privatisation, school regulation, educational policy, public good, parental interests, children, school curriculum, exam incentives, civic responsibility
test-politics-gvhwhnerse-con01a	Some kind of election is more likely to lead to real democracy than no election  The acceptance by most autocrats that there need to be elections shows the idea that legitimacy derives from the people is generally accepted. Meaning that these states are already part way to having a genuine democracy. Having regular elections, even if the outcome is preordained, means that the electorate becomes used to voting and the idea of voting to make their voice heard. In such circumstances eventually they are going to want their vote to really count. If there is a creeping process of reform eventually this will result in free and fair elections.  Having any kind of elections means that there are people who are recognised as an opposition. This means that there is a viable alternative to the ruling party which can be turned to in a crisis, or can take on the leadership role when the regime is finally toppled. For example in Philippines the opposition was able to create a united opposition party in 1984 and coalesce around Corazon Aquino in the snap elections of 1985. [1] This meant that Aquino was in a position to swiftly set up a government following the people power revolution and flight of Marcos. [2]  [1] Kline, William E., ‘The Fall of Marcos: A Problem in U.S. Foreign Policymaking’, Institute for the Study of Diplomacy, 1992,  Pp.4, 10  [2] Reaves, Joseph A., ‘Marcos Flees, Aquino Rules’, Chicago Tribune, 26 February 1986, elections, democracy, autocrats, legitimacy, people, genuine democracy, regular elections, voting, electorate, reform, free and fair elections, opposition, ruling party, regime change, political transition, alternative leadership, Philippines, Corazon Aquino, snap elections, People Power Revolution, Marcos, government formation, political reform, authoritarianism, democratic transition, election legitimacy, electoral process elections, democracy, autocracy, legitimacy, political reform, regular elections, voting culture, opposition parties, transition to democracy, free and fair elections, regime change, electoral process, Philippines, Corazon Aquino, Marcos, political legitimacy, democratization, authoritarianism, political alternatives, political crisis, people power revolution, government transition, electoral opposition elections, democracy, autocrats, legitimacy, voting, electoral reform, free and fair elections, opposition, ruling party, regime change, political transition, Philippines, Corazon Aquino, People Power Revolution, Marcos, transition to democracy, authoritarian regimes, democratic legitimacy, regular elections, democratic transition, opposition parties elections, democracy, autocracy, legitimacy, regular elections, electoral participation, voting habits, political reform, free and fair elections, opposition parties, regime change, alternative leadership, Philippines, Corazon Aquino, People Power Revolution, Marcos, transitional government, political transitions, authoritarian regimes, democratization, political legitimacy, case studies elections, democracy, autocrats, legitimacy, voting, reform, free and fair elections, opposition, ruling party, regime change, Philippines, Corazon Aquino, snap elections, people power revolution, Marcos, political transition, authoritarianism, democratization, political legitimacy, political reform, electoral process, leadership transition, United opposition, electoral participation
test-religion-wcprrgrhbmi-pro03a	"In any other situation involving minors a precautionary principle would be applied  Any risk needs to be justified against some benefit. In the absence of any demonstrable benefit then there is no need to tolerate any risk, particularly in the case of a newborn baby who cannot express his opinion one way or another and will not be able to do so for years to come.  The risks of circumcision have been repeatedly demonstrated. Though they may be rare, they run from septicemia through to blood hemorrhage and heart attacks. There is little research conducted on the long term effects of the procedure; however there is a growing body of evidence that a surgical complication rate is about 1 in 500 and the post-surgical rate of attrition is believed by many to be higher [i] .  [i] Paul M. Fleiss, MD. “The Case Against Circumcision”. Mothering: The Magazine of Natural Family Living, Winter 1997, pp. 36--45. circumcision, minors, precautionary principle, risk assessment, newborns, medical ethics, surgical risks, benefits vs risks, informed consent, long-term effects, complication rate, post-surgical outcomes, infant circumcision, Paul M. Fleiss, case against circumcision, Mothering magazine, medical research, septicemia, blood hemorrhage, heart attack, surgical complications, child autonomy, evidence-based medicine precautionary principle, minors, risk assessment, benefit justification, newborn decision-making, infant consent, circumcision risks, medical ethics, surgical complications, long-term effects, circumcision statistics, rare adverse events, medical justification, Paul M. Fleiss, case against circumcision, pediatric bioethics, non-therapeutic procedures, child welfare, informed consent, complication rates, post-surgical attrition, newborn health, circumcision controversy, medical literature, risk-benefit analysis circumcision, minors, precautionary principle, medical ethics, newborns, risk justification, surgical risks, septicemia, hemorrhage, heart attack, long-term effects, complication rate, post-surgical attrition, Paul M. Fleiss, ""The Case Against Circumcision"", informed consent, pediatric surgery, evidence-based medicine, infant health, medical literature, risk-benefit analysis circumcision, minors, precautionary principle, risk justification, benefit assessment, newborns, consent, inability to consent, surgical risks, demonstrated risks, rare complications, septicemia, blood hemorrhage, heart attacks, long-term effects, research gap, surgical complication rate, attrition rate, Paul M. Fleiss, ethical considerations, child health, medical ethics, infant surgery, evidence-based medicine, complication statistics, parental decision-making minors, precautionary principle, risk justification, benefit assessment, newborns, informed consent, circumcision, medical risks, surgical complications, long-term effects, septicemia, blood hemorrhage, heart attack, attrition rate, ethical considerations, Paul M. Fleiss, The Case Against Circumcision, pediatric surgery, infant rights, medical ethics, evidence-based medicine"
test-economy-egppphbcb-pro01a	"The market should determine the price of products and services  A free market gives the power to the people to choose and decide what products and services should be offered to them. If many people want the same thing the demand will be higher and it will be profitable to offer them on the market since it will sell, therefore the people are in command of what products are being offered to them through their own want. The market is thus decided upon what people need and therefore there will be no excess products or services offered e.g. let us presume that many people want to see high quality basketball, a person like Michael Jordan who has a talent for basketball and has honed his basketball skills would in this case be much in demand. People are ready to pay for the service he offers (excellent basketball) and consequently his high wage will be justified. On the other hand a mediocre basketball player would not be paid at all since there is no demand to see mediocre basketball, his service does not have an attraction on the market and will thus be eliminated1/2. This is all part of what could be called a ""dynamic capitalist system"" which values individuality (honing your basketball skills), rewards ability (having basketball skills) and risk-taking (risking that you will succeed with it).  1 Adam Smith. (n.d.). The concise Encyclopedia of Economics. Retrieved June 20, 2011  2 Nozick, R. (1974). Anarchy State and Utopia (pp. 54-56, 137-42). Basic Books. free market, market-driven pricing, supply and demand, consumer choice, product availability, service offerings, profitability, market equilibrium, excess supply, consumer demand, high quality basketball, talent valuation, skill-based rewards, wage justification, market elimination, dynamic capitalism, individuality, ability rewards, risk-taking, Adam Smith, Nozick, Anarchy State and Utopia, economics, market power, competitive markets, economic incentives free market, market price, supply and demand, consumer choice, product pricing, service pricing, market equilibrium, profitability, market power, individual choice, capitalism, dynamic capitalist system, Adam Smith, Robert Nozick, Anarchy State and Utopia, economic theory, economic incentives, market-driven economy, talent valuation, income justification, labor market, product offering, market demand, market supply, individual ability, skill rewards, risk-taking, market efficiency, excess supply, economic value, competition, consumer demand free market, price determination, supply and demand, market power, consumer choice, market equilibrium, profitability, product offering, service offering, market-driven economy, excess products, market efficiency, high quality basketball, talent demand, skilled labor, wage justification, market elimination, dynamic capitalism, individuality, meritocracy, risk-taking, Adam Smith, Nozick, Anarchy State and Utopia, economic theory, labor value, justification of wages, market selection, economic incentives, market forces free market, market pricing, supply and demand, consumer choice, product offering, service offering, market demand, profitability, economic efficiency, dynamic capitalist system, value of individuality, reward for ability, risk-taking, talent market, basketball market, wage justification, Adam Smith, Nozick, Anarchy State and Utopia, market elimination, economic incentives, market-driven economy, price determination, capitalism, high-demand services, labor market, market power, product selection, economic theory free market, market price, supply and demand, consumer choice, product pricing, service pricing, market equilibrium, individual preference, dynamic capitalism, Adam Smith, Robert Nozick, Anarchy State and Utopia, profit motive, talent reward, ability-based earnings, basketball example, labor market, economic incentives, excess supply, consumer demand, individuality, capitalism, risk-taking, market-driven economy"
test-politics-dhwem-con02a	PMCs are untrustworthy  The possibility of mercenaries pulling out will always remain a risk. PMCs are not fighting for their own country so they can never be threatened with a charge of desertion. PMCs are motivated by money and do not have the interests of their employer at heart. Loyalty is given to the highest bidder and is therefore delicately balanced. “The fact is, they have no other attraction or reason for keeping the field than a trifle of stipend, which is not sufficient to make them willing to die for you. They are ready enough to be your soldiers whilst you do not make war, but if war comes they take themselves off or run from the foe.”(Machiavelli, 1515) Machiavelli considered that it was mercenaries that ruined Italy much as they are now doing in Iraq and Afghanistan. PMCs, private military companies, untrustworthy, mercenaries, loyalty, desertion, motivation, money, employer interests, highest bidder, stipend, Machiavelli, Italy, Iraq, Afghanistan, risk, unreliability, military contractors, withdrawal, combat motivation, historical comparison, modern conflicts, security firms, battlefield loyalty, military ethics private military companies, PMCs, mercenaries, loyalty, desertion, motivation, financial incentive, employer trust, highest bidder, Machiavelli, untrustworthy, military outsourcing, risk, Iraq, Afghanistan, military reliability, historical perspective, army morale, non-state actors, security contractors, military ethics PMCs, mercenaries, trustworthiness, desertion, loyalty, motivation, money, employer interests, highest bidder, war, Machiavelli, Italy, Iraq, Afghanistan, risk, military contractors, stipend, battlefield withdrawal, unreliable, historical perspective, privatized military PMCs, private military companies, mercenaries, trustworthiness, risk, desertion, motivation, money, loyalty, employer interests, highest bidder, stipend, Machiavelli, Italy, war, Iraq, Afghanistan, reliability, military contractors, foreign conflict, combat motivation, security firms, ethical concerns PMCs, private military companies, untrustworthy, mercenaries, desertion risk, loyalty, financial motivation, highest bidder, employer interests, instability, Machiavelli, stipend, battlefield commitment, security risks, military outsourcing, Iraq, Afghanistan, historical analogy, Italy, military effectiveness, trust issues
test-education-tuhwastua-pro01a	Standardized tests are arbitrary  Standardized tests are inherently arbitrary. They reduce an applicant’s entire academic career to a single one-day session. The result is an inherently unrepresentative test which fails to paint an accurate picture. What if a student has a bad day? What if they do poorly on the specific test questions? In the SAT’s there is an error of measurement of about 30 points either way out of 800, this is the potential difference between where the student really is and what his or her score on the day was. [1] By contrast, looking at their entire academic record ensures that admissions officers will get a far more comprehensive picture of their actual ability. The law of averages means that bad days and tests will be balanced out with good ones, with the result that their academic record, the result of years of work, will reflect their true performance.  [1] Cloud, John, ‘What’s Good about the New SAT Test’, Time, 1 September 2006, standardized tests, arbitrariness, academic assessment, test reliability, measurement error, SAT, college admissions, academic record, comprehensive evaluation, high-stakes testing, single-session testing, student performance, test fairness, educational measurement, cumulative achievement, law of averages, admissions criteria, test-day variability, test score validity, holistic admissions standardized tests, arbitrariness, academic performance, single-session assessment, measurement error, SAT scores, admissions process, comprehensive evaluation, student records, academic transcript, test reliability, one-day testing, performance variability, holistic admissions, law of averages, score accuracy, educational assessment, test limitations, university admissions, student evaluation standardized tests, arbitrariness, academic assessment, one-day session, measurement error, SAT, test accuracy, student performance, comprehensive evaluation, academic record, admissions process, law of averages, test reliability, test validity, holistic admissions, college admissions, score variability, educational measurement standardized tests, arbitrariness, academic assessment, single-day testing, test reliability, test validity, measurement error, SAT, admissions process, academic records, holistic evaluation, student performance, test score variability, comprehensive assessment, law of averages, educational measurement, college admissions, test day performance, high-stakes testing, academic ability standardized tests, arbitrariness, academic assessment, test accuracy, measurement error, SAT, one-day testing, admissions evaluation, academic records, comprehensive evaluation, performance variability, test reliability, holistic admissions, academic achievement, law of averages
test-economy-eptpghdtre-pro01a	Bush squandered an extraordinary economic legacy on tax cuts for the wealthy and too expensive and unnecessary wars.  The Clinton legacy was one of extraordinary economic health including an enormous $4,000 billion surplus. This could have been used to improve services and create jobs. Instead the Bush administration squandered this, mostly on tax cuts for the wealthy and two expensive wars. He turned the surplus on its head, leaving a budget deficit of $482 billion in 2009 with, frankly, not a lot to show for it [i] .  [i] Andrew Taylor. “Bush Leaving Next President Record Federal Deficit”. Huffington Post. 28 July 2008. Bush, economic legacy, tax cuts, wealthy, expensive wars, Clinton legacy, economic health, budget surplus, $4000 billion surplus, public services, job creation, Bush administration, federal deficit, $482 billion deficit, 2009, unnecessary wars, fiscal policy, national debt, Andrew Taylor, Huffington Post, 2008 Bush administration, squandered economic legacy, tax cuts for wealthy, expensive wars, Clinton economic legacy, budget surplus, job creation, federal deficit, Andrew Taylor, Bush deficit, unnecessary wars, economic policy, 2009 deficit, Iraq War, Afghanistan War, Huffington Post, economic health, fiscal policy, public services, surplus to deficit, government spending Bush administration, economic legacy, tax cuts, wealthy, expensive wars, Clinton legacy, economic health, budget surplus, $4,000 billion surplus, public services, job creation, budget deficit, 2009 deficit, federal deficit, Andrew Taylor, Huffington Post, government spending, economic policy, fiscal mismanagement, presidential administrations Bush administration, economic legacy, tax cuts, wealthy, expensive wars, Clinton legacy, economic health, budget surplus, $4,000 billion surplus, services improvement, job creation, budget deficit, $482 billion deficit, unnecessary wars, federal deficit, Andrew Taylor, Huffington Post, 2008, fiscal policy, economic consequences Bush administration, economic legacy, tax cuts, wealthy, unnecessary wars, Clinton legacy, economic health, budget surplus, $4,000 billion surplus, public services, job creation, federal deficit, budget deficit, 2009 deficit, Andrew Taylor, Huffington Post, fiscal policy, government spending, national debt, war expenses, economic mismanagement, US economy, presidential legacy, surplus to deficit, Bush vs Clinton, historical deficits
test-international-epdlhfcefp-pro03a	The creation of the post of a High Representative marked an important change in the EU.  The creation of a post of High Representative and Vice President of the Commission (HRVP) marks an important change in the decision making process at the EU level with regards to foreign policy. Agreement on the post showed a clear commitment to the pursuit of a common EU foreign policy and to developing a unique cooperative model for foreign and defense policy decision making that goes beyond the nation state. Member states should now deliver on that commitment by seeking as much common ground as possible to ensure that the High Representative’s role is truly significant. The goal of a common foreign and security policy should thus be supported not only as a mechanism to streamline EU’s position and role in world politics, but also to reinforce notions of cooperation and consultation essential for maintaining a stable international system, in line with the stated goals of the EU. (The 12 stars in a circle is meant to symbolize the ideals of unity, solidarity and harmony among the peoples of Europe)1.  1 Europa.eu, 'Symbols',accessed 1/8/11 High Representative, HRVP, EU, European Union, foreign policy, common foreign and security policy, CFSP, decision making, Commission Vice President, EU cooperation, defense policy, nation state, international system, member states, European integration, foreign affairs, EU symbols, unity, solidarity, harmony, consultation, European Commission, institutional change, diplomacy, external relations, common ground, policy development, world politics, stability, collaborative model High Representative, HRVP, EU, European Union, foreign policy, decision making, common foreign and security policy, CFSP, defense policy, cooperation, integration, member states, international relations, world politics, unity, solidarity, harmony, Commission, post creation, external relations, diplomacy, supranational, intergovernmental, treaty, foreign affairs, policy coordination, international system, EU symbols, 12 stars, stability, institutional change, Lisbon Treaty, governance High Representative, HRVP, EU decision making, EU foreign policy, EU security policy, EU cooperation, EU defense policy, common EU policy, EU integration, EU governance, EU international relations, foreign affairs, member state cooperation, EU institutional change, EU symbols, unity, solidarity, harmony, European Union, world politics, international system, Commission Vice President, treaty reforms, post-Lisbon Treaty, institutional innovation, CFSP, Common Foreign and Security Policy, EU symbolism High Representative, HRVP, EU, European Union, foreign policy, decision making, common foreign policy, security policy, Vice President of the Commission, EU governance, cooperative model, defense policy, nation state, member states, unity, cooperation, consultation, international system, EU goals, world politics, policy coordination, solidarity, harmony, 12 stars symbol, EU symbols, common ground, significance of High Representative High Representative, HRVP, EU, European Union, foreign policy, decision making, Commission Vice President, common foreign and security policy, CFSP, defense policy, cooperative model, nation state, EU integration, EU institutions, member states, international cooperation, policy coordination, unity, solidarity, harmony, world politics, EU symbolism, EU governance, EU treaties, EU external relations, institutional change, foreign affairs, supranationalism, Europa.eu, EU symbols
test-politics-dhwem-con04a	The role of PMCs has had a negative effect on traditional militaries and their operations.  Soldiers trained at high expense by the state may leave for the greater income of private employment, reducing the power of the state’s military and bolstering the attraction of PMCs. PMCs also have a much more relaxed, business-like attitude to conflict. Being unregulated gives them a freedom to work outside of the law to an extent, using illicit practices such as torture and bribery which goes unnoticed. However, these practices strengthen the morale and line the purses of “the enemy”, such as warlords or the Taliban in Afghanistan, putting the militaries they are fighting alongside in danger. PMCs, private military companies, negative impact, traditional militaries, military operations, soldier attrition, state military power, private sector recruitment, income disparity, unregulated operations, business-like approach, illicit practices, law evasion, torture, bribery, morale effects, enemy funding, warlords, Taliban, Afghanistan, military danger, state security erosion, operational risks, contractor ethics, conflict dynamics, accountability issues, mercenaries Private Military Companies, PMCs, traditional militaries, military operations, military personnel attrition, soldier recruitment, defense sector, state military power, privatization of security, military training costs, PMC recruitment, income disparity, military employment, PMC regulation, illicit practices, war crimes, torture, bribery, international law, conflict dynamics, non-state actors, warlords, Taliban, Afghanistan, morale, military effectiveness, hybrid warfare, security outsourcing, unregulated security forces, ethics in warfare, impact on state military Private Military Companies, PMCs, traditional militaries, negative impact, soldier retention, state military power, private employment, military recruitment, military training, military expenditure, workforce attrition, PMC regulation, law evasion, illicit practices, torture, bribery, conflict attitude, warlords, Taliban, Afghanistan, morale, enemy funding, military operations, security sector, military outsourcing, mercenaries, unregulated forces Private Military Companies, PMCs, traditional military, state military, soldier attrition, high training costs, private employment, reduced military power, military recruitment, PMC attraction, business-like conflict, unregulated contractors, legal loopholes, illicit practices, torture, bribery, law evasion, morale, funding enemies, warlords, Taliban, Afghanistan, operational risk, military danger, negative effects, contractor oversight, military outsourcing PMCs, private military companies, traditional militaries, negative effects, soldier recruitment, state military power, privatization, military training, income disparity, workforce attrition, unregulated operations, business-like attitude, illicit practices, torture, bribery, conflict zones, Afghanistan, warlords, Taliban, military morale, contractor influence, law enforcement gaps, security risks, allied military dangers
test-international-ehbfe-con04a	Subsidiarity will deal with regional identities’ problem  Federalism and subsidiarity, that things should be dealt with at the lowest, most local, level possible, [1] can allow for regional identities in a way national states cannot. For example for Northern Ireland, Corsica, Basque Region, Lombardy. In a Federal Europe such peoples would not feel under threat from a dominant culture and long-running conflicts could be resolved, as issues of sovereignty become less relevant within the new political structures.  [1] Europa, ‘Subsidiarity’ subsidiarity, federalism, regional identities, local governance, national states, minority regions, political autonomy, Northern Ireland, Corsica, Basque Region, Lombardy, Federal Europe, sovereignty, conflict resolution, dominant culture, political structures, Europe, decentralization, identity politics, EU integration Subsidiarity, federalism, regional identities, local governance, regional autonomy, federal Europe, national states, cultural preservation, sovereignty, conflict resolution, Northern Ireland, Corsica, Basque Region, Lombardy, dominant culture, political structures, minority rights, decentralization, European integration, intergovernmental relations subsidiarity, federalism, regional identities, local governance, national states, Northern Ireland, Corsica, Basque Region, Lombardy, Federal Europe, dominant culture, political structures, sovereignty, conflict resolution, minority rights, devolution, cultural autonomy, European Union, regionalism, governance models, power decentralization subsidiarity, federalism, regional identities, local governance, Northern Ireland, Corsica, Basque Region, Lombardy, Federal Europe, dominant culture, sovereignty, conflict resolution, political structures, Europa, subsidiarity principle, national states, minority regions, identity politics, autonomy, decentralization subsidiarity, federalism, regional identities, local governance, Northern Ireland, Corsica, Basque Region, Lombardy, Federal Europe, dominant culture, sovereignty, conflict resolution, political structures, national states, Europa, subsidiarity principle, identity politics, ethnic minorities, autonomy, decentralized governance, regional autonomy
test-politics-cdfsaphgiap-con04a	Damages diplomacy to be too open  Diplomacy can be very personal; diplomatic initiatives are often the result of a single person, and the individual leader is necessary to conclude negotiations. Transparency about a leader's health may therefore prevent deals being done; Nixon went to China despite Mao's ill heath meaning the supreme Chinese leader contributed little to the historic change in diplomatic alinements. 1 Would such a momentous change in alignment have been possible if both the Chinese and American public knew about Mao's ill health? The Americans would have considered any deal unreliable as they could not be sure it was Mao who made the decision, while opponents in China could have argued that it was advisers like Zhou Enlai who made the deal not Mao himself potentially enabling them to repudiate or undermine the deal.  1 Macmillan, Margaret, Seize the Hour When Nixon met Mao, John Murray, London, 2006, p.76 diplomacy, transparency, leader's health, diplomatic negotiations, personal diplomacy, Mao Zedong, Nixon, US-China relations, credibility, decision-making, political alignment, secrecy, diplomatic initiatives, leadership, public knowledge, negotiation reliability, diplomatic history, Zhou Enlai, historical diplomacy, international relations, Margaret Macmillan diplomacy, transparency, leader health, diplomatic negotiations, diplomatic initiatives, personal diplomacy, Nixon, Mao, China, U.S.-China relations, historic diplomatic change, state secrecy, reliability of agreements, public perception, leadership influence, Zhou Enlai, decision-making, diplomatic alignment, negotiation credibility, political opponents, undermining deals, Margaret Macmillan, Seize the Hour damages diplomacy, openness, diplomacy, transparency, leader health, personal diplomacy, diplomatic initiatives, negotiations, Nixon, Mao, China, US-China relations, diplomatic alignment, Mao’s health, reliability, advisers, Zhou Enlai, deal repudiation, deal undermining, public perception, Macmillan, Seize the Hour, diplomatic secrecy damages diplomacy, transparency, leader’s health, diplomatic negotiations, personal diplomacy, Nixon China visit, Mao Zedong health, diplomatic secrecy, historic diplomatic alignments, negotiation reliability, leadership influence, diplomatic confidentiality, Zhou Enlai, undermining deals, repudiation risk, public perception, Margaret Macmillan, Seize the Hour, Sino-American relations, decision legitimacy, advisor influence, negotiation outcome, state secrecy, diplomatic trust, international relations diplomacy, transparency, leader health, diplomatic negotiations, personal diplomacy, Nixon, Mao Zedong, China, US-China relations, diplomatic secrecy, political alignment, decision-making, negotiation credibility, Zhou Enlai, leadership perception, diplomatic reliability, historical diplomacy, public awareness, policy change, Margaret Macmillan
test-philosophy-pphbclsbs-pro04a	It is with the popular support of the public that security measures are taken.  Let us not forget that is with the consent of the public that these security measures are taken, CCTV for example was a populist measure that has often been considered a threat to civil liberties [1] . It is in line with democratic ideals; the majority of the country wants greater security [2] . For example in 2005 59% of Americans wanted the Patriot Act extended. [3] And because democracy embodies all those values we are fighting for – freedom and equality included- we must adhere to a democratic spirit when deciding on how to organise ourselves or else risk falling into the same mind-set as those terrorists themselves.  [1] Norris, Clive, McCahill, Mike and Wood, David, ‘Editorial. The Growth of CCTV: a global perspective on the international diffusion of video surveillance in publically accessible space’, Surveillance & Society, 2(2/4):110-135, 2004,  (2)/editorial.pdf, accessed 9 September 2011  [2] Law Council of Australia, ‘Politics and Populism win out at anti-terror summit’, 30 September 2005,   [3] Langer, Gary, ‘Poll: Support Seen for Patriot Act’, ABCnews, 9 June 2005,  , accessed 9 public support, security measures, democratic ideals, public consent, CCTV, surveillance, civil liberties, populism, majority opinion, Patriot Act, public opinion, democracy, freedom, equality, anti-terror policies, video surveillance, surveillance society, terror response, public policy, privacy rights, national security public support, security measures, public consent, CCTV, surveillance, civil liberties, democratic ideals, majority opinion, public opinion, Patriot Act, democracy, freedom, equality, anti-terrorism, populist measures, video surveillance, terrorism, law enforcement, human rights, privacy, national security, public safety public support, security measures, democratic ideals, CCTV, civil liberties, populism, video surveillance, public consent, Patriot Act, majority opinion, democracy, freedom, equality, anti-terrorism, national security, surveillance society, popular opinion, law enforcement, public safety, privacy rights, terrorism, public attitude, civil rights, political populism, democratic process public support, security measures, CCTV, civil liberties, democratic ideals, majority opinion, Patriot Act, surveillance, video surveillance, democracy, freedom, equality, public consent, anti-terror measures, populism, public opinion, law enforcement, public safety, terrorism, political decision-making, public policy, international surveillance, public space, poll results, societal values public support, security measures, democratic consent, civil liberties, CCTV, populism, surveillance, democracy, public opinion, majority, Patriot Act, anti-terrorism, freedom, equality, democratic ideals, terrorism, video surveillance, law enforcement, public safety, public policy, privacy concerns
test-politics-gvhbhlsbr-con01a	The House of Lords allows a number of experts to influence government policy.  While the members of the House of Lords may represent a small section of society, they also include expert peers including lawyers, scientists, businesspeople, academics, doctors and civil servants that can balance out the sometimes short term, political opportunism present in the House of Commons. Election does not guarantee these expertise and knowledge, so having a second chamber that is appointed rather than elected improves the quality of the governance of the country. House of Lords, experts, government policy, expert peers, lawyers, scientists, businesspeople, academics, doctors, civil servants, House of Commons, short term politics, political opportunism, election, expertise, appointed chamber, second chamber, governance, appointed vs elected, quality of governance, parliamentary system, legislative expertise House of Lords, expert peers, government policy, influence, expertise, lawyers, scientists, businesspeople, academics, doctors, civil servants, appointed chamber, unelected chamber, governance quality, House of Commons, political opportunism, second chamber, parliamentary system, legislative balance, policy advice, democratic representation, election vs appointment House of Lords, experts, influence, government policy, expert peers, lawyers, scientists, businesspeople, academics, doctors, civil servants, society representation, second chamber, appointed, elected, governance quality, political opportunism, House of Commons, expertise, knowledge, unelected chamber, legislative process, policy advice, parliamentary system, UK government, membership selection, checks and balances House of Lords, experts, government policy, expert peers, lawyers, scientists, businesspeople, academics, doctors, civil servants, appointed chamber, second chamber, governance quality, elected vs appointed, policy influence, political opportunism, House of Commons, legislature, parliamentary expertise, UK Parliament, representation, governance improvement House of Lords, government policy, expert peers, lawyers, scientists, businesspeople, academics, doctors, civil servants, representation, expertise, appointed chamber, second chamber, elected chamber, governance quality, policy influence, political opportunism, House of Commons, parliamentary system, UK government, democratic process, legislative expertise, non-elected members, upper house, advisory role
test-sport-aastshsrqsar-con04a	Racial quotas don’t develop new players  The quota system could lead to moving players from the regional teams who generally have less non-white players pilfering them from other unions, rather “Home growing” them [1] .  Former Springboks coach Peter de Villiers, the first non-white person in that role, has described quotas as a “waste of time [2] ”.  Depending on the exact phraseology of the rules, this could even allow black players from outside South Africa (from, for example, England) to be used to fill the quota.  [1] McGregor, Liz, ‘New Year, new model for SA Rugby? Here’s hoping’, Books Live, 30 December 2013,   [2] Peacock, James, ‘Peter de Villiers says racial quotas are ‘waste of time’, BBC Sport, 15 August 2013, racial quotas, player development, quota system, South African rugby, non-white players, regional teams, player recruitment, homegrown talent, player movement, Peter de Villiers, Springboks coach, criticism of quotas, foreign players, filling quotas, rugby unions, Liz McGregor, James Peacock, Books Live, BBC Sport, racial policy, sports diversity, talent pipeline racial quotas, player development, quota system, South African rugby, non-white players, regional teams, player transfer, homegrown talent, Peter de Villiers, Springboks coach, waste of time, foreign players, eligibility rules, black players, rugby unions, transformation policy, Liz McGregor, James Peacock, sports diversity, racial integration, team selection, affirmative action, rugby recruitment, quota criticism, South Africa sports, imported players racial quotas, player development, South African rugby, quota system, regional teams, non-white players, homegrown players, player recruitment, Peter de Villiers, Springboks coach, quota criticism, international players, black players, South Africa, rugby unions, race policy, team composition, sports diversity, rugby transformation, sports migration, rugby regulations racial quotas, rugby, South Africa, player development, quota system, regional teams, non-white players, player migration, homegrown talent, Peter de Villiers, Springboks, black players, eligibility rules, foreign players, SA Rugby, transformation policy, sports diversity, affirmative action, Liz McGregor, BBC Sport, racial representation racial quotas, rugby, player development, quota system, regional teams, non-white players, player recruitment, South Africa, homegrown talent, Springboks, Peter de Villiers, affirmative action, sports policy, imported players, foreign players, racial diversity, sports unions, player movement, transformation policy, South African rugby, black players, criticism, sports quotas
test-philosophy-eppphwlrtjs-con01a	Protections offered in a court must be absolute in order for the court to be just.  A just adversarial court system is premised on absolutes: that the defence has certain absolute rights which check it against government corruption, and which ensure fair trials even at the expense of conviction. Indeed, it is for this reason that we say it is better to let ten guilty men go free than to punish one innocent man. The protections in place that ensure fair trials must always be upheld, or else the guarantee of fairness no longer exists. If the government can sometimes remove this right, even in clearly delineated circumstances, then the right is no longer absolute, and the presumption in favour of the defence is far weaker, undermining the justness of the entire system. absolute protections, fair trial, adversarial court system, justice, defence rights, government corruption, conviction, innocent until proven guilty, presumption of innocence, legal guarantees, due process, judicial fairness, legal absolutes, constitutional rights, court system integrity, legal checks, upholding protections, right to defense, legal fairness, unjust prosecution absolute protections, court fairness, just court system, adversarial system, defence rights, government corruption, fair trials, conviction, presumption of innocence, judicial absolutes, legal safeguards, right to fair trial, justice system, protections of accused, erosion of rights, judicial integrity, innocence over conviction, legal principles, inalienable rights, due process absolute protections, court justice, adversarial court system, defence rights, government corruption, fair trials, conviction standards, innocent protection, legal absolutes, judicial fairness, presumption of innocence, rule of law, upholding rights, criminal justice, due process, legal safeguards, justice system integrity, constitutional rights, trial fairness, legal guarantees court protections, absolute rights, just court, adversarial system, defence rights, government corruption, fair trial, conviction, guilty go free, innocent protection, presumption of innocence, guarantee of fairness, government overreach, defence safeguards, justice system, removal of rights, legal absolutes, undermining justice, fair trial protections, legal integrity, due process absolute protections, court justice, adversarial system, defense rights, government corruption, fair trials, conviction expense, innocent protection, legal absolutes, trial guarantees, rights removal, presumption of innocence, due process, legal fairness, judicial integrity, system justness, defense safeguards, government power limits
test-education-egtuscpih-pro03a	Online courses are a way to higher academic excellence  Relocating to the best universities is a budgetary concern, but also family and social relations concern for many people, which prevents all the best people from even applying to universities that would suit them the best. Online courses can recruit students from anywhere in the world much easier than traditional universities can because students don't need to travel far away for the best education. This then ensures that universities have better access to the brightest people. For instance, Stanford University's online course on Artificial Intelligence enabled people from 190 countries to join, and none of students receiving a score of 100 percent where from Stanford [14]. Improving the pool of students would automatically result in better academics, professionals and science, which would benefit the society better. online courses, academic excellence, university relocation, budgetary concerns, family concerns, social relations, global student recruitment, remote education, best universities, access to education, international students, Stanford University, Artificial Intelligence course, diverse students, student pool, academic improvement, professional development, science advancement, societal benefits, distance learning, education accessibility online courses, academic excellence, university relocation, budget concerns, family concerns, social relations, accessibility, global recruitment, distance learning, traditional universities, student diversity, best education, bright students, Stanford University, Artificial Intelligence course, worldwide participation, student pool, academic improvement, professional development, scientific advancement, societal benefit online courses, academic excellence, university relocation, budget concerns, family concerns, social relations, university application, global student recruitment, distance education, accessibility, best universities, student diversity, Stanford University, Artificial Intelligence, worldwide access, student pool, academic improvement, professional development, scientific advancement, societal benefit online courses, academic excellence, university relocation, budget concerns, family concerns, social relations, university applications, global student recruitment, traditional universities, remote education, access to education, brightest students, Stanford University, online learning, Artificial Intelligence course, international students, student diversity, academic improvement, professional development, societal benefit online courses, higher academic excellence, university relocation, budget concerns, family concerns, social relations, global student recruitment, remote education, accessibility, online learning, best universities, education access, geographic barriers, diverse student pool, Stanford University, artificial intelligence course, international students, academic improvement, professional development, scientific advancement, societal benefit
test-politics-oglilpdwhsn-con01a	"The New START treaty harms US nuclear capabilities  As David Ganz, the president of the Jewish Institute for National Security Affairs (JINSA), argues: ""This treaty would restrain the development and deployment of new nuclear weapons, missile defense systems, and missile delivery systems."" [1] The atrophying U.S. nuclear arsenal and weapons enterprise make reductions in the U.S. strategic nuclear arsenal even more dangerous. The new START treaty allows nuclear modernization but while the US capacity to modernize nuclear weapons is limited and either congress or the president is likely to prevent modernization on cost grounds. The Russians have a large, if unknown, advantage over the United States in terms of nonstrategic, particularly tactical, and nuclear weapons. The New START treaty however ignores these weapons entirely as it is focused on strategic arms. This therefore leaves the Russians with an advantage and potentially reduces the potential for deterrence in areas beyond the US. [2]  New START also restricts US missile defence options. The Obama Administration insists the treaty doesn’t affect it, but the Kremlin’s takes a different view: ""[START] can operate and be viable only if the United States of America refrains from developing its missile-defense capabilities quantitatively or qualitatively."" [3] New START imposes restrictions on U.S. missile defence options in at least four areas. First the preamble recognizes “the interrelationship between strategic offensive arms and strategic defensive arms” it seeks to make sure defensive arms “do not undermine the viability and effectiveness of the strategic offensive arms of the parties” so defensive arms must be reduced to allow offensive arms to remain effective. [4] Russia also issued a unilateral statement on April 7, 2010, Russia reinforced this restriction by issuing a unilateral statement asserting that it considers the “extraordinary events” that give “the right to withdraw from this treaty” to include a buildup of missile defense. [5] Second, Article V states “Each Party shall not convert and shall not use ICBM launchers and SLBM launchers for placement of missile defense interceptors” and vice versa. [6] There are also restrictions on some types of missiles and launchers that are used in the testing of missile defense. And Finally, article X established the Bilateral Consultative Commission (BCC), the treaty’s implementing body, with oversight over the implementation of the treaty which may impose additional restrictions on the U.S. missile defense program. [7]  [1] Weingarten, Elizabeth. “How did New START become a Jewish issue?”. The Atlantic. 1 Decemebr 2010.   [2] Spring, Baker. ""Twelve Flaws of New START That Will Be Difficult to Fix"". Heritage Foundation, The Foundry. 16 September 2010.   [3] Brookes, Peter. “Not a new START, but a bad START”. The Hill. 13 September 2010.   [4] Obama, Barak, and Medvedev, Dmitri, ‘Treaty Between The United States of America And The Russian Federation On Measures For The Further Reduction And Limitation Of Strategic Offensive Arms’, U.S. Department of State,   [5] Bureau of Verification, Compliance, and Implementation, ‘New START Treaty Fact Sheet: Unilateral Statements’, U.S. Department of State, 13 May 2010,   [6] Obama, Barak, and Medvedev, Dmitri, ‘Treaty Between The United States of America And The Russian Federation On Measures For The Further Reduction And Limitation Of Strategic Offensive Arms’, U.S. Department of State,   [7] Spring, Baker. ""Twelve Flaws of New START That Will Be Difficult to Fix"". Heritage Foundation, The Foundry. 16 September 2010. New START treaty, US nuclear capabilities, nuclear modernization, missile defense, nuclear weapons, strategic arms, tactical nuclear weapons, nonstrategic weapons, nuclear arsenal reduction, Russia nuclear advantage, missile delivery systems, US-Russia arms control, deterrence, missile defense restrictions, ICBM launchers, SLBM launchers, Bilateral Consultative Commission, Obama Administration, treaty implementation, unilateral statement, arms limitation, cost of modernization, Jewish Institute for National Security Affairs, JINSA, strategic offensive arms, strategic defensive arms, treaty withdrawal, arms control flaws, US-Russia relations New START treaty, US nuclear capabilities, nuclear modernization, missile defense, David Ganz, Jewish Institute for National Security Affairs, JINSA, strategic nuclear arsenal, nonstrategic nuclear weapons, tactical nuclear weapons, US-Russia arms control, nuclear deterrence, strategic arms, US missile defense restrictions, Obama Administration, Bilateral Consultative Commission, BCC, ICBM launchers, SLBM launchers, missile defense interceptors, Russian nuclear advantage, treaty implementation, unilateral statement, treaty withdrawal, Heritage Foundation, treaty flaws, US arms reduction, strategic defensive arms, offensive arms, nuclear arsenal atrophy New START treaty, US nuclear capabilities, David Ganz, JINSA, nuclear weapons development, missile defense systems, missile delivery systems, US nuclear arsenal, nuclear modernization, US Congress, modernization limitations, Russian nuclear advantage, nonstrategic nuclear weapons, tactical nuclear weapons, strategic arms, deterrence, missile defense restrictions, Obama Administration, Kremlin, strategic offensive arms, strategic defensive arms, ICBM launchers, SLBM launchers, missile defense interceptors, Bilateral Consultative Commission, BCC, treaty oversight, unilateral statement, Russia, US missile defense program, treaty implementation, Heritage Foundation, treaty flaws New START treaty, U.S. nuclear capabilities, nuclear modernization, missile defense, tactical nuclear weapons, nonstrategic nuclear weapons, strategic arms control, U.S.-Russia arms treaty, deterrence, missile delivery systems, nuclear arsenal reductions, Bilateral Consultative Commission, treaty restrictions, unilateral statement, treaty enforcement, missile defense interceptors, U.S. Congress, Russian nuclear advantage, strategic offensive arms, strategic defensive arms, JINSA, arms limitation, Obama Administration, Russian Federation, treaty implementation, arms control policy, nuclear weapons enterprise, treaty criticism, U.S.-Russia relations, cost of modernization New START treaty, U.S. nuclear capabilities, nuclear modernization, missile defense, strategic arms reduction, tactical nuclear weapons, nonstrategic nuclear weapons, U.S.-Russia nuclear balance, treaty restrictions, missile delivery systems, Bilateral Consultative Commission, nuclear deterrence, JINSA, David Ganz, Obama Administration, Russian nuclear advantage, U.S. missile defense limitations, arms control, strategic offensive arms, strategic defensive arms, U.S. nuclear arsenal, Russian nuclear arsenal, treaty compliance, treaty unilateral statement, ICBM launchers, SLBM launchers, missile defense interceptors, nuclear weapons development, Congressional opposition, nuclear weapon"
test-politics-dhbanhrnw-con05a	The threat of a state developing nuclear weapons could instigate pre-emptive strikes from its neighbours and rivals to prevent the acquisition of such weapons  The threat represented by potential nuclear powers will instigate pre-emptive strikes by countries fearing the future behaviour of the budding nuclear powers. Until a state develops a nuclear capacity that its rivals believe they cannot destroy in a first strike, nuclear weapons increase the risk of war. For example, Israel will have a very real incentive to attack Iran before it can complete its development of nuclear weapons, lest it become an existential threat to Israel’s survival. The United States military even considered attempting to destroy the USSR’s capability before they had second strike capability General Orvil Anderson publicly declared: “Give me the order to do it and I can break up Russia’s five A-bomb nests in a week…And when I went up to Christ—I think I could explain to Him that I had saved civilization.” [1] The development of nuclear weapons can thus destabilize regions before they are ever operational, as it is in no country’s interest that its rivals become capable of using nuclear force against it. Clearly, it is best that such states do not develop nuclear weapons in the first place so as to prevent such instability and conflict.  [1] Stevens, Austin “General Removed over War Speech,” New York Times, September 2, 1950, p. 8  improve this  COUNTERPOINT  If a country is surrounded by hostile neighbours that are likely to attempt a pre-emptive strike upon it, then nuclear weapons are all the more desirable. With nuclear weapons a country cannot be pushed around by regional bullies. It seems perfectly fair that Iran would covet the ability to resist Israeli might in the Middle East and defend itself from aggression by it or the United States. nuclear weapons, pre-emptive strikes, nuclear proliferation, regional instability, existential threat, second strike capability, deterrence, Israel, Iran, United States, USSR, military strategy, nuclear capacity, first strike, nuclear arms race, regional security, nuclear deterrence, hostile neighbours, conflict prevention, Middle East, military aggression, nuclear force, nuclear nonproliferation, security dilemma, international relations, threat perception, strategic balance, nuclear instability, state security, war risk, preventive war nuclear weapons, pre-emptive strikes, regional instability, nuclear proliferation, deterrence, second strike capability, existential threat, Israel, Iran, United States, USSR, first strike, nuclear arms race, military strategy, nuclear deterrence, national security, nuclear development, hostile neighbours, Middle East conflict, nuclear escalation, preventive war, defense policy, nuclear capability, regional security, international relations, arms control, mutual assured destruction, military doctrine, power balance, threat perception nuclear weapons, pre-emptive strikes, state threat, nuclear proliferation, regional instability, deterrence, existential threat, second strike capability, Israel, Iran, United States, USSR, Orvil Anderson, nuclear arms race, security dilemma, military strategy, Middle East, nuclear deterrence, hostile neighbors, self-defense, proliferation risks, international conflict, nuclear capability, regional security, strategic balance, counterproliferation, preventive war, nuclear force, nuclear instability, arms control nuclear weapons, pre-emptive strikes, nuclear proliferation, regional instability, existential threat, deterrence, second-strike capability, arms race, nuclear strategy, Israel, Iran, United States, USSR, military doctrine, nuclear capacity, security dilemma, preventive war, nuclear arms control, Middle East security, mutual assured destruction, nuclear deterrence, hostile neighbors, destabilization, first strike, regional conflict, state security, nuclear acquisition, defense strategy, nuclear policy nuclear weapons, pre-emptive strikes, nuclear proliferation, regional instability, deterrence, existential threat, Israel, Iran, United States, USSR, first strike capability, second strike capability, nuclear arms race, military strategy, nuclear deterrence, security dilemma, international conflict, nuclear capacity, pre-emptive war, nuclear threat perception, nuclear escalation, world security, war risk, hostile neighbors, national defense, balance of power, nuclear doctrine, preventive war, Orvil Anderson, nuclear policy, disarmament, nuclear development, Middle East security
test-religion-wcprrgrhbmi-pro02a	There is always a risk associated with surgery and taking such a risk for no particular reason is irresponsible  A report by the Royal Dutch Medical Association noted that there was not a single medical body in the world that could point, categorically to a medical need for circumcision of infants. It further concluded that “The fact that this practice is not medically necessary and entails a genuine risk of complications means that extra-stringent requirements must be established with regard to this type of information and advice.” Yet this is a practice that is performed around the world by people with little or no medical training and accepted by parents as an instruction from God.  Studies from the US suggest that around 230 baby boys die in America every year as a direct result of hemorrhaging following circumcision [i] .  [i] circumcision, infant circumcision, surgery risks, medical necessity, Royal Dutch Medical Association, complications, non-medical practitioners, religious circumcision, parental consent, infant mortality, hemorrhaging, United States, global practices, ethical concerns, medical guidelines, unnecessary surgery, parental decisions, risk of death, complications statistics, circumcision debate circumcision, surgery risk, infant circumcision, medical necessity, Royal Dutch Medical Association, complications, parental consent, religious practices, infant mortality, hemorrhaging, untrained practitioners, global practice, ethical considerations, infant death statistics, United States, medical advice, pediatric surgery, medical guidelines, non-therapeutic circumcision, circumcision complications circumcision, infant circumcision, surgical risk, medical ethics, Royal Dutch Medical Association, medical necessity, complications, hemorrhaging, infant mortality, parental consent, religious circumcision, untrained practitioners, global practice, medical advice, United States, mortality statistics, child health, pediatric surgery, ethical concerns, non-therapeutic surgery, parental responsibility circumcision, infant circumcision, medical necessity, surgical risks, Royal Dutch Medical Association, circumcision complications, parental consent, religious circumcision, non-medical circumcision, circumcision mortality, infant death, hemorrhage, United States, global circumcision practices, ethical considerations, medical training, circumcision controversy, circumcision statistics, medical guidelines, neonatal surgery circumcision, infant circumcision, medical necessity, surgical risk, Royal Dutch Medical Association, complications, mortality, hemorrhaging, non-medical practitioners, religious circumcision, parental consent, infant mortality, ethical considerations, global practices, United States, annual deaths, medical guidelines, informed consent, infant surgery, complications statistics
test-health-hdond-con01a	The right to access healthcare is absolute  Healthcare is a primary means by which individuals actualize their right to be protected against an untimely death. The ability to access healthcare, to not have the government actively intervene against one receiving it, is of fundamental importance for living a long and worthwhile life, and is hence entrenched in the constitutions of many liberal democracies and much of international human rights literature {WHO - Health and Human Rights}. While some rights, such as the right to mobility, can be taken away as a matter of desert in almost all societies, absolutely fundamental rights, such as the right to a fair trial, are actually inalienable and ought to never be violated. What this means in practice is that one’s access to healthcare should not be continent. The government should set no standards on who deserves life-saving treatment and who doesn’t. To do so would be to assign a dangerous power of life and death over the government. right to access healthcare, absolute healthcare rights, healthcare as human right, healthcare and untimely death, government intervention healthcare, healthcare in constitutions, liberal democracies healthcare, international human rights healthcare, WHO health rights, inalienable rights, right to fair trial, healthcare and fundamental rights, access to life-saving treatment, government healthcare standards, healthcare discrimination, health and human rights literature, entitlement to healthcare, healthcare ethics, equality in healthcare, moral rights to healthcare right to access healthcare, absolute healthcare rights, healthcare and human rights, healthcare as fundamental right, right to life, government intervention in healthcare, constitutional healthcare rights, international human rights, WHO Health and Human Rights, inalienable rights, ethical access to healthcare, healthcare discrimination, fair trial comparison, healthcare eligibility, life-saving treatment, liberal democracies and healthcare, rights violation, healthcare justice, universal healthcare access, healthcare policy right to healthcare, absolute healthcare access, fundamental rights, untimely death, health as a human right, government intervention, inalienable rights, fair trial, liberal democracies, international human rights, WHO, health rights constitutions, right to life, healthcare entitlement, non-discriminatory healthcare, access to life-saving treatment, government standards healthcare, protected health rights, right to protection from death, health and human rights literature right to healthcare, absolute right, healthcare access, human rights, untimely death, government intervention, liberal democracies, international human rights, constitutions, fundamental rights, inalienable rights, fair trial, access to treatment, healthcare standards, life-saving treatment, health and human rights, WHO, right to life, equality in healthcare, healthcare policy, healthcare justice, government responsibility right to access healthcare, absolute rights, healthcare as a human right, untimely death prevention, government non-interference, fundamental importance, constitutional rights, liberal democracies, international human rights, WHO health rights, inalienable rights, right to fair trial, healthcare access, non-contingent healthcare, equality in healthcare, life-saving treatment, government standards, discrimination in healthcare, power over life and death, human dignity, healthcare equality
test-education-tuhwastua-pro02a	Standardized Tests are skewed in favour of the wealthy  Standardized tests are inherently skewed in favour of high-income students. Tutoring is and industry unto itself and the resulting rise in scores among high income students skews the scale against students whose families cannot afford it. By contrast, even if the money is available, the impact that tutoring can have on a student’s academic performance is limited. A tutor cannot write papers or take tests for them, and nor can they answer questions in class, or participate in sports or other extracurricular activities. As a consequence, eliminating easily tutored standardized tests helps even the playing field between richer and poorer students. standardized tests, wealth disparity, educational inequality, socioeconomic status, high-income students, tutoring industry, test preparation, score disparities, access to resources, low-income students, academic performance, tutoring benefits, extracurricular activities, educational access, test bias, equity in education, test elimination, meritocracy, academic achievement gap, education reform standardized tests, wealth disparity, test bias, socioeconomic status, tutoring industry, academic performance, test prep, income inequality, education equity, high-income students, low-income students, test scores, educational access, privileged students, disadvantaged students, private tutoring, academic achievement gap, test fairness, educational inequality, educational assessment standardized tests, wealth disparity, high-income students, tutoring industry, test preparation, educational inequality, academic performance, socioeconomic bias, access to resources, test score gaps, low-income students, educational equity, private tutoring, assessment fairness, education policy, test bias, disadvantage, academic achievement, standardized testing reform, privilege in education standardized tests, test bias, socioeconomic status, wealthy students, high-income students, tutoring industry, educational inequality, test preparation, access to resources, academic performance, test score disparity, education equity, low-income students, testing fairness, educational opportunity gap, extracurricular activities, affluent families, education policy, testing reform, meritocracy standardized tests, socioeconomic disparity, wealthy students, high-income students, tutoring industry, academic performance, test score gap, educational inequality, access to tutoring, test preparation, standardized testing bias, education equity, low-income students, test prep impact, privilege in education, fairness in testing, educational opportunity, test score advantage, standardized assessment, tutoring effect
test-education-udfakusma-pro04a	Students would be able to benefit from being able to use resources at other universities  Having paid for access to universities and the materials they provide for research students have a right to expect that they will have all the necessary materials available. Unfortunately this is not always the case. University libraries are unable to afford all the university journals they wish to have access to or need for their courses. Therefore any student who wants to go into areas not anticipated by the course they are enrolled with will find that they do not have access to the materials they require. They then face the cost of getting individual access to an online journal article which can be up to $42, despite there being almost zero marginal cost to the publisher. [1] This even affects the biggest and best resourced university libraries. Robert Darnton the director of Harvard University’s library which pays $3.5million per year for journal articles says “The system is absurd” and “academically restrictive” instead “the answer will be open-access journal publishing”. [2]  [1] Sciverse, “Pay-per-view”, Elsevier,   [2] Sample, Ian, “Harvard University says it can’t afford journal publishers’ prices”, The Guardian, 24 April 2012. student access, university libraries, academic journals, journal pricing, open access publishing, research materials, inter-university resources, library budgets, educational resources, pay-per-view articles, academic publishing costs, journal subscription, research student rights, access barriers, scholarly communication, Harvard library, material availability, journal affordability, academic resource sharing university libraries, journal access, open-access publishing, student resources, research materials, pay-per-view articles, academic publishing costs, inter-university resource sharing, journal subscriptions, academic restrictions, publisher pricing, material availability, course unanticipated areas, Harvard library budget, scholarly communication, Elsevier, open access, material affordability, library funding, academic journal costs university libraries, academic journals, open access, research materials, student access, journal subscriptions, paywalls, resource sharing, interlibrary loan, journal costs, publication fees, institutional access, educational resources, information barriers, library budgets, journal publishers, cost of access, academic publishing, research barriers, open-access publishing, scholarly communication, Harvard University, Elsevier, pay-per-view, academic restrictions, library funding, research accessibility university libraries, journal access, open access publishing, research materials, academic resources, inter-university borrowing, journal pricing, student rights, online journal access, subscription costs, pay-per-view articles, library budgets, academic publishing, resource sharing, Robert Darnton, Harvard library, scholarly communication, journal affordability, research barriers, Elsevier university libraries, journal access, research materials, student benefits, open access, academic publishing, pay-per-view, journal costs, library budgets, Harvard University, Robert Darnton, resource sharing, restricted access, journal subscriptions, Elsevier, open-access journals, interlibrary loan, academic resources, scholarly publishing, educational equity
test-health-ppelfhwbpba-con01a	"The concept of ""foetal rights"" is an attack on the autonomy of women  The culture of foetal rights reflects a dangerous litigious trend in American society, and implies a view of pregnant women as being nothing more than baby-carrying machines whose independence and autonomy should be restricted and whose motivations should be questioned at every turn. If this has implications for the abortion debate, then those implications are profoundly damaging to women in general. In any case, the mother of a wanted baby has entirely different responsibilities toward the unborn foetus from the mother of an unwanted baby - that’s why our society allows both abortions and antenatal classes. foetal rights, women's autonomy, abortion debate, litigious trend, American society, reproductive rights, maternal independence, pregnant women's rights, antenatal classes, unwanted pregnancy, wanted pregnancy, women's motivations, women's responsibilities, abortion implications, women's freedom, reproductive justice, pro-choice, women's health, legal restrictions, women's empowerment foetal rights, women's autonomy, abortion debate, pregnant women, litigious trends, American society, reproductive rights, women's independence, bodily autonomy, legal implications, unwanted pregnancy, wanted pregnancy, antenatal care, pro-choice, maternal responsibilities, gender equality, reproductive justice, legal restrictions, abortion access, women's rights foetal rights, women's autonomy, abortion debate, reproductive rights, American society, litigious trend, pregnant women, maternal independence, women's motivations, baby-carrying machines, women's rights, unwanted pregnancy, antenatal classes, abortion legality, foetus responsibility, women's health, pro-choice, anti-abortion laws, maternal rights, reproductive freedom, societal implications, gender equality, pregnancy autonomy, legal implications, women's wellbeing foetal rights, women's autonomy, abortion debate, American society, litigious trend, women's independence, pregnant women, reproductive rights, women's motivations, legal implications, motherhood, unborn fetus, antenatal classes, abortion laws, women's rights, bodily autonomy, wanted pregnancy, unwanted pregnancy, societal implications, gender equality, reproductive justice foetal rights, women's autonomy, abortion debate, American society, litigious culture, pregnant women, maternal independence, reproductive rights, legal implications, maternal responsibilities, unwanted pregnancy, antenatal care, women's rights, body autonomy, pregnancy law, abortion rights, legal restrictions, reproductive justice, gender equality, women's health"
test-international-apwhbaucmip-pro01a	The Solemn Declaration  The Solemn Declaration did not just highlight the goal but also that it would be achieved through three techniques: by 1, addressing the causes of conflicts – economic and social disparities, strengthening judicial systems to ensure accountability, and reaffirming collective responsibility, 2, preventing emerging sources of conflict such as piracy getting a foothold, and 3, engaging in conflict prevention. [1]  Africa has been building the African Peace and Security Architecture to address these causes of conflict. It has created the Peace and Security Council that facilitates the AU’s response to crises; it can engage in actions from humanitarian assistance to military intervention if there are particularly grave circumstances such as genocide. [2] When it does authorise action, this action is coordinated by the AU commission. When it comes to peaceful resolution of conflict, the AU has a ‘Panel of the Wise’ made up of former presidents and others with lots of influence and moral authority who use preventative diplomacy to try to resolve conflicts. [3]  [1] African Union, 2013, p.5  [2] Williams, Paul D., ‘The African Union’s Conflict Management Capabilities’, Council on Foreign Relations, October 2011,  , p.7  [3] Ibid, p.12 Solemn Declaration, conflict prevention, African Peace and Security Architecture, APSA, Peace and Security Council, AU, judicial systems, accountability, economic disparities, social disparities, collective responsibility, piracy, conflict sources, humanitarian assistance, military intervention, genocide, AU commission, Panel of the Wise, preventative diplomacy, African Union, conflict management, crisis response, peacebuilding, conflict resolution, Africa security, regional cooperation, diplomacy, African Union initiatives, AU mechanisms Solemn Declaration, conflict prevention, African Peace and Security Architecture, Peace and Security Council, African Union, AU Commission, judicial systems, accountability, collective responsibility, economic disparities, social disparities, emerging conflicts, piracy, humanitarian assistance, military intervention, genocide, Panel of the Wise, preventative diplomacy, conflict resolution, Africa, conflict management, peacebuilding, AU response, crisis response, Paul D. Williams, African Union 2013, Council on Foreign Relations Solemn Declaration, conflict prevention, African Union, Africa, economic disparities, social disparities, judicial systems, accountability, collective responsibility, piracy, African Peace and Security Architecture, Peace and Security Council, AU response, humanitarian assistance, military intervention, genocide, AU commission, crisis coordination, Panel of the Wise, preventative diplomacy, conflict resolution, former presidents, moral authority, AU conflict management, African security, collective security, peacebuilding, Paul D. Williams Solemn Declaration, conflict prevention, African Union, peace and security, African Peace and Security Architecture, Peace and Security Council, judicial systems, accountability, collective responsibility, economic disparities, social disparities, emerging conflicts, piracy, humanitarian assistance, military intervention, genocide, AU commission, Panel of the Wise, preventive diplomacy, conflict resolution, Africa, AU crisis response, moral authority, conflict management, collective security, diplomacy, AU conflict intervention Solemn Declaration, conflict resolution, African Peace and Security Architecture, Peace and Security Council, African Union, judicial systems, accountability, collective responsibility, economic disparities, social disparities, conflict prevention, piracy, humanitarian assistance, military intervention, genocide, AU Commission, Panel of the Wise, preventative diplomacy, crisis response, Africa, peacebuilding, conflict management, governance, institutional capacity, AU action coordination, moral authority, diplomacy
test-culture-mthbah-con04a	Advertising is only as annoying as you want it to be.  No-one is forced to put advertising on their property - for many companies it is an important part of their income. Football teams would have much less money if they were not sponsored. Manchester United's shirt sponsorship deal with Aon is worth £80 million. For the small annoyance of having to have a logo on the shirt, the football club can afford to buy new players and hopefully win more games. And no-one is forced to look at advertising - you can turn the TV off between shows, or just flick past adverts in newspapers. If you don't want to see the adverts, then just ignore them. advertising, annoyance, property, sponsorship, income, football teams, Manchester United, Aon, shirt sponsorship, revenue, advertising impact, sports funding, brand logos, viewer choice, ad avoidance, media, advertisements, sports marketing, advertising revenue, consumer behavior, television ads, newspaper adverts, brand exposure, ignoring ads advertising, annoyance, sponsorship, football, income, companies, Manchester United, Aon, shirt sponsorship, £80 million, revenue, logos, sports teams, player acquisition, advertising avoidance, TV adverts, newspaper adverts, consumer choice, ignore adverts, marketing, brand visibility, advertising impact, financial support, corporate sponsorship advertising, annoyance, sponsorship, football teams, Manchester United, shirt sponsorship, Aon, income, advertising revenue, company sponsorship, logo, player transfers, sports finance, ignore advertising, advertising avoidance, television adverts, newspaper adverts, consumer choice advertising, annoyance, property, sponsorship, income, football teams, Manchester United, Aon, shirt sponsorship, revenue, sports marketing, advertising impact, advertising avoidance, consumer choice, advertising exposure, football club finances, advertising benefits, media advertising, advertising revenue, commercial sponsorship, viewer behavior advertising annoyance, sponsorship income, football sponsorship, shirt sponsorship, Manchester United, Aon sponsorship, advertising revenue, sports advertising, commercial influence, advertising avoidance, advertising impact, ignoring adverts, advertising in sports, television adverts, newspaper adverts, consumer choice, sponsorship deals, player funding, advertising benefits, advertising reception, advertising perception
test-politics-ghbgussbsbt-con02a	Existing checks and balances  Proposition have made out so far that single-party Government has few checks upon it, allowing for overbearing ideological government. This however is not true as there a many external checks upon a single-party government that can prevent this.  Firstly, the checks and balances put in place by the Constitution means that the executive is unable to do much without the consent of Congress, meaning that the President would need the support of his/her party in the legislature to do what (s)he wants in government.  Within Congress, the governing party would still face oversight from Departmental Committees that scrutinises its work and unless the governing party can get a filibuster-proof majority of 60 Senators in the Upper House, then a degree of negotiation would be required.  Finally, the nominally non-partisan Supreme Court can strike down laws seen to violate the terms of the Constitution. Together these bodies are able to constrain single-party government to prevent it from abusing its power. checks and balances, single-party government, executive constraints, congressional consent, legislative oversight, departmental committees, filibuster, Senate majority, negotiation, Supreme Court, judicial review, constitutional limits, party majority, abuse of power prevention, US government structure, non-partisan judiciary checks and balances, single-party government, executive constraints, constitutional oversight, Congress approval, legislative support, departmental committees, legislative scrutiny, filibuster, Senate majority, negotiation, Supreme Court, judicial review, separation of powers, abuse of power prevention, ideological government, external checks, government accountability, power limitation, non-partisan judiciary checks and balances, single-party government, external checks, constitutional checks, executive power, Congress oversight, legislative consent, party support, Departmental Committees, filibuster-proof majority, Senate, negotiation, Supreme Court, judicial review, government constraints, abuse of power, ideological government, oversight mechanisms, constitutional limits, separation of powers, lawmaking process checks and balances, single-party government, external checks, constitutional checks, executive constraints, legislative consent, congressional oversight, departmental committees, filibuster, Senate majority, Supreme Court, judicial review, constitutional violation, abuse of power, government constraints, party support, separation of powers, non-partisan judiciary, legislative negotiation, executive power limits, oversight mechanisms checks and balances, single-party government, external checks, Constitution, executive power, Congress, legislative oversight, Departmental Committees, filibuster, Senate majority, negotiation, Supreme Court, judicial review, separation of powers, party support, government constraints, abuse of power, ideological government, law scrutiny, federal oversight, non-partisan judiciary
test-politics-gvhbhlsbr-con02a	Reform would make the House of Lords simply a mirror of the House of Commons  An elected House, even one elected every ten years, would still think about policies that are popular in the short term rather than the long-term welfare of the country, making it closer to the House of Commons in its interest and reducing its role as a balance. By subjecting the second chamber to election there would be two outcomes: if elected at the same time the House of Lords would simply become a mirror-image of the House of Commons rendering it pointless, if elected mid-term the composition of the House of Lords would reflect the tendency for a government to be unpopular mid-term, thus creating gridlock and making the system unworkable. Reform of the House of Lords is impractical and undesirable. House of Lords, House of Commons, reform, elected chamber, short-term policies, long-term welfare, balance of power, mirror image, second chamber, parliamentary gridlock, election timing, mid-term elections, government unpopularity, legislative system, impractical reform, undesirable reform, constitutional balance, legislative effectiveness, bicameralism, political structure, UK parliament House of Lords, House of Commons, reform, elected second chamber, mirror-image, short-term policies, long-term welfare, balance of power, election cycle, mid-term elections, gridlock, composition, unworkable system, government unpopularity, impractical reform, undesirable reform, legislative balance, parliamentary structure, second chamber election House of Lords, reform, elected chamber, House of Commons, short-term policies, long-term welfare, balance of power, second chamber, election timing, mirror image, legislative gridlock, government unpopularity, system unworkable, impractical reform, undesirable reform, parliamentary system, legislative balance, Lords vs Commons, upper house, parliamentary reform, election consequences House of Lords, reform, elected chamber, mirror of House of Commons, short-term policies, long-term welfare, electoral cycle, chamber balance, gridlock, mid-term election, government unpopularity, legislative system, bicameralism, second chamber, impractical reform, undesirable reform, parliamentary structure, legislative effectiveness, democracy, policymaking, upper house, lower house, constitutional reform, legislative deadlock, representation House of Lords, reform, elected chamber, House of Commons, mirror image, short-term policies, long-term welfare, second chamber, elections, gridlock, composition, mid-term elections, government unpopularity, balance of power, impracticality, undesirability, legislative balance
test-culture-ascidfakhba-con01a	Artists have a fundamental property right over their creative output  Whatever the end product, be it music, film, sculpture, or painting, artistic works are the creations of individuals and a property right inheres within them belonging to their creators. An idea is just an idea so long as it remains locked in someone’s mind or is left as an unfinished sketch, etc. But when the art is allowed to bloom in full, it is due to the artist and the artist only. The obsession, the time, the raw talent needed to truly create art is an incredible business, requiring huge investment in energy, time, and effort. It is a matter of the most basic, and one would have hoped self-evident, principle that the person who sacrificed so much to bring forth a piece of art should retain all the rights to it and in particular have the right to profit from it. [1] To argue otherwise would be to condone outright theft. The ethereal work of the artist is every bit as real as the hard work of a machine. Mandating that all forms of art be released under a creative commons license is an absolute slap in the face to artists and to the artistic endeavour as a whole. It implies that somehow the work is not entirely the artist’s own, that because it is art it is somehow so different as to be worthy of being shunted into the public sphere without the real consent of the artist. This is a gross robbing of the artist’s right over his or her own work. If property rights are to have any meaning, they must have a universal protection. This policy represents a fundamental erosion of the right to property, and attacks one sector of productive life that is essential for the giving of colour to the human experience. This policy serves only to devalue that contribution.  [1] Greenberg, M. “Reason or Madness: A Defense of Copyright’s Growing Pains”. John Marshall Review of Intellectual Property Law. 2007. artists, property rights, creative output, intellectual property, authorship, copyright, ownership, artistic works, creators, creative process, investment, energy, effort, profit rights, artistic creation, policy, creative commons license, public domain, consent, property protection, property erosion, value of art, artist rights, copyright defense, creative ownership, moral rights, devaluation, artistic contribution, intellectual property law, art policy artists, property rights, creative output, intellectual property, copyright, ownership, artistic works, creators, music, film, sculpture, painting, creation, investment, effort, profit, artistic endeavor, creative commons, public domain, consent, artistic contribution, universal protection, policy, erosion, value, right to property, creative industry, individual rights, artistic autonomy artists, property rights, creative output, copyright, intellectual property, artistic works, creator rights, art ownership, music, film, sculpture, painting, creative process, investment, artist compensation, profit rights, creative commons, art licensing, public domain, consent, artist’s work, property erosion, artistic contribution, copyright policy, art devaluation, John Marshall Review, intellectual property law, Greenberg, policy critique artists, property rights, creative output, intellectual property, copyright, artistic works, ownership, music, film, sculpture, painting, creator rights, creative commons, licensing, profit, investment, artistic creation, public domain, consent, property law, artistic endeavor, policy, erosion, value, protection, authorship, creative rights, individuality, artistic contribution, fundamental rights, business of art artists, property rights, creative output, copyright, intellectual property, artistic works, creator rights, ownership, art, authorship, profit, investment, creative commons, artist consent, public domain, policy, property erosion, rights protection, cultural value, creative process
test-education-egtuscpih-pro02a	Online courses broadens access to education  Online courses can expand access to university education. University education is based on the idea of merit - that the brightest people should be enabled to learn - however in real life many different circumstances play a role in one's ability to attend university. The result is that lots of stellar people from less-affluent backgrounds do not even apply to the best universities due to costs and anxiety involved in leaving home. In the United States the bottom 50 percent of the income distribution comprise just 14 percent of the undergraduates at top universities [10]. Online courses allow more bright people to go to a university by definitely removing accommodation and travel costs, and, as some predict, even by lowering or dropping tuition fees [11]. This argument is made even stronger by inherent flexibility of online courses, which means that people can combine studies with work and family obligations better. This improves access to education for the poor within the country and in particularly for those in less developed countries, which then improves meritocracy of the university system. online courses, access to education, university education, meritocracy, affordability, socioeconomic barriers, less-affluent backgrounds, tuition fees, accommodation costs, travel costs, flexibility, combining studies and work, combining studies and family, underrepresented students, income distribution, top universities, widening participation, less developed countries, digital learning, online university, educational equity, remote learning, higher education access, educational inequality online courses, access to education, university education, meritocracy, socioeconomic barriers, affordability, tuition fees, accommodation costs, travel costs, flexibility, working students, family obligations, low-income students, less-affluent backgrounds, educational inequality, higher education access, underrepresented groups, disadvantaged students, distance learning, e-learning, digital learning, inclusive education, global education access, education costs, online university programs online courses, access to education, university education, meritocracy, socioeconomic barriers, tuition fees, accommodation costs, travel costs, flexible learning, income inequality, less-affluent backgrounds, higher education, underrepresented students, educational disparity, remote learning, digital education, cost reduction, global access, developing countries, work-study balance online courses, access to education, university education, meritocracy, socioeconomic barriers, university access, tuition fees, accommodation costs, travel costs, flexibility, work-study balance, family obligations, low-income students, underrepresented groups, top universities, educational inequality, less-affluent backgrounds, expanding opportunity, digital learning, remote education, global access, inclusive education, online learning, increased participation, educational access, university admission, online degree programs online courses, access to education, university education, meritocracy, socioeconomic barriers, affordability, accommodation costs, travel costs, tuition fees, flexibility, combining studies and work, family obligations, underrepresented students, less-affluent backgrounds, income distribution, elite universities, higher education accessibility, digital learning, remote education, educational inequality, global access, students from developing countries
test-religion-grcrgshwbr-con02a	Religious symbols are personal, therefore, they should not matter to others.  At the end of the day, the wearing of religious symbols is the choice of the individual. Many have considered intervention in the practice of religion and symbolism as an intrusion into privacy and individuality. The recent bans on the full Muslim veil, particularly in Belgium, have been criticised for causing those who feel they have an obligation to wear it to be ostracised and forced to be confined within their own home.1  1 'Belgian ban on full veils comes into force', BBC News Europe, 23rd July 2011 , accessed on 23rd July 2011 religious symbols, personal choice, individual rights, privacy, religious freedom, intervention, symbolism, intrusion, individuality, Muslim veil, hijab ban, burqa ban, Belgium, full veil ban, criticism, ostracism, confinement, religious practice, secularism, BBC News, 2011, dress code, human rights, cultural expression, clothing bans religious symbols, personal choice, individual rights, privacy, religious freedom, intervention, religious symbolism, full Muslim veil, Belgium veil ban, intrusion, individuality, ostracism, confinement, legislation, criticism, women's rights, religious practices, cultural identity, human rights, BBC News, 2011 religious symbols, personal choice, individual rights, privacy, religious expression, symbolism, intervention, religious practice, individuality, Muslim veil, full veil ban, Belgium, religious freedom, government intrusion, public policy, social ostracism, home confinement, human rights, BBC News, 2011 religious symbols, personal choice, individual rights, religious symbolism, privacy, individuality, religious freedom, intervention, practice of religion, bans, Muslim veil, niqab, burqa, Belgium, legislation, criticism, social ostracism, human rights, women's rights, veil ban effects, BBC News, 2011, religious expression, public policy, cultural identity religious symbols, personal choice, individual rights, privacy, religious expression, intervention, religious symbolism, intrusion, individuality, full Muslim veil, veil ban, Belgium, criticism, ostracism, confinement, religious freedom, discrimination, cultural practices, human rights, BBC News, 2011
test-economy-thsptr-pro01a	Those able to pay more should pay more into the tax system  The wealthy have more disposable income and are more financially secure than are the poor and economically tenuous. For this reason, a progressive system of taxation puts the tax burden more heavily on the wealthy which has the wherewithal to pay. Progressive taxes make everyone sacrifice equally, since true equality of taxation means equality of sacrifice. [1] It is ludicrous to expect the poor and less well-off to pay the same proportional amount in taxes as the wealthy since they have to spend most of their income on essential goods like food and shelter; it is unjust to gain all state revenues from regressive taxes like VAT, since the wealthy have excess resources they can do without while not overly influencing their standard of living. [2] Progressive taxation serves to help the poor and worst off while not leaving the wealthier worse off, since they still have more money. Clearly, progressive taxation is just in terms of burdens on individual taxpayers.  [1] Young, H. Peyton. 1990. “Progressive Taxation and Equal Sacrifice”. The American Economic Review 80(1): 253-266.  [2] Shapiro, Robert. “Flat Wrong: New Tax Schemes Can’t Top Old Progressive Wrongs”. Washington Post. 1996. Available: progressive taxation, tax burden, wealthy, disposable income, financial security, equality of sacrifice, regressive taxes, VAT, essential goods, income inequality, social justice, fair taxation, tax policy, tax equity, state revenue, economic fairness, distributive justice, tax reform, income distribution, fiscal policy progressive taxation, equal sacrifice, tax burden, wealthy, poor, disposable income, financial security, regressive taxes, VAT, justice, inequality, essential goods, state revenue, tax fairness, tax equity, tax system, economic justice, tax policy, income distribution, tax reform, redistribution, proportional taxation, standard of living, economic disparity progressive taxation, tax burden, wealthy, disposable income, financial security, equality of sacrifice, essential goods, regressive taxes, VAT, state revenues, justice, tax fairness, poor, income inequality, tax policy, H. Peyton Young, Robert Shapiro, economic justice, tax system, distributive justice progressive taxation, tax fairness, equality of sacrifice, wealthy tax burden, disposable income, tax justice, regressive taxes, VAT, income inequality, state revenue, economic security, poor, essential goods, taxation equity, tax system, financial security, tax schemes, tax policy, redistribution, fair taxation progressive taxation, tax equity, equal sacrifice, wealth distribution, income inequality, tax justice, disposable income, economic security, regressive taxes, VAT, essential goods, tax burden, fairness in taxation, social justice, tax policy, wealthy taxpayers, poor taxpayers, income tax, tax system, financial inequality, tax reform, distributive justice, taxation philosophy, fairness, ability to pay
test-environment-aeghhgwpe-con03a	Survival of the fittest  It is natural for human beings to farm, kill, and eat other species. In the wild there is a brutal struggle for existence as is shown by Darwin’s On the Origin of the Species. [1] The fact that we humans have succeeded in that struggle by exploiting our natural environment means that we have a natural right over lower species. The concept of survival of the fittest may seem outdated but it is still the defining order of nature. In fact farming animals is much less brutal than the pain and hardship that animals inflict on each other naturally in the wild.  [1] Darwin, Charles, On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life., Literature.org survival of the fittest, natural selection, Darwin, Origin of Species, human farming, animal rights, struggle for existence, exploitation of environment, species hierarchy, brutality in nature, animal agriculture, human superiority, evolution, natural order, pain in the wild, predation, ethical farming, animal suffering, natural law survival of the fittest, natural selection, Darwin, On the Origin of Species, human evolution, farming animals, animal exploitation, natural right, struggle for existence, brutality in nature, animal suffering, human-animal relationship, species hierarchy, environmental exploitation, animal rights ethics, nature's order, interspecies competition survival of the fittest, natural selection, human farming, animal rights, species hierarchy, Darwin, struggle for existence, exploitation of environment, ethics of eating animals, brutality in nature, animal suffering, farming versus wild, human dominance, natural order, Charles Darwin, On the Origin of Species, pain in the wild, justification for farming, human-animal relationship, evolutionary biology survival of the fittest, natural selection, Darwin, On the Origin of Species, human farming, animal farming, species exploitation, natural right, struggle for existence, human superiority, animal suffering, brutality in the wild, natural environment, order of nature, ethics of eating animals, human-animal relations, pain in nature, domestication, evolutionary theory, Charles Darwin survival of the fittest, natural selection, Darwin, Origin of Species, human farming, animal rights, species hierarchy, struggle for existence, exploitation of environment, animal agriculture, natural order, domestication, animal suffering, wild animals, brutality in nature, ethical farming, interspecies relationships, evolutionary theory, human superiority, animal welfare
test-international-aghbfcpspr-con03a	Reparations unfairly target the taxpayers of former colonial powers who had nothing to do with the deeds committed under colonisation.  It is unclear who exactly is being punished under this mechanism. Ordering reparations rather than, for example, a public apology from a monarch or government, only serves to harm tax-paying citizens whose money would be used to pay such reparations. There is a huge disconnection between the people who actually committed wrongs and the people who are now forced to literally pay for them. This is likely to lead to an increase in hostility from the taxpayers who do not understand why they are being punished, towards the people of former colonies. It is no longer a case where reparations could ever be paid from the direct profits of exploitation as any profit from that must have been spent long ago. It is wrong to impose undue guilt and obligation of payment on to people who are entirely disconnected from that history. reparations, colonial powers, taxpayers, unfairness, collective punishment, historical responsibility, public apology, monarchy, government, tax burden, disconnection, intergenerational guilt, exploitation profits, hostility, former colonies, moral obligation, financial compensation, reparations debate, indirect punishment, historical injustice reparations, taxpayers, colonial powers, colonialism, historical accountability, collective punishment, public apology, monetary compensation, generational guilt, post-colonial relations, former colonies, state responsibility, intergenerational justice, ethical responsibility, reparations criticism, exploitation profits, harm to citizens, public opposition, reparations fairness, moral obligation, financial burden, reparation mechanisms reparations, taxpayers, colonial powers, colonisation, historical responsibility, unfair punishment, public apology, monarch, government, tax-paying citizens, indirect accountability, generational guilt, hostility, former colonies, profit from exploitation, guilt imposition, disconnected history, obligation of payment, reparations debate, postcolonial justice, economic burden reparations, colonial powers, taxpayers, unfair punishment, historical accountability, colonisation, intergenerational guilt, reparations opposition, public apology, government responsibility, economic impact, former colonies, collective responsibility, reparations criticism, tax burden, hostility, reparations debate, monetary compensation, moral obligation, historical injustice, national debt, present-day citizens, inherited guilt, colonial legacy, restorative justice reparations, colonial powers, taxpayers, fairness, intergenerational guilt, accountability, public apology, monarchy, government responsibility, hostility, former colonies, direct responsibility, historical injustice, punitive measures, economic burden, moral obligation, present-day citizens, profit from colonization, collective punishment, historic wrongs, compensation, national guilt, colonial legacy
test-science-nsihwbtiss-pro01a	A teacher-student relationship is not one between friends or equals.  According to Carol Shakeshaft an expert in sexual misconduct by teachers: “[e]ducators who use social media for personal and intimate conversations and contact are not much different from those who spend their time hanging out with students at the beach. You have to ask why a teacher would do this. The honest answer is that it rarely has anything to do with student learning. [1] ” Interacting with one’s teachers the same way as with one’s friends, sharing personal information, can only erode the respect and distance that a teacher needs in order to be an authority figure and a mentor for her young charges. Even if such ‘friendships’ were entirely innocent, they would still cast enough suspicion on the teacher-student relationship to put considerable strain on the teacher’s role as educator and their ability to do the job.  [1] Shakeshaft, Carol. “Using Social Media to Teach: Keep it Transparent, Open and Safe.” The New York Times. 19 December 2011. teacher-student relationship, authority, boundaries, social media, Carol Shakeshaft, sexual misconduct, educator conduct, professionalism, personal interactions, teacher as mentor, respect, distance, student learning, teacher roles, suspicion, teacher reputation, teacher friendship, teacher ethics, mentorship, teaching standards, New York Times teacher-student relationship, authority, mentorship, social media, boundaries, professional distance, Carol Shakeshaft, sexual misconduct, educator ethics, teacher role, respect, intimacy, personal information, student learning, suspicion, teacher reputation, professional conduct, teacher-student interaction, transparency, safe communication teacher-student relationship, boundaries, authority, mentorship, professionalism, Carol Shakeshaft, sexual misconduct, social media, educator ethics, personal interactions, student learning, teacher-student friendship, respect, trust, distance, role strain, teacher conduct, transparency, safe communication, New York Times, educator-student dynamic teacher-student relationship, boundaries, authority, professionalism, social media, Carol Shakeshaft, sexual misconduct, educator conduct, teacher ethics, student learning, teacher roles, personal information, respect, distance, mentorship, suspicion, trust, transparency, inappropriate relationships, educator-student dynamics, friendship, teacher authority, classroom management, role model, student safety, teacher reputation teacher-student relationship, professional boundaries, authority figure, teacher misconduct, Carol Shakeshaft, social media, educator ethics, teacher-student interactions, teacher-student friendship, teacher role, student learning, respect, distance, suspicion, mentorship, sexual misconduct, transparency, educator conduct, New York Times, personal information, social boundaries
test-science-eassgbatj-pro04a	Most animals can suffer more than some people  It’s possible to think of people that can’t suffer, like those in a persistent vegetative state, or with significant intellectual disabilities.  We could go for one of three options. Either we could experiment on animals, but not such people, which is morally not consistent. We could allow both, but do we want to do painful medical research on the disabled? Or, we could do neither.[9] animal suffering, human suffering, persistent vegetative state, intellectual disabilities, moral consistency, animal experimentation, disabled individuals, medical research ethics, pain perception, ethical dilemma, animal rights, human rights, ethical treatment, biomedical ethics, comparative suffering, disability ethics animal suffering, moral consistency, persistent vegetative state, intellectual disabilities, medical experimentation, ethical research, disabled individuals, animal experimentation, pain perception, moral philosophy, disability ethics, human suffering, research ethics, moral status, cognitive impairment animal suffering, human suffering, persistent vegetative state, intellectual disabilities, moral consistency, medical research ethics, animal experimentation, disabled individuals, pain perception, bioethics, ethical dilemmas, research on animals, research on humans, moral philosophy, disability ethics animal suffering, human suffering, persistent vegetative state, intellectual disabilities, moral consistency, animal experimentation, medical research ethics, disabled individuals, ethical options, pain research, moral implications, sentience, cognitive ability, ethical treatment, bioethics animal suffering, human suffering, persistent vegetative state, intellectual disabilities, moral consistency, ethical dilemma, medical experimentation, animal experimentation, disability ethics, pain perception, research ethics, moral status, animal rights, human rights, medical research ethics, nonhuman animals, experimentation ethics
test-international-ipecfiepg-con03a	A Greek default would have a negative domino-effect on other Eurozone countries.  A Greek default will leave tremendous shockwaves across the Eurozone. Investors will instantly become wary of default in Portugal, Spain, Italy or Ireland, particularly given the sudden nature of the Greek default. Consequently, huge volumes of capital will flow out of these countries and into other more secure ones like Germany and the Netherlands. [1] This will, in turn, heighten speculation about the danger of default of other Eurozone nations. Speculation of default is particularly dangerous because it drives demand for government bonds down. This leads to the interest payments on government bonds rising which in turn raises the interest rates governments need to pay on their outstanding debt. The new, higher payments governments must make on their debt increases their budget deficit % GDP ratio, thus making it more likely that the country will actually default. We thus see how increased fears about the future of Italy, Portugal, Spain and Ireland that will arise from a Greek default, will cause big problems and will put even more strain on the ECB and primarily Germany in providing financial support.  [1] Kapoor, Sony, “Viewpoints: What if Greece exits euro?”, BBC News, 13 July 2012, Greek default, Eurozone crisis, domino effect, financial contagion, investor sentiment, sovereign debt, Portugal, Spain, Italy, Ireland, capital flight, default risk, government bonds, bond yields, interest rates, budget deficit, GDP ratio, ECB, Germany, Netherlands, speculation, financial support, euro exit, European debt crisis, monetary policy, fiscal stability, market reaction, sovereign risk Greek default, Eurozone, domino effect, shockwaves, investors, Portugal, Spain, Italy, Ireland, capital outflows, Germany, Netherlands, sovereign debt, government bonds, default risk, interest rates, budget deficit, GDP ratio, ECB, financial support, Germany responsibility, contagion, market speculation, bond yields, Euro crisis, fiscal stability, bailout, economic instability, debt crisis, Greece exit euro, peripheral economies Greek default, Eurozone, domino effect, financial contagion, sovereign debt crisis, investor confidence, capital flight, Portugal, Spain, Italy, Ireland, government bonds, interest rates, bond yields, budget deficit, GDP ratio, speculation, financial stability, ECB, Germany, Netherlands, bailout, fiscal support, Euro crisis, risk premiums, market panic, economic shockwaves, debt sustainability Greek default, Eurozone, domino effect, shockwaves, investor confidence, Portugal, Spain, Italy, Ireland, capital flight, safe havens, Germany, Netherlands, speculation, government bonds, interest rates, debt payments, budget deficit, GDP ratio, ECB, financial support, sovereign debt crisis, contagion, euro exit, fiscal stability, risk perception Greek default, Eurozone, domino effect, financial contagion, investor confidence, Portugal, Spain, Italy, Ireland, capital flight, Germany, Netherlands, government bonds, bond yields, interest rates, sovereign debt, budget deficit, GDP ratio, default risk, ECB, financial support, speculation, euro exit, debt crisis, fiscal instability, market reaction
test-digital-freedoms-piidfaihbg-con03a	As a business, Google shouldn’t interfere with domestic politics  Business is business and politics is politics – and the two shouldn’t mingle. When a company wants to operate in a foreign country, it should respect the government and its regulations. We require the same when a company wants to operate within our territory: suppose a big Chinese company came to our home country and suddenly started criticizing our domestic policies – these are the policies of the sovereign state whose territory it is, and outsiders have no place to tell it how to run itself. [1]  [1] Nicholas Deleon, TechChrunch, ‘China has every right to be upset with Google right now’, March 23, 2010. URL:  Last consulted: December 22, 2011 Google, business, politics, interference, domestic politics, foreign country, government regulations, sovereignty, corporate responsibility, multinational companies, China, criticism, domestic policies, TechCrunch, Nicholas Deleon, policy respect, international business, corporate ethics, state sovereignty, company operations Google, business ethics, domestic politics, corporate interference, foreign companies, sovereignty, government regulations, international business, corporate respect, political neutrality, state sovereignty, multinational corporations, regulatory compliance, political non-interference, international relations, China, policy criticism, corporate responsibility, territory, business and politics separation Google, business ethics, domestic politics, political interference, sovereignty, foreign companies, corporate responsibility, government regulations, multinational corporations, national policies, China, TechCrunch, Nicholas Deleon, state sovereignty, business vs politics, foreign intervention, regulatory compliance, global business, company criticism, political neutrality Google, business ethics, domestic politics, foreign companies, government regulations, sovereignty, corporate responsibility, political interference, international business, policy criticism, China, TechCrunch, Nicholas Deleon, multinational corporations, business and politics, national regulations Google, business ethics, domestic politics, business interference, foreign company, sovereign state, regulatory compliance, international business, corporate responsibility, company criticism, government regulations, China, political neutrality, multinational companies, TechCrunch, Nicholas Deleon
test-politics-oepdlhfcefp-pro04a	The High Representative will be a catalyst and a facilitator for decision-making.  The High Representative will not only act as a spokesman for EU nations when they agree on foreign policies, but will act as a catalyst around which external policy will increasingly become coordinated. By chairing meetings of EU foreign ministers, he or she will be able to shape the agenda and influence the outcomes of meetings, encouraging member states increasingly to think in terms of common foreign policy positions. They will have added authority from their ability to speak for the EU in the UN Security Council. The High Representative will also direct the EU’s new External Action Service, which brings together policy specialists from both the Council and Commission in a unique manner (ranging from the Arctic region to nuclear safety and enlargement) 1. With representatives all over the world the EU will develop a foreign service capable of creating and articulating policy positions in a manner that few national governments can match. Over time this will promote the evolution of a true EU foreign and security policy, and will contribute significantly to increased European consciousness among EU citizens and further moves to political unity.  1. European Union External Action, Policies, accessed 1/8/11 High Representative, EU, European Union, catalyst, facilitator, decision-making, spokesman, foreign policies, coordinated external policy, foreign ministers, agenda setting, influence outcomes, common foreign policy, authority, UN Security Council, External Action Service, Council, Commission, policy specialists, Arctic, nuclear safety, enlargement, representatives, foreign service, policy articulation, EU foreign and security policy, European consciousness, political unity, European Union External Action, EU Policies High Representative, catalyst, facilitator, decision-making, EU foreign policy, spokesperson, coordination, external policy, EU foreign ministers, agenda-setting, policy influence, member states, common positions, authority, UN Security Council, External Action Service, Council, Commission, foreign service, policy articulation, global representatives, nuclear safety, enlargement, European foreign policy, security policy, European consciousness, political unity, EU policies, European Union High Representative, catalyst, facilitator, decision-making, EU foreign policy, EU spokesman, policy coordination, chairing meetings, agenda setting, influence outcomes, common foreign policy, UN Security Council, added authority, External Action Service, policy specialists, Council, Commission, foreign service, global representatives, policy articulation, EU enlargement, nuclear safety, European consciousness, political unity, EU security policy, European Union, foreign ministers, international representation, external relations. High Representative, EU, catalyst, facilitator, decision-making, spokesman, foreign policies, external policy coordination, EU foreign ministers, agenda setting, influence, common foreign policy, authority, UN Security Council, External Action Service, Council, Commission, global representatives, foreign service, policy articulation, national governments, EU foreign policy, security policy, European consciousness, political unity, European Union, policy evolution, enlargement, nuclear safety, Arctic region High Representative, EU foreign policy, catalyst, facilitator, decision-making, spokesperson, agenda setting, foreign ministers, policy coordination, EU member states, common positions, UN Security Council, External Action Service, Council, Commission, global representation, foreign service, policy specialists, Arctic region, nuclear safety, enlargement, European consciousness, political unity, European Union, external relations, security policy, policy evolution, authority, international diplomacy
test-society-epiasghbf-pro02a	The effects of unemployment  Unemployment has been linked to several health and wellbeing effects. Firstly, the psychological impact of unemployment involve a range of issues - from confidence to mental well-being. Issues of mental health problems - such as depression, suicide, anxiety, and substance abuse, need recognition in Africa. The impact of mental health may not only be on the individual, but dispersed within families and across generations. Secondly, unemployment may result in a loss of social networks and networking skills. The power of social capital, or networks, in reducing vulnerability has been widely noted. Therefore encouraging women to participate within the labour market ensures new networks are built and retained through the vital communication skills used. Finally. unemployment may affect physical health status.  Unemployment may place individuals in a downward spiral, making it harder to re-enter the job market. unemployment, effects, health, wellbeing, psychological impact, mental health, depression, suicide, anxiety, substance abuse, Africa, families, generational impact, social networks, networking skills, social capital, vulnerability, women, labour market, communication skills, physical health, job market, employment status unemployment, effects, health, wellbeing, psychological impact, mental health, depression, suicide, anxiety, substance abuse, Africa, families, generational impact, social networks, networking skills, social capital, vulnerability, women, labour market participation, communication skills, physical health, downward spiral, job market re-entry unemployment, health effects, psychological impact, mental health, depression, suicide, anxiety, substance abuse, Africa, families, generational impact, social networks, networking skills, social capital, vulnerability, women participation, labour market, communication skills, physical health, downward spiral, re-employment, job market reintegration, wellbeing unemployment, health effects, wellbeing, psychological impact, mental health, depression, suicide, anxiety, substance abuse, Africa, family impact, generational effects, social networks, networking skills, social capital, vulnerability, women participation, labour market, communication skills, physical health, re-employment, job market, downward spiral unemployment, health effects, wellbeing, psychological impact, mental health, depression, suicide, anxiety, substance abuse, Africa, family impact, generational impact, social networks, social capital, vulnerability, women participation, labour market, communication skills, physical health, downward spiral, job market re-entry
test-society-epsihbdns-pro02a	Restrictions on migration would benefit people in the cities economically and socially  Cities are very appealing to poor people. Even if their living standards in cities might be unacceptable, they get closer to basic goods, such as fresh water, sanitation etc. However, these things exist because there are productive people in the cities who work and pay taxes. What happens when too many people come at the same time is that public money is stretched too thinly and these basic goods can no longer be provided. This leads to severe humanitarian problems such as malnutrition, thirst, lack of medication, etc.  However, this humanitarian crisis does not only harm those directly affected, it also creates an unattractive environment for business. Thus, people who enter the city cannot find work, as production does not grow in relation to the people who enter. They become excluded from society and often turn to crime, which further erodes the economy. [1]  Limiting migration to reasonable levels give the cities a chance to develop progressively and become the kind of places that people in rural areas currently believe them to be.  [1] Maxwell, Daniel., “The Political Economy of Urban Food Security in Sub-Saharan Africa.” 11, London : Elsevier Science Ltd., 1999, World Development, Vol. 27, p. 1939±1953. S0305-750X(99)00101-1. urban migration, migration restrictions, city population control, urbanization, economic impact, social impact, city development, public resources, urban infrastructure, humanitarian crisis, urban poverty, malnutrition, urban unemployment, urban crime, business environment, rural-urban migration, urban food security, public spending, urban exclusion, sustainable cities, Maxwell Daniel, Sub-Saharan Africa, World Development, urban planning urban migration, migration restrictions, city economy, social impact, public goods, urban poverty, urbanization, resource allocation, humanitarian crisis, malnutrition, urban unemployment, urban crime, city development, rural-urban migration, public services, economic sustainability, exclusion, urban planning, population control, urban infrastructure, taxation, urban productivity, business environment, Sub-Saharan Africa, urban food security urban migration restrictions, economic benefits, social benefits, city infrastructure, population pressure, public goods, resource allocation, urban poverty, service provision, humanitarian crisis, urban unemployment, crime rates, economic growth, migration policy, city development, urbanization, tax base, social exclusion, business environment, urban planning, rural-urban migration, sub-Saharan Africa, urban food security urban migration, migration restrictions, economic benefits, social benefits, urbanization, city development, rural-urban migration, public goods, resource allocation, public services, overpopulation, humanitarian crisis, malnutrition, urban poverty, sanitation, urban infrastructure, unemployment, urban crime, economic erosion, business environment, progressive development, urban planning, city capacity, tax base, urban food security, Maxwell Daniel, sub-Saharan Africa, World Development urban migration, migration restrictions, city economy, social benefits, urban poverty, basic goods access, public services strain, urban humanitarian crisis, malnutrition urban, urban infrastructure, public funds, urban unemployment, business environment cities, crime urban areas, urban development, sustainable migration levels, rural-urban migration, social exclusion, city population growth, urban planning, urban food security, Sub-Saharan Africa, Maxwell Daniel, World Development, urbanization challenges
test-law-lghbacpsba-pro04a	The principle behind attorney-client privilege is declining in relevance  One of the principles behind allowing communications between a solicitor and their client to be privileged is that a solicitor is independent of their client and so will not breach laws themselves in order to attain their clients objectives. However, after the recession of 2008 and the Legal Services Act 2007 the position of in house lawyer is more prevalent [1] . In house lawyers are not financially independent. They are in fact employees of their 'client'. This eradicates the principle behind client-attorney privilege and therefore the privilege itself is now irrelevant and should be eradicated.  [1] In-house counsel on the rise, New Law Journal, 28 April 2010,  accessed 18/05/11 attorney-client privilege, solicitor-client privilege, legal privilege, solicitor independence, in-house lawyer, in-house counsel, Legal Services Act 2007, post-2008 recession, privilege relevance, privilege decline, financial independence, legal ethics, client confidentiality, privilege erosion, employee lawyer, privilege abolition, legal profession changes, privilege principle, corporate counsel, privilege irrelevance attorney-client privilege, solicitor-client privilege, legal independence, in-house lawyers, Legal Services Act 2007, recession 2008, relevance of privilege, legal ethics, lawyer independence, legal services, privilege erosion, in-house counsel, client-lawyer relationship, financial independence, New Law Journal, privilege irrelevance, solicitor independence, privilege abolition, legal profession changes, corporate counsel, legal reforms attorney-client privilege, solicitor-client privilege, privilege relevance, decline of privilege, in-house lawyer, Legal Services Act 2007, solicitor independence, financial independence, in-house counsel, client confidentiality, legal privilege, privilege erosion, post-2008 recession, legal ethics, privilege justification, employee-lawyer relationship, privileged communications, legal profession changes, client-lawyer relationship, privilege abolition attorney-client privilege, solicitor-client privilege, principle, independence, in-house lawyer, Legal Services Act 2007, financial independence, employee, relevance, decline, post-2008 recession, privileged communication, legal profession, solicitor independence, New Law Journal, in-house counsel, legal ethics, client relationship, erosion, privilege eradication attorney-client privilege, solicitor-client privilege, legal privilege, in-house lawyer, Legal Services Act 2007, recession 2008, independence, financial independence, legal ethics, relevance of privilege, decline of privilege, in-house counsel, client confidentiality, legal profession, privilege erosion, solicitor independence, legal services reform, privilege irrelevance, removal of privilege, privilege justification
test-philosophy-apessghwba-con03a	"Animal research is necessary for the development of truly novel substances  Undoubtedly then, the most beneficial research to mankind is the development of truly novel drugs. Even according to the proposition this represents about a quarter of all new drugs released, which could be seen as significant given the great potential to relieve the suffering beyond our current capacity that such drugs promise.  After the effects, side effects and more complex interactions of a drug have been confirmed using animal and non-animal testing, it will usually pass to what is called a phase I clinical trial - tests on human volunteers to confirm how the drug will interact with human physiology and what dosages it should be administered in. The risk of a human volunteer involved in a phase I trial being harmed is extremely small, but only because animal tests, along with non-animal screening methods are a highly effective way of ensuring that dangerous novel drugs are not administered to humans. In the United Kingdom, over the past twenty years or more, there have been no human deaths as a result of phase I clinical trials.  Novel compounds (as opposed to so-called ""me-too"" drugs, that make slight changes to an existing treatment) are the substances that hold the most promise for improving human lives and treating previously incurable conditions. However, their novelty is also the reason why it is difficult for scientists to predict whether they may cause harm to humans.  Research into novel compounds would not be possible without either animal testing, or tremendous risk to human subjects, with inevitable suffering and death on the part of the trial volunteers on some occasions. It is difficult to believe that in such circumstances anyone would volunteer, and that even if they did, pharmaceutical companies would be willing to risk the potential legal consequences of administering a substance to them they knew relatively little about. In short, development of novel drugs requires animal experimentation, and would be impossible under the proposition's policy. animal research, drug development, novel substances, novel drugs, phase I clinical trials, animal testing, non-animal testing, human volunteers, drug safety, drug efficacy, drug interactions, clinical trials, me-too drugs, novel compounds, human risk, pharmaceutical research, legal consequences, animal experimentation, United Kingdom, drug approval, biomedical research, drug side effects, human physiology, drug dosage, medical research, curing disease, research ethics animal research, novel substances, drug development, animal testing, non-animal testing, phase I clinical trial, human volunteers, drug safety, drug efficacy, UK clinical trials, human physiology, drug dosage, novel drugs, me-too drugs, drug interactions, pharmaceutical research, compound screening, human risk, drug side effects, preclinical trials, biomedical research, legal consequences, experimental drugs, animal experimentation, ethical considerations, clinical research, drug approval process, medical advancement, incurable conditions, scientific prediction, volunteer safety animal research, novel drug development, animal testing, phase I clinical trials, human volunteers, drug safety, non-animal testing, drug side effects, drug interactions, biomedical research, pharmaceutical innovation, drug approval process, novel compounds, clinical research, me-too drugs, human physiology, medical ethics, drug efficacy, UK clinical trials, risk assessment, research ethics, preclinical testing, translational medicine, therapeutic innovation, new drug discovery, human safety, regulatory requirements, drug toxicity, science policy, experimental medicine animal research, animal testing, novel drugs, drug development, phase I clinical trial, human volunteers, drug safety, side effects, non-animal testing, novel compounds, pharmaceutical research, human physiology, drug interactions, clinical trials, me-too drugs, drug efficacy, scientific prediction, human risk, research ethics, legal consequences, medical innovation, incurable conditions, animal experimentation, drug approval, United Kingdom, drug regulation animal research, animal testing, drug development, novel drugs, clinical trials, phase I trials, human volunteers, drug safety, non-animal testing, drug side effects, UK pharmaceutical regulations, human physiology, drug efficacy, drug interactions, me-too drugs, novel compounds, incurable conditions, biomedical research, pharmaceutical companies, risk assessment, human subject safety, legal consequences, animal experimentation, drug approval process, medical research ethics, preclinical testing, innovative therapeutics, toxicology testing, scientific innovation, human health benefits"
test-law-cpilhbishioe-con02a	An ICC enforcement arm would be unduly expensive  In a climate where the ICC’s budget is determined exclusively by contentious negotiation between states (at a time where the ICC itself has threatened to close down investigations due to a lack of funds [1] ), many of whom are undergoing austerity, an enforcement arm is not the best use of scarce funds when its role can be taken by the state parties. The ICC is already expensive enough – it cost over €100M in 2009.  [1] Nzau Musau, “Kenya: ICC Threatens to Drop cases for Lack of Funds”, The Star (Kenya), 2013, ICC, enforcement arm, budget constraints, state parties, funding shortages, austerity, cost effectiveness, international criminal court, financial sustainability, investigation closure, resource allocation, budget negotiations, operating costs, Nzau Musau, The Star Kenya, case withdrawal, 2009 expenses, legal enforcement, international law, state contributions ICC, enforcement arm, budget, expenses, state parties, austerity, funding, cost, negotiations, investigations, international criminal court, financial constraints, resource allocation, state contributions, operational costs, 2009, Nzau Musau, The Star Kenya, lack of funds, efficiency, alternative enforcement, spending justification, international law, judicial funding ICC, enforcement arm, budget, expenses, state parties, austerity, negotiation, scarce funds, investigations, funding, cost, 2009, Nzau Musau, Kenya, The Star, financial constraints, international criminal court, overhead, alternative enforcement, state cooperation, resource allocation ICC, enforcement arm, budget, cost, funding, state parties, austerity, expense, international criminal court, negotiations, resources, financial constraints, investigations, caseload, Nzau Musau, Kenya, The Star, lack of funds, 2009, €100M, expenditure, resource allocation, financial sustainability, state contributions, operational costs, financial limitations, enforcement alternatives ICC, enforcement arm, budget, cost, state parties, austerity, negotiation, investigations, funding shortage, resource allocation, financial constraints, operating expenses, international criminal court, state contributions, expenditure, Nzau Musau, case backlog, institutional funding, international law, monetary limitations
test-education-udfakusma-pro03a	Openness benefits research and the economy  Open access can be immensely beneficial for research. It increases the speed of access to publications and opens research up to a wider audience. [1] Some of the most important research has been made much more accessible due to open access. The Human Genome Project would have been an immense success either way but it is doubtful that its economic impact of $796billion would have been realised without open access.  The rest of the economy benefits too. It has been estimated that switching to open access would generate £100million of economic activity in the United Kingdom as a result of reduced research costs for business and shorter development as a result of being able to access a much broader range of research. [2]  [1] Anon., “Open access research advantages”, University of Leicester,   [2] Carr, Dave, and Kiley, Robert, “Open access to science helps us all”, New Statesman, 13 April 2012. open access, research benefits, economic impact, accessibility, Human Genome Project, reduced research costs, faster publication, economic activity, United Kingdom, broader research access, scientific innovation, knowledge dissemination, publication speed, business development, open science, academic publishing, research dissemination, science policy, open scholarship, public access open access, research benefits, economic impact, openness, accessibility, Human Genome Project, academic publishing, speed of access, wider audience, economic activity, UK research, reduced costs, business innovation, knowledge dissemination, research development, scientific collaboration, publication access, open science, research economy open access, research benefits, economic impact, publication accessibility, Human Genome Project, UK economy, research costs, business innovation, knowledge dissemination, scientific collaboration, development speed, open science, public access, economic growth, research funding, reduced barriers, global audience, scientific advancement, technological progress, knowledge sharing open access, research benefits, economic impact, Human Genome Project, accessibility, publication speed, wider audience, research costs, business development, United Kingdom, economic activity, open science, scientific publishing, knowledge dissemination, innovation, cost reduction, development cycle, public access, scientific community, financial impact openness, open access, research benefits, economic impact, publication access, Human Genome Project, knowledge dissemination, research accessibility, research costs, business innovation, development speed, UK economy, economic activity, research funding, science access, wider audience, open science, research policy, scholarly communication, academic publishing
test-international-apwhbaucmip-pro02a	Progress in ending conflict in Africa  Conflict in Africa is slowly being ended. In 1992 there were 18 conflicts in Africa; by 2009 this had been halved to 9. [1] But a decline in the number of conflicts is not the only positive trend in African conflicts: there has also been a decline in the size of wars. They have changed from wars between two organised armies to being small scale insurgencies. In 1984 the conflicts were on average causing more than 20,000 battle deaths per year, but by 2008 only around 1,000. Even the number of incidents of genocide and mass killing has been going down from 9 in the 1980s to five in the 2000s. [2] Ending war might therefore be considered to be ambitious but it is not against the trend and not inconceivable.  [1] Straus, 2012, pp.183-184  [2] Straus, 2012, pp.189-191  Africa, conflict trends, conflict decline, war reduction, battle deaths, insurgencies, peace progress, genocide decline, mass killing reduction, African wars, conflict statistics, armed conflict, wartime fatalities, post-1990s Africa, conflict resolution, civil wars, peacebuilding, conflict transformation, homicide rates, Straus 2012 conflict reduction Africa, African wars trends, decline battle deaths Africa, African insurgencies, conflict data Africa, genocide decline Africa, peace progress Africa, war size Africa, mass killing reduction Africa, African conflict statistics, peacebuilding Africa, conflict transformation Africa, Africa armed conflicts, African security trends, civil war Africa, conflict incidence Africa Africa, conflict, war, insurgency, battle deaths, genocide, mass killing, peace, conflict trends, civil war, armed conflict, conflict resolution, violence reduction, Straus 2012, conflict statistics, conflict decline, war scale, African conflicts, peace progress, war casualties, post-colonial Africa, conflict transformation conflict reduction Africa, African wars decline, battle deaths Africa, insurgencies Africa, African peace progress, genocide reduction Africa, mass killings Africa, conflict trends Africa, Straus 2012 African conflicts, African conflict statistics, war size Africa, conflict incidents decline, peacebuilding Africa, post-1990 Africa conflicts, African conflict resolution, civilian casualties Africa, armed conflict Africa, sub-Saharan Africa peace, war transformation Africa, conflict data Africa
test-education-ufsdfkhbwu-pro02a	A bargaining chip  In much the same way that material investment in countries can be used as a bargaining chip to secure improvements in areas of legislation, so cultural investment can be used to secure rights associated with related fields of endeavour. Free speech is merely the most obvious. It is reasonable for a western university to insist that its graduates will need to have access to the fruits of a free press and democratic speculation of experts and the wider public [i] .  The cases of the lecturer, Chia Thye Poh who is arguably the world’s longest serving prisoner of conscience or the political opposition leader, Vincent Cheng who was barred from addressing a talk organised the History Society of NUS at the national library [ii] both give examples of how Singaporean government actions impact directly on university life and academic freedoms. In the light of this, it seems the height of reasonableness for Western universities to say that they will only operate in areas that offer the same academic freedoms they would expect in their home country. If the Singaporean government wants that benefits that Yale graduates can bring, they should be prepared to accept such a change.  [i] Stateuniversity.Com. western Europe – Educational roots, reform in the twentieth century, contemporary reform trends, future challenges.  [ii] Ex-detainee Vincent Cheng barred from speaking in history seminar, The Online Citizen, 28 May 2010 bargaining chip, material investment, cultural investment, legislation, rights, free speech, western universities, academic freedom, Singapore government, Chia Thye Poh, Vincent Cheng, censorship, university life, political opposition, freedom of press, democratic speculation, academic restrictions, NUS, History Society, Yale graduates, international education, educational reform, prisoner of conscience, state intervention, Western standards, Singapore academic environment bargaining chip, material investment, cultural investment, academic freedom, free speech, university graduates, free press, democratic speculation, Singapore government, Chia Thye Poh, Vincent Cheng, prisoner of conscience, political opposition, academic rights, Western universities, university operation, education reform, Yale, National University of Singapore, censorship, higher education, government policy, international collaboration, legislation, rights, academic freedoms bargaining chip, material investment, cultural investment, academic freedom, free speech, legislation, university rights, western universities, Singaporean government, Yale graduates, Chia Thye Poh, Vincent Cheng, prisoner of conscience, political opposition, National University of Singapore, History Society, state intervention, access to free press, democratic speculation, government actions, academic environment, international higher education, educational reform, faculty rights, student rights, university operations, freedom of expression, political restrictions, higher education policy, academic cooperation, government-academic relations bargaining chip, material investment, cultural investment, legislation, academic freedom, free speech, free press, democratic speculation, western universities, university graduates, Chia Thye Poh, prisoner of conscience, Vincent Cheng, political opposition, Singapore government, university life, academic freedom Singapore, academic freedom Western countries, Yale graduates, educational investment, Singapore academic restrictions, censorship, History Society NUS, academic operations, international university standards bargaining chip, material investment, cultural investment, academic freedom, free speech, university autonomy, legislation, human rights, western universities, Singapore government, Chia Thye Poh, Vincent Cheng, prisoner of conscience, censorship, political opposition, education policy, Yale, graduate rights, academic restrictions, press freedom, democratic speculation, university operation, international education, academic collaboration, government influence, educational reform
test-culture-mthbah-con03a	Advertisements promote healthy products and lifestyles.  Advertising is used to promote healthy activities, products and lifestyles and is further regulated to ensure that unhealthy products are not promoted. The School Food Trust in Britain, for example, used celebrities in advertisements to promote healthy eating in 20071. Furthermore, adverts which promote seriously unhealthy things are becoming very rare. Cigarette advertising is all but extinct, and alcohol adverts are being more restricted. With adverts such as fast food we see as well that companies are changing their message to promote healthier options. This is because it is bad for businesses to be viewed as harming children. Public pressure and successful regulation will always bring any advertising problems back under control.  1 Schools Food Trust uses celebs to promote healthy eating. Campaign Live. advertisements, healthy products, healthy lifestyles, advertising regulation, unhealthy products, School Food Trust, Britain, celebrity endorsements, healthy eating, health promotion, restricted advertising, cigarette advertising, alcohol advertising, fast food advertising, public pressure, business reputation, child protection, advertising control, advertising ethics, advertising trends, healthy options, marketing regulation, advertising campaigns advertisements, healthy products, healthy lifestyles, advertising regulation, unhealthy products, School Food Trust, Britain, celebrity endorsements, healthy eating, advertising restrictions, cigarette advertising ban, alcohol advertising restriction, fast food advertising, healthier options, public pressure, advertising control, business reputation, children protection, successful regulation, advertising trends advertising, healthy products, healthy lifestyles, promotion, regulation, unhealthy products, School Food Trust, Britain, celebrities, healthy eating, cigarette advertising, alcohol advertising, fast food advertising, business reputation, children, public pressure, regulation, advertising restrictions, advertising trends, health promotion, food advertising, media campaigns, public health, advertising control, marketing strategies, celebrity endorsements advertising, healthy products, healthy lifestyles, regulation, unhealthy products, School Food Trust, Britain, celebrity endorsements, healthy eating, cigarette advertising, alcohol advertising, advertising restrictions, fast food advertising, healthier options, public pressure, advertising regulation, children, business reputation, public health, celebrity advertising, marketing ethics, advertising campaigns, school food, government regulation advertising, healthy products, healthy lifestyles, regulation, unhealthy products, School Food Trust, Britain, celebrities, healthy eating, 2007, cigarette advertising, alcohol advertising, fast food advertising, business reputation, children, public pressure, regulation effectiveness, advertising restrictions, celebrity endorsements, health promotion, advertising control
test-politics-oepghbrnsl-con01a	Proper democratic checks and balance are the only way to real problem-solving  There is a fine line between enough authority to fight corruption and enough authority to oppress a population. Many corrupt, authoritarian leaders have risen to power through the promise of social reform and of wiping out drug cartels and gangsters. A society living in fear and believing that all their problems will be solved by a powerful leader will never be able to overcome its problems. Empowering individuals and accepting risk is ultimately the only true solution to such problems. Even if Putin were completely pure himself, centralising power so completely gives great influence to those advisers and ministers around him and makes corruption in government inevitable. Only by building in proper democratic checks and balances, including criticism from a free media and legal system, can accountability be created and corruption or incompetence tackled. democratic checks and balances, accountability, corruption, authority, authoritarianism, social reform, power centralization, individual empowerment, risk acceptance, free media, legal system, government oversight, political oppression, leadership, criticism, transparency, problem-solving, governance, Putin, advisers, ministers, influence democratic checks and balances, authority, corruption, authoritarianism, social reform, drug cartels, gangsters, fear, powerful leader, individual empowerment, risk acceptance, centralized power, Putin, government corruption, advisers, ministers, free media, legal system, accountability, criticism, democratic accountability, incompetence, power centralization, corruption prevention democratic checks and balances, problem-solving, authority, fight corruption, oppression, authoritarian leaders, social reform, drug cartels, gangsters, fear, powerful leaders, empowerment, individual agency, centralization of power, corruption, government accountability, free media, legal system, criticism, transparency, governance, ministers, advisers, Putin, accountability, incompetence democratic checks, checks and balances, accountability, corruption, authoritarianism, authority, power centralization, social reform, oppression, leadership, government, empowerment, individual rights, risk acceptance, free media, legal system, criticism, Putin, government ministers, influence, anti-corruption, problem-solving, democracy, transparency, governance, political systems, fear, oppression, media freedom, legal accountability democratic checks and balances, accountability, authority, corruption, problem-solving, authoritarianism, social reform, power centralization, government, leadership, free media, legal system, criticism, empowerment, individual rights, oppression, Putin, advisers, ministers, government corruption, risk acceptance, population control, fear society, authoritarian leaders, social problems, democracy
test-culture-ascidfakhba-con02a	Artists should retain the right to control their work’s interaction with the public space even if their work is publicly funded  Art is the expression of its creator’s sense of understanding of the world, and thus that expression will always have special meaning to him or her that no amount of reinterpretation or external appreciation can override. How a work is used once released into the public sphere, whether expanded, revised, responded to, or simply shown without their direct consent, thus remains an active issue for the artist, because those alternative experiences are all using a piece of the artist in its efforts. Artists deserve to have that piece of them treated in a way they see as reasonable. It is a simple matter of justice that artists be permitted to maintain the level of control they desire, and it is a justice that is best furnished through the conventional copyright mechanism that provides for the maximum protection of works for their creators, and allows them to contract away uses and rights to those works on their own terms. Many artists care about their legacies and the future of their artistic works, and should thus have this protection furnished by the state through the protection of copyright, not cast aside by the unwashed users of the creative commons. Samuel Beckett is a great example of this need. Beckett had exacting standards about the fashion in which in his plays could be performed. [1] For him the meaning of the art demanded an appreciation for the strict performance without the adulteration of reinterpretation. He would lack that power under this policy, meaning either the world would have been impoverished for want of his plays, or he would have been impoverished for want of his rights to his work. These rights are best balanced through the aegis of copyright as it is, not under the free-for-all of the creative commons license.  [1] Catron, L. “Copyright Laws for Theatre People”. 2003. artist rights, public space, public funding, creative control, artistic expression, copyright, moral rights, reinterpretation, external appreciation, intellectual property, legacy, state protection, creative commons, Samuel Beckett, performance standards, copyright mechanism, artistic justice, consent, work usage, creator autonomy artist rights, public space, artistic control, publicly funded art, copyright law, artistic expression, creator's rights, reinterpretation, public domain, creative commons, intellectual property, moral rights, legacy protection, Samuel Beckett, performance standards, artistic integrity, copyright mechanism, contract rights, misuse of art, state protection, cultural policy, fair use, creator consent artist rights, public art control, publicly funded art, artistic expression, copyright protection, creative control, artistic legacy, intellectual property, public space art, moral rights, performance rights, creative commons debate, authorial intent, Samuel Beckett, art reinterpretation, legal protection, artistic consent, copyright law, contract rights, cultural policy artists’ rights, public art, copyright, moral rights, artistic control, public funding, intellectual property, creative expression, legacy, reinterpretation, creative commons, artistic integrity, contract rights, Beckett, performance rights, state protection, cultural heritage, authorial intent, justice, copyright law, creative ownership, public domain, art policy artist rights, public art, copyright protection, intellectual property, creative control, public funding, artistic expression, moral rights, legacy preservation, Samuel Beckett, copyright mechanism, reinterpretation, artistic consent, creative commons, performance standards, art law, authorship, art justice, legal protection, copyright balance
test-politics-ghbgussbsbt-con01a	Effect on democratic participation  Divided Government undermines the democratic will of the people as it prevents a clear policy choice from being enacted by those elected to represent them.  The compromise necessary will result in policy platforms enthusiastically chosen by voters being watered down in order for it to be even partly enacted. It is notable that the majority of legislation originates from Congress when government is divided rather than from the President. This is despite the president being the one with the nationwide mandate. [1]  Single Party Government counters this by ensuring that policies clearly presented to and chosen by the electorate are enacted without having to countenance the opinions of an opposition whose policies have just been discredited by the electorate, Thus ensuring that government is responsive to the aims and wishes of the people.  [1] Jones, Charles O., The Presidency in a Separated System, The Brookings Institution, 1994, p.222 divided government, democratic participation, policy choice, democratic will, policy compromise, voter preferences, legislation origin, Congress, President, nationwide mandate, single party government, policy implementation, electoral accountability, government responsiveness, opposition, policy platforms, Charles O. Jones, The Presidency in a Separated System, Brookings Institution democratic participation, divided government, democratic will, policy choice, elected representatives, policy compromise, voter mandate, policy platforms, watered down policies, legislative origin, Congress, President, nationwide mandate, single party government, policy enactment, electorate choice, opposition, government responsiveness, public opinion, separated system, Charles O. Jones, The Presidency in a Separated System, Brookings Institution democratic participation, divided government, democratic will, policy choice, elected representatives, policy compromise, voter mandate, legislation origin, Congress, President, nationwide mandate, single party government, policy enactment, election result, opposition, government responsiveness, electorate wishes, majority rule, policy dilution, Jones Charles O., Presidency in a Separated System divided government, democratic participation, democratic will, policy choice, compromise, voter mandate, legislation origination, Congress, President, nationwide mandate, single party government, policy enactment, electoral choice, government responsiveness, opposition, policy platforms, separated system, Charles O. Jones, The Brookings Institution divided government, democratic participation, policy choice, electoral mandate, compromise, watered-down policies, congressional legislation, presidential mandate, single party government, policy enactment, voter preferences, opposition parties, government responsiveness, legislative process, representative democracy, policy implementation, electorate, separated system, presidential power, legislative gridlock
test-education-egtuscpih-pro01a	Online courses are more convenient for students than traditional university  The vast popularity of MOOCs can be explained by the fact that people are finding it easier to learn this way. The best feature of online learning that it can be done in the privacy of one's home, which is more convenient than having to move cities or even countries for a university degree. Moreover, online courses are inherently more flexible. Lectures can be watched and tests taken at any time a person desires (within the deadlines), unlike with scheduled lectures and tests at the traditional university. Not only this means a more personal approach to studying, it also provides people with more flexibility to manage their other commitments, such as work and childcare. Such personal and flexible approach to learning will overtake the rigidity of the traditional university. online courses, MOOCs, online learning, convenience, flexibility, traditional university, remote education, personal approach, self-paced learning, home study, work-life balance, flexible scheduling, learning management, online degrees, digital education, asynchronous learning, education accessibility, distance learning, student convenience, higher education alternatives online courses, convenience, MOOCs, online learning, flexibility, traditional university, privacy, home study, remote education, lecture scheduling, asynchronous learning, personal approach, work-life balance, childcare, flexible learning, self-paced study, university degree, ease of learning, commitment management, educational trends online courses, MOOCs, online learning, convenience, flexibility, traditional university, distance learning, self-paced study, home study, accessibility, remote education, work-life balance, flexible scheduling, personal learning, lifelong learning, online education benefits, education technology, asynchronous learning, comparison online vs traditional, student convenience online courses, convenience, flexibility, MOOCs, online learning, traditional university, home learning, distance education, asynchronous lectures, flexible schedule, personalized learning, work-life balance, remote education, e-learning, higher education alternatives, self-paced study, education accessibility, online degrees, digital education, university comparison online courses, convenience, students, MOOCs, online learning, home study, flexibility, personal learning, traditional university, distance education, remote learning, flexible schedule, self-paced learning, work-life balance, childcare, accessibility, asynchronous lectures, educational technology, e-learning, higher education
test-politics-gvhbhlsbr-con03a	Democracy should not be the end-point aspiration of government.  One should not assume that the lack of democracy is wholly negative; do the majority of people know what is best for the country? Or do industry experts? Could the public reach a consensus on important governing decisions? Government can see the bigger picture and balance the needs of different interest groups to produce the best outcome for all: ‘true’ democracy is simply unworkable and can too easily lead to the ‘tyranny of the majority’ as described by Fareed Zakaria. [1] Perhaps the best way to illustrate this point is to look at the two champions of democracy: France and America. France overturned its monarchy and government in the name of liberty, yet quickly descended into mob-rule and violence; ‘democracy’ had a bloody birth. [2] Similarly one only has to look at the appalling levels of inequality within the United States of America to question the nature and worth of ‘democracy’. [3] So if the nature of government is not simply to fulfil notions of ‘democracy’ but to ensure good governance then the House of Lords is still an important institution.  [1] Zakaria, Fareed, The Future of Freedom: Illiberal Democracy Home and Abroad (New York, 2003)  [2] Doyle, William, The French Revolution: A Very Short Introduction (Oxford, 2001)  [3] American Political Science Association Task Force, ‘American Democracy in an Age of Rising Inequality’, Perspectives on Politics, 2 (2004) democracy, government aspiration, non-democratic governance, tyranny of the majority, Fareed Zakaria, expert rule, consensus decision-making, governance outcomes, interest groups, true democracy, democratic limitations, France revolution, mob rule, American inequality, House of Lords, good governance, democracy critique, democracy in France, democracy in America, illiberal democracy, popular rule challenges, political expertise, political stability, democracy effectiveness, majority rule problems, political institutions, historical examples democracy, French Revolution, U.S. inequality, William Doyle, American Political Science Association democracy, governance, end-point aspiration, government, majority rule, tyranny of the majority, Fareed Zakaria, illiberal democracy, expert rule, public consensus, interest groups, good governance, unworkable democracy, France, French Revolution, mob rule, liberty, violence, America, United States, inequality, institutional value, House of Lords, democracy critique, political theory, perspectives on politics, comparative government, political institutions, policy expertise, majority versus minority rights, democratic limitations democracy, governance, government, end-point aspiration, majority rule, expert governance, public consensus, interest groups, tyranny of the majority, Fareed Zakaria, illiberal democracy, French Revolution, mob rule, America, US inequality, liberty, mob violence, House of Lords, good governance, limits of democracy, political systems, comparative politics, democratic failures, democratization, William Doyle, American democracy, political science, inequality, institutional roles, democracy criticism democracy, government, governance, tyranny of the majority, Fareed Zakaria, illiberal democracy, expert rule, public consensus, mob rule, French Revolution, America, United States, inequality, House of Lords, institutional importance, liberty, majority rule, interest groups, good governance, political theory, democracy criticism, democracy limitations, William Doyle, American Political Science Association, democratic shortcomings, political institutions, democratic outcomes, comparative democracy, democracy alternatives, ruling elites, democracy debate democracy, government, end-point aspiration, lack of democracy, negative aspects, majority rule, expertise, public consensus, governance decisions, big picture, interest groups, best outcome, true democracy, unworkable, tyranny of the majority, Fareed Zakaria, France, America, French Revolution, mob rule, violence, liberty, bloody birth, United States, inequality, nature of democracy, good governance, House of Lords, institutions, illiberal democracy, democratic champions, American democracy, rising inequality, political science, governance critique, representation, meritocracy, expert rule, democracy limitations
test-religion-grcrgshwbr-con03a	If you ban one thing, you have to ban lots of things.  Every religious symbol should be treated equally so as not to cause discrimination. It's just not viable to ban one symbol. If you ban something, for example, as sacred and religious as the Muslim veil, people will then start rallying cries for other things to be banned. At the end of the day, if the Government feels that it is in the best interests of society not to ban the veil, then we have to believe them. Really if one thing is banned then the uproar that would happen would have significantly worse consequences than before the ban. There have been worries about the banning of the Sikh Kirpan because outsiders regard it as a possible weapon and a danger to people in public places.1 However, in the Sikh perspective, the Kirpan is a sacred symbol very similar to other religions' symbols.  1 'Timeline: The Quebec kirpan case', CBC News Online, 2nd March 2006, accessed on 25th July 2011 ban, religious symbols, discrimination, equality, Muslim veil, government policy, societal impact, Sikh Kirpan, sacred symbols, religious freedom, public reaction, Quebec kirpan case, CBC News, cultural sensitivity, legal issues, public safety, religious rights ban, religious symbols, discrimination, equality, Muslim veil, Sikh Kirpan, government policy, public uproar, societal consequences, sacred symbols, religious freedom, Quebec kirpan case, policy implications, secularism, banning consequences ban, religious symbols, equality, discrimination, Muslim veil, government, social consequences, Sikh Kirpan, sacred symbols, public policy, religious freedom, Quebec kirpan case, CBC News, public safety, religious rights, cultural sensitivity, legal implications, societal impact, religious discrimination, banning consequences ban, religious symbols, equality, discrimination, Muslim veil, government policy, societal consequences, Sikh Kirpan, sacred symbols, public safety, religious freedom, Quebec kirpan case, controversy, policy implications, minority rights, symbolic bans, legal implications, interfaith issues, secularism, public debate religious symbols, bans, discrimination, equality, Muslim veil, government policy, Sikh Kirpan, sacred symbols, public safety, religious freedom, Quebec kirpan case, CBC News, symbol banning consequences, multiculturalism, minority rights, religious attire, public debate, societal impact, freedom of expression, legal implications
test-law-ilppppghb-pro04a	"Self-determination offers a way to resolve otherwise intractable disputes.  Many modern nation states are the product of historical accident or hurried decolonisation processes that did not properly take account of ethnic or religious differences between peoples in the states that resulted. Examples can be seen all over the world but especially in Asia, Africa and the former Soviet Union, where postcolonial or post-Cold War boundaries separate people from their kin against their wills. Other territories may be disputed between one or more nation.  Allowing ethnic or religious groups self-determination may help to reverse the harmful effect of artificial, poorly-drawn borders. If self-determination is universally accepted (and applied) by the international community as a key principle in such disputes, they may in future be easier to resolve.  Two examples; Kashmir, which straddles the line of partition drawn up by the British when granting independence to India and Pakistan in 19471; and the Falkland Islands, which are the object of dispute between the UK and Argentina, including a brief war in 19822. History, law geography all offer competing and incompatible views of who should rightfully own these territories. If we recognise the principle of self-determination as key, however, it is clear that it is the view of the inhabitants that should decide its future. Indeed, if this principle is ignored, such disputes will rumble on for many years to come.  1 ""Kashmir: Run-up to Partition"", Globalsecurity.org 2 ""Falklands/Malvinas War"",Globalsecurity.org For the Falkland Islanders' view of self-determination, see Falkland Island Government website, ""Falklands call on UN Committee to uphold right to self-determination"", self-determination, intractable disputes, ethnic differences, religious differences, nation states, historical accident, decolonisation, postcolonial boundaries, artificial borders, Asia, Africa, former Soviet Union, post-Cold War, territorial disputes, international community, Kashmir, partition, India, Pakistan, 1947, Falkland Islands, UK, Argentina, 1982 war, sovereignty, right to self-determination, law, geography, competing claims, indigenous populations, UN, conflict resolution, colonial legacy, national identity self-determination, intractable disputes, nation states, decolonisation, ethnic differences, religious differences, artificial borders, postcolonial boundaries, post-Cold War, Asia, Africa, former Soviet Union, territorial disputes, nation, kin, international community, conflict resolution, Kashmir, partition, British India, India-Pakistan, Falkland Islands, UK-Argentina, sovereignty, disputed territories, legal perspectives, historical perspectives, geographic boundaries, right to self-determination, international law, United Nations, indigenous views, population consent, colonial legacy, secession, independence movements, global politics, minority rights, border conflicts self-determination, intractable disputes, nation states, historical accident, decolonisation, ethnic differences, religious differences, postcolonial boundaries, artificial borders, Asia, Africa, former Soviet Union, post-Cold War, disputed territories, ethnic groups, religious groups, international community, Kashmir, partition, India, Pakistan, Falkland Islands, UK, Argentina, sovereignty disputes, independence, right to self-determination, international law, border conflicts, geography, territorial ownership, postcolonialism, self-governance, indigenous rights, UN, national identity, conflict resolution self-determination, conflict resolution, intractable disputes, nation states, decolonisation, ethnic differences, religious differences, Asia, Africa, former Soviet Union, postcolonial boundaries, post-Cold War boundaries, territorial disputes, international law, artificial borders, border disputes, ethnic groups, religious groups, universal principle, international community, Kashmir, British partition, India, Pakistan, Falkland Islands, UK-Argentina conflict, sovereignty, history, law, geography, right to self-determination, local inhabitants, postcolonial states, nationhood, secession, minority rights, disputed territories, partition, indigenous populations, political self-determination, intractable disputes, nation states, historical accident, decolonisation, ethnic differences, religious differences, artificial borders, Asia, Africa, former Soviet Union, postcolonial boundaries, post-Cold War boundaries, territorial disputes, ethnic groups, religious groups, international community, Kashmir, partition, India, Pakistan, Falkland Islands, UK, Argentina, sovereignty, territorial claims, law, geography, ownership, territorial integrity, right to self-determination, self-governance, principle of self-determination, conflict resolution, postcolonial conflict, colonial legacy, national identity, disputed territories, indigenous population"
test-international-epdlhfcefp-pro01a	The EU has already been unifying on multiple fronts, this is just a step in the same direction.  The EU has slowly been building up its own common military framework, with the UK and France leading the effort to pool European military capacity. In addition, the EU itself has created new institutional bodies such as the Political and Security Committee, a Military Committee and military staff. The EU has had military envoys in Macedonia and Bosnia-Herzegovina and has committed itself to the creation of a Common Security and Defense Policy with 3-4,000 troops on permanent standby in multilateral ‘battlegroups’ ready for immediate deployment(see Rockwell Schnabel’s article listed below)1. While incremental, these are steps not to be ignored. The Union has also placed that military capacity within the broader context of a security strategy designed to promote international peace, justice and development.  1. Schnabel, Rockwell A., 'U.S. Views on the EU Common Foreign and Security Policy', The Brown Journal of World Affairs, Vol. IX. Issue2., (Winter/Spring 2003) accessed 1/8/11 European Union, EU unification, EU military framework, UK, France, European military capacity, Political and Security Committee, EU Military Committee, EU military staff, military envoys, Macedonia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Common Security and Defense Policy, battlegroups, EU security strategy, international peace, justice, EU development, Rockwell Schnabel, EU Common Foreign and Security Policy, EU institutional bodies, EU military integration, multilateral deployment, EU defense policy EU, European Union, unification, military integration, common military framework, UK, France, European military capacity, institutional bodies, Political and Security Committee, Military Committee, military staff, military envoys, Macedonia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Common Security and Defense Policy, permanent standby troops, battlegroups, multilateral deployment, security strategy, international peace, justice, development, Rockwell Schnabel, US views, Common Foreign and Security Policy, Brown Journal of World Affairs European Union, EU integration, military framework, UK, France, European military cooperation, institutional bodies, Political and Security Committee, EU Military Committee, EU military staff, military envoys, Macedonia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Common Security and Defense Policy, CSDP, EU battlegroups, rapid deployment, security strategy, international peace, justice, development, multilateral military capacity, Rockwell Schnabel, EU foreign policy, EU defense policy European Union, EU integration, common military framework, military cooperation, UK, France, pooling military capacity, Political and Security Committee, EU Military Committee, EU military staff, military envoys, Macedonia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Common Security and Defense Policy, EU battlegroups, rapid deployment, security strategy, international peace, justice, development, EU defense policy, EU institutions, multilateral security, Rockwell Schnabel, US views, Brown Journal of World Affairs EU unification, European military integration, common military framework, UK, France, pooling military capacity, Political and Security Committee, Military Committee, EU military staff, EU military envoys, Macedonia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Common Security and Defense Policy, CSDP, EU battlegroups, rapid deployment forces, EU institutional bodies, security strategy, international peace, justice, development, Rockwell Schnabel, EU foreign policy, EU security policy, European defense cooperation, EU multinational forces, Brown Journal of World Affairs
test-law-hrpepthwuto-pro01a	In the event of an imminent attack it is only reasonable to use force to find information  If authorities have good reason to believe that there is a realistic threat of a nuclear explosion in downtown Manhattan or Tel Aviv then it is vital that as much information as possible can be gathered as quickly as possible.  If that requires pain to be inflicted on an individual to save the lives of millions then it is simply practical to do so. The harm represented by the pain caused to a single individual is outweighed by the possibility that information gathered from a forceful interrogation might save thousands of lives imminent attack, use of force, information gathering, authority action, nuclear threat, Manhattan, Tel Aviv, torture, pain infliction, lives at risk, interrogation, ethical dilemma, national security, utilitarianism, harm justification, terrorism prevention, emergency response, moral trade-off, intelligence extraction, ticking time bomb scenario, security ethics imminent attack, use of force, information gathering, authorities, nuclear threat, Manhattan, Tel Aviv, urgency, pain infliction, save lives, forceful interrogation, ethical justification, ticking time bomb, greater good, utilitarianism, torture debate, moral dilemma, security versus rights, counterterrorism, emergency response, individual harm, mass casualties, justification of torture imminent attack, use of force, information gathering, justified force, authorities, national security, nuclear threat, Manhattan, Tel Aviv, emergency response, interrogation, pain infliction, ethical dilemma, utilitarianism, torture debate, lives at risk, counterterrorism, ticking bomb scenario, public safety, moral justification, security ethics imminent attack, use of force, information gathering, justified force, authorities, realistic threat, nuclear explosion, Manhattan, Tel Aviv, vital information, urgent intelligence, pain infliction, save lives, ethical dilemma, forceful interrogation, practical necessity, outweighing harm, torture debate, ticking bomb scenario, utilitarian ethics imminent attack, use of force, information gathering, authorities, realistic threat, nuclear explosion, downtown Manhattan, Tel Aviv, urgent intelligence, pain infliction, ethical justification, forceful interrogation, saving lives, utilitarian argument, ticking time bomb, counterterrorism, security measures, moral dilemma, torture debate, proportionality, emergency response
test-science-eassgbatj-pro05a	It would send out a consistent message  Most countries have animal welfare laws to prevent animal cruelty but have laws like the UK’s Animals (Scientific Procedures) Act 1986, [10] that stop animal testing being a crime. This makes means some people can do things to animals, but not others. If the government are serious about animal abuse, why allow anyone to do it? animal welfare laws, animal cruelty, animal testing, UK Animals Scientific Procedures Act 1986, legal exemptions, animal rights, government policy, animal abuse, ethical regulation, animal experimentation, legal inconsistencies, scientific research animals, animal protection, legislation, animal law enforcement animal welfare laws, animal cruelty prevention, animal testing legislation, Animals Scientific Procedures Act 1986, animal research regulation, legal inconsistency, animal abuse, animal rights, government policy, animal protection, UK animal laws, animal testing exemption, ethical treatment of animals animal welfare laws, animal cruelty, animal testing, UK Animals Scientific Procedures Act 1986, animal abuse, government policy, legal exceptions, ethical treatment of animals, animal rights, animal research, legislative inconsistency, animal experimentation, animal protection, legal loopholes, animal law enforcement animal welfare laws, animal cruelty prevention, animal testing legality, Animals Scientific Procedures Act 1986, UK animal testing laws, animal abuse, government policy animal welfare, inconsistent animal laws, scientific research animals, ethical treatment animals, animal rights, legal exceptions animal cruelty animal welfare laws, animal cruelty, animal testing, UK Animals Scientific Procedures Act 1986, government policy, animal abuse, legal loopholes, animal rights, consistency, animal protection, scientific research, law enforcement, ethical treatment of animals, animal experimentation, legal exceptions, public message, regulatory gaps, animal legislation
test-international-aghbfcpspr-con04a	The very payment of reparations exerts a neo-colonial power over former colonies.  The recognition that many former colonies are in desperate economic need only adds to the sense that former colonial powers desire to hold sway over them. Giving reparations induces dependency and can weaken the appearance of government in the former colonies, and may allow the donor government to exert influence over policy areas within the recipient country [1] . Far from giving the recipient country the means to develop itself as an independent nation, this motion simply recalls the old power structure which existed during colonisation.  [1] Accessed from  on 12/09/11 reparations, neo-colonialism, former colonies, economic dependency, colonial powers, government influence, policy control, donor governments, recipient countries, power dynamics, post-colonialism, independence, economic aid, development, international relations reparations, neo-colonialism, former colonies, economic dependency, colonial powers, power dynamics, government influence, policy control, donor governments, recipient countries, post-colonial development, economic need, sovereignty, political influence, colonial legacy, aid dependency, international relations, colonial structure, foreign intervention, national independence reparations, neo-colonialism, former colonies, economic dependency, colonial powers, government influence, donor government, recipient country, policy influence, development, independence, old power structures, post-colonialism, international aid, sovereignty, economic need, power dynamics, colonial legacy, political autonomy, aid dependency reparations, neo-colonialism, former colonies, economic dependency, colonial powers, government influence, policy control, development aid, power structures, post-colonialism, donor influence, sovereignty, economic need, recipient countries, historical colonialism, aid dependency, international relations reparations, neo-colonialism, former colonies, economic dependency, colonial powers, influence, policy control, government sovereignty, donor influence, power dynamics, post-colonial, development aid, national independence, economic need, political manipulation, historical power structure, recipient country, colonial legacy
test-law-thgglcplgphw-pro03a	Legal coca cultivation would enhance economic growth in developing states  Millions of people in South America chew coca leaves, so this practice cannot simply be wished away. [1] Moreover, it currently acts as a vital income source in many impoverished areas of the Andes. Pasquale Quispe, 53, owner of a 7.4-acre Bolivian coca farm, explained to the New York Times in 2006: “Coca is our daily bread, what gives us work, what gives us our livelihood.” [2] Previous attempts to eradicate coca cultivation in Bolivia harmed the poorest farmers there and led to significant social unrest. [3] When it is allowed, however, coca cultivation can actually have economic benefits. Peasant cultivators in the Andes have indicated their belief that coca chewing helps increase production in agriculture, fisheries and mining. [4] The legalization of coca cultivation globally would allow for the expansion of these economic benefits. The coca leaf may have uses as a stimulant and flavouring agent in drinks (in which it is currently used to a limited extent in the West), but also in the expansion of the many domestic products currently in use in the Andes, including syrups, teas, shampoo and toothpaste. It may also have a use as a general anaesthetic. [5] Only the legalization of its cultivation globally will allow these product and economic potentials to be fully realized and allow humanity to reap the full rewards of the coca plant, rather than simply being limited by the fear and stigma surrounding its illegal use in cocaine.  [1] Morales, Evo. “Let Me Chew My Coca Leaves”. New York Times. March 13, 2009.   [2] Forero, Juan. “Bolivia's Knot: No to Cocaine, but Yes to Coca”. New York Times. February 12, 2006.   [3] Forero, Juan. “Bolivia's Knot: No to Cocaine, but Yes to Coca”. New York Times. February 12, 2006.   [4] Transnational Institute Debate Papers. “Coca yes, cocaine, no?”. Transnational Institute. No. 2006/2. No. 13. May 2006.   [5] Transnational Institute Debate Papers. “Coca yes, cocaine, no?”. Transnational Institute. No. 2006/2. No. 13. May 2006. legal coca cultivation, economic growth, developing states, South America, coca leaf chewing, income source, Andean region, Bolivia, impoverished farmers, social unrest, peasant cultivators, agricultural productivity, fisheries, mining, global legalization, coca-based products, stimulant, beverage flavoring, domestic products, syrup, tea, shampoo, toothpaste, anaesthetic, product expansion, poverty alleviation, traditional uses, stigmatization, drug policy, coca industry, rural livelihoods, alternative development, New York Times, Evo Morales, Transnational Institute legal coca cultivation, economic growth, developing states, coca chewing, South America, income source, Andean region, Bolivia, impoverished farmers, coca eradication, social unrest, economic benefits, agricultural productivity, peasant cultivators, global legalization, coca leaf products, coca-based economy, stimulant, flavouring agent, coca drinks, coca derivatives, domestic products, coca tea, coca syrup, coca shampoo, coca toothpaste, general anaesthetic, coca stigma, cocaine, coca regulation, alternative livelihoods, sustainable development, traditional use, rural economy, policy reform, livelihoods, New York Times, Transnational Institute legal coca cultivation, economic growth, developing countries, South America, coca leaf chewing, Andes, Bolivian coca farmers, poverty alleviation, income source, social unrest, crop eradication, economic benefits, Andean agriculture, coca legalization, global legalization, coca-derived products, stimulant, flavoring agent, beverages, domestic products, syrups, teas, shampoo, toothpaste, general anaesthetic, stigma, cocaine, sustainable development, alternative livelihoods, rural economy, traditional practices, Pasquale Quispe, Bolivia, Evo Morales legal coca cultivation, economic growth, developing countries, South America, coca leaves, Andean region, income source, poverty alleviation, Bolivia, peasant farmers, social unrest, crop eradication, agriculture productivity, global legalization, coca products, stimulant, flavoring agent, domestic products, coca tea, coca syrup, coca shampoo, coca toothpaste, anesthetic use, economic benefits, coca-chewing culture, alternative livelihoods, drug policy, coca versus cocaine, social impact, rural economy, sustainable development legal coca cultivation, economic growth, developing countries, South America, coca leaves, Andean region, Bolivia, income source, impoverished areas, coca farmers, social unrest, eradication attempts, economic benefits, agricultural productivity, fisheries, mining, global legalization, coca products, stimulant, flavouring agent, coca tea, coca syrup, domestic products, toothpaste, anaesthetic, stigma, cocaine, traditional uses, livelihood, rural economy, alternative development, legal regulation
test-politics-oepdlhfcefp-pro03a	The creation of the post of a High Representative marked an important change in the EU.  The creation of a post of High Representative and Vice President of the Commission (HRVP) marks an important change in the decision making process at the EU level with regards to foreign policy. Agreement on the post showed a clear commitment to the pursuit of a common EU foreign policy and to developing a unique cooperative model for foreign and defense policy decision making that goes beyond the nation state. Member states should now deliver on that commitment by seeking as much common ground as possible to ensure that the High Representative’s role is truly significant. The goal of a common foreign and security policy should thus be supported not only as a mechanism to streamline EU’s position and role in world politics, but also to reinforce notions of cooperation and consultation essential for maintaining a stable international system, in line with the stated goals of the EU. (The 12 stars in a circle is meant to symbolize the ideals of unity, solidarity and harmony among the peoples of Europe)1.  1 Europa.eu, 'Symbols',accessed 1/8/11 High Representative, EU, European Union, HRVP, Vice President of the Commission, foreign policy, decision making, common foreign and security policy, CFSP, member states, cooperative model, defense policy, common ground, international system, unity, solidarity, harmony, EU symbols, institutional change, policy coordination, world politics, EU governance, supranational, foreign affairs, European integration, consultation, commitment, policy development High Representative, HRVP, Vice President of the Commission, EU foreign policy, decision making, European Union, common foreign and security policy, CFSP, defense policy, cooperative model, nation state, member states, EU integration, policy coordination, international system, foreign affairs, EU symbols, unity, solidarity, harmony, institutional change, global politics, EU governance, external relations, diplomacy, consultation, commitment, policy development, common ground, international stability, European Commission High Representative, HRVP, EU, European Union, foreign policy, decision making, common foreign policy, security policy, defense policy, cooperation, consultation, member states, Commission, international system, unity, solidarity, harmony, EU symbols, world politics, collective action, institutional reform, policy coordination, EU governance, supranational, common ground, policymaking, stability, European integration, CFSP, foreign affairs High Representative, HRVP, EU decision making, EU foreign policy, common foreign policy, foreign and security policy, EU Commission, cooperative model, defense policy, nation state, member states, common ground, international system, EU unity, EU solidarity, EU harmony, EU symbols, European integration, EU governance, world politics, policy coordination, consultation, European Union High Representative, HRVP, European Union, EU foreign policy, decision making, common foreign and security policy, CFSP, EU integration, cooperative model, defense policy, member states, EU governance, international relations, unity, solidarity, harmony, EU symbols, foreign affairs, policy coordination, institutional change, Commission Vice President, supranational decision making, stability, international system, EU commitment, collective action
test-international-ipecfiepg-con04a	Leaving the Eurozone would be detrimental for Greece in the long-run.  Even if the proposition are correct in claiming defaulting and leaving the Eurozone would stimulate growth in the Greek economy, such benefits are transitory whereas the benefits of remaining in the Eurozone are permanent. [1] Having the Euro provides stability for the Greek economy – investors know that the currency will not collapse, making their invested capital worthless. The gravity of the outcomes of a Greek default cannot be known for sure, however some economists have even suggested that hyperinflation could occur – leading to disastrous consequences for Greece. [2] Moreover, in the long term, a single currency makes investment and transactions with other Eurozone members much more efficient and profitable. This is particularly important given that the vast majority of Greek trade is carried out with other European members. In light of these benefits, a short term cost that comes with the austerity measures enforced under the status quo, would be worthwhile in the long term.  [1] Barrell, Ray: “Eurozone crisis: what if… Greece leaves the single currency”, 14 May 2012, The Guardian,   [2] Ruparel, Raoul and Persson, Mats: “Better off Out? The short-term options for Greece inside and outside of the euro”, June 2012, Open Europe, 2012 Eurozone, Greece, long-term effects, economic stability, currency collapse, investor confidence, hyperinflation, single currency, trade efficiency, European Union, economic integration, investment, austerity measures, transitory growth, permanent benefits, Greek default, economic consequences, international trade, monetary union, Greek economy, financial crisis, capital flight, economic policy, economic recovery, European members Eurozone, Greece, leaving Eurozone, long-term impact, economic stability, investment, currency collapse, hyperinflation, economic growth, default, single currency, trade efficiency, European trade, austerity measures, crisis, permanent benefits, transitory benefits, financial markets, investor confidence, euro benefits, monetary union, Greek economy, economic policy, exchange rates, international trade, eurozone membership, economic consequences, economic integration, fiscal policy Eurozone, Greece, currency stability, Greek economy, default, hyperinflation, investor confidence, economic growth, single currency, long-term benefits, short-term costs, austerity, trade efficiency, European trade, capital investment, transaction costs, economic integration, monetary union, financial crisis, currency collapse, economic consequences, permanent benefits, transitory growth, policy impact Eurozone, Greece, currency stability, economic growth, default, hyperinflation, long-term effects, short-term benefits, investment, trade, austerity measures, single currency, capital flight, investor confidence, European Union, euro, economic integration, financial crisis, Greek economy, transactional efficiency, permanent benefits, temporary stimulus, economic policy, risk, cross-border trade, monetary policy, fiscal policy Greece, Eurozone, leaving the Eurozone, Greek economy, long-term effects, economic stability, euro currency, investor confidence, Greek default, hyperinflation, single currency, trade efficiency, European trade, austerity measures, economic growth, transitory benefits, permanent benefits, investment, currency collapse, economic consequences, Eurozone membership, crisis, economic integration
test-society-epsihbdns-pro03a	Restrictions would benefit rural areas  Unlimited rural-urban migration erodes the economy of the cities, as shown in the previous argument, and limits their economic growth and available resources. On a national level, this causes decision makers to prioritise the cities, as the country relies more on urban than rural areas, thus preventing them from investing in the country-side. [1] China is a good example of this where urban privilege has become entrenched with ‘special economic zones’ being created in urban areas (though sometimes built from scratch in rural areas) with money being poured into infrastructure for the urban areas which as a result have rapidly modernised leaving rural areas behind. This leads to a whole culture of divisions where urbanites consider those from rural areas to be backward and less civilized. [2]  Moreover, there will be little other reason to invest in rural areas, as the workforce in those areas has left for the cities. By preserving resources in the cities and keeping the workforce in the rural areas, it becomes possible to invest in rural communities and change their lives for the better as these areas maintain the balanced workforce necessary to attract investors.  [1] Maxwell, Daniel., “The Political Economy of Urban Food Security in Sub-Saharan Africa.” 11, London : Elsevier Science Ltd., 1999, World Development, Vol. 27, p. 1939±1953. S0305-750X(99)00101-1.  [2] Whyte, Martin King, “Social Change and the Urban-Rural Divide in China”, China in the 21st Century, June 2007,  p.54 rural-urban migration, urbanization, economic growth, rural development, urban privilege, special economic zones, infrastructure investment, rural workforce, rural-urban divide, city resource allocation, rural investment, China urbanization, urban modernization, rural marginalization, social divisions, urban bias, workforce distribution, rural communities, economic policy, rural revitalization rural-urban migration, urbanization, rural development, urban privilege, economic growth, resource allocation, special economic zones, urban-rural divide, rural investment, workforce distribution, infrastructure development, social inequality, urban modernization, rural outmigration, policy restrictions, China, decision making, urban bias, modernization disparity, rural workforce retention rural development, urban-rural migration, migration restrictions, economic growth, resource allocation, urban privilege, special economic zones, China urbanization, rural investment, workforce retention, urban-rural divide, infrastructure disparity, rural depopulation, rural modernization, sub-Saharan Africa urbanization, policy intervention, urban bias, social divisions, investor attraction, balanced workforce rural-urban migration, migration restrictions, economic growth, rural development, urbanization, urban privilege, special economic zones, infrastructure investment, rural workforce, resource allocation, urban-rural divide, China, modernization, rural investment, social divisions, political economy, workforce retention, urban bias, national policy, sub-Saharan Africa rural-urban migration, urbanization, economic growth, rural development, city resources, urban privilege, special economic zones, infrastructure investment, rural-urban divide, workforce retention, migration restrictions, urban modernization, rural communities, investment in rural areas, social divisions, China urbanization, political economy, sub-Saharan Africa, migration policy, urban-rural imbalance
test-society-epiasghbf-pro03a	Labour participation and rights  Labour participation enables an awareness, and acquirement, of equal gender rights. Firstly, labour participation is challenging cultural ideologies and norms of which see the woman’s responsibility as limited to the reproductive sphere. Entering the productive sphere brings women equal work rights and the right to enter public space. By such a change gender norms of the male breadwinner are challenged. Secondly, labour force participation by women has resulted in the emergence of community lawyers and organisations to represent them. The Declaration of the African Regional Domestic Workers Network is a case in point. [1] With the rising number of female domestic workers, the network is working to change conditions - upholding Conferences, sharing information, and taking action.  [1] See labour participation, gender rights, women's rights, gender equality, cultural norms, gender norms, reproductive sphere, productive sphere, equal work rights, public space, male breadwinner, labour force participation, women empowerment, community lawyers, women's organisations, African Regional Domestic Workers Network, female domestic workers, working conditions, advocacy, legal representation, gender roles, domestic work, women's labour rights labour participation, gender rights, equal rights, women's rights, gender norms, cultural ideologies, women's labour force participation, productive sphere, reproductive sphere, work rights, public space, male breadwinner, community lawyers, women's organisations, African Regional Domestic Workers Network, female domestic workers, labour rights, gender equality, domestic work, gender roles, social change, women's empowerment, advocacy, labour movements, workplace rights labour participation, gender rights, equal rights, women's labour force, gender norms, cultural ideologies, women's empowerment, productive sphere, reproductive sphere, public space, male breadwinner, community lawyers, women's organisations, African Regional Domestic Workers Network, female domestic workers, labour rights, workplace equality, gender equality, advocacy, women's representation, women's movements, labour law, domestic work, social change, gender roles labour participation, gender rights, women's employment, cultural norms, gender equality, productive sphere, reproductive sphere, women's work rights, public space, male breadwinner, community lawyers, women's organisations, African Regional Domestic Workers Network, female domestic workers, labour rights, gender norms, women's empowerment, workplace equality, labour force participation, gender discrimination labour participation, gender rights, women's rights, equal rights, cultural norms, gender norms, reproductive sphere, productive sphere, work rights, public space, male breadwinner, labour force participation, women in workforce, community lawyers, women's organisations, African Regional Domestic Workers Network, female domestic workers, working conditions, labour rights, gender equality, advocacy, gender roles, empowerment, legal representation, social change
test-philosophy-apessghwba-con04a	"Animal research is only used where other research methods are not suitable  Developed countries, including the US and all members of the EU (since EU Directive 2010/63/EU) have created laws and professional regulations that prevent scientists from using animals for research if other, non-animal research methods would produce equally clear and detailed results.  The principle described above is also enshrined in the ""3Rs"" doctrine, which states that researchers and their employers have a duty to identify ways to refine experiments conducted on animals, so that yield better results and cause less suffering; replace animals used in research the non-animal alternatives where possible; and reduce the number of animals used in research. Not only does the 3Rs doctrine represent a practical way to reconcile the necessity of animal research with the universal human desire not to cause suffering, it also drives scientists to increase the overall quality of the research that they conduct. Governments and academic institutions take the 3Rs doctrine very seriously. In EU countries scientists are required to show that they have considered other methods of research before being granted a license for an animal experiment.  There are a huge number of ways of learning about our physiology and the pathologies which affect it, including to computer models, cell cultures, animal models, human microdosing and population studies. These methods are used to complement one another, for example animal models may well produce data that creates a computer model. Nonetheless, there is some research which cannot be done any other way. It is difficult to understand the interaction of specific sets of genes without being able to change only these genes – something possible through genetically modified animals.  Finally, as noted above, given the high cost of conducting animal research relative to other methods, there is a financial incentive for institutions to adopt non-animal methods where they produce as useful and accurate results. animal research, non-animal methods, 3Rs doctrine, refine, replace, reduce, EU Directive 2010/63/EU, research ethics, animal welfare, research regulations, genetically modified animals, computer models, cell cultures, human microdosing, population studies, alternative research methods, research licensing, developed countries, scientific regulations, research quality, research cost, animal alternatives, research refinement, legal requirements, animal suffering, institutional policy animal research, alternative research methods, non-animal alternatives, Developed countries, US, EU, EU Directive 2010/63/EU, laws, regulations, animal welfare, scientific ethics, 3Rs doctrine, refine, replace, reduce, animal suffering, experiment refinement, research quality, animal experiment licensing, cell cultures, computer models, animal models, human microdosing, population studies, genetic modification, genetically modified animals, physiology, pathology, research cost, academic institutions, government oversight, animal research policy, research methods selection, animal use reduction, biomedical research, regulatory compliance, scientific standards animal research, alternative methods, non-animal alternatives, research regulations, 3Rs doctrine, refinement, replacement, reduction, EU Directive 2010/63/EU, animal welfare, ethical research, genetically modified animals, scientific quality, computer models, cell cultures, human microdosing, population studies, animal models, physiology research, gene interaction, licensing requirements, research policy, financial incentive, research methods, scientific standards, US animal research laws, EU animal research laws animal research, research methods, animal alternatives, non-animal research, developed countries, US, EU, EU Directive 2010/63/EU, legislation, regulations, 3Rs doctrine, replacement, refinement, reduction, animal welfare, scientific ethics, research quality, licensure, animal experiment, computer models, cell cultures, human microdosing, population studies, genetically modified animals, physiological research, gene interaction, cost of animal research, financial incentives, institutional policies, bioethics animal research, alternative research methods, developed countries, US regulations, EU Directive 2010/63/EU, animal use laws, professional regulations, non-animal research, 3Rs doctrine, refine experiments, animal welfare, research refinement, replace animals, reduction in animal use, scientific quality, animal suffering, research ethics, licensing animal experiments, physiology study methods, computer models, cell cultures, animal models, human microdosing, population studies, genetically modified animals, gene interaction, cost of animal research, financial incentive, non-animal alternatives, scientific regulations, academic institutions, animal experiment approval"
test-education-ufsdfkhbwu-pro03a	Maintaining the value of the degree  Employers and others expect certain degrees to mean certain things; they are more than just an expensive badge. In the case of elite western universities part of what that means is a critical approach to the world and the willingness to challenge ideas, regardless of the authority that holds them. Part of their exclusivity derives from their admission standards, partly from the academic rigour of their scholars and partly from the simple fact that there are only a relatively small number of graduates.  In other areas universities are all too aware of selling their reputation – impartiality, avoiding plagiarism and so forth – the same should be true here. If a degree from a western university does not mean that it recognises issues such as creativity and free thinking then it devalues the degree itself.  As a result the very governments that are so keen to acquire the creative, critical skills offered by graduates of western-style education will end up undermining the very thing that they seek. This impacts not only the graduates from Asian campuses of western universities but also their peers at the home institution [i] .  [i] US-China Today. Jasmine Ako. Unraveling Plagiarism in China. 28 March 2011. degree value, employer expectations, elite western universities, critical thinking, challenging authority, admission standards, academic rigour, graduate exclusivity, university reputation, impartiality, plagiarism, creativity, free thinking, degree devaluation, western-style education, creative skills, critical skills, Asian campuses, home institution, global graduates, educational standards degree value, employer expectations, elite western universities, critical thinking, academic rigour, admission standards, exclusivity, university reputation, impartiality, plagiarism, creativity, free thinking, degree devaluation, government policy, creative skills, critical skills, western-style education, global campuses, academic standards, graduate impact, reputation management degree value, employer expectations, elite western universities, critical thinking, challenging authority, admission standards, academic rigour, graduate exclusivity, university reputation, impartiality, plagiarism, creativity, free thinking, degree devaluation, western education, government influence, skill acquisition, Asian campuses, transnational education, academic integrity, graduate outcomes degree value, elite western universities, academic rigour, admission standards, critical thinking, creativity, free thinking, university reputation, impartiality, plagiarism, graduate skills, western-style education, exclusivity, academic standards, government impact, Asian campuses, academic integrity, authority challenge, education quality degree value, employer expectations, elite universities, western universities, academic standards, critical thinking, challenging authority, exclusivity, admission standards, academic rigor, graduate numbers, university reputation, impartiality, plagiarism, creativity, free thinking, degree devaluation, government policies, creative skills, critical skills, western education, Asian campuses, education quality, graduate outcomes, academic integrity
test-law-lghbacpsba-pro05a	Attorney client privilege need not be sacrosanct in all situations  Most obviously it seems unnecessary for there to be attorney client privilege when the defendant’s interests cannot be adversely affected. For example when the confidential information just does not incriminate the client himself but it might clear somebody else, or when the client is dead. Few people will be discouraged from being candid with their lawyers if there is merely the possibility that the communications may be disclosed after their death.  In addition there are situations where the client’s interest may indeed be hurt but where this should be outweighed by some other very important public interest. In other words perhaps there should be ‘necessity’ or ‘public interest’ or ‘in the interests of justice’ balancing exceptions to the privilege. This would be the case when public safety is at risk, for example if the client holds some very vital information but is not willing to disclose it to anyone other than his lawyer. In such cases the courts should weigh up and balance the client’s interests against society’s and make the decision accordingly rather than rigidly sticking to attorney-client privilege. attorney-client privilege, exceptions, public interest, necessity, interests of justice, balancing test, deceased client, confidential information, privilege limitation, public safety, disclosure, court discretion, client candor, vital information, privilege exceptions, legal ethics, privilege waiver, defendant's interests, incriminating evidence, justice system, societal interests attorney-client privilege, exceptions, necessity, public interest, interests of justice, balancing test, disclosure after death, incrimination, public safety, court discretion, confidentiality, privilege limitations, legal ethics, evidentiary privilege, client candor, societal interests, privilege exceptions, client death, exculpatory evidence, legal privilege, justice system, lawyer-client communication attorney client privilege, exceptions, sacrosanct, disclosure, defendant interests, non-incriminating information, deceased client, posthumous disclosure, public interest, necessity exception, justice balancing, public safety, societal interest, privilege exceptions, court balancing, legal ethics, confidential communication, privilege limitations, crime prevention, vital information, privilege waiver, candor discouragement, legal disclosure, override privilege, balancing test, legal precedent attorney-client privilege, exceptions, sacrosanct, public interest, necessity, balancing test, client death, disclosure after death, incriminating information, exculpatory evidence, candid communication, overriding public interest, justice, public safety, legal ethics, privilege exceptions, societal interests, confidential information, legal privilege limits, court discretion, legal balancing, defendant rights, legal confidentiality, privilege waiver, harm to client, affected third parties attorney client privilege, exceptions, sacrosanct, necessity, public interest, justice balancing, defendant interests, posthumous disclosure, death of client, incriminating information, privileged communication, public safety, disclosure exceptions, court balancing, societal interests, legal ethics, vital information, overriding interests, confidentiality, lawyer-client communication
test-law-cpilhbishioe-con01a	An ICC enforcement arm is unnecessary  To create an enforcement arm for the ICC would be to accept that state parties are incapable of enforcing decisions themselves, that is not necessarily the case. State parties have supplied the ICC with many of the defendants that it desires to face trial, including Bemba and the Gbagbos. Some, such as Uhuru Kenyatta have appeared voluntarily. The current system is working in many cases. While it does not in all, there are some that will be extremely difficult to capture by anyone. ICC, enforcement arm, unnecessary, state parties, self-enforcement, ICC defendants, Bemba, Gbagbo, voluntary appearance, Uhuru Kenyatta, current system, effectiveness, case studies, capture difficulties, international law, accountability, trial enforcement, defendant cooperation, limitations, ICC jurisdiction ICC, enforcement arm, unnecessary, state parties, enforcement, defendants, trial, Bemba, Gbagbo, Uhuru Kenyatta, voluntary appearance, current system, effectiveness, challenges, capture difficulties, international criminal court, implementation, cooperation, state capacity, legal enforcement ICC, enforcement arm, unnecessary, state parties, enforcement, defendants, Bemba, Gbagbo, Uhuru Kenyatta, voluntary appearance, current system, capture difficulties, international law, prosecution, court decisions, effectiveness, self-enforcement, judicial cooperation ICC, enforcement arm, state parties, self-enforcement, defendant surrender, voluntary appearance, Bemba, Gbagbos, Uhuru Kenyatta, international tribunal, effectiveness, arrest cooperation, current system, capture challenges, court enforcement, international justice, prosecution, ICC decisions, necessity debate, state capability ICC, enforcement arm, necessity, state parties, self-enforcement, defendant surrender, voluntary appearance, Bemba, Gbagbo, Kenyatta, effectiveness, current system, prosecution, international justice, enforcement challenges, state cooperation, defendant capture, court compliance, trial attendance, international criminal court
test-environment-aeghhgwpe-con01a	Humans can choose their own nutrition plan  Humans are omnivores – we are meant to eat both meat and plants. Like our early ancestors we have sharp canine teeth for tearing animal flesh and digestive systems adapted to eating meat and fish as well as vegetables. Our stomachs are also adapted to eating both meat and vegetable matter. All of this means that eating meat is part of being human. Only in a few western countries are people self-indulgent enough to deny their nature and get upset about a normal human diet. We were made to eat both meat and vegetables - cutting out half of this diet will inevitably mean we lose that natural balance. Eating meat is entirely natural. Like many other species, human beings were once hunters. In the wild animals kill and are killed, often very brutally and with no idea of “rights”. As mankind has progressed over thousands of years we have largely stopped hunting wild animals. Instead we have found kinder and less wasteful ways of getting the meat in our diets through domestication. Farm animals today are descended from the animals we once hunted in the wild. human nutrition, omnivores, meat consumption, plant-based diet, digestion, evolution, ancestral diet, canines, digestive system, animal protein, vegetable intake, balanced diet, dietary adaptation, meat-eating, human evolution, hunting, domestication, farm animals, western diets, nature vs diet, natural diet, nutrition choice, human diet history, ethical eating, animal domestication, meat vs vegetarianism humans, omnivores, nutrition, diet, meat, plants, ancestors, canine teeth, digestive system, stomach adaptation, eating habits, western countries, vegetarianism, natural diet, human evolution, hunting, domestication, farm animals, animal origins, meat consumption, species comparison human nutrition, omnivore, diet, meat consumption, plant consumption, evolutionary biology, digestive adaptation, stomach physiology, canine teeth, human diet history, meat-eating, plant-based diet, balanced diet, human evolution, domestication, farm animals, hunting, animal domestication, natural diet, vegetarianism critique, ancestral diet, western diets, dietary choices, animal rights, nutrition plan, evolutionary diet human nutrition, omnivores, diet choice, eating meat, evolutionary diet, canines, digestive system, human ancestors, animal flesh, vegetables, meat consumption, natural diet, western countries, dietary balance, vegetarianism criticism, human nature, hunters, domestication, farm animals, human evolution, meat and vegetables, hunter-gatherer, dietary adaptation, animal domestication, ethical eating, natural eating habits human diet, omnivores, nutrition plan, meat consumption, plant-based diet, evolutionary biology, human ancestors, canine teeth, digestive system adaptation, stomach adaptation, natural diet, meat and vegetables, Western countries, dietary choices, self-indulgence, natural balance, nature vs. diet, eating meat, hunting history, domestication, farm animals, animal rights, human evolution, dietary evolution, hunter-gatherer, animal domestication, early humans, evolutionary diet, human nutrition, dietary adaptation
test-politics-oepghbrnsl-con02a	"Russia does not have true democracy  The status quo in Russia is highly controversial. On the one hand it is considered a democracy – it has all the structures and norms of a democracy. On the other hand there are many attacks and proof that the Russian governance is far from democratic: The joint observer team for the Council of Europe and the Organisation for Security and Cooperation in Europe criticised the Russian elections as ""not fair and failed to meet many OSCE and Council of Europe commitments and standards for democratic elections,"" with ""abuse of administrative resources, media coverage strongly in favour of the ruling party"". The polls ""took place in an atmosphere which seriously limited political competition"" meaning ""there was not a level political playing field"". The 2007 parliamentary election resulted in United Russia gaining 64.1% of the vote. (3)  Furthermore not only there isn’t election freedom, there is not academic freedom either – “The European University at St Petersburg has been forced to suspend teaching after officials claimed its historic buildings were a fire risk. This forced all academic work to cease. The University had been running a program that advised Russian political parties, including how to ensure elections are not being rigged. The project they are involved in called Interregional Electoral Chains of Support was to develop and raise the effectiveness of electoral monitoring in Russia's regions. The university has also been attacked for having close ties to the west, particularly US and UK universities” (4)  There are cases of murdered journalists, who were “inconvenient” to the authorities. This also raises the question whether a strong leadership is better for the people.  Basic freedoms are denied to the Russian population. In the 21st century this is simply unjust. Therefore strong leadership creates more wrong than it does good. Russia, democracy, authoritarianism, election fraud, OSCE, Council of Europe, United Russia, political competition, media bias, abuse of power, academic freedom, European University at St Petersburg, electoral monitoring, political repression, murdered journalists, press freedom, civil liberties, strong leadership, human rights, democratic legitimacy, election irregularities, government criticism, Western ties, Russian governance, 21st century, basic freedoms, political oppression, academic suppression, authoritarian regime, controversial governance, restricted rights Russia, democracy, authoritarianism, election fraud, political repression, OSCE, Council of Europe, electoral fairness, United Russia, media bias, administrative resources, political competition, academic freedom, European University at St Petersburg, electoral monitoring, Western influence, murdered journalists, freedom of press, human rights, strong leadership, civil liberties, political opposition, election rigging, government control, democratic standards, 21st century Russia Russia, democracy, democratic deficit, authoritarianism, election fraud, electoral fairness, OSCE, Council of Europe, United Russia, parliamentary elections, political repression, media bias, abuse of administrative resources, lack of political competition, academic freedom, university closure, electoral monitoring, Western influence, murdered journalists, press freedom, basic freedoms, human rights, strong leadership, governance, political controversy, civil liberties, 21st century Russia Russia, democracy, authoritarianism, status quo, governance, elections, electoral fraud, OSCE, Council of Europe, election fairness, administrative resources abuse, media bias, political competition, United Russia, election monitoring, academic freedom, European University at St Petersburg, academic repression, Western ties, murdered journalists, press freedom, human rights, political repression, freedom denial, strong leadership, basic freedoms, unjust governance, 21st century Russia, political opposition, electoral standards, rigged elections, Russia political system Russia, democracy, status quo, governance, election fraud, OSCE, Council of Europe, unfair elections, administrative abuse, political competition, United Russia, media bias, election monitoring, academic freedom, European University at St Petersburg, government repression, western ties, murdered journalists, freedom of speech, political freedom, human rights, authoritarianism, strong leadership, civil liberties, electoral process, press freedom, democratic standards, academic suppression"
test-education-udfakusma-pro02a	Most universities are publically funded so should have to be open with their materials.  The United States University system is famously expensive and as a result it is probably the system in a developed country that has least public funding yet $346.8billion was spent, mostly by the states, on higher education in 2008-9. [1] In Europe almost 85% of universities funding came from government sources. [2] Considering the huge amounts of money spent on universities by taxpayers they should be able to demand access to the academic work those institutions produce.  Even in countries where there are tuition fees that make up some of the funding for the university it is right that the public should have access to these materials as the tuition fees are being paid for the personal teaching time provided by the lecturers not for the academics’ publications. Moreover those who have paid for a university course would benefit by the materials still being available to access after they have finished university  [1] Caplan, Bruan, “Correction: Total Government Spending on Higher Education”, Library of Economics and Liberty, 16 November 2012,   [2] Vught, F., et al., “Funding Higher Education: A View Across Europe”, Ben Jongbloed Center for Higher Education Policy Studies University of Twente, 2010. public university funding, open access, educational materials, United States university costs, higher education spending, government funding, Europe university funding, taxpayer funded research, academic publications access, tuition fees, student access to materials, post-graduation access, public access to research, university transparency, government expenditure on education, academic work accessibility, open educational resources, higher education policy, educational equity, public accountability universities public funding, university funding, higher education, academic materials, open access, United States, Europe, government spending, taxpayer money, tuition fees, university system, academic publications, educational resources, transparency, public universities, student access, academic work, policy, university costs, funding comparison, education policy, state funding, academic transparency, post-graduation access, public accountability, educational equity public funding, university funding, higher education, open access, academic materials, government spending, United States universities, tuition fees, taxpayer money, Europe university funding, academic publications, educational resources, transparency, state funding, university expenses, access to research, public universities, educational equity, library of economics, higher education policy, post-graduation access, educational materials, developed countries, university costs, student access publicly funded universities, open educational materials, university funding, US higher education costs, state spending on universities, government funding universities, taxpayer support universities, access to academic work, tuition fees, academic publications, open access, educational transparency, public access university materials, Europe university funding, government spending higher education, library of economics, university teaching resources, higher education policy, university course materials, post-graduation access public funding, higher education, university materials, open access, academic publications, United States universities, tuition fees, government spending, taxpayer money, educational resources, academic work, Europe university funding, transparency, public access, learning materials, university costs, state funding, educational policy, post-graduation access, academic transparency
test-politics-glgvhbqssc-pro01a	"Quebec needs to be independent to retain its distinct language and culture.  The only way to ensure that Quebecers get to retain their distinct culture is to gain independence as a country and remove themselves from the Canadian federation.  A very big issue for certain Quebecers is the threat that an overwhelmingly English-speaking country has on their pocket of distinct French-Quebecois culture [1] . The unrestricted immigration of English-speaking Canadians to Quebec has diluted the culture of the Quebecois and has set off the process of cultural-loss and the highly feared loss of their language [2] . Moreover, whenever Quebec has tried to put in place provisions to protect their culture and language, such as with Bill 101 [3] , Quebec is called racist and Canadian Federal Courts try to strike down their laws to stop their “discrimination” against English-speaking Canadians in their province [4] .  The only way that Quebec can protect its language and culture is to be able to stop the unrestricted flow of English-speaking immigration into its territory and gain complete control over its own law and cultural policy. The only way to do this is to gain independence from Canada.  [1] ""Only Quebec independence can protect French language: PQ strategist."" CBS News Canada 26 Nov 2007, n. pag. Web. 1 Dec. 2011. <  .  [2] ""Only Quebec independence can protect French language: PQ strategist."" CBS News Canada 26 Nov 2007, n. pag. Web. 1 Dec. 2011. <  .  [3] ""Bill 101."" The Canadian Encyclopedia. Web. 1 Dec 2011. <  .  [4] ""Bill 101."" The Canadian Encyclopedia. Web. 1 Dec 2011. <  . Quebec independence, French language protection, Quebecois culture, Canadian federation, cultural preservation, English-speaking immigration, Bill 101, language laws, cultural autonomy, Canadian federal courts, Quebec sovereignty, cultural identity, linguistic minorities, Quebec politics, Quebec separatism, provincial law, cultural loss, language discrimination, PQ strategist, French-Canadian identity Quebec independence, French language protection, Quebec culture, Canadian federation, English-speaking Canada, immigration Quebec, cultural loss, language loss, Bill 101, cultural policy, language law, Canadian courts, Quebecois identity, minority rights, sovereignty movement, cultural preservation, language legislation, Quebecois discrimination, Quebec sovereignty, Law 101, French-Quebecois, Quebec nationalism, English immigrant Quebec, linguistic protection, distinct society Quebec independence, French language protection, Quebec culture, cultural preservation, English-speaking immigration, Quebecois identity, Bill 101, Canadian federation, language laws, cultural loss, Canadian federal courts, discrimination, Quebec sovereignty, immigration policy, cultural autonomy, French-Quebecois, language policy Quebec independence, French language preservation, Quebec culture, cultural protection, Bill 101, language laws, Canadian federation, English-speaking immigration, cultural loss, Quebec sovereignty, Quebecois identity, language policy, Canadian courts, cultural autonomy, immigration policy, Francophone rights, separatism, provincial autonomy, minority language rights, culture and language retention Quebec independence, French language protection, Quebecois culture, Canadian federation, English-speaking immigration, cultural loss, Bill 101, language law, cultural policy, federal courts, discrimination, sovereignty movement, cultural preservation, Quebec nationalism, language rights, culture retention, unrestricted immigration, legal challenges, minority languages, PQ (Parti Québécois)"
test-law-lghbacpsba-pro01a	It makes it more likely that attorneys will lie for their clients  If communications between an attorney and their client are confidential, then it allows for lies to be put forward to the court in order to defend someone who is guilty. In the case of a criminal matter, it could mean that even though a defendant has stated they are guilty to their attorney, they will not be found to be guilty. Every attorney wants to win their case, and if they are likely to conceal the confession of their client if it means their client will be released. As the communication is confidential, such confession will not be informed to the court and the attorney would not be exposed for their lies. The confidential nature of the communications between attorney and client open the possibility for a system of justice based upon lies. This is not just and so the Attorney-Client Privilege should be abolished. attorney-client privilege, confidentiality, legal ethics, client confession, criminal defense, justice system, attorney misconduct, court deception, privilege abolition, legal transparency, client-attorney communication, defense strategy, legal loopholes, ethical dilemmas, truth in court, legal accountability, confidential information, privilege reform, court honesty, client honesty attorney-client privilege, attorney ethics, legal confidentiality, client confession, criminal defense, legal ethics, justice system, court lies, privileged communication, legal malpractice, abolish attorney-client privilege, client-attorney relationship, criminal justice, evidence concealment, honesty in court, legal obligations, defense strategy, attorney misconduct attorney-client privilege, legal ethics, confidentiality, client confession, criminal defense, justice system, attorney dishonesty, court proceedings, legal responsibility, legal deception, privilege abolition, legal misconduct, ethical dilemmas, client-attorney communication, truth in court, legal privilege reform, defense strategy, law ethics reform, legal confidentiality controversy attorney-client privilege, legal ethics, confidentiality, attorney misconduct, client confession, legal deception, criminal defense, truth in court, justice system flaws, abolishing privilege, court lies, lawyer-client communication, ethical dilemma, guilty defendant, privilege abuse, legal reform, judicial integrity, disclosure requirements, court transparency, professional responsibility attorney-client privilege, legal confidentiality, client confession, attorney ethics, lying in court, criminal defense, legal ethics, justice system, court deception, privilege abolition, legal misconduct, lawyer-client communication, client admission of guilt, justice integrity, attorney obligation, court honesty, legal reform, truth in court, defense strategy, privilege criticism
test-culture-ascidfakhba-con03a	The lack of control over, and profit from, art will serve as a serious disincentive to artistic output  Profit is as much a factor in artists’ decision to produce work, if not more so, than the primordial urge to create. Without the guarantee of ownership over one’s artistic work, the incentive to invest in its creation is certainly diminished. Within a strong copyright system, individuals feel free to invest time in their pursuits because they have full knowledge that the final product of their labours will be theirs to enjoy. [1] Without copyright protections the marginal cases, like people afraid to put time into actually building an installation art piece rather than doing more hours at their job, will not opt to create. If their work were to immediately leave their control, they would most certainly be less inclined to do so. Furthermore, the inability of others to simply duplicate existing works as their own means they too will be galvanized to break ground on new ideas, rather than simply re-tread over current ideas and to adapt existing works to markets. Art thrives by being new and original. Copyright protections shield against artistic laziness and drive the creative urges of the artistically inclined to ever more interesting fields.  [1] Greenberg, M. “Reason or Madness: A Defense of Copyright’s Growing Pains”. John Marshall Review of Intellectual Property Law. 2007. copyright, art, artistic output, profit, ownership, incentive, control, artistic creation, copyright protection, original work, duplication, creative innovation, intellectual property, artist motivation, copyright system, artistic investment, artistic rights, creativity, art market, artistic labor artistic incentive, copyright protection, control over art, profit motive, ownership, artistic output, creative investment, originality, copyright system, intellectual property, art creation, disincentive, duplication prevention, creative labor, marginal cases, artistic control, artistic profit, creative motivation, art production, innovation in art, copyright law, Greenberg, copyright enforcement, art market, installation art, copyright rewards, deterrence, artistic freedom, creative rights artistic output, profit incentive, artistic control, copyright, creative ownership, intellectual property, art investment, artistic motivation, copyright protection, artistic creation, installation art, originality, creative incentive, copyright system, artistic labor, duplication, art market, innovation, creative rights, copyright law, John Marshall Review of Intellectual Property Law, M. Greenberg copyright, artistic output, profit, ownership, incentive, art creation, intellectual property, creative motivation, copyright protections, originality, duplication, control, disincentive, investment, marginal cases, installation art, creative freedom, copyright law, artistic innovation, art market, copyright system, artistic labor, plagiarism prevention, creative industry copyright, artistic output, profit incentive, ownership, art creation, creative motivation, copyright protection, intellectual property, artist rights, originality, art investment, creative incentive, duplication prevention, artistic control, copyright system, art innovation, art market, artistic labor, installation art, copyright law
test-culture-mmctghwbsa-pro01a	"Sexist advertising is harmful to society, especially women.  Sexist advertising harms women through objectification and diminishing of self-image. The United Nations Convention to Eliminate Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW) links stereotypes about women to prejudice based on gender.1 Through visual and verbal messages women are portrayed as subservient to men. Women are seen increasingly as sex objects and these ads legitimize violence against women.2 Sexist advertising also harms women's self-image by portraying an ideal stylized body.3 The implied message is that consumers should seek to acquire these images even if they are contrary to the reality of body types and features. Eating disorders and obsessive beauty products consumption results in order to attain ideal beauty images presented in the media.4 Sexist ads also harm men through stereotyped images of masculinity.5 1 Object.Org. ""Women not Sex Objects."" 2011/ August 24 2 Newswise.com. ""Study Find Rise in Sexualized Images of Women."" 2011/08/10 3 Kilbourne, Jean. ""Beauty... and the Beast of Advertising "" sexist advertising, gender stereotypes, objectification of women, body image, CEDAW, media influence, violence against women, self-image, beauty standards, eating disorders, gender discrimination, portrayals of women, sexualization in advertising, masculinity stereotypes, women's representation, media portrayal, subservience, unrealistic body ideals, feminist critique, advertising harms, beauty industry, social harm, media messages, Jean Kilbourne, beauty myths sexist advertising, harmful effects, women, objectification, self-image, stereotypes, United Nations Convention on the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women, CEDAW, gender prejudice, visual messages, verbal messages, subservience, sex objects, legitimization of violence, ideal body image, media representation, advertising, body image, eating disorders, beauty standards, obsessive consumption, masculinity stereotypes, impact on men, gender stereotypes, media influence, advertising impact, Jean Kilbourne, beauty industry, sexualized images, discrimination against women, violence against women, beauty ideals, social harm sexist advertising, gender stereotypes, objectification, self-image, women, CEDAW, discrimination, prejudice, visual messages, verbal messages, subservience, sex objects, violence against women, ideal body image, media influence, eating disorders, beauty standards, body image, masculinity stereotypes, negative effects, beauty product consumption, gender roles, advertising impact, gender equality, media representation sexist advertising, harmful effects, women, objectification, self-image, CEDAW, gender stereotypes, prejudice, visual messages, verbal messages, subservience, sex objects, violence against women, ideal body image, beauty standards, media portrayal, eating disorders, beauty products, stylized body, unrealistic beauty, male stereotypes, masculinity, gender discrimination, body image issues, advertising impact, social harm, Jean Kilbourne, United Nations, sexualization, sexism in media sexist advertising, gender stereotypes, objectification of women, self-image, media portrayal, CEDAW, violence against women, ideal body image, eating disorders, beauty standards, beauty products, gender discrimination, masculinity stereotypes, subservient women, media influence, sexualization, body image issues, prejudice, gender roles, advertising harm"
test-culture-mthbah-con02a	Advertising helps us choose between different goods.  Advertising has a positive role to play in modern society, helping us choose between competing goods. Many adverts are drawing our attention to products with new features, for example more powerful computers, telephones which are also cameras and music players, or foods with added vitamins. Other adverts try to compete on price, helping us seek out the cheapest or best value products. In most cases advertising does not make us go shopping – we would be planning to buy food, clothes, gifts and entertainment anyway. What advertising does is to help us make better decisions about how to spend our money, by giving us more information about the choices available. advertising, consumer choice, product comparison, positive impact, modern society, product features, new technology, price competition, value for money, decision making, information provision, shopping behavior, purchasing decisions, marketing, consumer information, advertising benefits, informed choices, consumer goods, product awareness, advertising role advertising, consumer choice, product comparison, modern society, new product features, price competition, value products, consumer decision-making, shopping behavior, information provision, spending decisions, product information, advertising impact, informed choices, economic influence advertising, consumer choice, modern society, competing goods, product features, product comparison, price competition, value for money, consumer information, decision making, spending decisions, product awareness, new technology, product innovation, purchasing behavior, information dissemination, market competition, consumer benefits, informed choices, advertising impact advertising, consumer choice, product comparison, positive impact, modern society, information provision, competing goods, new product features, technological advancements, price competition, value for money, purchasing decisions, consumer awareness, informed consumers, spending decisions, product selection, advertising benefits, market competition, product information, consumer decision-making advertising, consumer choice, product comparison, information dissemination, new product features, price competition, informed decisions, purchasing decisions, value for money, modern society, advertising role, product selection, economic behavior, market competition, product awareness, advertising benefits, decision making, consumer awareness, marketing, buying behavior
test-politics-eppghwgpi-pro05a	Prosecutions of politicians are often motivated by partisan concerns.  As noted above, the political life is steeped in difficult decisions, and some of these are bound to result in choices that are at least potentially illegal. The ability to prosecute politicians incentivizes political opponents to search out past actions by said politicians so as to immobilize them politically. Such prosecutions are therefore not motivated by concern for justice, nor are they conducive to a well-functioning, multipartisan political system wherein representatives seek to work together to achieve their political ends. In the most extreme cases, powerful politicians use prosecutions to immobilize their political opponents. prosecutions, politicians, partisan concerns, political motivations, illegal decisions, political opponents, justice, political system, multipartisan, political immobilization, abuse of power, selective prosecution, political retaliation, political accountability, political rivalry politician prosecutions, partisan motivations, political justice, political opponents, political system, legal decisions, political immobilization, multipartisan cooperation, political incentives, prosecutorial abuse, political strategy, political retribution, misuse of prosecution, political power struggles, selective prosecution, justice system, political retaliation, criminalization of politics, political lawfare, weaponization of justice political prosecutions, partisan motivations, politicians, legal accountability, political opponents, justice system, political strategy, political bias, multipartisan system, political decision-making, abuse of power, selective prosecution, political immobilization, weaponization of law, political retaliation, criminalization of politics, political rivalry, legal manipulation, governance, democratic principles prosecution, politicians, partisan motivation, political decisions, illegal actions, political opponents, political immobilization, justice, multipartisan system, political cooperation, political power, abuse of prosecution, selective prosecution, political retaliation, weaponization of law, legal accountability, political strategy, misuse of legal system political prosecutions, partisan motivation, politicians, legal decisions, political opponents, weaponization of justice, political system, multipartisan cooperation, political immobilization, justice system abuse, selective prosecution, political retaliation, prosecutorial bias, democratic process, political power struggles, misuse of law, criminalization of politics
test-religion-grcrgshwbr-con04a	It is their culture and religion.  Religions themselves tend to encompass their own distinctive culture and, to many of their members, this culture and its methods comes before anything secular. For this reason, Muslims should be allowed to wear personal items as it states in the ruling of their religious book to do so. Had a particular garment been required in the Christian religious book - The Bible - then no doubt those stout Christians would follow this particular ruling. The question is, would it be wrong to take away something close and meaningful to these religions? Surely, a religious symbol or method is purely personal, and, therefore, banning such symbols would be an intrusion into their individuality.1  1 Jessica Shepherd, 'Uniform Dissent', The Guardian, 9th October 2007 , accessed on 24th July 2011 religion, culture, religious symbols, personal items, secularism, Muslims, Christian, Bible, Quran, religious garments, identity, religious rights, religious expression, cultural rights, religious freedom, banning symbols, individuality, Jessica Shepherd, Uniform Dissent, The Guardian, clothing, dress code, discrimination, religious practices, religious beliefs religion, religious symbols, cultural identity, personal expression, secularism, Muslims, Islamic clothing, Christian beliefs, Bible, religious freedom, individual rights, religious garments, cultural diversity, religious practices, uniform policy, religious book, personal items, banning symbols, individuality, intrusion, The Guardian, Jessica Shepherd religion, culture, religious symbols, religious clothing, personal expression, secularism, Islam, Christianity, religious freedom, religious rights, religious identity, Quran, Bible, garment, individuality, dress code, religious practices, religious beliefs, banning symbols, cultural expression, personal items, religious book, discrimination, religious tolerance, human rights religion, culture, religious symbols, personal items, Muslim, Christian, religious books, Quran, Bible, religious garment, religious freedom, secularism, individuality, religious expression, religious identity, banning symbols, cultural rights, dress code, religious ruling, Jessica Shepherd, Uniform Dissent, The Guardian religion, culture, religious symbols, personal items, religious clothing, Muslim, Christian, religious freedom, secularism, individual rights, religious book, Quran, Bible, religious expression, cultural identity, religious individuality, religious garments, religious practices, religious rights, discrimination, banning religious symbols
test-society-epsihbdns-pro04a	Poor, uneducated people are lured into cities  The cause of rural-urban migration in developing nations and the main reason why it becomes problematic is that people who move to the cities are not making informed decisions. They are led to believe that the cities contain opportunities that they cannot find where they live, and there are no mechanisms such as efficient media or adequate education to eradicate this misconception. [1] Myths can be easily propagated by a single successful migrant returning home to visit that then attracts many others to try their luck without any knowledge of the possible costs. [2] This is exacerbated by unscrupulous organisations that prey on their desperation to take all their money to organise their move to the city. Some of those who are trafficked find themselves brought to the city and exploited through forced labour, begging, or even prostitution. [3] Many of those who move to cities find themselves in a worse situation but have lost any moving power they originally had and are thus trapped.  [1] Zhan, Shaohua. “What Determines Migrant Workers' Life Chances in Contemporary China? Hukou, Social Exclusion, and the Market.” 243, 2011, Vol. 37.  [2] Waibel, Hermann, and Schmidt, Erich, “Urban-rural relations”, in Feeding Asian Cities: Food Production and Processing Issues, FAO, November 2000,   [3] “UNIAP Vietnam”, United Nations Inter Agency Project on Human Trafficking, accessed March 2013, rural-urban migration, developing nations, migration causes, uninformed migration, urban myths, migration misconceptions, lack of education, inadequate media, returnee influence, chain migration, exploitation, human trafficking, forced labor, prostitution, migrant vulnerability, urban poverty, migration risks, social exclusion, unscrupulous organizations, migration costs, life chances, China urban migration, migrant decision-making, migration consequences, internal migration, poverty traps rural-urban migration, developing countries, urban migration causes, uninformed migration, migration misconceptions, media access, education, migration myths, return migrants, migration influence, exploitation, human trafficking, forced labor, rural poverty, urban poverty, migration decision-making, social exclusion, migrant workers, unscrupulous organizations, migration costs, migration risks, city opportunities, information barriers, social mobility, migration challenges, urban unemployment, trapped migrants, livelihood loss, migration expectations, migration outcomes, city life realities, migration exploitation, urbanization, labor migration, socioeconomic impacts, migration pathways, rural migrants, migration incentives, migration networks rural-urban migration, developing countries, uneducated migrants, urban myths, misinformation, migration decision-making, city opportunities, social exclusion, media access, education gaps, migrant exploitation, trafficking, forced labor, prostitution, migration costs, unscrupulous recruiters, human trafficking, poverty-driven migration, return migration, economic disparity, vulnerable populations rural-urban migration, developing nations, migration causes, misinformation, media access, education gap, migration myths, successful migrants, migration networks, exploitation, human trafficking, forced labor, urban poverty, social exclusion, city opportunities, migration decision-making, migrant vulnerability, migration costs, urban unemployment, poor migrants, uneducated migrants, city lure, migration challenges, trafficked individuals, migrant exploitation rural-urban migration, developing countries, poor migrants, uneducated migrants, city migration causes, misinformation, migration myths, lack of education, media inefficiency, social exclusion, human trafficking, forced labor, exploitation, urban poverty, migration decision-making, migration push factors, rural exodus, economic migrants, vulnerability, migration consequences, migration risks, unsafe migration, urban slums, migration networks, city opportunities misconception, unscrupulous organizations, migrant exploitation, urban hardships, market forces, migration traps
test-international-ipecfiepg-con01a	Defaulting would cause chaos in Greece  There is no good solution for the crisis Greece finds itself in, only less bad ones. Austerity measures imposed on Greece may currently be causing suffering, but austerity is the least bad option available for the Greek people: default would be considerably worse. Here is what would most likely happen:  The Greek banking sector would collapse [1]. A large portion of the Greek debt is owed to Greek banks and companies, many of which would quickly go bankrupt when the Government defaults. This is also because Greek banks are almost totally reliant on the ECB for liquidity. [2] People would consequently lose their savings, and credit would be close to impossible to find.  The Government would quickly devalue the Drachma by at least 50%. This will lead to imported goods being more expensive and consequently to a huge rise in inflation with the living costs increasing tremendously.[3]  These two events would lead to a severe shortage of credit, making it almost impossible for struggling companies to survive. Unemployment would soar as a result. It will become increasingly difficult to secure supplies of oil, medicine, foodstuffs and other goods. Naturally, those hit worst would be the poor. The Government, in this respect, would be failing on an enormous scale in providing many citizens with the basic needs. [4]  [1] Brzeski, Carsten: “Viewpoints: What if Greece exits euro?”, BBC News, 13 July 2012,   [2] Ruparel, Raoul and Persson, Mats: “Better off Out? The short-term options for Greece inside and outside of the euro”, June 2012, Open Europe, 2012   [3] ibid  [4] Arghyrou, Michael: “Viewpoints: What if Greece exits euro?”, BBC News, 13 July 2012, Greece, default, crisis, austerity, banking sector collapse, Greek debt, bankruptcy, ECB, liquidity, savings loss, credit shortage, drachma devaluation, inflation, living costs, unemployment, imported goods, supply shortages, oil, medicine, foodstuffs, poverty, government failure, euro exit, economic impact Greece, default, chaos, crisis, austerity, Greek debt, Greek banks, ECB, liquidity, bankruptcy, savings loss, credit shortage, Drachma devaluation, inflation, living costs, import prices, unemployment, oil supply, medicine shortage, food scarcity, poverty, government failure, basic needs, eurozone, economic collapse, Open Europe, BBC News, economic impact Greece, default, chaos, crisis, austerity, suffering, Greek banks, bankruptcy, ECB, liquidity, savings loss, credit shortage, Drachma devaluation, inflation, living costs, unemployment, imported goods, supply shortage, oil, medicine, foodstuffs, poverty, government failure, eurozone exit, economic collapse, financial crisis, Greek debt, economic survival, Open Europe, BBC News, Carsten Brzeski, Raoul Ruparel, Mats Persson, Michael Arghyrou Greece, default, financial crisis, austerity measures, Greek debt, Greek banks, ECB, liquidity, bankruptcy, savings loss, credit shortage, Drachma devaluation, inflation, living costs, unemployment, imports, supply shortages, medicine, oil, food, poverty, government failure, eurozone, BBC News, economic impact, Open Europe Greece, default, chaos, crisis, austerity, Greek banking sector, banking collapse, Greek debt, bankruptcy, ECB, liquidity, savings loss, credit shortage, currency devaluation, Drachma, inflation, living costs, imported goods, unemployment, company survival, supply shortages, oil shortage, medicine shortage, food shortage, poverty, government failure, euro exit, economic impact, Open Europe, BBC News
test-politics-gvhbhlsbr-con04a	The public is apathetic to reform.  Whether or not reform of the House of Lords should be a top priority in the current economic climate is debateable, let alone whether or not a coalition government would be able to initiate and drive through such measures. Attempts to reform the House of Lords have been delayed time and time again, demonstrating the House of Commons’ reservations on change. [1] A feeling that is no doubt echoed in popular British opinion – as demonstrated by the recent outcome of the Alternative Vote – the public are either adverse to the idea of change or apathetic to it. [2]  [1] Summers, Deborah, ‘Labour's attempts to reform the House of Lords’, The Guardian (27 January, 2009), viewed on 1 June 2011   [2] BBC News, ‘Vote 2011: UK rejects alternative vote, 7 May 2011, public apathy, House of Lords reform, political reform, coalition government, reform priorities, economic climate, House of Commons, legislative change, British public opinion, Alternative Vote, public disengagement, reform resistance, UK politics, constitutional reform, parliamentary reform, Labour reform attempts, vote outcomes House of Lords reform, UK public opinion, political apathy, constitutional change, coalition government, House of Commons resistance, Alternative Vote referendum, British political reform, economic climate, voting system, legislative reform, UK Parliament, reform delays, public resistance to change, electoral reform, policy priorities, British public attitude, 2011 AV referendum, legislative priorities, UK political climate House of Lords reform, public apathy, political reform, UK parliament, House of Commons, coalition government, constitutional change, British public opinion, Alternative Vote referendum, Labour Party, resistance to change, parliamentary delays, legislative reform, economic climate, UK politics, voter attitudes, political priorities, government reform efforts, British politics public apathy, House of Lords reform, reform priority, coalition government, legislative change, House of Commons reservations, British public opinion, Alternative Vote, political reform, public attitude, constitutional reform, parliamentary reform, resistance to change, UK politics, representation, legislative process, government reform efforts public apathy, House of Lords reform, political reform, UK public opinion, coalition government, legislative change, Commons reservations, British politics, economic climate, Alternative Vote referendum, political participation, popular resistance to change, legislative delays, House of Commons, constitutional reform
test-law-ilppppghb-pro03a	"Self-determination embodies the fundamental right of peoples to decide their own futures.  Modern liberal democracy is founded on the idea that people should be free to decide their own leaders and their own futures, but not all states give their minority peoples such a right. However, this is a right guaranteed under international law. The International Court of Justice has held that this right applies not just to national governments but also people1. The two important United Nations studies on the right to self-determination set out factors of a people that give rise to possession of right to self-determination: a history of independence or self-rule in an identifiable territory, a distinct culture, and a will and capability to regain self-governance2. If these criteria are in place, such peoples should have the right to determine their own constitutional and political arrangements.  1 Western Sahara Case, 1975 International Court of Justice 12, 31. 2Critescu, A. and GrosEspiell, H. ""The Right to Self-determination"", United Nations, 1980 (not online, but widely cited self-determination, fundamental rights, minority rights, liberal democracy, international law, International Court of Justice, Western Sahara Case, United Nations, independence, self-rule, identifiable territory, distinct culture, self-governance, constitutional arrangements, political arrangements, peoples’ rights, Critescu, Gros Espiell, legal criteria, right to self-determination, state sovereignty self-determination, fundamental right, peoples, modern liberal democracy, minority rights, international law, International Court of Justice, UN studies, right to self-rule, independence, identifiable territory, distinct culture, regaining self-governance, constitutional arrangements, political arrangements, Western Sahara Case, Critescu, Gros Espiell, United Nations, entitlement criteria, collective rights, legal precedent, minority groups, political autonomy self-determination, peoples' rights, liberal democracy, minority rights, international law, International Court of Justice, Western Sahara Case, United Nations, independence, self-rule, identifiable territory, distinct culture, self-governance, constitutional arrangements, political arrangements, Critescu, Gros Espiell, UN studies, right to self-determination, sovereignty, minority populations, self-determination criteria self-determination, international law, peoples' rights, minority rights, liberal democracy, political autonomy, constitutional arrangements, independence, self-governance, United Nations, International Court of Justice, Western Sahara Case, Critescu, Gros Espiell, right to decide, self-rule, distinct culture, self-determination criteria, historical independence, political rights, minority self-determination self-determination, fundamental right, peoples, international law, minority rights, liberal democracy, political autonomy, United Nations, history of independence, identifiable territory, distinct culture, self-governance, constitutional arrangements, political arrangements, International Court of Justice, Western Sahara Case, Critescu, Gros Espiell, UN studies"
test-law-thgglcplgphw-pro02a	Coca production can be justified on cultural grounds  Coca chewing is hugely prevalent amongst the peoples of the Andes, and their social relationship with it is akin to that of ours with coffee in Western nations. This is why so many nations in this region cannot and simply will not ever conform to any international ban that calls for phasing it out. The custom of chewing coca leaves may date back as far as 3000 BC in the region, and so hugely pre-dates cocaine consumption, and thus shouldn't be bundled with it or banned on the grounds that cocaine is banned. [1] Coca has also been a vital part of the religious traditions of the Andean peoples from the pre-Inca period through to the present, being used 'to communicate with the supernatural world and obtain its protection, especially with offerings to the Pachamama, the personification and spiritual form of the earth.' [2] All South American countries have signed several declarations by the Union of South American Nations (UNASUR) that acknowledged that the chewing of coca leaves is an ancestral cultural expression that should be respected by the international community. [3] The international discouragement of the practice of chewing coca leaves and the prohibition on its use by Andeans when they travel or reside abroad can thus be seen as a violation of their indigenous religious and traditional rights, and therefore is not acceptable on a moral level.  [1] Morales, Evo. “Let Me Chew My Coca Leaves”. New York Times. March 13, 2009.   [2] Transnational Institute Debate Papers. “Coca yes, cocaine, no?”. Transnational Institute. No. 2006/2. No. 13. May 2006.   [3] Jelsma, Martin. “Lifting the Ban on Coca Chewing”. Transnational Institute, Series on Legislative Reform of Drug Policies Nr. 11. March 2011. coca production, cultural justification, Andes, coca chewing, Andean peoples, traditional practices, indigenous rights, international ban, coca leaves, cultural heritage, pre-Inca traditions, religious significance, Pachamama, South America, UNASUR, ancestral expression, drug policy, cocaine distinction, religious rights, international law, indigenous customs, prohibition, Evo Morales, Transnational Institute, moral justification, social relationship, Western nations, indigenous traditions, legislative reform, human rights, cultural respect coca production, cultural justification, coca chewing, Andes, Andean peoples, social relationship, coffee comparison, international ban, traditional practices, indigenous rights, religious traditions, pre-Inca period, Pachamama, spiritual practices, South America, UNASUR, ancestral expression, cultural respect, international community, prohibition, moral acceptability, Evo Morales, Transnational Institute, legislative reform, drug policy, coca vs cocaine, indigenous religious rights, traditional rights, human rights, coca leaf, cultural heritage coca production, cultural justification, Andean traditions, coca chewing, indigenous rights, ancestral practices, religious traditions, Pachamama, South America, drug policy, international ban, cocaine distinction, UNASUR declarations, traditional rights, cultural heritage, Morales Evo, coca leaf legalization, transnational institute, cultural expression, prohibition, human rights, ritual use, pre-Inca period, international community, moral arguments coca production, cultural justification, coca chewing, Andes, Andean peoples, coffee analogy, international ban, traditional use, ancestral practices, indigenous rights, religious traditions, Pachamama, pre-Inca, UNASUR declarations, international community, prohibition, indigenous religious rights, traditional rights, moral argument, Morales Evo, Transnational Institute, South America, coca leaf, cultural heritage, drug policy, coca vs cocaine, legislative reform coca production, cultural justification, coca chewing, Andes, Andean peoples, traditional use, religious traditions, indigenous rights, Pachamama, UNASUR declarations, ancestral expression, international ban, coca vs cocaine, cultural heritage, indigenous practices, drug policy, human rights, South America, international law, Morales, coca leaf prohibition, cultural preservation, religious rituals, Western comparison, coffee analogy, legislative reform
test-international-aghbfcpspr-con01a	Time has removed the opportunity to truly make reparations to those who may have deserved it.  Reparations are used to make ‘amends for wrong or injury done’ [1] ; it is impossible to truly achieve this when the victims of wrongdoing are long since dead. Moreover, reparations which may have been made immediately after colonisation could have had a specific purpose – for example, to rebuild property which was destroyed, or to restore items which were wrongfully taken. However, the development of both countries has led to a very different state of affairs in both, and there may no longer be an obvious end for the money from reparations. There is also no precedent for giving reparations to countries after so long a period of time. For example, Germany began paying reparations to Israel in 1952 [2] , only 7 years after World War II ended in 1945. Time also makes it very difficult to judge who the ‘victims’ are now. The descendants of original victims may well be independently wealthy now – would it be right to financially cripple of Western country and their people, already suffering from economic depression, to pay people who may not need it now? In any case, it would take a very long to even work out how we could pay reparations, let alone whether we should.  [1] Accessed from  on 12/09/11  [2] Accessed from  on 12/09/11 reparations, historical reparations, time lapse, victims, descendants, colonisation, economic impact, wealth distribution, precedent, post-colonial, restitution, financial compensation, intergenerational justice, property destruction, restoration, recipient identification, ethical considerations, Germany reparations, Israel, World War II, economic depression, legitimacy, eligibility, amends, reparative justice, long-term effects reparations, historical injustice, time lapse, victims, colonisation, amends, compensation, intergenerational, precedent, property destruction, restoration, development, beneficiaries, precedent, Germany, Israel, World War II, eligibility, economic impact, wealth disparities, financial burden, moral responsibility, feasibility, payment mechanisms reparations, historical reparations, time elapsed, victims, descendants, compensation, colonisation, property restoration, precedent, economic impact, eligibility, justice, financial burden, post-colonial, World War II, Germany, Israel, wealth disparity, moral obligation, beneficiaries, delay, amends, intergenerational equity, national development, reparative justice reparations, historical injustice, victims, descendants, time lapse, economic development, colonisation, compensation, moral responsibility, precedent, postcolonial, property destruction, wealth redistribution, Germany, Israel, World War II, amends, financial impact, eligibility, economic depression, accountability, reparations effectiveness, reparations challenges, reparations recipients, legal precedent, restitution, ethical considerations, intergenerational justice, practical feasibility reparations, historical justice, time lapse, victim identification, colonisation, compensation, amends, long-term effects, property restoration, precedent, intergenerational wealth, national development, economic impact, fairness, descendants, ethical considerations, Germany, Israel, World War II, delayed reparations, feasibility, financial burden
test-science-eassgbatj-pro02a	Animal research causes severe harm to the animals involved  The point of animal research is that animals are harmed. Even if they don’t suffer in the experiment, almost all are killed afterwards. With 115 million animals used a year this is a big problem. Releasing medical research animals in to the wild would be dangerous for them, and they would not be usable as pets. [4]. The only solution is that they are wild from birth.  It is obvious that it’s not in the interest of animals to be killed or harmed. Research should be banned in order to prevent the deaths of millions of animals. animal research, animal harm, animal suffering, animal deaths, medical research animals, ethical concerns, animal welfare, laboratory animals, animal experimentation, animal rights, animal testing ban, animal euthanasia, animal release, wild animals, animal interests, animal cruelty, animal protection, research ethics, opposition to animal testing, animal liberation animal research, animal testing, animal welfare, animal harm, animal suffering, animal deaths, laboratory animals, ethical concerns, animal liberation, animal experimentation, medical research animals, animal rights, banning animal research, post-experiment euthanasia, animal use statistics, animal release risks, animal interests, animal cruelty, alternatives to animal research, animal protection animal research, animal suffering, animal harm, animal experimentation, laboratory animals, animal welfare, animal deaths, animal rights, animal ethics, medical research animals, vivisection, animal euthanasia, animal release, animal captivity, animal use statistics, animal protection, research ban, animal cruelty, ethical research, replacements for animal testing animal research, animal testing, animal welfare, animal harm, laboratory animals, animal experimentation, ethical concerns, animal suffering, animal deaths, animal rights, animal cruelty, post-experiment euthanasia, laboratory animal release, wild animals, pet unsuitability, medical research ethics, animal use statistics, animal advocacy, ban animal research, animal protection, biomedical research ethics animal research, animal testing, animal harm, animal suffering, laboratory animals, animal deaths, animal welfare, animal rights, research ban, ethical research, animal experimentation, animal release, medical research animals, animal euthanasia, wild animals, animal interests, animal protection, research ethics, laboratory animal fate, animal use statistics
test-international-appghblsba-con02a	A local, decentralized authority can provide better opportunities and solutions for Lesotho  With a population of only 2 million people the Basotho would not have the voice and the votes for legislative and executive authority in SA. South Africa’s population of 53million would swamp their voice. Moreover, keeping the local government in place provides a better option for the people in Lesotho as they are closer to their government than they would be in a bigger state. Lesotho needs a decentralized government that can respond to the wishes and needs of the people. This is something the SA government might not be able to provide it as they are trying to provide general solutions for all of its territory. [1] Lesotho is one of the leaders for democracy in Southern Africa [2] ; joining South Africa would not provide an improvement in accountability. In Europe and even in South Africa, secession movements exists because people feel they are better represented in a smaller state as their vote is more important. This is the case with the king of the abaThembu who is seeking an independent state from the SA government. [3]  [1] ‘9 major problems facing South Africa - and how to fix them’, Leader, 18 July 2011,   [2] Jordan, Michael J., ‘Lesotho leads southern Africa in democracy’, globalpost, 7 June 2012,   [3] ‘Angry king Dalindyebo seeks independent state’, City Press, 23 December 2009, Lesotho, decentralized authority, local government, Basotho, population, legislative representation, executive authority, South Africa, voice, votes, accountability, proximity, small state, democracy, Southern Africa, secession movements, self-governance, independent state, abaThembu, responsiveness, governance, minority rights, political representation, national identity, majority rule, local solutions, autonomy, statehood, political voice, policy responsiveness, administrative autonomy, regional democracy Lesotho, decentralized authority, local government, Basotho, political representation, population size, legislative authority, executive authority, South Africa, democracy, accountability, secession movements, smaller state, regional governance, voter influence, public administration, government proximity, local autonomy, independence, abaThembu, King Dalindyebo, Southern Africa, political solutions, local empowerment, minority voice, national integration, state sovereignty, self-determination, political voice, policy responsiveness, subnational governance Lesotho, decentralized authority, local government, Basotho, legislative representation, executive authority, South Africa, population disparity, local solutions, democratic leadership, accountability, secession movements, smaller states, political representation, abaThembu, independent state, regional democracy, Southern Africa governance, local responsiveness, minority voice, state autonomy, government proximity, sovereignty, political integration, Lesotho independence Lesotho, decentralization, local authority, local government, self-governance, Basotho, population representation, legislative authority, executive authority, South Africa, minority voices, state autonomy, democracy, Southern Africa, political accountability, secession movements, smaller states, government responsiveness, regional governance, independence, abaThembu, King Dalindyebo, political integration, voice in government, community representation, legislative power, local solutions, national unity, Lesotho democracy, Africa governance, government proximity, minority rights, Lesotho-South Africa relations Lesotho, decentralized authority, local government, Basotho, representation, legislative power, executive authority, South Africa, population disparity, democracy, accountability, secession movements, small state governance, political autonomy, abaThembu, independence, regional governance, civic engagement, minority voices, responsive government, parliamentary representation, Southern Africa, governance solutions, local autonomy, population size, self-determination, public administration, local solutions, federalism, national identity, democracy in Africa
test-culture-ascidfakhba-con04a	Artists often rely on copyright protection to financially support themselves and their families  Artists as they are often not paid for anything else may rely on their creative output to support themselves. This is certainly no crime, and existing copyright laws recognize this fact. Artists often rely wholly on their ability to sell and profit from their work. This policy serves to drain them of that potential revenue, as their work is shunted into creative commons, and available to all. Artists often also have families to support, and putting the added financial burden on them of stripping them of their copyright only serves to further those problems as they exist. A robust system of copyright is a much better protection to struggling and successful artists alike who like all talented individuals seek to assuage their material wants. Artists cannot live on appreciation alone. With much less secure copyright many would have to find other work. artists, copyright protection, financial support, creative output, revenue, copyright laws, creative commons, policy impact, family support, income, copyright system, struggling artists, successful artists, material needs, copyright security, alternative employment, artist livelihood, economic impact, copyright stripping, creative rights artists, copyright protection, financial support, creative output, revenue loss, copyright laws, creative commons, intellectual property, artist livelihood, family support, income generation, creative rights, copyright policy, artist compensation, economic impact, copyright security, work monetization, policy effects, artist struggles, copyright enforcement artists,copyright protection,financial support,creative output,profit from work,policy impact,creative commons,revenue loss,family support,financial burden,copyright laws,robust copyright system,artist livelihood,material wants,appreciation vs income,secure copyright,artist compensation,alternative employment,artistic profession,creative rights artists, copyright protection, financial support, creative output, revenue, copyright laws, profit, creative commons, intellectual property, copyright stripping, family support, copyright system, material needs, artist livelihood, compensation, copyright security, alternative employment, artist income artists, copyright protection, financial support, creative output, revenue, copyright laws, creative commons, policy impact, family support, material needs, copyright system, struggling artists, successful artists, income, artist livelihood, copyright security, alternative employment, artist compensation, artist rights, intellectual property, work monetization, artist welfare
test-international-bmaggiahbl-pro01a	Authoritarian leadership  President Kagame though considered a visionary leader has made Rwanda a country based on one man’s ideas. He has silenced critics, opposition and any counter arguments that may not support his opinions through tough rules imposed against the media and free speech. This sparked misunderstandings within the government forcing 4 four high rank officials in exile, one, an ex-intelligence chief was recently murdered in South Africa[1].  Rwanda is essentially a hard-line, one-party, secretive police state with a façade of democracy[2]. To avoid future conflict and government break down Kagame needs to convene a genuine, inclusive, unconditional and comprehensive national dialogue with the aim of preparing and strengthening the country’s future progress.  The fact that most Rwandans still want him to run for re-election after his two terms in 2017 shows how much he has controlled people to believe he is the only potential leader in a country of more than 11 million citizens. If Rwanda is to have a stable future democracy it needs to be recognised that the opposition are patriots too and should be entitled to freedom of speech and press to give them an opportunity to share their views on how the country can be improved. For democracy in Rwanda to progress the country needs to accept the idea of freedom of speech and a ‘loyal opposition’.[3]  [1] Aljazeera Africa news, ‘Rwandan ex-spy chief found dead in S Africa’, Aljazeera.com, 2 January 2014  [2] Kenzer, Stephen, ‘Kagame's authoritarian turn risks Rwanda's future’, thegurdian.com, 27 January 2011  [3] Fisher, Julie, ‘Emerging Voices: Julie Fisher on Democratization NGOs and Loyal Opposition’, CFR, 13 March 2013 authoritarian leadership, Paul Kagame, Rwanda, visionary leader, silencing critics, opposition, media censorship, free speech repression, government dissent, political exile, high-ranking officials, ex-intelligence chief, assassination, South Africa, one-party state, police state, democracy façade, political control, term extension, re-election, national dialogue, inclusive governance, political opposition, loyal opposition, democracy, freedom of speech, press freedom, governance, political stability, conflict prevention, civic rights, Rwandan politics, leadership style, state repression, democratic progress Authoritarian leadership, Paul Kagame, Rwanda, visionary leader, political opposition, media censorship, freedom of speech, critics silenced, government officials exile, political assassinations, police state, one-party rule, democracy façade, national dialogue, political repression, re-election, term limits, media restrictions, loyal opposition, democratization, freedom of press, political reform, civil liberties, governance, political stability, human rights, inclusive governance, opposition rights, political control, Rwanda election, authoritarian regime authoritarian leadership, Paul Kagame, Rwanda, visionary leader, silencing critics, political opposition, media repression, free speech, government exiles, assassination, ex-intelligence chief, hard-line state, one-party rule, secretive government, police state, democracy façade, national dialogue, inclusivity, unconditional negotiation, government stability, re-election, term limits, political control, public perception, democracy in Rwanda, opposition rights, patriotism, freedom of speech, press freedom, loyal opposition, democratic progress, political reform, civil liberties, governance, leadership style authoritarian leadership, Paul Kagame, Rwanda, visionary leader, silencing critics, opposition suppression, media freedom, free speech, government exile, ex-intelligence chief assassination, police state, one-party rule, democracy façade, national dialogue, inclusive government, future conflict prevention, re-election support, political control, loyal opposition, freedom of press, democracy progress, patriot opposition, governance, political repression, African politics, political assassination, Aljazeera, journalist suppression, government accountability, human rights, civic participation, political pluralism, Julie Fisher, democratization, Stephen Kenzer authoritarian leadership, Paul Kagame, Rwanda, visionary leader, silencing critics, media restrictions, free speech suppression, opposition exile, government misunderstandings, political assassinations, secretive police state, one-party rule, façade of democracy, national dialogue, inclusive governance, government stability, re-election, controlled population, stable future democracy, freedom of speech, loyal opposition, press freedom, democratization, political reform, ex-intelligence chief, political patriots, Aljazeera news, The Guardian, CFR, political dissent, inclusive progress
test-international-ssiarcmhb-pro01a	"Radical changes risk the stability of the Catholic Church.  Whenever a Church makes a radical change to its doctrines and teachings it causes a huge amount of tension within the Church. An excellent example of this is the Church of England allowing women to become bishops; a huge number of people left the Church over the controversy. Since the Catholic Church's ban over contraception of all kinds is something that it has stood fast over for a great number of years, as well as something that sets it apart from most other denominations and faiths, the proposition believes that a change in this would result in a huge amount of tension within the Church. This tension would inevitably bring about a considerable risk of large parts of the Church collapsing altogether. This would be much the same as the tensions over gay priests in the Anglican church that have led to fears of a schism1. Therefore, in the interests of its own stability, the sensible course of action for the Catholic Church to take is to maintain its ban on contraception. 1 Brown, Andrew. ""Jeffrey John and the global Anglican schism: a potted history."" Guardian.co.uk, 8 July 2010 Catholic Church, radical changes, church stability, doctrine change, church tension, contraception ban, Anglican Church, women bishops, church schism, church controversy, denominational differences, church collapse, gay priests, religious division, church teachings, doctrinal continuity, religious stability, church membership, historical precedent, theological change Catholic Church, radical changes, doctrinal change, stability, church tension, contraception ban, doctrine, schism, Church of England, women bishops, controversy, religious division, Anglican Church, gay priests, collapse risk, faith identity, church teaching, church unity, religious controversy, church reforms Catholic Church, radical changes, stability, doctrine, tension, controversy, Church of England, women bishops, contraception ban, denominations, faiths, schism, Anglican Church, gay priests, church collapse, church teachings, church unity, religious change, conservative doctrine, religious controversy, Jeffrey John, church history Catholic Church, radical changes, church stability, doctrine changes, church teachings, tension, controversy, Church of England, women bishops, congregation loss, contraception ban, denominational differences, church collapse, schism, gay priests, Anglican church, church unity, conservative doctrine, religious tradition, internal conflict Catholic Church, radical changes, stability, doctrine, tension, contraception ban, controversy, Church of England, women bishops, schism, gay priests, Anglican Church, denominations, teachings, collapse, church split, church unity, church authority, religious change, tradition, church reform, church conflict, church history, religious stability, doctrinal change"
test-philosophy-apessghwba-con01a	Animals' rights are of less moral worth than human rights  Humans are complex beings with large well developed brains, that form sizeable social groups, have significant ability to communicate with one another, possess interconnected desires, preferences and interests about the world, have an awareness of their own existence and mortality, and as such are beings worthy of moral consideration. Animals too express some of these characteristics to some degree and thus animals too are worthy of moral consideration. However, animal lives and human lives are of unequal value. This is due to the fact that no animal possesses all of these characteristics to the same degree as the average human, or even comes particularly close. Thus any rights ascribed to animals should be truncated relative to the rights we ascribe to humans. [1] Therefore animals should not rightly possess the same rights to not be experimented upon as humans might. To the extent to which causing some harm to animals brings great benefit to humans, we are morally justified in creating some moral harm, to achieve a far greater moral good.  [1] Frey, R. G., “Moral Standing: The Value of Life and Speciesism”, in La Follette (ed.), Ethics in Practice, (Malden, Mass; Oxford : Blackwell Pub, 2007) animal rights, human rights, moral worth, moral consideration, speciesism, cognitive complexity, brain development, social groups, communication, self-awareness, mortality, moral value, ethical hierarchy, truncated rights, animal experimentation, moral justification, harm-benefit analysis, Frey R. G., value of life, Ethics in Practice, La Follette, rights asymmetry, species differences, ethical prioritization, sentience, moral status animals' rights, human rights, moral worth, moral consideration, speciesism, moral standing, animal experimentation, brain complexity, self-awareness, communication, social groups, desires, preferences, interests, mortality, truncated rights, ethical hierarchy, human-animal comparison, moral justification, harm-benefit analysis, value of life, R. G. Frey, Ethics in Practice, Blackwell, relative moral value, sentience, rights ascription, animal welfare, human superiority, ethical justification, suffering, moral harm animal rights, human rights, moral worth, moral consideration, speciesism, moral standing, brain complexity, social groups, communication ability, self-awareness, mortality, interconnected desires, preferences, interests, value of life, moral harm, moral good, ethical hierarchy, experimentation on animals, truncated rights, human-animal comparison, Frey R.G., ethics, benefit to humans, rights justification, animal experimentation, moral justification, ethical value, nonhuman animals animal rights, human rights, moral worth, moral consideration, speciesism, brain complexity, social groups, communication, self-awareness, mortality, interconnected desires, interests, value of life, truncated rights, moral justification, animal experimentation, harm-benefit analysis, ethical hierarchy, R. G. Frey, moral standing, ethics, differential rights, moral good, relative value, moral harm, ethical reasoning animal rights, human rights, moral worth, moral standing, speciesism, moral consideration, human complexity, brain development, social groups, communication, self-awareness, mortality, desires, preferences, interests, value of life, truncated rights, ethical justification, animal experimentation, moral harm, moral good, R. G. Frey, Ethics in Practice, philosophical ethics, comparative moral value, welfare trade-off, human-animal distinction, moral hierarchy, species difference
test-digital-freedoms-piidfaihbg-con01a	Google can’t afford to abandon the Chinese market  In 2010, the search market in China was valued at $1.7 billion and was expected to grow at an average of 50% per year for the coming few years. [1] After the 2010 incident, Google has been losing market share in China rapidly. [2] From a business perspective, Google just can’t afford to miss out on such a business opportunity: not only will it miss entering this market when it is growing, it will also forfeit a comfortable position in the search market from which it can build its other businesses, like gmail and android, the way it does in other countries. [3]  [1] Melanie Lee, ‘Analysis: A year after China retreat, Google plots new growth’, Reuters, January 13, 2011. URL:   [2] Reuters, ‘Google search share slips as Baidu gains report’, July 26, 2010, URL:   [3] Kyle Baxter, ‘Android isn’t about building a mobile platform’, January 4, 2011. URL:  Last consulted: December 22, 2011 Google, China, Chinese market, search market, 2010, business opportunity, market share, Baidu, Android, Gmail, growth, revenue, internet business, market entry, competition, international expansion, technology, digital services, retreat, loss, market value, expansion strategy, Melanie Lee, Reuters, Kyle Baxter Google, China, Chinese market, search market, market share, business opportunity, market growth, 2010 incident, Baidu, gmail, android, business perspective, retreat, expansion, internet censorship, technology, digital market, Reuters, Melanie Lee, Kyle Baxter Google, Chinese market, search market, China, market share, business opportunity, growth, 2010, Baidu, gmail, android, market value, revenue, business strategy, competition, retreat, expansion, digital market, Reuters, Melanie Lee, Kyle Baxter, technology, internet, mobile platform Google, Chinese market, search market, 2010, market value, market growth, business opportunity, market share, China, Baidu, Gmail, Android, internet business, digital market, market entry, business strategy, market competition, loss of market share, technology, expansion, Reuters, business perspective, mobile platform, online services Google, China, Chinese market, search market, market value, market share, business opportunity, search engine, Gmail, Android, Baidu, revenue, growth rate, 2010, business strategy, competition, market entry, internet services, loss, expansion, technology industry
test-international-bldimehbn-pro01a	Broadcasters almost never show scenes of torture or torment because they know this will cause offence, the same principle should apply here.  Journalists and editors use their judgement all the time on what is acceptable to print or broadcast. Expletives [1] or graphic images of violence or sex are routinely prevented because they would cause offence, giving personal details might cause distress and are omitted as a courtesy, and the identities of minors are protected as a point of law in most jurisdictions. It is simply untrue to suggest that journalists report the ‘unvarnished truth’ with no regard to its ramifications. Where a particular fact or image is likely to cause offence or distress, it is routine to exercise self-censorship – it’s called discretion and professional judgement [2] . Indeed, the news outlets that fail to do so are the ones most frequently and vociferously denounced by the high-minded intelligentsia who so frequently argue that broadcasting issues such as this constitutes free speech.  It is palpably and demonstrably true that news outlets seek to avoid offending their market; so liberal newspapers avoid exposés of bad behaviour by blacks or homosexuals otherwise they wouldn’t have a readership. [3] Most journalists try to minimise the harm caused by their reporting as shown by a study interviewing journalists on their ethics but how they define this harm and what they think will cause offence differs. [4] Western journalists may find it awkward that many in the Arab world find the issue of homosexuality unpleasant or offensive but many of the same journalists would be aghast if they were asked to report activities that ran counter to their cultural sensibilities simply as fact.  [1] Trask, Larry, ‘The Other Marks on Your Keyboard’, University of Sussex, 1997,   [2] For example see the BBC guide to editorial policy.  [3] Posner, Richard, A., ‘Bad News’, The New York Times, 31 July 2005,   [4] Deppa, Joan A, & Plaisance, Patrick Lee, 2009 ‘Perceptions and Manifestations of Autonomy, Transparency and Harm Among U.S. Newspaper Journalists’, Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication, pp.328-386, p.358, broadcast censorship, media ethics, journalistic discretion, offensive content, self-censorship, graphic violence, expletives, audience sensibilities, editorial judgement, harm minimization, reporting ethics, protected identities, minors’ privacy, cultural sensitivity, controversial topics, news reporting standards, free speech limits, professional journalism, Western journalists, media market, reader offense, sensitive information suppression, ethical journalism, content moderation, news publication standards, press responsibility, public offense avoidance, media self-regulation, distressing imagery, discretion in journalism journalism ethics, self-censorship, editorial discretion, offence avoidance, media regulation, graphic content, violence in media, expletive censorship, privacy protection, minor identity protection, professional judgement, harm minimization, cultural sensitivity, free speech, media accountability, news reporting standards, audience sensibilities, media market, news outlet practices, ethical journalism, offensive content, distress prevention, cultural relativism, reporting bias, media transparency, autonomy of journalists, Western journalism, Arab world media, reporting on homosexuality, media criticism media censorship, journalistic ethics, editorial discretion, offensive content, self-censorship, broadcast standards, graphic violence, expletives, privacy protection, distress minimization, identity protection, minors, law, news judgment, cultural sensitivity, media responsibility, harm minimization, free speech, audience offense, reporting bias, liberal newspapers, readership sensitivity, professional standards, media accountability, controversial issues, news reporting ethics, editorial policy, journalist interviews, cross-cultural journalism, media law, protected identities media ethics, editorial judgement, self-censorship, offence, distress, discretion, broadcasting standards, graphic content, expletives, personal details, minors protection, journalistic harm, news reporting, cultural sensitivity, press freedom, professional responsibility, reader sensibilities, liberal newspapers, free speech, newsroom practices, public reaction, journalism ethics studies, harm minimization, editorial policy, western journalists, cultural differences, offensive content, news audience, legal restrictions, sensitive reporting, press criticism broadcasting, self-censorship, journalistic ethics, offence, distress, professional judgement, discretion, graphic content, expletives, media regulation, news reporting, harm minimization, cultural sensitivities, personal details, minors protection, editorial policy, free speech, media audience, market avoidance, liberal newspapers, minority reporting, Western journalists, Arab world, homosexuality, subjective harm, media responsibility, transparency, autonomy, media bias, media criticism, media standards
test-law-hrpepthwuto-pro02a	Terrorist organisations such as Al Qaida do not respect the rights of individuals and the only way to fight fire is with fire  Terrorist networks use fear, pain and suffering as their stock in trade. By definition, terror organisations are not bound by legal due process or rights of appeal and review. Instead they deal out death to innocent members of society who have no power to alter the events and policies that motivate terrorists atrocities.  By contrast, the first role of governments is to protect their citizens’ safety and they should use all tools possible to ensure that innocents are not threatened with random death and destruction.  In the light of these two realities, it is appropriate for governments to take extreme measure, such as torture, to protect their citizens. terrorist organisations, Al Qaida, individual rights, counterterrorism, fear tactics, pain, suffering, legal due process, human rights, government responsibility, citizen safety, extreme measures, torture, security vs liberty, combating terrorism, innocent victims, national security, anti-terrorism policy, use of force, civil liberties, justifying torture terrorist organisations, Al Qaida, individual rights, counterterrorism, fight fire with fire, terrorist networks, fear, pain, suffering, legal due process, rights of appeal, innocent victims, government responsibility, citizen safety, extreme measures, torture, anti-terrorism, security policy, human rights, moral dilemma, governmental authority, use of force, ethics of torture, law enforcement, national security terrorist organisations, Al Qaida, terrorism, individual rights, counterterrorism, fight fire with fire, fear, pain, suffering, terror networks, legal due process, rights of appeal, death, innocent victims, government responsibility, citizen safety, extreme measures, torture, national security, anti-terrorism policy, ethical justification, human rights, governmental authority, security vs liberty, counterterrorism tactics, just war, state response to terrorism, use of torture, moral dilemmas, protection of innocents terrorist organizations, Al Qaida, human rights, counterterrorism, fight fire with fire, fear, pain, suffering, terror networks, legal due process, rights of appeal, civilian casualties, government responsibility, citizen safety, security measures, extreme measures, torture, national security, ethics, state response, anti-terrorism policy terrorist organisations, Al Qaida, human rights, counterterrorism, fear tactics, pain, suffering, legal due process, death penalty, innocent victims, government responsibility, citizen protection, extreme measures, torture, ethical justification, anti-terror strategies, civil liberties, national security, terrorism response, rights violation, state actions, moral dilemmas, security vs liberty, security policy, terrorism prevention
test-international-eiahwpamu-pro05a	Microfinance and protection  Access to a small loan provides benefits for the poor’s ability to access high quality health care. A lack of access to banking facilities - loans and credit - may mean the poor are left excluded from health care services as these are usually not free. Microfinance institutions accept the irregularities of the poor’s income, so enabling health care to be affordable to the poor by providing access to finance. As Ofori-Adjei (2007) shows the integration of microfinance institutions within healthcare systems in Ghana is required to resolve the issue of inaccessibility. Ill health should not put a household into a state of poverty - microfinance provides this protection.  Microfinance schemes not only provide loans to access health care but are now integrating non-financial services, such as health education, within their finance schemes. microfinance, health care access, small loans, poor communities, banking exclusion, healthcare financing, credit access, microfinance institutions, income irregularities, affordable healthcare, finance access, Ghana, healthcare integration, poverty reduction, financial protection, health education, non-financial services, microfinance schemes, healthcare services, Ofori-Adjei microfinance, health care access, small loans, poor populations, banking exclusion, financial inclusion, healthcare affordability, microfinance institutions, irregular income, Ghana, healthcare system integration, poverty protection, healthcare exclusion, health education, non-financial services, credit access, financial services, loan schemes, health financing, social protection microfinance, health care access, poverty, small loans, financial inclusion, banking facilities, credit, healthcare affordability, irregular income, Ghana, microfinance institutions, healthcare systems, non-financial services, health education, protection, exclusion, poor households, health financing, Ofori-Adjei, integrated services, loan schemes, microfinance and health, social protection microfinance, health care access, small loans, poverty alleviation, banking exclusion, credit access, financial inclusion, microfinance institutions, irregular income, affordability, Ghana, healthcare integration, household poverty, financial protection, health education, non-financial services, microfinance schemes, loan benefits, health financing, social protection microfinance, protection, small loans, access, poor, high quality health care, banking facilities, loans, credit, health care exclusion, affordability, irregular income, financial access, microfinance institutions, healthcare systems, Ghana, inaccessibility, poverty, household, health protection, microfinance schemes, non-financial services, health education, integrated finance, healthcare integration
test-politics-oepghbrnsl-con03a	The status quo reveals that several powerful and influential people are in charge of the whole state  What is occurring in Russia now is closer to dictatorship rather than to strong leadership. Many commentators of the Russian political stage share the opinion that Medvedev is just a pawn in the hands of the former president and current prime minister – Putin. “The leading role still clearly belongs to Putin. This reflects the unspoken agreement that was reached between Putin and Medvedev,” said Yevgeny Volk, an independent political analyst in Moscow. (6) Russia’s both external and internal policy have not changed after the elections in 2008 and are following the same path, which is another argument that Putin continues to pull the strings.  In fact, the more important question is not whether or not Medvedev is a pawn, but who is actually in charge – “Kremlin-watchers say this system of interlocking and competing clans that is managed by Putin comprises the core of Russia's ruling elite. The key players, the people with decision making power, number about thirty. The inner circle, most agree, comprises about twelve people… There are something like a dozen of the most influential guys in the first circle and perhaps two dozen who are less influential in the second circle. These are not only managers but also shareholders who are not that visible or public...Not only do they manage Russia...but they also enrich themselves pretty actively.” (7) This poses the debate is such a status quo in the best interest of Russia and its people or is the exact opposite. Russia, political power, Putin, Medvedev, dictatorship, strong leadership, Kremlin, ruling elite, decision-making, interlocking clans, political influence, Russian politics, internal policy, external policy, 2008 elections, power structure, inner circle, political analysts, self-enrichment, governance, Moscow, influential figures, state control, political commentators, status quo, power dynamics, elite management, oligarchy, Russian leadership, succession, political system Russia, political power, Putin, Medvedev, dictatorship, strong leadership, Kremlin, ruling elite, political system, interlocking clans, inner circle, decision makers, political analysts, Yevgeny Volk, external policy, internal policy, post-2008 elections, Russian governance, political influence, power structure, state control, elite enrichment, status quo, political stage, policy continuity, political debate, Russian leadership, oligarchy, powerful individuals, government structure, political management Russia, Putin, Medvedev, dictatorship, leadership, Kremlin, ruling elite, power structure, political influence, internal policy, external policy, 2008 elections, political clans, inner circle, decision making, political analysts, ruling class, elite enrichment, governance, political control, status quo, Moscow, Russian politics, state control, policy continuity, political commentators, Yevgeny Volk Russia, Putin, Medvedev, dictatorship, strong leadership, Kremlin, political elite, ruling elite, power structure, internal policy, external policy, 2008 elections, political analysts, Yevgeny Volk, decision making, inner circle, political clans, influential people, governance, state control, elite enrichment, political status quo, Russian politics, government hierarchy, power dynamics, oligarchy, leadership struggle, policy continuity, prime minister, former president, Kremlin-watchers, political debate Russia, Putin, Medvedev, dictatorship, strong leadership, Kremlin, ruling elite, power structure, political system, Russian politics, decision making, inner circle, external policy, internal policy, 2008 elections, influential people, state control, political analysts, clans, governance, enrichment, status quo, political commentators, elite dominance, leadership debate, power dynamics, government structure, political hierarchy, Moscow, policy continuity, oligarchy, self-interest, transparency, political influence
test-law-lghbacpsba-pro02a	It blocks a significant amount of evidence  A system of just law is not based on opinions or ideologies. It is about finding evidence and using that evidence to prove or disprove either to 'beyond reasonable doubt' for criminal cases or 'on the balance of probabilities' for civil and commercial matters. The burden is on the importance of the evidence. It does not make sense for a legal system to on one hand place so much emphasis on evidence and lock away documents which will contain a vast array of empirical evidence with the other. Instead, attorney-client privilege should be abolished and all evidence should be in justices domain in order to ensure that the law achieves a just result. evidence, legal system, just law, opinions, ideologies, burden of proof, criminal cases, civil cases, commercial matters, attorney-client privilege, abolition, empirical evidence, justice, disclosure, fairness, balance of probabilities, beyond reasonable doubt, document access, court procedure, transparency, legal privilege, justice system reform, law reform, proof standards attorney-client privilege, evidence suppression, legal system, just law, empirical evidence, criminal cases, civil cases, burden of proof, beyond reasonable doubt, balance of probabilities, access to evidence, justice, legal transparency, document disclosure, abolition of privilege, fair trial, legal fairness, evidence-based justice, law reform attorney-client privilege, evidence exclusion, legal system, just law, empirical evidence, criminal cases, civil matters, commercial matters, burden of proof, balance of probabilities, beyond reasonable doubt, legal opinions, legal ideologies, justice, evidence-based law, transparency, abolishing privilege, access to evidence, legal fairness, judicial process, disclosure, legal discovery, unbiased law, legal reform attorney-client privilege, evidence exclusion, just legal system, empirical evidence, burden of proof, criminal cases, civil cases, commercial matters, reasonable doubt, balance of probabilities, legal transparency, abolished privilege, justice, disclosure, legal reform, access to evidence, fair trial, legal system reform, judicial access, legal ethics, privileged documents attorney-client privilege, evidence exclusion, justice system, empirical evidence, legal fairness, burden of proof, beyond reasonable doubt, balance of probabilities, abolition of privilege, transparency, legal documents, judicial access, civil cases, criminal cases, ideology in law, legal reform, empirical justice, evidence-based law, access to evidence
test-education-udfakusma-pro01a	Opens up education  Higher education, as with other levels of education, should be open to all. Universities are universally respected as the highest form of educational institution available and it is a matter of principle that everyone should have access to this higher level of education. Unfortunately not everyone in the world has this access usually because they cannot afford it, but it may also be because they are not academically inclined. This does not however mean that it is right to simply cut them off from higher educational opportunities. Should those who do not attend university not have access to the same resources as those who do?  This can have an even greater impact globally than within an individual country. 90% of the world’s population currently have no access to higher education. Providing access to all academic work gives them the opportunities that those in developed countries already have. [1]  [1] Daniel, Sir John, and Killion, David, “Are open educational resources the key to global economic growth?”, Guardian Professional, 4 July 2012, open education, higher education, educational access, university access, educational equity, global education, education affordability, academic resources, open educational resources, education for all, educational opportunity, education inequality, education inclusion, universal education, educational barriers, education policy, global higher education, education disparities, educational fairness, educational rights, accessibility in education, economic growth education, international education access, OER, educational resources, education justice, education for disadvantaged groups open education, higher education access, university inclusion, education equity, global education, educational resources, higher education barriers, university affordability, academic inclusion, education opportunity, open educational resources, global education disparities, education accessibility, higher education inequality, education for all, universal university access, economic impact of education, developing countries education, educational opportunity gap, educational justice open education, higher education access, educational equity, university accessibility, global education, affordability, academic inclusivity, educational resources, open educational resources, education inequality, global higher education, educational opportunities, socioeconomic barriers, educational justice, university admission, international education access, education policy, educational rights open education, higher education access, educational equity, university inclusion, global education gap, affordability, academic resources, educational opportunities, open educational resources, education for all, education barriers, resource accessibility, educational disparity, educational opportunity, economic growth, global education, university access, educational institutions, inclusive education, academic inclusion open access, higher education, universal education, educational equity, access to university, educational resources, global education, educational opportunity, academic inclusion, affordability, educational barriers, open educational resources, global educational access, university accessibility, educational principles, educational institutions, resource accessibility, education for all, international education, education disparity, socioeconomic barriers, global impact, public education, inclusive education, OER, educational equality
test-politics-glgvhbqssc-pro02a	"Quebec has the right to self-determination.  All people have the right to determine their own form of government and representation and Quebec has been systematically denied this right.  Quebec has historically been denied the right to determine its own form of governance systematically and therefore the Canadian government has no right to claim legitimacy over Quebec and cannot stop it from leaving the federation.  The Canadian Constitution was patriated in 1982 in a backroom deal known as the Meech Lake Accord [1] where Quebec was explicitly excluded from the negotiations and their issues were ignored. Specifically, Quebec was attempting to entrench recognition of their special status and needs as a distant society within Canada [2] and this was denied. To this day, Quebec has refused to sign the Canadian constitution as it feels it doesn’t adequately represent its interests and needs [3] .  Therefore, Quebec has the right to independence as its sovereignty was illegitimately taken from it and it is systematically denied adequate representation in Canadian politics.  [1] ""The Meech Lake Accord."" Peace and Conflict. Historica, n. d. Web. 1 Dec. 2011. <  .  [2] ""The Meech Lake Accord."" Peace and Conflict. Historica, n. d. Web. 1 Dec. 2011. <  .  [3] ""The Meech Lake Accord."" Peace and Conflict. Historica, n. d. Web. 1 Dec. 2011. <  . Quebec, self-determination, right to self-govern, Canadian Constitution, Meech Lake Accord, sovereignty, independence, representation, Canadian federation, exclusion, special status, distinct society, government legitimacy, constitutional negotiations, patriation, denied rights, Quebec independence movement, Canadian politics, federalism, recognition, Indigenous rights, reference, Quebec identity, constitutional crisis, separatism, legitimacy, historical grievances, national identity, constitutional exclusion, political autonomy, Quebec refusal to sign Quebec, self-determination, right to independence, Canadian Constitution, Meech Lake Accord, special status, distinct society, sovereignty, representation, federalism, legitimacy, governance, constitutional negotiation, exclusion, Canadian politics, patriation, refusal to sign, historical denial, systematic exclusion, Quebec independence movement Quebec, self-determination, right to self-governance, Canadian government legitimacy, Quebec independence, Canadian federation, 1982 Constitution, patriation, Meech Lake Accord, Quebec exclusion, special status, distinct society, constitutional recognition, federal-negotiations, Quebec sovereignty, political representation, constitutional refusal, Canadian politics, historical denial, Canadian constitution, legitimacy, entrenchment of rights, Quebec nationalism, separatism. Quebec, self-determination, right to self-govern, Canadian Constitution, Meech Lake Accord, independence, sovereignty, exclusion, special status, distinct society, patriation, federalism, representation, legitimacy, systematic denial, governance, constitutional crisis, Quebec independence movement, Canada, political rights, historical grievances, unrepresented, constitution signing, negotiation exclusion Quebec, self-determination, sovereignty, independence, Canadian Constitution, Meech Lake Accord, representation, governance, patriation, excluded negotiations, special status, distinct society, constitutional recognition, legitimacy, Canadian federation, Quebec exclusion, constitutional crisis, historical denial, political representation, Quebec nationalism, constitutional reform, federalism, Canadian politics, Quebec interests, independence movement, denied rights"
test-culture-mmctghwbsa-pro02a	"Women have a right to be free of stereotyping.  Women's rights to be free from stereotyping, prejudice, discrimination and objectification should be a matter of deep concern as they infringe on human rights related to gender. Advertising messages influence younger generations as well as send stereotypical images of men. As a result the objectification and violence against women will continue. Gender inequality and sexual harassment in the work place is not likely to diminish.1 This means that women will continue to suffer from discrimination based upon their gender. 1 Newswise.com, ""Study Find Rise in Sexualized Images of Women."" 2010 women's rights, stereotyping, prejudice, discrimination, objectification, gender equality, human rights, advertising, stereotypical images, younger generations, violence against women, gender inequality, sexual harassment, workplace, gender discrimination, media influence, women's issues, women's empowerment, social justice, feminist issues, gender bias, media representation, women's safety, cultural stereotypes women's rights, gender stereotyping, gender prejudice, gender discrimination, objectification of women, human rights, gender inequality, sexual harassment, workplace discrimination, advertising stereotypes, media influence, gender-based violence, women's empowerment, sexism, sexualized images, feminist issues, equality, women's liberation women's rights, gender stereotypes, stereotyping, prejudice, discrimination, objectification, human rights, advertising, media influence, gender inequality, sexual harassment, workplace discrimination, violence against women, gender-based violence, sexualized images, sexism, women's empowerment, gender norms, youth influence, equality, social justice women's rights, gender stereotyping, prejudice, discrimination, objectification, human rights, gender equality, advertising, media influence, stereotypes, men, violence against women, gender inequality, sexual harassment, workplace discrimination, sexualized images, media representation, young generations, gender bias, sexism, women's empowerment women's rights, gender equality, stereotyping, prejudice, discrimination, objectification, human rights, advertising, media influence, gender roles, violence against women, sexual harassment, workplace inequality, gender discrimination, stereotypical images, young generation, sexism, women's empowerment, sexualized images, gender bias"
test-culture-mthbah-con01a	Small businesses need advertisements to make their products known.  If there wasn't advertising then small businesses would have no chance at all to make their product well known. Adverts can actually level the playing field - if you have a good new product, and market it in a clever way then it doesn't matter how small your company is, you can still make consumers interested. The more you restrict the freedom of information, the more this helps the large companies who everyone already knows about. small businesses, advertising, product promotion, brand awareness, marketing strategies, advertisements, market competition, information freedom, business growth, consumer interest, marketing advantages, product exposure, equal opportunities, company size, advertising impact small businesses, advertising, product promotion, brand awareness, advertisements, market entry, information freedom, marketing strategies, consumer interest, business competition, market equality, advertising impact, small company visibility, product marketing, information restriction, large companies advantage small businesses, advertising, advertisements, product awareness, market entry, marketing strategies, brand recognition, business competition, freedom of information, equal opportunity, consumer interest, advertising impact, market inequality, promotion, small company marketing, business growth, large companies, market visibility small businesses, advertising, advertisements, product promotion, market access, product awareness, marketing strategies, business growth, information freedom, competitive advantage, brand recognition, consumer interest, equal opportunity, large companies, market entry, new products, advertising effectiveness, marketing equality, business visibility small businesses, advertising, advertisements, product promotion, market exposure, brand awareness, marketing strategy, equal opportunity, information freedom, competition, consumer interest, business growth, company size, market access, business advertising benefits, advertising restrictions, large companies, brand recognition, advertising impact
test-environment-aeghhgwpe-con02a	There are problems with being vegetarian  A vegetarian or vegan diet may result in a person not getting enough iron. This is because, although you can get iron from foods such as pulses, green leafy vegetables and nuts, the iron in these foods isn't absorbed so easily. The symptoms of this feeling breathless after little exercise, feeling tired and a short attention span and poor concentration. [1] These symptoms could negatively affect proficiency in school and the ability to perform well at work ultimately leading to a loss of productivity which has both personal effects and broader effects for the economy. Other conditions include frequently becoming ill, frequently becoming depressed, and malnourishment.  [1] Bupa's Health Information Team, ‘Iron-deficiency anaemia’, bupa.co.uk, March 2010, vegetarian diet, vegan diet, iron deficiency, iron absorption, non-heme iron, plant-based iron, anaemia, low iron symptoms, breathlessness, fatigue, poor concentration, school performance, work productivity, economic impact, frequent illness, depression, malnourishment, nutritional deficiencies, plant sources iron, pulses, leafy greens, nuts, productivity loss, Bupa, iron-deficiency anaemia vegetarian diet, vegan diet, iron deficiency, iron absorption, plant-based iron, anaemia, symptoms, fatigue, breathlessness, poor concentration, attention span, productivity loss, school performance, work performance, economic impact, frequent illness, depression, malnourishment, pulses, green leafy vegetables, nutritional deficiencies, dietary risks, health effects, Bupa, iron-deficiency anaemia vegetarian diet, vegan diet, iron deficiency, absorption, non-heme iron, pulses, green leafy vegetables, nuts, anemia, symptoms, fatigue, breathlessness, poor concentration, short attention span, school performance, work productivity, economic impact, frequent illness, depression, malnourishment, Bupa, iron-deficiency anaemia vegetarian diet, vegan diet, iron deficiency, iron absorption, plant-based iron, iron-rich foods, anaemia, iron-deficiency anaemia, symptoms of anaemia, breathlessness, fatigue, poor concentration, short attention span, productivity loss, health effects, economic impact, malnutrition, frequent illness, depression, nutritional deficiency, bupa, iron sources, school performance, work performance, pulses, green leafy vegetables, nuts vegetarian diet, vegan diet, iron deficiency, iron absorption, non-heme iron, iron-rich foods, pulses, leafy greens, nuts, anaemia, symptoms, tiredness, breathlessness, poor concentration, short attention span, school performance, work performance, productivity loss, malnourishment, depression, frequent illness, economic impact, Bupa, iron-deficiency anaemia
test-law-hrilpgwhwr-pro01a	The ICC allows for the prosecution of war criminals.  Law-abiding states like the United States that have yet to ratify the ICC should have nothing to fear if they behave lawfully. The Prosecutor of the ICC is only concerned with the most grave offences and it defies belief that the US would approve a strategy of genocide or systematic mass violations of human rights that could attract the jurisdiction of the ICC. Further, the discretion of the Prosecutor is not unchecked. The Statute requires that the approval of three judges sitting in a pre-trial chamber be obtained before an arrest warrant can be issued or proceedings initiated. Moreover, there is no harm to the interests of the US in being subjected to a mere preliminary investigation. In fact, it is preferable that spurious accusations are briefly examined and shown to be baseless, than that these accusations be allowed to raise doubts about the credibility of a State's actions and the impartiality of the Tribunal in question. The US acceptance of the jurisdiction of the Prosecutor of the ICTY is evident ; the US troops forming part of the KFOR peacekeeping force in Kosovo could equally be subject to investigation and prosecution by the ICTY. The US is prepared for its forces to operate under the scrutiny of the ICTY since it reasonably does not expect its members to commit the very crimes they are deployed to prevent. ICC, war crimes, prosecution, jurisdiction, United States, ratification, international law, Prosecutor, Statute, pre-trial chamber, arrest warrant, judicial oversight, human rights violations, genocide, mass atrocities, preliminary investigation, credibility, state actions, impartiality, Tribunal, ICTY, KFOR, Kosovo, peacekeeping, US troops, accountability, international justice ICC, International Criminal Court, war criminals, prosecution, law-abiding states, United States, ratification, jurisdiction, Prosecutor, grave offences, genocide, mass human rights violations, Statute, pre-trial chamber, arrest warrant, proceedings, US interests, preliminary investigation, spurious accusations, credibility, impartiality, Tribunal, ICTY, KFOR, Kosovo, peacekeeping, US troops, scrutiny, international law, accountability, human rights, treaty ICC, prosecution, war criminals, law-abiding states, United States, ratification, lawful behavior, ICC Prosecutor, grave offenses, genocide, mass violations, human rights, ICC jurisdiction, Prosecutor discretion, Statute, pre-trial chamber, arrest warrant, proceedings, US interests, preliminary investigation, spurious accusations, credibility, impartiality, Tribunal, US acceptance, ICTY jurisdiction, KFOR, Kosovo, peacekeeping, investigation, prosecution, US troops, scrutiny, crimes prevention ICC, war criminals, prosecution, law-abiding states, United States, ratification, jurisdiction, Prosecutor, grave offenses, genocide, human rights violations, pre-trial chamber, arrest warrant, proceedings, preliminary investigation, spurious accusations, state credibility, impartial tribunal, ICTY, KFOR, Kosovo, US forces, international law, accountability, tribunal scrutiny ICC, International Criminal Court, prosecution, war criminals, law-abiding states, United States, ratification, jurisdiction, Prosecutor, grave offenses, genocide, mass human rights violations, Statute, pre-trial chamber, arrest warrant, proceedings, US interests, preliminary investigation, spurious accusations, state credibility, tribunal impartiality, ICTY, International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia, KFOR, peacekeeping, Kosovo, US troops, investigation, prosecution, scrutiny, crimes prevention, US acceptance, judicial oversight, accountability, international law
test-international-ipecfiepg-con02a	Defaulting would not solve Greece’s problems  The proposition argue that the hardship endured by the default would only be temporary, but an analysis at the particular situation facing Greece indicates the opposite. Greece’s problems arose from a horrifically inefficient public sector embedded within a mentality of corruption and tax evasion. Even if we assume that defaulting would eventually boost Greek exports and help the economy recover, this would not solve the underlying problems that caused the crisis in the first place. By leaving the Eurozone and defaulting, Greece would lose easy access to borrowing, meaning that taxpayers would soon have to face the reality that they would have to pay for the inefficiencies within the public sector and support all the other structures that need reform. [1] Greece must, therefore, address these underlying issues or face the exact same problems in the future. Given that solving these problems necessarily involve austerity measures and job cuts, it makes most sense for Greece to undergo these changes now (as it is with the current austerity measures), under the framework of IMF, ECB and European Commission funding and supervision.  [1] Barrell, Ray: “Eurozone crisis: what if… Greece leaves the single currency”, 14 May 2012, The Guardian, Greece, default, Eurozone, public sector inefficiency, corruption, tax evasion, economic crisis, austerity measures, IMF, ECB, European Commission, single currency, borrowing access, exports, economic recovery, structural reform, taxpayer burden, crisis causes, public sector reform, Greek economy, euro exit Greece, default, Eurozone, public sector inefficiency, corruption, tax evasion, Greek crisis, austerity measures, IMF, ECB, European Commission, economic recovery, borrowing access, public sector reform, structural issues, exports, financial supervision, job cuts, crisis causes, fiscal policy, economic reform Greece, default, Eurozone, public sector inefficiency, corruption, tax evasion, borrowing, Greek exports, economic crisis, austerity measures, IMF, ECB, European Commission, structural reform, funding, supervision, fiscal policy, economic recovery, debt crisis, European Union, currency crisis Greece, default, Eurozone, economic crisis, public sector inefficiency, corruption, tax evasion, austerity measures, IMF, ECB, European Commission, borrowing, structural reform, exports, financial supervision, economic recovery, single currency, Greek crisis, public sector reform, Greek economy, sovereign debt, bailout, fiscal policy, unemployment, government inefficiency, financial hardship Greece, default, Eurozone, public sector inefficiency, corruption, tax evasion, crisis, exports, borrowing, austerity measures, IMF, ECB, European Commission, funding, supervision, economic recovery, structural reform, single currency, sovereign debt, Greek economy, financial crisis
test-law-ilppppghb-pro02a	Self-determination and independence is recognition of the fact that indigenous peoples were unfairly treated by colonial powers, and their proprietary rights abused.  In some contexts, separation may not be a realistic option for minority peoples. However, that does not mean that self-determination is not meaningful for such groups. For indigenous peoples, self-determination may take the form of restitution for land that was stolen from them, or compensation and reparations. Furthermore, self-determination may take the form of political autonomy, or greater rights to decide how children are educated, or parallel systems of justice such as sharia courts. Self-determination is about representation and identity and choice - not about outcomes. self-determination, indigenous peoples, independence, recognition, colonial powers, proprietary rights, minority groups, separation, restitution, land rights, compensation, reparations, political autonomy, education rights, parallel justice systems, sharia courts, representation, identity, choice, autonomy, indigenous rights, colonialism, historical injustice, legal recognition, cultural autonomy, indigenous land claims self-determination, indigenous peoples, independence, colonialism, proprietary rights, unfair treatment, separation, minority groups, restitution, land rights, compensation, reparations, political autonomy, education rights, parallel justice systems, sharia courts, representation, identity, choice, indigenous rights, historical injustice, autonomy, cultural rights self-determination, indigenous peoples, colonialism, independence, proprietary rights, restitution, land rights, compensation, reparations, political autonomy, minority rights, recognition, representation, identity, education rights, parallel justice systems, sharia courts, choice, human rights, cultural autonomy, indigenous sovereignty self-determination, independence, indigenous peoples, colonial powers, proprietary rights, minority peoples, restitution, land rights, compensation, reparations, political autonomy, education rights, parallel justice systems, sharia courts, representation, identity, choice, indigenous autonomy, recognition, historical injustice, cultural rights, self-governance self-determination, independence, indigenous peoples, colonial powers, proprietary rights, minority groups, separation, restitution, land rights, compensation, reparations, political autonomy, education rights, parallel justice systems, sharia courts, representation, identity, choice, recognition, unfair treatment, autonomy, legal pluralism
test-law-thgglcplgphw-pro01a	Coca chewing is not equivalent to the consumption of hard drugs. It is no more harmful than drinking coffee.  The coca leaf, in its natural state, is not even a narcotic, even though the 1961 Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs considers the natural leaf to be so. However it only truly becomes a narcotic when the paste or the concentrate is extracted from the leaf to form cocaine. [1] The simple coca leaf, by contrast, only has very mild effects when chewed and is different from cocaine. In 1995 the World Health Organisation found that the “use of coca leaves appears to have no negative health effects and has positive therapeutic, sacred and social functions for indigenous Andean populations.” [2] It may even be useful in combating obesity, and there is no evidence that coca use is addictive. At worst, it is comparable to caffeine in terms of its effect on its consumer. [3] Therefore there are no significant health reasons behind this ban on the cultivation of coca leaves for their chewed consumption in its traditional form.  [1] Morales, Evo. “Let Me Chew My Coca Leaves”. New York Times. March 13, 2009.   [2] Jelsma, Martin. “Lifting the Ban on Coca Chewing”. Transnational Institute, Series on Legislative Reform of Drug Policies Nr. 11. March 2011.  [3] Morales, Evo. “Let Me Chew My Coca Leaves”. New York Times. March 13, 2009. coca leaf, coca chewing, hard drugs, narcotic, 1961 Single Convention, cocaine, health effects, World Health Organisation, indigenous Andean populations, therapeutic use, sacred use, social functions, obesity, addiction, caffeine, drug policy, ban, cultivation, traditional use, Evo Morales, Transnational Institute, legislative reform, New York Times coca chewing, coca leaves, hard drugs, cocaine, narcotic, 1961 Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs, World Health Organisation, coca leaf health effects, therapeutic use, sacred functions, social functions, indigenous Andean populations, caffeine comparison, addiction, obesity, health risks, drug policy, traditional use, coca cultivation ban, Evo Morales, legislative reform, New York Times, Transnational Institute, drug laws, controlled substances, natural plant, coca extract, coca paste coca chewing, coca leaf, hard drugs, cocaine, drug policy, 1961 Single Convention, narcotic, health effects, World Health Organisation, indigenous Andean populations, traditional use, addiction, caffeine comparison, therapeutic benefits, obesity, ban on coca, cultivation, Evo Morales, legislative reform, Transnational Institute coca chewing, coca leaf, hard drugs, cocaine, narcotic, 1961 Single Convention, drug policy, indigenous Andean populations, health effects, World Health Organisation, therapeutic use, traditional use, addiction, caffeine comparison, coca cultivation ban, legal status, coca paste, coca concentrate, drug legislation, Evo Morales, drug reform, Martin Jelsma, Transnational Institute, drug classification, caffeine effects, social functions, obesity, New York Times, drug enforcement, natural state coca chewing, coca leaf, hard drugs, cocaine, narcotic, 1961 Single Convention, drug policy, World Health Organisation, indigenous Andean populations, therapeutic use, sacred use, social functions, caffeine comparison, health effects, addiction, obesity, coca cultivation ban, traditional use, Evo Morales, Martin Jelsma, drug legislation, harm comparison
test-digital-freedoms-piidfaihbg-con02a	Google will help Chinese internet freedom more by staying  As Google itself argued in 2006 when it first entered the Chinese domestic market; when Google is fully present in China, it can at least do its very best to allow its Chinese users as much access to all the information that Chinese users are allowed to look up. By expanding their access, Google can at least contribute to a broadening of the amount of information Chinese internet users can gather. The alternative is them relying on an even more censored Chinese search engine called Baidu, or having them try to access a heavily blocked, slowed down, restricted and monitored version of Google outside of China, for example google.com or the Hong Kong-based Google.com.hk. Having a locally accessible version of Google that is censored might not be optimal, but it’s better than nothing. [1]  [1] Karen Wickre, ‘Testimony: The Internet in China’, February 15, 2006. URL:  Last consulted: December 22, 2011 Google, China, internet freedom, censorship, Chinese users, information access, domestic market, Baidu, search engine, Google.com.hk, information control, restricted access, monitored internet, locally accessible Google, better than nothing, Karen Wickre, testimony, 2006, Chinese internet, censorship alternatives, Hong Kong Google, information availability, Chinese market, user access, internet policy, freedom of information Google, China, internet freedom, censorship, Chinese users, information access, Baidu, search engine, market entry, Google China, google.com, google.com.hk, information broadening, local accessibility, restricted internet, monitored internet, Karen Wickre, testimony, 2006, Chinese internet, digital rights, online censorship, freedom of information, alternative search engines, Chinese domestic market Google, China, internet freedom, censorship, information access, Baidu, Chinese users, information restrictions, search engines, Google China, Google.com.hk, localized censorship, digital rights, market entry, internet policy, online information, content filtering, government controls, user access, digital censorship, freedom of information, monitored internet, Chinese market, internet regulation, tech companies, Chinese censorship, internet neutrality, Google testimony, Karen Wickre Google China, internet freedom, information access, censorship, Baidu, Chinese users, restricted internet, Google.com.hk, local version, information broadening, monitored internet, Chinese domestic market, online censorship, user access, information restriction, Testimony Karen Wickre, internet in China Google, China, internet freedom, censorship, information access, Chinese users, Baidu, search engines, Google China, Google.com.hk, local access, information restriction, monitored internet, digital rights, Chinese censorship, online information, Chinese internet, Google policy, market entry, information expansion, internet censorship
test-science-eassgbatj-pro03a	It isn’t necessary  We don’t know how we will be able to develop new drugs without animal testing until we end it. We now know how most chemicals work, and computer simulations of chemicals are very good.[6] Experimenting on tissue can show how drugs work, without the need for actual animals. Even skin left over from surgery can be experiment on, and being human, is more useful.  The fact that animal research was needed in the past isn’t a good excuse any more. We still have all the advancements from animal testing in the past, but it’s no longer needed. [7] animal testing, alternatives, drug development, computer simulations, tissue experimentation, in vitro testing, human tissue, medical research, chemical testing, ethical research, animal research history, scientific advancements, laboratory animals, biomedical research, non-animal methods alternatives to animal testing, computer simulations, tissue experimentation, drug development, in vitro testing, animal research, human tissue research, chemical modeling, medical advancements, ethical drug testing, animal-free research, biomedical research alternatives, skin samples experimentation, non-animal methods, necessity of animal testing animal testing, drug development, alternatives, computer simulations, tissue experiments, in vitro testing, human tissue, surgery leftovers, chemical mechanisms, ethical research, animal research, historical animal testing, necessity, biomedical advancements, non-animal methods, drug efficacy, laboratory methods, medical research, pharmacology, ethical considerations animal testing, alternatives, drug development, computer simulations, tissue experimentation, chemical testing, surgical tissue, human tissue, pharmacological research, ethics, past advancements, necessity, biomedical research, laboratory animals, scientific progress, laboratory methods, in vitro, ex vivo, non-animal methods animal testing, alternatives, drug development, computer simulations, chemical testing, tissue experimentation, human tissue, in vitro, medical research, ethics, replacement methods, surgical leftovers, computational models, past advancements, laboratory animals
test-international-aghbfcpspr-con02a	Such reparations would do little to actually improve the developing countries.  Reparations are an incredibly short-term economic measure. To have any substantial impact, long-term systems would need to be put in place to truly benefit such countries, and it would be far better to encourage sustainable growth [1] than a one-off bumper payment. Developed countries should look towards improving their long-term relationship with former colonies and establishing measures such as fairer trade rules or debt relief as an efficient measure. This would allow the aid to be focused in the places where these countries need it most.  The symbolism of reparations is also potentially dangerous. Firstly, paying reparations may bring the belief that former colonial powers have ‘paid their debt’ and no longer have to seek to improve their own conduct of foreign policy. Secondly, this measure would allow dictators such as Robert Mugabe to feel justified in their declarations that colonial powers are independently responsible for all the problems affecting their countries [2] [3] [4] . In this way, Mugabe tries to hide his own shortcomings and place blame entirely on the West, which has negative impacts on the potential for international relations. In the case of Italy’s reparations to Libya, this could be seen as strengthening the Gaddafi dictatorship at the expense of the Libyan people and the West, particularly as Gaddafi is prone to blaming the West [5] or indeed anybody else he can [6] .  [1] Accessed from  on 12/09/11  [2] Accessed from  on 12/09/11  [3] Accessed from  on 12/09/11  [4] Accessed from  on 12/09/11  [5] Accessed from  on 12/09/11  [6] Accessed from  on 12/09/11 reparations, developing countries, short-term economic measure, long-term systems, sustainable growth, one-off payment, developed countries, former colonies, fair trade rules, debt relief, targeted aid, symbolism of reparations, foreign policy, colonial powers, dictators, Robert Mugabe, blame shifting, international relations, Italy Libya reparations, Gaddafi dictatorship, Western responsibility, economic development, aid effectiveness, post-colonial relationships, accountability, governance, political impacts, legacy of colonialism, economic justice, recipient government responsibility reparations, developing countries, economic impact, short-term measures, long-term systems, sustainable growth, developed countries, former colonies, fair trade, debt relief, targeted aid, symbolism of reparations, foreign policy, colonial powers, dictators, Robert Mugabe, blame West, Gaddafi, Libya, international relations, economic development, post-colonial relationships, trade rules, aid effectiveness, governance, accountability, regime strengthening, one-off payment, sustainable development reparations, developing countries, economic impact, short-term measures, long-term solutions, sustainable growth, foreign aid, fair trade, trade rules, debt relief, post-colonial relations, former colonies, international relations, colonial powers, symbolism of reparations, dictators, Robert Mugabe, blame shifting, foreign policy, Gaddafi, Libya, Italy reparations, West responsibility, aid effectiveness, economic development, governance, accountability, international aid, policy reform, neo-colonialism reparations, developing countries, economic impact, short-term measures, long-term solutions, sustainable growth, former colonies, developed countries, fair trade, debt relief, foreign aid, international relations, symbolism, colonial debt, foreign policy, dictators, Robert Mugabe, blame West, Libya, Gaddafi, dictatorship, historical responsibility, post-colonial, economic development, aid effectiveness reparations, developing countries, short-term economic measure, sustainable growth, long-term systems, fair trade, debt relief, former colonies, foreign policy, symbolic reparations, international relations, dictators, Robert Mugabe, Gaddafi, Libya, Italy, colonial powers, blame, West, aid effectiveness, economic development, one-off payments, structural reform, policy improvement, trade rules, accountability, leadership shortcomings, post-colonial relations
test-international-appghblsba-con01a	Annexation is not needed where there is already extensive cooperation between the countries  Lesotho and South Africa already cooperate on a wide variety of issues. If we look at the example of the law system; the two systems are almost the same and all but one of the Justices on the Court of Appeal in Lesotho are South African jurists. [1] Moreover, there are at least four inter-governmental organizations that maximize the trade, help and social connections between the two states. Starting with the African Union, going on to the Southern African Development Community [2] that promotes socio-economic cooperation as well as political and security cooperation, moving to the Southern African Customs Union [3] and the Common Monetary Area. Lesotho is not only helped by SA but this is happening without them having to let go of their national identity and history. In much the same way as different nations, large and small, benefit from the EU so the countries of Southern Africa can benefit from some integration without the negative consequences of complete annexation with the loss of control that would bring.  [1] U.S. Department of State, ‘Lesotho (10/07)’, state.gov,   [2] Southern African Development Community Official website   [3] ‘Continued economic reforms would attract more foreign investment’, World Trade Organisation, 25 April 2003, Annexation, Lesotho, South Africa, intergovernmental cooperation, legal system, judicial integration, African Union, Southern African Development Community, SADC, Southern African Customs Union, SACU, Common Monetary Area, trade integration, economic cooperation, political cooperation, regional integration, national identity, sovereignty, law harmonization, foreign investment, socio-economic development Annexation, Lesotho, South Africa, cooperation, legal systems, Court of Appeal, South African jurists, inter-governmental organizations, African Union, Southern African Development Community, SADC, socio-economic cooperation, political cooperation, security cooperation, Southern African Customs Union, SACU, Common Monetary Area, trade, integration, national identity, sovereignty, regional cooperation, European Union comparison, economic reforms, foreign investment, state relations, Southern Africa, history, customs union, monetary union, international law, autonomy Lesotho, South Africa, annexation, cooperation, legal system, Court of Appeal, South African jurists, inter-governmental organizations, African Union, Southern African Development Community, SADC, Southern African Customs Union, SACU, Common Monetary Area, trade, economic integration, national identity, socio-economic cooperation, political cooperation, security cooperation, loss of sovereignty, European Union comparison, regional integration, foreign investment, state relations Lesotho, South Africa, annexation, cooperation, law system, judicial cooperation, Court of Appeal, South African jurists, inter-governmental organizations, African Union, Southern African Development Community, SADC, Southern African Customs Union, SACU, Common Monetary Area, trade, economic integration, social connections, national identity, political cooperation, security cooperation, economic reforms, foreign investment, sovereignty, regional integration, EU comparison, national history, international relations, state cooperation Lesotho, South Africa, annexation, cooperation, law system, Court of Appeal, South African jurists, inter-governmental organizations, African Union, Southern African Development Community, SADC, socio-economic cooperation, political cooperation, security cooperation, Southern African Customs Union, SACU, Common Monetary Area, trade, social connections, national identity, history, European Union, regional integration, loss of control, economic reforms, foreign investment, bilateral relations, judicial system, state sovereignty, regional organizations
test-society-epiasghbf-pro01a	The importance of jobs in livelihoods - money  Jobs are empowerment. Building sustainable livelihoods, and tackling poverty in the long term, requires enabling access to capital assets. A key asset is financial capital. Jobs, and employment, provide a means to access and build financial capital required, whether through loans or wages. When a woman is able to work she is therefore able to take control of her own life. Additionally she may provide a second wage meaning the burden of poverty on households is cumulatively reduced. Having a job and the financial security it brings means that other benefits can be realised such as investing in good healthcare and education. [1] .  Women working from home in Kenya, designing jewellery, shows the link between employment and earning an income [2] . The women have been empowered to improve their way of life.  [1] See further readings: Ellis et al, 2010.  [2] See further readings: Petty, 2013. jobs, livelihoods, financial capital, employment, poverty reduction, empowerment, women’s employment, income generation, sustainable livelihoods, access to capital, household income, financial security, healthcare investment, education investment, women empowerment, wage earning, home-based work, Kenya, jewelry design, economic development, gender equality, capital assets livelihoods, jobs, employment, financial capital, empowerment, poverty reduction, sustainable livelihoods, access to capital, women employment, income generation, financial security, household income, healthcare investment, education investment, women's empowerment, home-based work, jewelry design, Kenya, asset building, economic empowerment, gender equality, microfinance, wage earning, social mobility, rural employment, poverty alleviation livelihoods, jobs, employment, empowerment, financial capital, sustainable livelihoods, poverty reduction, access to assets, income generation, women's employment, household income, financial security, healthcare investment, education investment, women empowerment, home-based work, Kenya, jewelry design, asset building, poverty alleviation, wage labor, economic empowerment, microenterprise, women's income, social mobility jobs, livelihoods, financial capital, employment, poverty reduction, sustainable livelihoods, access to assets, women's empowerment, income generation, household income, poverty alleviation, economic security, healthcare investment, education investment, women employment, home-based work, Kenya, jewellery design, financial independence, capital assets, wages, loans, economic empowerment, female workforce jobs, livelihoods, employment, financial capital, empowerment, poverty reduction, income generation, women's employment, wages, sustainable livelihoods, access to capital, economic security, household income, financial independence, investing in healthcare, investing in education, women's empowerment, work-from-home, Kenya, jewelry design, economic development, poverty alleviation, gender equity, asset building, microenterprise, Ellis 2010, Petty 2013
test-law-lghbacpsba-pro03a	It places excessive moral burden on solicitors  With the attorney-client privilege in place, there is an excessive burden on the solicitor to cope with any information their client may give to them on a confidential basis. This means they have to deal with the information alone. This is an excessive moral burden for any individual to have and should not be justified on the basis that a solicitor is there to advance the interests of their client. It should not be the solicitors role to deal with moral conflicts alone. attorney-client privilege, excessive moral burden, solicitors, legal ethics, confidentiality, client information, moral conflict, solicitor responsibilities, legal privilege, emotional burden, professional ethics, lawyer-client relationship, legal obligation, confidential information, ethical dilemmas, mental health, legal practice, moral responsibility, burden on lawyers, solicitor-client confidentiality attorney-client privilege, moral burden, solicitors, confidentiality, ethical dilemmas, legal ethics, client information, solicitor responsibilities, moral conflict, professional responsibility, lawyer-client relationship, duty of care, legal profession, solicitor stress, ethical obligations, privilege limitations, emotional burden, legal confidentiality, professional ethics, burden on solicitors attorney-client privilege, excessive moral burden, solicitors, confidential information, ethical conflict, legal ethics, solicitor responsibilities, moral conflict, information disclosure, client confidentiality, professional ethics, mental health solicitors, legal duty, ethical burden, legal profession stress, solicitor well-being, moral dilemmas, legal practice challenges attorney-client privilege, moral burden, solicitors, confidential information, ethical responsibility, professional ethics, client confidentiality, moral conflict, legal ethics, solicitor stress, burden on lawyers, information disclosure, legal responsibility, client-attorney relationship, legal profession challenges attorney-client privilege, moral burden, solicitors, confidentiality, ethical responsibility, client information, moral conflict, legal ethics, solicitor-client relationship, professional responsibility, information disclosure, legal obligations, ethical dilemmas, confidential communications, mental health, stress on solicitors, solicitor duties, legal profession ethics, burden on lawyers, moral duties
test-sport-tshbmlbscac-pro04a	Without collisions, either the catcher or the runner would have an enormous and unfair advantage.  There are two often-discussed ways to change the rules: require the runner to slide, just as they must do when attempting to reach other bases; or disallow catchers to block runners’ paths. Each results in an imbalance between the catcher and runner. A commentator describes this dynamic very well:  “If Major League Baseball was to employ a rule stating that runners must avoid contact with the catcher—similar to the ‘slide or avoid’ rule employed in amateur baseball—it would give the advantage to the catcher. The catcher would have the benefit of dictating the course of action that a baserunner must take, and would—perhaps more importantly—have peace of mind knowing that there is no chance of an ensuing collision. If Major League Baseball was to make a rule stating that the catcher cannot block the plate, the advantage would certainly go to the baserunner, who would enjoy the luxury of a straight path to the most sacred ground on a baseball diamond.” [1]  Allowing collisions is the fairest, most even match between the catcher and runner.  [1] Ricky Doyle, “Buster Posey’s Injury Unfortunate, But Home-Plate Collisions Still Have Place in Baseball,” NESN, May 29, 2011,  . baseball, home plate collisions, catcher, runner, rule changes, sliding requirement, plate blocking, unfair advantage, Major League Baseball, slide or avoid rule, amateur baseball, collision avoidance, base running, rule imbalance, sports safety, Ricky Doyle, Buster Posey injury, NESN, contact rules, catcher advantage, runner advantage baseball, home plate collisions, catcher, runner, rule changes, sliding rule, blocking plate, competitive balance, Major League Baseball, slide or avoid rule, runner advantage, catcher advantage, fairness, collision rules, baserunning, home plate safety, NESN, Buster Posey, Ricky Doyle home plate collisions, baseball rules, runner advantage, catcher advantage, sliding rule, blocking plate, MLB regulations, fairness catcher runner, collision debate, plate blocking rule, slide or avoid, home plate safety, Buster Posey injury, baserunning, rule changes, Major League Baseball, contact avoidance, umpire decisions, baseball safety, NESN Ricky Doyle home plate collisions, catcher advantage, runner advantage, MLB rules, plate blocking, base running, sliding rule, collision avoidance, rule imbalance, baseball safety, catcher protection, runner rights, home plate dynamics, fair play, Buster Posey injury, NESN, rule changes, catcher-runner interaction, collision debate, baseball commentary home plate collisions, baseball rules, catcher, runner, rule changes, slide requirement, blocking plate, advantage imbalance, Major League Baseball, contact avoidance, baserunner advantage, catcher advantage, collision fairness, Buster Posey injury, NESN, home-plate safety, player safety, game fairness, plate blocking rule, slide or avoid rule
test-environment-ehwsnwu-pro01a	Underground Nuclear Storage is Necessary  Even states without nuclear waste programs tend to generate radioactive waste. For example, research and medicine both use nuclear material and nuclear technology. Technologies such as Medical imaging equipment are dependent and the use of radioactive elements. This means that all states produce levels of nuclear waste that need to be dealt with.  Moreover, many non-nuclear states are accelerating their programmes of research and investment into nuclear technologies. With the exception of Germany, there is an increasing consensus among developed nations that nuclear power is the only viable method of meeting rising domestic demand for energy in the absence of reliable and efficient renewable forms of power generation.  The alternatives to putting nuclear waste in underground storage tend to be based around the reuse of nuclear waste in nuclear power stations. Whilst this is viable in some areas, in countries which lack the technology to be able to do this and in countries which don’t need to rely on nuclear power, this option becomes irrelevant. Further, even this process results in the creation of some nuclear waste, so in countries with the technology to implement such a solution, the disposal of the remaining nuclear waste is still an issue.  As such, underground nuclear storage is a necessary method that should be used to dispose of nuclear waste. [1]  [1] “The EU’s deep underground storage plan.” 03/11/2010. World Nuclear News. underground nuclear storage, nuclear waste disposal, radioactive waste, nuclear technology, medical imaging, nuclear power, nuclear waste management, nuclear waste programs, developed nations, energy demand, renewable energy, nuclear waste reuse, nuclear fuel recycling, nuclear research, nuclear medicine, nuclear waste policy, deep geological storage, nuclear waste alternatives, EU nuclear regulation, nuclear waste challenges, nuclear waste solutions, world nuclear news underground nuclear storage, nuclear waste disposal, radioactive waste, nuclear technology, medical imaging, nuclear power, energy demand, renewable energy, nuclear waste management, nuclear waste reuse, nuclear waste recycling, deep geological storage, developed nations, nuclear research, nuclear medicine, nuclear energy policy, nuclear waste alternatives, international nuclear policy, nuclear waste programs, EU underground storage, nuclear waste challenges, nuclear waste solutions, nuclear waste in non-nuclear states underground nuclear storage, nuclear waste disposal, radioactive waste, nuclear technology, medical imaging, research nuclear waste, non-nuclear states, nuclear energy demand, nuclear power alternatives, nuclear waste reuse, nuclear waste management, developed nations consensus, renewable energy limitations, deep geological storage, EU nuclear storage, nuclear waste policy, nuclear waste in medicine, energy generation, radioactive material containment, nuclear waste recycling, nuclear waste solutions underground nuclear storage, nuclear waste disposal, radioactive waste, nuclear technology, medical imaging radioactive, nuclear power, energy demand, nuclear waste reuse, nuclear waste management, nuclear storage necessity, non-nuclear states, nuclear research, nuclear medicine, developed nations, renewable energy alternatives, deep geological storage, nuclear waste policy, nuclear energy consensus, waste reprocessing, national nuclear programs, radioactive material handling, nuclear waste containment, World Nuclear News underground nuclear storage, nuclear waste disposal, radioactive waste management, non-nuclear states, nuclear technology, medical radioactive waste, research radioactive waste, nuclear power, energy demand, developed nations, Germany nuclear policy, renewable energy alternatives, nuclear waste reuse, nuclear waste recycling, nuclear waste solutions, deep geological storage, nuclear waste policy, World Nuclear News, EU underground storage, radioactive material, nuclear waste challenges, medical imaging radioactive elements, nuclear waste necessity, spent nuclear fuel, nuclear waste containment, nuclear technology investment
test-philosophy-apessghwba-con02a	People would die and suffer needlessly under such a policy  23 new drugs are introduced each year in the United Kingdom alone . [1] . While almost all of these drugs will have been brought to the market after extensive animal testing, the number of animals used to check their safety only seems to be a high cost when the benefits that each drug brings to its users are inadequately considered.  New drugs that are approved for medical use have the potential to relieve human pain and suffering not only for the first group of patients given access to them, but also for future generations of sick and suffering individuals too. Consider all the lives, all over the world, that have benefitted from penicillin since its discovery in 1928. If drugs cost more to research and develop, then that reduces potential profit margins, and some drugs that would have otherwise been discovered and released will fall below the new threshold of likely profits necessary to fund the research. Adopting this proposition will lead to more people suffering and dying in the future than would have otherwise been the case.  [1] BBC News. 2013. Falling drug breakthroughs 'a myth'. drug development, animal testing, human suffering, policy impact, drug approval, United Kingdom, new drugs, medical research, patient benefit, pain relief, drug safety, profit margins, research funding, penicillin, global health, pharmaceutical innovation, drug accessibility, future patients, research costs, drug breakthroughs animal testing, drug development, drug approval, new drugs, United Kingdom, medical research, drug safety, drug benefits, human suffering, pain relief, pharmaceutical research, penicillin, research costs, profit margins, drug discovery, drug regulation, healthcare policy, patient outcomes, drug breakthroughs, BBC News 2013, clinical trials, drug accessibility, ethics of animal testing, future patients, medical innovation drug development, animal testing, drug approval, medical research, drug safety, drug benefits, human suffering, new drug introduction, United Kingdom, penicillin, pharmaceutical research, profit margins, research funding, drug discovery, patient access, future generations, BBC News, healthcare policy, cost of drug development, medical innovation animal testing, drug approval, new drug development, United Kingdom, drug safety, human suffering, medical research, pharmaceutical profits, drug discovery, penicillin benefits, research costs, patient benefits, future generations, policy impact, drug breakthroughs, drug access, BBC News, drug market, research funding, healthcare policy animal testing, drug approval, new drug development, United Kingdom, drug safety, medical research, human suffering, patient benefits, pharmaceutical costs, drug profit margins, penicillin, future generations, drug accessibility, BBC News, drug breakthroughs, medical policy, drug research funding, healthcare impact, ethical considerations, pharmaceutical innovation
test-international-bldimehbn-pro02a	On issues such as gay marriage, human rights activists have taken the line that the right to marry is nobody else’s business. That principle of privacy should work both ways.  Many have argued that issues relating to homosexual relations are, fundamentally, a matter of privacy. That we should respect the rights of individuals to live their lives as they see fit without having the views, actions and opinions imposed upon them. [1] It’s a reasonable position but must surely relate to viewers and readers as much as it does to the subjects of news stories.  If gay men and women have the right to live their lives free from the intervention of other traditions and beliefs then so do those communities – religious and otherwise – that find some of their demands offensive or objectionable.  If the rights to privacy and self-determination are supported by those who support gay rights, then it would be inconsistent to suggest that this does not generate a right to avoid offence on behalf of those receiving news.  [1] Human rights campaign, ‘Should gay marriage be legal?’, procon.org, updated 10th August 2012, gay marriage, human rights, privacy, self-determination, LGBT rights, religious freedom, freedom of expression, individual rights, tradition, objection, news coverage, freedom from intervention, right to marry, community beliefs, offence, procon.org, legal rights, personal autonomy, respect for privacy, media ethics, conflicting rights, belief systems, minority rights, marriage equality, same-sex marriage, public debate gay marriage, human rights, activism, privacy rights, individual rights, homosexual relations, self-determination, freedom of belief, religious objections, offence, media coverage, right to marry, freedom from intervention, news reception, LGBT rights, conflicting rights, procon.org, gay rights debate, cultural traditions, legal recognition, right to privacy gay marriage, human rights, privacy rights, individual rights, same-sex marriage, LGBT rights, religious freedom, freedom of belief, self-determination, right to marry, news media ethics, right to offend, right to avoid offense, freedom of expression, procon.org, gay rights debate, mutual respect, minority rights, public discourse, personal autonomy gay marriage, human rights, activists, right to marry, privacy, homosexual relations, individual rights, self-determination, religious communities, offense, objection, news media, gay rights, freedom from intervention, traditions, beliefs, news audiences, procon.org, legal gay marriage, privacy rights, consistency, human rights campaign gay marriage, human rights, activism, privacy rights, marriage equality, individual rights, homosexual relations, personal freedom, respect, religious beliefs, right to marry, freedom of opinion, news media, community values, offence, objection, self-determination, legal rights, lgbtq rights, procon.org, same-sex marriage, societal norms, privacy principle, opposing views, public discourse
test-law-hrpepthwuto-pro03a	Time is of the essence in a crisis. When confronted with extremists who see a virtue in their own death, extraordinary methods may be required.  The use of force and fear in enhanced interrogation gives quick results. In the event of a bomb hidden somewhere in Manhattan, it’s vital to have information quickly. Nobody, even the most diehard proponents of enhanced interrogation, would suggest that it is pleasant or should be used on a routine basis; the point is that techniques such as waterboarding are effective and fast.  Responding to terrorist threats is something that needs to be dealt with in minutes or hours. Unfortunately, it is in the nature of due process and legal procedure that they trials and questioning take place in a framework of days or weeks. crisis response, extremism, suicide attackers, extraordinary methods, use of force, fear, enhanced interrogation, quick results, bomb threat, Manhattan, urgent information, waterboarding, effectiveness, terrorist threats, immediate action, due process, legal procedure, interrogation timeframe, rapid questioning, counterterrorism, ticking time bomb scenario crisis response, time sensitivity, extremists, suicide attacks, extraordinary methods, enhanced interrogation, use of force, fear, quick results, intelligence gathering, bomb threat, Manhattan, urgent information, waterboarding, interrogation effectiveness, terrorism, terrorist threats, due process, legal procedure, interrogation timing, rapid response crisis response, time sensitivity, extremists, suicide attackers, extraordinary measures, use of force, fear, enhanced interrogation, quick results, bomb threat, Manhattan, intelligence gathering, urgency, waterboarding, interrogation effectiveness, terrorist threats, rapid response, due process, legal procedure, interrogation timeframe, emergency situations crisis response, time sensitivity, extremists, suicide terrorism, extraordinary methods, use of force, fear tactics, enhanced interrogation, quick results, urgent information, ticking bomb scenario, Manhattan bomb, rapid intelligence, waterboarding, interrogation effectiveness, counterterrorism, emergency procedures, legal due process, procedural delays, terrorist threats, immediate action crisis response, enhanced interrogation, time sensitivity, extremist threats, use of force, use of fear, quick results, intelligence gathering, waterboarding, terrorist threats, Manhattan bomb, effectiveness, rapid information retrieval, legal procedure delays, due process, extraordinary methods, emergency interrogation, expedited questioning, counterterrorism, ticking time bomb scenario
test-digital-freedoms-phwnaccpdt-pro01a	Collecting and selling personal information is a major violation of privacy  The gathering of personal data that companies undertake is done in a fashion that is fundamentally invasive of individuals’ privacy.  When individuals go online they act as private parties, often enjoying anonymity in their personal activities. Companies, particular online services, collate information and seek to use it to market products and services that are specifically tailored to those individuals. In the context of the internet, this means that individuals’ activities online are in fact susceptible to someone else’s interference and oversight, stealing from them the privacy and security the internet has striven to provide since its inception. At the most basic level, the invasion of privacy that collating and using private data gleaned from customers is unacceptable. [1] There is a very real risk of the information being misused, as the data can be held, and even resold to third parties that the customers never consented to giving their data and might well not want to come into possession of their personal details. This can lead to serious abuses of individuals’ private information by corporations, or indeed other agents that might have less savoury uses for the information, most obviously the more places your personal information is the more likely it is to be lost in a data breach with 267million records exposed in 2012. [2] Even when the information is not exposed it may be used in ways that have a real impact on the individual such as determining credit scores. [3] People as a matter of principle should have control over who gets access to their private information. Giving companies that are driven by profit motive to sell on their customers’ data to anyone that might offer a suitable price stands as an absolute theft of personal information and privacy.  [1] The Canadian Press. “Academics Want Watchdog to Probe Online Profiling”. CTV News. 28 July 2008.   [2] Risk Based Security, “2012 Sets New Record for Reported Data Breaches”, PR Newswire, 14 February 2013,   [3] Morris, J., and Lacandera, E., “Why big companies buy, sell your data”, CNN, 23 August 2012, personal information, privacy violation, data collection, data selling, online anonymity, corporate surveillance, targeted marketing, data misuse, third-party data sharing, consent, data breaches, data security, credit scoring, information control, profit motive, consumer rights, personal data protection, identity theft, digital privacy, customer data, online profiling, privacy infringement, information reselling, data abuse, privacy risks, user consent, data exposure, unauthorized access, data monetization, information theft personal information, data privacy, online privacy, data collection, selling data, data misuse, privacy violation, data resale, third party access, data breaches, data security, information misuse, credit scores, online profiling, consumer privacy, customer data, data protection, corporate data practices, profit motive, information control, internet privacy, anonymity, invasive companies, privacy abuse, information transparency personal information, data privacy, data collection, data selling, online privacy, consumer privacy, corporate surveillance, data misuse, third-party data sharing, privacy violation, online profiling, data breaches, information security, data resale, consent, data control, identity theft, privacy rights, internet anonymity, targeted marketing, customer data, credit score impact, privacy theft, profit motive, data protection personal information, data privacy, online privacy, data collection, data selling, privacy violation, consumer data, information misuse, third-party data sharing, online profiling, data breaches, data security, consent, customer data, data resale, targeted marketing, anonymity, surveillance, personal data protection, privacy rights, corporate data practices, digital privacy, data control, information security, internet privacy, data abuse, data exposure personal information, data privacy, data collection, selling data, privacy violation, online anonymity, data misuse, third-party data sales, data breaches, corporate surveillance, customer data, personal data protection, data security, data profiling, consent, online services, information misuse, data abuse, personal data resale, individual privacy, data exposure, credit scores, privacy rights, digital privacy, profit motive, data control, internet privacy, information security
test-international-eiahwpamu-pro04a	Rebuilding agricultural systems  Africa is faced with an agrarian crisis. Microfinance is providing rural communities a chance to gain food security and reduce vulnerability to risks such as climate change, unstable demand, and political tensions. Microfinance supports small scale agriculture – which is more sustainable, effective for growth, and beneficial for communities than larger scale agriculture. In Zimbabwe, small scale farming has the capability to improve production, benefiting households, communities, and the Nation (IRIN, 2013; Morrison, 2012).  Kiva, a microfinance NGO, is providing affordable capital to remote communities. Loans have been provided to small-scale farmers and a rental system has been set-up enabling farmers to borrow tools and resources needed. agricultural systems, Africa, agrarian crisis, microfinance, rural communities, food security, risk reduction, climate change, unstable demand, political tensions, small scale agriculture, sustainable agriculture, agricultural growth, community benefits, Zimbabwe, smallholder farming, agricultural production, Kiva, microfinance NGO, affordable capital, remote communities, agricultural loans, tool rental system, farming resources, household benefits, community improvement agricultural systems, Africa, agrarian crisis, microfinance, rural communities, food security, risk reduction, climate change, unstable demand, political tensions, small-scale agriculture, sustainability, agricultural growth, community benefits, Zimbabwe, smallholder farming, production improvement, household benefits, national benefits, IRIN 2013, Morrison 2012, Kiva, microfinance NGOs, affordable capital, remote communities, agricultural loans, rental system, farm tools, resource access agricultural systems, Africa, agrarian crisis, microfinance, rural communities, food security, risk reduction, climate change, unstable demand, political tensions, small scale agriculture, sustainability, agricultural growth, community benefits, Zimbabwe, small scale farming, agricultural production, household benefits, national development, Kiva, microfinance NGO, affordable capital, remote communities, agricultural loans, small-scale farmers, rental system, farming tools, agricultural resources agricultural systems, agrarian crisis, Africa, microfinance, food security, rural communities, risk reduction, climate change, unstable demand, political tensions, small-scale agriculture, sustainable agriculture, agricultural growth, community benefits, Zimbabwe, agricultural production, household benefits, community development, Kiva, microfinance NGO, affordable capital, remote communities, agricultural loans, small-scale farmers, rental system, farming tools, resource borrowing agricultural systems, Africa, agrarian crisis, microfinance, rural communities, food security, risk reduction, climate change, unstable demand, political tensions, small scale agriculture, sustainability, agricultural growth, community benefits, Zimbabwe, smallholder farming, agricultural production, household benefits, national development, Kiva, microfinance NGO, affordable capital, remote communities, agricultural loans, small-scale farmers, farming tools rental, resource access, rural development
test-science-sghwbdgmo-con02a	Genetically modified organisms can solve the problem of food supply in the developing world.  The possible benefits from GM food are enormous. Modifications which render plants less vulnerable from pests lead to less pesticide use, which is better for the environment. Other modifications lead to higher crop yield, which leads to lower food prices for all. However, This technology really comes into its own in developing countries. Here where water is at a shortage, modifications (which lead crops to needing less water), are of vital importance. The World Health Organization predicts that vitamin A deficiency, with the use of GMOs, could be wiped out rapidly in the modern world. The scientists developed the strain of rice, called “golden rice”, which produces more beta-carotene and this way produces 20 times more vitamins than other strains, creating a cure for childhood blindness in developing countries. [1]  The fact that it has not is illustrative of the lack of political and economic will to solve these problems. GM food provides a solution that does not rely on charity from Western governments. As the world population increases and the environment deteriorates further this technology will become not just useful but necessary.  [1] Black R., GM “golden rice” boosts vitamin A, published 03/25/2005,  , accessed 09/02/2011 genetically modified organisms, GMOs, GM food, food supply, developing world, benefits, pest resistance, reduced pesticide use, environmental impact, higher crop yield, food prices, water scarcity, drought-resistant crops, World Health Organization, vitamin A deficiency, golden rice, beta-carotene, childhood blindness, political will, economic will, western governments, population growth, environmental deterioration, agricultural technology, nutrition, food security, biotechnology genetically modified organisms, GMOs, food supply, developing world, benefits, GM food, pest resistance, pesticide reduction, environmental impact, crop yield, food prices, drought tolerance, water scarcity, World Health Organization, vitamin A deficiency, golden rice, beta-carotene, child blindness, political will, economic will, food security, agricultural technology, population growth, environmental sustainability, biotechnology, humanitarian solutions genetically modified organisms, GMOs, food supply, developing world, GM food benefits, pest resistance, pesticide reduction, environmental impact, crop yield, lower food prices, water scarcity, drought-resistant crops, vitamin A deficiency, golden rice, beta-carotene, childhood blindness, World Health Organization, political will, economic will, food security, population growth, environmental deterioration, biotechnology, agricultural innovation, sustainable agriculture genetically modified organisms, GMOs, food supply, developing world, food security, GM food benefits, pest resistance, reduced pesticide use, environmental impact, higher crop yield, lower food prices, water scarcity, drought-resistant crops, vitamin A deficiency, golden rice, beta-carotene, childhood blindness, World Health Organization, agricultural biotechnology, political will, economic barriers, sustainable agriculture, world population growth, environmental sustainability, malnutrition, biofortification, humanitarian solutions genetically modified organisms, GMOs, food supply, developing countries, GM food, benefits, pest resistance, environmental impact, pesticide reduction, crop yield, food prices, water scarcity, drought-resistant crops, vitamin A deficiency, golden rice, beta-carotene, childhood blindness, World Health Organization, political will, economic will, world population growth, environmental deterioration, biotechnology, sustainable agriculture, food security
test-law-ilppppghb-pro01a	"Self-determination is necessary to protect minority cultures.  Many states in the modern world do not respect the rights of minorities or actively seek to dilute and subsume them into the majority culture. Others offer limited protections to minority peoples but stop short of allowing them to choose their own futures. We need to reassert their right to self-determination to ensure that these minority cultures are not lost. Failure to defend the principle of self-determination now will effectively close off the choices of future generations.  For example, Australian government policy for many decades was to ignore Aboriginal rights, denying them full citizenship1 and removing children from their homes and relocating them with white families (the so-called ""stolen generation""2). As a result many indigenous Australians no longer have a strong link to their native cultures and languages. The same is arguably true in places like Tibet, where traditional culture is being diluted over time through the deliberate policy of the Chinese government.  1 See ""Collaborating for Indigenous Rights"", National Museum of Australia 2 ""Bringing Them Home: Report of the National Inquiry into the Separation of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Children from Their Families"", Australia Human Rights Commission, April 1997. self-determination, minority cultures, minority rights, cultural preservation, indigenous rights, majority culture, cultural assimilation, state policy, Australia, Aboriginal rights, citizenship denial, stolen generation, forced relocation, indigenous Australians, cultural loss, language loss, Tibet, Chinese government, cultural dilution, cultural protection, future generations, cultural identity, government policy, collaboration for indigenous rights, Bringing Them Home report, human rights, National Museum of Australia, Australia Human Rights Commission self-determination, minority cultures, minority rights, cultural preservation, cultural assimilation, indigenous rights, indigenous peoples, cultural dilution, cultural subsumption, government policy, citizenship denial, stolen generation, aboriginal rights, Australia, indigenous Australians, Tibet, Chinese government, traditional culture, forced assimilation, cultural identity, future generations, minority protection, cultural loss, human rights, national sovereignty, ethnic minorities, language loss, policy critique self-determination, minority cultures, minority rights, cultural preservation, indigenous rights, cultural assimilation, majority culture, government policy, Aboriginal Australians, stolen generation, indigenous Australians, citizenship denial, cultural dilution, Tibet, Chinese government, traditional culture, language loss, human rights, indigenous protection, future generations, national identity, cultural autonomy self-determination, minority cultures, minority rights, cultural preservation, state policy, cultural assimilation, indigenous rights, Australia, Aboriginal rights, stolen generations, citizenship, cultural loss, Tibet, Chinese government, cultural dilution, indigenous Australians, traditional culture, language loss, future generations, human rights, national identity, government policy, autonomy, protection of minorities, cultural identity self-determination, minority cultures, cultural preservation, minority rights, cultural assimilation, majority culture, indigenous rights, indigenous Australians, aboriginal rights, stolen generation, citizenship rights, cultural dilution, government policy, national identity, cultural autonomy, Tibet, Chinese government, traditional culture, forced assimilation, language loss, human rights, cultural protection, future generations, ethnic minorities, multiculturalism, minority protections, cultural survival"
test-politics-oepghbrnsl-con04a	"Corruption, an essential issue in Russia, is due to the strong leadership  There is a link between the high levels of corruption and the strong leadership of Russian president and prime minister of Russia. – “Some of Russia's most prominent opposition figures have produced a report accusing Prime Minister Vladimir Putin of presiding over a boom in corruption and enriching his inner circle over the past decade… Putin and President Dmitry Medvedev themselves have 26 ""palaces"" and five yachts, which in turn require costly state upkeep, according to the report.” (8)  Many argue that if it weren’t for the power of the prime minister and ex-president Putin, also his strong authority and management, corruption would have been minimized long ago. corruption, Russia, strong leadership, Vladimir Putin, prime minister, president, Dmitry Medvedev, opposition report, inner circle, palaces, yachts, state upkeep, power, authority, management, high corruption levels, accountability, government, enrichment, political leadership, corruption causes corruption, Russia, strong leadership, Vladimir Putin, Dmitry Medvedev, Russian president, Russian prime minister, opposition report, inner circle enrichment, government corruption, political power, authority, management, high-level corruption, state assets, palaces, yachts, state upkeep, anti-corruption, political accountability, systemic corruption, leadership influence, Russian politics, regime, opposition figures, corruption boom corruption, Russia, strong leadership, Vladimir Putin, Dmitry Medvedev, prime minister, president, political corruption, opposition report, enrichment, inner circle, government, state assets, palaces, yachts, power, authority, management, anti-corruption, Russian politics, elite, state upkeep, political influence, high-level corruption, transparency, Kremlin corruption, Russia, strong leadership, Vladimir Putin, Dmitry Medvedev, prime minister, president, opposition report, inner circle enrichment, palaces, yachts, state upkeep, government power, political authority, management, high corruption levels, Russian politics, governance, corruption causes, opposition figures, state corruption corruption, Russia, strong leadership, Vladimir Putin, Dmitry Medvedev, Russian president, Russian prime minister, political power, opposition report, enrichment, inner circle, state assets, palaces, yachts, state upkeep, authority, management, political corruption, government officials, kleptocracy, anti-corruption, oligarchy, political influence, corruption levels, Russian government, Putin regime"
test-free-speech-debate-ldhwprhs-con01a	Regardless of the views expressed, freedom of speech means that all opinions should be heard.  Allowing politicians to regulate what it is acceptable to say – or think – is not something that has a happy history. This isn’t the result of a purely intellectual construct but one of altruistic self-interest; once people start banning ideas, they tend not to stop at one.  Voltaire’s comment that “I may not agree with what you say but I will defend to the death your right to say it” is a statement of the very same principle that that demands equality for all groups in society.  In exactly the same way that all views are, at the very least, worthy of a hearing, so are all lifestyles acceptable. Locking people up in the name of liberty makes no sense at all. Equally, banning statements on the basis that it might be offensive to some people has been used as an excuse to prevent social and cultural developments, the process of being offended usually made society and culture stronger for it. We tend to fear or hate that which is hidden or unspoken. The emancipation and liberation of other groups has tended to suggest that open debate is a more productive answer than trying to ban opinions and views. freedom of speech, free expression, opinion diversity, censorship, political regulation, history of censorship, Voltaire quote, right to speak, intellectual freedom, equality, social groups, all views heard, acceptable lifestyles, liberty, banning ideas, offense and society, cultural development, public debate, fear of the unknown, open discussion, emancipation, liberation, productive debate, banning opinions, societal progress, self-interest, tolerance, regulation of speech, civil liberties, freedom of thought freedom of speech, free expression, censorship, political regulation, regulation of speech, banning ideas, Voltaire quote, civil liberties, equality, social tolerance, offense and society, cultural development, open debate, liberty, suppression of opinions, group emancipation, self-interest, social change, diversity of opinions, societal progress, hate and fear, intellectual freedom, freedom of thought freedom of speech, free expression, censorship, regulation of speech, politicians, acceptable speech, banning ideas, Voltaire, equality, group rights, diverse opinions, open debate, liberty, free society, offensive speech, cultural development, social progress, social change, tolerance, controversial opinions, history of censorship, hate speech, public discourse, intellectual freedom, civil liberties, emancipation, liberation, hidden ideas, fear of the unknown freedom of speech, free expression, opinion diversity, political regulation, censorship, Voltaire, equality, civil liberties, intellectual freedom, banning ideas, open debate, offense, societal progress, cultural development, emancipation, liberty, social tolerance, hate speech, self-interest, suppression, inclusion, pluralism, lifestyle acceptance, regulation of speech, offensive statements, public discourse freedom of speech, free expression, censorship, political regulation, opinion diversity, Voltaire quote, equality, civil liberties, idea suppression, open debate, banning ideas, tolerance, offensive speech, cultural development, societal progress, emancipation, minority rights, liberty, free society, speech regulation
test-free-speech-debate-nshbcsbawc-con03a	If this were about wearing a badge with a political slogan or something similar, everyone would agree that it was inappropriate. The same principle should apply to iconography.  If the image they were wearing endorsed a political candidate or another company, the issue would never have got to court. Neither complainant was employed in a capacity where their religious conviction was relevant to the job. If the situation were reversed and they were compelled to profess a religious faith in such a situation there would, rightly, be an outcry.  In neither situation would the consumer of the service being provided expect to be confronted with endorsements for which candidate to vote for or which soda to drink.  The question then arises, if political and corporate branding is out, why should suggestions about which god to pray to be okay? The very fact that they were willing to pursue this action demonstrates that images and symbols carry meaning beyond the explicit statement they make. If that is true, then it is equally true that others may object to, or be offended by, what that symbol represents. People who have bought airline tickets or are in need of healthcare should not be confronted by imagery they may find unpleasant. badge, political slogan, iconography, inappropriate, political candidate, company endorsement, religious conviction, employment, religious faith, consumer, service, endorsements, branding, god, images, symbols, meaning, objection, offense, airline tickets, healthcare, unpleasant imagery, display, workplace, neutrality, secularism, personal expression, court case political slogans, badge, iconography, religious symbols, workplace, inappropriate display, political endorsement, corporate branding, religious conviction, employment, service consumer, candidate endorsement, brand endorsement, court case, religious neutrality, compelled profession, symbolism, customer expectations, offensive imagery, workplace policy, airline tickets, healthcare, employee conduct, freedom of expression, public service, visual representation, objectionable symbols, customer experience, professional environment political slogans, badge wearing, iconography, political endorsement, company branding, religious symbols, religious conviction, employment relevance, compelled faith, consumer expectations, service provision, candidate endorsements, corporate branding, religious imagery, symbols meaning, personal offense, workplace neutrality, visual endorsements, customer experience, secular workplace, employee expression, legal disputes, airline tickets, healthcare consumers, objection to symbols, offensive imagery political slogans, badge, iconography, political candidate, corporate branding, religious conviction, workplace neutrality, endorsement, religious symbols, employee rights, consumer expectations, court cases, religious expression, job relevance, symbolism, offense, healthcare, airline tickets, imagery, workplace policies, freedom of expression, visual endorsements, secularism, appropriateness, professional conduct political slogans, iconography, workplace dress code, religious symbols, political endorsements, corporate branding, religious conviction, employee rights, consumer expectations, freedom of expression, workplace neutrality, symbolic meaning, religion in workplace, employee appearance, secularism, service industry, customer experience, employer policies, offense by symbols, religious accommodation, political neutrality, branding in workplace, religious imagery, public service, employee attire, workplace regulations
test-politics-glgvhbqssc-pro03a	International Law Mandates Quebec be allowed Independence  International law recognizes Quebec’s right to self-determination and denying them self-determination is therefore a violation of international law.  International law recognizes the right of all peoples to self-determination. The international community has decided that it is oppressive to individuals to live under a government that is systematically incapable or unwilling to protect them and their interests. [1]  The Quebecois have been systematically denied adequate representation in the federal government of Canada. Quebecois legislation protection their basic rights to retain their language and culture have been met with contempt [2] and legal action by the federal Canadian government and courts. [3] This is but one example of the very clear denial of basic representation and self-governance that afflicts the Quebecois in Canada.  Therefore, Quebec has the legal right to self-determination and independence in international law.  [1] „Reference re Secession of Quebec“, Supreme Court of Canada, 1998, 2 S.C.R. 217, <  >  [2] “Maxime Bernier on Quebec law: ‘We don’t need Bill 101’”, The Canadian Press, 4 February 2011, <  >  [3] Hudon, R., „Bill 101“, The Canadian Encyclopedia, <  > Quebec independence, international law, self-determination, Quebecois rights, Canadian federal government, language rights, cultural protection, Bill 101, Supreme Court of Canada, Quebec secession, inadequate representation, minority rights, legal action, government oppression, legal precedent, Quebec legislation, Canadian courts, international community, minority self-governance, Reference re Secession of Quebec Quebec, independence, international law, self-determination, legal right, Canadian federal government, representation, culture, language, Bill 101, Supreme Court of Canada, oppression, minority rights, secession, Quebecois, federalism, Canadian Constitution, discrimination, legal action, international community, minority protection Quebec independence, international law, self-determination, Quebecois rights, federal government Canada, linguistic rights, cultural rights, Bill 101, Supreme Court of Canada, secession, minority representation, legal recognition, oppression, international community, Canadian courts, legal action, Quebec legislation, autonomy, sovereignty, political representation, Canadian Constitution, Reference re Secession of Quebec, minority protection Quebec independence, international law, self-determination, Quebecois rights, Canadian federal government, Bill 101, language protection, cultural rights, legal representation, Reference re Secession of Quebec, Supreme Court of Canada, minority rights, international recognition, human rights law, Canadian legal system, oppression, self-governance, secession, legal precedent, federalism Canada, minority self-determination, Quebec culture, legal action against Quebec, international community, Quebecois independence, United Nations self-determination, legal autonomy Quebec, independence, international law, self-determination, right to self-determination, Quebecois, legal rights, representation, federal government, Canada, oppression, minority rights, language rights, culture protection, Bill 101, legal action, Supreme Court of Canada, secession, international community, self-governance, minority protection, legal recognition, Canadian law, human rights, cultural autonomy, Quebec nationalism
test-science-ascidfakhba-pro01a	Intellectual property is a legal fiction created for convenience in some instances, but copyright should cease to be protected under this doctrine  An individual’s idea only truly belongs solely to them so long as it rests in their mind alone. When they disseminate their ideas to the world they put them in the public domain, and should become the purview of everyone to use. Artists and creators more generally, should not expect some sort of ownership to inhere in an idea they happen to have, since no such ownership right exists in reality. [1] No one can own an idea. Thus recognizing something like a property right over intangible assets is contrary to reason, since doing so gives monopoly power to individuals who may not make efficient or equitable use of their inventions or products. Physical property is a tangible asset, and thus can be protected by tangible safeguards. Ideas do not share the same order of protection even now because they exist in a different order to physical reality. However, some intellectual property is useful in encouraging investment and invention, allowing people to engage their profit motives to the betterment of society as a whole. To an extent one can also sympathize with the notion that creators deserve to accrue some additional profit for the labour of the creative process, but this can be catered for through Creative Commons non-commercial licenses which reserve commercial rights. [2] These protections should not extend to non-commercial use of the various forms of arts. This is because art is a social good of a unique order, with its purpose not purely functional, but creative. It only has value in being experienced, and thus releasing these works through creative commons licenses allows the process of artistic experience and sharing proceeds unhindered by outmoded notions of copyright. The right to reap some financial gain still remains for the artists, as their rights still hold over all commercial use of their work. This seems like a fair compromise of the artist’s right to profit from their work and society right to experience and grow from those works.  [1] Fitzgerald, Brian and Anne Fitzgerald. Intellectual Property: In Principle. Melbourne: Lawbook Company. 2004.  [2] Walsh, K., “Commercial Rights Reserved proposal outcome: no change”, Creative Commons, 14 February 2013, intellectual property, legal fiction, copyright, public domain, idea ownership, intangible assets, monopoly power, tangible property, creative commons, non-commercial licenses, commercial rights, arts, social good, artistic experience, creative process, artists’ profit, societal benefit, fair use, copyright reform, property rights, Fitzgerald, Walsh, Creative Commons license, non-commercial use, knowledge sharing, copyright criticism, incentive for creation, access to culture intellectual property, legal fiction, copyright, public domain, idea ownership, intangible assets, property rights, monopoly power, tangible assets, physical property, creative commons, non-commercial licenses, arts, social good, artistic experience, creative process, commercial rights, profit motive, artist rights, societal benefit, copyright reform, equitable use, investment in invention, Fitzgerald, Walsh, creative commons proposal intellectual property, legal fiction, copyright, public domain, ownership of ideas, property rights, intangible assets, monopoly power, physical property, creative commons, non-commercial licenses, commercial rights, art as social good, artist profit, creative process, equitable use, investment in invention, creative commons licenses, arts protection, financial gain, societal benefit, copyright reform, intangible property, legal doctrine, monopoly criticism, artist compensation, copyright limitations, intellectual property critique, art sharing, legal safeguards, creative labor intellectual property, legal fiction, copyright, public domain, idea ownership, intangible assets, monopoly power, physical property, tangible safeguards, creative commons, non-commercial licenses, commercial rights, creators' rights, social good, artistic experience, law, profit motive, equitable use, investment encouragement, creator profit, artistic sharing, property rights, copyright reform, intellectual property critique, Brian Fitzgerald, Anne Fitzgerald, creative process, art and society, commercial use, Walsh, open access intellectual property, legal fiction, copyright, public domain, ownership of ideas, intangible assets, monopoly power, physical property, protection of ideas, investment, invention, profit motive, creative process, Creative Commons, non-commercial licenses, commercial rights, social good, artistic value, experience, sharing, copyright doctrine, artist's rights, equitable use, property rights, monopoly, legal theory, art, society, public use, creator rights, creative commons licenses, labor, morality, commons, law, policy
test-religion-frghbbgi-con01a	Revealed wisdom  Godly wisdom is not the same as human wisdom and cannot be subject to the same criticism. The nature of humanity means that our ability to understand God’s wisdom is fundamentally limited; and thus arguments based on morality or science are irrelevant – what matters is that God has revealed Himself. revealed wisdom, godly wisdom, human wisdom, divine wisdom, criticism, moral arguments, scientific arguments, human limitation, understanding God, revelation, theology, epistemology, divine revelation, spiritual knowledge, faith, supernatural wisdom, religious understanding, God's nature, limitations of reason, divine authority revealed wisdom, godly wisdom, human wisdom, divine understanding, divine revelation, limitations of humanity, morality, science, epistemology, criticism of wisdom, God's nature, theological epistemology, spiritual knowledge, faith vs reason, revelation vs science, divine morality, scriptural revelation revealed wisdom, godly wisdom, divine wisdom, human wisdom, spiritual understanding, revelation, limitations of humanity, criticism of wisdom, morality, science, faith, revelation of God, epistemology, divine knowledge, theology, transcendence, religious knowledge, God’s revelation, spiritual epistemology, wisdom comparison, nature of wisdom, limits of reason, faith vs reason Revealed wisdom, godly wisdom, divine wisdom, human wisdom, wisdom comparison, criticism, understanding limits, morality, science, divine revelation, theological epistemology, spiritual knowledge, faith, divine understanding, revelation of God, religious epistemology, limited human perception, supernatural wisdom, God’s revelation, authority of revelation revealed wisdom, godly wisdom, human wisdom, divine revelation, theological epistemology, divine understanding, limitations of humanity, incomprehensibility, morality arguments, science and faith, revelation vs reason, biblical wisdom, spiritual knowledge, transcendence, spiritual discernment, apologetics
test-environment-opecewiahw-con04a	The cost is too high  The Grand Inga is ‘pie in the sky’ as the cost is too immense. At more than $50-100 billion it is more than twice the GDP of the whole country. [1] Even the much smaller Inga III project has been plagued by funding problems with Westcor pulling out of the project in 2009. [2] This much smaller project still does not have all the financial backing it needs having failed to get firm commitments of investment from anyone except the South Africans. [3] If private companies won’t take the risk on a much smaller project they won’t on the Grand Inga.  [1] Central Intelligence Agency, ‘Congo, Democratic Republic of the’, The World Factbook, 12 November 2013,   [2] ‘Westcor Drops Grand Inga III Project’, Alternative Energy Africa, 14 August 2009,   [3] ‘DRC still looking for Inga III funding’, ESI-Africa.com, 13 September 2013, Grand Inga, Inga III, project cost, funding issues, financial backing, investment, Democratic Republic of Congo, GDP comparison, Westcor withdrawal, private sector risk, energy projects, infrastructure financing, Africa hydroelectric, project risk, alternative energy, project feasibility, project scale, investment shortages, South African investment, multinational projects Grand Inga, project cost, funding issues, financial risk, Inga III, Democratic Republic of Congo, GDP comparison, Westcor, private investment, infrastructure financing, energy projects, project feasibility, South African investment, alternative energy, Africa energy projects, investment challenges, large-scale hydropower, project withdrawal, financial backing, economic impact Grand Inga, Inga III, project cost, $50-100 billion, Democratic Republic of the Congo, GDP comparison, funding problems, financial backing, investment commitment, Westcor withdrawal, South Africa, private investment risk, hydroelectric project, energy infrastructure, Alternative Energy Africa, ESI-Africa, World Factbook, large-scale infrastructure, investment challenges, African energy projects Grand Inga, Inga III, project cost, funding problems, investment, Westcor, financial backing, Democratic Republic of the Congo, GDP comparison, private sector risk, South Africa, infrastructure funding, megaprojects, hydroelectric project, failed commitments, pie in the sky, energy projects Africa, World Factbook, project feasibility, alternative energy, ESI-Africa Grand Inga, project cost, financial risk, funding problems, Inga III, GDP comparison, investment commitment, Westcor withdrawal, private sector investment, Democratic Republic of the Congo, hydroelectric project, infrastructure financing, South African investment, energy megaproject, project viability, capital requirements, funding shortfall, international investors, alternative energy, large-scale infrastructure, project feasibility, World Factbook, ESI-Africa, Alternative Energy Africa
test-digital-freedoms-eifpgdff-con03a	Internet regulation is necessary to ensure a working economy on the internet  As seen above, the internet has enabled many types of criminal behavior. But it has also enabled normal citizens to share files. Music, movie and game producers have difficulty operating in a market where their products get pirated immediately after release and spread for free instantaneously on a massive scale. The internet enables violation of their right of ownership, gained through providing the hard work of creating a work of art, on a massive scale. Since it’s impractical to sue and fine each and every downloader, a more effective and less invasive policy would be government requiring Internet Service Providers to implement a graduated response policy, which has ISPs automatically monitor all internet traffic and fine their users when they engage in copyright violation. Something along these lines has already been tried in France, called HADOPI, which has succeeded in decreasing the downloading of unauthorized content. [1]  Apart from this, governments also need to think about how to translate everyday offline activities onto the internet. For example, when you file your tax report offline, you would sign it with your handwritten signature. The online variant would be a digital signature. [2] Developing and deploying a digital signature would enable citizens and corporations to do business, file their tax reports and pay their taxes online.  [1] Crumley, ‘Why France’s Socialists Won’t Kill Sarkozy’s Internet Piracy Law’, 2012  [2] Wikipedia, ‘Digital Signatures’, 2012. Internet regulation, digital economy, cybercrime, file sharing, copyright infringement, piracy, intellectual property, media distribution, graduated response policy, government intervention, ISP monitoring, copyright enforcement, HADOPI, France, unauthorized content, digital signature, e-government, online tax filing, digital authentication, copyright policy, online business, digital ownership, content protection internet regulation, online economy, internet crime, file sharing, piracy, copyright infringement, government policy, Internet Service Providers, ISP monitoring, graduated response, HADOPI, unauthorized downloading, digital signature, online security, copyright law, intellectual property, online business, tax reporting, digital authentication, online governance internet regulation, online economy, cybercrime, file sharing, piracy, copyright infringement, intellectual property, digital rights, content producers, graduated response policy, ISP monitoring, copyright enforcement, HADOPI, France, digital signature, online authentication, e-government, tax reporting online, digital security, government policy, online business, user privacy, internet law, technological enforcement, copyright law, internet governance internet regulation, digital economy, online piracy, copyright infringement, file sharing, music piracy, movie piracy, game piracy, intellectual property, graduated response policy, government policy, ISPs, internet service providers, HADOPI, France, copyright enforcement, unauthorized content, digital signatures, online authentication, tax filing, online business, electronic signatures, policy effectiveness, digital rights management, online criminal behavior, regulation enforcement internet regulation, digital economy, online piracy, copyright enforcement, intellectual property, file sharing, copyright violation, music piracy, movie piracy, game piracy, graduated response policy, ISP monitoring, internet traffic monitoring, HADOPI law, France piracy law, digital signature, online tax filing, government policy, online business, internet crime, copyright protection, internet law, online security, user privacy, digital rights, creative industries, internet legislation, policy enforcement, online content distribution
test-economy-bhahwbsps-pro04a	This ban would be easy to introduce.  A ban in all public places would be no more difficult to introduce than existing bans preventing smoking in only some public places. As long as people are given plenty of notice of changes, as was done in airports in Saudi Arabia, and the rules are made clear and readily available1 there should be few difficulties in introducing this ban.  1 Smith, Louise. “Smoking in public places: the ban in force – Commons Library Standard Note.” Parliament. 20 May 2011. smoking ban, public places, policy implementation, smoking restrictions, legislative process, Saudi Arabia airports, advance notice, regulatory clarity, enforcement, public health, legal framework, smoking regulation, rule communication, policy adoption, ease of introduction ban, public places, smoking, introduction, ease, implementation, notice, regulations, enforcement, compliance, policy, Saudi Arabia, airports, legislation, public health, Commons Library, Parliament, Louise Smith, 2011 ban, public places, smoking, introduction, implementation, notice, rules, compliance, Saudi Arabia, airports, policy, regulation, difficulties, enforcement, public health, existing bans, clear communication, public awareness, precedent, legislative process ban introduction, public places, smoking ban, implementation, policy enforcement, notice period, Saudi Arabia airports, regulation clarity, challenges, compliance, legislative process, public health policy, Louise Smith, Commons Library Note, existing bans, rule communication public smoking ban, smoking prohibition, implementation, public places, policy enforcement, legislative process, notice period, rule clarity, Saudi Arabia airports, regulatory compliance, public health, smoking restrictions, legal framework, law introduction, smoke-free policies, challenges, solutions, legislative comparison, international examples, transition planning
test-philosophy-ippelhbcp-con01a	“Benefits” of capital punishment apply universally  The same arguments about capital punishment apply in Africa - deterrence value, potential cost savings, and principles of justice. [1] This could be more acute, with growing issues of international crime, such as drugs, growing in Africa [2] .  Africa has had many issues of conflict and crimes against humanity – these are the kind of crimes that many who are less enthusiastic about capital punishment would still support it for.  [1] See “This House Supports the Death Penalty” -   [2] See Cockayne, James, “Africa and the War on Drugs: the West African cocaine trade is not just business as usual”, African Arguments, 2012, capital punishment, death penalty, deterrence, justice, cost savings, Africa, international crime, drugs, crime deterrence, crimes against humanity, conflict, war on drugs, West Africa, cocaine trade, African justice system, universal applicability, arguments for capital punishment, legal principles, international issues, African crime, support for death penalty capital punishment, benefits, deterrence, cost savings, principles of justice, Africa, international crime, drugs, crimes against humanity, conflict, death penalty, West Africa, cocaine trade, criminal justice, law enforcement, African Arguments, Cockayne James, universal application, crime deterrence, judicial policy, punishment ethics capital punishment, benefits, deterrence, cost savings, justice, Africa, international crime, drugs, conflict, crimes against humanity, death penalty, West African cocaine trade, African criminal justice, acute crime issues, support for capital punishment, African arguments, Cockayne James, war on drugs, justice principles, criminal deterrence capital punishment, benefits, deterrence, cost savings, justice, Africa, crime, international crime, drugs, conflict, crimes against humanity, death penalty, Africa and the War on Drugs, West African cocaine trade, support for execution, criminal justice, African arguments, execution justification capital punishment, death penalty, Africa, deterrence, cost savings, justice, international crime, drugs, conflict, crimes against humanity, arguments, universal application, West African cocaine trade, crime deterrence, judicial principles, Cockayne, African Arguments, death penalty benefits, judicial economics, law enforcement, support for capital punishment
test-philosophy-npppmhwup-pro04a	Increase the number of Minorities  College admission processes are impersonal and favourably biased towards white, affluent students – therefore, quotas specifically for minority students need to be established. College admissions processes are as such because they heavily rely on standard tests or college admission exams. This has caused countries such as Brazil to create quotas for brown (mixed) and black students in most universities. [1] These students cannot afford the better education enjoyed by their rich, white counterparts, and therefore do not perform well in college exams and do not gain admission into university. Quotas are needed to make the admission process a little bit fairer and increase the number of minorities in university campuses.  [1] Stahlberg, S.G. “Racial Inequality and Affirmative Action in Education in Brazil”. August 2010, minority students, college admissions, affirmative action, admission quotas, racial inequality, standardized tests, educational bias, socioeconomic status, white privilege, affluent students, Brazil, university access, black students, brown students, higher education, fairness, education reform, diversity, university admissions, underrepresented groups, Stahlberg, racial discrimination, educational disparities minority students, college admissions, quotas, affirmative action, racial inequality, university admissions, standardized tests, education inequality, Brazil, black students, brown students, white students, affluent students, socioeconomic bias, university access, diversity, higher education, admission bias, educational disparity, underrepresented groups minority quotas, college admissions, affirmative action, racial inequality, university diversity, standardized testing bias, education policy, Brazil quotas, underrepresented students, socioeconomic disparity, admission fairness, black students, mixed-race students, white affluent students, educational inequality, higher education access, minority enrollment, quota system, disadvantaged students, university access minority representation, college admissions, admission quotas, affirmative action, racial inequality, educational bias, standardized testing, socioeconomic disparities, Brazil, university diversity, minority students, brown students, black students, access to education, university admission policies, equal opportunity, disadvantaged students, education reform, higher education, Stahlberg minorities, college admissions, impersonal processes, bias, white students, affluent students, admissions quotas, minority quotas, standard tests, college exams, educational inequality, Brazil, brown students, black students, university access, socioeconomic disparities, affirmative action, racial inequality, university admissions, educational fairness, Stahlberg, S.G., 2010
test-politics-eppghwgpi-pro02a	Politicians should be able to make difficult decisions without fear that selecting one option will lead to their incarceration.  By the most popular definition, a state is the entity with the monopoly on the legitimate use of force within a defined territory. Politicians, as the government of that state, necessarily wield the institutions of that state force. This results in the tremendous responsibility of deciding when the overwhelming power of the state is exercised. This pertains to a variety of areas, such as police action against civil unrest, the interrogation of both alleged and convicted terrorists, and economic policies that subsidize industries with state resources. While it is certainly possible to brazenly abuse this power, in many cases politicians are presented with options which are, if at all illegal, marginally so, and made with the good faith interest of the nation at heart. There are even conceivable situations in which a politician may exercise options that are clearly illegal but serve an overwhelming state interest; consider an illegal raid on a private building in order to prevent a nuclear bomb from going off. While documented instances of policy-makers choosing not to act for a particular reason are rare, several senior CIA officials stated that they had become risk averse merely because the idea of prosecuting officials who made security policy had entered the public discourse. [1] We ought to place politicians in a situation where the only factor in their decision-making process is what serves the public interest, rather than having to weigh what they consider to be the right action against the chance it will lead to their incarceration. Attempting to avoid this through a limited system which allowed for the prosecution of apolitical crimes but immunity for political decisions would fail to accomplish the goals of prosecution of politicians, which is primarily to protect against political abuses of state power which threaten the rights of the citizenry.  [1] Crawford, Robert, ‘Torture and the Ideology of National Security’ Global Dialogue, Vol.12 No.1, Winter/Spring 2010, (“A Risk-Averse CIA” subsection)  [Accessed 22 September 2011] politicians, political immunity, difficult decisions, state power, monopoly on force, legitimate use of force, government responsibility, police action, civil unrest, interrogation, terrorism, national security, economic policy, industry subsidies, abuse of power, legal vs illegal actions, public interest, prosecuting officials, risk aversion, CIA, security policy, prosecution of politicians, political crimes, apolitical crimes, rights of citizenry, state interest, nuclear threat, decision-making, policy-making, national interest, Global Dialogue, Robert Crawford, torture, ideology of national security politicians, decision-making, state power, legitimate use of force, political immunity, prosecution, incarceration, public interest, risk aversion, senior CIA officials, national security, civil unrest, police action, interrogation, terrorism, economic policy, government accountability, abuse of power, legal vs illegal actions, apolitical crimes, political crimes, public discourse, citizen rights, state responsibility, Robert Crawford, Global Dialogue politicians, decision-making, state power, legitimate use of force, political immunity, prosecution, incarceration risk, public interest, civil unrest, interrogation, terrorism, economic policy, state responsibility, illegal actions, national security, political abuse, citizen rights, risk aversion, CIA, prosecution immunity, policy-making, law enforcement, ethical dilemmas, executive decisions, accountability, abuse of power, state monopoly, apolitical crimes, public discourse politicians, decision-making, immunity, prosecution, state power, legitimate use of force, political responsibility, legal accountability, political immunity, government decisions, national security, risk aversion, CIA officials, civil unrest, police action, terrorism, state interests, economic policy, public interest, abuse of power, political crimes, apolitical crimes, democratic accountability, citizen rights, rule of law, ethical dilemmas, policy-making, state monopoly on force, executive authority, political consequences politicians, decision-making, state power, legitimate force, government responsibility, civil unrest, police action, terrorism, interrogation, economic policy, state subsidies, abuse of power, legality, good faith, national interest, illegal actions, public interest, prosecution, risk aversion, CIA, security policy, political immunity, apolitical crimes, political crimes, political accountability, citizen rights, national security, executive discretion, ethical governance, rule of law, emergency powers, state monopoly on force, policy-making, prosecution deterrence, governmental immunity, crisis decision-making
test-education-ughbuesbf-pro03a	Individuals have a right to equal opportunities that free university provides.  The employment prospects created by a university degree are substantial, and many lines of work are only available to university graduates. True merit should define the ability to attend university, not the accident of birth. With the institution of fees, access becomes more difficult, and will certainly lead to lower attendance by poorer groups. This serves to lock people into the economic situation when they are born, as getting out is much more difficult when denied access to most high­income jobs.5  5 Tribune Opinion. 2005. “Education Paves Way Out of Poverty”. Greeley Tribune​ . Available: equal opportunity, free university, higher education access, university fees, merit-based admissions, socioeconomic barriers, employment prospects, university degree, social mobility, income inequality, education and poverty, tuition fees impact, low-income students, economic mobility, educational equity equal opportunities, free university, right to education, employment prospects, university degree, merit-based access, socioeconomic status, tuition fees, economic mobility, poverty reduction, higher education access, income inequality, social mobility, university attendance, education barriers, low-income students, educational equity equal opportunities, free university, right to education, university fees, access to higher education, employment prospects, social mobility, meritocracy, economic inequality, university attendance, low-income students, poverty reduction, barriers to education, socioeconomic status, university access, income disparity, higher education funding, education and employment, class mobility, educational equity equal opportunities, free university, employment prospects, university degree, merit-based access, socioeconomic barriers, university fees, access to education, poverty, economic mobility, high-income jobs, social inequality, educational access, disadvantaged groups, social mobility equal opportunities, free university, university access, employment prospects, university degree, meritocracy, socioeconomic barriers, tuition fees, education inequality, social mobility, economic status, higher education access, income inequality, poverty, university attendance, graduate employment, educational justice, opportunity gap, disadvantaged groups, education policy
test-politics-epvhbfsmsaop-con02a	Celebrity involvement counters financial power to the benefit of the disenfranchised  Parties advocating policies that benefit the most financially powerful (big business etc.) are able to make large revenues from donations from wealthy business personalities involved in those industries.  Film and music stars tend towards the ‘liberal’ or ‘left’ wing of politics [1] . Consequently, in being prevented from exerting non-financial power (through endorsement) the different political parties are not equally affected: rather, you disproportionately punish the liberal parties. This is significant, given the necessity of a counter-balance to the power of big business (through donations – for example in the USA 90% of donations from mining and the automotive industry goes to the republicans [2] ) over our political system (which is not being similarly banned).  [1] Meyer, D., Gamson, J. ‘The Challenge of Cultural Elites: Celebrities and Social Movements’, Sociological Inquiry. Vol.65 No.2, 1995, pp.181-206  [2] Duffy, Robert J., ‘Business, Elections, and the Environment’, in Michael E. Kraft and Sheldon Kamieniecki, Business and Environmental Policy, 2007, pp.61-90, p.74, celebrity involvement, financial power, disenfranchised, political donations, big business, wealthy donors, political parties, liberal parties, left-wing, endorsement, non-financial power, counter-balance, political influence, film stars, music stars, campaign finance, policy advocacy, inequality, business influence, USA politics, mining industry, automotive industry, Republican donations, cultural elites, social movements, political system, campaign contributions, business-funded politics, lobbying, electoral advantage, donation disparity celebrity involvement, financial power, disenfranchised, political parties, policy advocacy, wealthy donors, big business, film stars, music stars, liberal politics, left-wing politics, political endorsements, non-financial power, party funding, campaign donations, counterbalance, business influence, USA political donations, mining industry, automotive industry, Republican donations, political system, campaign finance, social movements, cultural elites, celebrity endorsements, business power, political equality, policy influence, donation disparity, political advocacy celebrity involvement, political endorsements, financial power, disenfranchised, political donations, wealthy donors, big business, liberal parties, left-wing politics, conservative parties, campaign finance, non-financial influence, cultural elites, social movements, film stars, music stars, political inequality, power imbalance, US politics, mining industry, automotive industry, business influence, political advocacy, counterbalance, campaign contributions, political system, donor influence celebrity involvement, political endorsements, financial power, disenfranchised, political donations, wealthy donors, big business, liberal parties, left-wing politics, campaign finance, non-financial influence, entertainment industry, political advocacy, business interests, social movements, campaign funding, political inequity, corporate donations, policy influence, republican donations, cultural elites, counter-balance, political system, political parties, entertainment endorsements, elite influence celebrity involvement, financial power, disenfranchised, political donations, big business, wealthy donors, film stars, music stars, liberal politics, left-wing, political endorsements, campaign finance, non-financial influence, counterbalance, business influence, party funding, policy advocacy, social movements, cultural elites, celebrity endorsements, Republican donations, industry influence, USA politics, campaign regulations, political inequality, corporate power, donation disparities, political system, business lobbying, electoral influence
test-international-bmaggiahbl-pro03a	International concern  Rwanda, though a progressing country is still aid dependent which has been a backbone for its achievements today[1]. Spoiling Rwanda’s relations with the international community would therefor be destabilising Rwanda’s focus and growth. This has been evident when some countries cut aid to Rwanda recently following allegations of the government supporting insecurity in Congo [2].  Most donor governments are strong backers of human rights and freedom. Continued restrictions to freedom of speech may provoke international reaction through cutting aid and trade ties a move that may hinder the success of Rwanda’s goals. Aid has been cut on other human rights issues for example donor countries have recently acted to cut aid to Uganda as a result of their criminalisation of homosexuality.[3]  [1] DFID Rwanda, ‘Growth and Poverty reduction grant to the government of Rwanda (2012/2013-2014/2015), gov.uk, July 2012  [2] BBC news, ‘UK stops £21m aid payment to Rwanda’ bbc.co.uk, 30 November 2012  [3] Plaut, Martin, ‘Uganda donors cut aid after president passes anti-gay law’, theguardian.com, 25 February 2014 Rwanda, aid dependency, international relations, donor countries, human rights, freedom of speech, cut aid, economic growth, insecurity in Congo, government support, international community, trade ties, poverty reduction, DFID, BBC, donor response, aid suspension, Uganda, anti-gay law, homosexuality, United Kingdom, international reaction, destabilization, development goals, foreign aid, restrictions, governance Rwanda, international aid, donor dependency, international relations, aid suspension, Congo conflict, human rights, freedom of speech, donor countries, trade ties, economic growth, DFID Rwanda, UK aid cut, BBC news, Uganda, homosexuality criminalisation, donor reaction, foreign policy, growth and poverty reduction, international community, governance, instability, aid reduction, development achievements, government support, international backlash Rwanda, international aid, aid dependency, donor governments, human rights, freedom of speech, international relations, aid cuts, Congo conflict, insecurity, government support, trade ties, poverty reduction, DFID Rwanda, UK aid, BBC News, Uganda, anti-gay law, donor response, growth, development, international community, sanctions, governance, external funding, destabilization, progress, allegations, foreign policy, Martin Plaut, The Guardian, criminalisation of homosexuality, diplomatic consequences, economic impact, foreign relations Rwanda, international relations, foreign aid, aid dependency, economic growth, donor countries, human rights, freedom of speech, aid cuts, government support, insecurity in Congo, sanctions, trade ties, international community, development, UK aid Rwanda, DFID Rwanda, BBC aid Rwanda, human rights issues, Uganda aid cut, anti-gay law, donor response, donor conditionality, governance, global reaction, political stability, economic impact, international pressure, development aid, freedom restrictions, donor policy Rwanda, international aid, aid dependency, donor countries, human rights, freedom of speech, Congo conflict, aid suspension, international relations, trade ties, UK aid cut, DFID Rwanda, poverty reduction, economic growth, Uganda, anti-gay law, donor reaction, sanctions, foreign assistance, government policy, human rights violations, destabilization, international community, funding withdrawal, bilateral relations
test-politics-pgsimhwoia-pro03a	Migrants can benefit developing countries  Migrants can bring the benefit of their industriousness to developing countries. When there are crises it is the middle professional classes who are most likely to migrate as they have the resources and knowledge with which to do so. When it comes to economic migrants it is often the educated youth who are looking for better work opportunities; skilled workers make up 33% of migrants from developing countries despite being only 6% of the population. [1] Developed countries already have a highly educated and skilled population, and will take in those migrants with skills they need. Developing countries on the other hand have a much less well educated population so derive more benefit from the influx of skilled workers to help them develop thus counteracting the ‘brain drain’.  [1] Docquier, Frédéric, Lohest, Olivier, and Marfouk, Abdeslam. ‘Brain Drain in Developing Countries’, The World Bank Economic Review. Vol. 21, No. 2, pp. 193–218, p.198 migrants, developing countries, brain drain, skilled workers, economic migrants, education, professional classes, work opportunities, migration benefits, human capital, labor mobility, workforce development, Frédéric Docquier, Olivier Lohest, Abdeslam Marfouk, World Bank Economic Review, knowledge transfer, youth migration, skilled migration, population education, middle classes, skill influx, migration impact, developing economies migrants, developing countries, economic migrants, skilled workers, brain drain, professional migration, educated youth, labor market, human capital, benefits of migration, migration impact, workforce development, migration crises, migration and development, remittances, migration policy, skill transfer, migration statistics, socioeconomic impact, migration research migrants, developing countries, economic migrants, skilled workers, brain drain, education, migration benefits, professional classes, workforce, human capital, knowledge transfer, remittances, labor market, developing economies, migration impact, brain gain, skilled migration, youth migration, labor mobility, World Bank Economic Review migrants, developing countries, migration benefits, industriousness, skilled workers, professional migrants, brain drain, economic migrants, educated youth, workforce development, labor migration, remittances, human capital, skill transfer, knowledge migration, middle classes, migration impact, economic development, migration crisis, population education, workforce inflow, World Bank Economic Review migrants, developing countries, economic migrants, skilled workers, brain drain, professional classes, educated youth, work opportunities, migration benefits, human capital, workforce development, knowledge transfer, remittances, diaspora, population education, labor migration, economic impact, Frédéric Docquier, Olivier Lohest, Abdeslam Marfouk, World Bank Economic Review
test-environment-aiahwagit-con03a	Legalising the trade of horns, ivory, furs and pelts would be more effective  Making it legal for hunters to kill these endangered animals, rather than protecting them, could prevent extinction. The protected status of endangered animals has made their pelts, horns and tusks more expensive as they are harder to obtain. [1] The current illegality of trading rhino horns has constrained supply in comparison to demand in Asia. This has driven the price of the horn to around £84,000. Softening protection for endangered animals could, in theory, reduce the price to a point where it is no longer profitable to hunt these endangered animals. [2] This would potentially increase supply by freeing up that seized by governments which is currently destroyed, and could potentially involve farming as South Africa is considering with Rhino horn. [3]  [1] Welz, A. ‘The War on African Poaching: Is Militarization Fated to Fail?’  [2] Player, I. & Fourie, A. ‘How to win the war against poachers’  [3] Molewa, E., ‘Statement on Rhino poaching intervention’ legal trade, wildlife products, horns, ivory, furs, pelts, endangered species, extinction prevention, hunting legalization, market value, black market, supply and demand, Asia demand, rhino horn price, decriminalization, softening protection, overprotection, illegal trade, wildlife farming, South Africa, policy change, government stockpiles, seizure, wildlife conservation, anti-poaching, poaching intervention, price reduction, wildlife management, economic incentives, conservation policy, animal farming, species recovery legalising wildlife trade, horns, ivory, furs, pelts, endangered animals, hunting regulation, extinction prevention, protected status, market prices, black market, rhino horn trade, supply and demand, Asia, price reduction, poaching, wildlife farming, government stockpiles, South Africa, conservation policy, wildlife trafficking, anti-poaching interventions, Welz, Player, Fourie, Molewa, economic incentives, wildlife commodification legalising trade, horns, ivory, furs, pelts, endangered species, hunting legalisation, extinction prevention, protected status, market price, black market, rhino horn, supply and demand, Asia demand, price reduction, profit motive, supply increase, government seizures, stockpile destruction, animal farming, South Africa, wildlife trade policy, anti-poaching, conservation economics, regulated trade, wildlife protection, poaching deterrence, Welz, Player, Fourie, Molewa legal trade wildlife products, legalizing ivory trade, poaching prevention, endangered species, horn trade legalization, ivory market dynamics, wildlife conservation policy, pelt trade regulation, rhino horn supply demand, wildlife commodification, decriminalization of wildlife products, anti-poaching strategies, economic impact wildlife trade, Asian demand rhino horn, supply side conservation, wildlife product farming, government seized horns, rhino horn market, price reduction poaching, South Africa rhino horn farming, references to Welz, Player, Fourie, Molewa legalizing trade, horns, ivory, furs, pelts, endangered animals, hunting, extinction prevention, protected status, wildlife trade, black market, supply and demand, poaching, rhino horns, Asia demand, price reduction, economic incentives, conservation, government seizure, farming, South Africa, poaching intervention, wildlife policy, animal trafficking, sustainable use, wildlife management
test-free-speech-debate-fsaphgiap-con03a	Markets like stability  Business and the markets prize political stability. Clearly when the leader of a country is ill this stability is damaged but the damage can be mitigated by being transparent. The markets will want to know how ill the leader is, and that the succession is secure so that they know what the future holds. Secrecy and the consequent spread of rumour is the worst option as businesses can have no idea what the future holds so cant make investment decisions that will be influenced by the political environment.  Leaders do matter to the economy; they set the parameters of the business environment, the taxes, subsidies, how much bureaucracy. They also influence other areas like the price of energy, the availability of transport links etc. It has been estimated that “a one standard deviation change in leader quality leads to a growth change of 1.5 percentage points”. 1 The leader who follows may be of the same quality in which case there will be little difference but equally it could mean a large change.  1 Jones, Benjjamin F., and Olken, Benjamin A., 'Do Leaders Matter? National Leadership and Growth Since World War II', Quarterly Journal of Economics, February 2005, political stability, market reactions, leadership succession, business environment, economic impact, leader illness, transparency, investor confidence, leadership quality, policy uncertainty, government transparency, market uncertainty, business investment, political risk, succession planning, economic growth, leadership change, rumor impact, leader influence, regulatory environment, policy stability, leader transition, markets and politics, economic policy, business decision-making market stability, political stability, business environment, leader illness, succession planning, transparency, rumors, investment decisions, leadership impact, economic growth, leader quality, business confidence, government policy, taxes, subsidies, bureaucracy, energy prices, transport infrastructure, information disclosure, market reaction, leadership succession, economic uncertainty, leadership change, investor confidence, leadership transparency political stability, market response, business environment, economic impact, leadership succession, transparency, leader illness, investment decisions, rumor, secrecy, leadership quality, economic growth, national leadership, business confidence, policy uncertainty, government transparency, leader influence, business investment, economic policy, political risk political stability, market reaction, business confidence, leadership health, succession planning, transparency, rumor impact, investment decisions, political environment, leader influence, economic policy, tax policy, subsidies, bureaucracy, energy prices, infrastructure, leader quality, economic growth, leadership transition, business environment, Jones and Olken, leader succession, transparency effects, market uncertainty markets, stability, business, political stability, leadership, illness, transparency, succession, uncertainty, investment decisions, economic environment, leader quality, economic growth, policy impact, business environment, taxes, subsidies, bureaucracy, energy prices, infrastructure, rumors, market confidence, leadership succession, economic performance, national leadership, government transparency, investor confidence, leader illness, market reaction, economic policy, business risk, political risk, leadership change, economic impact, Ben Jones, Benjamin Olken, Quarterly Journal of Economics
test-international-bldimehbn-pro03a	Where there is a clear objection to discussing a certain subject, insisting on doing so is not news, it’s propaganda.  Ultimately all news outlets report that which is of interest to their viewers. Where there is no interest or, more frequently, an active lack of interest, news outlet do not - and should not – impose a particular set of judgements or interests on their customers. Doing so would arguably be patronizing and certainly be financial suicide [1] .  As a result they report what is both interesting and acceptable to those who consume the news and, for the vast majority of news outlets, the companies that advertise on the station, website or in the paper. Expecting news outlets to ignore those simple realities is asking them to self-destruct by ignoring their market. It is a clear example of sacrificing the good in the name of the best – in the example given, the writer mentions that Al Jazeera covers stories relating to gay rights but does so on its English language channels. [2] This exactly shows the market in action; Al Jazeera English broadcasts mostly to a European audience who are not offended by reports on gay rights whereas “Al Jazeera Arabic is geared towards a Middle Eastern audience and does not challenge cultural values or orthodox religion”. [3]  [1] For example the actions of advertisers and readers killed the News of the World.  [2] Pellot, Brian, 2012, ‘(Not) reporting homosexuality in the Middle East’, Free Speech Debate,   [3] Krajnc, Anita, ‘Al Jazeera Arabic ignores gay news’, Toronto Media Co-op, 2 August 2010, news coverage, editorial bias, audience interests, propaganda, market influence, cultural sensitivity, media self-censorship, advertiser pressure, Al Jazeera, gay rights reporting, English vs Arabic media, Middle Eastern audiences, cultural values, news judgment, financial incentives, news self-destruction, media patronizing, free speech, homosexuality in media, selective reporting, audience acceptability, news outlet survival, media market dynamics, advertiser influence, cultural orthodoxy, news editorial choices news values, audience interest, propaganda vs news, editorial decisions, media bias, market forces, advertiser influence, cultural sensitivity, self-censorship, gay rights reporting, Al Jazeera, English vs Arabic news, media market segmentation, cultural norms, media patronizing, financial consequences, media consumption, news outlet survival, regional audience, coverage disparities, censorship, media economics, freedom of the press, journalistic ethics news reporting, propaganda, audience interest, media bias, market influence, editorial decisions, advertiser pressure, cultural values, self-censorship, gay rights coverage, Al Jazeera English, Al Jazeera Arabic, Middle Eastern media, European audience, orthodox religion, media economics, news outlet survival, Free Speech Debate, media patronizing, News of the World closure, selective reporting, media ethics, acceptable content, audience preferences, imposed judgements media objectivity, news reporting, propaganda, audience interest, editorial decisions, market influence, advertiser impact, news judgment, cultural values, self-censorship, Al Jazeera, gay rights coverage, Western audience, Middle Eastern audience, freedom of press, news bias, financial pressures, media ethics, content selection, viewer preferences, censorship, news outlet business model news bias, media coverage, propaganda, audience interests, editorial judgment, censorship, advertiser influence, market-driven news, news outlets, cultural values, Al Jazeera, gay rights reporting, self-censorship, media ethics, Middle East, European audience, financial pressures, news reporting, public opinion, freedom of press, selective reporting, English vs Arabic channels, media self-preservation, journalistic integrity, media patronizing, commercial interests
test-free-speech-debate-ldhwprhs-con02a	There is no right not to be offended, enforcing what is acceptable to be thought or said places far too much power in the hands of the state.  It is impossible to ensure that nobody is ever offended and it is questionable as to whether it is even desirable [1] . There is simply no way of protecting against offence. The state clearly has a role in protecting the physical safety of citizens and in other relevant areas such as preventing dismissal from employment on the grounds of sexuality but this is not the case with speech that may cause offense.  Governments that attempt to lead, ahead of public opinion, on matters such as this do little to resolve the problem. In doing so in this manner, they may well pour fuel on the fire of the very prejudice they are aiming to combat as well as creating additional problems by justifying the idea that it is okay to silence views simply because you happen to disagree with them.  Banning the expression of ideas has, historically, be the recourse of those who have run out of arguments to defeat them; doing so is an acknowledgement that the proposal is a weak one. Admitting that – or appearing to do so – for the principle of equality set a dangerous precedent.  [1] Harris, Mike, “It shouldn’t be a crime to insult someone”. Guardian.co.uk, 18 January 2012. freedom of speech, offense, censorship, state power, acceptable speech, individual rights, offense protection, public opinion, government regulation, physical safety, workplace discrimination, sexuality, hate speech, expression of ideas, historical censorship, weak arguments, equality principle, dangerous precedent, silencing dissent, freedom of expression, insult laws, Mike Harris, Guardian article, criminalizing insult, combating prejudice freedom of speech, offense, state censorship, government regulation, free expression, offense protection, acceptable speech, public opinion, prejudice, silencing dissent, banning ideas, equality, historical precedent, weak arguments, speech regulation, physical safety, employment discrimination, sexuality rights, thought control, criminalizing insult freedom of speech, offense, state power, censorship, protected speech, government overreach, public opinion, free expression, offense prevention, physical safety, discrimination, employment rights, sexuality, speech regulation, prejudice, silencing dissent, historical censorship, weak arguments, equality principle, dangerous precedent, insult laws, Mike Harris, Guardian article free speech, freedom of expression, censorship, offense, state power, government regulation, thought policing, public opinion, offense protection, physical safety, anti-discrimination, employment rights, sexuality rights, hate speech, silencing dissent, banning ideas, historical censorship, equality, precedent, controversial speech free speech, censorship, offense, state power, government censorship, freedom of expression, protected speech, public opinion, offensive speech, individual rights, thought control, controversial speech, limits of free speech, hate speech, workplace discrimination, physical safety, historical censorship, precedent, equality, silencing dissent, banning ideas, political correctness, legal protection, civil liberties, expression bans
test-international-ssiarcmhb-pro03a	"In context of other teachings, does not promote the spread of AIDS/HIV.  The Catholic Church does not only forbid the use of barrier contraception but also of casual sex. The issue is not that the Church is being irresponsible by banning the use of barrier contraception but that people are choosing to follow some of the Church's teachings but not others. Pope Benedict XVI argues AIDS is ""a tragedy that cannot be overcome by money alone, that cannot be overcome through the distribution of condoms, which even aggravates the problems""1. If people followed the Church's teachings on casual sex as well as their teachings on barrier contraception, the AIDS epidemic would be dramatically decreased. Given, therefore, that it also forbids any sex outside of marriage, the Catholic Church is totally justified in forbidding barrier methods of contraception2. 1 Wynne-Jones, Jonathan. ""The Pope drops Catholic ban on condoms in historic shift."" The Telegraph, 20 November 2010, 2 Pope John Paul II. ""Evangelium Vitae."" 1995. Catholic Church, AIDS, HIV, barrier contraception, condom ban, casual sex, Church teachings, Pope Benedict XVI, Evangelium Vitae, Pope John Paul II, sexual ethics, Catholic doctrine, sex outside marriage, contraception controversy, AIDS prevention, moral responsibility, religious teachings, disease transmission, Church policy, public health, papal statements, religious justification, sexual morality, Catholic perspective, Wynne-Jones, The Telegraph Catholic Church, AIDS, HIV, barrier contraception, condoms, casual sex, Church teachings, Pope Benedict XVI, Pope John Paul II, Evangelium Vitae, sex outside marriage, Church doctrine, HIV prevention, religious ethics, contraception ban, condom distribution, Catholicism, moral teachings, Church policy, disease prevention Catholic Church, AIDS, HIV, barrier contraception, condom use, casual sex, Church teachings, Pope Benedict XVI, Evangelium Vitae, Pope John Paul II, morality, sexual ethics, contraception ban, marriage, AIDS epidemic, doctrine, Wynne-Jones, The Telegraph, religious justification, public health, papal statements Catholic Church, AIDS, HIV, barrier contraception, condom ban, casual sex, Church teachings, Pope Benedict XVI, Pope John Paul II, Evangelium Vitae, sex outside marriage, justification, AIDS epidemic, Church doctrine, moral teachings, contraception, Catholic sexuality, religious ethics, HIV prevention, church policy, Wynne-Jones, The Telegraph, papal statements, sexual morality, Catholic perspective Catholic Church, AIDS, HIV, barrier contraception, condoms, casual sex, Church teachings, Pope Benedict XVI, sexual ethics, sex outside marriage, justification, Evangelium Vitae, Pope John Paul II, religious doctrine, moral responsibility, epidemic, sexual morality, contraception ban, public health, Wynne-Jones, The Telegraph"
test-politics-ypppgvhwmv-con01a	Persuasion is more effective than coercion  Forcing people into voting when they are disengaged from the politic process will exacerbate this problem; no one likes doing something simply because they have to. The election results from compulsory voting may not be a representative view of society, than the current systems. Just because people are required to vote does not mean they become more politically engaged than they were before.  Rather than forcing people to vote, more should be done to engage the public in political life. Government transparency should be further encouraged as well as evaluating to what extent the current voting system causes low voter turnout.  Low turnout is best cured by more education. Instead of trying to engage people by force, how about introducing political education in schools and encouraging political conversation. How about educating the public on how politics affects them?  Citizenship classes should be taught to students who are approaching voting age, as it would teach the importance of the electoral process, and the history of the suffragette movement, the reform bills of the 19th century and the responsibilities of living in a democracy.  The government should be trying to engage people by other means, not compulsory voting. Compulsory voting may improve low turnout but will not affect the root problem- what people actually think about politics. In essence it is just relieving the side effects without curing the disease. persuasion, coercion, compulsory voting, voter disengagement, political participation, voter turnout, political engagement, government transparency, voting system evaluation, civic education, political education, citizenship classes, public engagement, democracy, electoral process, suffragette movement, reform bills, political conversation, political awareness, education policy, student voters, voluntary voting, democratic responsibility, voting age, political literacy persuasion, coercion, compulsory voting, voter engagement, political disengagement, voter turnout, political education, government transparency, electoral process, citizenship classes, suffragette movement, democracy, political participation, public engagement, civic education, voting age, reform bills, political conversation, political awareness, mandatory voting, representativeness, political system, education in schools, government policy, political efficacy persuasion, coercion, compulsory voting, voter disengagement, political engagement, government transparency, voting system evaluation, low voter turnout, political education, citizenship classes, electoral process, suffragette movement, reform bills, democracy, public engagement, education in schools, political conversation, democratic participation, history of voting rights, voter motivation, electoral reform, voluntary voting, civic responsibility, political awareness persuasion, coercion, compulsory voting, political disengagement, voter turnout, political engagement, political education, government transparency, voting system, electoral process, citizenship classes, democracy, suffragette movement, reform bills, public engagement, education, political conversation, civic responsibility, political participation, political literacy, democracy education, forced voting, electoral reform, student engagement, voting age, motivation to vote persuasion, coercion, compulsory voting, political disengagement, voter turnout, government transparency, political education, citizenship classes, electoral process, suffragette movement, reform bills, democracy, public engagement, political literacy, political conversation, voluntary participation, voting rights, civic responsibility, election representativeness, education reform, democratic participation, political apathy, youth engagement, political system evaluation, political involvement
test-international-eiahwpamu-pro03a	Ending poverty through entrepreneurialism  Introducing finance provides communities with access to startup capital. Access to financial capital is vital in several respects for initiating capitalism. Firstly, access to capital enables entrepreneurialism. The poor have business ideas that would benefit both themselves and their community they just require access to capital to invest in such ideas. The Initiative ‘Lend with Care’ is providing access to capital to empower entrepreneurs [1] .  Secondly, the cumulative effect of small-scale savings and borrowing, enabled through microfinance enables individuals, families and communities, to enter markets - of land and property. Being able to buy property and land can enable personal security, dignity, and increasing returns.  [1] See further readings: Lend with Care, 2013. entrepreneurialism, poverty alleviation, microfinance, startup capital, financial inclusion, access to capital, community empowerment, small business, Lend with Care, financial services, property ownership, land markets, economic development, personal security, savings, borrowing, capitalism, business ideas, community development, increasing returns, dignity ending poverty, entrepreneurialism, access to capital, startup capital, microfinance, financial inclusion, empowering entrepreneurs, small-scale savings, borrowing, community development, Lend with Care, poverty alleviation, financial empowerment, property ownership, land ownership, personal security, economic growth, inclusive finance, business ideas, market access, capitalism initiation, financial services, microloans, asset building, economic opportunity poverty alleviation, entrepreneurialism, access to finance, startup capital, microfinance, capitalism, financial inclusion, community empowerment, Lend with Care, small-scale savings, microloans, property ownership, land acquisition, personal security, economic development, financial empowerment, market entry, community development, poverty reduction, business investment poverty alleviation, entrepreneurialism, microfinance, startup capital, financial inclusion, access to capital, community empowerment, Lend with Care, small-scale savings, microcredit, business development, market entry, property ownership, economic security, inclusive finance, grassroots entrepreneurship, social finance, economic mobility, financial empowerment, impact investing ending poverty, entrepreneurialism, access to capital, startup capital, microfinance, financial inclusion, community empowerment, small business, Lend with Care, poverty alleviation, economic development, property ownership, land acquisition, personal security, financial dignity, market access, savings, borrowing, microloans, financial empowerment, capitalism, investment, business ideas, economic opportunity, community development
test-science-sghwbdgmo-con01a	Genetically modified food is no different from any other scientific advance, thus should be legal to use.  Genetic modification is entirely natural. The process of crop cultivation by selective breeding, which has been performed by farmers for thousands of years, leads to exactly the same kind of changes in DNA as modern modification techniques do. Current techniques are just faster and more selective. In fact, given two strands of DNA, created from the same original strand, one by selective breeding and one by modern modification techniques it is impossible to tell which is which. The changes caused by selective breeding have been just as radical as current modifications. Wheat, for example, was cultivated, through selective breeding, from an almost no-yield rice-type crop into the super-crop it is today. [1]  [1] Trewas A. and Leaver C., How Nature itself uses genetic modification,Published January 6 2000, Nature,  , accessed 09/05/2011 genetically modified food, genetic modification, scientific advance, legality, selective breeding, DNA changes, crop cultivation, modern modification techniques, natural genetic modification, traditional breeding, GMO comparison, agricultural biotechnology, genetic engineering, radical crop changes, wheat evolution, biotechnology, nature genetic modification, Trewas A., Leaver C., Nature publication genetically modified food, GMOs, scientific advances, legality, genetic modification, natural process, crop cultivation, selective breeding, DNA changes, modern modification techniques, genetic engineering, agricultural biotechnology, traditional breeding, wheat modification, crop yield improvement, radical genetic changes, nature genetic modification, Trewas A., Leaver C., Nature journal, biotechnology comparison genetically modified food, genetic modification, scientific advance, legality, natural process, crop cultivation, selective breeding, DNA changes, modern modification techniques, comparison, traditional breeding, genetic engineering, wheat evolution, agricultural biotechnology, food safety, GMO regulation, history of breeding, biotechnology, natural selection, Nature journal genetically modified food, genetic modification, scientific advances, legality, natural process, crop cultivation, selective breeding, DNA changes, modern modification techniques, traditional breeding, agricultural biotechnology, wheat cultivation, genetic similarity, radical changes, genetic engineering, nature genetic modification, Trewas Leaver, Nature journal, crop improvement, biotechnology comparison genetically modified food, genetic modification, scientific advances, legality, natural genetic modification, selective breeding, DNA changes, modern modification techniques, crop cultivation, traditional breeding, genetic similarities, genetic engineering, wheat domestication, agricultural biotechnology, genetic diversity, food safety, genetic modification history, Nature journal, Trewas A., Leaver C.
test-science-ascidfakhba-pro02a	The default of total copyright is harmful to the spreading of information and experience  Current copyright law assigns too many rights, automatically, to the creator. Law gives the generator of a work full copyright protection that is extremely restrictive of that works reuse, except when strictly agreed in contracts and agreements. Making Creative Commons licenses the standard for publicly-funded works generates a powerful normalizing force toward a general alteration of people’s defaults on what copyright and creator protections should actually be like. The creative commons guarantees attribution to the creator and they retain the power to set up other for-profit deals with distributors. [1] At base the default setting of somehow having absolute control means creators of work often do not even consider the reuse by others in the commons. The result is creation and then stagnation, as others do not expend the time and energy to seek special permissions from the creator. Mandating that art in all its forms be released under a creative commons licensing scheme means greater access to more works, for the enrichment of all. This is particular true in the case of “orphan works”, works of unknown ownership. Fears over copyright infringement has led these works, which by some estimates account for 40% of all books, have led to huge amounts of knowledge and creative output languishing beyond anyone’s reach. A mix of confusion over copyright ownership and unwillingness of owners to release their works, often because it would not be commercially viable to do so, means that only 2% of all works currently protected by copyright are commercially available. [2] Releasing these works under creative commons licenses will spawn a deluge of enriching knowledge and creative output spilling onto the market of ideas. It would mark a critical advancement in the democratization and globalization of knowledge akin to the invention of the printing press.  [1] Creative Commons. “About the Licenses”. 2010.   [2] Keegan, V. “Shorter Copyright Would Free Creativity”. The Guardian. 7 October 2009. default copyright, copyright law, restrictive reuse, creator rights, Creative Commons, public domain, information sharing, copyright reform, orphan works, knowledge dissemination, open access, creative output, attribution, copyright stagnation, democratization of knowledge, global knowledge, copyright infringement, license normalization, public funding, cultural enrichment, copyright barriers, reuse permissions, copyright confusion, commercial viability, market of ideas, knowledge globalization default copyright, information dissemination, restrictive copyright law, creator rights, automatic copyright, Creative Commons licenses, publicly-funded works, copyright normalization, attribution, reuse barriers, stagnation, special permissions, broadened access, orphan works, copyright infringement, ownership confusion, commercial availability, knowledge enrichment, democratization of knowledge, open access, copyright reform, knowledge globalization, market of ideas, restrictive licensing, printing press analogy, copyright barriers, copyright alternatives, public domain, licensing schemes, intellectual property reform copyright law, default copyright, information sharing, restrictive rights, creator control, creative commons, public domain, knowledge dissemination, reuse barriers, orphan works, copyright reform, open access, attribution, cultural stagnation, democratization of knowledge, copyright infringement, licensing scheme, public funding, intellectual property, market of ideas, global access, copyright confusion, restricted access, creative output, open licensing, knowledge enrichment copyright default, information sharing, restrictive copyright, automatic rights, copyright law, creator rights, reuse restrictions, Creative Commons, public funding, licensing standard, attribution, for-profit deals, absolute control, reuse in commons, stagnation, special permissions, creative commons mandate, orphan works, unknown ownership, copyright infringement, access to knowledge, commercially viable, protected works, commercially available, knowledge enrichment, creative output, market of ideas, democratization, globalization of knowledge, printing press, copyright reform copyright law, default copyright, information dissemination, restrictive rights, creator rights, creative commons, licensing, public funding, reuse barriers, knowledge sharing, orphan works, access to knowledge, copyright reform, democratization of knowledge, open access, intellectual property, copyright stagnation, reuse permissions, copyright infringement, noncommercial use, knowledge enrichment, global knowledge, attribution, license standardization, commercialization barriers, copyright confusion, printing press analogy, freedom of information
test-politics-eppghwgpi-pro04a	Seeing a politician put on trial hurts the integrity of their office.  It does tremendous damage to the public perception of a given political position to see the holder of that position on trial for criminal acts. Politicians are important role models for the populace at large, and shining light on everyone one of their misdeeds is not conducive to them playing such a role. This hurts the ability of their successors who, though completely innocent, are stepping into an institution now tainted with the image of corruption or scandal. Finally, the very process of prosecution can be damaging to the country, as citizens on opposing sides of the political spectrum disagree over the legitimacy of charges. These effects all deal real damage to the political institutions necessary for the functioning of the state. politician trial, political office integrity, public perception, criminal acts, political position, role models, political misdeeds, institutional damage, successor reputation, corruption, scandal, prosecution effects, political polarization, legitimacy of charges, political institutions, state functioning, political corruption perceptions, public trust, political scandals, political prosecution impact, government credibility politician trial, political integrity, public perception, criminal acts, political role models, political scandal, institutional damage, corruption, prosecution impact, legitimacy of charges, political polarization, political institutions, state functioning, successor reputation, public trust, political office taint, political accountability, political controversy politician trials, political office integrity, public perception, criminal acts, political role models, political scandals, political corruption, institutional trust, political succession, tainted institutions, prosecution impact, national unity, legitimacy of charges, political polarization, damage to political institutions, state functioning, public trust, political legitimacy, effects of prosecution, political reputation politician, trial, public perception, political office, integrity, criminal acts, role models, scandal, corruption, prosecution, political institutions, legitimacy, public trust, damage, successors, tainted reputation, political parties, state functioning, political scandal, institutional trust, public opinion politician, trial, political office, public perception, criminal acts, role models, misdeeds, damage, institution, corruption, scandal, prosecution, legitimacy, political spectrum, political institutions, state functioning, successor, public trust, integrity, political damage, political scandal
test-digital-freedoms-eifpgdff-con01a	Internet regulation is necessary to ensure a safe internet  Citizens, corporations, and public organizations face several security threats when online: critical infrastructure systems can be hacked, like the energy transport system, [1] citizens can fall victim to identity theft, [2] and phishing, [3] whereby hackers gain access to bank accounts or other sensitive information. Specifically, it seems that the public sector is attacked the most. [4]  In response to cyber-threats like these, many governments have set up Computer Emergency Response Teams (CERTs), Incident Response and Security Teams (IRTs), or Computer Security and Incident Response Teams (CSIRT; the fact that we haven’t settled on a fitting acronym yet shows how much it is still a novel phenomenon): agencies that warn citizens and organizations alike when a new threat emerges and provides a platform for (the exchange of) expertise in methods of preventing cyber-threats and exchanging information on possible perpetrators of such threats. Oftentimes, these (inter)governmental agencies provide a place where private CSIRTs can also cooperate and exchange information. [5]  These agencies provide a similar function online as the regular police provides offline: by sharing information and warnings against threats, they create a safer world.  [1] ‘At Risk: Hacking Critical Infrastructure’. 2012.  [2] ‘Identity theft on the rise’. 2010.  [3] ‘Phishing websites reach all-time high’. 2012.  [4] ‘Public sector most targeted by cyber attacks’. 2012.  [5] see for example the About Us page of the US-CERT or the About the NCSC page of the Dutch CERT internet regulation, cyber security, online safety, critical infrastructure, hacking, identity theft, phishing, cyber threats, public sector, cyber attacks, CERT, Computer Emergency Response Teams, IRT, Incident Response Teams, CSIRT, Computer Security Incident Response Teams, information sharing, cyber expertise, government agencies, cybersecurity agencies, private CSIRTs, public-private cooperation, warning systems, digital safety, cybercrime prevention, cyber threat response, digital infrastructure security, online threat prevention internet regulation, cyber security, online safety, security threats, critical infrastructure, hacking, energy system, identity theft, phishing, bank account hacking, public sector cyber attacks, government response, Computer Emergency Response Teams, CERT, Incident Response Teams, IRT, Computer Security Incident Response Teams, CSIRT, cyber-threat prevention, information sharing, intergovernmental agencies, private CSIRTs, cyber policing, threat warnings, cybersecurity expertise, online crime prevention, national cybersecurity, US-CERT, NCSC, cyberattacks, information exchange, public-private cooperation, cybersecurity policies Internet regulation, safe internet, cybersecurity, security threats, critical infrastructure, energy transport system, identity theft, phishing, hacking, cyber attacks, public sector, Computer Emergency Response Teams, CERT, Incident Response Teams, IRT, Computer Security and Incident Response Teams, CSIRT, governmental agencies, cyber-threat prevention, information exchange, online security, public-private cooperation, cybercrime, threat intelligence, digital safety, information sharing, cyber defense, cyber incident response, national cybersecurity, cyber policy, online threats, private CSIRTs, cyber law, internet safety, cyber risk management, public organizations, corporations, citizens online security, digital infrastructure protection internet regulation, online safety, cybersecurity, security threats, critical infrastructure, hacking, energy systems, identity theft, phishing, cyber attacks, public sector, cyber-threats, CERT, IRT, CSIRT, Computer Emergency Response Teams, Incident Response Teams, Security Teams, information sharing, cyber threat prevention, intergovernmental cooperation, private CSIRTs, online policing, cyber defense, threat intelligence, government cybersecurity agencies, cyber incident response, infrastructure protection, information exchange, public-private collaboration internet regulation, safe internet, cybersecurity, security threats, critical infrastructure, energy transport system, identity theft, phishing, hackers, bank account security, sensitive information, public sector, cyber attacks, government response, Computer Emergency Response Team, CERT, Incident Response Team, IRT, Computer Security and Incident Response Team, CSIRT, threat warning, expertise exchange, cyber-threat prevention, information sharing, intergovernmental agencies, private sector cooperation, online safety, cybercrime, digital policing, public organizations, cyber defense, NCSC, US-CERT
test-digital-freedoms-eifpgdff-con02a	Internet governance is necessary to combat heinous crimes committed via the internet  The internet is a means of communication – therefore also a means of communication between criminals. And because it is global it creates global crime problems that need coordinated responses. One type of crime that has particularly become a problem on the internet is child sexual abuse material: the internet allows for an easy and anonymous distribution method which can even be secured by modern encryption methods. [1]  Governments can help fight this by requiring ISPs and mobile companies to track people’s internet histories, hand over data when requested, and allow police to get information from them without a search warrant, something which has been proposed by the Canadian government. [2] In Australia, the government even proposed mandatory filtering of all internet traffic by ISPs to automatically filter out all child sexual abuse material. [3]  Admittedly, these measures seem drastic – but in cases like these, or similar cases like terrorism, the harm prevented is more important.  [1] ‘Child Pornography on the Rise, Justice Department Reports’. 2010.  [2] ‘Current laws not focused enough to combat child porn online’. 2012.  [3] Mcmenamin, Bernadette, ‘Filters needed to battle child porn’. 2008. Internet governance, cybercrime, online child sexual abuse, child pornography, global crime, coordinated response, ISP regulation, mobile data tracking, internet history monitoring, data privacy, government surveillance, mandatory filtering, Australia internet filter, Canadian internet law, encryption, online anonymity, law enforcement access, warrantless searches, digital evidence, terrorism prevention, internet policy, digital communication, cybersecurity, global internet policy, online crime prevention, internet regulation, safe internet, illicit online content, policing internet, crime fighting technology Internet governance, cybercrime, global crime, child sexual abuse material, online child exploitation, encryption, anonymous distribution, government regulation, ISPs, internet tracking, data retention, warrantless data access, law enforcement, Australian internet filter, Canadian internet laws, mandatory filtering, online crime prevention, digital privacy, surveillance, criminal justice, online communication, cyber policy, international cooperation, online terrorism, internet law enforcement, content filtering Internet governance, internet crime, global crime, online child sexual abuse material, CSAM, online criminal communication, encryption, government regulation, ISP monitoring, internet history tracking, data handover, law enforcement access, warrantless access, mandatory filtering, internet traffic filtering, online safety, terrorism, harm prevention, online privacy, surveillance, government policy, cybersecurity, international cooperation, child protection, content filtering, digital law enforcement, online anonymity, criminal justice, internet regulation, data privacy, anti-child pornography measures internet governance, cybercrime, global crime, online child sexual abuse, child sexual abuse material, encrypted distribution, law enforcement, ISP tracking, internet history, data retention, warrantless data access, Canadian government, Australian government, mandatory internet filtering, online terrorism, communication regulation, internet policy, privacy vs security, surveillance, internet censorship, crime prevention, governmental response, ISP responsibility, mobile company monitoring, online anonymity, digital evidence, encryption challenges, international coordination Internet governance, cybercrime, online crime, global crime, child sexual abuse material, CSAM, internet regulation, ISP tracking, internet history, data retention, government surveillance, law enforcement access, ISP filtering, content filtering, encryption, online anonymity, cybersecurity, privacy vs security, Australian internet policy, Canadian internet policy, terrorism prevention, online communication, online child protection, internet policy, digital law, internet safety, crime prevention, digital evidence, online law enforcement, mandatory filtering, internet monitoring
test-politics-eppghwgpi-pro03a	In the event of major abuses of power it should be the public that holds politicians to account.  The obvious benefit to prosecuting politicians is that it punishes – and thereby deters – corruption by politicians. However, this benefit can be achieved through other means. Firstly, many western liberal democracies have one form or another of removing a politician from office in the midst of their term, such as impeachment in the American system or a vote of no confidence against the government in the Westminster system. While defenders of immunity oppose impeachment as contrary to the principles outlined above (because of the effect that it may have on political duties), this is an option that remains in cases of gross misconduct. If the political will cannot be mobilized to remove a sitting politician, they are held accountable by the electorate to whom they must answer in the next election, and who will likely punish blatant misuse of political power. Even if the individual politician has reached a limit on their term of office, or does not seek reelection, they are still held in check by the damage that will be done to their party in the event of major misconduct on their part. Finally, most politicians are significantly concerned about their legacy, which is tarnished significantly by corruption even if they are never held legally accountable for it. While Nixon received a full pardon from his success, [1] his name has become synonymous with criminality and scandal: a fate most politicians wish to avoid.  [1] Ford, Gerald R., Proclamation 4311, 8 September 1974,  [Accessed September 9, 2011] abuses of power, public accountability, prosecuting politicians, deterrence of corruption, removal from office, impeachment, vote of no confidence, western liberal democracies, political immunity, political misconduct, political will, electoral accountability, party reputation, legacy concerns, criminality, political scandal, Nixon, Gerald Ford, Proclamation 4311, corruption prevention, political duty, democratic systems, deterrence mechanisms abuse of power, political accountability, public oversight, prosecuting politicians, corruption deterrence, impeachment, vote of no confidence, western liberal democracies, political misconduct, political immunity, removal from office, gross misconduct, political will, electorate accountability, re-election, party reputation, political legacy, scandal, Nixon pardon, criminality, political consequences, Gerald Ford, Proclamation 4311 abuse of power, political accountability, politician prosecution, corruption deterrence, impeachment, vote of no confidence, political removal mechanisms, Western liberal democracies, government misconduct, political immunity, electoral accountability, political punishment, party reputation, political legacy, scandal deterrence, Nixon pardon, Gerald Ford, legal accountability, democratic processes, politician misconduct, checks and balances abuse of power, political accountability, prosecuting politicians, corruption deterrence, impeachment, vote of no confidence, western liberal democracies, removal from office, political immunity, misconduct, electorate accountability, elections, political will, term limits, party reputation, political legacy, political scandal, Nixon, Ford pardon, criminality, public oversight political accountability, abuse of power, prosecuting politicians, corruption deterrence, impeachment, vote of no confidence, removal from office, Western liberal democracies, political immunity, gross misconduct, political will, electoral accountability, term limits, party reputation, political legacy, Nixon pardon, political scandals, public oversight, punishment mechanism, deterrence mechanisms, holding politicians accountable
test-education-ughbuesbf-pro04a	The burden of fees and loans are too great to expect young people to shoulder  University fees are usually quite high. When fees are put in place in countries, many people find it extremely difficult to find the funds to pay for it, leading many people to seek school loans. In the United States, obtaining loans for university is the norm. These loans can put pressure on students to perform well. [1] But can lead to students dropping out. Debt encourages individuals to take jobs for which they are not necessarily best suited in order to get started on debt repayment immediately after leaving higher education. Furthermore, repayment of loans can take many years, leaving individuals with debt worries for much of their working lives. [2] With free university education everyone can go to college without crushing debt burden allowing them to study what they wish.  [1] Kane, Thomas. 1999. The Price of Admission: Rethinking How Americans Pay for College. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press.  [2] Hill, Christine. 2007. “Still Paying Off that Student Loan”. National Public Radio. Available: university fees, tuition costs, student loans, loan burden, higher education debt, college affordability, financial pressure, student dropout, debt repayment, career choice, free university education, access to college, debt-free education, financial barriers, higher education funding, student financial aid, United States, loan norm, long-term debt, college accessibility student debt, university fees, higher education costs, student loans, college affordability, financial burden, tuition fees, loan repayment, student dropout, career choice pressure, free university education, education funding, post-graduation debt, financial stress, access to education, higher education policy, debt repayment challenges, student financial aid, socioeconomic impact, tuition policy university fees, tuition costs, student loans, debt burden, higher education, college affordability, financial barriers, student debt, loan repayment, dropout rates, education funding, access to education, free university education, career choice, United States, youth financial stress, education policy, education equity, student pressure, loan impact, repayment period, school financing, Brookings Institution, NPR student loans, college financing, student financial aid university fees, student loans, debt burden, higher education, college affordability, tuition costs, financial pressure, student dropouts, loan repayment, career choices, education funding, free university education, access to college, student debt, financial aid, cost of college, educational equity, loan default, post-graduation debt, education policy student loans, university fees, higher education costs, tuition burden, college debt, loan repayment, student debt, financial barriers, education affordability, free university education, debt stress, college access, loan pressure, dropout rates, career choice impact, debt repayment period, financial aid, tuition-free college, socioeconomic barriers, student loan crisis
test-environment-opecewiahw-con03a	Dams displace communities  Dams result in the filling of a large reservoir behind the dam because it has raised the level of the water in the case of the Grand Inga it would create a reservoir 15km long. This is not particularly big but the construction would also displace communities. The previous Inga dams also displaced people. Inga I and II were built 30 and 40 years ago, yet the displaced are still in a shabby prefabricated town called Camp Kinshasa awaiting compensation. [1] Are they likely to do better this time around?  [1] Sanyanga, Ruto, ‘Will Congo Benefit from Grand Inga Dam’, International Policy Digest, 29 June 2013, dams, displacement, communities, reservoir, Grand Inga, Inga I, Inga II, relocation, compensation, Camp Kinshasa, Congo, hydroelectric projects, social impact, forced migration, infrastructure, International Policy Digest dams, displacement, communities, reservoir, Grand Inga Dam, Inga I, Inga II, compensation, Camp Kinshasa, forced relocation, Congo, Sanyanga Ruto, International Policy Digest, hydroelectric, social impact, infrastructure projects, resettlement, humanitarian issues, environmental impact, legacy displacement dams, displacement, communities, reservoir, Grand Inga Dam, Inga I, Inga II, relocation, compensation, Camp Kinshasa, affected people, Congo, infrastructure, hydroelectric, Sanyanga Ruto, resettlement, International Policy Digest, construction impacts, social impact, development projects dams, community displacement, reservoir creation, Grand Inga Dam, Inga I, Inga II, Camp Kinshasa, compensation, resettlement, social impact, Congo, International Policy Digest, hydroelectric projects, population relocation, historical displacement, dam construction, Sanyanga Ruto, infrastructure projects, affected communities dams, displacement, communities, reservoir, Grand Inga, Inga I, Inga II, Congo, compensation, Camp Kinshasa, forced relocation, hydropower, infrastructure, social impact, resettlement, affected people, history, unresolved compensation, International Policy Digest, Sanyanga Ruto
test-philosophy-npppmhwup-pro03a	Changes negative perceptions of university life  Affirmative action is required to change negative perceptions of university life. In the status quo, many talented potential students are put off applying for top universities (or university at all) because of their negative perceptions of elite institutions. This perception exists in part because of the makeup of the student population – black high school students may see a university filled overwhelmingly with white lecturers and students as not being a welcoming environment for them, and may even perceive it as racist. [1] The only way to overcome this unfortunate stereotype of university is to change the student population, but this is impossible to do ‘organically’ while so few people from minority backgrounds apply. Therefore, it is necessary to use quotas and other forms of affirmative action, to change the student body in the short term, and encourage applications from more disadvantaged students in the long term.  [1] Ancis, J.R. “Student perceptions of campus cultural climate by race”. Journal of Counselling and Development. Spring 2000. negative perceptions, university life, affirmative action, minority students, elite institutions, student population diversity, application barriers, university admissions, campus cultural climate, racial representation, quotas, higher education, disadvantaged students, stereotype change, inclusive environment affirmative action, university perceptions, negative stereotypes, elite institutions, student diversity, minority students, racial representation, campus cultural climate, student recruitment, application rates, higher education, inclusive environment, racially diverse campuses, admissions quotas, student body composition, black students, disadvantaged students, university accessibility, perception change, minority recruitment negative perceptions, university life, affirmative action, student diversity, elite institutions, minority students, university admissions, quotas, campus climate, racial representation, disadvantaged students, student population, application barriers, stereotype reduction, inclusive environment, higher education, black students, recruitment strategies, university culture, student body diversity university life, negative perceptions, affirmative action, elite institutions, student diversity, minority students, university admissions, racial representation, campus climate, application barriers, disadvantaged students, student body composition, racial stereotypes, university quotas, inclusive education, black students, higher education access, student population, educational equity, perception change affirmative action, university perceptions, elite institutions, minority students, university diversity, student body makeup, university stereotypes, campus cultural climate, disadvantaged students, university admissions, racial representation, educational equity, application barriers, diversity quotas, university inclusivity, student recruitment, black students, higher education access, university racism
test-science-ascidfakhba-pro03a	The creative commons is a more effective means for artists to build and expand their reach and markets than traditional copyright licensing arrangements  The nature of the internet and mass media on the 21st century is such that many artists can benefit from the freedom and flexibility that creative commons licenses furnish to them. Wider use by other artists and laymen alike helps artistic works “go viral” and to gain major impact that allow the artist to generate a name for his or herself and to attain the levels of earnings conventional copyrights are meant to help artists generate but that ultimately hamstring them. A major example of this is the band Nine Inch Nails, which opted in 2008 to begin releasing its albums through the creative commons. [1] Creative commons licenses are so remarkable because they can be deployed by artists to expand their markets, and to profit even more from their greater recognition. After all, the artists still retain control of the commercial uses of their work and are guaranteed under creative commons licensing regulations to be credited by users of their content. [2] Giving undue artistic and distribution control to the artists through constricting and outmoded copyright may mean less significant reach and impact of the work. The state should thus facilitate the sharing by mandating the distribution of art of all kinds under creative commons licenses.  [1] Anderson, N., “Free Nine Inch Nails albums top 2008 Amazon MP3 sales charts”, arstechnica, 7 January 2009,   [2] Creative Commons. “About the Licenses”. 2010. creative commons, copyright licensing, artists, market expansion, internet, mass media, viral marketing, artistic reach, freedom, flexibility, licensing arrangements, Nine Inch Nails, digital distribution, commercial control, user credit, recognition, profit, traditional copyright, sharing, government mandate, art distribution, open licenses, 21st century media, art impact, wider use, open culture creative commons, copyright, artists, music distribution, internet, mass media, 21st century, licensing, market expansion, viral art, artist recognition, revenue, Nine Inch Nails, album release, sharing, open licensing, artistic impact, distribution control, commercial use, attribution, traditional copyright, profits, state policy, art sharing, digital media, creative freedom, legal frameworks, open culture, content dissemination, access to art creative commons, copyright, licensing, artists, market reach, internet, mass media, flexibility, viral, recognition, profit, distribution, control, Nine Inch Nails, album release, commercial rights, user credit, outmoded copyright, sharing, government mandate, distribution facilitation, digital art, earning potential, open licensing, artistic impact, audience expansion, content sharing creative commons, copyright licensing, artists, market expansion, internet, mass media, viral marketing, content sharing, artist recognition, earnings, Nine Inch Nails, album release, commercial rights, license flexibility, distribution control, art dissemination, public access, digital distribution, licensing regulations, user credit, market reach, state facilitation, art markets, alternative licensing, open access, music industry, digital media, intellectual property, content creators, audience engagement creative commons, copyright, licensing, artists, internet, mass media, viral, market expansion, traditional copyright, artistic reach, flexibility, sharing, distribution, recognition, Nine Inch Nails, commercial control, profit, credit, user rights, art dissemination, open licenses, restrictive copyright, promotion, earnings, state facilitation, digital media, 21st century, adoption, collaborative creation, music industry, case study
test-politics-epvhbfsmsaop-con03a	Celebrity involvement can highlight minority interests  There exists a problem with regards to advocacy for minority issues within mainstream political movements. This motion would exacerbate that problem.  Voters tend to base their decisions on key issues (things like education, the state of the economy, healthcare policy etc.). Whilst they may care about more marginal issues (e.g. gay rights, religious freedoms, environmental issues), they are often unwilling to sacrifice something they think has a greater impact on them for something that has a lesser impact.  Minority issues suffer particularly here: by their very nature, there are fewer people who feel directly affected than there are people who feel indirectly affected or indifferent. Consequently, there are never a great enough proportion of votes that could be gained by a political party concentrating on these particular issues in a way which might be detrimental. See, for example, the public reaction in the UK to Cameron’s position on gay marriage: whilst most people feel that gay marriage should be allowed [1] , Cameron has not received a political boost as a result of this decision, but rather, has faced hostility from those who believe it is a “distraction” [2] , where they would rather he focused on issues like the economic crisis.  [1] ‘Same-sex marriage in the United Kingdom’, Wikipedia, accessed 10 September 2012,   [2] Telegraph editor, ‘Gay marriage: A pointless distraction’, The Telegraph, 26 July 2012, celebrity involvement, minority interests, advocacy, mainstream political movements, minority issues, voter behavior, key issues, marginal issues, gay rights, religious freedoms, environmental issues, political parties, vote proportion, political impact, Cameron gay marriage, UK public reaction, political distraction, economic crisis, same-sex marriage, policy prioritization, voting patterns, political advocacy, minority representation, public opinion, issue salience, electoral strategy celebrity involvement, minority interests, minority advocacy, mainstream political movements, voter decision-making, key issues, education policy, economic policy, healthcare policy, marginal issues, gay rights, religious freedoms, environmental issues, voter sacrifice, indirect impact, direct impact, minority issue representation, political parties, political strategy, UK politics, David Cameron, gay marriage debate, public perception, voter backlash, political distraction, electoral incentives, political priorities, same-sex marriage UK, media reaction, policy focus celebrity involvement, minority interests, advocacy, mainstream political movements, voter behavior, key issues, education, economy, healthcare policy, marginal issues, gay rights, religious freedoms, environmental issues, minority issues, public opinion, political parties, UK politics, David Cameron, gay marriage, policy impact, political distraction, issue salience, electoral strategy, public reaction celebrity involvement, advocacy, minority issues, mainstream political movements, voter behavior, key issues, marginal issues, gay rights, religious freedoms, environmental issues, political party strategy, public reaction, UK politics, David Cameron, gay marriage, political priorities, electoral impact, issue salience, minority interests, political discourse celebrity involvement, minority interests, advocacy, minority issues, mainstream politics, political movements, voter behavior, key issues, marginal issues, gay rights, religious freedoms, environmental issues, public opinion, electoral impact, minority representation, issue salience, David Cameron, gay marriage UK, political backlash, voter priorities, policy focus, media reaction, distraction politics, public support, political gains, advocacy challenges, mainstream indifference, electoral strategy, minority advocacy, political parties
test-politics-pgsimhwoia-pro02a	Aid can ensure better treatment of migrants  Migrants in developed countries are often not very well treated, for example the Traiskirchen migrant camp in Austria, one of the richest countries in the EU was condemned for its inhumane conditions by Amnesty in August 2015. [1] The aid provided can be earmarked to ensure that migrants being well treated and provided for through safe transportation and access to essential government services such as healthcare and welfare.  The advantage of this provision in developing rather than developed countries is cost. The same amount of money goes a lot further in a developing country. This provision therefore makes sense in a time were many developed countries are both struggling with greater numbers of migrants and with austerity. Greece, which has had 124,000 migrants arrive in the first seven months of 2015, a 750% rise over the same period in 2014, is a notable case. [2]  [1] ‘'No respect' for human rights at Traiskirchen camp’, The Local at, 14 August 2015,   [2] Spindler, William, ‘Number of refugees and migrants arriving in Greece soars 750 per cent over 2014’, UNHCR, 7 August 2015, aid, migrant treatment, developed countries, Traiskirchen camp, Austria, inhumane conditions, Amnesty International, earmarked aid, safe transportation, essential services, healthcare, welfare, cost efficiency, developing countries, austerity, migrant influx, Greece, refugee crisis, government service access, migrant welfare, human rights, UNHCR, Amnesty report, migrant camp conditions migrant aid, migrant treatment, developed countries, Traiskirchen camp, Austria, inhumane conditions, Amnesty International, earmarked aid, migrant welfare, safe transportation, essential services, healthcare access, welfare access, cost effectiveness, developing countries, austerity, migrant influx, Greece, refugee arrivals, UNHCR, human rights, migrant camps, government services, migrant support, 2015 migration crisis migrant aid, migrant treatment, developed countries, Traiskirchen camp, Austria, inhumane conditions, Amnesty International, safe transportation, government services, healthcare access, welfare access, cost efficiency, developing countries, migrant crisis, austerity, Greece, refugee arrivals, migrant statistics, human rights violations, essential services, EU migration, funding utilization, resource allocation, humanitarian aid, migrant welfare aid, migrant treatment, migrant camps, Traiskirchen, Austria, inhumane conditions, Amnesty International, developed countries, essential services, healthcare, welfare, safe transportation, earmarked aid, migrant welfare, cost effectiveness, developing countries, migrant crisis, austerity, migrant numbers, Greece, refugee arrivals, UNHCR, migrant rights, government services, human rights, migrant support, funding allocation aid, migrant treatment, migrants, developed countries, Traiskirchen camp, Austria, Amnesty International, inhumane conditions, earmarked aid, migrant welfare, safe transportation, essential services, healthcare, welfare, developing countries, cost-effectiveness, austerity, Greece, migrant arrivals, 2015 migrant crisis, refugee protection, government support, UNHCR, migrant policy, human rights, migrant camps, resource allocation
test-environment-aiahwagit-con04a	Heavy handed approaches do not solve the motivations for poaching  Creating tougher responses to poaching will not deter poachers as they fail to recognise the motivations for illegal hunting. Many hunters, especially those who aren’t native to Africa, take part in poaching as there is a thrill in the illegal status. [1] The close calls, challenges and sense of independence will all be multiplied by increased protection on the game reserves.  Then there are those who take part out of necessity. Poachers will often be able to make $50-100 per kilogram for a rhinoceros’ horn [2] and the bush meat from kills can be a necessary source of nutrition. [3] Poaching creates opportunities for Africans which are usually unavailable in licit work. Tougher protection of animals fails to provide an alternative livelihood for these poachers.  [1] Forsyth, C. & Marckese, T. ‘Thrills and skills: a sociological analysis of poaching’ pg.162  [2] Stewart, C. ‘Illegal ivory trade funds al-shabaab’s terrorist attacks’  [3] BBC, “Lions ‘facing extinction in West Africa’” poaching, heavy-handed approaches, deterrence, motivations, illegal hunting, thrill-seeking, non-native hunters, necessity, financial incentives, rhinoceros horn, bushmeat, alternative livelihoods, Africa, enforcement, socio-economic factors, conservation, game reserves, illicit work, wildlife protection, poverty, crime, law enforcement, sustainable alternatives, ivory trade, local communities, economic opportunity poaching, illegal hunting, motivations, heavy handed approaches, deterrence, game reserves, thrill seeking, necessity, economic incentives, rhino horn, bush meat, alternative livelihoods, African poachers, tougher protection, sociological analysis, wildlife crime, enforcement, conservation policy, poverty, ivory trade, sustainable solutions, enforcement effectiveness, illicit work, livelihood alternatives poaching, heavy-handed approaches, motivation, illegal hunting, deterrence, tougher responses, game reserves, thrill, non-native hunters, necessity, economic factors, rhinoceros horn, bush meat, alternative livelihoods, Africa, illicit employment, animal protection, socio-economic drivers, conservation policies, enforcement challenges, poverty, subsistence poaching, wildlife crime, policy effectiveness, incentives, deterrents, criminology, poacher behavior poaching, heavy handed approaches, motivations, illegal hunting, deterrence, thrill, non-native hunters, Africa, protection, game reserves, necessity, economic incentives, rhinoceros horn, bush meat, nutrition, alternative livelihood, licit work, tougher responses, conservation, law enforcement, environmental crime, socio-economic factors poaching motivations, heavy handed enforcement, deterrence effectiveness, illegal hunting thrill, non-native hunters, game reserve protection, socioeconomic drivers, necessity poaching, rhino horn value, bushmeat nutrition, alternative livelihoods, illicit work opportunities, African poachers, stricter anti-poaching measures, conservation policy, wildlife crime, enforcement consequences, poverty and poaching, criminalization, sustainable solutions
test-free-speech-debate-fsaphgiap-con04a	Damages diplomacy to be too open  Diplomacy can be very personal; diplomatic initiatives are often the result of a single person, and the individual leader is necessary to conclude negotiations. Transparency about a leader's health may therefore prevent deals being done; Nixon went to China despite Mao's ill heath meaning the supreme Chinese leader contributed little to the historic change in diplomatic alinements. 1 Would such a momentous change in alignment have been possible if both the Chinese and American public knew about Mao's ill health? The Americans would have considered any deal unreliable as they could not be sure it was Mao who made the decision, while opponents in China could have argued that it was advisers like Zhou Enlai who made the deal not Mao himself potentially enabling them to repudiate or undermine the deal.  1 Macmillan, Margaret, Seize the Hour When Nixon met Mao, John Murray, London, 2006, p.76 diplomacy, transparency, leader health, negotiations, personal diplomacy, Nixon, Mao Zedong, China, alignment, diplomatic initiatives, secrecy, decision-making, public perception, reliability, advisers, Zhou Enlai, repudiation, diplomatic history, Macmillan, Seize the Hour, international relations, deal-making, leadership influence, diplomacy risks, disclosure, negotiation credibility diplomatic transparency, leadership health, personal diplomacy, negotiation outcomes, Nixon Mao meeting, secret diplomacy, diplomatic alignment, leader illness impact, decision legitimacy, international relations, diplomacy secrecy, Margaret Macmillan, Seize the Hour, US China relations, Zhou Enlai role, policy reliability, diplomatic history, negotiation authority, diplomatic trust, deal repudiation diplomacy, transparency, leadership health, diplomatic negotiations, personal diplomacy, Nixon, Mao Zedong, Zhou Enlai, China-US relations, diplomatic credibility, secrecy, diplomatic alignment, public perception, diplomatic history, negotiation reliability, diplomatic initiatives, political leadership, diplomatic secrecy, diplomatic authority, international relations diplomacy, transparency, leader health, personal diplomacy, diplomatic negotiations, Nixon, Mao Zedong, Zhou Enlai, China-US relations, diplomatic alignment, deal reliability, political leadership, negotiation secrecy, diplomatic history, public perception, diplomatic initiatives, negotiation undermining, secrecy benefits, international relations, Macmillan, Seize the Hour diplomacy, transparency, leadership, health disclosure, negotiations, diplomatic initiatives, individual leaders, Nixon, Mao Zedong, Zhou Enlai, US-China relations, diplomatic alignment, decision legitimacy, public perception, deal reliability, historical diplomacy, leadership influence, political uncertainty, secrecy, diplomatic strategy, negotiation outcomes
test-politics-ypppgvhwmv-con02a	"Policing and financing the system is unmanageable  If a large proportion of the population decided not to vote it would be impossible to make every non-voter pay the fine. For example, if just 10% of the UK voters failed to do so the government would have to chase up about £4 million in fines. Even if they sent demand letters to all these people, they could not take all those who refused to pay to court. Ironically, this measure hurts most those who the proposition are trying to enfranchise because they are least able to pay.  The cost of policing this system will impact upon tax payers. The Government will need to expand and more civil servants positions will be needed to create, administer and enforce the processes. It is especially prudent that we look closely at the impact it would have financially on individual countries. For example, the US has more than ten times the voting population of Australia “the financial cost for the two nations is vastly different. Since it costs the Australian government roughly five dollars for every ballot they evaluate, the greater number of voters in America would exponentially increase bureaucratic costs"".1  1 Iowaprodigal compulsory voting, voter fines, enforcement costs, non-voter penalties, administrative burden, civil servants, government expenditure, financial impact, tax burden, court backlog, demand letters, voting system costs, Australia, United States, ballot evaluation expense, enfranchisement, population impact, bureaucratic expansion, fine collection, voter turnout, implementation challenges compulsory voting, enforcement costs, policing fines, voter turnout, non-voter penalty, administrative burden, government expenses, civil servant expansion, tax impact, legal proceedings, implementation cost, financial burden, system manageability, country comparison, UK voting fines, US voting cost, Australian voting system, bureaucratic costs, enfranchisement, socio-economic impact, mass non-compliance, policy effectiveness, voter participation, electoral system, budgetary impact, population scale, demand letters, administrative process, cost-benefit analysis compulsory voting, voter fines, enforcement costs, non-voter penalties, administrative burden, government expenditure, civil servants, bureaucratic costs, financial impact, tax payer burden, United Kingdom, United States, Australia, voter enfranchisement, economic feasibility, system manageability, implementation challenges, revenue collection, legal system strain, election administration, policy implications compulsory voting, enforcement costs, administrative burden, voter fines, non-voter penalties, government expenses, civil service expansion, tax impact, financial feasibility, voting system costs, court resources, disenfranchised voters, low-income impact, international comparisons, US voting costs, Australia voting costs, policy implementation, electoral system administration, bureaucratic costs, fiscal analysis, population scale, legal enforcement, penalty collection, public expenditure, election management policing, financing, voting system, unmanageable, non-voter fines, government enforcement, UK voters, fine collection, administrative costs, demand letters, court proceedings, disenfranchisement, financial burden, taxpayers, civil servants, system administration, enforcement costs, country impact, US voting population, Australia voting cost, bureaucratic costs, ballot evaluation, voter turnout, compulsory voting"
test-international-bmaggiahbl-pro02a	Blind obedience to authority  One of the major factors that exacerbated genocide ideology was the “AKAZU” controlled media which made most of the Hutu population wrongfully obey authority and government propaganda of divisionism[1].  This was achieved by proclaiming that the Tutsi are snakes and cockroaches in newspapers, and directing the Hutu extremists to where killings were to be conducted on radio RTLM. Meanwhile they also refused to broadcast speeches calling out for unity among people helping to lead to the assassination of the then Prime minister Agathe Uwilingiyimana who opposed government restrictions. There was no space to question policies and ideas that were encouraging genocide by manipulating people to believe it was right path for Rwanda.  The genocide should therefore serve as an example that restricting freedoms of speech and press can cause severe damage. This is especially harmful to a healing and reconciling country like Rwanda that needs the freedom to debate the past and analyse how far it has come openly. Rwanda should learn from the past that freedom of speech is necessary to prevent conflict while having only one side potentially exacerbates it.  [1] Chalk, Prof. Frank ‘Radio propaganda and genocide’, Concordia.ca, November 1999 blind obedience, authority, genocide ideology, AKAZU, controlled media, Hutu population, government propaganda, divisionism, dehumanization, Tutsi, radio RTLM, hate speech, media manipulation, unity speeches, censorship, press freedom, freedom of speech, Agathe Uwilingiyimana, government restrictions, policy questioning, manipulation, Rwandan genocide, media role, reconciliation, open debate, conflict prevention, historical analysis, one-sided narrative, propaganda, media influence blind obedience, authority, genocide, ideology, Akazu, controlled media, Hutu, government propaganda, divisionism, Tutsi, dehumanization, snakes, cockroaches, newspapers, radio RTLM, Hutu extremists, killings, unity speeches, censorship, Agathe Uwilingiyimana, assassination, questioning policies, manipulating beliefs, Rwanda, freedom of speech, press freedom, media manipulation, reconciliation, conflict prevention, historical analysis, Chalk, Frank, radio propaganda blind obedience, authority, genocide ideology, AKAZU, controlled media, Hutu, propaganda, divisionism, Tutsi, dehumanization, hate speech, radio RTLM, extremist direction, censorship, unity suppression, assassination, Agathe Uwilingiyimana, policy questioning, manipulation, freedom of speech, press restrictions, Rwanda, genocide prevention, debate, reconciliation, historical analysis, media influence, conflict prevention, one-sided narrative, media manipulation blind obedience, authority, genocide ideology, Akazu, controlled media, Hutu population, propaganda, divisionism, Tutsi dehumanization, snakes, cockroaches, RTLM radio, Hutu extremists, killings, broadcast restrictions, unity speeches, Agathe Uwilingiyimana, speech suppression, questioning policies, media manipulation, genocide encouragement, freedom of speech, press freedom, Rwanda, reconciliation, conflict prevention, historical analysis, propaganda effect, media influence, genocide Rwanda, media bias, one-sided media, freedom restriction blind obedience, authority, genocide ideology, AKAZU, controlled media, Hutu population, government propaganda, divisionism, Tutsi dehumanization, newspapers, Hutu extremists, RTLM radio, unity speeches, media censorship, Prime Minister Agathe Uwilingiyimana, policy questioning suppression, freedom of speech, freedom of press, Rwanda genocide, media manipulation, reconciliation, debate, conflict prevention, one-sided narrative, propaganda, media influence, ethnic violence, historical lessons, Frank Chalk, Concordia
test-international-ssiarcmhb-pro02a	"Going back on this rule would promote casual sex  Condoning the use of barrier methods of contraception would be implicitly condoning casual sex since their primary function is within that context. This is particularly important since the Catholic Church's teachings on casual sex are not taken particularly seriously already. Any action, such as the Catholic Church allowing the use of barrier contraception, that would promote casual sex in countries with severe AIDS/HIV problems, would be an incredibly irresponsible one. Pope Paul VI argued that when considering ""the consequences of methods and plans for artificial birth control. Let them first consider how easily this course of action could open wide the way for marital infidelity and a general lowering of moral standards."" The Church's current stance on barrier contraception, therefore, is the most responsible one1. 1 Pope Paul VI. ""Humanae Vitae."" 1968. Catholic Church, barrier contraception, casual sex, moral standards, Pope Paul VI, Humanae Vitae, artificial birth control, AIDS/HIV, marital infidelity, Church teachings, contraception policy, responsible stance, sexual ethics, sexuality, church doctrine, public health, condom use, church authority, contraception controversy, religious beliefs Catholic Church, barrier contraception, casual sex, contraception policy, Pope Paul VI, Humanae Vitae, AIDS/HIV, birth control, moral standards, marital infidelity, responsible stance, artificial birth control, Church teachings, sexual ethics, contraception debate, societal impact Catholic Church, barrier contraception, casual sex, moral standards, Pope Paul VI, Humanae Vitae, artificial birth control, AIDS, HIV, marital infidelity, Church teachings, responsible stance, contraception policy, sexual ethics, infidelity, moral consequences, church doctrine, contraception controversy, sexual morality, church authority, public health casual sex, barrier contraception, Catholic Church, contraception ethics, church teachings, artificial birth control, Pope Paul VI, Humanae Vitae, marital infidelity, moral standards, AIDS, HIV, responsible stance, church doctrine, contraception controversy Catholic Church, barrier contraception, casual sex, responsible action, AIDS, HIV, morality, Pope Paul VI, Humanae Vitae, artificial birth control, marital infidelity, moral standards, church teachings, contraception policy, sexual ethics, developing countries, church doctrine, public health, reproductive health, contraception debate"
test-free-speech-debate-ldhwprhs-con03a	Silencing views that are considered offensive is self-defeating and would be detrimental to those attempting to advance gay rights.  If freedom of speech is to mean anything then it needs to be a principle that is universally applied. Unless speech represents a direct and immediate threat to public safety then it should not be curtailed. The overwhelming majority of the world would agree with Hammond. Globally this is a significant, possibly a majority, view. Certainly the 24% of people in the UK who believe that homosexual sex should be illegal [1] could be assumed to be sympathetic. These people might well consider gay pride marches to be offensive and a threat to public order but these are allowed to go ahead and so should Hammond’s protest and those like it. The freedom of expression must be allowed equally in both cases.  [1] The Guardian. “Sex uncovered poll: Homosexuality”. 28 August 2008. freedom of speech, offensive views, gay rights, self-defeating censorship, universal application, public safety, free expression, silencing dissent, homosexual rights, UK public opinion, homosexuality, legality of homosexual sex, gay pride marches, protest rights, freedom of expression, global perspective, majority opinion, civil liberties, The Guardian poll freedom of speech, freedom of expression, offensive views, gay rights, silencing dissent, public safety, censorship, universal application, majority opinion, gay pride marches, protest rights, Hammond, homosexuality attitudes, UK public opinion, legality of homosexual sex, The Guardian poll, minority rights, equality, self-defeating censorship, expression rights, free speech principles freedom of speech, offensive views, self-defeating silencing, gay rights, universal principle, public safety, curtailing speech, majority opinion, global perspective, homosexuality, United Kingdom, public order, gay pride marches, equality of expression, Hammond protest, freedom of expression, civil liberties, minority rights, legal status homosexuality, The Guardian poll freedom of speech, free expression, gay rights, offensive views, censorship, civil liberties, public safety, protest rights, equality, hate speech, UK public opinion, homosexuality legality, majority view, gay pride, global consensus, self-defeating censorship, universal application, freedom of assembly, dissenting opinions, speech restriction, democratic principles, The Guardian poll freedom of speech, offensive views, gay rights, self-defeating, detrimental, universal principle, public safety, curtailment of speech, global opinion, majority view, homosexuality legality, UK public opinion, gay pride marches, protest rights, freedom of expression, equality, The Guardian poll, homosexuality attitudes, free speech debate, legal protections
test-science-nsihwbtiss-pro04a	Teacher’s personal life might undermine educational message.  Access to a teacher’s private information and photos may lead to weakening her position as an educator. How can a teacher convincingly speak against smoking or substance abuse if students have access to pictures portraying the teacher themselves drinking or smoking [1] ? For example, a principal from the Bronx, who had been trying to impose a strict dress code at her school, was branded a ‘hypocrite’ by her students when a risqué photo of her was found on her facebook page [2] . And even if the teacher will be careful not to post anything inappropriate on her page, a friend or acquaintance might thereby undermining the teacher. A strict separation of personal and professional life would prevent such incidents from happening.  [1] Preston, Jennifer. ”Rules to Stop Pupil and Teacher from Getting too Social Online”. The New York Times. 17 December 2011. nytimes.com/2011/12/18/business/.../rules-to-limit-how-teachers-and-students-interact-online.html.  [2] Keneally, Megan. ”Pupils at scandal hit school post sexy Facebook shot of principal over hallways.” The Daily Mail. 5 December 2011. teacher personal life, educator credibility, social media risks, teacher student boundaries, private information exposure, professional image, online reputation, substance abuse authority, teacher hypocrisy, Facebook controversy, public perception, strict separation personal professional, digital footprint, educator misconduct, privacy in education, inappropriate photos, teacher role model, dress code enforcement, student teacher interaction, social networking policy teacher personal life, educator credibility, private information, social media, student perception, teacher-student boundaries, online reputation, substance abuse messaging, professional image, inappropriate photos, teacher privacy, teacher misconduct, digital footprint, Facebook scandal, educator hypocrisy, student access, professional-personal separation, online behavior, risk management, teacher dress code, school reputation, teacher ethics teacher personal life, educator credibility, private information, social media risks, teacher-student boundaries, image sharing, professional reputation, substance abuse message, online privacy, inappropriate photos, Facebook controversy, teacher hypocrisy, dress code enforcement, separation personal professional, student-teacher interaction, digital footprint, privacy breach, educator trust, online behavior consequences, social networking ethics, school policy, public perception, role model, teacher reputation management, professional conduct teacher personal life, educator credibility, educational authority, teacher private information, social media risks, student perceptions, teacher-student boundaries, reputation management, professional conduct, online privacy, digital footprint, teacher misconduct, online exposure, teacher role model, substance abuse messaging, smoking advocacy, social networking, Facebook controversies, school discipline, hypocrite accusations, dress code enforcement, separation personal professional, teacher image, risk management education teacher personal life, educator credibility, social media risks, teacher student boundaries, privacy, professional reputation, inappropriate photos, online behavior, teacher misconduct, substance abuse message, dress code enforcement, Facebook controversy, personal-professional separation, student perceptions, teacher ethics, digital footprint, school policy, staff professionalism
test-health-ppelfhwbpba-con03a	Partial birth abortions are safer than any available alternative  The D&X abortion procedure generates the minimum of risk for the mother. Banning it means that the only alternatives are premature labour induction for which mortality rates are 2.5 times higher and is emotionally very difficult due to the length of time it takes [1] (it is also likely to be unacceptable to the proposition) and hysterotomy (which results in removal of the womb). Finally as those who are having late partial birth abortions are likely to be suicidal, or at least will be very determined to get rid of their child they are the most likely to resort to back-street methods that cause damage to themselves.  [1] The Harriet and Robert Heilbrunn Department of Population and Family Health, ‘Abortion’, partial birth abortion, D&X procedure, abortion safety, maternal risk, abortion alternatives, premature labor induction, mortality rate, hysterotomy, womb removal, late-term abortion, back-street abortion, self-induced abortion, emotional impact, abortion methods comparison, reproductive health, abortion legislation, abortion ban consequences, mental health risks, suicide risk, Department of Population and Family Health, abortion statistics partial birth abortion, D&X procedure, abortion safety, abortion risks, alternative abortion methods, premature labor induction, mortality rates, emotional impact, hysterotomy, late-term abortion, maternal health, abortion bans, backstreet abortion, self-induced abortion, abortion complications, suicidal patients, abortion statistics, abortion procedure comparison, Department of Population and Family Health, abortion research partial birth abortion, D&X procedure, abortion safety, maternal risk, late-term abortion, abortion alternatives, premature labor induction, abortion mortality rates, hysterotomy, womb removal, emotional impact, illegal abortion, back-street methods, self-harm, suicidal patients, abortion legislation, reproductive health, Harriet and Robert Heilbrunn Department, Population and Family Health, abortion statistics, abortion procedure comparison partial birth abortion, D&X procedure, abortion safety, abortion risk, alternative abortion methods, premature labor induction, maternal mortality, emotional impact, late-term abortion, hysterotomy, womb removal, self-induced abortion, back-street abortion, maternal health, abortion ban, abortion complications, late abortion, abortion and suicide, abortion statistics, abortion alternatives, abortion outcomes, health risks, abortion procedure comparison, Harriet and Robert Heilbrunn Department partial birth abortion, D&X procedure, abortion safety, maternal risk, abortion alternatives, premature labor induction, mortality rates, emotional impact, hysterotomy, womb removal, late-term abortion, back-street abortion, maternal health, abortion mortality, pregnancy termination, abortion legality, mental health, suicidal patients, abortion methods, reproductive health
test-politics-ghbgussbsbt-con04a	Parties as coalitions  The two political parties are ideologically broad churches, with many different factions that stand up for varying positions on the ideological spectrum. The republicans for example contain within them several different republican movements; from social conservatives or ‘the religious right’, through libertarian conservatism like much of the tea party, to fiscal conservatives who are mostly more moderate. Interweaving these three is national security conservatism and issues conservatism. [1]  Policies formed by each party are specifically designed to take into account of the different strands within the party, creating a platform that all candidates can stand on.  The policy is in effect a compromise between different wings of the party, with Primaries adding credence to a particular view.  In effect, Policies enacted under Single-Party Government have had the oversight from party members in order to be representative of the different interests within the party, thus delivering clear, coherent policies to the people that are constantly self-corrected due to the different ideological streams.  [1] Westen, Drew, ‘The Five Strands of Conservatism: Why the GOP is Unraveling’, HuffPost, 23 January 2012, political parties, coalitions, ideological spectrum, broad churches, party factions, republican party, social conservatives, religious right, libertarian conservatism, tea party, fiscal conservatives, moderate republicans, national security conservatism, issues conservatism, party policies, policy compromise, party platforms, primaries, single-party government, intra-party interests, ideological streams, party cohesion, party self-correction, party governance, Drew Westen, GOP, HuffPost, strands of conservatism, party representation party coalitions, political parties, ideological factions, broad church, republican party, republican movements, social conservatives, religious right, libertarian conservatism, tea party, fiscal conservatives, moderate conservatives, national security conservatism, issues conservatism, party platforms, policy compromise, primary elections, single-party government, intra-party interests, coherent policies, ideological diversity, Drew Westen, GOP, conservatism strands, party self-correction political parties, party coalitions, ideological factions, broad churches, republican party, social conservatives, religious right, libertarian conservatism, tea party, fiscal conservatives, national security conservatism, issue conservatism, policy formation, party platform, party wings, primaries, intra-party compromise, single-party government, internal oversight, party interests, ideological diversity, US politics, Drew Westen, GOP, HuffPost political parties, party coalitions, ideological factions, broad church, republican party, democratic party, social conservatives, religious right, libertarian conservatism, tea party, fiscal conservatives, national security conservatism, issues conservatism, party platform, policy compromise, party primaries, intra-party dynamics, policy formation, single-party government, party representation, ideological streams, GOP, Drew Westen, party self-correction, American politics, party factions, inter-party differences party coalitions, political parties, ideologically broad churches, party factions, ideological spectrum, republican party, social conservatives, religious right, libertarian conservatism, tea party, fiscal conservatives, national security conservatism, issues conservatism, party policies, policy compromise, party platforms, primaries, party wings, single-party government, party interests, representative policies, coherent policies, ideological streams, GOP, five strands of conservatism, Drew Westen, conservative factions, party self-correction, policy formation
test-free-speech-debate-nshbcsbawc-con01a	Employers impose rules relating to conduct in the workplace, it’s one of the things that everyone accepts when they take and continue in a job.  Put simply, if you don’t like the rules, don’t do the job. The fact that the world of work and the life of faith can come into conflict should hardly have come as a surprise to the women concerned. From Biblical times onward, that has been a reality.  However, they chose these particular jobs and that choice comes with consequences. Their actions would seem to suggest that they prize their faith more highly than their jobs, the solution seems fairly straightforward – get another job.  Religious belief is also a choice. Nobody is compelling the two women into one particular faith and nobody, including the Church, is compelling them to wear a cross as a demonstration of that decision.  The problem seems to have arisen because one thing they chose to do was in conflict with another thing they chose to do. It is difficult to see how that is the responsibility of either the employer or the courts. employer rules, workplace conduct, religious conflicts, faith at work, job choice consequences, religious expression, cross wearing, employee rights, workplace policies, religious accommodation, employment law, personal belief, workplace conflict, religious discrimination, job requirements, employee obligations, employer responsibility, court decisions, freedom of religion, workplace dress codes workplace conduct, employer rules, employee rights, religious expression, faith versus work, religious symbols at work, workplace conflict, freedom of religion, employee choice, job consequences, cross wearing, religious accommodation, personal belief, workplace discrimination, legal responsibility, church and employment, court responsibility, employment law, religious freedom, employee obligations workplace rules, employment conduct, employee rights, religious expression, faith vs work, workplace conflict, religious accommodation, religious symbols, job requirements, employer responsibility, employee choice, religious freedom, workplace discrimination, cross wearing, court decisions, religious beliefs, employment law, workplace policy, job selection, personal belief conflict workplace conduct, employer rules, religious expression, faith vs job, religious freedom, employment law, workplace conflict, religious symbols, cross wearing, employee rights, choice of employment, court responsibility, personal beliefs, religious accommodation, job consequences workplace rules, employee conduct, job requirements, faith vs work, religious conflicts, religious expression, workplace discrimination, religious symbols, employee choice, employer policies, cross wearing, job consequences, religious accommodation, legal responsibility, court decisions, faith in workplace, personal beliefs, employment law, religious freedom, employer liability
test-international-eiahwpamu-pro02a	Small is beautiful: community empowerment  Microfinance is empowering the communities that are using it - showing in development, small is beautiful. Communities are empowered to change their conditions. For example taking the case of savings - microfinance allows for savings. Half of the adults that saved in Sub-Saharan Africa, during 2013, used an informal, community-based approach (CARE, 2014). First, having savings reduces household risk. CARE is one of many organisations working in innovations for microfinance. At CARE savings have been mobilised across Africa by working with Village Savings and Loans Associations. Overtime, CARE has targeted over 30,000,000 poor people in Africa, to provide necessary finance. Savings ensures households have financial capital, can invest resources in education, health, and the future. Savings is security in livelihoods.  Second, microfinance is providing key skills. Oxfam’s Savings for Change Initiative provides training on savings, and lending, to women in communities in Senegal and Mali. Evidence from Mali indicates startup capital provided has ensured better food security, women’s empowerment in the financial decision-making of households, and crucially, a sense of community bond among the women (Oxfam, 2013). Gender based violence within households may also be reduced [1] .  [1] See further readings: Kim et al, 2007. community empowerment, microfinance, community development, savings, Sub-Saharan Africa, informal finance, Village Savings and Loans Associations, CARE, financial inclusion, household risk reduction, financial capital, education investment, health investment, livelihood security, skill development, Oxfam, Savings for Change, women empowerment, financial decision-making, gender-based violence, food security, community bonds, Senegal, Mali, women’s financial training, poverty alleviation community empowerment, microfinance, development, small is beautiful, savings, Sub-Saharan Africa, informal finance, CARE, Village Savings and Loans Associations, financial inclusion, household risk reduction, Oxfam, Savings for Change, women’s empowerment, financial decision-making, community-based finance, education investment, health investment, livelihood security, training, startup capital, food security, gender equality, social capital, gender-based violence, Mali, Senegal, Africa, financial skills, poverty reduction, community bonds community empowerment, microfinance, development, savings, Sub-Saharan Africa, informal savings, community-based approach, CARE, Village Savings and Loans Associations, poverty alleviation, financial inclusion, financial capital, household risk reduction, education investment, health investment, livelihood security, key skills, Oxfam, Savings for Change Initiative, women empowerment, Senegal, Mali, startup capital, food security, financial decision-making, community bond, gender-based violence, Kim et al 2007 community empowerment, microfinance, savings, Sub-Saharan Africa, informal savings, community-based finance, CARE, Village Savings and Loans Associations, financial inclusion, poverty alleviation, household risk reduction, financial capital, education investment, health investment, sustainable livelihoods, Oxfam, Savings for Change, women’s empowerment, Senegal, Mali, financial decision-making, community bonds, gender equality, gender-based violence reduction, microfinance innovations, financial training, social impact, Africa, economic development microfinance, community empowerment, small is beautiful, development, savings, Sub-Saharan Africa, CARE, Village Savings and Loans Associations, VSLAs, Oxfam, Savings for Change Initiative, financial inclusion, financial capital, household risk, women's empowerment, financial decision-making, gender-based violence, community bond, food security, informal savings, community-based finance, Africa, Senegal, Mali, skill development, poverty reduction, financial training, social innovation, sustainable development
test-international-miasimyhw-pro01a	Free movement will provide benefits for productivity.  A free labour market provides a space for sharing (knowledge, ideas, and socio-cultural traditions), competing, and sustaining efficiency in development. As neoliberal theory advocates a laissez-faire approach is fundamental for growth. A free labour market will enhance economic productivity. Free labour movement enables access to new employment opportunities and markets.  Within the East African Community the Common Market Protocol (CMP) (2010) has removed barriers towards the movement of people, services, capital, and goods. Free regional movement is granted to citizens of any member state in order to aid economic growth. Free movement is providing solutions to regional poverty by expanding the employment opportunities available, enabling faster and efficient movement for labour, and reducing the risk of migration for labour. Similar to initial justifications of Europe’s labour market, a central idea is to promote labour productivity within the region [1] .  [1] Much criticism has been raised with regards to the flexible labour market in Europe - with high unemployment across national member states such as Spain, Ireland, and Greece; the prevalent Euro-crisis, and backlash over social welfare with rising migration. Disparities remain in jobs, growth, and productivity across the EU. free movement, labour market, productivity, neoliberal theory, laissez-faire, economic growth, knowledge sharing, socio-cultural exchange, employment opportunities, market access, East African Community, Common Market Protocol, regional integration, removal of barriers, intra-regional migration, labour mobility, poverty reduction, labour efficiency, development, economic integration, regional development, Europe, flexible labour market, unemployment, Euro-crisis, migration backlash, social welfare, jobs disparity, growth disparity, productivity disparity free movement, labour market, productivity, knowledge sharing, idea exchange, socio-cultural traditions, competition, efficiency, neoliberal theory, laissez-faire, economic growth, employment opportunities, access to markets, East African Community, Common Market Protocol, barrier removal, regional integration, movement of people, services, capital, goods, regional economic growth, poverty reduction, migration, employment expansion, labour migration, regional productivity, European labour market, flexible labour market, unemployment, Euro-crisis, social welfare, migration backlash, economic disparities, EU productivity, job growth, regional development free movement, productivity, free labour market, knowledge sharing, idea exchange, socio-cultural traditions, competition, efficiency, neoliberal theory, laissez-faire, economic growth, employment opportunities, market access, East African Community, Common Market Protocol, barriers removal, intra-regional movement, economic integration, capital mobility, goods movement, regional poverty reduction, job expansion, regional economic development, Europe labour market, Eurozone crisis, unemployment, labour migration, social welfare, economic disparities, EU productivity, flexible labour market free movement, productivity, free labour market, knowledge sharing, idea exchange, socio-cultural traditions, competition, development efficiency, neoliberal theory, laissez-faire, economic growth, employment opportunities, market access, East African Community, Common Market Protocol, barriers removal, regional movement, economic integration, free regional movement, member states, poverty reduction, labour mobility, migration risk, regional employment, labour productivity, flexible labour market, unemployment, national disparities, Euro-crisis, social welfare, migration backlash, EU productivity, economic disparities, growth disparities free movement, labour mobility, productivity, neoliberal theory, laissez-faire, economic growth, knowledge sharing, socio-cultural exchange, competition, efficiency, employment opportunities, East African Community, Common Market Protocol, regional integration, barrier removal, migration, labour market, regional development, poverty reduction, flexible labour market, European Union, unemployment, Euro-crisis, social welfare, job disparities, growth disparities, regional markets, cross-border employment, labour migration, economic integration
test-religion-frghbbgi-con03a	The rareness of Life  Life requires an extremely fine set of conditions in order to exist. The right distance from the Sun, a magnetic field to deflect solar radiation, the right atmospheric composition and conditions etc. These conditions are extremely rare; indeed only on Earth have we observed that they are just right for life to have evolved. [1] This is so unlikely that it leads to the conclusion that God must have intervened.  [1] McAlpine, Kate, ‘Extraterrestrial life could be extremely rare’, physicsworld.com, 1 August 2011, rareness of life, fine-tuned universe, habitability conditions, Earth uniqueness, evolution of life, habitable zone, magnetic field, solar radiation, atmospheric composition, rare Earth hypothesis, probability of life, anthropic principle, divine intervention, extraterrestrial life rarity, life-friendly planets, cosmic fine-tuning, astrobiology, physicsworld, Kate McAlpine, arguments for God, improbability of life, conditions for life, planetary habitability rare life, fine-tuned conditions, habitability, Earth, magnetic field, solar radiation, atmospheric composition, uniqueness, probability, origin of life, astrobiology, extraterrestrial life, God, intelligent design, physicsworld, Kate McAlpine rareness of life, fine-tuned conditions, habitability, Earth, life evolution, magnetic field, solar radiation, atmospheric composition, rare Earth hypothesis, extraterrestrial life, probability, anthropic principle, intelligent design, cosmic conditions, habitable zone, McAlpine Kate, physicsworld.com, astrobiology, likelihood of life, planetary habitability, God's intervention, origin of life rareness of life, fine-tuned conditions, habitability, distance from Sun, magnetic field, solar radiation, atmospheric composition, rare Earth hypothesis, evolution of life, extraterrestrial life, probability of life, anthropic principle, divine intervention, God, physicsworld.com, Kate McAlpine, 2011, life-supporting planets, astrobiology rareness of life, fine-tuned conditions, habitability, Earth, uniqueness, solar distance, magnetic field, atmospheric composition, rare life-supporting planets, probability of life, anthropic principle, extraterrestrial life, argument from design, existence of God, cosmic fine-tuning, physicsworld, Kate McAlpine, rare Earth hypothesis
test-politics-mtpghwaacb-con03a	Collective bargaining has been recognised as an enforcable right  Collective bargaining is a right. If the state allows freedom of association, individuals will gather together and exchange their ideas and views as a natural consequence of this freedom. Further, free association and free expression allows groups to then select a representative to express their ideas in a way that the individuals in the group might not be able to. In preventing people from using this part of their right to assembly, we weaken the entire concept of the right to assembly. The point of the right to assembly is to allow the best possible representation for individuals. When a group of individuals are prevented from enjoying this right then it leads to those individuals feeling isolated from the rest of society who are able to enjoy this right.  This is particularly problematic in the case of public sector workers as the state that is isolating them also happens to be their employer. This hurts the way that people in the public sector view the state that ideally is meant to represent them above all as they actively contribute to the well being of the state.1  Bloomberg, Michael. “Limit Pay, Not Unions.” New York Times. 27/02/2011 collective bargaining, enforceable right, right to assembly, freedom of association, freedom of expression, group representation, public sector workers, isolation, state as employer, individual rights, union rights, labor rights, workplace democracy, employee representation, collective action, state-employer conflict, civil liberties, right to unionize, social exclusion, governmental responsibility collective bargaining, enforceable right, freedom of association, right to assembly, group representation, individual rights, free expression, public sector workers, state as employer, isolation, labor rights, unions, employee rights, workplace democracy, representation, group rights, collective action, constitutional rights, labor law, Bloomberg, Limit Pay Not Unions, New York Times collective bargaining, enforceable right, right to assembly, freedom of association, free expression, representative, group rights, public sector workers, state as employer, labor rights, isolation, workplace representation, union rights, constitutional rights, assembly rights, employee isolation, labor unions, worker representation, freedom of speech, public sector unions, employee rights, labor relations, Bloomberg, Limit Pay Not Unions, New York Times collective bargaining, enforceable right, right to assembly, freedom of association, freedom of expression, representation, public sector workers, isolation, labor rights, unions, state as employer, group representation, labor law, union rights, workers' rights, state-employee relationship, Bloomberg, right to organize, New York Times, assembly rights, social isolation, labor relations, public employees, union representation, employee rights collective bargaining, enforceable right, freedom of association, right to assembly, free expression, group representation, public sector workers, state as employer, isolation, workers' rights, labor unions, Bloomberg, right to unionize, legal recognition, employee representation, workplace democracy, labor law, constitutional rights, public sector unions, social inclusion
test-international-glilpdwhsn-con04a	"Problems with Verification.  Verification is vital in any agreement to limit arms. Both sides need to trust each other a bit but a lot of this trust needs to come from comprehensive mechanisms to monitor and ensure that both sides are carrying out their commitments. If the verification system is not good enough then neither side will have faith in the agreement and will be more likely to try and bypass it.  Unfortunately the expired START’s verification regime was robust when compared to that for the New START. Baker Spring at the Heritage foundation lists some of the specific areas that are significantly less robust: A narrowing of the requirements for exchanging telemetry (electronic transmissions that give details of missile performance that helps give a good idea about whether Russia is complying with the treaty) , A reduction in the effectiveness of the inspections (the Russians feel that inspections are unfairly biased against them), Weaknesses in the ability to verify the number of deployed warheads on ICBMs and submarine-launched ballistic missiles (SLBMs), Abolition of the START verification regime governing mobile ICBMs, and A weakening of the verification standards governing the elimination of delivery vehicles. [1]  [1] Spring, Baker. ""Twelve Flaws of New START That Will Be Difficult to Fix"". Heritage Foundation, The Foundry. 16 September 2010. arms control, verification problems, trust, monitoring mechanisms, compliance, START treaty, New START, telemetry exchange, missile performance, inspections, Russian concerns, deployed warheads verification, ICBMs, SLBMs, mobile ICBMs, delivery vehicles, verification standards, agreement faith, treaty weaknesses, Heritage Foundation, Baker Spring arms control verification, treaty compliance, START treaty, New START shortcomings, verification mechanisms, missile telemetry exchange, inspection effectiveness, ICBM warheads counting, SLBM verification, mobile ICBMs verification, delivery vehicle elimination, trust in arms agreements, verification standards, Baker Spring, Heritage Foundation, nuclear arms reduction, monitoring mechanisms, treaty enforcement, verification regime comparison, inspection bias, transparency in arms control arms control, verification problems, trust mechanisms, monitoring compliance, treaty verification, START treaty, New START, telemetry exchange, missile inspections, warhead verification, ICBM verification, SLBM verification, mobile ICBMs, delivery vehicle elimination, verification standards, heritage foundation, Baker Spring, treaty compliance, inspection effectiveness, arms agreement flaws, arms treaty monitoring arms control, verification problems, trust, agreement compliance, monitoring mechanisms, START treaty, New START, verification regime, telemetry exchange, missile performance, treaty compliance, inspection effectiveness, biased inspections, warhead verification, ICBM, SLBM, mobile ICBMs, delivery vehicle elimination, verification standards, Baker Spring, Heritage Foundation, arms limitation, treaty flaws, nuclear arms, inspection regime, compliance monitoring arms control, verification problems, trust mechanisms, monitoring compliance, treaty verification, START treaty, New START, verification regime, telemetry exchange, missile performance data, inspection effectiveness, bias in inspections, Russian compliance, deployed warheads verification, ICBM verification, SLBM verification, mobile ICBMs, delivery vehicle elimination, Heritage Foundation, Baker Spring, treaty weaknesses, arms agreement flaws, confidence building, treaty enforcement, weakening verification standards"
test-education-ughbuesbf-pro01a	Individuals have a right to the experience of higher education  University offers personal, intellectual, and often spiritual, exploration. In secondary school and in professional life, no such opportunities exist as they are about instruction and following orders, not about questioning norms and conventions in the same way university so often is. [1] A life without the critical thinking skills provided by university will be less useful to society, as citizens will be unable to engage with political debate effectively – citizens need to be critical of what politicians tell them. The state has a responsibility to provide citizens with the skillset to take partake in the democratic process. [2] Free universities benefit both the citizen, as an exploration for his/her own development, and to society, for an educated and active populace.  [1] Key Degree. 2010. “How to Reap the Benefits of College”. Keydegree.com. Available:  ­of­college.html  [2] Swift, Adam. 2001. Political Philosophy: A Beginner’s Guide for Students and Politicians. Cambridge: Polity. higher education, university, personal development, intellectual exploration, spiritual exploration, secondary school, professional life, critical thinking, questioning norms, societal benefit, citizen engagement, political debate, democracy, state responsibility, skillset, free university, access to education, public good, active populace, lifelong learning, civic responsibility, educational access, political philosophy, educated citizens higher education, right to education, university experience, personal development, intellectual exploration, spiritual exploration, critical thinking, questioning norms, secondary school, professional life, instruction, democracy, political debate, civic engagement, citizen skillset, state responsibility, free universities, societal benefit, educated populace, active citizenship, democratic process, educational access, university benefits, social responsibility, political philosophy, Adam Swift higher education, right to education, university experience, personal development, intellectual exploration, spiritual exploration, critical thinking, democratic process, political debate, civic engagement, state responsibility, free universities, educational access, citizen skillset, societal benefit, public good, questioning norms, personal growth, educated populace, political philosophy, lifelong learning higher education, university experience, personal development, intellectual exploration, spiritual exploration, secondary school, professional life, questioning norms, critical thinking, university benefits, societal contribution, political debate, democratic process, state responsibility, civic engagement, free universities, education access, citizen skillset, educated populace, public benefit, lifelong learning, political philosophy, active citizenship, instructional methods, personal growth higher education, right to education, university experience, personal development, intellectual exploration, spiritual exploration, secondary school, professional life, critical thinking, questioning norms, societal benefit, political debate, democratic process, citizen engagement, state responsibility, free universities, education access, civic participation, active populace, skillset, political philosophy, Adam Swift, Key Degree
test-law-cpilhbishioe-con04a	ICC enforcement would create resentment  There are good reasons for why an ICC enforcement arm would be ineffective on its own. It may have all the necessary equipment and training but it would be a foreign force, that may or may not be seen as legitimate, attempting to arrest a native of that country. The result would be resentment in the community at the intrusion. This regularly occurs to national police forces when policing in minority areas. In London the Brixton race riots were seen by one inquiry as “essentially an outburst of anger and resentment by young black people against the police” as the police did not represent them. [1] The result with the ICC as elsewhere would likely to at the least be a lack of cooperation, and with most of the force unable to speak the native language altering perceptions would be difficult. Such a force may bring even fewer results than using local forces and would provide a scapegoat for local politicians. [2]  [1] Bowling, Ben, and Phillips, Coretta, ‘Policing ethnic minority communities’, LSE Research Online, 2003,  p.4  [2] Perritt, Henry H., ‘Policing International Peace and Security: International Police Forces’, Chicago-Kent College of Law, March 1999,  p.294 ICC enforcement, resentment, legitimacy, foreign forces, community intrusion, minority policing, Brixton race riots, cooperation, language barriers, local forces, scapegoat, local politicians, policing ethnic minorities, international police, peace and security, policing effectiveness, national police, cultural representation, law enforcement challenges, public perception, international law enforcement ICC enforcement, resentment, foreign force, legitimacy, community backlash, local cooperation, policing minority areas, Brixton race riots, police representation, language barriers, local forces vs international forces, scapegoating, policing ethnic minority communities, international police, peace and security enforcement, effectiveness of ICC, enforcement arm disadvantages, local political dynamics, legitimacy of law enforcement, perception of police, international law enforcement challenges ICC enforcement, resentment, foreign force, legitimacy, effectiveness, community response, native arrest, local cooperation, language barrier, local policing, minority communities, Brixton riots, police representation, scapegoat, local politicians, policing legitimacy, international police, peace enforcement, community relations, ethnic minority policing, ICC effectiveness ICC enforcement, resentment, foreign enforcement, legitimacy, community mistrust, national police, minority policing, Brixton riots, police-community relations, language barriers, effectiveness, local cooperation, scapegoating, international police, ethnic minorities, policing effectiveness, local forces, international legitimacy, police equipment, training, legitimacy perception, native arrest, peacekeeping, policing challenges, cultural disconnect, community response ICC enforcement, resentment, legitimacy, foreign intervention, community response, policing minorities, Brixton riots, local cooperation, language barriers, effectiveness, international police, scapegoating, local policing, ethnic minorities, law enforcement, peacekeeping, public perception, legitimacy crisis, community policing, resistance, international justice
test-politics-oepdlhfcefp-pro02a	The fact that it is a Representative highlights the fact that the EU is based on consultation and consensus, and that is a positive thing.  While the new ‘EU High Representative for Foreign and Security Policy’ marks only a bold first step towards a more unified voice for the EU, the decisions are indeed still based on a state by state consultation mechanism – hence the name representative. This should however not to be downplayed as a less significant change in how the EU approaches its foreign policy. The consultation aspect is in fact essential to reaching agreement and the importance of not only presenting a united front to the rest of the world (the EU is exemplary in trade policy and environmental policy, but less important when it comes to presenting a united voice in foreign policy as Belgian Foreign minister Mark Eyskens put it in 1991 “Europe is an economic giant, a political dwarf, and a military worm” 1, but also creating a united front through collaboration and debate. One should thus see this not only as a means to an end, but rather as an important mechanism in itself, whereby new identities are slowly created along with a deeper sense of commitment to a common set of values.  1. Craig R Whitney, ‘WAR IN THE GULF: EUROPE; Gulf Fighting Shatters Europeans’ Fragile Unity’, EU, High Representative, Foreign Policy, Security Policy, consultation, consensus, decision-making, state consultation mechanism, unified voice, European Union, foreign policy coordination, collaboration, debate, unified front, trade policy, environmental policy, Mark Eyskens, political unity, European identity, common values, commitment, policy integration, supranationalism, intergovernmentalism, policy change, Craig R Whitney, Gulf War, European unity, international relations, EU institutions, diplomacy EU High Representative, foreign policy, security policy, representative role, consultation, consensus, decision-making, state-by-state mechanism, EU unity, collaboration, debate, common values, EU identity, unified voice, trade policy, environmental policy, political integration, Mark Eyskens, European unity, EU governance, policy-making process, member states, diplomatic relations, European integration, international relations, institutional change, commitment, cooperation, policy coordination, external representation EU, High Representative, Foreign and Security Policy, consultation, consensus, unified voice, state by state, decision-making, representative, foreign policy, EU integration, European Union, collaboration, debate, identity creation, common values, trade policy, environmental policy, political unity, European governance, Mark Eyskens, policy coordination, international relations, commitment, policy mechanism, intra-EU relations, value formation, policymaking, political cooperation, EU external action, unity, European diplomacy EU, High Representative, Foreign and Security Policy, consultation, consensus, unified voice, state by state mechanism, foreign policy, decision-making, European Union, collaboration, debate, joint policy, commitment, common values, integration, trade policy, environmental policy, Mark Eyskens, political unity, identity formation, policy coordination, EU institutions, international relations, diplomacy, representation. EU High Representative, foreign policy, security policy, consultation, consensus, unified voice, state consultation, decision-making, representation, collaboration, debate, EU identity, common values, policy-making, trade policy, environmental policy, political unity, Mark Eyskens, European unity, foreign affairs, integration, commitment, political cooperation, EU institutions, European External Action Service, interstate negotiations, commitment mechanisms, policy coordination, member states, diplomacy, international relations
test-environment-opecewiahw-con02a	A dam would damage the environment  Dams due to their generation of renewable electricity are usually seen as environmentally friendly but such mega projects are rarely without consequences. The Grand Inga would lower the oxygen content of the lower course of the river which would mean a loss of species. This would not only affect the river as the Congo’s delta is a submerged area of 300,000km2 far out into the Atlantic. This system is not yet understood but the plume transmits sediment and organic matter into the Atlantic ocean encouraging plankton offshore contributing to the Atlantic’s ability to be a carbon sink. [1]  [1] Showers, Kate, ‘Will Africa’s Mega Dam Have Mega Impacts?’, International Rivers, 5 March 2012, dam environmental impact, hydroelectricity, renewable energy, Grand Inga dam, biodiversity loss, river oxygen depletion, Congo River, river delta, sediment transport, organic matter flux, plankton productivity, Atlantic Ocean carbon sink, ecosystem consequences, mega dam projects, aquatic species loss, downstream effects, environmental consequences, Africa dams, International Rivers, Kate Showers Grand Inga Dam, environmental impact, renewable electricity, oxygen depletion, species loss, Congo River, river delta, Atlantic Ocean, sediment transport, organic matter, plankton, carbon sink, ecosystem consequences, mega dam, Africa, hydroelectric projects, biodiversity, aquatic life, International Rivers, Showers Kate Grand Inga Dam, environmental impact, renewable electricity, oxygen depletion, species loss, Congo River, river delta, sediment transport, organic matter, Atlantic Ocean, plankton, carbon sink, mega projects, Africa, hydroelectric dams, biodiversity, ecosystem consequences, International Rivers, Kate Showers dam environmental impact, renewable electricity, mega dam consequences, Grand Inga Dam, river oxygen depletion, species loss, Congo River delta, river ecosystem disruption, sediment transport, organic matter, Atlantic Ocean plankton, carbon sink, hydropower environmental effects, biodiversity loss, International Rivers, Kate Showers, aquatic ecosystem, delta plume, mega project risks Grand Inga Dam, environmental impact, renewable electricity, oxygen depletion, species loss, Congo River, river delta, sediment transport, organic matter, Atlantic Ocean, plankton, carbon sink, hydroelectric projects, biodiversity, ecosystem disruption, International Rivers, mega dams, Africa, aquatic life, environmental consequences
test-science-ascidfakhba-pro04a	The costs of monitoring copyright by states, artists, and lawyers far outweigh the benefits, and is often simply ineffective  The state incurs huge costs in monitoring for copyright infringement, in arresting suspected perpetrators, in imprisonment of those found guilty, even though in reality nothing was stolen but an idea that, once released to it, belonged to the public domain more or less. [1] Furthermore, the deterrent effect to copyright piracy generated by all the efforts of the state and firms has proven generally minimal. In fact, the level of internet piracy of books, music, and films has increased dramatically year on year for several years, increasing by 30% in 2011 alone. [2] This is because in many cases copyright laws are next to unenforceable, as the music and movie industries have learned to their annoyance in recent years, for example ninety percent of DVDs sold in China are bootlegs while even western consumers are increasingly bypassing copyright by using peer to peer networks. [3] Only a tiny fraction of perpetrators are ever caught, and though they are often punished severely in an attempt to deter future crime, it has done little to stop their incidence. Copyright, in many cases, does not work in practice plain and simple. Releasing works under a creative commons licensing scheme does a great deal to cope with these pressures. In the first instance it is a less draconian regime, so individuals are more willing to buy into it as a legitimate claim by artists rather than an onerous stranglehold on work. This increases compliance with the relaxed law. Secondly, the compliance means that artists are given the vocal crediting under the license rules that gives them more public exposure than clandestine copying could not. Ultimately this adaptation of current copyright law would benefit the artist and the consumer mutually.  [1] World Intellectual Property Organization. “Emerging Issues in Intellectual Property”. 2011   [2] Hartopo, A. “The Past, Present and Future of Internet Piracy”. Jakarta Globe. 26 July 2011.   [3] Quirk, M., “The Movie Pirates”, The Atlantic, 19 November 2009, copyright monitoring costs, state enforcement, copyright infringement, monitoring inefficacy, enforcement costs, piracy deterrence, internet piracy statistics, book piracy, music piracy, film piracy, peer-to-peer networks, unenforceable copyright laws, DVD bootlegs, China media piracy, low prosecution rates, severe punishment, copyright deterrent failure, Creative Commons licensing, alternative licensing, copyright regime, artist compliance, public exposure, artist benefits, consumer benefits, mutual adaptation, intellectual property challenges, copyright law reform copyright enforcement, monitoring costs, state expenses, public domain, copyright infringement, deterrent effect, internet piracy, books, music, films, digital piracy statistics, unenforceable laws, DVD bootlegs, peer-to-peer networks, minimal deterrence, prosecution rates, creative commons licensing, compliance, artist exposure, mutual benefit, intellectual property, piracy trends, copyright law adaptation, copyright effectiveness, consumer benefit, creative commons advantages copyright monitoring costs, state enforcement, artists, lawyers, copyright infringement, enforcement costs, deterrent effect, internet piracy, piracy statistics, book piracy, music piracy, film piracy, unenforceable copyright laws, DVD bootlegs, peer-to-peer networks, copyright prosecution, creative commons licensing, compliance rates, public domain, intellectual property, WIPO, piracy trends, copyright law adaptation, artist benefits, consumer benefits, public exposure, relaxed copyright regime, deterrence failure, copyright ineffective, copyright alternatives copyright enforcement, monitoring costs, state expenditure, legal costs, copyright infringement, deterrent effect, internet piracy, peer-to-peer networks, music industry, movie industry, DVD bootlegging, China piracy, enforcement ineffectiveness, creative commons, licensing schemes, artist benefits, compliance, public domain, intellectual property, consumer benefits, copyright laws, public exposure, intellectual property rights, enforcement challenges, legal deterrence, piracy statistics, cultural industries, copyright adaptation copyright enforcement, monitoring costs, state expenses, artist rights, legal costs, copyright infringement, public domain, deterrent effect, internet piracy, peer-to-peer networks, music industry, movie industry, DVD bootlegging, China piracy, western consumers, enforcement difficulties, punishment deterrent, creative commons license, licensing schemes, compliance rates, artist credit, public exposure, mutual benefit, consumer benefit, copyright adaptation, intellectual property, copyright ineffectiveness, enforcement failure, digital piracy, copyright alternatives, copyright compliance
test-philosophy-apessghwba-con05a	Animals involved in animal research are mostly well treated.  The vast majority of animals used in research are not subjected to suffering. Where there may be pain, they are given painkillers, and when they are euthanized it is done humanely. [1] They are looked after well, as the health of the animals is usually not only required by law and good practice, but beneficial for the experimental results. Many of these animals live better lives than they might have done had they been born into the wild. Many animals, and indeed humans, die untimely deaths that are due to reasons other than old age, animal experimentation may increase these numbers slightly but so long as the animals are treated well there should be no moral objection to animal research. If the foundation of the argument for banning animal experimentation is therefore based upon the cruel treatment and pain suffered by animals then this is a reason for regulation to make sure there is very little suffering rather than an outright ban.  [1] Herzog, H., “Dealing With the Animal Research Controversy”, in Akins, C. Panicker, S. & Cunningham, C. L (eds.), Laboratory animals in research and teaching: Ethics, care and methods, (Washington, DC, US: American Psychological Association, 2005, Ch. 1. animal research, animal welfare, animal treatment, laboratory animals, pain management, humane euthanasia, animal suffering, animal health, animal care, animal experimentation, animal research ethics, animal research regulation, animal rights, animal research controversy, laboratory animal standards, animal research laws, animal research oversight, animal well-being, ethical animal research, reduction of animal suffering, humane treatment, animal research benefits, animal care guidelines, animal testing, animal research morality animal research, animal welfare, humane treatment, pain management, euthanasia, animal suffering, laboratory animals, animal experimentation regulations, animal ethics, research animal care, experimental animal health, animal rights, animal use in research, humane euthanasia, animal experimentation controversy, animal painkillers, laboratory animal laws, animal care standards, animal experiment justification, animal mortality, animal research oversight, laboratory animal well-being, animal experimentation benefits, animal research practices, animal health legislation animal research, animal welfare, humane treatment, pain management, euthanasia, laboratory animals, animal care, animal suffering, ethical animal use, animal experimentation, regulation, animal rights, research ethics, animal health, legislation, animal well-being, animal painkillers, humane euthanasia, scientific research, laboratory standards, animal experimentation debate, animal welfare laws animal research, animal welfare, animal care, animal treatment, animal suffering, pain management, humane euthanasia, animal experimentation, animal ethics, laboratory animals, animal regulation, animal law, animal rights, experimental results, humane treatment, animal health, animal use in research, research ethics, animal painkillers, animal mortality, ethical experimentation, animal care standards, animal protection, animal experimentation controversy, animal oversight animal research, animal welfare, humane treatment, pain management, euthanasia, regulation, laboratory animals, animal suffering, ethical research, animal care, research ethics, animal experimentation, animal rights, animal health, animal wellbeing, scientific research, animal law, animal protection, animal use in science, laboratory animal care, research standards, animal experimentation regulation
test-environment-aiahwagit-con01a	African countries have little money to spare  Africa has some of the least developed countries in the world, making extensive protection of endangered animals unviable. Many African countries are burdened by the more pressing issues of civil war, large debts, poverty, and economic underdevelopment. [1] These factors already draw significant amounts of money from limited budgets. Tanzania, for example, has revenue of $5.571 billion and an expenditure of $6.706 billion. [2] Increased expenditure on animal protection projects would only serve to worsen this budget deficit.  [1] Simensen, J. ‘Africa: the causes of under-development and the challenges of globalisation’  [2] The World Factbook ‘Tanzania’ Africa, African countries, underdevelopment, poverty, civil war, national budget, economic issues, budget deficit, endangered animals, wildlife protection, limited resources, Tanzania, government expenditure, government revenue, debt burden, financial constraints, development challenges, animal conservation, globalisation, Simensen, World Factbook Africa, African countries, limited budgets, economic underdevelopment, poverty, civil war, large debts, budget deficit, endangered animals, wildlife protection, financial constraints, Tanzania, government expenditure, national revenue, least developed countries, development challenges, conservation funding, public spending, funding limitations, policy priorities Africa, African countries, limited funding, budget constraints, underdevelopment, poverty, civil war, large debts, economic challenges, endangered animals, wildlife protection, conservation funding, scarce resources, fiscal deficit, government expenditure, Tanzania, globalisation, revenue, economic priorities, development challenges, social issues, national budgets Africa, African countries, least developed countries, endangered animals, wildlife protection, economic constraints, limited budgets, civil war, poverty, debt, economic underdevelopment, government expenditure, Tanzania, budget deficit, under-development, globalisation, animal conservation, financial resources, development challenges, public spending, revenue, fiscal policy, prioritization, national budget, economic challenges Africa, African countries, underdevelopment, least developed countries, endangered animals, animal protection, conservation funding, budget constraints, economic challenges, civil war, national debt, poverty, economic underdevelopment, government spending, financial resources, limited budgets, Tanzania, revenue, expenditure, budget deficit, development challenges, globalisation, Simensen, World Factbook
test-politics-ypppgvhwmv-con03a	There are alternatives that tackle the real causes of voter disengagement  Compulsory voting hides the problem which is causing people to be disengaged from politics; it allows politicians to ignore measures that can tackle the true causes of political disengagement.  States instead should seek on strategies that will eliminate barriers to voting along with reducing the costs of turnout for its citizens, weekend voting, making election days a holiday, simple registration procedures, reforms such as to the party finance rules to widen the playing field, and the creation of a centralized, professional bureaucracy concerned with all aspects of election administration. In the UK, for example, adopting a more proportional system will allow for a political spectrum rather than the three major parties that currently dominate. voter disengagement, compulsory voting, political disengagement, barriers to voting, voter turnout, election reform, weekend voting, election holiday, voter registration, party finance reform, proportional representation, election administration, UK electoral system, political participation, voting accessibility, electoral barriers, political spectrum, marginalized voters, centralized election bureaucracy, multiparty system voter disengagement, compulsory voting, political disengagement, alternatives, barriers to voting, turnout costs, weekend voting, election holiday, simple registration, election reform, party finance rules, widening playing field, centralized election administration, professional election bureaucracy, UK elections, proportional representation, political spectrum, electoral system, major party dominance voter disengagement, compulsory voting, political disengagement, barriers to voting, voter turnout, weekend voting, election holiday, simple registration, party finance reform, proportional representation, election administration, UK politics, voting accessibility, political participation, electoral system reform, centralized election bureaucracy, multi-party system, political spectrum, major party dominance voter disengagement, political participation, compulsory voting, electoral reform, voter turnout, voter barriers, voting accessibility, weekend voting, election day holiday, simple voter registration, party finance reform, proportional representation, election administration, UK electoral system, political spectrum, three-party dominance, political inclusivity, centralized election bureaucracy, lowering voting costs, political engagement strategies, alternative voting systems voter disengagement, compulsory voting, electoral reform, political participation, barriers to voting, voter turnout, election accessibility, weekend voting, election holiday, voter registration, party finance reform, proportional representation, political spectrum, election administration, UK elections, electoral systems, political apathy, voting costs, democratic engagement, party dominance, centralized election bureaucracy
test-society-ghbgqeaaems-pro01a	Gender equality is based on fundamental human rights endorsed by the EU which needs to be addressed  Gender equality at the workplace is an important principle that businesses should follow. If we consider men and women to be equal then they should be equally represented at the top levels of politics, society, and business. This is not simply a national issue, but a pan-EU problem of justice and equal rights. Gender equality is linked to the fundamental human rights that the EU endorses and the lack of progress in terms of women in high positions of Europe requires a proactive stance. As Morin-Chartier argues, the EU directives are about being a model for one another and the quotas will serve as an archetype for others worldwide. Therefore, the quotas are necessary to encourage progress in this field as other tools have not brought equal gender representation. gender equality, human rights, EU, workplace equality, business, equal representation, politics, society, justice, equal rights, women in leadership, Europe, quotas, EU directives, proactive measures, gender parity, diversity, inclusion, female representation, discrimination, gender balance, legal framework, progress, organizational policy gender equality, fundamental human rights, EU, workplace equality, business principles, equal representation, politics, society, top positions, pan-EU problem, justice, equal rights, women in leadership, Europe, proactive stance, EU directives, gender quotas, policy model, international example, quota necessity, gender representation, women empowerment, legislative measures, diversity, inclusion gender equality, fundamental human rights, EU, workplace equality, business principles, equal representation, leadership positions, women in leadership, political parity, societal equality, European Union directives, gender quotas, justice, equal rights, pan-EU issue, women in high positions, proactive stance, EU model, global archetype, diversity quotas, policy enforcement, gender balance, corporate governance gender equality, fundamental human rights, EU directives, workplace equality, business principles, equal representation, leadership positions, politics, society, justice, equal rights, Europe, women in leadership, proactive stance, quotas, progress, high positions, Morin-Chartier, model for others, global impact, inequality, gender quotas, women's representation, pan-European issue, corporate governance, diversity, inclusion, policy enforcement, quota effectiveness, legislative action gender equality, fundamental human rights, EU, workplace, businesses, equal representation, top levels, politics, society, business, pan-EU problem, justice, equal rights, women in leadership, high positions, proactive stance, EU directives, Morin-Chartier, quotas, model, progress, gender quotas, worldwide impact, equal gender representation
test-society-mmcpsgfhbf-con01a	Freedom of expression is essential for women  Social movements should limit themselves to pushing for the rights of social groups, not restricting them. The feminist movement, as a social movement, should not limit the voices of women in the same way their oppressors have throughout history. Banning pornography would directly restrict the freedom of choice of women who want to manifest their sexuality and express themselves in revolutionary ways in art and media. Examples such as amateur and improvised porn, which are independent of a director, show the deep value of self-expression and self-definition women can find in this form of art. The desire of some actresses to become internationally recognised as ‘sex symbols’, become porn stars, or simply convey that sex is for women too, is a legitimate one, and not an act of desperation. This must be taken into account in cases of pornography between consenting adults, for consenting adults. freedom of expression, women’s rights, feminist movement, social movements, censorship, pornography, sexual expression, self-expression, art, media, adult consent, sex positivity, women in media, female sexuality, agency, empowerment, amateur porn, independent porn, self-definition, sex symbols, choice, oppression, historical oppression, women’s voices, women’s autonomy, consent, adult entertainment, sexual liberation freedom of expression, women's rights, social movements, feminist movement, women's voices, pornography, sexual self-expression, art, media, amateur porn, independent porn, self-definition, sex symbols, porn stars, female empowerment, consent, adult pornography, sexual autonomy, censorship, gender equality, women's sexuality freedom of expression, women's rights, feminist movement, social movements, censorship, pornography debate, women's sexuality, self-expression, art and media, consent, sexual autonomy, sexual empowerment, sex-positive feminism, agency, porn industry, self-definition, amateur porn, sex work, female empowerment, gender equality freedom of expression, women, social movements, feminist movement, censorship, pornography, women's rights, sexual self-expression, art, media, independence, self-definition, amateur porn, empowerment, agency, sex symbols, consent, adult entertainment, gender equality, women's sexuality, voice, self-determination, oppression, social justice, feminist debate, sexual autonomy freedom of expression, women's rights, feminist movement, social movements, censorship, pornography, women's sexuality, self-expression, art, media, sexual autonomy, consent, sex work, adult entertainment, empowerment, agency, self-definition, sex-positive feminism, gender equality, sexual liberation, amateur porn, independent porn, women's choice, sexual representation, sex symbols, adult actresses, women's empowerment, artistic expression, feminism and pornography, freedom of choice
test-free-speech-debate-fsaphgiap-con01a	Denial of privacy to the leaders  The leaders of states deserve privacy in exactly the same way as anyone else. Just like their citizens leaders want and deserve privacy and it would be unfair for everyone to know about their health. Leaders may suffer from diseases such AIDS/HIV or embarrassing illnesses which could damage a leader.  The people only a need for the people to know when the illness significantly damages the running of the government. The government can function on its own without its leader for several days; only if the illness incapacitates the leader for a long period is there any need to tell the people. Clearly if the President is working from his bed he is still doing the job and his government is functioning. William Pitt the Younger, Prime Minister of Great Britain was toasted as 'the Saviour of Europe' while he was seriously ill but still running the country during the height of the Napoleonic Wars. 1  1 Bloy, Marjie, 'William Pitt the Younger (1759-1806)', Victorian Web, 4 January 2006, leader privacy, political leaders, right to privacy, health disclosure, public figures, government transparency, illness confidentiality, leadership health, public need to know, privacy rights, leader health information, AIDS/HIV stigma, embarrassing illnesses, incapacitated leader, government continuity, William Pitt the Younger, political accountability, leader medical privacy, Napoleonic Wars, Victorian Web leader privacy, state leaders, right to privacy, leader health disclosure, political privacy, medical confidentiality, public figures, AIDS/HIV stigma, illness and governance, leadership incapacitation, government transparency, leader illness impact, privacy laws, public interest vs privacy, William Pitt the Younger, historical leadership health, Victorian Web, health information, privacy rights, government continuity privacy, leaders, state leaders, health confidentiality, public officials, medical privacy, government transparency, illness disclosure, leader's health, AIDS, HIV, embarrassing illnesses, incapacitation, public interest, government function, leadership absence, historical examples, William Pitt the Younger, Napoleonic Wars, political privacy, personal privacy rights, ethical governance, privacy vs transparency, head of state, citizen rights, public knowledge, leader's rights, government stability leader privacy, state leaders, right to privacy, health disclosure, political leaders, medical confidentiality, government transparency, public interest, leader illness, privacy rights, AIDS/HIV disclosure, leader health, political privacy, incapacitation, government functioning, William Pitt the Younger, privacy vs transparency, leader medical condition, leadership and illness, public disclosure, Napoleonic Wars, Victorian Web leader privacy, political leaders, privacy rights, health confidentiality, public disclosure, illness secrecy, government transparency, state leaders, medical privacy, public need to know, incapacitation, leadership health, privacy ethics, William Pitt the Younger, embarrassing illnesses, HIV/AIDS leaders, government continuity, privacy debate, political accountability, Victorian Web
test-science-nsihwbtiss-pro03a	Acting as a warning signal for children at risk.  It is very difficult for a child to realize that he is being groomed; they are unlikely to know the risk1. After all, a teacher is regarded as a trusted adult. But, if the child is aware that private electronic contact between teachers and students is prohibited by law, the child will immediately know the teacher is doing something he is not supposed to if he initiates private electronic contact. This will therefore act as an effective warning sign to the child and might prompt the child to tell a parent or another adult about what is going on. warning signs, child grooming, at-risk children, private electronic contact, teacher-student boundaries, trusted adults, prohibited communication, child protection, child awareness, reporting abuse, electronic communication laws, safeguarding children, teacher misconduct, online safety, student safety, child abuse prevention, law and regulation, parental notification warning signal, children at risk, grooming awareness, private electronic contact, teacher-student boundaries, prohibited by law, child protection, trusted adult, warning sign, child disclosure, adult notification, electronic communication policies, safeguarding children, teacher misconduct, student safety child grooming, warning signals, at-risk children, teacher-student electronic contact, child protection, trusted adults, private communication, prohibited contact, abuse prevention, legal restrictions, teacher misconduct, child awareness, reporting abuse, safeguarding children, electronic communication policies, grooming prevention, risk identification, student safety, teacher boundaries, child vulnerability warning signal, children at risk, child grooming, child safety, trusted adult, teacher-student boundaries, private electronic contact, prohibited communication, legal restrictions, awareness, child protection, reporting abuse, prevention, electronic communication laws, student safeguarding, grooming prevention, teacher misconduct, risk awareness, mandatory reporting, abuse prevention warning signal, children at risk, child grooming, teacher-student boundaries, private electronic contact, trusted adult, legal prohibition, child awareness, reporting abuse, child protection, online safety, teacher misconduct, child safeguarding, risk indicators, adult intervention
test-international-ssiarcmhb-pro05a	"Protects people from spending eternity in Hell.  It is important to remember that the Catholic Church believe that barrier contraception is against God and that using it will condemn people to Hell. Therefore, even if the Church's stance on condoms is harmful, which the proposition does not accept that it is, it is less harmful than people spending an eternity suffering. In this context, therefore, the most responsible thing for the Catholic Church to do is to forbid the use of condoms and, thereby, save people from Hell1. 1 Pope Paul VI. ""Humanae Vitae."" 1968. Catholic Church, barrier contraception, condoms, Hell, salvation, sin, God, morality, Humanae Vitae, Pope Paul VI, Church doctrine, eternal punishment, afterlife, contraception ethics, religious teaching, Church stance Catholic Church, barrier contraception, condoms, Hell, salvation, doctrine, Humanae Vitae, Pope Paul VI, eternal damnation, Church teaching, moral theology, contraception ban, responsible action, religious ethics, sexual morality, eternal suffering, Catholic beliefs, sin, birth control, prohibitions, afterlife consequences, Church morality, ecclesiastical authority, damnation avoidance Catholic Church, Hell, eternity, barrier contraception, condoms, moral doctrine, sin, damnation, salvation, Pope Paul VI, Humanae Vitae, doctrine of contraception, Church teachings, religious ethics, eternal punishment, responsible action, forbidding condoms, theological arguments, afterlife consequences, morality, birth control, Catholic beliefs, church authority, spiritual harm, contraception debate Catholic Church, Hell, salvation, contraception, barrier contraception, condoms, doctrine, moral teachings, Humanae Vitae, Pope Paul VI, eternal damnation, sin, religious ethics, Church stance, sexual morality, responsible action, condemnation, afterlife, Church authority, Catholic beliefs Catholic Church, Hell, barrier contraception, condoms, eternal damnation, moral teaching, Church doctrine, sin, Humanae Vitae, Pope Paul VI, Christian ethics, salvation, afterlife, contraception ban, religious belief, harm reduction, spiritual consequences, Church responsibility"
test-health-ppelfhwbpba-con02a	Opposition to partial birth abortion is part of a strategy intended to ban abortion in general  Partial-birth abortions form a tiny proportion of all abortions, but from a medical and psychological point of view they ought to be the least controversial. The reason for this focus is that late-term abortions are the most obviously distasteful, because late-term foetuses look more like babies than embryos or foetuses at an earlier developmental stage. Late-term abortions therefore make for the best pro-life campaigning material. By attempting to focus the debate here, campaigners are aiming to conflate all abortions with late-term abortions, and to increase opposition to all abortion on that basis. partial-birth abortion, abortion ban strategy, late-term abortion, abortion controversy, pro-life campaign, psychological impact, medical perspective, late-term foetus, abortion debate, anti-abortion tactics, abortion opposition, campaign material, abortion laws, abortion conflation, late-term fetus appearance, abortion politics, fetal development, abortion proportion, pro-life movement, abortion rhetoric partial birth abortion, abortion ban strategy, late-term abortion, pro-life campaign, psychological perspective, medical perspective, fetal development, abortion controversy, abortion debate, campaign tactics, abortion opposition, abortion laws, abortion policy, anti-abortion strategy, abortion public opinion, conflating abortion types, abortion imagery, late-term fetuses, abortion advocacy, abortion debate framing partial birth abortion, abortion ban strategy, late-term abortion, pro-life campaign, abortion controversy, public perception abortion, fetal development, psychological aspects abortion, medical aspects late-term abortion, abortion debate framing, opposition to abortion, abortion legislation, anti-abortion tactics, late-term fetus, abortion policy, conflation of abortion types partial-birth abortion, late-term abortion, abortion ban strategy, opposition to abortion, pro-life campaigning, abortion debate, late-term foetuses, psychological perspective, medical perspective, abortion controversy, abortion legislation, abortion conflation, abortion campaign tactics, pro-choice, abortion laws, abortion proportion, abortion opposition methods partial birth abortion, late-term abortion, abortion opposition, abortion ban strategy, pro-life campaigning, abortion debate, abortion controversy, fetal development, psychological perspective, medical perspective, abortion statistics, campaign material, late-term fetuses, abortion laws, abortion conflation, abortion rhetoric, abortion public opinion, abortion advocacy, abortion regulation, abortion framing
test-science-sghwbdgmo-con03a	Genetically modified organisms will prevent starvation due to global climate changes.  The temperature of the earth is rising, and the rate of increase is itself increasing. As this continues, foods that grow now will not be acclimatized to the hotter conditions. Evolution takes many years and we simply do not have the time to starve while we wait for this to occur. Whilst there may be a vast supply of food now, we need to look to the future and how our current crops will withstand our changing environment. We can improve our food supply for the future if we invest in GM crops now. These crops can be made specifically to deal with the hotter conditions.  Moreover, Rodomiro Ortiz, director of resource mobilization at the International Maize and Wheat Improvement Centre in Mexico, is currently conducting trials with GM crops to get them to grow is drought conditions. [1] This has already in 2007 been implemented by Monsanto in South Africa and has shown that genetically modified maize can be grown in South Africa and so prevent starvation. [2]  In other countries, this would also mean that foods could be cultured where organic foods would not be able to. This would mean those in third world countries could grow their own crops on their low nutrient content soil. This has the additional benefit of not impacting on the environment as no transport would be needed to take the food to the places where it is needed; this would have to occur with organic foods grown in areas of good soil and weather conditions. [3]  [1] Ortiz R., Overview on Crop Genetic Engineering for Drought-prone Environments, published December 2007,  , accessed 09/05/2011  [2] African Center for Biosafety, Monsanto’s genetically modified drought tolerant maize in South Africa,  , accessed 09/02/2011  [3] Rosenthal E., Environmental Costs of Shipping Groceries around the World, published 04/26/2008,  , accessed 09/02/2011 genetically modified organisms, GMOs, starvation prevention, global climate change, rising temperatures, crop adaptation, accelerated evolution, future food supply, investment, GM crops, heat tolerance, climate-resilient agriculture, drought-resistant crops, Rodomiro Ortiz, International Maize and Wheat Improvement Centre, GM crop trials, Monsanto, South Africa, genetically modified maize, food security, third world agriculture, low nutrient soils, local food production, environmental impact, food transport reduction, sustainable agriculture, organic vs GM crops genetically modified organisms, GMOs, starvation prevention, global climate change, rising temperatures, accelerated warming, crop acclimatization, agricultural adaptation, food security, future crops, GM crops, climate resilience, hotter environments, drought-tolerant crops, Rodomiro Ortiz, International Maize and Wheat Improvement Centre, Mexico, crop trials, Monsato, South Africa, genetically modified maize, food supply, third world countries, low nutrient soil, sustainable agriculture, organic foods, environmental impact, global food transport, local food production, shipping groceries, crop genetic engineering, drought-prone environments, adaptation to climate change, agricultural biotechnology, food genetically modified organisms, GM crops, climate change, global warming, rising temperatures, crop adaptation, food security, starvation prevention, drought resistance, crop engineering, maize, wheat, Rodomiro Ortiz, International Maize and Wheat Improvement Centre, Monsanto, South Africa, drought-tolerant maize, third world countries, low nutrient soil, local food production, reduced food transport, environmental impact, organic foods, future food supply, evolution, crop acclimatization, climate adaptation, sustainable agriculture, food scarcity, resource mobilization genetically modified organisms, GM crops, starvation prevention, global climate change, rising temperatures, crop adaptation, food security, drought-resistant crops, crop evolution, Monsanto, South Africa, Rodomiro Ortiz, International Maize and Wheat Improvement Centre, low nutrient soil, developing countries, environmental impact, local food production, organic foods, transport reduction, maize, wheat, drought tolerance, biotechnology, agriculture innovation, food supply sustainability, climate-resilient crops, third world hunger, crop genetic engineering, agricultural adaptation, sustainable agriculture, food distribution genetically modified organisms, GMOs, starvation prevention, climate change, global warming, rising temperature, crop adaptation, agricultural biotechnology, future food supply, GM crops, drought resistance, Rodomiro Ortiz, maize, wheat, International Maize and Wheat Improvement Centre, drought-prone environments, Monsanto, South Africa, genetically modified maize, third world countries, low nutrient soil, food security, crop engineering, food sustainability, organic food, environmental impact, food transport, shipping groceries, local agriculture, climate resilience, crop evolution, resource mobilization, agricultural innovation
test-free-speech-debate-nshbcsbawc-con02a	Both employers acted out of concern for the interests of their clients, employees should respect that.  Employers don’t introduce rules because it’s fun but, rather, because they serve a purpose. Ms. Chaplin has expressed concern about the legal costs incurred by the NHS Trust which employed her in fighting the action she initiated. Health and safety rules exist, in part, to avoid the possibility of subsequent legal action; it might be reasonable for her to support such rules given her concern [i] .  Likewise, airlines have uniform policies to make their services, well, uniform. It’s what their customers expect. In much the same way as many Christians refuse to receive communion from a woman or a homosexual, it simply goes with the job.  For any workplace to function, the lifestyles of the employees need to accommodate the needs of the customers or users of the service provided by the employer. Clearly there is a degree of balance involved and the values of the employee need to be respected. However, this case isn’t about the values of the employee – they weren’t fired for being Christian – it was about and active decision in how to demonstrate those values. A decision not taken by their co-religionists and one that seemed to owe more to belligerence than to belief.  [i] Daily Mail. “It's a very bad day for Christianity: Nurse's verdict after tribunal rules she can't wear crucifix at work” employer concern, client interests, employee respect, workplace rules, purpose of rules, Ms. Chaplin, legal costs, NHS Trust, health and safety, legal action, uniform policies, airlines, customer expectations, religious expression, workplace balance, employee values, disciplinary action, Christian beliefs, workplace accommodation, crucifix at work, employment tribunal, Daily Mail, job requirements, service users, employee lifestyle, religious discrimination, legal precedent, dress code, workplace policy, organizational interests, employee conduct employer concern, client interests, employee respect, workplace rules, rule purpose, Ms. Chaplin, NHS Trust, legal costs, health and safety, legal action prevention, rule support, airline uniform policies, customer expectations, workplace accommodation, employee lifestyle, customer needs, service provision, value balance, employee values, religious expression, workplace demonstration, Christian beliefs, employment tribunal, crucifix at work, workplace regulation, religious accommodation, Daily Mail, workplace litigation, employee rights, workplace discipline employer interests, client interests, employee respect, workplace rules, purpose of rules, Ms. Chaplin, legal costs, NHS Trust, health and safety rules, legal action prevention, support for rules, airline uniform policies, customer expectations, workplace functionality, employee lifestyles, customer needs, service provision, values balance, employee values, workplace decisions, religious display, Christianity, crucifix case, workplace policy, tribunal ruling, Daily Mail, workplace discrimination, religious belief, employment law, uniform policy, professional expectations employer concern, client interests, employee respect, workplace rules, rule purpose, Ms. Chaplin, legal costs, NHS Trust, health and safety, legal action prevention, support rules, airline uniform policies, customer expectations, workplace functionality, employee lifestyle, customer needs, service provision, value balance, employee values, religious discrimination, Christian employees, demonstrating values, employment tribunal, crucifix ban, workplace dress code, Daily Mail, workplace beliefs, religious expression, employee rights, uniformity, employer policy enforcement, workplace accommodation employer concern, client interests, employee respect, workplace rules, rule purpose, NHS Trust, legal costs, health and safety, legal action avoidance, uniform policies, airline expectations, customer service, workplace balance, employee values, religious beliefs, Christian, workplace demonstration, crucifix case, employment law, workplace discrimination, employee accommodation, tribunal decision, Chaplin case, religious expression, workplace uniformity, Daily Mail, Christianity at work
test-international-eiahwpamu-pro01a	A livelihoods approach  The livelihoods approach provides a useful model to understand how poor people live [1] ; and remains important to recognising the benefits of microfinance.  The provision of microfinance reduces vulnerability to shocks and changes such as losing a job; enhances people’s access to assets that they use and need (such as finance, friend networks, and land); and this fundamentally acts to change the lives of the poor. Microfinance provides social protection through tapping into social capital. Further, microfinance means aid is not simply provided, but the individual is taught valuable financial skills and given the means to sustain themselves for their lifetime.  [1] See further readings: IFAD, 2013. livelihoods approach, microfinance, poverty reduction, vulnerability, social protection, assets, financial skills, social capital, self-sustainability, poor communities, access to finance, IFAD 2013, aid, sustainable livelihoods, financial inclusion, shocks, resilience, friend networks, land access, empowerment, capacity building livelihoods approach, microfinance, poverty reduction, vulnerability, shocks, asset access, social capital, social protection, financial skills, sustainable development, IFAD 2013, poverty alleviation, empowerment, financial inclusion, self-sufficiency, aid, resilience livelihoods approach, microfinance, poverty reduction, vulnerability, shocks, assets, financial inclusion, social capital, social protection, financial skills, self-sufficiency, sustainable livelihoods, poor communities, IFAD 2013, poverty alleviation, asset access, empowerment, microcredit, economic resilience, development, income generation livelihoods approach, microfinance, poverty reduction, vulnerability, shocks, financial inclusion, asset access, social protection, social capital, financial skills, self-sufficiency, sustainable livelihoods, IFAD, 2013, economic empowerment, friend networks, job loss, aid, development, poor communities, poverty alleviation livelihoods approach, poverty reduction, microfinance, vulnerability, social protection, financial inclusion, asset access, social capital, financial skills, self-sufficiency, sustainable development, IFAD 2013, shock resilience, poverty alleviation, economic empowerment, community networks, aid effectiveness, financial literacy, poor communities, development model
test-politics-mtpghwaacb-con02a	Collective bargaining is a counter to the creation of natural monopolies  Many public industries exist as public industries because they are natural monopolies. For example, rail travel, which is often public in Western Liberal democracies, is a sector in which it makes no sense to build multiple railway lines across the country, each for a different company, when one would simply be more efficient. A similar case can be made for things such as public utilities. As such, these sectors often only have a single, often public company working in that sector.  In the case where there is a monopolist, the workers in the sector often have no other employers that they can reasonably find that require their skills, so for example, teachers are very well qualified to teach, however, are possibly not as qualified to deal with other areas and as such will find difficulty moving to another profession. As such, the monopolist in this area has the power to set wages without losing a significant number of employees. Further, in many of these industries strike action will not be used, for example because teachers have a vocational, almost fiduciary relationship with their students and don’t wish to see them lose out due to a strike.1  “Monopoly Power.” collective bargaining, natural monopolies, public industries, monopoly power, public utilities, rail travel, Western liberal democracies, labor unions, public sector, wage setting, monopolist employer, worker mobility, strike action, labor market, teacher labor market, vocational professions, worker bargaining power, single employer sectors, public monopolies, employee retention, labor relations, unionization, employment alternatives, monopolistic labor market, efficiency, public ownership collective bargaining, natural monopolies, public industries, public utilities, monopoly power, wage-setting, rail travel, Western liberal democracies, labor market, worker mobility, single employer sectors, teacher unions, strike action, public sector unions, vocational workforce, bargaining power, employer monopsony, wage negotiation, labor rights, public ownership, monopolist employer, industry efficiency collective bargaining, natural monopolies, public industries, monopoly power, public utilities, rail travel, Western liberal democracies, wage setting, labor mobility, single employer, trade unions, worker bargaining power, vocational professions, strike action, teacher employment, sector-specific skills, public sector labor, employer monopoly, labor market, efficiency, monopoly employer, public company, wage negotiation, labor rights collective bargaining, natural monopolies, public industries, monopoly power, public utilities, rail travel, public sector employment, wage setting, labor unions, employer monopoly, labor market, teachers, vocational professions, strike action, labor mobility, Western liberal democracies, public ownership, monopsony, wage negotiation, public company, employee bargaining power collective bargaining, natural monopolies, public industries, monopoly power, rail travel, public utilities, single employer, labor market, wage setting, worker mobility, strike action, Western liberal democracies, public sector unions, teachers, vocational roles, labor relations, employment negotiation, market efficiency, public ownership, monopolist employer, wage bargaining, labor rights, economic efficiency, utility sectors, industrial relations
test-politics-ghbgussbsbt-con03a	Growing partisanship  The current political climate makes divided government difficult anyway. The terms of debate in American politics is based on a perceived ‘culture war’ between liberals and conservatives over what it means to be American, something that has been exacerbated by 24-hour news and a proliferation of partisan blogging.  This makes agreements on core issues difficult to achieve and this has become apparent in recent years, with opposition to Barack Obama’s $1 trillion stimulus package helping to spawn the Tea Party movement [1] that has helped move the Republican Party to the right, making the compromise required for effective divided government unachievable. [2]  While it has been most noticeable recently the US political climate has been becoming more polarized for the last twenty-five years. This polarization helps to create gridlock and less public policy. [3] The stasis in Congress created by the dogmatic Republicans winning the House in the 2010 mid-terms shows how America’s political climate is now much more suited to Single-Party Government, allowing for much more effective decision making than divided government.  [1] Ferrara, Peter, ‘The tea Party Revolution’, The American Spectator, 15 April 2009,   [2] Rawls, Caroline, ‘Moderate Republicans Lament GOP Shift Further Right’, newsmax, 27 July 2011,   [3] McCarty, Nolan, ‘The Policy Consequences of Partisan Polarization in the United States’, bcep.haas.berkeley.edu/papers/McCarty.doc partisanship, polarization, political climate, divided government, culture war, liberals, conservatives, American politics, 24-hour news, partisan blogging, core issues, compromise, Barack Obama, stimulus package, Tea Party movement, Republican Party, rightward shift, gridlock, public policy, congressional stasis, 2010 midterm elections, single-party government, decision making, policy consequences, GOP, moderate Republicans, political gridlock partisanship, political polarization, divided government, culture war, liberals, conservatives, American politics, 24-hour news, partisan blogging, policy gridlock, Tea Party movement, Republican Party, Barack Obama, stimulus package, political compromise, congressional stasis, single-party government, effective decision making, political climate, GOP shift right, moderate Republicans, US Congress, public policy, political gridlock, partisan polarization, policy consequences, American Spectator, newsmax, political debate, 2010 midterms partisanship, political polarization, divided government, culture war, liberals, conservatives, American identity, 24-hour news, partisan blogging, policy gridlock, Tea Party movement, Republican Party, Barack Obama, stimulus package, Congress stasis, House 2010 midterms, single-party government, political compromise, US politics, policy stalemate, partisan shift, moderate Republicans, GOP rightward shift, policy consequences, American Spectator, Newsmax, political climate partisanship, political polarization, divided government, culture war, liberals, conservatives, American identity, 24-hour news, partisan blogging, policy gridlock, Tea Party, Republican Party, Barack Obama, stimulus package, compromise, Congress stasis, dogmatic Republicans, 2010 midterms, single-party government, effective decision making, legislative gridlock, political climate, party conflict, policy stalemate, American politics, polarization trends partisanship, political polarization, divided government, culture war, liberals, conservatives, American identity, 24-hour news, partisan blogging, policy gridlock, Tea Party movement, Republican Party, compromise, Barack Obama, stimulus package, Congressional stasis, midterm elections, single-party government, decision making, GOP shift, American Spectator, Newsmax, public policy, legislative gridlock, US political climate, polarization effects
test-religion-frghbbgi-con02a	The Prime Mover  The universe follows rules of causality – cause precedes effect. But it cannot be the case that cause and effect regress infinitely into the past – there must be a ‘prime cause’. There is an identifiable point for this – the Universe was formed about 14 billion years ago with the Big Bang, before which we cannot detect any chain of causality. What was the prime mover? It had by definition to be a being existing outside of our conception of reality – the natural answer being ‘God’. Prime Mover, causality, cause and effect, infinite regress, prime cause, Big Bang, universe origin, creation, cosmology, first cause, God, metaphysics, philosophy of science, cosmological argument, temporal causality, existence, universe formation, theological explanation, creation ex nihilo, ontological argument prime mover, causality, first cause, cosmological argument, infinite regress, Big Bang, universe origin, creation, God, metaphysics, existence, causal chain, philosophy of religion, unmoved mover, cosmology, theology, temporal causality Prime Mover, causality, first cause, infinite regress, cosmological argument, Big Bang, universe origin, creation, metaphysics, theology, God, time, existence, causation, creation ex nihilo, cause and effect, uncaused cause, universe formation, cosmology, divine causality Prime Mover, causality, first cause, infinite regress, Big Bang, universe origin, cosmology, initial cause, creation, metaphysics, God, philosophy, theology, unmoved mover, existence, time, cause and effect, cosmological argument, universe creation, existence of God Prime Mover, causality, first cause, infinite regress, Big Bang, universe origin, philosophy of causation, cosmology, creation, God, metaphysics, unmoved mover, temporal causality, existential questions, cause and effect, cosmological argument, beginning of universe, existence of God, origin of reality, contingency, theological explanation, creation ex nihilo
test-religion-grcrgshwbr-con01a	Banning religious symbols is just a way of unfairly targeting people.  Banning religious symbols could be viewed as just a way of targeting a group of people. In a nutshell, religious symbols would be used as a scapegoat in order to both highlight and blame for problems that are much bigger. Removing the hijab, the Crucifix or the Jewish skullcap would take away someone's culture, religion and heritage, and, therefore, banning them would cause more problems.1 It could potentially increase hatred within religious groups, and lead to more racism and more criticism, ultimately making the country a worse place to live.  1 at 'Belgian ban on full veils comes into force', BBC News Europe, 23rd July 2011 , accessed on 23rd July 2011 banning religious symbols, targeting religious groups, scapegoating, hijab ban, crucifix ban, kippah ban, cultural identity, religious freedom, discrimination, social cohesion, religious heritage, racism, criticism, social conflict, religious intolerance, minority rights, dress codes, Belgium veil ban, BBC News, cultural diversity, cultural assimilation, secularism, religious expression bans, social integration, xenophobia, hate crimes banning religious symbols, religious discrimination, targeting minorities, scapegoating, cultural identity, hijab ban, crucifix ban, Jewish skullcap ban, loss of heritage, religious freedom, social division, increased hatred, racism, criticism, multiculturalism, religious intolerance, cultural oppression, social cohesion, Belgium veil ban, BBC News Europe banning religious symbols, targeting religious groups, scapegoat, cultural identity, hijab, crucifix, Jewish skullcap, cultural heritage, religious freedom, social cohesion, racism, religious criticism, discrimination, Belgium veil ban, BBC News, social conflict, multiculturalism, religious intolerance, minority rights, increase in hatred, secularism, legal restrictions, social impact banning religious symbols, religious freedom, cultural identity, hijab ban, crucifix ban, kippah ban, scapegoating, discrimination, religious targeting, heritage loss, social cohesion, religious intolerance, increased hatred, racism, criticism, social division, religious rights, Belgian veil ban, BBC News Europe, religious expression, minority rights banning religious symbols, targeting religious groups, cultural identity, religious freedom, hijab ban, crucifix ban, kippah ban, scapegoating, social cohesion, religious discrimination, racism, heritage loss, religious tolerance, Belgium veil ban, social division, minority rights, religious expression, BBC News Europe, 2011, interfaith relations
test-international-glilpdwhsn-con03a	"The New START treaty sets a bad approach for a changing world  New START reduces US deterrence in world that is arming, not disarming. The United States has relied on deterrence for sixty years and as a result has prevented war between the great powers. A US drawdown, especially as other new powers are arming, will undermine deterrence. This will then encourage rivals to try to catch the United States while the reductions show that the United States is in decline. [1]  While proponents of reducing nuclear weapons, or reaching global zero, argue that possession of nuclear weapons by the nuclear weapons states is the incentive behind proliferation, this is not true. The US has consistently taken leadership in the reduction of nuclear arms through treaties but this has so far had no effect in encouraging other nuclear powers to reduce their arsenals and indeed new powers have joined the club. Reducing nuclear arms through New START will therefore not encourage others to stop pursuing nukes. The U.S. should not be taking steps towards disarmament without all nuclear weapons states, including those not signed up to the Nuclear Non-Proliferation treaty, also being involved. [2]  New START also fails to speak to the issue of protecting and defending the U.S. and its allies against strategic attack. The treaty fails to recognize that deterrence is no longer simply between the U.S. and Russia and that the whole policy should no longer be based on just against strategic attacks on the United States or very close allies. Instead it is much more critical to deal with nuclear policy towards ‘rogue’ states and rising powers. [3]  Finally, the US should not set a precedent that it will sacrifice its own interests to bribe Russia over issues like Iran. As the Jewish Institute for National Security Affairs (JINSA) argues: “we are told that the real purpose of New START is to create a stronger U.S.-Russia bond in a broader international effort to restrain Iran's nuclear weapons program. Such a justification is wrong. Iran's nuclear ambitions are no secret; neither are Russia’s past efforts in aiding that program. We seriously question whether Russia is serious about stopping Iran, with or without New START. There is no reason why the United States should be required to sacrifice its own defense capabilities to inspire Russia to a greater degree of diplomatic fortitude. If Russia is indeed concerned with a nuclear-armed Iran to its immediate south, it should need no extra incentive to take the action necessary to stop it."" [4] If the U.S. bribes Russia over Iran China might expect to get similar treatment over North Korea. New START puts the US in a disadvantaged position in a changing world, and consequently should not be supported.  [1] Brookes, Peter. “Not a new START, but a bad START”. The Hill. 13 September 2010.   [2] Spring, Baker. ""Twelve Flaws of New START That Will Be Difficult to Fix"". Heritage Foundation, The Foundry. 16 September 2010.   [3] Ibid.  [4] Weingarten, Elizabeth. “How did New START become a Jewish issue?”. The Atlantic. 1 Decemebr 2010. New START treaty, nuclear deterrence, US nuclear policy, nuclear arms reduction, global zero, nuclear proliferation, great power competition, US-Russia relations, strategic stability, rogue states, rising powers, Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty, US defense capabilities, Iran nuclear program, Russia-Iran relations, US-China relations, North Korea nuclear issue, international security, strategic arms control, arms treaties criticism, military drawdown, security dilemma, nuclear modernization, disarmament skepticism, proliferation incentives, US allied protection, defense policy, nuclear arms race, US strategic interests, JINSA, Heritage Foundation, The Hill, The Atlantic New START treaty, nuclear deterrence, US nuclear policy, nuclear arms reduction, global zero, nuclear proliferation, rising powers, rogue states, US-Russia relations, US defense capabilities, strategic arms control, nuclear disarmament, Iran nuclear program, Russia-Iran relations, North Korea, Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty, Heritage Foundation, JINSA, security policy, nuclear weapons states, arms race, US military strategy, US decline, nuclear strategy, security alliances, diplomatic incentives, strategic threats, great power rivalry, arms agreements, proliferation incentives, missile defense, security guarantees, nuclear posture, U.S. allies, international security New START treaty, nuclear deterrence, US nuclear policy, nuclear arms reduction, global zero, nuclear proliferation, emerging nuclear powers, nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty, strategic defense, rogue states, US-Russia relations, Iran nuclear program, Russia diplomacy, US defense capabilities, North Korea, nuclear disarmament, great power rivalry, nuclear weapons states, arms control, international security, US allied defense, nuclear arms race, US strategic interests, missile defense, nuclear strategy, geostrategic competition New START treaty, nuclear deterrence, US nuclear policy, arms reduction, global disarmament, nuclear proliferation, US-Russia relations, nuclear weapons states, rising powers, rogue states, Iran nuclear program, Russia-Iran cooperation, North Korea, US defense capabilities, strategic stability, Non-Proliferation Treaty, nuclear arms race, international security, diplomatic incentives, great powers competition, military drawdown, strategic attack, global zero, security alliances New START treaty, nuclear deterrence, US nuclear policy, nuclear arms reduction, global zero, nuclear proliferation, great power competition, US-Russia relations, strategic stability, rogue states, rising powers, Iran nuclear program, Russia military aid, North Korea nuclear issue, disarmament policy, Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty, US national security, nuclear weapons modernization, credibility of deterrence, security alliances, arms control skepticism, incentive for proliferation, decline of US power, defense capabilities, diplomatic strategy, precedent setting, security dilemma"
test-international-miasimyhw-pro02a	Migration is 'developmental'.  Recent reports by the HDR (2009) and WDR (2009) have shown migration is a means of development – free movement has the power to alleviate poverty, enable markets, and connectivity. Taking recent evidence concerning worldwide remittance flows, the developmental nature of free movement is shown.  In 2013, it is estimated, through international migration, $414bn were remitted back to developing countries [1] . Remittance flows into Africa (from within and internationally) accounted for $40bn in 2010, accounting for an increasing percentage of GDP (AfDB, 2013; IFAD, 2013). Northern Africa articulated the largest total of remittances received. Remittances remain beneficial for supporting livelihoods. The influx of remittances to households provides security, an additional income for support, enables household consumption, and investment in alternative assets, such as education and land, of which present crucial benefits in reducing poverty. Although the geography of remittances remains uneven, and currently barriers remain to sending and receiving money, the developmental potential of remittances from African diasporas (both outside and within Africa) is now recognised [2] .  [1] See further readings: World Bank, 2013.  [2] For additional information on the debate of migration, remittances and social development see further readings: De Haas, 2010. migration, developmental, HDR 2009, WDR 2009, free movement, poverty alleviation, market connectivity, remittance flows, international migration, developing countries, remittance statistics, Africa, GDP, AfDB 2013, IFAD 2013, Northern Africa, remittances, livelihood support, household security, household income, consumption, alternative assets, education, land investment, poverty reduction, uneven geography, remittance barriers, African diaspora, social development, World Bank 2013, De Haas 2010 migration, developmental, HDR 2009, WDR 2009, free movement, poverty alleviation, market connectivity, remittance flows, international migration, remittances Africa, remittances GDP, AfDB 2013, IFAD 2013, North Africa, household security, livelihood support, alternative assets, education, land investment, poverty reduction, remittance geography, remittance barriers, African diaspora, World Bank 2013, De Haas 2010, remittances social development migration, developmental, HDR 2009, WDR 2009, development, free movement, poverty alleviation, markets, connectivity, remittance flows, international migration, $414bn, developing countries, remittances, Africa, $40bn, 2010, GDP, AfDB 2013, IFAD 2013, Northern Africa, livelihoods, household income, consumption, investment, education, land, poverty reduction, remittance geography, barriers, sending money, receiving money, African diaspora, World Bank 2013, De Haas 2010, social development migration, developmental, HDR 2009, WDR 2009, free movement, poverty alleviation, markets, connectivity, remittance flows, international migration, remittances, developing countries, Africa, GDP, AfDB 2013, IFAD 2013, North Africa, livelihoods, household security, household income, household consumption, investment, education, land, poverty reduction, remittance geography, remittance barriers, African diaspora, World Bank 2013, De Haas 2010, social development migration, developmental, HDR 2009, WDR 2009, free movement, poverty alleviation, enabling markets, connectivity, international migration, remittance flows, $414bn remittances, developing countries, Africa remittances, $40bn 2010, GDP percentage, AfDB 2013, IFAD 2013, Northern Africa, household security, income support, consumption, investment, education, land, poverty reduction, remittance geography, barriers, African diaspora, social development, World Bank 2013, De Haas 2010
test-education-ughbuesbf-pro02a	The state benefits from the skills of a university educated populace  A university educated society is of great value to any state, and provides three main benefits. Firstly, it provides extensive economic benefits. There is a profound advantage to countries that actively promote a culture of “smart economy”3, with a highly educated and technically able workforce. They are more likely to be innovative and highly productive. Secondly, higher education leads to an increase in cultural awareness via subjects like the arts, history, and the classics. The third benefit is the development of leaders in society. The barrier created by university fees will prevent some potentially high­ worth individuals from ever reaching their potential. university education, higher education, economic benefits, educated populace, smart economy, skilled workforce, innovation, productivity, cultural awareness, arts, history, classics, leadership development, university fees, social mobility, state benefits, access to education, societal value, potential, educational barriers university educated populace, state benefits, higher education, economic benefits, smart economy, skilled workforce, innovation, productivity, cultural awareness, arts education, history, classics, leadership development, university fees, social mobility, human capital, societal value, accessibility, socioeconomic impact, talent development university education, educated populace, state benefits, economic benefits, smart economy, workforce skills, innovation, productivity, higher education, cultural awareness, arts, history, classics, leadership development, university fees, social mobility, access to education, talent development, human capital, education barriers, societal advancement university education, higher education benefits, educated populace, economic benefits, skilled workforce, smart economy, innovation, productivity, cultural awareness, arts education, history education, leadership development, social mobility, university fees, educational barriers, potential realization, state value, workforce skills, societal benefits, access to education university education, educated populace, state benefits, economic benefits, smart economy, productive workforce, innovation, technical skills, cultural awareness, higher education, arts, history, classics, societal leadership, university fees, social mobility, potential, workforce development, accessibility, barriers to education
test-politics-oepdlhfcefp-pro01a	The EU has already been unifying on multiple fronts, this is just a step in the same direction.  The EU has slowly been building up its own common military framework, with the UK and France leading the effort to pool European military capacity. In addition, the EU itself has created new institutional bodies such as the Political and Security Committee, a Military Committee and military staff. The EU has had military envoys in Macedonia and Bosnia-Herzegovina and has committed itself to the creation of a Common Security and Defense Policy with 3-4,000 troops on permanent standby in multilateral ‘battlegroups’ ready for immediate deployment(see Rockwell Schnabel’s article listed below)1. While incremental, these are steps not to be ignored. The Union has also placed that military capacity within the broader context of a security strategy designed to promote international peace, justice and development.  1. Schnabel, Rockwell A., 'U.S. Views on the EU Common Foreign and Security Policy', The Brown Journal of World Affairs, Vol. IX. Issue2., (Winter/Spring 2003) accessed 1/8/11 EU unification, European integration, common military framework, UK, France, European military cooperation, Political and Security Committee, EU Military Committee, EU military staff, military envoys, Macedonia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Common Security and Defense Policy, EU battlegroups, permanent standby troops, multilateral deployment, EU security strategy, international peace, justice, development, Rockwell Schnabel, EU foreign policy European Union, EU integration, military unification, common military framework, UK, France, European military cooperation, Political and Security Committee, EU Military Committee, EU military staff, military envoys, Macedonia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Common Security and Defense Policy, battlegroups, permanent standby troops, EU security strategy, international peace, justice, development, Rockwell Schnabel, EU foreign policy, EU defense policy EU integration, European Union, military unification, common military framework, UK, France, European military capacity, Political and Security Committee, EU Military Committee, EU military staff, EU military envoys, Macedonia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Common Security and Defense Policy, EU battlegroups, permanent standby troops, EU security strategy, international peace, justice, development, Rockwell Schnabel, EU Common Foreign and Security Policy EU integration, European unification, common military framework, UK, France, European military cooperation, Political and Security Committee, EU Military Committee, EU military staff, EU military envoys, Macedonia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Common Security and Defense Policy, EU battlegroups, rapid deployment, international security strategy, EU peace promotion, EU justice, EU development, EU institutional bodies, Rockwell Schnabel EU integration, European unification, common military framework, UK-France military cooperation, pooling military capacity, EU institutional bodies, Political and Security Committee, EU Military Committee, EU military staff, military envoys, Macedonia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Common Security and Defense Policy, EU battlegroups, rapid deployment force, EU security strategy, international peace, justice, development, Rockwell Schnabel, US views, EU foreign policy, Brown Journal of World Affairs
test-environment-opecewiahw-con01a	Such a big project is beyond DRC’s capacity  The Grand Inga dam project is huge while it means huge potential benefits it just makes it more difficult for the country to manage. Transparency international ranks DRC as 160th out of 176 in terms of corruption [1] so it is no surprise that projects in the country are plagued by it. [2] Such a big project would inevitably mean billions siphoned off. Even if it is built will the DRC be able to maintain it? This seems unlikely. The Inga I and II dams only operate at half their potential due to silting up and a lack of maintenance. [3]  [1] ‘Corruption Perceptions Index 2012’, Transparency International, 2012,   [2] Bosshard, Peter, ‘Grand Inga -- The World Bank's Latest Silver Bullet for Africa’, Huffington Post, 21 April 2013,   [3] Vasagar, Jeevan, ‘Could a $50bn plan to tame this mighty river bring electricity to all of Africa?’, The Guardian, 25 February 2005, Grand Inga dam, Democratic Republic of Congo, DRC, project capacity, infrastructure challenges, corruption, Transparency International, corruption ranking, funds mismanagement, project maintenance, Inga I dam, Inga II dam, underperformance, silting, lack of maintenance, hydroelectric projects, World Bank, electricity generation, Africa, development risks, project sustainability, large-scale infrastructure, economic impact, governance issues, financial losses, energy sector, Transparency International 2012, Huffington Post, The Guardian Grand Inga Dam, DRC, Democratic Republic of Congo, project management, corruption, Transparency International, infrastructure, maintenance issues, capacity constraints, Inga I, Inga II, dam performance, silting, World Bank, energy projects, development challenges, Africa, siphoning funds, operational difficulties, electricity generation, mismanagement Grand Inga dam, Democratic Republic of Congo, DRC, project management, capacity constraints, corruption, Transparency International, corruption index, infrastructure, maintenance challenges, Inga I, Inga II, dam operation, silting, international finance, project feasibility, siphoning funds, energy sector, World Bank, electricity generation, African infrastructure, economic development, governance, accountability, large-scale projects, sustainable development Grand Inga dam, Democratic Republic of Congo, DRC, project management, corruption, Transparency International, infrastructure, capacity, maintenance, Inga I, Inga II, silting, electricity, Africa, siphoned funds, development challenges, international rankings, World Bank, hydroelectric power, large-scale project, economic impact, sustainability, energy production, mismanagement, resource allocation, operational efficiency, transparency, governance Grand Inga dam, Democratic Republic of Congo, DRC, project capacity, corruption, Transparency International, infrastructure challenges, maintenance issues, Inga I, Inga II, silting, electricity generation, World Bank, Africa energy, project management, financial mismanagement, international rankings, sustainable development, large-scale projects, resource allocation, international aid, hydroelectric power, operational inefficiency, economic impact, government oversight
test-politics-eppghwgpi-pro01a	Giving politicians’ immunity from prosecution allows them to focus on performing their duties  The premier reason that most states, even those that allow for the prosecution of politicians, abstain from prosecuting them while they hold office is that being a politician is a job that requires one’s undivided attention. Especially for the holders of prominent national-level offices, writing legislation, responding to crises under one’s purview, consulting one’s constituents, and engaging in campaign work often lead to politicians working an upwards of 12 hour day, every day. To expect politicians cope with all of these concerns will simultaneously constructing a defense against pending charges would be to abandon all hope of them serving their constituents effectively. We are rightly aggravated when politicians take extensive vacations or other extracurricular forays. [1] Being under indictment not only consumes even more of a politician’s time; the stress it causes will inevitably seep into what remaining time they do allocating to fulfilling their duties, further hindering their performance. The impeachment proceedings for Bill Clinton on charges of perjury and obstruction of justice were so intensive that they took tremendous resources away from not only the president himself, but all branches of the federal government for several months [2] , amidst serious domestic and foreign policy concerns such as the ongoing war in Kosovo.  [1] Condon, George E. Jr., ‘The Long History of Criticizing Presidential Vacations’ The Atlantic, 18 August 2011,  [Accessed September 9, 2011]  [2] Linder, Douglas O., ‘The Impeachment Trial of President William Clinton’, UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI-KANSAS CITY (UMKC) SCHOOL OF LAW, 2005,  [Accessed September 19, 2011] politician immunity, prosecution immunity, duty performance, political office, legislative duties, indictment stress, government resources, impeachment Clinton, perjury, obstruction of justice, national-level office, effective governance, prosecution abstention, prominent politicians, executive workload, public service, crisis management, constituent consultation, campaign workload, political distractions, presidential impeachment, prosecutorial impact, domestic policy, foreign policy, Kosovo war, legislative impact, prosecution effects politicians, immunity, prosecution, officeholders, duties, legislative workload, national office, legislative responsibilities, trial distraction, stress, indictment, impeachment, Bill Clinton, presidential performance, federal government resources, constituent service, legislative process, legal proceedings, political immunity, executive branch, prosecution abstention, office performance, legal defense, political effectiveness, crisis management, prosecution impact, legislative focus, campaign work, national crisis, Kosovo war, presidential indictment politicians, immunity, prosecution, focus, duties, states, prosecution abstention, officeholders, national-level offices, legislation, crises, constituents, campaign work, workload, legal defense, indictment, stress, performance, impeachment, Bill Clinton, perjury, obstruction of justice, government resources, domestic policy, foreign policy, Kosovo war, presidential vacations, political effectiveness politicians, immunity, prosecution, duties, officeholders, focus, distraction, indictment, stress, performance, prosecution during office, legislative work, national office, legal defense, impeachment, Bill Clinton, perjury, obstruction of justice, government resources, Kosovo war, presidential vacations, constituent service, public officials, legal charges, executive branch, legislative branch, judicial proceedings, time management, political accountability, public service effectiveness, criminal charges politician immunity, prosecution, public office, political duties, legislative workload, indictment impact, stress, impeachment proceedings, Bill Clinton, obstruction of justice, perjury, government resources, national office, executive performance, Kosovo war, presidential vacations, legislative responsibilities, constituent service, legal defense, indictment consequences, officeholder prosecution
test-society-epsihbdns-pro01a	"The government has a right to make decisions in the best interest of the people  Man is a social being. Therefore people live in communities where decisions that affect the many, are taken by representatives of the many. Thus, a social contract exists between the people and their government. [1] In exchange for part of their autonomy and freedom, the government ensures that policies are made in the best interest of people, even if this might come at the expense of short-term interests for some individuals. This is a typical example of this kind of case. The trend is emptying the countryside, stopping the production of agricultural goods and hollowing the amenities provided by the cities. Even if each individual has a personal incentive to move to the cities, the harm to the cities is greater than their accumulated individual gains. It is in these cases that the state must act to protect its people and ensure long term benefits.  [1] D'Agostino, Fred, Gaus, Gerald and Thrasher, John, ""Contemporary Approaches to the Social Contract"", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Winter 2012 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.), government, decision-making, social contract, autonomy, freedom, community, representatives, public interest, collective good, individual interests, state intervention, policy, urbanization, rural depopulation, agricultural production, city amenities, long-term benefits, short-term interests, public policy, civic duty, common good, social philosophy, civic responsibility, rural exodus, population movement, governance, political theory, representation, contemporary social contract, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy government, decision-making, social contract, community, autonomy, freedom, public interest, collective good, policy, representative democracy, rural depopulation, urbanization, agricultural decline, city amenities, individual vs collective, state intervention, long-term benefits, philosophy, political theory, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy government, social contract, public interest, collective decision-making, individual autonomy, community, representatives, policy-making, rural depopulation, urbanization, agricultural production, city amenities, individual incentives, long-term benefits, state intervention, social philosophy, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy government decision-making, social contract, public interest, autonomy, individual freedom, collective welfare, urbanization, rural depopulation, agricultural decline, city amenities, state intervention, long-term benefits, representative government, community decisions, policy making, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, D'Agostino, Gaus, Thrasher social contract, government authority, collective decision-making, public interest, individual autonomy, community, representative democracy, policy making, urbanization, rural depopulation, long-term benefits, short-term interests, state intervention, social responsibility, population movement, city amenities, agricultural decline, political philosophy, common good, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy"
test-environment-aiahwagit-con02a	Fewer human deaths  Fewer large beasts will lead to fewer deaths in Africa. Some endangered animals are aggressive and will attack humans. Hippopotamuses kill in excess of three hundred humans a year in Africa, with other animals such as the elephant and lion also causing many fatalities. [1] Footage released in early 2014 of a bull elephant attacking a tourist’s car in Kruger National Park, South Africa demonstrated the continued threat these animals cause. [2] Tougher protection would result in higher numbers of these animals which increases the risk to human lives.  [1] Animal Danger ‘Most Dangerous Animals’  [2] Withnall, A. ‘Rampaging bull elephant flips over British tourist car in Kruger Park’ human deaths, Africa, large beasts, endangered animals, aggressive animals, hippos, hippopotamus attacks, elephant attacks, lion attacks, animal fatalities, animal attacks, wildlife danger, Kruger National Park, tourist safety, animal-human conflict, animal protection, risk to humans, dangerous African animals, bull elephant, tourist car attack, animal population control, animal conservation, wildlife risks human deaths, Africa, large beasts, endangered animals, aggressive animals, animal attacks, hippopotamus fatalities, elephant fatalities, lion fatalities, Kruger National Park, tourist attacks, animal-human conflict, wildlife danger, animal protection, animal population, risk to humans, animal-related deaths, animal behavior, dangerous wildlife, protected species, human safety human deaths, large beasts, Africa, endangered animals, animal attacks, hippopotamus fatalities, elephant attacks, lion attacks, wildlife danger, human-wildlife conflict, animal-related fatalities, Kruger National Park, tourist safety, aggressive animals, animal population increase, wildlife protection, risk to humans, dangerous animals, animal-human interactions, wildlife fatalities, animal threats, bull elephant attack, South Africa, animal conservation, human safety human fatalities, Africa, large animals, endangered species, animal attacks, hippopotamus deaths, elephant attacks, lion fatalities, wildlife danger, Kruger National Park, animal-human conflict, wildlife protection, animal population, aggressive animals, tourist safety, animal-related deaths, most dangerous animals human deaths, Africa, large beasts, endangered animals, aggressive wildlife, animal attacks, hippopotamus fatalities, elephant attacks, lion fatalities, animal-related deaths, Kruger National Park, animal-human conflict, wildlife protection, animal population, human safety, most dangerous animals, tourist safety, animal threats, bull elephant, wildlife incidents
test-digital-freedoms-eifdfaihs-pro03a	Threats to Freeware, Shareware and Objectivity  There are very real concerns that ISPs have a commercial interest in guiding people away from certain sites – especially when those sites provide services or products for nothing when the ISP or a related company charges for a competing product. File sharing more generally is an obvious target. The example of Comcast against NetFlix and other file sharing sites is simply the most obvious [i] .  There are also concerns about the impact on objectivity more generally; the Internet works most effectively as a tool because it is, by definition cross-referencing. Although there are many mistakes on many sources as a whole it is possible to reach something resembling the truth. Essentially, “We need freeware, we need shareware, and we need open access. People need to be able to trust sources that they can find on the internet, rather than have them controlled in a small number of hands or by the government.” [ii] Making some sites more accessible than others reduces users’ choice and their ability to check multiple sites so preventing this cross-referencing.  [i] A useful overview of some of the more notorious examples can be found here .  [ii] Bob Gibson, Executive Director of the University of Virginia’s Sorensen Institute for Political Leadership, on the Charlottesville, VA, politics interview program Politics Matters with host and producer Jan Madeleine Paynter discussing journalism freeware, shareware, objectivity, internet service providers, ISPs, commercial interests, site accessibility, open access, file sharing, net neutrality, Comcast, Netflix, censorship, cross-referencing, online trust, source reliability, information control, competition, user choice, media bias, internet freedom, digital rights, site blocking, online journalism, digital marketplace freeware, shareware, objectivity, ISP bias, commercial interest, site accessibility, net neutrality, file sharing, Comcast, Netflix, open access, cross-referencing, internet trust, source reliability, user choice, competition, online journalism, site control, internet freedom, information access, digital gatekeeping, censorship, online truth, media influence, digital rights, information diversity, content throttling freeware, shareware, objectivity, threats, internet service providers, ISPs, commercial interest, site blocking, content filtering, net neutrality, file sharing, Comcast, Netflix, digital access, cross-referencing, open access, information trust, site accessibility, digital censorship, online competition, media bias, government control, information diversity, online objectivity, information reliability, competitive products, internet freedom, user choice freeware, shareware, objectivity, internet service providers, ISPs, commercial interest, site blocking, file sharing, net neutrality, accessibility, cross-referencing, open access, competition, information trust, content control, censorship, Netflix, Comcast, user choice, media bias, digital rights, information access, online objectivity, web neutrality, consumer access, digital products, competing products, content throttling, digital freedom freeware, shareware, objectivity, ISP bias, commercial interests, site accessibility, file sharing, net neutrality, Netflix, Comcast, open access, cross-referencing, information trust, content control, user choice, internet censorship, digital gatekeeping, competing products, information freedom, impact on journalism, online truth, access restriction, information monopoly, digital discrimination
test-society-mmcpsgfhbf-con02a	Pornography liberates women  Pornography is massively produced and distributed: this provides women with a vast platform through which to define their sexual identity. This has been a great tool in the past: in the 1920’s America, the flapper became a great role model for women by promoting revolutionary values of a strong, sexual woman: she danced wildly in jazz clubs, was openly lesbian, and sexually active. This image spread throughout the country thanks to the boom of the film industry in the Roaring Twenties (Rosenberg). [1] Now pornography plays, or at least can play, this same role.  Pornography breaks the taboo of sexuality for women, and promoting the continuation of taboos is a label and a stereotype which the feminist movement must oppose. Instead, it should use pornography to spread its values. There is nothing intrinsic about pornography that makes it anti-women. There is female-friendly pornography, and in fact there are Feminist Porn Awards granted every year since 2006 (Techmedia Network). [2] There is also homosexual porn and porn that presents women as dominant: this can empower women and break current stereotypes, not only that women are not sexual, but that women in general cannot be powerful in society. The feminist movement should seek to promote this flow of ideas of what gender can be and allow women to influence the way their sexuality is perceived by men.  [1] Rosenberg, Jennifer. Flappers in the Roaring Twenties. About.com,   [2] Techmedia Network. Feminist Porn Award. pornography, women, liberation, female sexuality, sexual identity, feminist movement, empowerment, flappers, 1920s, film industry, Roaring Twenties, taboos, female-friendly pornography, feminist porn, Feminist Porn Awards, lesbian, gender roles, sexual empowerment, women dominance, feminist values, sexual stereotypes, homosexual porn, sexual representation, societal power, gender influence, sexual perception pornography, women’s liberation, sexual identity, female empowerment, flappers, 1920s America, jazz age, feminist pornography, sexuality, gender stereotypes, women’s sexual agency, feminist movement, female-friendly porn, Feminist Porn Awards, homosexual porn, dominant women, societal taboos, gender roles, film industry, women’s representation, sexual revolution, feminist values, lesbian representation pornography, women's liberation, female empowerment, sexual identity, gender roles, feminist movement, female sexuality, flapper, 1920s America, representation, sexual taboos, feminist porn, female-friendly pornography, dominant women, sexual stereotypes, feminist values, societal norms, gender perception, feminist porn awards, homosexual porn, film industry, women in media pornography, women's liberation, sexual identity, flappers, 1920s, feminism, female empowerment, sexual taboos, feminist porn, female-friendly pornography, Feminist Porn Awards, gender stereotypes, women in media, sexual representation, dominant women, queer pornography, women role models, film industry, feminist movement, women empowerment, sexual autonomy, gender norms, diversity in porn, sexuality and power pornography, women liberation, sexual identity, feminist movement, flappers, 1920s, film industry, Roaring Twenties, sexual empowerment, female-friendly porn, feminist porn, Feminist Porn Awards, gender stereotypes, lesbian flappers, women empowerment, taboo sexuality, feminist values, dominant women, homosexual porn, gender representation, female sexuality, societal roles, sexual agency, media influence, history of sexuality
test-free-speech-debate-fsaphgiap-con02a	Rivals could misuse the opportunity  While the leader suffers from an illness, rivals can use the opportunity to ease the leader out of office. A period of illness is a period of vulnerability in which the government is less able to respond to external and internal threats. Not telling the public about the leader's health during an illness helps prevent such attempts. The same is the case with a leader's death; a few days of secrecy allows for smooth succession as the appointed successor has the time to ensure the loyalty of the government, army and other vital institutions. In 2008 when General Lansana Conte of Guinea died power should have been transferred to the president of the National Assembly Aboubacar Sompare with an election within 90 days. Instead a group of junior military officers took advantage of the quick announcement to launch a coup. 1  1 Yusuf, Huma, ‘Military coup follows death of Guinea’s President’, The Christian Science Monitor, 23 December 2008, leader illness, power vacuum, leadership vulnerability, government stability, succession secrecy, coup risk, power transition, military coup, political instability, leadership succession, public disclosure, internal threats, external threats, leader death, succession planning, loyalty, government institutions, army loyalty, Guinea 2008 coup, Lansana Conte, Aboubacar Sompare, coup opportunity, secrecy benefits, opportunistic rivals, transfer of power, political opportunism leader illness, power vacuum, political vulnerability, leadership succession, secrecy, health disclosure, rivals, political instability, government response, coup, military intervention, power transition, loyalty, institutional control, Guinea 2008, Lansana Conte, Aboubacar Sompare, political crisis, leadership transition, succession planning, external threats, internal threats leader illness, political vulnerability, rivals, coup, power transition, succession planning, secrecy, leadership transition, government stability, military intervention, external threats, internal threats, public disclosure, power vacuum, opportunistic rivals, smooth succession, regime change, health secrecy, Guinea, Lansana Conte, Aboubacar Sompare, leadership crisis, government loyalty, army loyalty, institutional stability, coup d'état, political instability leader illness, power transition, succession, vulnerability, rivals, misuse opportunity, secrecy, government stability, military coup, leadership transition, health secrecy, smooth succession, external threats, internal threats, Guinea, General Lansana Conte, Aboubacar Sompare, junior military officers, coup d'état, political instability, leadership crisis, government response, leadership health, death of leader, loyalty assurance, succession planning leadership succession, leader illness, political vulnerability, government stability, power transition, coup prevention, secrecy in leadership health, leadership death, smooth succession, rival opportunism, military coup, Guinea 2008, Lansana Conte, Aboubacar Sompare, political leadership crisis, government response, external threats, internal threats, succession planning, political opportunism, institutional loyalty
test-law-cpilhbishioe-con03a	An ICC enforcement arm would be highly detrimental to the relations between the ICC and state parties  Currently the ICC functions based on a relationship of trust and understanding with the state parties to the ICC – a bottom-up rather than a top-down approach. This is backed up by the court’s respect for the for the principle of complementarity – it is hoped that national courts are capable of prosecuting the crimes, and the ICC only takes a role if the state is unwilling or unable to do so. Being willing to use an international force to catch criminals would make a mockery of this determination to leave power and responsibilities at the national level wherever possible.  Having ICC forces on a country’s territory would be humiliating, showing that the international community does not trust that nation to catch war criminals itself. While this model did not provide for attempting to snatch government officials who have been indicted it does leave open the possibility of an international force intruding on states sovereignty without consent. This would diplomatically backfire and could even lead to an ICC force being involved in fighting with government forces protecting their national sovereignty. ICC enforcement arm, ICC-state relations, principle of complementarity, national sovereignty, international force, diplomatic backlash, state consent, ICC trust, bottom-up approach, war crimes prosecution, national courts, ICC intervention, humiliation, international community, government officials, sovereignty intrusion, ICC military involvement, state unwillingness, state inability, top-down approach, diplomatic consequences ICC enforcement arm, ICC-state relations, principle of complementarity, national sovereignty, trust, international force, state parties, diplomatic backlash, ICC legitimacy, prosecuting war crimes, national courts, sovereignty intrusion, ICC jurisdiction, government officials, international intervention, consent, humiliation, sovereignty violation, power distribution, war criminals, international community, top-down approach, bottom-up approach, enforcement consequences, diplomatic relations, state cooperation, national responsibility ICC enforcement arm, ICC-state relations, trust, understanding, bottom-up approach, complementarity principle, national sovereignty, international force, prosecution, war criminals, state consent, diplomatic consequences, state parties, ICC jurisdiction, humiliation, international community, state responsibility, government officials, national courts, sovereignty intrusion, international law, diplomatic backlash, ICC intervention, state unwillingness, enforcement mechanisms, sovereignty conflict, ICC legitimacy, state cooperation, international criminal justice, enforcement challenges ICC enforcement arm, ICC-state relations, trust-based approach, bottom-up approach, complementarity principle, national courts, state sovereignty, international intervention, use of force, international force, diplomatic consequences, ICC forces, territorial intrusion, humiliation, loss of trust, state consent, war criminals, indicted officials, power balance, national responsibility, international community, backlash, diplomatic backfire, government forces, sovereignty conflict, prosecution of crimes ICC enforcement arm, state parties relations, trust, complementarity principle, national courts, international prosecution, sovereignty, top-down approach, bottom-up approach, international force, war criminals, diplomatic consequences, territorial integrity, national responsibility, ICC intervention, consent, humiliation, government officials, sovereignty intrusion, diplomatic backlash, international community, state consent, prosecution powers, ICC-state cooperation, enforcement mechanisms, international law, respect for sovereignty
test-international-ssiarcmhb-pro04a	The Catholic Church believes that any limitation of procreation is against God.  Catholics consider the first commandment given to them by God to be to 'multiply'1. In light of this, anything that limits procreation, be it the use of contraception or even condoning the use of contraception, is against God. It is important to remember that the Catholic Church's primary obligation is not to its people but to God. The Church is, therefore, justified in any action where the alternative is going against what they believe to be the wishes of God, even if it is harmful to the people of the Church. 11:28, The Book of Genesis, The Bible. Catholic Church, procreation, contraception, morality, doctrine, divine command, multiply, Genesis 1:28, Bible, God's will, religious obligation, ethics, birth control, church teachings, sin, reproductive rights, Papal doctrine, human sexuality, Catholic beliefs, scripture Catholic Church, procreation, contraception, Church teaching, divine command, multiply, Genesis 1:28, biblical teachings, doctrine, morality, God’s will, Church authority, religious obligation, ethical principles, Catholic beliefs, family planning, birth control, Church doctrine, sin, theological justification Catholic Church, procreation, contraception, doctrine, religious belief, Genesis 1:28, multiply, moral theology, first commandment, biblical teaching, faith vs. ethics, divine law, church obligation, reproductive ethics, Bible, Catholic teachings, morality, church authority, birth control, Christian ethics Catholic Church, procreation, contraception, doctrine, Genesis 1:28, multiply, religious belief, first commandment, moral teaching, birth control, God's will, biblical interpretation, Church authority, reproductive ethics, Catholic doctrine, scripture, theological ethics, church teachings, the Bible, anti-contraception, fertility, religious obligation Catholic Church, contraception, procreation, birth control, religious beliefs, divine command, Genesis 1:28, Bible, Church doctrine, Church authority, commandments, reproductive ethics, moral obligations, Catholic teachings, multiply, limitation of procreation, God's will, Scripture, religious justification, harm, faith vs welfare
test-science-nsihwbtiss-pro02a	Electronic communication facilitates sexual misconduct.  Social networking websites have proven to be particularly effective for child grooming by pedophiles [1] . Teachers are already in a position of power and trust in the relationship with their students. Being allowed to communicate with students via facebook would greatly facilitate misconduct by a teacher who wants to start an inappropriate relationship with a student, by giving him virtually unlimited access to the students after school. In fact, many such relationships do involve some form of electronic contact1. By banning this form of communication, the law would make it harder for teachers with bad intentions to carry them through.  [1] Choo, Kim. “Online child grooming: a literature review on the misuse of social networking sites for grooming children for sexual offences” Australian Institute of Criminology. 2009. electronic communication, sexual misconduct, social networking websites, child grooming, pedophiles, teacher-student relationships, power dynamics, Facebook, inappropriate relationships, online contact, electronic contact, misconduct prevention, online safety, student protection, teacher misconduct, legal restrictions, communication bans, child exploitation, online predators, literature review, Australian Institute of Criminology, social media risks, digital communication risks electronic communication, sexual misconduct, social networking websites, child grooming, pedophiles, teacher-student relationships, power dynamics, facebook, inappropriate relationships, online contact, after-school communication, misconduct prevention, legal restrictions, online child grooming, social media, teacher misconduct, digital communication risks, predator behavior, student safety, grooming prevention, australian institute of criminology, child exploitation, school policy, teacher ethics, cyber safety electronic communication, sexual misconduct, social networking websites, child grooming, pedophiles, teacher-student relationship, power dynamics, Facebook, inappropriate relationships, online predators, student safety, teacher misconduct, online contact, child protection, electronic contact, communication ban, prevention, internet safety, online sexual offences, Australia, literature review, Choo Kim, social media abuse, safeguarding students, law enforcement, school policies electronic communication, sexual misconduct, social networking websites, child grooming, pedophiles, teachers, power imbalance, student-teacher relationships, Facebook, inappropriate relationships, after-school contact, online contact, banning communication, safeguarding students, online child grooming, misuse of social networking sites, sexual offences, law, teacher misconduct, digital safety, child protection, Australian Institute of Criminology, Choo, Kim, 2009 electronic communication, sexual misconduct, social networking websites, child grooming, pedophiles, teachers, power dynamics, trust, teacher-student relationships, Facebook, inappropriate relationships, online contact, student safety, electronic contact, misconduct prevention, online child grooming, law, communication ban, teacher misconduct, internet safety, child protection, Choo Kim, literature review, sexual offences, social media, Australian Institute of Criminology, misuse of social media, online predators, student vulnerability
test-politics-oepghbrnsl-pro03a	A strong leader is working in the state’s best interest  Putin’s authoritarian style is not a threat to democracy but rather a requirement for a successful and quicker transition. Having Putin control the media is probably healthier than having it be controlled by a corrupt few that promote their personal interests rather than the interest of the state and thus those of the population at large. Democracy is a goal and while certain countries believe themselves to have achieved it, they are constantly struggling to maintain it. As a young democracy, Russia is still working towards defining its own version of democracy and finding what works best in its case. authoritarian leadership, Vladimir Putin, Russian democracy, media control, state interests, transition to democracy, political stability, media ownership, corruption, democratic transition, young democracy, Russian political system, governance models, state versus private media, democracy challenges, political reform, democracy in Russia, leadership style, media influence, nation building Putin, authoritarian leadership, Russia, democracy, media control, state interests, political transition, political stability, media ownership, democratic development, strong leadership, Russian politics, young democracy, government control, national interest, corruption, media influence, democracy transition, political systems, Russian governance strong leadership, Putin, authoritarianism, democracy, media control, state interests, Russia, democratic transition, media propaganda, political stability, corruption, governance, democratic development, Russian politics, media ownership, democracy in Russia Putin, authoritarian leadership, Russian democracy, media control, state interests, transition to democracy, leadership style, media ownership, corruption, governance, democracy development, Russia, strong leader, political system, democratic transition, state vs private media, political stability, transitional democracies, democracy definition, media influence Putin, authoritarianism, strong leadership, Russian democracy, media control, state interests, transition to democracy, governance, political transition, media influence, corruption, state vs private media, democratic development, Russian politics, leadership style, democracy challenges, young democracies, national interests, political reform
test-health-ahiahbgbsp-pro01a	Lower healthcare costs  Smoking caused disease causes large expenses for healthcare systems, something which is particularly burdensome in countries without the rich well developed healthcare systems of the developed world. In the UK lung cancer, one of the diseases caused by smoking, costs £90 per person or £9071 per patient. 1 Even the cost per head of population is higher than Ghana’s entire healthcare budget of $83.4 (about £50) per person. 2  The reduction in smoking, which would be triggered by the ban, would lead to a drop in smoking related illness. A study in the US state of Arizona showed that hospital admissions for smoking related diseases dropped after a ban on smoking in public places 3 .  This would allow resources to be focused on the big killers other than tobacco – including HIV AIDS.  1 The National Cancer Research Institute, ‘Lung cancer UK price tag eclipses the cost of any other cancer’, Cancer Research UK, 7 November 2012,   2 Assuming Ghanaian health spending of 5.2% of GDP which is $40.71 billion split between a population of 25.37 million from World Bank Databank    3 Herman, Patricia M., and Walsh, Michele E. “Hospital Admissions for Acute Myocardial Infarction, Angina, Stroke, and Asthma After Implementation of Arizona’s Comprehensive Statewide Smoking Ban”, American Journal of Public Health, March 2011, healthcare costs, smoking, smoking-related disease, healthcare system burden, developing countries, developed countries, lung cancer, healthcare expenditure, healthcare budget, disease prevention, smoking ban, smoking reduction, hospital admissions, public health policy, resource allocation, tobacco-related illness, HIV/AIDS, economic impact, UK, Ghana, Arizona, cost analysis, healthcare savings, public health intervention, smoking cessation healthcare costs, smoking-related diseases, healthcare burden, developing countries, healthcare systems, lung cancer, smoking ban, resource allocation, hospital admissions, public health, healthcare budgets, economic impact, UK healthcare, Ghana healthcare, smoking reduction, disease prevention, HIV AIDS, tobacco control, cost comparison, public policy, Arizona smoking ban, healthcare expenditure, cancer costs, smoking impacts, smoking policy smoking, healthcare costs, smoking-related diseases, healthcare systems, developed countries, developing countries, lung cancer, healthcare expenses, smoking ban, hospital admissions, public health policy, resource allocation, tobacco reduction, Arizona smoking ban, HIV AIDS, National Cancer Research Institute, Cancer Research UK, Ghana healthcare budget, World Bank, acute myocardial infarction, angina, stroke, asthma, cost-effectiveness, population health, disease burden, smoking cessation, economic impact, public places, UK healthcare, US healthcare, comparative analysis healthcare costs, smoking-related diseases, lung cancer, healthcare burden, developing countries, developed countries, UK healthcare expenses, Ghana healthcare budget, smoking ban, smoking reduction, hospital admissions, public health, tobacco-related illness, resource allocation, major diseases, HIV/AIDS, cancer costs, public smoking ban effects, cost comparison, healthcare resource distribution, World Bank data, acute myocardial infarction, angina, stroke, asthma, Arizona smoking ban, economic impact, healthcare spending, population health, Cancer Research UK, public health policy, smoking cessation lower healthcare costs, smoking, disease, healthcare expenses, healthcare systems, developed countries, developing countries, UK, lung cancer, cost per person, Ghana, healthcare budget, smoking reduction, smoking ban, smoking related illness, hospital admissions, public health policy, resource allocation, tobacco, HIV/AIDS, Arizona, smoking ban impact, smoking related diseases, cost comparison, World Bank, cancer research, cost of cancer, healthcare spending, population health, public places, healthcare economics
test-religion-yercfrggms-pro05a	In reality there are only two theological positions, atheism and theism; agnosticism is nothing but timid atheism:  God, like unicorns, has never been shown to exist, and thus it is logical to accept that He, just like unicorns, does not exist. That is why a position like agnosticism makes no sense. There are no agnostics on the subject of unicorns; there are only agnostics on the subject of God because people tend to be reticent to say they are atheists due to the prevalence of belief of God even in the most secular societies. But fantasy is fantasy, and an agnostic is really just an atheist by another name. Were someone to claim that dragons exist, the person he told it to would not be justified responding saying he did not know whether they exist and that it must be an open question until evidence is presented to corroborate the claim. [1] Rather, he would likely respond with disbelief in the absence of evidence. That is how reasoning works. Thus agnosticism is a philosophically meaningless position. There is either belief or lack of belief, atheism or theism. Opponents of atheism seeking to hide in the nebulous realm of agnosticism, or who claim that because one cannot know there is no God one must be agnostic, hold a position that is philosophically bankrupt.  [1] Dawkins, Richard. 2006. The God Delusion. Ealing: Transworld Publishers. theism, atheism, agnosticism, philosophy of religion, belief in God, unicorns analogy, evidence for God, Richard Dawkins, The God Delusion, absence of evidence, philosophical positions, disbelief, rationality, epistemology, secularism, existence claim, burden of proof, faith vs reason, agnostic atheism, skeptical reasoning, dragons analogy, arguments against agnosticism, binary belief system, criticism of agnosticism atheism, theism, agnosticism, philosophy of religion, belief, lack of belief, God, unicorns analogy, dragons analogy, evidence, existence of God, Richard Dawkins, The God Delusion, secularism, skepticism, philosophical positions, burden of proof, agnostic atheism, religious belief, logical reasoning, epistemology, faith, nonbelief, agnostic criticism, secular argumentation, fantasy vs reality atheism, theism, agnosticism, God, unicorns, existence, belief, disbelief, philosophy, Richard Dawkins, The God Delusion, secularism, evidence, dragons, fantasy, rationalism, epistemology, agnostic atheism, logical reasoning, burden of proof, religious belief, philosophical positions, nonbelief, metaphysics, faith, skepticism, theological debate atheism, theism, agnosticism, God, unicorns, existence, belief, disbelief, logical reasoning, philosophical positions, fantasy, evidence, Richard Dawkins, The God Delusion, secular society, reticence, agnostic atheism, dragons, epistemology, knowledge, burden of proof, philosophical bankruptcy, religious belief, nonbelief, argument against agnosticism, skepticism atheism, theism, agnosticism, God, unicorns, evidence, belief, disbelief, fantasy, existence, philosophical positions, secular societies, Richard Dawkins, The God Delusion, epistemology, lack of belief, proof, justification, dragons, rationality, philosophical bankruptcy, skepticism, religious belief, absence of evidence, philosophical meaning
test-science-ascidfakhba-con02a	Artists should retain the right to control their work’s interaction with the public space even if their work is publicly funded  Art is the expression of its creator’s sense of understanding of the world, and thus that expression will always have special meaning to him or her that no amount of reinterpretation or external appreciation can override. How a work is used once released into the public sphere, whether expanded, revised, responded to, or simply shown without their direct consent, thus remains an active issue for the artist, because those alternative experiences are all using a piece of the artist in its efforts. Artists deserve to have that piece of them treated in a way they see as reasonable. It is a simple matter of justice that artists be permitted to maintain the level of control they desire, and it is a justice that is best furnished through the conventional copyright mechanism that provides for the maximum protection of works for their creators, and allows them to contract away uses and rights to those works on their own terms. Many artists care about their legacies and the future of their artistic works, and should thus have this protection furnished by the state through the protection of copyright, not cast aside by the unwashed users of the creative commons. Samuel Beckett is a great example of this need. Beckett had exacting standards about the fashion in which in his plays could be performed. [1] For him the meaning of the art demanded an appreciation for the strict performance without the adulteration of reinterpretation. He would lack that power under this policy, meaning either the world would have been impoverished for want of his plays, or he would have been impoverished for want of his rights to his work. These rights are best balanced through the aegis of copyright as it is, not under the free-for-all of the creative commons license.  [1] Catron, L. “Copyright Laws for Theatre People”. 2003. artist rights, copyright, public art, creative control, public space, artistic expression, reinterpretation, external appreciation, consent, artist legacy, intellectual property, creative commons, public funding, artistic justice, contract rights, performance standards, Samuel Beckett, copyright protection, artistic integrity, state protection, copyright law, derivative works, moral rights, ownership, authorship, use rights, legacy protection, public access, cultural policy artist rights, public space, public funding, artistic control, copyright, creative expression, reinterpretation, external appreciation, intellectual property, justice, creative commons, artist legacy, work protection, state protection, Samuel Beckett, performance standards, copyright mechanisms, contracting rights, art usage, moral rights, artistic integrity, cultural policy, public access, creator's rights, copyright law, theatre, legislative protection artist rights, public space, control over artwork, publicly funded art, artistic expression, reinterpretation, external appreciation, use of art, artist consent, justice, copyright protection, creator rights, legacy protection, state protection, creative commons, intellectual property, Samuel Beckett, performance rights, copyright law, artistic control, moral rights, copyright vs creative commons, art legacy, artist consent, art justice, art ownership, contractual rights, protection of works, interpretation rights, author’s rights artist rights, public art, copyright protection, creative control, public funding, artistic expression, moral rights, legacy protection, copyright law, creative commons, artistic integrity, Samuel Beckett, performance rights, authorship, intellectual property, reinterpretation, artistic justice, state protection, artist consent, fair use artist rights, public art, copyright protection, creative control, publicly funded art, moral rights, intellectual property, artist legacy, creative commons, artistic expression, performance rights, reinterpretation, public space, Samuel Beckett, copyright law, artistic integrity, contract rights, state protection, art justice, use of art, creator’s rights, public domain, fair use, artist consent
test-law-phwmfri-con02a	The rich will resent this  The rich will feel like they are receiving an unfair, ‘greater’ punishment. This resentment will be magnified by media response: some newspapers and news outlets will choose to report this as an attack on the rich just as is the case with progressive taxation which is often attacked as an assault on ‘wealth creation’.1  This may well increase the extent to which they break the law, because if you perceive the law to be applied unfairly, you are less likely to consider it to be making an accurate assessment of whether an action is right or wrong in any given situation.  That is, in situations where you are unlikely to be caught committing a crime, the deterrent is clearly not the possible punishment (which you won’t face, because you won’t be caught). Rather, the deterrent is the extent to which you believe the illegal action to be morally wrong. If you believe a law is applied unfairly, you are less likely to consider the prohibited action to be actually, morally wrong, and therefore more likely to commit that act.  1 Cianfrocca, Francis, ‘Wealth Creation Under Attack’, Commentary, June 2009, wealth, resentment, rich, unfair punishment, media response, progressive taxation, assault on wealth, lawbreaking, legal deterrence, moral judgement, law perception, fairness, media framing, crime, enforcement, punishment, moral wrong, inequality, tax policy, social justice, social perception, compliance, public opinion, legal compliance, morality, Francis Cianfrocca, wealth creation, newspaper coverage, news outlets, perception of injustice wealth inequality, resentment, unfair punishment, progressive taxation, media response, perception of law, moral deterrence, lawbreaking, wealth creation, media bias, legal legitimacy, social justice, punitive measures, media framing, criminal behavior, fairness, punitive justice, tax policy, social perception, legal compliance, rich vs poor, moral justification, social attitudes, enforcement, crime deterrence wealth disparity, resentment, progressive taxation, unfair punishment, media coverage, media bias, attack on the rich, wealth creation, law perception, legal deterrence, moral legitimacy, crime motivation, law enforcement, perceived injustice, elite behavior, tax policy, socioeconomic inequality, punishment fairness, moral reasoning, newspaper reporting, legal compliance, social response, Francis Cianfrocca, Commentary magazine wealth inequality, resentment, unfair punishment, progressive taxation, media portrayal, media response, law breaking, perceived injustice, moral judgment, crime deterrence, legal fairness, wealth creation, press coverage, punishment severity, social perception, tax policy, compliance, legal morality, elite attitudes, public opinion, crime motivation wealth inequality, resentment, rich, unfair punishment, media response, news coverage, attack on the rich, progressive taxation, wealth creation, perception of fairness, lawbreaking, legal compliance, moral judgment, deterrence, media influence, Francis Cianfrocca, fairness in law, criminal behavior, attitudes toward law, moral legitimacy, commentary
test-economy-epsihbdns-con01a	Freedom of movement is an intrinsic human right  Every human being is born with certain rights. These are protected by various charters and are considered inseparable from the human being. The reason for this is a belief that these rights create the fundamental and necessary conditions to lead a human life. Freedom of movement is one of these and has been recognised as such in Article 13 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. [1] If a family finds themselves faced with starvation, the only chance they have of survival might be to move to another place where they might live another day. It is inhuman to condemn individuals to death and suffering for the benefit of some nebulous collective theory. While we might pass some of our freedoms to the state, we have a moral right to the freedoms that help us stay alive – in this context freedom of movement is one of those.  [1] General Assembly, “The Universal Declaration of Human Rights”, 10 December 1948, freedom of movement, intrinsic human rights, Universal Declaration of Human Rights, Article 13, human rights charters, right to movement, survival, migration, moral right, state authority, basic freedoms, human dignity, General Assembly, 1948, international law, fundamental rights, right to travel, displacement, starvation, collective theory, mobility rights, existential rights freedom of movement, intrinsic human rights, fundamental rights, Universal Declaration of Human Rights, Article 13, right to migrate, survival, moral rights, state vs individual freedoms, starvation, relocation, human dignity, protected rights, migration, right to life, inherent rights, human suffering, collective theory, General Assembly, 1948 freedom of movement, human rights, intrinsic rights, Universal Declaration of Human Rights, Article 13, fundamental rights, right to migrate, survival, moral rights, state vs individual rights, right to life, family migration, starvation, movement restrictions, international law, personal liberty, inalienable rights, human dignity, right to relocate, freedom from oppression, humanitarian principles, General Assembly, 1948 freedom of movement, intrinsic human rights, Universal Declaration of Human Rights, Article 13, fundamental rights, survival, moral rights, migration, individual rights, right to life, state and individual freedoms, human dignity, humanitarian law, basic freedoms, right to relocate, human rights charters freedom of movement, intrinsic human right, fundamental rights, human life, Universal Declaration of Human Rights, Article 13, migration, survival, starvation, moral right, state power, individual rights, mobility, General Assembly, 1948, international law, civil liberties, human dignity, rights protection, humanitarian principles
test-philosophy-pppgshbsd-pro02a	Socialism was a twentieth century ideology which ran its course and ran out of steam when it became clear that Capitalism worked better  The world has moved on; it is inconceivable that the protests of the seventies and eighties could be refought again. This issue was settled at the end of the eighties. It wasn’t just the collapse of the Soviet Union, although that no doubt played a major role in shaping the future of socialism in Europe.  In a globalised world the traditional ideas about class and the nature of the labour market have moved on and politics moved on with it.  Socialists may have won many of the arguments over social issues, but arguments on the advantages of free trade, deregulation, the role of the state, the relationship between government and industry all line up firmly in the Capitalist column.  There were some remnants of dogmatic, “classical” socialism left in continental Europe, especially amongst its union movements, which are now collapsing. As Margaret Thatcher put it, “The problem with Socialism is that you will eventually run out of other people’s money.” [i]  [i] Quoted in: James Turk. “Will Sovereign Debt Defaults Bring The End Of Socialism?” Free Gold Money Report. 19 December 2009. socialism, twentieth century, ideology, capitalism, Soviet Union collapse, globalisation, class structure, labour market, social issues, free trade, deregulation, role of the state, government-industry relations, classical socialism, European unions, Margaret Thatcher, political history, economic systems, socialism decline, capitalism success, political protests, 1970s, 1980s, economic policy, social policy, sovereign debt, socialism collapse, labour movement, neoliberalism, James Turk socialism, twentieth century, ideology, capitalism, globalisation, class, labour market, politics, free trade, deregulation, state role, government-industry relations, Soviet Union collapse, Europe, socialism decline, union movements, Margaret Thatcher, social issues, economic policy, socialist arguments, capitalist advantages, economic transition, labour unions, neoliberalism, deregulation, sovereignty, sovereign debt, post-socialism socialism, twentieth century, ideology, capitalism, globalisation, class, labour market, politics, Soviet Union collapse, Europe, social issues, free trade, deregulation, state role, government-industry relationship, classical socialism, unions, Margaret Thatcher, economic arguments, social change, political history, socialist collapse, neoliberalism, post-Cold War, economic policy, labour movement, market economy, socialist legacy socialism, twentieth century, ideology, capitalism, economic systems, Soviet Union collapse, globalisation, class structure, labor market, political change, social issues, free trade, deregulation, state role, government-industry relations, classical socialism, European unions, Margaret Thatcher, socialism decline, socialist arguments, capitalism advantages, union movement collapse, sovereign debt, socialism end, historical perspective, economic reform socialism, twentieth century, ideology, capitalism, Soviet Union collapse, globalisation, class, labour market, politics, protests 1970s 1980s, free trade, deregulation, role of the state, government-industry relations, social issues, economic systems, Europe, trade unions, Margaret Thatcher, sovereign debt, end of socialism, classical socialism, capitalism vs socialism
test-international-aegmeppghw-con02a	Turkey is a highly unstable democracy in an unstable part of the world  Turkey has a better history of democratic elections than a number of the former communist states currently negotiating their membership of the EU. Its election of a party with Islamist roots has led to a smooth transfer of power, with no attempt at intervention by the secularist military (as in the past). In 2010 the EU welcomed the success of a referendum on changes to the Turkish constitution which reduced the power of the military and made it fully subject to democratic authority.  Turkey is near some global flash points, but its entry into the EU would not bring these potential dangers closer to current EU members. The EU is already engaged in conflicts in Libya, Iraq, and Afghanistan; Turkey’s inclusion would not have made that more or less likely. Turkey is already a long-standing member of NATO; this means that any security crisis on Turkey’s borders, for example between Palestine and Israel, already involves its Western neighbours and the EU has had to involve Turkey over issues of planning and access.  Furthermore, Turkey as a strategic gateway to the Middle East does not only involve conflict; it also provides the West with the opportunity for reconciliation and cooperation. Turkey is potentially a crucial alternative conduit for oil and gas to and from central Asia [1] , making Europe less dependent on Russian favour. Engagement between Turkey and the EU has greatly reduced historic enmity between Turkey and Greece, and held out hope for a solution to the division of Cyprus, showing the benefits of a closer relationship. The EU was created to encourage political cooperation in just such circumstances [2] , and Turkey’s entry would be important for strengthening relationships with the increasingly important Muslim countries in the Middle East and breaking down the artificial barriers between ‘East’ and ‘West’.  [1]  ‘Turkey: still America’s best ally in the Middle East?’ by Joshua W Walker, 25th June 2010  [2]  ‘Turkey: an honest broker in the Middle East’ by Bulent Kenes, 9th June 2010 Turkey, democracy, EU membership, democratic elections, former communist states, Islamist party, power transfer, secularist military, Turkish constitution, 2010 referendum, military influence, democratic authority, global flashpoints, EU security, NATO, Middle East, Palestine-Israel, EU-Turkey relations, energy security, oil and gas, Russian dependence, Turkey-Greece relations, Cyprus conflict, political cooperation, Muslim countries, East-West relations, strategic gateway, reconciliation, Joshua W Walker, Bulent Kenes Turkey, democracy, unstable, EU membership, democratic elections, Islamist party, power transfer, secularist military, constitutional referendum, military power, democratic authority, global flash points, EU security, conflicts, Libya, Iraq, Afghanistan, NATO, security crisis, Palestine, Israel, Middle East gateway, reconciliation, cooperation, oil conduit, gas conduit, Central Asia, Russian energy dependence, Turkey-Greece relations, Cyprus division, political cooperation, Muslim countries, East-West relations, EU-Turkey relations, strategic importance, Joshua W Walker, Bulent Kenes Turkey, democracy, unstable region, democratic elections, EU membership, Islamist party, military intervention, Turkish constitution, referendum, military power, democratic authority, global flashpoints, EU conflicts, NATO, security crisis, Palestine, Israel, strategic gateway, Middle East, energy conduit, oil, gas, central Asia, Russian dependency, Turkey-Greece relations, Cyprus conflict, political cooperation, Muslim countries, East-West relations, EU enlargement, reconciliation, cooperation, Bulent Kenes, Joshua W Walker Turkey, unstable democracy, EU membership, democratic elections, former communist states, Islamist party, smooth power transfer, secularist military, constitutional changes, 2010 referendum, military power reduction, democratic authority, regional instability, global flashpoints, EU security, Libya, Iraq, Afghanistan, NATO member, security crisis, Palestine-Israel, Western neighbours, strategic gateway, Middle East, reconciliation, cooperation, oil and gas conduit, Central Asia, Russian energy dependence, Turkey-Greece relations, Cyprus division, political cooperation, Muslim countries, East-West barriers, Joshua W Walker, Bulent Kenes Turkey, democracy, unstable region, EU membership, democratic elections, former communist states, Islamist party, military intervention, Turkish constitution, 2010 referendum, military power, democratic authority, global flash points, EU security, NATO, security crisis, Middle East, Israel-Palestine, Western neighbours, strategic gateway, oil and gas conduit, central Asia, Russian dependency, Turkey-Greece relations, Cyprus division, political cooperation, Muslim countries, East-West relations, Europe, EU enlargement, reconciliation, cooperation, geopolitical significance
test-law-tlcplghwfne-con03a	"Needle exchanges cause crime  Needle exchanges gather a large number of drug addicts into a single area. Many drug addicts are forced into criminality because of their addiction. Given that this is true, the needle exchanges serve to concentrate a large number of potential criminals in a small area. Not only does this increase crime in the area itself significantly, what is also manages to do is cause criminals to meet other criminals who they may not have interacted with before.  This can either lead to the aforementioned criminals working together and causing more problems, or it can lead to violence between rival criminals and their gangs.  Further, the simple gathering of criminals in a single area can also serve to attract other criminals to the same area to possibly reap benefits. This often comes in the form of prostitution, which thrives in areas of high crime and weaker police presence.1  1. Toni Meyer. ""Making the case for opposing needle exchange"". New Jersey Family Policy Council. November 16, 2007. needle exchanges, crime, drug addicts, criminality, addiction, concentrated crime, crime increase, criminal interaction, gang violence, criminal collaboration, rival criminals, prostitution, high crime areas, weak police presence, public safety, drug-related crime, policy opposition, New Jersey Family Policy Council, Toni Meyer needle exchanges, crime rates, drug addicts, criminality, area concentration, criminal gatherings, gang violence, prostitution, public safety, law enforcement, drug crime, community impact, neighborhood safety, criminal networks, anti-needle exchange arguments, policy critique, drug policy, urban crime, social issues, New Jersey Family Policy Council needle exchanges, crime rates, drug addiction, criminality, crime concentration, public safety, gang violence, drug-related crime, prostitution, police presence, community impact, neighborhood safety, harm reduction criticism, needle exchange opposition, drug user congregation, criminal networking, urban crime, law enforcement, social problems, drug policy debate needle exchange programs, crime increase, drug addiction, criminal activity, concentrated drug users, urban crime, gang violence, criminal congregation, prostitution, public safety, law enforcement, community impact, harm reduction criticism, drug-related crime, neighborhood safety, policy opposition, New Jersey Family Policy Council, Toni Meyer needle exchange, crime rates, drug addicts, criminality, concentration of criminals, gang violence, area crime increase, criminal collaboration, rival gangs, prostitution, police presence, public safety, harm reduction criticism, drug policy, neighborhood impact, drug-related crime, social issues, urban crime, law enforcement, community safety"
test-culture-mmciahbans-con04a	Run education campaigns instead  Education is an alternative. Campaigns such as #darkisbeautiful (dark is beautiful) in India are the model for advancing equality and marginalizing colourism in India. The campaign has had some success attracting stars, including some such as Vishaka Sing who have modelled for fairness creams, to campaign against the prejudice against darker skin tones. [1]  The heavy hand of legislation is not the correct tool – other methods from social media campaigns to changing practices in the fashion, beauty and media industries (such as has occurred in Dakar Fashion Week [2] ) will reduce the cultural demand.  [1] Krupa, Lakshmi, ‘Dark is beautiful’, The Hindu, 8 September 2013,   [2] Reuters, “Dakar fashion week bans models who use skin lightning cream”, South China Morning Post, 01 July 2013, education campaigns, social media, #darkisbeautiful, India, colourism, skin tone equality, anti-colourism, beauty standards, Vishaka Singh, fairness creams, prejudice, celebrities, media industry, fashion industry, beauty industry, Dakar Fashion Week, skin lightening, cultural change, advocacy, public awareness, discrimination, legislative alternatives, diversity, inclusion, representation, South Asia, Africa, media influence, celebrity activism, awareness campaigns education campaigns, #darkisbeautiful, colorism, India, equality, social media campaigns, beauty industry, fashion industry, media industry, skin tone prejudice, fairness creams, Vishaka Singh, cultural demand, Dakar Fashion Week, skin lightening ban, anti-colorism, advocacy, public awareness, alternative to legislation, discrimination, diversity, representation education campaigns, colourism, dark is beautiful, India, equality, social media campaigns, fashion industry, beauty industry, media industry, Dakar Fashion Week, skin lightening creams, anti-colourism, awareness, celebrity involvement, Vishaka Singh, cultural demand, prejudice, alternative to legislation, activism, skin tone discrimination, representation, diversity promotion, inclusivity education campaigns, dark is beautiful, India, colourism, equality, social media campaigns, anti-colourism, beauty standards, Vishaka Singh, fairness creams, prejudice, darker skin, fashion industry, media industry, Dakar Fashion Week, skin lightening, beauty industry, cultural demand, advocacy, celebrity endorsement, legislative alternatives education campaigns, colorism, #darkisbeautiful, India, equality, anti-colorism, social media campaigns, beauty standards, prejudice, darker skin, fashion industry, beauty industry, media industry, Dakar Fashion Week, skin lightening, cultural demand, advocacy, Vishaka Sing, celebrity support, fairness creams, legislative alternatives, public awareness, diversity, representation, skin tone bias
test-international-amehbuaisji-pro02a	Domestic courts are often incapable of providing a fair trial, when they fail the ICC fills the void.  Domestic legal systems will often suffer from a lack of judicial independence and potentially politicised prosecutions, and are also open to allegations of victors’ justice, or whitewashes by a judiciary biased towards the winners of the conflict.  The ICC, as an effective court and with an independent judiciary, provide a suitable and unbiased climate for these cases to be heard in. While it is difficult to give any former head of state a fair trial, it is even more so in cases involving states divided along ethnic and political fault lines where any conviction could be seen as one based on continuing hatreds rather than evidence and criminal procedure.  It is clearly in the interests of the United States and Israel to support the principle that where there is no independent judiciary cases can be moved to a higher level. These states as much as any other desire that those who commit large scale international crimes be brought to book. The ICC for example might provide an alternative method of going after terrorists.  In addition, the principle of complementarity – that the ICC should only prosecute where states have shown themselves unable or unwilling to prosecute - means that when a state can take effective action against war crimes, there will be no role for the ICC. This means that the US and Israel with independent judiciaries should have nothing to worry about unless their judiciary proves unwilling to prosecute if one of their own nationals commits a crime prosecutable by the ICC. ICC, International Criminal Court, domestic courts, fair trial, judicial independence, politicised prosecutions, victors’ justice, whitewash, conflict, unbiased judiciary, effective court, head of state, ethnic divisions, political fault lines, international crimes, United States, Israel, principle of complementarity, unwillingness to prosecute, war crimes, alternative prosecution, state incapacity, independent judiciary, prosecute criminals, terrorism, international justice, national prosecution ICC, domestic courts, fair trial, judicial independence, politicised prosecutions, victors’ justice, judicial bias, independent judiciary, war crimes, complementarity principle, international crimes, prosecution, United States, Israel, tribunal, ethnic conflict, head of state, criminal procedure, terrorism, state incapacity, international justice, whitewash ICC, International Criminal Court, domestic courts, fair trial, judicial independence, politicised prosecutions, victors’ justice, biased judiciary, post-conflict justice, effective court, independent judiciary, ethnic divisions, political divisions, prosecution of heads of state, war crimes, United States, Israel, principle of complementarity, inability to prosecute, unwillingness to prosecute, international crimes, alternative to domestic prosecution, terrorism, prosecution of nationals, whitewash, accountability, impartial justice International Criminal Court, ICC, domestic courts, fair trial, judicial independence, politicised prosecutions, victors’ justice, whitewash, conflict, bias, independent judiciary, fair trial for head of state, ethnic divisions, political divisions, international crimes, United States, Israel, principle of complementarity, war crimes, inability to prosecute, unwillingness to prosecute, alternative prosecution, terrorism, judicial bias, international justice, prosecution of nationals, judiciary effectiveness, judicial accountability domestic courts, fair trial, ICC, International Criminal Court, judicial independence, politicised prosecutions, victors’ justice, biased judiciary, conflict, independent judiciary, international crimes, complementarity principle, prosecution, war crimes, state inability, state unwillingness, head of state, ethnic conflict, political fault lines, United States, Israel, alternative justice, large-scale crimes, terrorists, whitewash, criminal procedure, prosecution by ICC, national prosecution, judiciary effectiveness, transfer of cases, international law
test-digital-freedoms-aihwbasmn-con03a	Police should not block the communications and freedom of expression of law-abiding citizens  The blocking of social networks, of the internet, or of mobile phone networks in times of riot would be an illegitimate curtailment of a private company’s right to do business and serve its customers. Social networks are business and have many users. Even more important is the impact on everyone who is not associated with the rioting. When these actions are taken it harms everyone, perhaps even millions of people at a given time. [1] The action taken by the state to seek to prevent the spreading of the riots is not only ineffective it is also a massive imposition on the rights of the citizens of the polity. Their freedom of speech is curtailed, business is harmed, and the riots continue. Studies of the use of Twitter during the riots in London showed that during rioting it was mostly used to react to the riots to send warnings to avoid trouble rather than incite violence. [2] Blocking access or cutting off communications would therefore mean putting at risk those people who otherwise would have been warned not to go near areas with rioting.  [1] Temperton, J. “Blocking Facebook and Twitter During Riots Threatens Freedom”. Computer Active. 15 August 2011.   [2] Ball, J., and Lewis, P., “Riots database of 2.5m tweets reveals complex picture of interaction”, The Guardian, 24 August 2011. police, communication blocking, freedom of expression, social networks, internet shutdown, mobile phone networks, riots, private company rights, business impact, non-rioters, freedom of speech, state intervention, civil rights, public warning, Twitter, London riots, information dissemination, public safety, censorship, online platforms, civil liberties, digital rights, law-abiding citizens, riot suppression, communication restrictions, mass harm police, communication blocking, freedom of expression, social networks, internet shutdown, mobile network blockade, riots, private company rights, freedom of speech, business interruption, citizen rights, ineffective state responses, Twitter use, London riots, riot warnings, civil liberties, information access, public safety, digital rights, censorship, harm to non-rioters police, communications blockade, freedom of expression, law-abiding citizens, social networks, internet blocking, mobile network shutdown, riots, private company rights, business impact, user access, collateral damage, freedom of speech, business disruption, public safety, state intervention, Twitter, London riots, riot warnings, incitement, digital rights, censorship, customer service, mass communication, legitimate restriction, civil liberties, mobile communication shutdown, public communication, rights violation, online censorship police, communication blocking, freedom of expression, law-abiding citizens, social networks, internet shutdown, mobile phone network, riots, private companies, business impact, user rights, freedom of speech, mass harm, state action, riot prevention, civil liberties, Twitter usage, London riots, warning systems, violence incitement, public safety, online platforms, censorship, internet rights, mass communication, Computer Active, The Guardian, blocking Facebook, blocking Twitter, digital rights police communication blocking, freedom of expression, social network censorship, internet shutdown, mobile network blocking, riots, business rights, user impact, freedom of speech, citizen rights, state intervention, Twitter during riots, London riots social media, communication curtailment, warning systems, riot prevention measures, harm to law-abiding citizens, digital rights, civil liberties, government regulation, effectiveness of blocking, collateral impact, online speech restrictions, emergency communication, social media impact riots
test-sport-tshbmlbscac-con03a	Collisions are unnecessary.  Baseball doesn’t need collisions. By requiring the runner to slide, just as they must do when attempting to reach other bases, or disallowing catchers to block runners’ paths, or—best of all—requiring both those steps, baseball can eliminate collisions.  Unlike in football or rugby, hits at the plate are not a necessary component of the sport. The game is played quite well at the amateur level without such brutal physical contact. [1] Collisions occur relatively infrequently, and the complexion of the game will not be dramatically different without them. Yet the benefits of improved safety are dramatic.  [1] See, for example, American Legion Baseball Rules, Rule 1(E),  . baseball, collisions, runner slide rule, catcher blocking, home plate collisions, player safety, amateur baseball, contact rules, American Legion Baseball, Rule 1(E), injury prevention, non-contact play, baseball rules, base running, collision elimination baseball collisions, safety rules, eliminate collisions, sliding rule, catchers blocking path, plate collisions, amateur baseball, physical contact, game safety, American Legion Baseball Rules, base running, player safety, collision frequency, baseball rules, contact sports comparison, rule 1(E), improving safety, sports injuries, non-contact play, athletic regulations baseball, collisions, unnecessary, safety, runner sliding, catcher blocking, rules, elimination, plate collision, physical contact, amateur baseball, football comparison, rugby comparison, American Legion Baseball Rules, injury prevention, sports regulation, game integrity, player protection, base running, sportsmanship baseball, collisions, runner slide rule, catcher blocking, safety, physical contact, home plate collisions, rule changes, amateur baseball, injury prevention, American Legion Baseball Rules, improved safety, plate blocking, collision elimination, sports rules, base running, contact sports, baseball injuries, baseball safety, rule enforcement baseball, collisions, safety, sliding rule, catcher blocking, home plate, physical contact, unnecessary collisions, amateur baseball, rule changes, American Legion Baseball, Rule 1(E), player safety, eliminating collisions, sports comparison, football, rugby, game rules, injuries prevention, base running, catcher interference
test-philosophy-pppthbtcb-pro05a	Consequentialism  Actions can only be justified by their outcomes, and if the outcome of an act of terror is an overall increase of justice, freedom and welfare, this action is therefore legitimate. Many people around the world suffer on a daily basis from poverty, injustices and violence. Generally, these people did not choose to suffer, nor was it a result of their actions; therefore it can be seen as a logical conclusion that it is a good thing that this suffering is diminished. However, authorities might not always agree to redistribution or an acknowledgement of rights, and more drastic measures are needed to obtain the goal. If, in this case, the use of acts of terror is needed to obtain greater goods such as justice and equality, and this would mean that on balance, more people would gain more utility, the action would be justified. In this way, terrorism can be seen as an effective weapon in a revolutionary struggle that results in progression. A very current example are the terrorist attacks in several Middle Eastern countries that have led to the Arab spring, such as the attack on the Yemen president Ali Abdullah Saleh. [1]  [1] Sinjab, L. (2011, June 3). Yemen: President Saleh injured in attack on palace. Retrieved August 3, 2011, from BBC News: consequentialism, ethical justification, outcomes, morality, terrorism, utilitarianism, justice, freedom, welfare, redistribution, suffering, authorities, human rights, drastic measures, legitimacy, revolutionary struggle, Arab Spring, Middle East, Yemen, Ali Abdullah Saleh, political violence, utility, ethical theories, means and ends, ethical dilemmas, justification of violence, social change, moral philosophy consequentialism, moral justification, actions, outcomes, terrorism, legitimacy, justice, freedom, welfare, poverty, injustice, violence, redistribution, rights, utility, greater good, revolutionary struggle, ethical theory, Arab Spring, Middle East, Yemen, Ali Abdullah Saleh, terror attacks, utilitarianism, ethical justification, political violence, ends justify means, moral philosophy, BBC News, suffering, ethical implications, drastic measures, social change consequentialism, moral justification, actions, outcomes, terrorism, legitimacy, justice, freedom, welfare, suffering, poverty, violence, utility, redistribution, rights, drastic measures, revolutionary struggle, progressive change, Arab Spring, Middle East, Yemen, Ali Abdullah Saleh, ethical theory, utilitarianism, moral philosophy, justification of terror, ethical dilemmas, political violence, collective good, ethical consequences, effective weapon, BBC News consequentialism, moral justification, outcomes, utility, legitimacy, terrorism, ethical theory, justice, freedom, welfare, suffering, poverty, injustice, violence, redistribution, rights, drastic measures, greater good, utility maximization, revolutionary struggle, effectiveness, Arab Spring, Middle East, Yemen, Saleh attack, ethical implications, political violence, moral philosophy, ends justify means Consequentialism, moral justification, outcomes, utilitarianism, terrorism, ethical legitimacy, justice, freedom, welfare, poverty, injustice, violence, redistribution, rights, authorities, revolutionary struggle, progressive change, utility, Arab Spring, Middle East, Yemen, Saleh, political violence, ethical dilemmas, moral philosophy, means and ends, justification of violence
test-religion-cmrsgfhbr-con02a	There are clear and proven benefits to the health of the Filipino families, especially women  Both sides of this debate have spoken about the need to respect the rights and lives of women. It is, however, difficult to see how exactly opponents of the legislation reconcile this with their actions. Decades’ worth of research demonstrates that educational, health and nutritional levels all fall once a family outgrows its means. In the slums of Manila that research is unnecessary as it is all too apparent at a glance. However the research is there [i] to provide grisly commentary to the narrative folding out on the streets.  Investigations on a personal, national and global level demonstrate that effective family planning is at the heart of eradicating poverty [ii] . When families have less children they are more able to afford better education for those they do have and have a greater incentive to do so as they need their child to be able to support them when they are retired. [iii] Proposition is keen that this money should have been spent on eradicating poverty – they fail to realise, deliberately or otherwise, that that is exactly what it is being spent on.  [i] Rauhala, Emily, ‘The Philippines’ Birth Control Battle’, Time, 6 June 2008.   [ii] Brown, Lester, ‘Smart Family Planning Improves Women’s Health and Reduces Poverty’, guardian.co.uk 14 April 2011.   [iii] Merrick, Thomas, W., ‘Population and P{overty: New Views on an Old Controversy’, International Family Planning Perspectives, Vol.28, No.1, March 2002, family planning, Filipino families, women's health, reproductive rights, poverty eradication, education, nutrition, Manila slums, population control, legislation debate, research evidence, birth control, child welfare, socioeconomic impact, health benefits, Philippines, demographic studies, policy impact, contraceptive access, maternal health, children’s education, poverty reduction family planning, Filipino families, women’s health, poverty eradication, education, nutrition, slums, Manila, reproductive rights, population control, contraceptives, public health, legislation, poverty reduction, socioeconomic impact, research, child welfare, birth control, reproductive health, policy debate, gender equality, economic benefits, sustainable development, family size, urban poverty family planning, Filipino families, women's health, poverty eradication, education, nutrition, slums, Manila, population growth, legislation, reproductive rights, birth control, health benefits, children, resource allocation, research, developing countries, anti-poverty measures, women's rights, social policy, economic impact, Philippines, demographic research, family size, living standards, policy debate family planning, Filipino families, women’s health, reproductive rights, poverty eradication, education, nutrition, Manila slums, population growth, contraception, birth control, health benefits, socioeconomic impact, family size, child education, poverty reduction, quality of life, maternal health, child welfare, debates on legislation, public health, research evidence, Philippines, urban poor, demographic impact family planning, women’s health, Filipino families, reproductive rights, poverty eradication, education, nutrition, overpopulation, Manila slums, legislation, research, birth control, children’s welfare, poverty reduction, economic impact, population growth, healthcare access, global health, personal level, national level, contraception, RH Bill, Philippines, social policy, income, child support, women's empowerment, public health, socioeconomic status, urban poverty
test-free-speech-debate-fchbjaj-pro01a	The concept of what is a journalist needs to be clarified to deal with the reality of new forms of mass communication. Assange gathers, collates and disseminates information, ergo, he is a journalist.  Few industries have been changed more radically by the advent of the Internet than journalism. The traditional role of the journalist, disseminating information to which they had special or privileged access, has changed beyond recognition. Now readers and viewers have direct access to much of that information and can access it at their own convenience and through their own choice of media. Sales of newspapers are in freefall and the stranglehold of a handful of broadcasters on political access has been lost forever. There are still extraordinary journalists finding news and genuinely affecting the society around them. For the most part, however, journalists increasingly comment on the news rather than directly collecting it. In many ways, Assange has taken journalism back to basics – acquiring information to which most people do not have access and making it public. The very fact that the powerful and the privileged dislike what he is doing so much could even be taken to suggest that he has to be doing something right as one of the roles of the fourth estate is to act as a check on government. [1]  At a time when much of the traditional media seems to have lost its sense of what its role is, Wikileaks is providing a timely reminder [2] .  [1] Hume, Ellen, ‘Freedom of the Press’, Issues of Democracy, December 2005,   [2] The Guardian. Julian Assange Wins Martha Gellhorn Journalism Prize. Jason Deans. 2 June 2011. journalist definition, new media, mass communication, Julian Assange, information dissemination, journalism transformation, Internet impact, traditional journalism, privileged access, news access, newspaper decline, media landscape change, reader autonomy, media diversity, fourth estate, government accountability, Wikileaks, investigative journalism, media critique, journalism basics, press freedom, Ellen Hume, Jason Deans, Martha Gellhorn Prize, The Guardian, digital journalism, journalistic role, media disruption, public information access journalist definition, new media, mass communication, Julian Assange, digital journalism, internet impact, journalism evolution, information dissemination, privileged access, media transformation, newspaper decline, broadcaster influence, news access, reader empowerment, citizen journalism, investigative reporting, fourth estate, government accountability, Wikileaks, traditional media, journalism roles, media criticism, press freedom, Ellen Hume, Martha Gellhorn Prize, The Guardian journalist definition, journalism, mass communication, new media, Internet impact, Julian Assange, Wikileaks, information dissemination, news gathering, media transformation, privileged access, traditional journalism, digital journalism, media industry change, newspaper decline, media democratization, broadcast monopoly, political access, commentary vs reporting, investigative journalism, fourth estate, government accountability, press freedom, Ellen Hume, The Guardian, Martha Gellhorn Journalism Prize journalist definition, new mass communication, Julian Assange, information dissemination, Internet impact journalism, traditional media, privileged access, media transformation, news access, newspaper decline, broadcasters, political access, journalism evolution, citizen journalism, Wikileaks, fourth estate, government accountability, journalism basics, media criticism, journalism role, digital media, press freedom, Ellen Hume, The Guardian, Martha Gellhorn Prize journalism, journalist definition, Julian Assange, Wikileaks, mass communication, digital media, Internet impact, media transformation, privileged access, information dissemination, traditional journalism, news collection, media evolution, newspaper decline, alternative media, fourth estate, government accountability, media commentary, citizen journalism, press freedom, investigative journalism, Ellen Hume, Martha Gellhorn Prize, The Guardian, political access, media role, journalism ethics
test-philosophy-eppphwlrtjs-pro04a	"Having trial by jury for people accused of very small offences is a waste of resources.  Juries are very expensive and time consuming, and courts may not be capable of using them for all trials. Indeed, in both the UK and the United States, minor or petty offences can be tried without jury (such offenses are defined differently in different places; in the US petty offences are those carrying less than 6 months prison time or a fine of $5000)1. That is because in densely populated areas, the courts are simply not capable of handling all trials with juries 2. But even beyond the limitations already in place, there may be more small-scale trials which could function without juries, and free up resources. According to British government crime advisor Louise Casey, if all of the either-or cases (cases dealing with minor offences which can be tried in either a crown or a magistrates court) were shifted entirely to the latter, Britain would save £30m in the costs of setting up juries. Such money could be used to help out victims of serious crimes, or otherwise improve the justice system 3. For example, if more time and money were freed up in the United States, the courts might not need to pressure so many defendants into plea bargaining, or pleading guilty without a trial in exchange for less harsh sentencing or the dropping of other charges (in 1996, about two thirds of American criminal case dispositions involved guilty pleas) 4. That would allow more trials to take place, and more justice to be done.  1.  )  2.Robert P. Connolly, ""The Petty Offence Exception and Right to a Jury Trial""  3.Peter Wozniak, ""Trial by Jury Faces the Axe for Petty Crimes"" trial by jury, petty offences, minor offences, court resources, jury costs, judicial efficiency, UK criminal justice, US criminal justice, summary offences, magistrates court, crown court, plea bargaining, guilty pleas, case disposition, Louise Casey, jury trial exceptions, criminal justice reform, court congestion, justice system improvement, cost-benefit analysis, legal reform, non-jury trials, criminal case management, judicial workload, plea deal pressure, small scale trials trial by jury, minor offences, petty offences, jury cost, court resources, judicial efficiency, UK criminal justice, US criminal justice, summary trial, magistrates court, crown court, plea bargaining, case disposition, criminal justice reform, Louise Casey, Robert P. Connolly, Peter Wozniak, justice system improvement, public expenditure, criminal trial process, non-jury trials, sentencing, jury system, legal system efficiency, criminal court backlog, trial costs, defendant rights, jury eligibility, court workload, case management, crime victim support trial by jury, petty offences, minor offences, jury cost, judicial efficiency, court resources, criminal justice, plea bargaining, magistrates court, crown court, UK legal system, US legal system, jury trial exceptions, court case management, criminal case dispositions, justice system reform, court expenses, Louise Casey, Robert P. Connolly, Peter Wozniak, legal procedure, summary offences, justice resource allocation, jury trial limitations, criminal trial process trial by jury, petty offences, minor offences, jury cost, court resources, plea bargaining, non-jury trials, justice system efficiency, UK legal system, US legal system, magistrates court, crown court, judicial expenses, Louise Casey, trial alternatives, criminal justice reform, guilty pleas, case disposition, legal system savings, criminal case overload, court time management trial by jury, petty offences, minor offences, jury trial costs, court resources, plea bargaining, criminal justice system, United Kingdom, United States, summary offences, magistrates court, crown court, jury reform, criminal justice efficiency, legal system expenses, Louise Casey, trial without jury, court caseload, case disposition, guilty pleas, justice reform, court efficiency, minor crime prosecution, legal adjudication, judicial resource allocation, criminal case management, petty crime penalties, trial cost saving, judicial process improvement, offender trial procedure"
test-politics-oepghbrnsl-pro02a	A strong leader has more benefits than harms  Putin is the strong leader that Russia has been waiting for. His electoral success and consistently high approval rates show that the people of Russia are ready for someone who can rid their society of increasing corruption and restore a sense of calm and equality. His ability to maintain a high level of support despite what some have called authoritarian tendencies shows that people are ready to sacrifice a certain degree of freedom for the promise of stability. Enthusiasm for Putin among the young also shows that he does not only appeal to those looking back to past certainties. strong leader, leadership benefits, leadership harms, Vladimir Putin, Russian politics, Putin approval rating, electoral success, corruption in Russia, stability versus freedom, authoritarianism, public support Putin, youth support Putin, social equality Russia, leadership stability, political trade-offs Russia, leadership qualities Putin strong leader, leadership benefits, leadership harms, Vladimir Putin, Russia, electoral success, approval ratings, public support, anti-corruption, stability, authoritarianism, freedom vs stability, youth support, social equality, political leadership, Russian politics, popular leader, societal calm, leadership trade-offs, government approval, Putin popularity strong leader, leadership benefits, leadership harms, Vladimir Putin, Russia, electoral success, approval ratings, anti-corruption, stability, equality, authoritarian tendencies, freedom vs stability, public support, youth support, political leadership, Russian politics, Putin popularity, social calm, leadership trade-offs, sacrifice freedom, leadership enthusiasm, generational support, political stability strong leadership, benefits of strong leaders, Vladimir Putin, Russia, Russian politics, Putin approval ratings, electoral success, corruption in Russia, social stability, equality, authoritarian tendencies, public support, trade-off freedom stability, youth support Putin, Russian society, leadership effectiveness, governance, Putin popularity, restoring order, political stability strong leader, leadership benefits, Putin, Russia, electoral success, approval ratings, Russian society, corruption, stability, equality, authoritarian tendencies, public support, youth support, political stability, freedom vs stability, Russian politics, leadership qualities, societal change, leadership appeal, government approval
test-economy-bepiehbesa-con01a	CAP maintains European food security  The subsidies to agriculture are important for maintaining self-sufficiency to enable Europe to feed its own citizens. In the world of fluctuating markets, global climate change, commodity crisis such in 2008, the state intervention is even more important because that means that the needed goods can become unavailable. Without EU’s help the prices can fluctuate wildly which can be of concern mainly for poorer parts of EU, where the major part of household spending is still food and non-alcoholic beverages. To prevent this kind of situations only the continent-wide policy can be an effective measure. The markets of other countries can compensate losses from others and vice versa. The result of a secure supply of affordable food has been that the amount an average EU household devotes to food has halved since 1960. [1]  [1] European Commission, ‘CAP – how much does it cons’ ‘Food Prices’, ec.europa.eu, CAP, European food security, agricultural subsidies, self-sufficiency, state intervention, market fluctuations, global climate change, commodity crisis, EU food policy, food price stability, food affordability, household food spending, poverty, food supply, EU agricultural policy, continent-wide policy, food self-reliance, crisis management, food markets, European Union, food consumption trends CAP, European food security, agricultural subsidies, self-sufficiency, state intervention, food prices, EU policy, market fluctuation, global climate change, commodity crisis, 2008 food crisis, household spending, affordable food, food supply, continent-wide policy, EU agriculture, price stability, food affordability, European Commission, food markets, food expenditure, non-alcoholic beverages, food self-sufficiency, food crisis response, food security policy, EU subsidies CAP, Common Agricultural Policy, European food security, agricultural subsidies, self-sufficiency, food supply, EU agriculture, state intervention, commodity crisis, 2008 food crisis, market fluctuations, food prices, EU households, food affordability, food expenditure, poverty, food non-alcoholic beverages, policy effectiveness, continent-wide policy, supply stability, European Commission, agricultural policy, food markets, food crisis prevention, price stability CAP, Common Agricultural Policy, European food security, agricultural subsidies, self-sufficiency, Europe, food supply, state intervention, market fluctuations, global climate change, commodity crisis, 2008 food crisis, food prices, EU, poverty, household spending, food policy, continent-wide policy, market stabilization, food affordability, food availability, European Commission, food self-reliance, agricultural policy, food markets, food expenditure, food subsidies CAP, Common Agricultural Policy, European food security, agricultural subsidies, self-sufficiency, state intervention, food prices, commodity crisis, market fluctuations, global climate change, EU policy, food affordability, household food spending, food supply, EU households, food accessibility, agricultural policy, food crisis prevention, food markets, European agriculture
test-science-ascidfakhba-con01a	Artists have a fundamental property right over their creative output  Whatever the end product, be it music, film, sculpture, or painting, artistic works are the creations of individuals and a property right inheres within them belonging to their creators. An idea is just an idea so long as it remains locked in someone’s mind or is left as an unfinished sketch, etc. But when the art is allowed to bloom in full, it is due to the artist and the artist only. The obsession, the time, the raw talent needed to truly create art is an incredible business, requiring huge investment in energy, time, and effort. It is a matter of the most basic, and one would have hoped self-evident, principle that the person who sacrificed so much to bring forth a piece of art should retain all the rights to it and in particular have the right to profit from it. [1] To argue otherwise would be to condone outright theft. The ethereal work of the artist is every bit as real as the hard work of a machine. Mandating that all forms of art be released under a creative commons license is an absolute slap in the face to artists and to the artistic endeavour as a whole. It implies that somehow the work is not entirely the artist’s own, that because it is art it is somehow so different as to be worthy of being shunted into the public sphere without the real consent of the artist. This is a gross robbing of the artist’s right over his or her own work. If property rights are to have any meaning, they must have a universal protection. This policy represents a fundamental erosion of the right to property, and attacks one sector of productive life that is essential for the giving of colour to the human experience. This policy serves only to devalue that contribution.  [1] Greenberg, M. “Reason or Madness: A Defense of Copyright’s Growing Pains”. John Marshall Review of Intellectual Property Law. 2007. artists, property rights, creative output, intellectual property, copyright, artistic works, creators, music, film, sculpture, painting, ownership, moral rights, creative commons, public domain, artistic labor, investment, artistic process, profit, consent, theft, policy, universal protection, property erosion, copyright law, creative rights, art business, legal protection, artist contribution, artistic endeavor, individual rights artists, property rights, creative output, intellectual property, copyright, ownership, creative works, music, film, sculpture, painting, creator rights, investment, effort, artistic creation, profit, copyright protection, creative commons, public domain, artist consent, artistic endeavor, property erosion, policy critique, value of art, Greenberg, John Marshall Review, defense of copyright artists, property rights, creative output, intellectual property, ownership, copyright, artistic works, creators, music, film, sculpture, painting, creation, investment, effort, profit, work rights, theft, creative commons, licensing, public domain, author rights, universal protection, policy impact, devaluation, originality, individual rights, artistic endeavor, legal protection, contribution, law, creativity, sacrifice, energy, moral rights artists, property rights, creative output, copyright, intellectual property, artistic works, creator rights, music, film, sculpture, painting, artistic creation, legal protection, profit, creative commons, public domain, ownership, artistic endeavor, individual rights, investment, energy, effort, business of art, moral rights, unauthorized use, copyright policy, art devaluation, universal protection, right to profit, infringement, author rights, policy critique artists, property rights, creative output, copyright, intellectual property, artistic works, ownership, author rights, profit, creative commons, public domain, artistic creation, creator rights, policy, legal protection, investment in art, artist consent, copyright law, art, labor, devaluation, artistic endeavor, John Marshall Review, Greenberg, unfinished sketches, original work, energy investment, property erosion
test-religion-yercfrggms-pro04a	"The nature of God as it is conventionally described is logically contradictory:  A creator god is a logical absurdity, as demonstrated by empirical fact and rational reflection. Certainly God cannot exist outside of the Universe, as such a concept is effectively meaningless. In fact, physics explains that when the Universe expanded as an inflating field of space and time as the result of a quantum fluctuation, causality itself arose from the process, making a causative agent “prior” to the Universe not only unnecessary, but also impossible. Furthermore, the idea of an omnipotent God is logically contradictory because if God were omnipotent He would be able to create an entity greater than Himself, yet that is impossible. [1] The very attribute is logically unfounded, making the conventional explanation of God invalid. Thus atheism, the absence of belief in gods, is the only logically justified theological position.  [1] Savage, C. 1967. ""The Paradox of the Stone"". Philosophical Review 76(1). God, logical contradiction, creator god, logical absurdity, empirical evidence, rational reflection, existence of God, universe, causality, quantum fluctuation, physics, inflating universe, omnipotence paradox, omnipotent God, paradox of the stone, Savage 1967, theological positions, atheism, philosophical arguments, logical justification, metaphysics, causative agent, outside universe, religious epistemology, cosmology, philosophy of religion, divine attributes God, creator, logical contradiction, omnipotence paradox, causality, quantum fluctuation, universe, empirical evidence, rational reflection, physics, existence, causative agent, paradox of the stone, logical absurdity, omnipotent, theological positions, atheism, belief, metaphysics, cosmology, Savage 1967, meaningless concept, conventional God, logical justification God, logical contradiction, creator god, logical absurdity, empirical evidence, rational reflection, universe, causality, quantum fluctuation, cosmology, metaphysics, omnipotence paradox, omnipotent God, paradox of the stone, logical unfounded, atheism, theological justification, existence of God, philosophy of religion, causative agent, Savage 1967, contradiction in theology, space-time, inflationary universe, prior causality, meaningless concept, omnipotence, logical analysis God, creator god, logical contradiction, logical absurdity, empirical fact, rational reflection, existence of God, ontology, universe, cosmology, causality, quantum fluctuation, space and time, causative agent, omnipotence paradox, omnipotent God, Savage Paradox, paradox of the stone, philosophy of religion, atheism, theological justification, invalid theology, logical impossibility, philosophy, metaphysics, theology, creator deity, causality origin logical contradiction, creator god, logical absurdity, empirical evidence, rational reflection, God existence, universe origin, causality, quantum fluctuation, space-time, causative agent, omnipotence paradox, paradox of the stone, physics and God, theological skepticism, atheism justification, philosophy of religion, God attributes, cosmology, impossibility of God"
test-education-ufsdfkhbwu-con01a	Argument One: Contact leads to the dissemination of values  There is certainly some evidence to suggest the view that trade with a country can benefit human rights as increased wealth provides many with more choice and better standards of living. [i] Certainly that argument has been made by governments and multi-nationals based in the West. It is not unreasonable to suspect that this may relate to academic cooperation as well, as Richard Levin suggests in the introduction. However it seems likely that in this latter case, as in the former, that a gradualist approach is the sensible one to take. We build on existing strengths while agreeing to differ in certain areas. To extend the trade example, China, the US and the EU all manage to trade with each other despite differing approaches to the death penalty. They trust that through cooperation over time, changes can be achieved. This will happen slowly in some instances – as with the ‘drip, drip’ affect in China - or quickly in others as has been the case in Burma [ii] .  On key difference to note with the shift towards establishing elite universities around the world rather than shipping the world’s elite in to attend them in the UK and the US is that it opens opportunities to a much wider social group. For decades a small handful – children of the wealthy and political elite - have had the opportunity to have a Western education before returning home as well-educated tyrants and sycophants. Expanding the learning opportunities to the rest of the nation seems both just and reasonable.  [i] Sirico, Robert A., ‘Free Trade and Human Rights: The Moral Case for Engagement’, CATO Institute, Trade Briefing Paper no.2, 17 July 1998  [ii] Education has long been seen as a critical starting point for the development of human rights in any country as is examined in this UNESCO report . trade, human rights, dissemination of values, contact, cooperation, academic cooperation, wealth, standards of living, gradualist approach, cultural exchange, elite universities, social mobility, Western education, international relations, policy differences, death penalty, China, US, EU, Burma, education, globalisation, value transmission, government policy, multinational corporations, social justice, access to education, moral engagement, educational opportunity, UNESCO, CATO Institute contact, dissemination of values, trade, human rights, increased wealth, standard of living, Western governments, multinational corporations, academic cooperation, gradualist approach, existing strengths, trade example, China, US, EU, death penalty, cooperation, societal change, elite universities, global education, social mobility, Western education, education and human rights, UNESCO, free trade, moral case, engagement, CATO Institute trade, human rights, value dissemination, academic cooperation, gradualist approach, wealth, standard of living, Western multinational, China, US, EU, death penalty, cooperation, international relations, elite universities, access to education, social mobility, Western education, justice, academic exchange, UNESCO, economic development, free trade, moral engagement, educational opportunity, policy differences, societal change contact, dissemination of values, trade, human rights, increased wealth, standard of living, Western governments, multi-nationals, academic cooperation, gradualist approach, cooperation, trade differences, China, US, EU, death penalty, incremental change, education, elite universities, social mobility, Western education, educational opportunity, social justice, human rights development, UNESCO, engagement, CATO Institute, moral case, globalization, international collaboration trade, human rights, dissemination of values, contact, cooperation, academic cooperation, wealth, standards of living, Western governments, multi-nationals, gradualist approach, cultural exchange, best practices, China, US, EU, death penalty, elite universities, access to education, social mobility, educational opportunity, Western education, global education, democratization, UNESCO, development, Robert A. Sirico, CATO Institute, moral case, engagement, policy, international relations, cross-cultural understanding, education and human rights, values transmission, social justice
test-economy-beghwbh-con04a	If Musk won’t build it who will?  Elon Musk himself is unwilling to build his Hyperloop. He has stated “Maybe I would just do the beginning bit, create a subscale version that is operating and then hand it over to someone else. Ironing out the details at a subscale level is a tricky thing. I think I would probably end up doing that. It just won’t be immediate in the short term because I have to focus on Tesla and SpaceX execution.” [1] If the visionary for the project is having little to do with the project itself it seems unlikely that the proposal will come to anything. The Hyperloop being such a low priority for Musk is also likely to put off anyone else who might be interested in being involved.  [1] Elliott, Hannah, ‘Hyperloop Update: Elon Musk Will Start Developing It Himself’, Forbes, 12 August 2013, Elon Musk, Hyperloop, project leadership, technological innovation, transportation, subscale prototype, project execution, Tesla, SpaceX, project priority, visionary entrepreneurship, infrastructure development, Forbes, Hannah Elliott, investor interest, project feasibility, alternative leaders, innovation adoption, future transportation, engineering challenges Hyperloop, Elon Musk, project leadership, infrastructure innovation, transportation technology, subscale prototype, Tesla, SpaceX, project prioritization, visionary involvement, innovation adoption, technological development, public-private partnerships, entrepreneurial leadership, disruptive technology, mass transit, project execution, Forbes 2013, Hannah Elliott, technology skepticism, future transportation Elon Musk, Hyperloop, project development, leadership, innovation, transportation, subscale version, technology implementation, priorities, Tesla, SpaceX, visionary, project execution, investment interest, stakeholder involvement, prototype, future of Hyperloop, feasibility, infrastructure, Forbes, Hannah Elliott Elon Musk, Hyperloop, project leadership, technology adoption, innovation, transportation, Tesla, SpaceX, project prioritization, visionary, feasibility, implementation, involvement, development, stakeholders, entrepreneurship, engineering, public perception, Forbes, Hannah Elliott Elon Musk, Hyperloop, project leadership, transportation innovation, project development, Hyperloop implementation, technology entrepreneurship, infrastructure projects, Tesla, SpaceX, innovation prioritization, project feasibility, leadership involvement, future transportation, Forbes, Hannah Elliott, Hyperloop proposal, technology visionaries, project execution, startup challenges, technology adoption
test-law-phwmfri-con03a	Creates the perception that fines are like taxes, rather than a punishment  If we detach fines from the crimes committed, people are more likely to see fines as unrelated to justice. Rather, they will see fines as another mechanism by which the government makes money, this will be especially the case if as in New Zealand the money goes into government coffers without being hypothecated.1  This is similar to the way in which some people in the UK see speed cameras as less about preventing speeding, and more about getting money from motorists with one poll showing 49% of people believe they are primarily about revenue raising.2  This is harmful because it decreases the probability of people who deem the fine ‘worth it’ nevertheless abstaining from the criminal act.  1 ‘Frequently Asked Questions’, New Zealand Police,   2 ‘Drivers conflicted over cameras’, IAM Driving Road Safety, 11 August 2010, fines, taxes, punishment, perception, justice, government revenue, New Zealand, hypothecation, speed cameras, UK, revenue raising, public opinion, criminal deterrence, compliance, penalty system, deterrent effect, law enforcement, motorist fines, legitimacy, behavioral impact, public trust, enforcement perception, criminal acts, punitive measures fines, taxes, punishment, perception, justice, government revenue, New Zealand, UK, speed cameras, deterrence, revenue raising, public opinion, criminal behavior, fine effectiveness, hypothecation, deterrent effect, law enforcement, compliance, public trust, policy impact fines, taxes, punishment, perception, justice, revenue raising, government coffers, hypothecation, crime, New Zealand, UK, speed cameras, public opinion, deterrence, criminal behavior, legitimacy, compliance, traffic enforcement, public trust, penalty, law enforcement, financial penalty, attitudes, motorists, effectiveness, criminal deterrence fines perception, fines as taxes, punishment vs revenue, justice system, fine deterrence, government revenue, New Zealand fines, speed cameras, UK motorists, revenue raising, public trust, fine effectiveness, criminal deterrence, hypothecation, public perception, justice legitimacy fines, taxes, punishment, perception, justice, government revenue, hypothecation, public opinion, speed cameras, revenue raising, deterrence, criminal acts, law enforcement, New Zealand, United Kingdom, public trust, compliance, crime deterrence, traffic enforcement, fine legitimacy
test-economy-beghwbh-pro01a	Fastest possible transportation over a short distance  Public transportation has not been getting much faster over the last few decades. The fastest method of transport, supersonic jets in the form of Concorde ceased operation in October 2003. [1] Even if at some point a new generation of supersonic planes are built these will not be ideal for travelling between cities that are comparatively close together. The time spent getting the plane up and down from cruising altitude means they would take longer over these short distances than a slower option at ground level. The Hyperloop at more than 700mph will be twice as fast as high speed rail. To take the different options on the San Francisco-Los Angeles route cars take 5hours 30minutes, the proposed high speed train would take 2hours 38minutes, by plane takes 1hour 15minutes whereas the Hyperloop would only take 35minutes. [2]  [1] ‘End of an era for Concorde’, BBC News, 24 October 2003,   [2] Musk, Elon, ‘Hyperloop Alpha’, SpaceX, 12 August 2013,  p.8, 56 fast transportation, short distance travel, public transportation speed, supersonic jets, Concorde, high speed rail, Hyperloop, city-to-city travel, urban transportation, transportation innovation, travel time comparison, ground transportation, air travel, technological advancements, rapid transit, transportation efficiency, Hyperloop vs train, Hyperloop vs plane, transportation methods, travel time reduction, San Francisco to Los Angeles transportation fast transportation, short distance travel, public transit speed, transportation innovation, Concorde, supersonic jets, Hyperloop, high speed rail, urban transportation, travel times, city connections, San Francisco to Los Angeles, rapid transit, plane travel, ground-level transport, Elon Musk, transportation comparison, travel efficiency, commuter options, future transport technology fast transportation, short distance travel, public transportation speed, transportation innovation, supersonic jets, Concorde, supersonic transport, high speed rail, Hyperloop, travel times, San Francisco to Los Angeles, transportation comparison, next-generation transport, urban mobility, rapid transit systems, travel efficiency, technological advancements in transport, point-to-point travel, Elon Musk Hyperloop, ground transportation speed, alternative to airplanes fast transportation, short distance travel, public transportation speed, supersonic jets, Concorde, Hyperloop, high speed rail, transportation comparison, city-to-city travel, San Francisco to Los Angeles, rapid transit, ground transportation, travel time comparison, future transportation, transportation innovation, urban mobility, next-generation transport, plane vs train vs car, Elon Musk Hyperloop, transportation technology fast transportation, short distance travel, public transport speed, supersonic jets, Concorde, Hyperloop, high speed rail, ground transportation, city-to-city travel, travel time comparison, San Francisco to Los Angeles, next-generation travel, Elon Musk, SpaceX, aviation alternatives, high-speed trains, rapid transit, transportation innovation, travel efficiency, plane vs train, urban connectivity
test-law-sdfclhrppph-con02a	Individual Liberty outweighs any potential harms  Whatever the potential harms that may arise from unrestrained free speech; they pale in comparison to the harm that arises from banning an individual from freely expressing his own mind.  It is a matter of the upmost individual liberty that one’s thoughts and feelings are one’s own, and that individuals are free to express those thoughts and feelings openly. A prohibition on this liberty is a harm of incalculable value – it strikes right to the core of what it means to be in individual person. individual liberty, free speech, freedom of expression, censorship, harm of censorship, personal autonomy, self-expression, unrestrained speech, prohibition harms, value of liberty, individual rights, liberty vs harm, expressive freedom, core human rights individual liberty, free speech, freedom of expression, potential harms, censorship, prohibition, personal autonomy, self-expression, individual rights, harm of censorship, value of liberty, unrestrained speech, core individualism, expression rights, banning speech, speech suppression, personal freedom, incalculable harm, liberty vs harm, thought freedom individual liberty, free speech, freedom of expression, censorship, harm of prohibition, personal autonomy, unrestrained speech, value of liberty, right to express, individual rights, freedom vs harm, suppression of speech, core of individuality, expression rights, limits of censorship individual liberty, free speech, freedom of expression, personal autonomy, censorship, harm of censorship, unrestrained speech, prohibition on speech, self-expression, expressive rights, incalculable harm, autonomy, individual rights, speech restrictions, core values, personal freedom, liberty vs harm, philosophical freedom, expressive liberty individual liberty, free speech, freedom of expression, censorship, harm of censorship, unrestrained speech, personal autonomy, self-expression, prohibition, individual rights, freedom vs harm, expressive freedom, banning speech, liberty vs safety, core values, individualism, expressive harms, incalculable harm, foundational rights, speech restrictions
test-philosophy-pppgshbsd-pro03a	Even the leaders of the Left have given up on Socialism as a creed and have now accepted the vast majority of modern Capitalist principles  Even the leaders of those European political parties that still call themselves socialist tend to avoid the word. Broadly speaking even the leaders of the left- outside Cuba and Colombia- accept the basic principles of Market economics and recognise that high-tax, high-spend economics simply does not work.  Like it or not borders are now open and the idea that the state can control the flow of capital is a thing of the past. As a result people generally are richer and the idea that there a solid class block is simply no longer relevant to their lives. left-wing leaders, socialism, capitalist principles, European socialist parties, market economics, high-tax high-spend, open borders, capital flow, class block, state control, social democracy, economic reform, global capitalism, political ideology, income distribution, modern left, welfare state, economic globalization Left leaders, socialism, capitalist principles, European political parties, market economics, high-tax economics, high-spend economics, open borders, state control, flow of capital, class structure, class block, Cuba, Colombia, modern capitalism, economic policy, wealth increase, political ideology, socialist parties, tax policy, government spending Socialism, Left, Capitalist principles, Market economics, European socialist parties, high-tax, high-spend, state control, open borders, capital flow, class structure, economic policy, modern capitalism, political ideology, wealth, class block, Cuba, Colombia, economic reform, tax policy, social class, political change leftist leaders, socialism, capitalist principles, European socialist parties, market economics, high-tax policies, high-spend policies, open borders, capital flow, state control, economic liberalization, class structure, social class, economic principles, political ideology, wealth increase, modern capitalism, decline of socialism, Cuban politics, Colombian politics Left leaders, Socialism decline, Modern Capitalism, Socialist parties Europe, Market economics, High-tax high-spend, Open borders, State control capital, Class relevance, Wealth increase, Capital flow, Ideological shift, Economic principles, Political parties, Class block
test-philosophy-npegiepp-con01a	The assumption of the automaticity of Spill-over is wrong.  The core of Neo-functionalism that spill-over being the main driving force behind continuing integration assumed the automaticity of integration. Once integration has started it will be a self-continuing force that will eventually integrate the whole of Europe - is clearly wrong. Supranational functionalism 'assumed first, that national sovereignty, already devalued by events, could be chewed up leaf by leaf like an artichoke'. [1] The functional method of spill-over is very limited, its success in the relatively painless area in which it works relatively well lifts the participants to the level of issues to which it does not apply well any more. For example no common defence or foreign policy within the community project has been successful. This failure in high politics is fundamental, without a coordinated foreign and security policy the role of the EU in the world is open to question. Opposition too much further enlargement reduces the role the EU can play outside the union unless a common foreign policy can be agreed. [2]  [1] Hoffmann, S. ‘Obstinate or obsolete? The fate of the nation-state and the case of Western Europe.’, Daedalus, Vol. 95, No. 3, 1966, pp. 862-915, p882  [2] Pabst, Adrian, ‘The EU as a Security/Defence Community?’, Luxembourg Institute for European and International Studies, 2/3 July 2004, Neo-functionalism, spill-over, automaticity, European integration, supranational functionalism, national sovereignty, artichoke analogy, functional method, policy limitations, high politics, defence policy, foreign policy, community project, EU enlargement, coordinated policy, European Union role, security policy, opposition, Hoffmann, Pabst, nation-state, integration theory, limited success, integration critique, Daedalus, Luxembourg Institute for European and International Studies Neo-functionalism, spill-over, automaticity, European integration, supranational functionalism, national sovereignty, high politics, common foreign policy, EU security policy, defence policy, European Union enlargement, policy failure, integration theory, Hoffmann, functional method, political integration, EU global role, sovereignty devaluation, EU external relations, integration limits, European community, EU opposition, functional spill-over, political obstacles, European studies. Neo-functionalism, spill-over, automaticity, European integration, supranational functionalism, national sovereignty, EU, high politics, foreign policy, security policy, integration theory, European Union, defence policy, Hoffmann, Pabst, enlargement, limitations, integration dynamics, common policy failure, nation-state, Daedalus, European studies, political integration, functional spill-over, integration critique Neo-functionalism, spill-over, automaticity, European integration, supranational functionalism, national sovereignty, integration theory, functional method, high politics, common defence, foreign policy, European Union, security policy, EU enlargement, integration limits, Hoffmann, Pabst, nation-state, Western Europe, Daedalus, coordinated policy, international role Neo-functionalism, spill-over, automaticity, European integration, supranationalism, national sovereignty, functionalism, high politics, foreign policy, security policy, defence policy, European Union, EU enlargement, integration theory, Stanley Hoffmann, limitations of spill-over, EU role in world politics, obstacles to integration, policy coordination, EU common policy, functional spill-over, criticism of neo-functionalism
test-international-aegmeppghw-con01a	"The geographical definition of Europe must be limited and does not include Turkey  There is no obvious and widely accepted geographical definition of a frontier to Europe. Is Russia a European country? Are Georgia and Armenia? Are Cyprus and Malta? The fact that the Mediterranean country Italy became a member of a regional organisation, the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), was certainly not determined by geography, but was an act of political imagination. Today the location of a Mediterranean state in the North Atlantic is no longer considered as something ""odd"". Another example of changing perceptions of a region is the change from regarding the border of Europe as falling between East and West Germany; Europe broadened to include all the former Eastern European countries as potential members of the EU.  Given that part of Turkey’s territory is on what everyone accepts is the European mainland, why shouldn’t it be allowed to join the main European club? While Turkey's land area is almost entirely in Asia the European part does have immense historical significance, and Turkey has a population in Europe of about 14million, larger than many of the smaller EU members. It already belongs to NATO, the OECD and the Council of Europe, and participates in the Eurovision Song Contest and European football competitions. Turkey is a westward-looking country. geographical definition of Europe, European frontier, inclusion of Turkey in Europe, Russia European country status, Georgia Armenia Europe, Cyprus Malta Europe, NATO membership and geography, Italy NATO Mediterranean, EU enlargement, Eastern Europe EU membership, Turkey European mainland, Turkey EU membership, Turkey population Europe, historical significance Turkey Europe, Turkey NATO OECD Council of Europe, Turkey Eurovision, European identity, shifting European borders, political geography Europe, Europe Asia boundary geographical definition Europe, European frontier, Turkey Europe, Russia Europe, Georgia Armenia Europe, Cyprus Malta European status, Italy NATO membership geography, North Atlantic Treaty Organization geography, Mediterranean country Europe, European Union expansion, Eastern Europe EU membership, Turkey EU membership, European territory of Turkey, Turkey historical significance Europe, European organizations Turkey, Turkey NATO OECD Council of Europe, Eurovision Song Contest Turkey, European football competitions Turkey, Turkey westward orientation, European identity, political boundaries Europe, geographical boundaries Europe Europe, geographical definition, European boundaries, Turkey, Russia, Georgia, Armenia, Cyprus, Malta, NATO, Mediterranean, political geography, European Union, EU enlargement, Asia-Europe border, European identity, territorial inclusion, Eurasia, regional membership, Council of Europe, Eurovision, OECD, cultural integration, continental borders, Westward orientation, historical significance, European mainland, sovereignty, European organizations geographical definition of Europe, Europe boundaries, Turkey in Europe, European frontier, Russia European status, Georgia Armenia Europe, Cyprus Malta Europe, NATO membership geography, Italy NATO, Mediterranean states North Atlantic, European Union expansion, Eastern Europe EU, Turkey EU membership, Turkey European mainland, Turkey European population, Turkey historical significance Europe, Turkey international organizations, Council of Europe, Eurovision Turkey, European identity, political geography Europe, shifting European borders, criteria EU membership Europe, geographical definition, Europe frontier, Turkey, European membership, Russia Europe, Georgia Europe, Armenia Europe, Cyprus Europe, Malta Europe, NATO membership, Mediterranean countries, political geography, EU enlargement, European Union borders, Turkey Europe debate, partial European territory, European identity, historical significance Turkey, European organizations, westward-looking Turkey, Turkey population Europe, regional organizations, shifting European borders, Europe Asia boundary"
test-international-amehbuaisji-pro03a	The American people support ICC membership.  In a democracy the voice of the people should carry weight in determining how the country acts internationally. According to a 2005 poll carried out by the Chicago Council on foreign relations 69% of the US population are in favour of US participation in the ICC. This clearly shows that the US people are unconvinced by the arguments on the theorized drawbacks of the International Criminal Court and are happy for it to be ratified. ICC membership, American public opinion, US democracy, Chicago Council 2005 poll, International Criminal Court support, US participation ICC, public support ICC, US foreign policy, ratification ICC, popular sovereignty, US international actions, ICC drawbacks, US population survey ICC membership, US public opinion, American support, democracy, international policy, Chicago Council on Foreign Relations, 2005 poll, US participation, International Criminal Court, public attitudes, foreign relations, treaty ratification, public approval, ICC drawbacks, US international engagement American public opinion, ICC membership, International Criminal Court, US democracy, public support, Chicago Council on Foreign Relations, 2005 poll, US participation ICC, US ratification, international law, US foreign policy, popular opinion, ICC drawbacks, US government, public preferences ICC membership, American public opinion, US support International Criminal Court, democracy, public poll 2005, Chicago Council foreign relations, US participation ICC, international justice, ratification, US foreign policy, public attitudes, ICC benefits, public support statistics, US international relations ICC membership, American public opinion, democracy, US foreign policy, Chicago Council poll 2005, US support ICC, International Criminal Court, US ratification, public support international law, survey US ICC, US participation ICC
test-sport-tshbmlbscac-con04a	Collisions heighten antagonisms.  When someone gets hurt in a collision at the plate, the injured player’s teammates are more likely to hold a grudge—and to try to get even. There are numerous opportunities to do that, whether by aiming a pitch at that player, or by seeking another opportunity to hurt him. When Posey was injured, the Giants’ General Manager Brian Sabean said, “If I never hear from Cousins [who hit Posey] again or if he never plays another game in the big leagues, I think we’ll all be happy.... We’ll have a long memory.” [1] This is exactly the unsportsmanlike behaviour engendered by these dangerous and unnecessary plays.  Former MLB catcher Mike Matheny noted that catchers don’t forget when they get hit, saying, “I think you just put a mark in the column that that kid took a run at a catcher. To me as a catcher I know the next time I get the ball I'm going to stick it to him. You make those notes as a catcher.” [2]  [1] “Source: Joe Torre to call Brian Sabean,” ESPN.com News Services, June 3, 2011,  .  [2] R.B. Fallstrom, “Matheny critical of Cousins’ hit on Posey,” Associated Press, May 30, 2011,  . baseball, collisions, retaliation, antagonism, plate collision, injuries, unsportsmanlike behavior, MLB, player grudges, revenge, Buster Posey, Scott Cousins, Brian Sabean, Mike Matheny, catcher safety, dangerous plays, beanball, player safety, violent conduct, Major League Baseball, sports ethics, aggressive play, baseball culture, team dynamics, player protection baseball collisions, player injuries, retaliation, plate collisions, unsportsmanlike behavior, grudges, retribution, Major League Baseball, Buster Posey injury, Brian Sabean quote, Mike Matheny comments, hitting catchers, player safety, sports ethics, deliberate targeting, escalation, MLB rivalries baseball collisions, catcher injuries, retaliation, unsportsmanlike conduct, player grudges, plate collisions, baseball violence, MLB, Buster Posey injury, Brian Sabean, Mike Matheny, revenge, baseball ethics, dangerous plays, intentional harm, pitcher retaliation, sports aggression, Major League Baseball, player safety, baseball rules baseball collisions, plate collisions, sportsmanship, retaliation, revenge, MLB injuries, player grudges, catcher injuries, Buster Posey, Scott Cousins, Brian Sabean, Mike Matheny, unsportsmanlike conduct, pitcher retaliation, baseball violence, MLB disciplinary actions, player safety, dangerous plays, baseball fights, athletic aggression baseball, collisions, home plate, injuries, retaliation, antagonism, grudges, unsportsmanlike conduct, Buster Posey, Scott Cousins, Giants, Brian Sabean, retribution, beanball, catcher safety, player safety, MLB, revenge, Mike Matheny, dangerous plays, rule changes, baseball ethics, violence, sportsmanship, Major League Baseball, on-field conflicts
test-digital-freedoms-aihwbasmn-con04a	The state can use blocking Twitter and its ilk as precedent to censor the internet in the “public interest”  The state always likes to expand its powers over speech, particularly when that speech is damaging to the government’s credibility. The freedom of speech is a critical right in all free societies precisely because it is the ultimate check ordinary citizens have to challenge the powers that be, to express dissent, and to organize with like-minded people dissatisfied with the way government is running. The internet has been the most powerful and valuable tool in the expansion of individuals’ power of their governments. [1] The state quakes at the raw people power services like Twitter provides. It is the last frontier largely free of the state’s power, and the state has sought to expand its influence. By blocking Twitter the government would be able to get its first foothold in blocking free speech online. [2] The power of that beachhead would serve to give it further credibility in censoring other services online in the public interest. It is much better that the government be kept entirely out of these services, than let them begin the slow creep of intervention that would be a serious threat to the freedom of individuals on the internet.  [1] Anti-Defamation League. “Combating Extremism in Cyberspace”. 2000.   [2] Temperton, J. “Blocking Facebook and Twitter During Riots Threatens Freedom”. Computer Active. 15 August 2011. internet censorship, freedom of speech, government censorship, Twitter blocking, public interest censorship, online dissent, free societies, government power, speech regulation, power expansion, digital rights, online free speech, state intervention, social media blocking, credibility of government, expression rights, people power, organizing dissent, internet freedom, government overreach, online services censorship, digital activism, restricting speech, state control internet, internet as check on government internet censorship, freedom of speech, government control, Twitter blocking, public interest, online censorship, state power, digital rights, free societies, dissent, government credibility, social media restriction, internet freedom, citizen rights, online speech, government intervention, expression rights, civil liberties, speech suppression, social media censorship, internet regulation, government overreach, information control, digital activism, online organizing internet censorship, government censorship, freedom of speech, social media blocking, Twitter ban, online dissent, public interest censorship, state power expansion, digital rights, online free speech, information control, government intervention, online activism, speech suppression, internet freedom, digital authoritarianism, state surveillance, public discourse, online organizing, civil liberties, government credibility, social media censorship, communication control, internet regulation, government overreach internet censorship, government censorship, freedom of speech, social media blocking, Twitter ban, state power, online dissent, digital rights, government intervention, public interest censorship, free societies, civil liberties, internet freedom, state surveillance, online expression, information control, online activism, government credibility, speech regulation, digital activism, precedent censorship, restrictions on speech, government overreach, rights online, blocking social media, digital free speech internet censorship, government censorship, freedom of speech, free speech online, social media blocking, Twitter ban, online dissent, digital rights, state control, public interest censorship, government intervention, internet freedom, citizens' rights, suppression of speech, civil liberties, online expression, digital activism, human rights, blocking social networks, government overreach, internet governance, public discourse, censorship precedent, restricting online services, internet regulation
test-economy-bhahwbsps-pro01a	"Exposing non-smokers to second-hand smoke goes against their rights.  The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (a list of rights to which the United Nations has declared that all human beings should be entitled) states that ""Everyone has the right to a standard of living adequate for the health and well-being of himself and of his family""1. More than 50 studies carried out worldwide have found that people are at an increased risk of lung cancer if they work or live with somebody who smokes2. Given these very serious health risks, it goes against people's human rights to be exposed to second-hand smoke when they have not chosen to breathe it in. To avoid this happening, smoking should be banned in public places, so that non-smokers can be sure that they will not have to breathe in second-hand smoke.  1 The Universal Declaration of Human Rights', General Assembly of the United Nations,   2 'Tobacco Smoke and Involuntary Smoking', World Health Organisation, Vol.83, 24 July 2002, second-hand smoke, passive smoking, non-smokers rights, human rights, Universal Declaration of Human Rights, public smoking ban, health risks, lung cancer, tobacco smoke, involuntary smoking, public health, workplace smoking, smoking legislation, smoking in public places, United Nations, well-being, right to health, smoke-free environments, World Health Organisation, exposure to tobacco smoke second-hand smoke, passive smoking, non-smokers rights, human rights, Universal Declaration of Human Rights, public smoking ban, health risks, lung cancer, involuntary exposure, tobacco smoke, public health, United Nations, adequate standard of living, well-being, smoking restrictions, smoking in public places, World Health Organization, smoke-free policies, environmental tobacco smoke, right to health second-hand smoke, passive smoking, non-smokers' rights, human rights, Universal Declaration of Human Rights, right to health, public health, smoking ban, public places, involuntary smoking, lung cancer risk, tobacco smoke, smoking legislation, workplace smoking, health risks, United Nations, smoking exposure, family health, well-being, smoke-free environments second-hand smoke, non-smokers, human rights, Universal Declaration of Human Rights, public smoking ban, passive smoking, lung cancer risk, health risks, involuntary smoking, United Nations, right to health, public health, indoor air quality, smoking regulations, tobacco control, public places, smoker exposure, well-being, anti-smoking policies, smoking and human rights second-hand smoke, passive smoking, non-smokers rights, human rights, Universal Declaration of Human Rights, public smoking ban, health risks, lung cancer, involuntary smoking, smoking legislation, United Nations, public health, tobacco smoke, standard of living, smoking in public places, smoking prohibition, right to health, WHO, tobacco control, non-smokers protection"
test-religion-cmrsgfhbr-con01a	This is a victory for democracy – a precious Filipino value - clear majorities in both houses and in the wider public support it  Opposition have conveniently glossed over one critical issue in this debate – that the RH Bill has significant popular support [i] . It also, as has been demonstrated that a majority of elected representatives support it. In itself these two facts provide evidence that modern Filipinos are sick of the fact that around half of the 3.4 million pregnancies each year are unplanned or the atrocious reality that 90,000 women a year seek the help of back street abortionists. When many of these go wrong, they were denied access to medical care and around 1,000 die each year as a result [ii] .  The values for the respect for the life of the mother, the value of life of the child, respect for the opinions of the majority, respect for democracy and placing the future of individuals and society above the outdated mythology of the Church would seem to be alive and well in the decision to pass this bill.  [i] Rauhala, Emily, ‘Culture Wars: After a decade of debate, the Philippines passes Reproductive Health Bill’, Time, 17 December 2012.   [ii] Ibid. victory for democracy, Filipino values, reproductive health bill, RH Bill, public support, legislative majority, unplanned pregnancies, backstreet abortion, maternal mortality, women’s health, respect for life, pro-choice, church influence, modern Filipinos, reproductive rights, Philippines, House of Representatives, Senate, abortion statistics, healthcare access, legislative debate, popular opinion, family planning, cultural values, Emily Rauhala, Time Magazine, reproductive legislation RH Bill, Reproductive Health Bill, Philippines, democracy, Filipino values, public support, elected representatives, unplanned pregnancies, abortion, maternal mortality, women’s health, backstreet abortions, majority opinion, Church influence, reproductive rights, legislative support, Time Magazine, Emily Rauhala, reproductive health law, population control, family planning, healthcare access RH Bill, Reproductive Health Bill, Philippines, democracy, Filipino values, majority support, public opinion, unplanned pregnancies, backstreet abortion, maternal mortality, women's health, legislative approval, church influence, reproductive rights, family planning, medical care access, abortion statistics, modern Filipino society, government policy, respect for life, Emily Rauhala, culture wars RH Bill, reproductive health, Philippines, democracy, Filipino values, legislative support, public opinion, unplanned pregnancies, backstreet abortions, maternal mortality, women's health, family planning, Church influence, societal change, legislative debate, popular support, majority opinion, reproductive rights, abortion, medical care access, contemporary Filipino society democracy, Filipino values, majority support, public opinion, RH Bill, reproductive health, unplanned pregnancies, backstreet abortion, maternal mortality, women's health, legislative approval, church influence, modern Filipinos, women's rights, Philippines, reproductive rights, abortion statistics, health policy, Senate, House of Representatives, social values, legislative debate, family planning, public health, church vs state
test-free-speech-debate-fchbjaj-pro02a	Governments have always struggled with the idea of press investigation and freedom of information, claiming Assange is not a journalist is simply a stunt.  We know that most governments struggle with the idea of not having control over information and are suspicious of the media. In a pre-Internet age working with a handful of proprietors made controlling information far easier.  Since the creation of the Internet, the idea of controlling the media has become harder, now there are those who can broadcast themselves directly; a mass of information and opinion that doesn’t rely on the patronage of publishers or political favour.  Assange has simply taken a journalistic position that makes sense for the new media age.  In contrast to the opinion driven mainstream press and much of the blogosphere, Wikileaks actually breaks new stories [1] . New media requires new skills and attitudes of its journalists because the relationship with their readers has changed dramatically but the core of the role, speaking truth to power, remains the same. Furthermore they do so in such a way as allows them to publish their source material and allow the reader themselves to make a judgement as to whether their story really reflects that material. This ability, reflecting effectively limitless capacity for providing textual information, meets the frequently heard desire for news without spin – routinely featured in research into people’s views on the press. This may be a new approach, just as Assange is a new type of Journalist but he is still a journalist.  [1] John Pilger and Julian Assange discuss citizen journalism here . press investigation, freedom of information, Julian Assange, journalism, government control, media, internet, information control, new media, mainstream press, blogosphere, Wikileaks, journalism skills, journalistic attitudes, truth to power, source material, news without spin, citizen journalism, media evolution, publishing, reader judgement, modern journalism press freedom, government control, media suspicion, Assange, journalism, information control, Internet, media evolution, citizen journalism, new media, Wikileaks, journalistic role, mainstream press, publishing, source material, news without spin, media patronage, information age, investigative journalism, truth to power, reader relationship, blogosphere, publishing transparency press investigation, freedom of information, Julian Assange, journalism, government control, media, Internet, information control, mainstream press, new media, Wikileaks, citizen journalism, source material, news without spin, journalists' skills, truth to power, digital journalism, publishers, political influence, media independence, publishing, reader engagement, opinion journalism press freedom, freedom of information, government control, Julian Assange, journalism, journalist definition, new media, Internet, media control, Wikileaks, citizen journalism, source material publication, truth to power, news without spin, mainstream press, blogosphere, media transparency, information dissemination, media evolution, digital journalism, publisher independence, media skepticism, investigative journalism, John Pilger press investigation, freedom of information, Assange, journalism, media control, government censorship, information control, Internet, media evolution, Wikileaks, new media, citizen journalism, transparency, source material, truth to power, news without spin, mainstream press, journalistic role, publisher independence, digital journalism, media skepticism, opinion journalism, publishing source documents, mass information, readers' judgment, news dissemination
test-religion-grcrgshwbr-pro05a	Western societies are secularly focused  Many societies are founded on secular values that do not permit the sponsorship of any religion by the state. British society aspires to this and has consciously acted to separate religion from state authority with many organisations such as the National Secular Society encouraging the suppression of any religious expression in public places.1 In this climate it is important that all citizens of the state are seen as equal. If some dress differently to others, deliberately identifying themselves as members of one religion, this can harm the unity and ethos of the state. This holds particularly true for institutions of the state like schools and government offices. In this way, it is possible to deduce that religious symbols are detrimental to the secular and equality focused identity of Western society.  1 'UK: One Law for all and the National Secular Society Back Bill that Aims to Curb Sharia Courts', 11th June 2011 , accessed on 23rd July 2011 secularism, Western societies, state religion, secular values, religious expression, public spaces, National Secular Society, religious symbols, state authority, equality, social unity, institutional neutrality, schools, government offices, identity, religious dress, public policy, Sharia courts, British society, separation of church and state secularism, Western societies, state neutrality, secular values, religion and state separation, National Secular Society, suppression of religious expression, public spaces, equality, social unity, identity, religious symbols, government institutions, schools, British society, state authority, public policy, religious dress, societal ethos, secular identity, secular state, law and religion secularism, Western societies, secular values, separation of church and state, National Secular Society, religious expression, public places, equality, state institutions, religious symbols, school dress codes, government offices, social unity, state ethos, religious identity, suppression of religion, secular identity, religious dress, secular state, British society secularism, Western societies, secular values, state religion, separation of church and state, National Secular Society, religious expression, public places, equality, unity, social cohesion, religious symbols, public institutions, schools, government offices, religious dress, state identity, religious neutrality, suppression of religion, secular identity, UK secularism, British society, religious freedom, secular ethics, pluralism, civic equality secularism, Western societies, state and religion separation, secular values, religious expression, public spaces, National Secular Society, religious symbols, unity, equality, state institutions, schools, government offices, religious dress, secular identity, public policy, Sharia courts, religious suppression, secular ethos, British society, religious diversity, law and religion, equality in public, secular public sphere
test-philosophy-pppgshbsd-con05a	It is impossible to acquire the information necessary to create a coherent economy  A planned economy requires that the planners have the information necessary to allocate resources in the right way. This is a virtually impossible task.  The world contains trillions of different resources: my labour, iron ore, Hong Kong harbour, pine trees, satellites, car factories – etc. The number of different ways to use, combine and recombine these resources is unimaginably vast.  And almost all of them are useless. For example, it would be a mistake to combine Arnold Schwarzenegger with medical equipment and have him perform brain surgery.  Centralised planning cannot possibly sort through the myriad of way of arranging resources to arrive at the most efficient usage. Only a decentralised price system can achieve this via the institution of private property and associated duties and rights. [1]  [1] Boudreaux, Donald J, ‘Information and Prices’. centralized planning, planned economy, resource allocation, information problem, economic calculation, market prices, decentralized decision-making, private property, resource coordination, price system, economic efficiency, knowledge problem, resource utilization, inefficiency of central planning, Hayek, Boudreaux, information and prices, property rights, economic complexity, resource combination, market mechanisms, resource distribution planned economy, resource allocation, information problem, centralised planning, decentralised price system, economic calculation, private property, resource coordination, information scarcity, economic efficiency, market mechanisms, resource combination, price signals, knowledge problem, rational allocation, resource utilization, central planning failure, economic planning, knowledge dispersion, Donald J. Boudreaux planned economy, central planning, information problem, resource allocation, economic calculation, knowledge problem, decentralized price system, private property, resource coordination, inefficiency, resource utilization, economic planning, market mechanism, prices, property rights, Donald Boudreaux, allocation of resources, economic coordination, decision-making, centralization limits planned economy, central planning, resource allocation, economic calculation, information problem, decentralized price system, private property, market efficiency, resource combination, economic coordination, knowledge problem, Friedrich Hayek, Ludwig von Mises, economic planning critique, Boudreaux, information and prices, allocation efficiency, resource planning limits, price mechanism, distributed information, socialism critique planned economy, resource allocation, information problem, central planning, decentralised price system, private property, efficient resource use, economic calculation, market coordination, information asymmetry, Boudreaux, Information and Prices, economic planning, resource combinations, decentralization, economic inefficiency, allocation challenge, price signals, knowledge problem
test-international-epglghbni-pro05a	Economic efficiency  A Unified Ireland would be better off economically. “Ireland is too small for two separate administrations….There is a draw towards the greater integration of services, structures and bodies on an all-Ireland basis in order to deliver quality services and economies of scale.” – Martin McGuinness, Deputy First Minister for Northern Ireland*  Having two electricity grids, two transport networks, two separate police and judiciary hamper economic growth and waste resources that could be better used in a unified system, as cost would lower as efficiency rises.  *McGuinness, 2010, economic efficiency, unified Ireland, economic integration, economies of scale, public administration, cost savings, resource allocation, infrastructure integration, service delivery, all-Ireland, electricity grid, transport network, police integration, judiciary integration, economic growth, waste reduction, administrative costs, Martin McGuinness, Northern Ireland, public sector reform economic efficiency, unified Ireland, economic integration, all-Ireland services, cost reduction, economies of scale, administrative unification, electricity grid integration, transport network, public services, resource allocation, cross-border cooperation, north-south integration, Martin McGuinness, economic growth, service delivery, cost efficiency, duplicate administration, Ireland economy, 2010 economic efficiency, unified Ireland, economic benefits, integration of services, all-Ireland, economies of scale, Martin McGuinness, administration costs, electricity grid, transport network, police, judiciary, economic growth, resource waste, cost savings, efficiency improvement, public services, North-South integration, Ireland economy, McGuinness 2010 Unified Ireland, economic efficiency, all-Ireland integration, economies of scale, administrative duplication, cost reduction, public services consolidation, cross-border infrastructure, Northern Ireland, Martin McGuinness, electricity grid unification, transport network integration, police consolidation, judiciary unification, resource optimization, economic growth, service delivery, structural integration, public administration efficiency, McGuinness 2010 Unified Ireland, economic efficiency, integration, economies of scale, public services, resource allocation, administrative costs, Ireland unification, economic growth, electricity grid, transport network, police integration, judiciary integration, cost reduction, Martin McGuinness, service delivery, all-Ireland basis, Northern Ireland, duplication of services
test-philosophy-eppphwlrtjs-pro05a	"It may be necessary to limit trial by jury in cases where it is impossible to recruit an impartial jury.  Especially in cases of nationalist conflict or terrorist attacks, it may be extremely difficult to have a non-biased jury. In Northern Island, for example, jurors may sympathize with violent offenders and acquit them despite a preponderance of evidence. Similarly, it can be a struggle to appoint non-biased juries for terrorism trials post 9/11. In 2003, the ""Lackwana Six"" were accused of aiding a foreign terrorist organization. The magistrate noted that ""Understandably, the infamous, dastardly and tragic deeds and events of September 11, 2001 have caused a maelstrom of human emotions to ... create a human reservoir of strong emotional feelings such as fear, anxiety and hatred as well as a feeling of paranoia... These are strong emotions of a negative nature which, if not appropriately checked, cause the ability of one to properly reason to ... be blinded."" Questions about jury impartiality have been raised in multiple similar cases, even leading some defendants to claim that they pled guilty out of resignation that the jury would inevitably be biased and refuse to acquit.1 The implication is that in some trials, juries may be unable to make impartial decisions, thus making the trial unfair. The only way for justice to be done, in such cases, is to allow a judge to decide the verdict.  1Laura K. Donohue, ""Terrorism and Trial by Jury: The Vices and Virtues of British and American Criminal Law"" jury impartiality, biased juries, terrorism trials, nationalist conflict, jury recruitment, non-biased jury, Lackawanna Six, Northern Ireland, judge-only trials, jury bias, acquittal, terrorism prosecution, emotional influence, September 11, guilty plea, judicial verdict, fair trial, justice system, magistrate comments, fear and prejudice, criminal law, national security, Laura K. Donohue, trial by jury limitations jury impartiality, jury bias, terrorism trials, nationalist conflict, trial by jury limitations, non-biased jury, Northern Ireland juries, Lackawanna Six, post-9/11 trials, emotional bias, fair trial, bench trial, judge verdict, British criminal law, American criminal law, terrorism prosecution, judicial impartiality, acquittal bias, compromised justice, plea bargaining, defendant resignation, trial fairness, jury recruitment, jury selection challenges jury impartiality, biased jury, trial by jury limitations, terrorism trials, nationalist conflict, Northern Ireland, sympathetic jurors, acquittal bias, Lackawanna Six, post-9/11 trials, emotional bias, judicial verdicts, fair trial, judge-only trials, jury recruitment, criminal law, terrorism prosecution, defendant resignation, judicial impartiality, justice system, Laura K. Donohue jury impartiality, jury bias, terrorism trials, nationalist conflict, trial by jury, Northern Ireland, Lackawanna Six, judge verdict, non-biased jury, fair trial, acquittal, jury recruitment, September 11, emotional bias, judicial decision, criminal justice, guilty plea, British criminal law, American criminal law, Laura K. Donohue, terrorism prosecution, jury system limitations, judicial fairness, emotional influence, terrorism cases, jury fairness, terrorism-related offenses jury impartiality, biased juries, terrorism trials, nationalist conflict, Northern Ireland, Layckawana Six, 9/11 trials, emotional bias, jury recruitment, judge verdict, trial fairness, jury nullification, criminal justice, trial by judge, plea resignation, British law, American law, Laura K. Donohue, terrorism prosecution, jury selection, judicial impartiality, acquittal bias, magistrate observations, emotional influence juries, non-biased juries, justice system"
test-international-gmehbisrip1b-pro03a	Returning to the 1967 borders would bring peace to Israel.  If Israel were to withdraw to its 1967 borders, the Palestinian Liberation Organisation (PLO) would recognise Israel as legitimate within its remaining territories and end the conflict. In October 2010 Senior Palestine Liberation Organization official Yasser Abed Rabbo said that the Palestinians will be willing to recognize the State of Israel in any way that it desires, if the Americans would only present a map of the future Palestinian state that includes all of the territories captured in 1967, including East Jerusalem. “We want to receive a map of the State of Israel which Israel wants us to accept. If the map will be based on the 1967 borders and will not include our land, our houses and East Jerusalem, we will be willing to recognize Israel according to the formulation of the government within the hour... Any formulation [presented to us] – even asking us to call Israel the 'Chinese State' – we will agree to it, as long as we receive the 1967 borders ” added Rabbo. [1] Even Ismail Haniyeh, leader of the more extreme Hamas organisation, has said Hamas will accept a Palestinian state within the 1967 borders and will offer Israel a “long term truce” if it withdraws accordingly. [2] Significant international support for Israel withdrawing to the 1967 borders also exists, even from states with a history of hostility with Israel such as Iran and Saudi Arabia, who have made such a withdrawal a precondition of peace and recognition talks with Israel. [3] [4] Even then-Israeli Prime Miniser Ehud Olmert acknowledged in 2008 that “almost all” of the territory seized during the Six-Day War in 1967 will have to be given back to the Palestinians return for peace. [5] Therefore Israel should withdraw to its 1967 borders as this would bring peace and security to Israel by ending the conflict with the Palestinians and neighbouring states.  [1] Haaretz. “PLO chief: We will recognize Israel in return for 1967 borders”. Haaretz.com. 13 October 2010.   [2] Amira Hass News Agencies, Haaretz. “willing to accept a Palestinian state within the 1967 borders”. Haaretz.com. 9 November 2008.   [3] Al-Quds. “Ahmadinezhad and the Implications of the Two-State Solution”. Pro-Fatah Palestinian newspaper Al-Quds. 29 April 2009  [4] UPI.com. “Saudi to Israel: Return to 1967 borders”. UPI.com. 5 November 2010.   [5] MacIntyre, Donald. “Israel will have to reinstate pre-1967 border for peace deal, Olmert admits”. The Independent. 30 Septemebr 2008. 1967 borders, Israel, Palestine, Palestinian Liberation Organization, PLO, peace process, territorial withdrawal, East Jerusalem, Yasser Abed Rabbo, Hamas, Ismail Haniyeh, two-state solution, international support, Arab states, Iran, Saudi Arabia, Six-Day War, Ehud Olmert, pre-1967 borders, recognition, legitimacy, conflict resolution, Middle East peace, Israeli-Palestinian conflict, land return, peace negotiations, statehood, border disputes, truce, diplomatic recognition, territorial compromise 1967 borders, Israeli-Palestinian conflict, PLO recognition, East Jerusalem, Yasser Abed Rabbo, territorial withdrawal, Hamas, Ismail Haniyeh, long term truce, international support, Iran, Saudi Arabia, peace negotiations, territory seized, Six-Day War, Ehud Olmert, Olmert admissions, land for peace, Arab-Israeli peace, legitimacy of Israel, two-state solution, Palestinian state, pre-1967 borders, diplomatic recognition, peace settlement 1967 borders, Israel, Palestine, Palestinian Liberation Organisation, PLO, peace process, territorial withdrawal, East Jerusalem, Yasser Abed Rabbo, Israeli legitimacy, conflict resolution, Hamas, Ismail Haniyeh, long-term truce, international support, Iran, Saudi Arabia, Middle East peace, recognition, Ehud Olmert, Six-Day War, occupied territories, peace negotiations, two-state solution, Israeli-Palestinian conflict, border disputes, Arab-Israeli relations, territorial compromise, state recognition, land for peace, Jerusalem status 1967 borders, Israel withdrawal, Palestinian Liberation Organisation, PLO recognition, Israeli-Palestinian conflict, East Jerusalem, Yasser Abed Rabbo, Hamas, Ismail Haniyeh, long term truce, international support, peace negotiations, Iran, Saudi Arabia, Six-Day War, Ehud Olmert, land for peace, pre-1967 border, two-state solution, Arab-Israeli relations, border security, diplomatic recognition, peace process, Middle East conflict, Israeli territory, Palestinian state, Arab Peace Initiative 1967 borders, Israeli-Palestinian conflict, Israel withdrawal, PLO recognition, Palestinian state, East Jerusalem, Yasser Abed Rabbo, Hamas, Ismail Haniyeh, long-term truce, international support, Iran, Saudi Arabia, peace negotiations, Two-State Solution, Six-Day War, Ehud Olmert, territorial compromise, pre-1967 lines, border map, Middle East peace, Arab-Israeli conflict, land for peace, Israeli legitimacy, Arab recognition, conflict resolution, Israeli security, Palestinian sovereignty, diplomatic negotiations, peace preconditions, Israel-Palestine talks
test-politics-oepghbrnsl-pro01a	Stability is more important than reform  Since the fall of communism, Russia has plunged into a deep economic recession. The introduction of market reforms and privatization has led to a swift increase in inequalities coupled with an increase in corruption. The chaos of economic and political reform, along with the chaos of the break-up of former USSR, has left the majority of the population both disillusioned and distrustful of their government. In a period of such chaos, stability seems to be much more important than reform. A strong leader is the only solution to providing such stability, setting a clear direction and pulling a country at risk of falling apart together again. This is also proven from various polls among the Russian population – “…The most eye-catching statistic is the overwhelming majority of respondents who say that order is more important for Russia than democracy – 72 per cent, with 16 per cent responding conversely.” (1) stability, reform, Russia, post-communism, economic recession, market reforms, privatization, inequality, corruption, political chaos, USSR dissolution, public distrust, disillusionment, strong leadership, government, order vs democracy, Russian population, public opinion, polls, social stability, economic transition, political reform stability, reform, Russia, post-communism, economic recession, market reforms, privatization, inequality, corruption, political chaos, USSR breakup, public disillusionment, government distrust, strong leadership, order vs democracy, Russian public opinion, economic transition, social instability, political stability, public polls stability, reform, Russia, economic recession, market reforms, privatization, inequality, corruption, post-communism, USSR breakup, political chaos, disillusionment, distrust, strong leader, leadership, public opinion, order vs democracy, Russian population, polls, governance, transitional period stability, reform, Russia, post-communism, economic recession, market reforms, privatization, inequality, corruption, political chaos, USSR breakup, public distrust, strong leadership, Russian public opinion, order versus democracy, authoritarianism, transition period, economic crisis, political stability, social cohesion, government trust, populism, survey statistics stability, reform, Russia, post-communism, economic recession, market reforms, privatization, inequality, corruption, political chaos, USSR breakup, disillusionment, distrust, government, strong leadership, order vs democracy, Russian public opinion, authoritarianism, societal stability, transition period, economic transformation, public sentiment, leadership necessity
test-economy-beghwbh-con03a	There have been similar suggestions before for intercity travel  The Hyperloop is not the first proposal to use tubes with low – or no – pressure in them. A very high speed train was proposed by Robert M. Salter in 1972. This as a train running in a vacuum would have gone substantially faster than anything that is currently being proposed travelling at around 3000 mph. [1]  Nor is this the first proposal for a pneumatic transport system; such trains were around in the 19th century. They were first proposed as far back as 1812 [2] and several short demonstration tracks were constructed such as the Beach Pneumatic Transit in New York which opened in 1870. [3] Such idea has not got off the ground in the past and there seems no reason why they should now when the basic technology is pretty much the same.  [1] Salter, Robert M., ‘The Very High Speed Transit System’, RAND Corporation, 1972,   [2] Medhurst, George, ‘Calculations and Remarks, Tending to Prove the Practicability, Effects and Advantages of a Plan for the Rapid Conveyance of Goods and Passengers: Upon an Iron Road Through a Tube of 30 Feet in Area, by the Power and Velocity of Air’, D.N. Shury, 1812,   [3] Mihm, Stephen, ‘New York Had a Hyperloop First, Elon Musk’, Bloomberg, 14 August 2013, Hyperloop, intercity travel, vacuum train, Robert M. Salter, high speed transit, pneumatic transport, 19th century trains, tube travel, Beach Pneumatic Transit, George Medhurst, very high speed train, low pressure tubes, historical transport proposals, transport innovation, RAND Corporation, demonstration tracks, rapid conveyance, Elon Musk, New York, transportation history intercity travel, Hyperloop, tube transport, vacuum train, pneumatic transport, low pressure tubes, high speed train, Robert M. Salter, RAND Corporation, 1972, 3000 mph, 19th century pneumatic trains, George Medhurst, iron road tube, air-powered transport, Beach Pneumatic Transit, New York, 1870, historical transport proposals, technology comparison, transport innovation, transportation history Hyperloop, intercity travel, high-speed train, vacuum train, tube transport, low-pressure transport, Robert M. Salter, 1972 proposal, Very High Speed Transit System, pneumatic transport, 19th century, George Medhurst, 1812, Beach Pneumatic Transit, New York, demonstration tracks, pneumatic railway, tube railway, history of transport innovation, rapid conveyance, Elon Musk, magnetic levitation, transportation history, transport technology, RAND Corporation, historical proposals Hyperloop, intercity travel, vacuum train, Robert M. Salter, high-speed transit, pneumatic transport, low-pressure tubes, 19th century trains, pneumatic tube transport, Beach Pneumatic Transit, George Medhurst, rapid conveyance, iron road tube, RAND Corporation, historical proposals, demonstration tracks, tube transport history, Elon Musk, high-speed rail, transportation innovation, technological feasibility Hyperloop, Robert M. Salter, Very High Speed Transit System, vacuum train, pneumatic transport, intercity travel, tube transport, low pressure tubes, high-speed rail, 19th century pneumatic trains, George Medhurst, Beach Pneumatic Transit, New York, historical transport proposals, Elon Musk, RAND Corporation, rapid conveyance, transportation innovation, maglev, tube-based transit, pneumatic railway.
test-economy-bepighbdb-pro02a	Dictatorships assure low cost political stability  Due to the lack of rotation in office, a dictatorship allows for a more stable government with more ability to plan for the long term, which is crucial for attracting foreign investment.  Given that a democracy requires regular elections, each election can change the economic environment of a country. A change in government may lead to a switch in policies, partisan appointments to government bodies, and a medium term focus always set on the next election.  Close elections can lead to disorder as votes are recounted and appeals lodged in the courts. After the 2006 Mexican presidential election, tight results lead to popular unrest and mass protests calling for a recount. The president elect had to deal with a large legislative faction that did not recognise him, and his opponent refused to concede defeat. [1] Without a stable framework, the lack of foreign confidence may impede development. The countries that have developed rapidly have tended to be those that have managed to attract this foreign direct investment thus in 2012 China managed to get $243 billion of FDI (18% of the total) against only $175 billion for the United States which is still a much bigger economy. [2]  Additionally the resources needed to operate a democratic society and run elections are a large expense for the state and society as a whole; the US presidential election costs $6bn, [3] money which would be much better spent investing in building infrastructure or businesses.  [1] See for example the case of Mexico’s 2006 elections. ‘Mass protest over Mexico election’, BBC News, 9 July 2006,  ‘Fracas mars Mexico inauguration’, BBC News, 2 December 2006,   [2] OECD, ‘FDI in Figures’, April 2013,   [3] Hebblethwaite, Cordelia, ‘US election: How can it cost $6bn?’, BBC News, 2 August 2012, dictatorship, political stability, foreign investment, office rotation, long-term planning, government stability, economic environment, democracy, elections, policy changes, partisan appointments, election disorder, recounts, popular unrest, legislative gridlock, foreign confidence, development, FDI, China, United States, infrastructure investment, election costs, democratic expenses, government expenditure, rapid development, Mexico 2006 election, protest, OECD, election spending dictatorships, political stability, foreign investment, office rotation, long term planning, democratic elections, policy changes, partisan appointments, electoral disorder, election costs, economic environment, government stability, legislative gridlock, popular unrest, FDI, China, United States, development, resource allocation, infrastructure investment, election expense, regime type, foreign direct investment, policy continuity, economic development, political unrest, protest, OECD, electoral expense, presidential election costs dictatorship, political stability, foreign investment, FDI, long-term planning, office rotation, democracy, election costs, partisan appointments, government policy changes, legislative instability, electoral unrest, Mexico 2006 election, US election cost, democratic expenses, infrastructure investment, political risk, regime stability, development, China FDI, economic environment, governance structure, policy continuity, foreign confidence, democracies vs dictatorships dictatorship, political stability, long-term planning, foreign investment, office rotation, democracy, regular elections, policy change, partisan appointments, electoral disorder, government transition, protest, Mexico 2006 election, legislative conflict, foreign direct investment, FDI, economic development, China, United States, election costs, democratic expenses, infrastructure investment, authoritarian efficiency, regime stability, political risk, development economics, OECD, election unrest, cost-benefit democracy, policy continuity dictatorships, political stability, low cost, foreign investment, government continuity, long-term planning, democracy, elections, policy change, partisan appointments, economic environment, election expenses, unrest, Mexico 2006 election, legislative gridlock, foreign direct investment, FDI, China, United States, infrastructure investment, democratic society, election costs, state expenditure, regime stability, economic development, governance, political disorder, OECD, public spending, mass protests, stability vs democracy, political transitions
test-international-ghbunhf-con05a	As world becomes more globalised, the need for a global forum for resolving problems becomes ever more important.  In a globalised economy nations depend on each other as never before, and the costs of war and conflict grow ever higher. So it is more important than ever than countries have a forum for resolving their disputes and simply talking to each other. Regional bodies such as the EU or ASEAN can perform some of these functions, and specialised bodies such as the WTO some others; but there can never be a substitute for the global forum provided by the UN. If the United Nations did not exist, we would have to invent it. [1]  [1] Hammarskjold, Dag. “Do We Need The United Nations?”. Address to the Students’ Association, Copenhagen, 2nd May 1959. www.un.org/depts/dhl/dag/docs/needun.pdf globalisation, international relations, global forum, conflict resolution, United Nations, UN, interdependence, global economy, war prevention, diplomatic dialogue, regional organizations, EU, ASEAN, WTO, international cooperation, peacekeeping, Dag Hammarskjold, global governance, international disputes, necessity of UN, multilateralism, international institutions globalisation, global forum, conflict resolution, international cooperation, interdependence, war prevention, regional bodies, European Union, ASEAN, WTO, United Nations, diplomacy, dispute resolution, global governance, Dag Hammarskjold, UN necessity, international relations, peacekeeping, multilateralism globalisation, global forum, dispute resolution, international cooperation, interdependence, war prevention, conflict costs, diplomacy, United Nations, UN, regional bodies, EU, ASEAN, WTO, specialised organisations, multilateralism, global governance, Hammarskjold, international relations, peacekeeping, global economy, international dialogue globalisation, global forum, dispute resolution, international cooperation, interdependence, war prevention, conflict resolution, United Nations, UN, regional bodies, EU, ASEAN, specialised bodies, WTO, international relations, diplomacy, peacekeeping, multilateralism, Dag Hammarskjold, global governance, necessity of UN globalisation, global forum, dispute resolution, international cooperation, interdependence, conflict prevention, United Nations, UN, regional bodies, EU, ASEAN, WTO, global governance, peacekeeping, multilateralism, international relations, war costs, diplomacy, Dag Hammarskjold, necessity of UN, international organizations
test-religion-yercfrggms-pro03a	"If there were a God there would be irrefutable evidence of His existence and people would feel compelled to belief by the fact of it:  Many people do not believe in God, and the ranks of atheists are growing every day, particularly in the developed world. It seems that as human knowledge of the Universe expands and as social institutions develop and improve, people feel less dependent upon the crutch of religious faith, and place greater store in reason. [1] If God existed He would make His existence clear to all humanity, not just to a chosen few. In so doing His wisdom would naturally drown out an earthly knowledge, which would obviously be inferior to any that might be furnished by an omniscient being. [2] God has clearly never imparted His wisdom to people since no such divine wisdom exists in any holy book. Were there a correct holy book currently in use, it would necessarily be the only one, because everyone would acknowledge its superiority at once. Reality shows all holy books to be flawed works of flawed men. There is no glimmer of divine spark in any of them, and the only thing that separates most of them from the ravings of madmen is that large groups of people have chosen to believe them. The more reasonable conclusion is one of atheism, and that people believe in God out of ignorance, not revelation.  [1] Drange, Theodore. 1998. ""Nonbelief as Support for Atheism"". Twentieth World Congress of Philosophy.  [2] Schellenberg, John. 2005. ""The Hiddenness Argument Revisited"". Religious Studies 41. atheism, existence of God, evidence for God, divine hiddenness, religious belief, nonbelief, holy books, flawed scriptures, reason vs faith, human knowledge, societal development, secularization, argument from nonbelief, omniscient being, wisdom, revelation, ignorance, atheists, religious skepticism, theological arguments, Drange, Schellenberg, philosophy of religion, hiddenness argument evidence of God, existence of God, atheism, nonbelief, belief in God, divine hiddenness, Drange, Schellenberg, religious faith, atheists, developed world, science vs religion, rationalism, human knowledge, holy books, divine wisdom, revelation, ignorance, reason, flawed scripture, superiority of reason, secularism, philosophy of religion, hiddenness argument, religious skepticism, religious epistemology God existence, irrefutable evidence, atheism, nonbelief, belief in God, divine hiddenness, religious faith decline, developed world, human knowledge, reason vs faith, holy books, divine wisdom, revelation, flawed scriptures, atheism arguments, rationalism, religious institutions, Theodore Drange, Schellenberg, hiddenness argument, twentieth world congress of philosophy, religious studies, religion and knowledge, religious skepticism, secularism, omniscient being, philosophical theology atheism, nonbelief, God existence, irrefutable evidence, divine hiddenness, holy books critique, religious faith decline, reason versus faith, growth of atheism, religion in developed world, divine wisdom absence, religious skepticism, omniscient being, revelation versus ignorance, flawed scriptures, faith and knowledge, Schellenberg hiddenness argument, Drange nonbelief argument atheism, nonbelief, existence of God, divine evidence, hiddenness argument, religious faith, reason, secularism, holy books, flawed scripture, divine wisdom, revelation, human knowledge, belief in God, developed world, social progress, irreligion, Theodore Drange, John Schellenberg, philosophy of religion, rationalism, skepticism, argument from nonbelief, secularization"
test-science-ascidfakhba-con04a	Artists often rely on copyright protection to financially support themselves and their families  Artists as they are often not paid for anything else may rely on their creative output to support themselves. This is certainly no crime, and existing copyright laws recognize this fact. Artists often rely wholly on their ability to sell and profit from their work. This policy serves to drain them of that potential revenue, as their work is shunted into creative commons, and available to all. Artists often also have families to support, and putting the added financial burden on them of stripping them of their copyright only serves to further those problems as they exist. A robust system of copyright is a much better protection to struggling and successful artists alike who like all talented individuals seek to assuage their material wants. Artists cannot live on appreciation alone. With much less secure copyright many would have to find other work. artists,copyright protection,financial support,creative output,profit,sell artwork,creative commons,revenue loss,copyright laws,artist livelihood,family support,financial burden,copyright stripping,robust copyright,artist rights,material needs,copyright security,alternative employment,artwork commercialization,creative ownership,artistic compensation,artist income,copying prevention,artist welfare artists, copyright protection, financial support, creative output, revenue, creative commons, existing copyright laws, family support, financial burden, policy impact, income, copyright laws, art sales, profit, struggling artists, successful artists, material needs, copyright system, artist livelihood, copyright security, alternative employment, artist compensation artists, copyright protection, financial support, creative output, revenue loss, copyright laws, creative commons, income, family support, artists’ income, copyright policy, intellectual property, artist livelihoods, copyright stripping, robust copyright system, creative rights, artists’ welfare, copyright security, alternative employment, material needs, artist compensation, copyrighted work, financial burden, artist earnings, creative industry artists, copyright protection, financial support, creative output, profit, copyright laws, revenue, creative commons, family support, financial burden, copyright system, struggling artists, successful artists, material wants, artist livelihood, copyright security, alternative employment, artist income, intellectual property, artist compensation artists, copyright protection, financial support, creative output, revenue, copyright laws, creative commons, intellectual property, artist income, economic impact, family support, copyright policy, artist livelihood, copyright system, artist rights, copyright infringement, copyright security, artist compensation, creative industries, artist welfare
test-economy-epsihbdns-con03a	"Rural life is miserable and has higher mortality rates than cities  This planet does not find worse living standards anywhere than in the rural areas of developing countries. These are the areas where famine, child mortality and diseases (such as AIDS) plague the people. [1] China’s Hukou system has condemned millions of people to premature death by locking them in areas that never will develop. [2] While the cities enjoy the benefits of 12% growth, the villages are as poor and deprived as ever. [3] It is a poorly concealed policy aimed at maintaining a gaping social cleavage and allowing the rich to remain rich.  [1] Maxwell, Daniel., “The Political Economy of Urban Food Security in Sub-Saharan Africa.” 11, London : Elsevier Science Ltd., 1999, World Development, Vol. 27, p. 1939±1953. S0305-750X(99)00101-1.  [2] Dikötter, Frank. Mao's Great Famine. London : Walker & Company, 2010. 0802777686.  [3] Wang, Fei-Ling. “Organising through Division and Exclusion: China's Hukou System"". 2005. rural life, higher mortality rates, living standards, rural areas, developing countries, famine, child mortality, diseases, AIDS, China, Hukou system, premature death, urban-rural divide, economic growth, social inequality, poverty, deprivation, food security, Sub-Saharan Africa, urbanization, social cleavage, rural poverty, government policy, rural-urban migration, public health, economic disparity rural life, mortality rates, living standards, developing countries, famine, child mortality, diseases, AIDS, China, Hukou system, premature death, rural deprivation, urban-rural divide, social inequality, economic growth, poverty, policy, social cleavage, food security, Sub-Saharan Africa, urban areas, rural areas, political economy, exclusion, Daniel Maxwell, Frank Dikötter, Fei-Ling Wang rural life, mortality rates, living standards, developing countries, famine, child mortality, diseases, AIDS, China, Hukou system, premature death, urban-rural divide, economic inequality, social cleavage, poverty, food security, developing world, urban growth, rural deprivation, policy, rural exclusion, Maxwell, Dikötter, Wang, demographic policies, health disparities, social stratification, Sub-Saharan Africa, urban benefits, rural poverty rural life, mortality rates, developing countries, famine, child mortality, diseases, AIDS, China, Hukou system, premature death, poverty, deprivation, social cleavage, economic inequality, urban-rural divide, growth disparity, food security, Sub-Saharan Africa, Maxwell, political economy, Dikötter, Mao's Great Famine, Wang, division, exclusion, living standards, policy, rich-poor gap rural life, mortality rates, urban vs rural, living standards, developing countries, famine, child mortality, diseases, AIDS, China, Hukou system, premature death, social inequality, economic growth, rural poverty, urbanization, sub-Saharan Africa, food security, social cleavage, policy, rich vs poor, Daniel Maxwell, Frank Dikötter, Mao's Great Famine, Fei-Ling Wang, social exclusion, division, villages, deprived areas"
test-international-aegmeppghw-con04a	Turkey would be an unstable Muslim state in a traditionally Christian union  Turkey’s citizens may be Muslims, but the state is as firmly secular as France in terms of its constitution and government. The new Justice and Development Party (AK) which is currently in government is not seeking to overturn the secular constitution, although it does want to amend some laws that positively discriminate against devout Muslims. These include rules such as the ban on women wearing headscarves in government buildings; restrictions on expressing religious belief which would break human rights laws within the EU.  Regardless of one's beliefs surrounding Turkey's possible ascension to the European Union, the fact that the nation's predominant religion is Islam is surely not one of the issues to be considered. Millions of Muslims already live within the EU; excluding Turkey from membership on the grounds of religion would suggest these European Muslims were second-class citizens in a Christian club. It would also presumably rule out future EU entry for Albania, Bosnia and Kosovo. If the EU is to be regarded as an institution that promotes freedom for the citizens of its member states then surely this also means that it promotes freedom of religion. If EU member states are fearful of building closer relations with Islam, which they will inevitably have to, proceeding with the world's most moderate and 'western' Islamic country is the most logical first step. The EU should welcome a state which could provide a positive example of how Islam is completely compatible with democracy, progress and human rights. Turkey, European Union, EU membership, secularism, Islam, Muslim state, Christian union, Justice and Development Party, AK Party, secular constitution, religious freedom, headscarf ban, human rights, discrimination, EU integration, religious expression, minority rights, Islam in Europe, EU enlargement, Albania, Bosnia, Kosovo, religious compatibility, democracy, progress, moderate Islam, Western Islam, religious inclusion, citizenship, religious discrimination, EU values, Turkey-EU relations Turkey, European Union, EU membership, Islam, Muslim state, secularism, AK Party, Justice and Development Party, constitution, religious freedom, headscarf ban, discrimination, religious expression, EU laws, human rights, secular government, European Muslims, Christian union, religious tolerance, Albania, Bosnia, Kosovo, freedom of religion, democracy, integration, moderate Islam, Western Islamic country, Islam and democracy, Islam in Europe, progress, inclusion, religious compatibility Turkey, European Union, EU membership, secularism, Islam, Muslim state, Christian union, Justice and Development Party, AK Party, religious discrimination, headscarf ban, religious freedom, human rights, secular constitution, devout Muslims, integration, Albania, Bosnia, Kosovo, religious compatibility, democracy, progress, fear of Islam, moderation, religious expression, discrimination, European Muslims, inclusion, Western Islamic country, secular government Turkey, European Union, EU membership, secularism, Islam, Christian union, Justice and Development Party, AK Party, religious freedom, headscarf ban, human rights, discrimination, religion in politics, Muslim citizens, religious expression, secular constitution, integration, religious tolerance, democratic values, Bosnia, Albania, Kosovo, moderate Islam, Western Islam, religious compatibility, EU enlargement, religious minorities, citizenship, cultural integration, progress, democracy, positive example, EU policy, inclusion, exclusion, identity, governance, constitutional law, religious rights, women’s rights, European Muslims, intercultural relations Turkey, European Union, EU accession, Muslim state, secularism, constitutional secularism, AK Party, Justice and Development Party, religious freedom, headscarf ban, human rights, discrimination, Islam, Christianity, religious identity, membership criteria, religious tolerance, European Muslims, Albania, Bosnia, Kosovo, integration, democratic values, religious compatibility, Islamic democracy, EU expansion, religious diversity, secular constitution, political Islam, moderate Islam, EU policies
test-international-eghrhbeusli-pro03a	China will simply get similar products elsewhere  In a global marketplace, if EU states don't sell China arms, others will. Russia and Israel [1] already sell China much high-tech military material, between 2001 and 2010 Russia sold over $16billion of arms to China. [2] As Israel is a key American ally, US criticism of Europe over lifting this ban is particularly unfair. It is in Europe's economic interest to gain part of the huge Chinese market and so safeguard European jobs. And if European arms industries cannot find export markets, their production for domestic military forces is simply not enough to support the cost of research and development, [3] so our indigenous arms sector may collapse.  [1] BBC News, ‘US ‘anger’ at Israel weapons sale’, 2004.   [2] Ottens, Nick, ‘Russian Arms Sales to China Drying Up’, 2010.   [3] Ashbourne, Alex, ‘Opening the US Defence Market’, 2011, p1. China, arms sales, EU, global marketplace, Russia, Israel, military technology, high-tech arms, US criticism, European economic interests, Chinese market, European jobs, export markets, research and development, indigenous arms sector, arms industry, American ally, European Union, defense industry, military exports, weapons trade, embargo, international relations, economic impact, global arms market China, arms sales, EU, global marketplace, Russia, Israel, high-tech military, US criticism, European economic interest, Chinese market, European jobs, export markets, domestic military production, research and development, indigenous arms sector, arms ban, Europe, military material, American ally, Russian arms sales, European arms industry China, arms sales, EU, global marketplace, Russia, Israel, military technology, high-tech arms, US criticism, Europe, arms embargo, Chinese market, European jobs, export markets, research and development, indigenous arms sector, arms industry, BBC News, US-Israel relations, Russian arms sales, European economic interest China arms imports, EU arms embargo, global arms trade, Russia arms sales to China, Israel military exports, US-Europe relations, European arms industry, economic interests, Chinese market, indigenous arms sector, research and development costs, European export markets, military technology transfer, international arms competition, US criticism of Europe, arms trade policy, defense industry sustainability, European jobs, arms ban consequences, military material supply. China, arms sales, global marketplace, EU arms embargo, Russia, Israel, high-tech military material, US criticism, European economic interests, Chinese market, European jobs, arms export markets, domestic military production, research and development, indigenous arms sector, European arms industry, US-Europe relations, military trade, international arms market, defense industry, Europe-China relations
test-law-tlcplghwfne-con01a	"Creating needle exchange may normalise drug-taking behaviour  Needle exchanges increase drug use. The state implicitly accepts that drug use is an acceptable practice when it aids drug users in practicing their habit. As such drug users feel less afraid of taking drugs. This can extend to first time users who might be encouraged by friends to take drugs using the morally grey area created by needle exchanges as an argument.  Further, it is principally wrong that the state should help those who choose to take drugs to begin with. In doing so these people are choosing to firstly harm themselves and secondly cause harm to society as well as contravene the law. The state should exist in such a way that should someone contravene the law they be punished, not rewarded with extra supplies from the taxpayer with no further strings.1  1. Toni Meyer. ""Making the case for opposing needle  exchange"". New Jersey Family Policy Council. November 16, 2007. needle exchange, drug-taking behaviour, harm reduction, state policy, drug use increase, state acceptance, normalization, first-time users, moral debate, public health ethics, taxpayer funding, law enforcement, drug policy opposition, Toni Meyer, New Jersey Family Policy Council, drug user support, drug prevention, punitive approach, legal implications, societal harm needle exchange, drug-taking behavior, normalization, increased drug use, state acceptance, harm reduction, public policy, moral arguments, first-time drug users, law contravention, state responsibility, taxpayer funding, drug policy opposition, anti-harm reduction, criminal justice, Tony Meyer, New Jersey Family Policy Council needle exchange, drug-taking normalization, state endorsement, drug use increase, moral concerns, public policy, harm to society, legal contravention, taxpayer funding, first-time drug users, government role, drug harm, supply of needles, opposition arguments, Tony Meyer, New Jersey Family Policy Council, societal impact, drug policy ethics, drug regulation, law enforcement, drug use prevention, public health controversy, drug user behavior, state responsibility, needle exchange criticism needle exchange, drug-taking normalization, drug use increase, state acceptance, harm reduction criticism, first-time drug users, moral argument, public policy, criminalization, taxpayer resources, law enforcement, drug user assistance, ethical concerns, Toni Meyer, New Jersey Family Policy Council needle exchange, drug use normalization, needle exchange criticism, state endorsement drugs, drug misuse, drug policy, harm reduction controversy, first-time drug users, moral argument needle exchange, state responsibility drugs, drug law enforcement, taxpayer funded programs, drug harm society, needle exchange increase drug use, Toni Meyer, New Jersey Family Policy Council, opposition arguments, drug policy ethics, drug user accountability, public health policy, addiction prevention, illegal drug support, government role drugs"
test-economy-bhahwbsps-pro02a	This ban would lower healthcare costs.  The health problems that smokers experience cost taxpayers (where healthcare is provided by the government) or the individual (for private healthcare) a lot of money. Decreasing the number of smokers – as a result of a reduction in both “social smokers” (those who smoke when out with friends) and “passive smokers” (those who do not smoke themselves but are exposed to the second-hand smoke of others) – will lead to a decrease in these healthcare costs. This has been reported – for example – in Arizona, where a study found that hospital admissions due to diagnoses for which there is evidence for a cause by smoking have decreased since the statewide smoking ban, and that costs have thus decreased [1] .  [1] Herman, Patricia M., and Walsh, Michele E. “Hospital Admissions for Acute Myocardial Infarction, Angina, Stroke, and Asthma After Implementation of Arizona’s Comprehensive Statewide Smoking Ban. American Journal of Public Health. 101(3). March 2011. smoking ban, healthcare costs, smokers, passive smokers, social smokers, second-hand smoke, government healthcare, private healthcare, hospitalization, cost reduction, Arizona smoking ban, health problems, hospital admissions, acute myocardial infarction, angina, stroke, asthma, public health, taxpayer burden, smoking-related diseases, economic impact smoking ban, healthcare costs, taxpayers, private healthcare, social smokers, passive smokers, second-hand smoke, hospital admissions, smoking-related diseases, cost reduction, Arizona smoking ban, public health, smoking cessation, healthcare expenditure, government healthcare, smoking ban impact, economic impact, health policy, American Journal of Public Health, Patricia M. Herman, Michele E. Walsh, acute myocardial infarction, angina, stroke, asthma, smoking-related hospitalizations smoking ban, healthcare costs, smokers, taxpayers, government healthcare, private healthcare, social smokers, passive smokers, second-hand smoke, public health, cost reduction, hospital admissions, smoking-related diseases, Arizona, smoking legislation, decreased healthcare expenditure, acute myocardial infarction, angina, stroke, asthma, smoking ban effects, public policy, smoking cessation, health economics smoking ban, healthcare costs, smokers, passive smokers, social smokers, second-hand smoke, taxpayer burden, public health, government healthcare, private healthcare, hospital admissions, Arizona smoking ban, health economics, smoking-related diseases, acute myocardial infarction, angina, stroke, asthma, public health policy, smoking reduction, cost savings, healthcare utilization, smoking cessation, smoking ban impact, economic evaluation, American Journal of Public Health smoking ban, healthcare costs, smokers, passive smokers, social smokers, second-hand smoke, hospital admissions, Arizona smoking ban, acute myocardial infarction, angina, stroke, asthma, public health, government healthcare, private healthcare, taxpayer healthcare costs, smoking-related diseases, cost reduction, health policy, economic impact, smoking cessation
test-digital-freedoms-aihwbasmn-con01a	Blocking social networks will not work  How are the police to block social networks when riots are ongoing? The idea that blocking an individual network like Twitter would stop online networking and reporting during riots is laughable and misunderstands the rapidity with which the internet community adapts to changed circumstances and attempts at censorship. Blocking Twitter might work once, but never again. This is why there have been suggestions that the police would go further and either cut off the internet or phone networks as they would effectively need to impose a communications blackout in order for it to be successful, much as the Chinese does in Tibet when there is unrest. [1] Even then the action may not work, rioters will likely simply post pictures and encouragement for the next night’s rioting once the internet and mobile connections are restored as governments would have to do if they did not want to affect the law abiding majority during the day.  [1] Branigan, T., “China cut off internet in area of Tibetan unrest”, The Guardian, 3 February 2012. blocking social networks, internet censorship, police tactics, riots, Twitter ban, online networking, communication blackout, internet shutdown, phone networks, government censorship, rapid internet adaptation, information control, Chinese censorship, Tibet unrest, unrest communication, digital reporting, mobile connection ban, protest suppression blocking social networks, internet censorship, police, riots, Twitter, online networking, reporting, adaptation, communications blackout, phone networks, internet cut-off, China, Tibet, unrest, government response, mobile connections, law enforcement, information control, protest, social media, communication restriction blocking social networks, internet censorship, police, riots, Twitter, online networking, communication blackout, government control, mobile networks, China, Tibet, unrest, information suppression, adaptation, censorship circumvention, digital rights, social media restrictions, law enforcement, public safety, civil unrest, emergency powers, freedom of expression, online reporting, Branigan, The Guardian blocking social networks, internet censorship, police response, riots, online networking, Twitter, communications blackout, internet shutdown, phone network cut, reporting restrictions, adaptive internet community, China Tibet unrest, government censorship, social media bans, digital communication disruption, UK riots, law enforcement tactics, protest communication, information suppression, mobile network block social networks, blocking, censorship, police, riots, Twitter, internet shutdown, communication blackout, online reporting, network adaptability, government control, China, Tibet, unrest, internet community, mobile connections, communications disruption, riot response, information flow, law enforcement, media suppression
test-philosophy-npppmhwup-pro02a	Overcomes prejudice  Affirmative action is required to overcome existing prejudice in universities’ admissions procedures. There is clear prejudice in the job market, as shown in a study by Marianne Bertrand, an associate professor at the University of Chicago Graduate School of Business, and Sendhil Mullainathan of Massachusetts Institute of Technology. [1] [2] Following this line of thinking, it is therefore not a far-fetched idea that admissions departments in top universities are likely to be discriminating against applicants from minority backgrounds, even if this process is not deliberate. A senior academic will look to see in applicants qualities they see in themselves, so, given the overwhelmingly white, affluent, male makeup of the academic community, minorities are at a disadvantage even if the admissions officer is not intending to discriminate against them. Prejudice towards certain types of applicants is blatantly unfair, and also undermines meritocracy (as explained above). Since we do not expect applicants from minority backgrounds to actually be worse applicants, it makes sense to require universities to take more of them, so as to protect the system from any bias that may exist.  [1] Bertrand, M. “Racial Bias in Hiring”. Spring 2003.   [2] BBC News Magazine. “Is it wrong to note 100m winners are always black?” August 27, 2011. affirmative action, university admissions, prejudice, discrimination, minority applicants, job market bias, racial bias, academic community, admissions procedures, meritocracy, hiring bias, unconscious bias, Bertrand Mullainathan study, university diversity, minority disadvantage, systemic discrimination, underrepresented groups, fair admissions, equal opportunity, diversity in education affirmative action, university admissions, prejudice, discrimination, minority applicants, job market bias, racial bias, Marianne Bertrand, Sendhil Mullainathan, academic bias, meritocracy, diversity, higher education, admission policies, implicit bias, minority disadvantage, recruitment discrimination, equity in education, systemic bias, fair admissions affirmative action, university admissions, prejudice, discrimination, minority applicants, job market bias, racial bias, Marianne Bertrand, Sendhil Mullainathan, meritocracy, academic diversity, unconscious bias, admissions procedures, higher education, underrepresented groups, systemic bias, equal opportunity, diversity policies, academic selection, inclusion, institutional racism affirmative action, university admissions, prejudice, discrimination, minority applicants, meritocracy, implicit bias, job market bias, racial bias, academic community, diversity, equal opportunity, admissions policy, Marianne Bertrand, Sendhil Mullainathan, systemic bias, higher education, white male dominance, underrepresented groups, fairness, hiring discrimination, diversity initiatives affirmative action, university admissions, prejudice, discrimination, minority applicants, meritocracy, job market bias, racial bias, hiring practices, Marianne Bertrand, Sendhil Mullainathan, unconscious bias, diversity, academic selection, admissions procedures, underrepresented groups, institutional bias, equity in education, higher education, admission fairness, socioeconomic disadvantage, minority representation, implicit bias, academic diversity, discrimination prevention, equal opportunity, inclusion
test-religion-grcrgshwbr-pro04a	A ban would be simple to enforce.  A ban would be simple to create and enforce. Religious symbols are for the most part meant to be shown therefore it is simple for police or authorities to check that someone is not wearing them. There are many societies that have had bans on a religious symbol in public buildings, for example in France where there is a ban on religious symbols in schools has been in force since 2004. In France the ban is made even easier to enforce by restricting it to 'conspicuous' religious apparel.1 Moreover when the ban is only when entering public buildings it can be enforced by the teacher, or the building's security guards rather than being an issue for the police to deal with.  1 BBC News, 'French scarf ban comes into force', 2 September 2004 , accessed 28/8/11 ban enforcement, religious symbols, simple enforcement, public buildings, conspicuous apparel, France, school religious symbol ban, security checks, police monitoring, teacher enforcement, security guard enforcement, legal restrictions, policy implementation, French law, 2004 scarf ban, public institutions, secularism, authority regulation, religious apparel restrictions, law enforcement procedures ban enforcement, religious symbols, public buildings, France, schools, conspicuous apparel, police, authorities, security guards, teacher enforcement, secularism, policy implementation, law enforcement, visibility, legal restrictions, BBC News, French scarf ban, 2004, case study, public policy ban, enforcement, religious symbols, public buildings, France, schools, conspicuous apparel, authorities, police, security guards, legislation, secularism, dress code, policy, public spaces, implementation, case study, BBC News, precedent, legal framework, education, compliance ban enforcement, religious symbols, public buildings, France, schools, conspicuous apparel, police, authorities, policy, public spaces, teacher enforcement, security guards, French scarf ban, laïcité, secularism, legal restrictions, dress codes, implementation, compliance, case study, 2004 legislation ban enforcement, religious symbols, public buildings, France, schools, conspicuous apparel, law enforcement, policy implementation, secularism, school dress code, security guards, religious apparel ban, simple enforcement, authority checks, French law, public space regulations, religious expression, legal precedent, case study France, BBC News reference
test-society-epsihbdns-con01a	Freedom of movement is an intrinsic human right  Every human being is born with certain rights. These are protected by various charters and are considered inseparable from the human being. The reason for this is a belief that these rights create the fundamental and necessary conditions to lead a human life. Freedom of movement is one of these and has been recognised as such in Article 13 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. [1] If a family finds themselves faced with starvation, the only chance they have of survival might be to move to another place where they might live another day. It is inhuman to condemn individuals to death and suffering for the benefit of some nebulous collective theory. While we might pass some of our freedoms to the state, we have a moral right to the freedoms that help us stay alive – in this context freedom of movement is one of those.  [1] General Assembly, “The Universal Declaration of Human Rights”, 10 December 1948, freedom of movement, human rights, intrinsic rights, Universal Declaration of Human Rights, Article 13, fundamental rights, right to mobility, basic human rights, survival, moral rights, migration, state authority, right to travel, individual rights, humanitarian law, General Assembly, 1948, international law, collective theory, human dignity freedom of movement, human rights, intrinsic rights, Universal Declaration of Human Rights, Article 13, human dignity, right to migrate, survival, moral rights, state vs individual, starvation, liberty, fundamental rights, self-preservation, General Assembly, collective theory, inseparable rights, right to life, migration, movement restrictions, inalienable rights freedom of movement, intrinsic human right, Universal Declaration of Human Rights, Article 13, human rights, fundamental rights, survival, moral right, state, individual liberty, starvation, migration, General Assembly, 1948, inseparable rights, collective theory, necessary conditions, charters, right to life, mobility rights freedom of movement, human rights, intrinsic rights, Universal Declaration of Human Rights, Article 13, right to move, moral rights, state authority, survival, starvation, migration, individual rights, human dignity, fundamental rights, international charters, inalienable rights, General Assembly, 1948, collective theory, protected rights, necessity, mobility rights freedom of movement, intrinsic human right, Universal Declaration of Human Rights, Article 13, fundamental rights, human rights charters, individual liberty, right to move, survival migration, moral rights, state authority, essential freedoms, inalienable rights, General Assembly, human dignity, right to life, forced migration, deprivation, human suffering, collective vs individual rights
test-international-gpdwhwcusa-pro02a	A UN standing army would be ideally suited to respond to contemporary crises.  Changes in modern warfare dictate the need for an impartial, rapidly-deploying, multi-national force. Modern warfare is no longer the trench battles of battalions aligned to a flag, it is increasingly police actions designed to prevent the resort to warfare in the first place or enforce ceasefires once they have begun. As such, the impartiality of a UN standing army would be highly valuable, offering both parties in the conflict a neutral peacemaker and peacekeeper. Contrast this to the perceived differences in attitude between troops from Britain, the US, Russia and France to warring sides in the Balkans. It would be free of accusations of meddling and self-interest that accompany the participation of troops from neighbouring states in UN interventions (for example, Nigeria in West African missions). A UN standing army could overcome local civilian suspicion, free from the threat of propaganda from those opposed to it and free from the restraints of state power on those troops involved.  Furthermore, a UN standing army would be able to deploy much faster than current peacekeeping missions which are held back by the bureaucracy of finding troops, equipment and funding. The present system takes months to put forces in the field, and these are often inadequate to the task in hand, as member states have pledged fewer troops than were requested and they then struggle to co-ordinate across cultural and linguistic barriers. This has meant the UN has often acted too late, with too little force, and has thereby failed to avert humanitarian disasters in such places as Central Africa, Bosnia, Sierra Leone and Somalia. A UN standing army would be permanently available and able to deploy rapidly to contain crises before they turn into full-scale wars and humanitarian disasters. Without an independent army, the UN has ‘no capacity to avert such catastrophes’ 1 for it simply cannot raise forces quickly or effectively enough.  [1] Johansen, R. C. (2006). A United Nations Emergency Peace Service to Prevent Genocide and Crimes Against Humanity, p.23. UN standing army, rapid deployment, modern warfare, impartial force, multinational peacekeeping, police actions, ceasefire enforcement, neutrality, peacekeeper, peacemaker, troop impartiality, local suspicion, propaganda resistance, UN interventions, humanitarian disaster prevention, peacekeeping bureaucracy, troop coordination, cultural barriers, linguistic barriers, inadequate forces, state power restraints, emergency response, genocide prevention, humanitarian crisis, peace service, global crisis response, conflict resolution, West Africa, Balkans, Central Africa, Bosnia, Sierra Leone, Somalia, crimes against humanity, UN emergency services UN standing army, modern warfare, peacekeeping, rapid deployment, impartial force, multinational force, neutrality, humanitarian intervention, crisis response, peace enforcement, ceasefire enforcement, police actions, UN interventions, troop impartiality, local civilian suspicion, propaganda resistance, state power independence, deployment speed, peacekeeping mission delays, troop coordination, cultural barriers, linguistic barriers, humanitarian disasters, Central Africa, Bosnia, Sierra Leone, Somalia, emergency peace service, genocide prevention, crimes against humanity, rapid response force, multinational military, troop availability, peace operations, UN military capability, intervention effectiveness, troop pledges, international cooperation, disaster prevention UN standing army, peacekeeping, rapid deployment, modern warfare, impartial force, multinational army, neutrality, police actions, ceasefire enforcement, conflict resolution, humanitarian intervention, peacekeeping challenges, national troops, intervention bias, local suspicion, propaganda, state power restrictions, deployment speed, UN bureaucracy, troop coordination, cultural barriers, linguistic barriers, humanitarian disaster prevention, Bosnia, Central Africa, Sierra Leone, Somalia, United Nations Emergency Peace Service, genocide prevention, crimes against humanity, global security UN standing army, peacekeeping, rapid deployment, impartial force, multinational force, modern warfare, police actions, ceasefire enforcement, neutrality, peacemaking, conflict resolution, troop impartiality, peacekeeper credibility, international interventions, local suspicion, propaganda resistance, state power independence, mission speed, peacekeeping mission delays, bureaucracy, troop coordination, cultural barriers, linguistic barriers, humanitarian disasters, Central Africa, Bosnia, Sierra Leone, Somalia, emergency response, force adequacy, humanitarian intervention, United Nations Emergency Peace Service, genocide prevention, crimes against humanity, intervention legitimacy UN standing army, peacekeeping, modern warfare, impartial force, rapid deployment, multinational force, police actions, ceasefire enforcement, neutrality, peacemaker, peacekeeper, troop perceptions, Balkans intervention, foreign intervention, accusations of meddling, local suspicion, propaganda, independence from states, bureaucracy, troop mobilization, equipment shortages, funding delays, peacekeeping coordination, cultural barriers, linguistic barriers, humanitarian disasters, Central Africa, Bosnia, Sierra Leone, Somalia, emergency response, conflict prevention, genocide prevention, United Nations Emergency Peace Service, R. C. Johansen
test-international-epglghbni-pro04a	Uniting Ireland would bring about an end to sectarian violence  A united Ireland doesn’t have to marginalize the Protestant population. If they are included more in the political process there can be debate, discussion and an airing of grievances which can then be resolved.  There is little sense of attachment to the UK, and British institutions. Much like the Scottish and Welsh, the Northern Irish feel Northern Irish. This shows that the ties to Britain are not emotional, but political. It is clear that Unionists just want to have power over how they run their lives. If Unionists are included in the political process in a united Ireland they will have no grievances and there will finally be a lasting peace. united Ireland, sectarian violence, Protestant population, political inclusion, debate, discussion, grievances, Northern Irish identity, UK attachment, British institutions, unionists, political power, lasting peace, Irish unity, power-sharing, reconciliation, peace process, political integration, marginalization, political representation, national identity, Irish-British relations, Irish reunification, conflict resolution uniting Ireland, sectarian violence, united Ireland, Protestant inclusion, political process, debate, grievances, conflict resolution, attachment to UK, British institutions, Northern Irish identity, unionists, power sharing, political representation, peace process, reconciliation, lasting peace, marginalization, British ties, Irish unity, community integration, national identity, Northern Ireland politics, conflict transformation, peacebuilding uniting Ireland, sectarian violence, united Ireland, Protestant inclusion, political process, debate, grievances resolution, attachment to UK, British institutions, Northern Irish identity, emotional ties, political ties, Unionist power, self-governance, political inclusion, lasting peace, conflict resolution, Irish unity, Protestant community, Unionist grievances United Ireland, sectarian violence, Protestant population, political inclusion, political process, grievances resolution, British institutions, Northern Irish identity, Unionists, power sharing, lasting peace, marginalization, UK attachment, political ties, emotional ties, debate, discussion, unity, reconciliation, peace process, identity politics, Irish politics, Northern Irish Unionists, conflict resolution, political representation, Irish reunification united Ireland, sectarian violence, Protestant inclusion, political process, unionists, British institutions, Northern Irish identity, Irish unity, power sharing, lasting peace, political grievances, UK ties, community integration, conflict resolution, Northern Ireland, peace process, marginalization, national identity
test-philosophy-pppgshbsd-con04a	Globalisation has made socialism impractical to implement  Global economic forces have rendered socialism powerless. Financial speculation, and investment flows can make or break economies, and the agents who channel these monies want to see countries liberalise, privatise and de-regulate more. This is being shown by the speculative attacks on Eurozone countries where the markets are showing they can force governments to implement tough austerity or even force changes in government without an election as has happened in Greece and Italy where technocrats have taken over as Heads of Government. [1]  These more flexible markets generate higher levels of growth and prosperity, and provide higher returns on investment, encouraging more. Countries which try to resist globalisation and liberal economic markets, as in ‘old Europe’, suffer stagnant growth and higher unemployment as a result. Old socialist-style economic models of tight economic regulation and central planning are unsustainable.  [1] Frankel, Jeffrey, ‘Let European technocrats weave their magic’, The Sydney Morning Herald, 29 November 2011, globalisation, socialism, economic forces, financial speculation, investment flows, liberalisation, privatisation, deregulation, Eurozone, speculative attacks, markets, austerity, government change, technocrats, Greece, Italy, economic growth, prosperity, investment returns, old Europe, stagnant growth, unemployment, central planning, economic regulation, sustainability, Jeffrey Frankel, Sydney Morning Herald globalisation, socialism, economic forces, financial speculation, investment flows, liberalisation, privatisation, deregulation, Eurozone, speculative attacks, markets, austerity, government change, technocrats, Greece, Italy, market flexibility, economic growth, prosperity, investment returns, resistance to globalisation, liberal markets, old Europe, stagnant growth, unemployment, economic regulation, central planning, unsustainable socialism, Jeffrey Frankel, European technocrats globalisation, socialism, economic forces, financial speculation, investment flows, liberalisation, privatisation, deregulation, Eurozone, speculative attacks, austerity, technocrats, government change, economic growth, prosperity, investment returns, market flexibility, unemployment, central planning, economic regulation, old Europe, neoliberalism, capitalism, unsustainability, economic policy, global market, economic liberalism, state intervention, economic stagnation globalisation, socialism, impracticality, global economic forces, financial speculation, investment flows, liberalisation, privatisation, deregulation, Eurozone, speculative attacks, austerity, government change, technocrats, Greece, Italy, flexible markets, economic growth, prosperity, return on investment, resistance to globalisation, liberal economic markets, old Europe, stagnant growth, unemployment, economic regulation, central planning, unsustainability, Jeffrey Frankel, European technocrats globalisation, socialism, global economic forces, financial speculation, investment flows, liberalisation, privatisation, deregulation, austerity, Eurozone, market forces, technocrats, government change, Greece, Italy, economic growth, prosperity, return on investment, economic stagnation, unemployment, central planning, economic regulation, old Europe, unsustainable socialism, flexible markets, economic liberalisation
test-law-tlcplghwfne-pro01a	"Needle exchanges prevent the transmission of disease  A needle exchange as mentioned in the introduction allows drug users to trade in dirty needles for new ones. This can prevent disease simply by preventing transfer of fluids from one drug user to another. As such, if one drug addict has HIV and has not yet been diagnosed it becomes less likely that he will transmit the disease to another person. Further, many drug addicts fail to even consider the possibility of infection via dirty needles, the mere presence of a needle exchange in the nearby vicinity causes drug addicts to be more aware of the dangers associated with dirty needles.  Further, the liberalising effect that needle exchanges have on public opinion can often cause societal change that allows needles to be bought over the counter. This is especially good in targeting drug users who do not wish to reveal that they have an addiction and allows them use of clean needles.  To back this up it has been found by some researchers that, there has been a one-third reduction in HIV prevalence in New Haven, Connecticut, after its NEP had been in operation for only 4 months. Researchers found an 18.6% average annual decrease in HIV seroprevalence in cities that had introduced an NEP, compared to an 8.1% annual increase in HIV seroprevalence in cities that had never introduced NEPs. HIV prevalence among NEP attenders in a Canadian city was low, even though high-risk behaviors were common. Injecting drug users in Seattle who had formerly attended an NEP were found to be more likely than non-exchangers to reduce the frequency of injection, to stop injecting altogether, and to remain in drug treatment, while new users of the NEP were five times more likely to enter drug treatment than never-exchangers.""1  1. Debra L. O’Neill. ""Needle Exchange Programs: A Review of the Issues"". Missouri Institute of Mental Health. September 27, 2004 www.mimh200.mimh.edu/mimhweb/pie/reports/Needle%20Exchange.pdf needle exchange programs, disease transmission prevention, HIV prevention, harm reduction, syringe exchange, drug user health, injection drug use, public health intervention, HIV prevalence reduction, needle exchange effectiveness, clean needles, dirty needles, seroprevalence, New Haven HIV statistics, Canada needle exchange, Seattle drug users, public opinion, societal change, drug treatment entry, harm reduction policy, at-risk populations, liberalising drug laws, access to clean needles needle exchange programs, harm reduction, disease prevention, HIV transmission, syringe exchange, public health, drug users, clean needles, dirty needles, fluid transfer, HIV seroprevalence, infectious disease, intravenous drug use, societal change, liberalization, addiction stigma, New Haven Connecticut, Canadian cities, Seattle, drug treatment, behavioral change, risk awareness, needle access, over-the-counter needles, research findings, public opinion needle exchange programs, harm reduction, disease transmission prevention, HIV prevention, dirty needles, drug users, fluid transfer, public health, HIV seroprevalence, New Haven Connecticut, NEP effectiveness, addiction treatment, drug injection, risk behaviors, policy liberalization, over-the-counter needles, societal change, needle accessibility, public awareness, empirical evidence, NEP attendance, drug treatment entry, syringe exchange, infectious disease, HIV statistics, epidemiological data, substance abuse, community health, clean needles, anonymous access, HIV research, behavioral change needle exchange programs, disease prevention, HIV transmission, harm reduction, clean needles, drug users, public health intervention, HIV seroprevalence, intravenous drug use, needle exchange effectiveness, community awareness, over-the-counter needle access, drug addiction, risk reduction, societal attitudes, research findings, New Haven Connecticut, Canadian city, Seattle, drug treatment entry, reduction in injection frequency, health policy, NEP impact, public opinion liberalization, infectious disease control, safe injection practices, program outcomes, addiction stigma, syringe exchange, HIV prevalence, behavior change needle exchange programs, harm reduction, HIV prevention, disease transmission, injection drug users, clean needles, drug treatment, public health, HIV seroprevalence, NEP effectiveness, dirty needles, intravenous drug use, public opinion, over-the-counter needles, addiction stigma, New Haven Connecticut, Seattle NEP, Canadian NEP, behavioral change, high-risk behaviors, HIV research, disease prevention, policy impact, societal change, drug policy, Debra O’Neill, Missouri Institute of Mental Health, opioid crisis, infectious diseases, needle access, harm minimization"
test-philosophy-eppphwlrtjs-pro02a	It may be necessary to limit trial by jury in cases where there is a real danger of jury tampering or intimidation.  It is very difficult to carry out trial by jury if people involved in the case continuously attempt to tamper with the jury, or unduly influence its decision. For example, the UK home office has stated that trying to protect jurors from tampering can be extremely disruptive to the jurors themselves, who may in extreme cases need police protection 24 hours a day. Cases involving international terrorism, drug smuggling or organized crime are the most likely to present such problems 1. In the infamous trial of Italian anarchists Vanzetti and Sacco, one of the jurors had a bomb thrown at his house, despite a huge number of security measures taken by the Massachusetts government 2. Another example is the 2008 case of a large armed robbery at Heathrow. After three mistrials, which cost £22m and the last of which collapsed after a serious attempt at jury tampering, it was decided that the case would be tried by a judge alone 3. If eliminating the jury is the only way to ensure that a) a trial occurs and b) jurors are safe, particularly when it is the defendants' fault that a fair trial by jury is untenable, it may be necessary to do so. jury tampering, jury intimidation, limit trial by jury, jury protection, trial security, organized crime, international terrorism, drug smuggling, mistrial, judge-only trial, Sacco and Vanzetti, Heathrow armed robbery, UK home office, jury safety, fair trial, jury elimination, police protection, juror influence, criminal trials, trial disruption, judge trial jury tampering, jury intimidation, trial by jury, limiting jury trials, juror protection, UK home office, organized crime, international terrorism, drug smuggling, jury security, police protection, mistrial, Sacco and Vanzetti, Heathrow armed robbery, judge-only trial, fair trial, defendant influence, juror safety, jury interference, criminal cases, criminal justice system, high-profile trials, legal exceptions, judicial discretion trial by jury, jury tampering, jury intimidation, limiting jury trials, juror protection, home office, police protection, organized crime, international terrorism, drug smuggling, Sacco and Vanzetti, jury security, judge-only trials, mistrial, Heathrow armed robbery, collapsing trials, fair trial, jury safety, defendant interference, UK legal system, criminal trials, judicial decision-making jury tampering, jury intimidation, trial by jury, juror protection, UK home office, police protection, organized crime, international terrorism, drug smuggling, jury security, juror safety, judge-only trial, mistrial, Sacco and Vanzetti, Heathrow armed robbery, jury elimination, fair trial, defendant interference, trial disruption, criminal trials, high-profile cases, jury influence, court procedure, jury system, trial integrity jury tampering, jury intimidation, trial by jury, jury protection, juror safety, UK home office, organized crime, international terrorism, drug smuggling, Sacco and Vanzetti, mistrials, Heathrow armed robbery, judge-only trial, jury interference, case security measures, police protection for jurors, fair trial, eliminating jury, defendant misconduct, high-profile cases, juryless trials
test-science-ascidfakhba-con03a	The lack of control over, and profit from, art will serve as a serious disincentive to artistic output  Profit is as much a factor in artists’ decision to produce work, if not more so, than the primordial urge to create. Without the guarantee of ownership over one’s artistic work, the incentive to invest in its creation is certainly diminished. Within a strong copyright system, individuals feel free to invest time in their pursuits because they have full knowledge that the final product of their labours will be theirs to enjoy. [1] Without copyright protections the marginal cases, like people afraid to put time into actually building an installation art piece rather than doing more hours at their job, will not opt to create. If their work were to immediately leave their control, they would most certainly be less inclined to do so. Furthermore, the inability of others to simply duplicate existing works as their own means they too will be galvanized to break ground on new ideas, rather than simply re-tread over current ideas and to adapt existing works to markets. Art thrives by being new and original. Copyright protections shield against artistic laziness and drive the creative urges of the artistically inclined to ever more interesting fields.  [1] Greenberg, M. “Reason or Madness: A Defense of Copyright’s Growing Pains”. John Marshall Review of Intellectual Property Law. 2007. copyright, artistic output, profit incentive, control over art, ownership, intellectual property, creative incentive, marginal cases, installation art, investment in art, duplication, originality, copyright protection, artistic creativity, creative labor, market adaptation, innovation in art, copyright system, art economics, artistic motivation, Greenberg 2007 artistic output, copyright protection, profit incentive, ownership, creative incentive, copyright system, investment in art, originality, artistic creation, control, motivation, marginal cases, copyright law, intellectual property, creative process, duplication, innovation, artistic labor, installation art, economic incentives, market adaptation, new ideas, originality in art, copyright enforcement, creative industries artistic output, profit incentive, art ownership, copyright protection, creative incentive, artist motivation, marginal cases, installation art, investment in art, control over work, duplication, originality, creative innovation, copyright system, copyright law, intellectual property, disincentive, art market, artistic creation, copyright enforcement, copyright incentive, artistic control, Greenberg, John Marshall Review of Intellectual Property Law copyright, artistic output, profit incentive, ownership, art creation, artists motivation, copyright protection, intellectual property, creative investment, originality, art market, duplication, artistic control, disincentive, art production, innovative art, copyright system, economic incentive, creative rights, art law artistic incentive, profit motive, art creation, copyright protection, ownership, creative output, artist motivation, intellectual property, disincentive, originality, artistic innovation, copyright law, creative investment, duplication, artistic control, copyright system, art market, economic incentive, creative labor, installation art, artistic production, copyright enforcement, creative rights, art economy, plagiarism prevention
test-economy-beghwbh-con02a	"Lack of capacity or room for expansion  The plans for the Hyperloop provide that “The capacity would be 840 passengers per hour which more than sufficient to transport all of the 6 million passengers traveling between Los Angeles and San Francisco areas per year.” With only 28 people per capsule and a maximum of one capsule every 30 seconds there is not much room for expansion. It would seem surprising if this service only carried 6million passengers a year. The Taiwan High Speed Rail running between Taipei and Zuoying carried 41.6 million passengers in 2011 [1] considering that Taiwan has a population of 23 million compared to the combined population of the San Francisco Bay and Los Angeles metropolitan areas of 26million this does not seem an unreasonable comparison. [2] Even if we assume it will not be used at all for commuting and take the Eurostar as the point of comparison the Hyperloop still has only two thirds of the capacity it would need as Eurostar’s ridership is currently approaching 10million. [3]  [1] ""Table 2-8 Passenger Traffic of High-Speed Rail"" . Monthly Statistics of Transportation & Communications . MOTC Department of Statistics .  [2] ‘Annual Estimates of the Population of Combined Statistical Areas’, Census.gov, 2012,   [3] ‘’Strong’ 2012 for Eurostar’, Global Rail News, 25 March 2013, Hyperloop, passenger capacity, expansion limitations, ridership comparison, Los Angeles, San Francisco, Taiwan High Speed Rail, Eurostar, annual passengers, transportation infrastructure, metropolitan areas, population comparison, capsule size, frequency, transit demand, high-speed rail, commuter rail, rail statistics, population estimates, transportation planning, scalability, ridership data, transportation bottleneck, transport capacity constraints Hyperloop, capacity, passenger volume, expansion, ridership, Los Angeles, San Francisco, high-speed rail, Taiwan High Speed Rail, Eurostar, population comparison, transportation capacity, capsule size, frequency, infrastructure limitations, passenger demand, annual passengers, metropolitan areas, rail alternatives, transportation statistics, scalability, growth potential Hyperloop, passenger capacity, room for expansion, transportation plans, Los Angeles, San Francisco, high-speed rail, Taipei, Zuoying, Taiwan High Speed Rail, population comparison, capsule capacity, ridership, Eurostar, annual passengers, metropolitan areas, train capacity, transport infrastructure, commuter transport, scalability, demand estimation, statistics, transportation comparison, growth potential, bottleneck Hyperloop, capacity limitations, room for expansion, passenger volume, transportation plans, Los Angeles, San Francisco, annual ridership, high-speed rail comparison, Taiwan High Speed Rail, Eurostar, capsule capacity, throughput, metropolitan population, transportation infrastructure, urban transit demand, scalability, transportation statistics, expansion constraints, commuter transport, intercity travel Hyperloop, capacity limitations, passenger capacity, room for expansion, transportation plans, Los Angeles, San Francisco, comparison, high speed rail, Taiwan High Speed Rail, ridership statistics, Eurostar, population comparison, transport infrastructure, capsule size, throughput, commuter rail, intercity transport, scalability, demand forecasting, metropolitan population, travel demand, annual ridership, passenger flow, infrastructure constraints"
test-international-emephsate-pro01a	The admission of Turkey will help the economy of the EU develop more dynamically.  Turkey has a booming economy with one of the fastest growing economies of the world [1] . Turkey has a young, skilled and vibrant workforce contributing in the fields of innovation, industry and finance. Having a young and growing population means that Turkey is in the opposite situation to the European Union, whose population is declining. As a result Turkey joining would be very complementary to the European Economy. In Turkey 26.6% of the population are under 15 [2] while in the EU only 15.44% is. [3] This is significant because the population of the European Union as a whole will be declining by 2035 [4] and because of the aging population the working population will be declining considerably before this. Aging obviously means that the EU will not be able to produce as much, but also that much more of EU resources will be devoted to caring for the elderly with a result that there is likely to be an drag on GDP per capita of -0.3% per year. [5] One way to compensate for this is to bring new countries with younger populations into the Union.  [1] GDP growth (annual %). The World Bank.  Accessed on: September 3, 2012.  [2] ‘Turkey’, The World Factbook, 24 August 2012,   [3] ‘European Union’, The World Factbook, 24 August 2012,   [4] Europa, ‘Population projections 2008-2060 From 2015, deaths projected to outnumber births in the EU27’, STAT/08/119, 26 August 2008,   [5] Carone, Giuseppe, et al., ‘The economic impact of aging populations in the EU 25 Member States’, Directorate-General for Economic and Financial Affairs, n.. 236, December 2005,  p.15 Turkey EU accession, Turkish economy, EU economic growth, dynamic development, young workforce, skilled labor, innovation, industry, finance, population growth, demographic trends, aging population, EU population decline, intergenerational complementarity, working population, GDP impact, economic integration, migration, European competitiveness, economic benefits of enlargement, labor market, economic projections, EU demographics, population statistics, youth population, economic policy, resource allocation, productivity, elderly care, GDP per capita, long-term growth. Turkey EU accession, Turkey EU membership, EU economic growth, Turkey young population, EU aging population, dynamic EU economy, skilled Turkish workforce, Turkey innovation, Turkey industry, Turkey finance, EU demographic decline, EU population projections, EU labor force, economic complementarity, GDP per capita EU, EU aging impact, workforce demographics, EU population trends, migration EU, population growth Turkey, EU economic policy, EU integration Turkey, World Bank GDP Turkey, European Union statistics, population under 15 Turkey, youth workforce EU, elderly care EU costs, economic impact of aging, Directorate-General Economic Affairs, population statistics Turkey EU Turkey EU accession, EU economic growth, Turkish economy, young workforce, EU demographic trends, population aging, labor force, innovation, industry, finance, complementary economies, population growth, migration policy, GDP per capita, dynamic economy, EU enlargement, declining EU population, economic integration, labor market, youth population, demographic complementarity, economic impact, EU Turkey relations, workforce dynamics Turkey EU admission, Turkey EU membership, EU economy, Turkey economic growth, young workforce Turkey, EU aging population, demographic complementarity, EU GDP impact, population projections EU, Turkey innovation industry finance, EU demographic decline, EU population aging, Turkey population statistics, economic benefits Turkey EU, EU labor force, migration EU Turkey, GDP per capita EU, elderly care EU, workforce demographics, population growth Turkey, EU economic development, skilled workforce Turkey, dynamic economy EU, Turkey integration EU Turkey EU accession, EU economic development, Turkish economy growth, dynamic EU economy, young workforce Turkey, demographic advantages Turkey, population decline EU, aging population EU, complementarity Turkey EU, innovation Turkey, industry Turkey, finance Turkey, labor market EU, labor force growth, GDP per capita EU, elderly care EU, migration benefits, economic integration, EU population projections, workforce demographics, EU enlargement, population under 15 Turkey, World Bank GDP statistics, European Union aging, economic impact aging, labor shortages EU, economic synergies Turkey EU, economic benefits enlargement, sustainable growth EU, youth employment Turkey
test-international-ghbunhf-con04a	Solution to problems of UN is to reform outdated structures.  It is undeniably true that some of the UN’s procedures need to be improved, and standards of financial transparency improved. However, this is true of many governments and international organisations, not just the UN. The answer to the UN’s problems is not to give up on it but rather reform it for the 21st century, including perhaps changing or augmenting the permanent membership of the Security Council to reflect the reality of the modern world. [1]  [1] London, Jacqueline. “Reform of the United Nations Security Council”. International Affairs and Foreign Policy Institute. 29th June 2007. UN reform, outdated structures, Security Council reform, permanent membership, financial transparency, UN procedures, 21st century, international organizations, global governance, modern world representation, Jacqueline London, International Affairs, United Nations problems, structural improvement, policy reform, governance standards, institutional transparency UN reform, outdated structures, UN procedures, financial transparency, international organizations, Security Council reform, permanent membership, 21st century, modern world, institutional reform, UN problems, governance, global governance, transparency standards, international reform, Jacqueline London, Security Council membership UN reform, United Nations, outdated structures, Security Council, permanent membership, financial transparency, modern world, international organisations, governance improvement, institutional reform, 21st century, international relations, policy change, global governance, procedural improvement UN reform, outdated structures, UN procedures, financial transparency, Security Council reform, permanent membership, modern world, international organisations, governmental transparency, 21st century, accountability, institutional reform, London Jacqueline, International Affairs and Foreign Policy Institute, UN problems UN reform, outdated structures, UN procedures, financial transparency, Security Council reform, permanent membership, 21st century, international organisations, modern world, UN problems, governance, international relations, United Nations, institutional reform, global governance, transparency standards
test-religion-yercfrggms-pro02a	If there is a benevolent deity, then there should not be the kinds of evil observable in the world and He would likely show more interest in His creation than He appears to have done so far:  If God, or the gods, were good there would be no evil in the world. Disasters would not kill millions of innocents, disease and hunger would not claim the lives of children every day, war and genocide would not slaughter people indiscriminately as they have done for countless bloody millennia. The world is awash with blood, pain, and suffering. No loving God would make a world so imperfect and troubled. [1] The world’s ills are perfectly explained by the natural, amoral development of the Universe, of life, and of humanity. The reality of the Universe, however, is incompatible with a God of goodness, as He is conventionally described by today’s predominant religions, which stem from the Abrahamic tradition.  [1] Tooley, Michael. 2009. “The Problem of Evil”. Stanford Encyclopaedia of Philosophy. Available: problem of evil, benevolent deity, existence of God, theodicy, natural evil, moral evil, suffering, pain, disasters, innocence, disease, hunger, war, genocide, imperfection, divine hiddenness, Abrahamic religions, atheism, naturalism, Michael Tooley, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, incompatibility of God and evil, argument from evil, classical theism, evidence against God problem of evil, benevolent deity, existence of evil, divine hiddenness, theodicy, suffering, natural disasters, moral evil, God’s goodness, atheism, argument from evil, Abrahamic religions, imperfection, naturalism, Michael Tooley, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, innocent suffering, genocide, disease, hunger, pain, suffering, classical theism, incompatibility, omnibenevolence, divine intervention, religious skepticism, theism, cosmological evil problem of evil, benevolent deity, theodicy, divine hiddenness, existence of God, logical problem of evil, evidential problem of evil, suffering, natural evil, moral evil, innocence, disasters, disease, hunger, war, genocide, imperfection, amoral universe, atheism, agnosticism, Abrahamic religions, theology, Michael Tooley, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, arguments against God, omnibenevolence, omnipotence, omniscience, evil and suffering, philosophical theology problem of evil, divine benevolence, theodicy, existence of God, logical problem of evil, natural evil, moral evil, suffering, religious skepticism, atheism, Abrahamic religions, god's hiddenness, divine intervention, innocent suffering, natural disasters, genocide, imperfection of world, argument from evil, theology, Michael Tooley, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy problem of evil, benevolent deity, theodicy, existence of God, logical problem of evil, evidential problem of evil, natural evil, moral evil, suffering, divine hiddenness, God’s benevolence, omnipotence, omnibenevolence, divine intervention, atheism, agnosticism, naturalism, Abrahamic religions, theological ethics, theism, world suffering, disaster, tragedy, philosophy of religion, Michael Tooley, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, argument from evil, incompatible properties, divine goodness, nature of God, religious skepticism
test-economy-bepighbdb-pro03a	Dictatorships can prevent social unrest  Dictatorships are better at controlling discipline and order within society. They generally promote a state based on hierarchical values, through strict policies based on security. This allows them to prevent financial losses due to strikes and riots, and reduce crime rates, making the country more stable.  Singapore is a de-facto one party state, in which the ruling People’s Action Party, is accused of stopping the operation of opposition parties. A former Foreign Minister of Singapore has asked “How many Singaporeans really want free speech anyway? They want orderliness, a decent living” [1] . This both makes the country more competitive because there are more productive days and more attractive to invest in as expats will want to live in countries with little crime. Moreover when it comes to attracting immigration for sectors of the economy there is none of the opposition that would occur in democracies.  Autocracy may be the only way to stabilize some countries that have never had a democratic government. It has been suggested by Mancur Olson, a leading economist, that “anarchy not only involves loss of life but also increases the incentives to steal and to defend against theft, and thereby reduces the incentive to produce [2] ”. A dictatorship may be the only way to restore order and create a political framework stable enough for trade and investment.  [1] Huff, W.G. (1994). The economic growth of Singapore: trade and development in twentieth century”. Cambridge; New York; Melbourne: Cambridge University Press. p. 358  [2] Olson, M. (2000). Power and Prosperity: Outgrowing Communist and Capitalist Dictatorships. New York: Basic Books. p. 64 dictatorships, social unrest, discipline, order, hierarchical values, strict policies, security, financial stability, strikes, riots, crime reduction, stability, Singapore, one party state, People’s Action Party, opposition suppression, free speech, orderliness, investment, expats, low crime, immigration, economic sectors, democracy, autocracy, political stability, Mancur Olson, anarchy, incentives, theft, production, trade, investment, economic growth dictatorships, social unrest, discipline, order, hierarchical values, strict policies, security, strikes, riots, crime rates, stability, Singapore, one party state, People’s Action Party, opposition parties, free speech, orderliness, economic competitiveness, investment, expats, low crime, immigration, economic sectors, autocracy, political stability, democracy absence, Mancur Olson, anarchy, theft, production incentives, trade, investment, economic growth, Cambridge University Press, Power and Prosperity, political framework dictatorship, social unrest, discipline, order, hierarchical values, strict policies, security, financial stability, strikes, riots, crime reduction, stability, Singapore, People’s Action Party, opposition suppression, free speech, orderliness, economic competitiveness, investment, expats, low crime, immigration, economic sectors, autocracy, political stability, democratic absence, Mancur Olson, anarchy, incentives, theft, productivity, trade, investment, political framework, economic growth, authoritarianism dictatorships, social unrest prevention, discipline, order, hierarchical values, strict policies, security, financial stability, strikes, riots, crime reduction, national stability, Singapore, one party state, People’s Action Party, opposition suppression, free speech, orderliness, economic competitiveness, foreign investment, immigration policy, autocracy, political stabilization, non-democratic countries, anarchy, economic incentives, political framework, trade, investment, Mancur Olson, authoritarian regime, productivity, economic growth dictatorship, social unrest, discipline, order, hierarchical values, strict policies, security, financial stability, strikes, riots, crime rates, country stability, Singapore, one party state, People’s Action Party, opposition parties, free speech, orderliness, investment, expats, immigration, autocracy, political stability, democracy, Mancur Olson, anarchy, economic incentives, political framework, trade, investment attractiveness, economic growth
test-philosophy-pppgshbsd-pro01a	Although there are protests as a result of the banking crisis and the resulting financial meltdown, they have no cohesive ideology  There is clearly a difference between the general malaise of those protesting the result of the financial crisis and any form of coherent ideology or manifesto for government. The only people pretending that protesters in Athens or Rome – or the Occupy movement worldwide – are in some meaningful way Socialists are aging class warriors from the seventies.  The Occupy movement may well count many social liberals [i] among its members, and these individuals are almost certainly unhappy about many aspects of modern Capitalism but that doesn’t make Occupy, or the Athens street protestors Socialist.  [i] Occupy Wall Street Website. “Forum Post Liberalism is Not Socialism”. 12 November 2011. banking crisis, financial meltdown, protests, protest ideology, Occupy movement, Athens protests, Rome protests, socialism, manifesto, government, class warriors, social liberals, modern capitalism, Occupy Wall Street, liberalism vs socialism, financial crisis protests, protestor motivation, ideological cohesion, protester beliefs, anti-capitalism, economic unrest, street demonstrations banking crisis, financial meltdown, protests, protest ideology, Occupy movement, Athens protests, Rome protests, manifesto, government, social liberals, modern capitalism, socialism, class warriors, Occupy Wall Street, liberalism vs socialism, financial crisis protest, political ideology, economic protest, anti-capitalism, protest movements banking crisis, financial meltdown, protests, lack of cohesive ideology, financial crisis, general malaise, ideology, manifesto, government, protesters, Athens, Rome, Occupy movement, socialism, class warriors, seventies, social liberals, modern capitalism, Occupy Wall Street, liberalism, not socialism, November 2011 protests, banking crisis, financial meltdown, ideology, protesters, financial crisis, Occupy movement, Athens, Rome, Socialists, class warriors, social liberals, modern Capitalism, government manifesto, Occupy Wall Street, Liberalism, Socialism, 2011 protests, banking crisis, financial meltdown, cohesive ideology, government manifesto, general malaise, social liberals, Occupy movement, Athens protests, Rome protests, socialism, capitalism, Occupy Wall Street, liberalism versus socialism, protest ideology, economic crisis, 2011 protests, anti-capitalism, Occupy manifesto, global protests
test-economy-epsihbdns-con02a	"It is practically impossible to control people's movement  One of the major problems with the proposal lies in the very fact that we are indeed dealing with developing nations. These nations have very limited capacity to manage this kind of system. What will happen instead, will be a state of confusion, where the law will be upheld in some parts while ignored in others. The case in China clearly shows that corruption follows in the wake of this kind of legislation, where urban Hukous are sold illegally or officials are frequently bribed to ignore the law. [1]  Furthermore, it only causes those who choose to move to the cities, in spite of the law, to be alienated from society and live a life outside of the law. Once outside of the law, the step to other crimes is very small as these people have little to lose. [2] In short, the law will only work in some cases and where it works it will lead to increased segregation and more crime.  [1] Wang, Fei-Ling. “Organising through Division and Exclusion: China's Hukou System"". 2005.  [2] Wu. s.l., and Treiman, The Household Registration System and Social Stratification in China: 1955-1996. Springer, 2004, Demography, Vol. 2. people's movement control, developing nations, limited management capacity, system implementation challenges, legal enforcement disparity, confusion, law upholding variation, China case study, corruption, urban Hukou, illegal sales, bribery, law evasion, urban migration, social alienation, exclusion, crime increase, social segregation, legislative failure, social stratification, Wang Fei-Ling, Wu and Treiman, household registration system, demography, policy consequences, state capacity, policy unintended effects, urbanization, illegality, enforcement gaps population control, people's movement, developing nations, limited capacity, system management, law enforcement, legal confusion, regional disparities, China, Hukou system, corruption, illegal Hukou sales, bribery, law evasion, urban migration, social alienation, marginalization, crime increase, social segregation, legislative effectiveness, Wang Fei-Ling, Wu Treiman, household registration, social stratification, governance challenges people's movement control, developing nations, limited management capacity, law enforcement inconsistency, China case study, corruption, urban Hukou, illegal Hukou sales, bribery, migration, alienation, legal exclusion, increased segregation, increased crime, household registration system, social stratification, governance challenges, policy implementation, urbanization, legislative consequences people's movement control, developing nations, limited capacity, policy implementation, legal enforcement, confusion, law disparity, China, Hukou system, corruption, illegal Hukou sale, bribery, urban migration, social alienation, law evasion, crime increase, segregation, urban-rural divide, social stratification, governance challenges, policy failure people movement control, developing nations, limited capacity, system management, legal enforcement, law inconsistency, confusion, China case study, corruption, urban Hukou, illegal Hukou sales, bribery, law evasion, social alienation, migration, urbanization, crime increase, segregation, social stratification, household registration system, policy failure, migration legislation, law implementation challenges, Fei-Ling Wang, Wu and Treiman, China hukou system, Demography, Springer 2004"
test-international-eghrhbeusli-pro02a	"China has changed a lot since Tiananmen  China has changed over the past two decades, becoming more open to the world and more open domestically. For example it is experimenting with democratic elections at village level and since 1998 begun extending these to townships. [1] It has also effectively scrapped the repressive one-child policy. Internationally China is a responsible member of the international community, as befits a permanent member of the UN Security Council. At the United Nations, although it occasionally abstains from votes, it very rarely threatens to use its veto power in the Security Council, it has only used the veto six times since 1971 when the PRC joined the UN [2] - unlike the USA, for example. Its ""peaceful rise"" can also be seen in its hosting of the six-nation talks over North Korea's nuclear programme. And China is increasingly willing to operate within regional diplomatic frameworks covering East Asia, SE Asia and Central Asia.  [1] Horsley, Jamie P., ‘Village Elections: Training Ground for Democratization’, 2001   [2] Sun, Yun, ‘China’s Acquiescence on UN SCR 1973: No Big Deal’, 2011. China, Tiananmen, political change, openness, domestic reform, village elections, democratization, one-child policy, policy reform, international relations, United Nations, Security Council, UN veto, peaceful rise, North Korea, six-party talks, regional diplomacy, East Asia, Southeast Asia, Central Asia, Jamie Horsley, Yun Sun China, Tiananmen, political reform, openness, democratization, village elections, township elections, one-child policy, policy change, United Nations, Security Council, veto power, international relations, peaceful rise, six-party talks, North Korea, regional diplomacy, East Asia, Southeast Asia, Central Asia, Jamie P. Horsley, Yun Sun, modernization, global integration, domestic openness, China foreign policy, UN voting behavior, permanent member, population policy China, Tiananmen, political change, democratization, village elections, township elections, one-child policy, policy reform, international relations, United Nations, UN Security Council, veto power, peaceful rise, six-nation talks, North Korea, diplomatic engagement, East Asia, Southeast Asia, Central Asia, Jamie P. Horsley, Yun Sun China, Tiananmen, political change, openness, democratization, village elections, township elections, one-child policy, policy reform, international relations, United Nations, Security Council, veto power, peaceful rise, North Korea, six-nation talks, regional diplomacy, East Asia, Southeast Asia, Central Asia, permanent member, PRC, domestic reform, Chinese foreign policy, Jamie P. Horsley, Yun Sun China, Tiananmen, reform, political change, democracy, village elections, township elections, one-child policy, policy change, United Nations, Security Council, veto power, international relations, peaceful rise, North Korea, six-party talks, regional diplomacy, East Asia, Southeast Asia, Central Asia, Jamie Horsley, Yun Sun, democratization, openness, foreign policy."
test-international-aegmeppghw-con03a	"Turkey has a poor human rights record  Turkey’s human rights record is improving rapidly, with the abolition of the death penalty and the removal of restrictions on the use of the Kurdish language. ""Encouraged by the EU, Turkey has pursued legislative and constitutional reforms liberalizing the political system and relaxing restrictions on freedom of the press, association, and expression. Turkey signed and ratified Protocols 6 and 13 of the European Convention on Human Rights. It abolished the death penalty and adopted measures to promote independence of the judiciary, end torture during police interrogations, and reform the prison system. In addition, Turkey has significantly reduced the scope of its antiterrorism statutes, which had been used to curtail political expression, and it amended the Penal Code and Codes of Criminal and Administrative Procedure. Police powers have been curbed and the administration of justice strengthened, due partly to the dismantling of state security courts."" [1]  The Kurdish minority is also enjoying better treatment. “The protection and promotion of the rights of the Kurds, which make up about a fifth of Turkey's population, have also progressed… In June, an appeals court ordered the release of Leyla Zana and three other Kurdish parliamentarians who were jailed ten years ago after the Kurdistan Workers' Party was banned."" [2]  Surely countries with a history of bad human rights activities should be embraced by the EU, in the hope that the EU will have a positive influence on them. It is true that banning them from membership is an effective punishment but that will not enforce any change. If we wish to see compliance with Human Rights conventions we have to ensure that countries that may contravene them are under its jurisdiction in the first place. Once they are members we can then encourage better behaviour through punishing any further contraventions.  [1]  ‘Turkey’s Dreams of Accession’ by David Phillips, Foreign Affairs September/October 2004  [2]  ‘Turkey’s Dreams of Accession’ by David Phillips, Foreign Affairs September/October 2004 Turkey, human rights, human rights record, EU accession, legislative reforms, constitutional reforms, death penalty abolition, Kurdish language rights, freedom of press, freedom of association, freedom of expression, European Convention on Human Rights, Protocol 6, Protocol 13, judiciary independence, police reform, prison reform, antiterrorism statutes, Penal Code amendments, state security courts, Kurdish minority, Kurdish rights, Leyla Zana, Kurdistan Workers' Party, criminal procedure reforms, administrative procedure reforms, minority protection, EU influence, human rights compliance, membership conditionality, Foreign Affairs, David Phillips Turkey, human rights, EU accession, legislative reforms, constitutional reforms, abolition of death penalty, Kurdish rights, freedom of press, freedom of association, freedom of expression, European Convention on Human Rights, Protocol 6, Protocol 13, judiciary independence, police reforms, prison reform, antiterrorism laws, Penal Code, Leyla Zana, Kurdish minority, state security courts, political liberalization, human rights compliance, EU influence, judicial reform, criminal procedure, Turkey democracy, human rights improvements, Kurdish language, judicial independence, human rights record, EU membership, human rights promotion Turkey, human rights, EU accession, legislative reforms, constitutional reforms, death penalty abolition, Kurdish language rights, freedom of press, freedom of association, freedom of expression, European Convention on Human Rights, judiciary independence, police reform, prison reform, antiterrorism statutes, Penal Code amendment, Kurdish minority, Leyla Zana, Kurdish parliamentarians, Kurdistan Workers' Party, state security courts, human rights compliance, EU membership, political system liberalization, torture prevention, justice administration, criminal procedure reform, administrative procedure reform, minority rights, human rights improvement, EU influence Turkey, human rights, EU accession, death penalty abolition, Kurdish language rights, legislative reforms, constitutional reforms, freedom of press, freedom of association, freedom of expression, European Convention on Human Rights, Protocol 6, Protocol 13, independence of judiciary, police interrogation reforms, prison system reform, antiterrorism statutes, Penal Code amendment, Criminal Procedure Code, Administrative Procedure Code, police powers, justice administration, state security courts, Kurdish minority, Kurdish rights, Leyla Zana, Kurdistan Workers' Party, EU influence, EU membership, human rights compliance, legislative liberalization, minority protection, judicial reforms, civil liberties, Turkey, human rights, EU accession, death penalty abolition, Kurdish language rights, legislative reforms, constitutional reforms, political liberalization, freedom of press, freedom of association, freedom of expression, European Convention on Human Rights, Protocols 6 and 13, judiciary independence, police torture, prison reform, antiterrorism law reform, penal code amendment, criminal procedure, administrative procedure, police powers, justice administration, state security courts, Kurdish minority rights, Leyla Zana, Kurdish parliamentarians, Kurdistan Workers' Party, EU influence, human rights compliance, EU jurisdiction, Foreign Affairs, David Phillips"
test-law-tlcplghwfne-con02a	Needle exchanges will increase the incidence of drug use  Beyond increasing drug use through condoning the practice, needle exchanges also facilitate drug use by gathering all the drug addicts in a single area. This allows drug dealers to operate more efficiently and as such gives them more time to explore new markets for their drugs. As well as this, people are encouraged to keep on taking drugs as they feel the risk to them from doing so has been significantly decreased by the exchange. Given the lower risk, those drug users that are still somewhat rational actors will be more likely to take drugs because of the lower potential harm.  Further, in the long run, needle exchanges through these mechanisms make it harder to eradicate drug use entirely in the future. By causing addicts and the public to accept drugs needle exchanges ingrain drugs in society as any removal of the facility in the future will be seen as the state coming down too harshly on drug addicts and can be opposed much more easily.1  1. Lawrence Aaron, “Why a Needle Exchange Programme is a Bad Idea.” RedOrbit. August 26, 2005. needle exchange programs, increased drug use, condoning drug use, drug addict congregation, drug dealer efficiency, drug market expansion, perceived lower risk, harm reduction criticism, rational actor theory, long-term drug normalization, societal acceptance of drugs, opposition to program removal, public health debate, drug policy criticism, Lawrence Aaron, RedOrbit 2005 needle exchanges, drug use increase, condoning drug practice, drug addict gathering, drug dealer efficiency, new drug markets, reduced risk perception, rational drug users, harm reduction criticism, societal drug acceptance, policy opposition, eradication difficulty, public acceptance drugs, negative needle exchange impacts, Lawrence Aaron, RedOrbit, drug policy debate, needle exchange controversy needle exchange programs, drug use incidence, condoning drug use, drug addict congregation, drug dealer efficiency, new drug markets, reduced drug risk perception, harm reduction criticism, rational drug users, increased drug use likelihood, challenges in drug eradication, societal acceptance of drugs, policy opposition, normalization of drug use, Lawrence Aaron, RedOrbit, negative effects of needle exchanges, public health policy debate, drug policy criticism needle exchange, increased drug use, condoning drug use, drug addict gathering, drug dealer efficiency, expanding drug markets, harm reduction, risk perception, rational actors, public acceptance of drugs, societal normalization, long-term drug eradication, opposition to removal, state intervention, Lawrence Aaron, RedOrbit, needle exchange criticism, facilitation of drug use, public health policy, harm reduction debate needle exchange, drug use, incidence, harm reduction, facilitation, drug dealers, drug markets, addiction, public acceptance, societal normalization, drug policy, rational actors, decreased risk, long-term impact, eradication difficulty, state intervention, public opposition, Lawrence Aaron, RedOrbit, 2005
test-economy-bhahwbsps-pro03a	This ban would encourage smokers to smoke less or give up smoking altogether.  Not being able to smoke in public will make it more difficult for smokers to keep up with their habit. For example, if they are no longer able to smoke in the pub, smokers would have to go outside – possibly in the rain or other uncomfortable weather – and be away from their non-smoking friends every time they wanted to have a cigarette. So, a smoking ban would encourage smokers to smoke less frequently and maybe even give up. This can be seen in countries already with smoking bans. For example, a study in England found that in the nine months after the smoking ban was introduced, there was a 5.5% fall in the number of smokers in the country, compared to the much lower fall of 1.6 % in the nine months before the ban [1] . This can only be a good thing, since giving up smoking decreases the risk of death, even for those suffering from early stage lung cancer [2] .  [1] Daily Mail. “Smoking ban spurs 400,000 people to quit the habit.” Daily Mail. 4 July 2008.  [2] Parsons, A., Daley, A., Begh, R., and Aveyard, P.. “Influence of smoking cessation after diagnosis of early stage lung cancer on prognosis: systematic review of observational studies with meta-analysis.” British Medical Journal. 340. 21 January 2010. smoking ban, smoking reduction, quit smoking, public smoking restrictions, smoking habits, smoking cessation, pub smoking ban, social influence smoking, England smoking statistics, smoking ban effectiveness, lung cancer risk, health benefits quitting, observational studies, smoking prevalence, weather impact smoking, non-smoking friends, smoking statistics, cessation studies, UK smoking law, ban impact smokers smoking ban, smoking cessation, public smoking restrictions, reduced smoking rates, tobacco control, health benefits, quitting smoking, England smoking ban, impact of smoking bans, lung cancer risk reduction, smoking in pubs, social influence on smoking, weather impact on smoking, smoker behavior change, policy effectiveness, Daily Mail study, British Medical Journal, smoking statistics, secondhand smoke, public health intervention smoking ban, smoking cessation, public smoking, reduced smoking rates, health benefits, England study, smokers quitting, smoking restrictions, lung cancer, risk reduction, smoking in pubs, social influence, policy impact, smoking statistics, observational studies, weather discomfort, smoking policy, smoking habits, quitting rates, public health smoking ban, public smoking, smokers, quit smoking, reduce smoking, smoking cessation, smoking habit, pub smoking, smoking restrictions, weather barriers, non-smoking friends, England smoking ban, smoking statistics, smoking reduction, health benefits, lung cancer, smoking-related death, smoking quit rates, smoking policy, observational studies, meta-analysis, Daily Mail, British Medical Journal smoking ban, public smoking restrictions, smoking cessation, smoker behavior, smoking reduction, quit smoking, health benefits, lung cancer risk, smoking statistics, England smoking ban, pub smoking ban, smoking in public places, smoking prevalence, policy impact, smoking studies, Daily Mail, British Medical Journal, weather influence on smoking, early stage lung cancer, smoking habits, smoking and social circles, smoking frequency, secondhand smoke, public health policy, smoking legislation, forced smoking reduction, inconvenience to smokers
test-philosophy-npppmhwup-pro01a	Equality of opportunity  Affirmative action is required for equality of opportunity. Under the status quo, it is easier for students who go to better schools to get into university. This is reflected in data from the UK - Oxford and Cambridge universities (the top academic institutions) take more than 50% of their students from private schools, despite 93% of UK schoolchildren state educated. [1] In addition, there is a clear underrepresentation of ethnic minorities in these universities. [2] A similar story is evident with regards to ethnic minorities in the USA - white students are more likely to graduate from high school and go to college than black and Hispanic ones. [3] [4] These examples reflect the opportunities granted to wealthier children from particular socioeconomic and racial groups, whose superior education and less disruptive home lives give them a leg-up. It is unfair that such random aspects, which have nothing to do with talent or hard work, have such a determining influence on one’s life chances. Moreover, it undermines meritocracy – by allowing the rich to be advantaged, we create a society in which wealth, rather than ability, is rewarded.  [1] Sagar, P. “The truth about Oxbridge admissions: a reply To Dave Osler”. Liberal Conspiracy. May 21, 2010.   [2] Vasagar, J. “Twenty-one Oxbridge colleges took no black students last year”. The Guardian. December, 2010.   [3] Orfield, Gary, et al., 'Losing Our Future; How Minority Youth Are Being Left Behind by the Graduation Rate Crisis', Urban Institute, 25 February 2004,   [4] Marklein, M.B. “Minority enrollment in college still lagging”. USA TODAY. October, 2006. equality of opportunity, affirmative action, educational inequality, university admissions, Oxford, Cambridge, private schools, state schools, socioeconomic status, ethnic minorities, underrepresentation, UK education, US education, high school graduation rates, college enrollment, racial disparities, meritocracy, social mobility, wealth advantages, education policy, access to higher education, fairness, academic institutions, diversity in education, university access, educational disadvantage equality of opportunity, affirmative action, university admissions, educational inequality, socioeconomic status, private schools, state schools, Oxford, Cambridge, UK education, underrepresentation, ethnic minorities, USA education, graduation rates, college access, meritocracy, wealth disparity, racial inequality, educational access, social mobility, privilege, academic institutions, minority enrollment, education data, education policy equality of opportunity, affirmative action, university admissions, educational inequality, private schools, state schools, Oxford, Cambridge, UK higher education, ethnic minority underrepresentation, socioeconomic status, meritocracy, wealth privilege, racial disparities, US education, graduation rates, college enrollment, access to education, social mobility, educational privilege, minority students, university diversity, systemic inequality, admission statistics, education policy, class background, educational access, social justice, academic institutions equality of opportunity, affirmative action, university admissions, educational inequality, Oxbridge, Oxford, Cambridge, private schools, state schools, UK education, socioeconomic status, ethnic minorities, underrepresentation, USA education, high school graduation, college enrollment, racial disparities, meritocracy, social mobility, wealth gap, educational access, admission statistics, education data, university diversity, academic institutions, opportunity gap, social justice, minority students, educational disadvantage, systemic bias, educational policy equality of opportunity, affirmative action, university admissions, educational inequality, private schools, state schools, Oxford, Cambridge, UK education, ethnic minorities, underrepresentation, socioeconomic status, racial disparities, meritocracy, wealth advantage, education access, graduation rates, high school completion, college enrollment, USA education, black students, Hispanic students, academic institutions, social mobility, talent vs privilege, school quality, opportunity gap, university diversity
test-law-sdfclhrppph-pro01a	"The character of every act depends upon the circumstances in which it is done  ""The most stringent protection of free speech would not protect a man in falsely shouting fire in a theatre and causing a panic."" [1] Shouting fire in a crowded cinema when there is no fire, and you know it, is wrong because doing so creates a clear and present danger of harm to others.  Likewise, in the US (and many other countries) there is no protection for ‘false commercial speech’ (i.e. misrepresentation) and the contents of adverts can be regulated in order to ensure that they are truthful and do not deceive consumers. [2] On that basis, restrictions can be placed on how tobacco products may be advertised, and people may be prevented from promoting illegal and fraudulent tax advice.  [1] U.S. Supreme Court, Schenck v. United States, 249 U.S. 47, 1919,  [2] U.S. Supreme Court, Lorillard Tobacco Co v Reilly, AG of Massachusetts, 533 U.S. 525, 200 clear and present danger, free speech limitations, shouting fire, crowded theatre, Schenck v United States, false speech, misrepresentation, commercial speech regulation, truth in advertising, Lorillard Tobacco v Reilly, tobacco advertising restrictions, consumer protection, First Amendment exceptions, false commercial speech, Supreme Court decisions, panic, public safety, deceptive advertising, legal regulation, free speech jurisprudence free speech, clear and present danger, shouting fire in theater, commercial speech, misrepresentation, false advertising, regulation of adverts, consumer protection, tobacco advertising regulation, Supreme Court, Schenck v. United States, Lorillard Tobacco Co v Reilly, restrictions on speech, fraudulent tax advice, legal limits on speech, First Amendment, deceptive speech, public safety, truth in advertising, United States law clear and present danger, false speech, free speech limitations, Schenck v. United States, shouting fire in theatre, commercial speech, misrepresentation, advertising regulation, Lorillard Tobacco Co v Reilly, tobacco advertising, consumer protection, deceptive advertising, fraudulent tax advice, Supreme Court cases, First Amendment exceptions, freedom of expression, public safety, legal restrictions on speech, US Supreme Court decisions free speech, clear and present danger, Schenck v. United States, false speech, commercial speech, misrepresentation, advertising regulation, tobacco advertising, Lorillard Tobacco Co v Reilly, deceptive advertising, consumer protection, false advertising, First Amendment, US Supreme Court, limits of free speech, public safety, false statements, fraudulent advice, regulation of speech, legal restrictions clear and present danger, free speech limitations, false speech, commercial speech, misrepresentation, advertising regulation, Schenck v. United States, Lorillard Tobacco Co v. Reilly, tobacco advertising, First Amendment exceptions, public safety, false advertising, consumer protection, Supreme Court decisions, speech restrictions, fraud prevention, panic in theater, truthful advertising, legal restrictions on speech, U.S. constitutional law"
test-international-eghrhbeusli-pro01a	China can’t be ignored  Europe has a developing strategic partnership with China. China is Europe’s largest trading partner with EU exports in goods of €113.1billiion and imports of €281.9billion and in services of €20.2billion and €16.3billion respectively, [1] and as China's rapid growth continues it is playing an increasingly important part in the global economy and in international affairs. Clearly it is in the EU's interests to work together with this emerging superpower. Ma Zhaoxu a Foreign Ministry spokesman called it ‘the obstacle to the sound growth of the China-EU relationship,’ [2] after more than fifteen years, it is time to lift it. China has repeatedly said that it will never enjoy a normal trading relationship with the EU until the ban is lifted. Europe’s first responsibility is to its own citizens economic wellbeing which would benefit from greater trade ties between China and the European Union.  [1] European Commission, ‘China’, 2011   [2] Xinhua, ‘China calls for end to “prejudiced” EU arms embargo’, 2010 China, Europe, EU, strategic partnership, trading partner, exports, imports, goods, services, global economy, international affairs, EU interests, emerging superpower, Ma Zhaoxu, Foreign Ministry, China-EU relationship, trade ban, arms embargo, economic wellbeing, trade ties, European Union, European Commission, Xinhua, economic growth, international trade, policy, foreign relations, economic partnership China, Europe, strategic partnership, EU-China relations, EU exports, EU imports, trade, global economy, international affairs, superpower, Ma Zhaoxu, Foreign Ministry, China-EU relationship, trade ban, arms embargo, economic wellbeing, trade ties, European Commission, Xinhua, Chinese growth, international trade, EU citizens, trade figures, trading partner, economic partnership, policy obstacles, embargo lift China, Europe, European Union, EU, strategic partnership, trading partner, exports, imports, goods, services, global economy, international affairs, superpower, foreign policy, Ma Zhaoxu, Foreign Ministry, China-EU relationship, trade ban, arms embargo, economic wellbeing, trade ties, European Commission, Xinhua, economic growth, bilateral relations, policy obstacles, international trade, EU-China cooperation, emerging markets China, Europe, strategic partnership, EU-China relations, trading partner, EU exports, EU imports, goods, services, global economy, international affairs, economic interests, superpower, Ma Zhaoxu, Foreign Ministry, China-EU relationship, growth, trade ties, European Union, arms embargo, economic wellbeing, trade benefits, European Commission, Xinhua, embargo ban, normal trading relationship, policy, international trade, bilateral relations, diplomatic relations, trade statistics, economic policy China, Europe, European Union, EU, China-EU relationship, strategic partnership, trade, economic ties, imports, exports, goods, services, global economy, international affairs, superpower, trade partnership, Ma Zhaoxu, Foreign Ministry, EU arms embargo, trade ban, economic wellbeing, bilateral relations, European Commission, Xinhua, policy, international trade, sanctions, economic growth, emerging markets, trading partner, lifting ban
test-international-gpdwhwcusa-pro03a	A UN standing army would be more effective in operations themselves.  A UN standing army would be more effective than the variety of troops staffing missions under the current system. At present most UN operations are supplied by developing nations who hope to make a profit from the payments they receive for their services, but who are under-equipped and badly trained. Forces from the major powers are provided sparingly and only after substantial public pressure or when there exists an incentive for their use. A UN standing army would be better prepared, both in regards to training and equipment, and its soldiers would have greater motivation as they would have made a choice to enlist, rather than being conscripts forced by their own states to fight someone else’s war. A single UN force would also have better command and control than in current situations, when different national forces and their commanders often fail to work effectively together in the field for cultural and linguistic reasons. Successful forces such as the French Foreign Legion, the Indian army and the Roman army show that issues of language and culture need not be problems in combat situations. They can be overcome through a strong professional ethos and a commitment to a mutual cause, values that can only be expected to develop if troops prepare, train and fight together. UN standing army, effectiveness, peacekeeping operations, troop quality, equipment, training, motivation, command and control, multinational forces, cultural barriers, linguistic barriers, professional military ethos, major powers, developing nations, force integration, military readiness, conscripts vs volunteers, French Foreign Legion, Indian army, Roman army, interoperability, mission staffing, military professionalism, unified command, incentive structures, peacekeeping reform UN standing army, peacekeeping effectiveness, operations, troop quality, developing nations, under-equipped forces, training, motivation, conscription, enlistment, command and control, coordination, cultural barriers, linguistic barriers, professional ethos, mutual cause, unified force, major powers, troop contribution, foreign legion, comparative military, international military cooperation, equipment standards, mission staffing UN standing army, effectiveness, operations, troop variety, current system, developing nations, peacekeeping missions, profit motive, under-equipped, poorly trained, major powers, troop contribution, public pressure, training, equipment, soldier motivation, enlistment, conscripts, command and control, multinational forces, cultural barriers, linguistic barriers, professional ethos, mutual cause, force integration, training together, French Foreign Legion, Indian Army, Roman Army, combat cohesion, international peacekeeping, UN military reform UN standing army, effectiveness, operations, peacekeeping missions, current system, troop variety, developing nations, financial incentives, under-equipped, poorly trained, major powers, troop contribution, training, equipment, soldier motivation, voluntary enlistment, conscripts, command and control, multinational forces, cultural barriers, linguistic barriers, professional ethos, mutual cause, unit cohesion, training together, French Foreign Legion, Indian army, Roman army, combat effectiveness, international military, interoperability, unified force, mission success UN standing army, effectiveness, operations, troop variety, current system, developing nations, profit motive, under-equipped, poorly trained, major powers, troop contribution, public pressure, military incentives, preparedness, training, equipment, soldier motivation, volunteer soldiers, conscription, enlistment, command and control, multinational forces, cultural differences, linguistic challenges, military cooperation, professional ethos, shared mission, historical examples, French Foreign Legion, Indian army, Roman army, unified command, mission effectiveness, military training, joint preparation
test-digital-freedoms-aihwbasmn-con02a	Blocking social networks denies people the ability to mobilize on genuine social issues  The state may not be the best placed to gauge the legitimacy of riots. Oftentimes riots are the result of massive social pressures, like poverty or limited integration of immigrant communities. When these issues are not properly addressed, or outright ignored by the ruling elites, they boil over. Positive things can come from riots. They can put the issues on the table and bring them screaming into the public consciousness. This is the difference between the Arab Spring that was considered legitimate and the London riots that were not, apart from the initial peaceful protests the riots did not have an agenda to create change. [1] The government suppressing legitimate demonstrations, whether they do it with physical force or internet repression, ultimately serves only to push away the problem, to continue to ignore it. [2] Blocking social networks therefore only seeks to muzzle the expression of outrage that is sometimes entirely justified. The media attention and organizing power of social networks serves to get people engaged, motivated, and visible. The government should not seek to stop that. They should seek to prevent protest and demonstration from spilling into violence. Blocking access to social networks will not aid in that endeavour.  [1] Stylianou, A., “Cyber Regulation and the Riots”, Legal matters, Autumn 2011.   [2] Dugan, L. “Blocking Twitter During Riots a Bad Idea, Study Proves”. Media Bistro. 2011. social networks, censorship, government repression, legitimate protests, riots, social mobilization, poverty, immigrant integration, government accountability, media attention, freedom of expression, internet blocking, Arab Spring, London riots, civil unrest, public consciousness, protest legitimacy, organizing power, social issues, digital activism, state intervention, demonstration suppression, online activism, social outrage, policy response, riot causes, freedom of assembly blocking social networks, mobilization, social issues, state legitimacy, riots, social pressures, poverty, immigrant integration, ruling elites, public consciousness, Arab Spring, London riots, peaceful protests, government suppression, internet repression, legitimate demonstrations, media attention, organizing power, civic engagement, protest, demonstration, violence prevention, censorship, online activism, freedom of expression, repression, social change blocking social networks, online censorship, social mobilization, social issues, government repression, legitimacy of riots, protest suppression, internet regulation, freedom of expression, social media activism, Arab Spring, London riots, poverty, immigrant integration, public consciousness, government elites, media attention, organizing power, justified outrage, demonstration, violence prevention, access to information, digital rights social networks, blocking, online censorship, mobilization, social issues, government repression, legitimacy of riots, protest organization, Arab Spring, London riots, social pressure, poverty, immigrant integration, media attention, internet freedom, freedom of expression, digital rights, demonstration suppression, activism, social media, public consciousness, government censorship, protest suppression, internet regulation, civic engagement, collective action, grassroots activism, digital mobilization, riot legitimacy, outrage expression blocking social networks, social mobilization, government censorship, legitimate riots, social issues, state legitimacy, poverty, immigrant integration, social unrest, ruling elites, public consciousness, Arab Spring, London riots, peaceful protests, internet repression, demonstration suppression, justified outrage, media attention, organizing power, protest motivation, social network access, violence prevention, cyber regulation, Twitter blocking, online activism, freedom of expression, crisis communication, civil unrest, digital rights
test-philosophy-npppmhwup-con03a	Affirmative action will not work  The underlying issue which affirmative action tries to gloss over is the embedded social problems which put the poor and ethnic monitories in continual disadvantages generation after generation. This policy merely papers over the cracks by masking the fact that the failures of state-funded schooling and attempts at integration have led to a situation in which ethnic minorities and the poor are so vastly underrepresented in universities. The state should do more to address these underlying problems, rather than covering up its failures with a tokenistic policy. Better funding of state schools, real parental choice in education, and accountability through the publication of comparable examination data would all drive up standards and allow more underprivileged children to fulfil their potential. [1] [2]  [1] Gryphon, M. “The Affirmative Action Myth”. Cato Institute Policy Analysis. No 540. April 13, 2005.   [2] Rosado, C. “Affirmative Action: A Time for Change?” March 3, 1997. affirmative action, social inequality, embedded social problems, underprivileged groups, ethnic minorities, generational disadvantage, state-funded schooling, educational integration, university representation, policy flaws, tokenism, state responsibility, school funding, parental choice, education accountability, examination data, education standards, underrepresentation, Cato Institute, policy analysis, social mobility, systemic issues, educational reform, Gryphon, Rosado affirmative action, social inequality, ethnic minorities, underprivileged, state-funded schooling, educational disadvantage, university access, social mobility, state policy, tokenism, school funding, parental choice, education reform, examination data, accountability, integration failure, minority representation, generational poverty, public education, policy critique, Cato Institute, educational standards, systemic issues, policy effectiveness, educational outcomes affirmative action, social problems, ethnic minorities, poverty, generational disadvantage, state-funded schooling, education inequality, university underrepresentation, policy critique, state responsibility, school funding, parental choice, education accountability, examination data, underprivileged children, educational standards, tokenism, integration, Cato Institute, policy analysis affirmative action, social inequality, embedded social problems, ethnic minorities, generational disadvantage, state-funded schooling, educational integration, university underrepresentation, policy criticism, state responsibility, educational reform, school funding, parental choice, accountability, examination data, underprivileged children, Cato Institute, tokenism, education standards, potential fulfillment affirmative action, policy critique, social inequality, embedded social problems, ethnic minorities, generational disadvantage, state-funded schooling, education policy, university underrepresentation, tokenism, state accountability, school funding, parental choice, education standards, examination data, underprivileged children, potential fulfillment, educational reform, Cato Institute, policy analysis, affirmative action myth, integration failures
test-religion-grcrgshwbr-pro03a	Religious symbols cause division within Western society.  Religious symbols can be seen as possible tools for fuelling division within society. When some women wear the Hijab it creates pressure on other Muslim women to also cover their heads. Pressure comes both socially from wanting to look like other women in their community and religiously from imams and family leaders pressing for observance. As such, Muslims themselves are divided and religious oppression against women is internalized.1 Approving of Muslim head coverings in society cements the Hijab as an essential tenet of Islam, in the minds of non-Muslims as well as believers. However, many different schools of Islam exist and as on other issues, they often disagree how to interpret the Koran's dress prescriptions. Moderate interpretations accept modest forms of modern dress while severe interpretations require full covering with the Burka or similar veil. Banning the veil furthers the cause of moderate interpretations and prevents the entrenchment of severe interpretations.  1 Rumy Hassan, 'Banning the hijab', Workers Power 283 February 2004, accessed on 24th July 2011 religious symbols, division, Western society, hijab, Muslim women, social pressure, religious observance, internalized oppression, Muslim community, Islamic dress code, imams, family leaders, women's rights, religious oppression, moderate Islam, severe interpretations, Quran, burka, veil, religious diversity, banning veil, religious freedom, secularism, gender norms, Rumy Hassan religious symbols, social division, Western society, hijab, Muslim women, social pressure, religious pressure, internalized oppression, head coverings, Islam, religious observance, community influence, imams, family leaders, Muslim identity, non-Muslim perceptions, Islamic schools, Koran interpretation, modest dress, burka, severe interpretation, moderate interpretation, banning veil, religious tenets, women's rights, religious oppression, secularism, religious symbolism, integration, multiculturalism, dress codes, freedom of expression religious symbols, social division, Western society, hijab, Muslim women, social pressure, religious pressure, imams, family leaders, internalized oppression, religious oppression, Muslim head coverings, Islam, tenets, moderate interpretations, severe interpretations, koran dress code, burka, veil, banning veil, women's rights, religious freedom, religious diversity, community norms, cultural identity, secularism, Rumy Hassan, Workers Power religious symbols, division, Western society, hijab, head coverings, Muslim women, social pressure, religious pressure, internalized oppression, religious oppression, Islamic dress, imams, family leaders, moderation, severe interpretations, burka, veil, school of Islam, Koran interpretation, modern dress, banning hijab, moderate Islam, community pressure, women's rights, cultural assimilation, religious observance, societal impact, identity politics, secularism, Islamophobia, dress codes, gender roles, Western values religious symbols, division, Western society, Hijab, Muslim women, social pressure, religious pressure, imams, family leaders, internalized oppression, religious oppression, women, head coverings, Islam, Islamic schools, Koran interpretation, moderate Islam, severe Islam, Burka, veil, banning veil, societal integration, religious observance, Workers Power, Rumy Hassan, Muslim identity, societal division, gender oppression, religious dress, secularism, multiculturalism
test-philosophy-pppgshbsd-con03a	Class consciousness is an important aspect of Socialism, it would be hard to find a period in recent history when the majority have been so aware that their interests are not the same as the uber-rich  It has rarely been so clear that the interests of the few are not the same as those of the vast bulk of either European societies or the world outside it. At a time of rising unemployment, a handful of people who are already fantastically rich continue to pay themselves obscene salaries and bonuses. Of course there is nothing in this that is unusual, it’s just not usually done in so cavalier a fashion.  Although there is nothing mechanical in the process, most Socialist thinkers have been clear that the popular realisation that there really is a class distinction between what the Occupy protesters refer to as the 1% and the rest of us is an important first step towards establishing Socialism.  Whatever the media and political classes may pretend, Socialism is not – and never was – a single party or policy. It is a process. And that process is being seen on the streets across Europe class consciousness, socialism, class distinction, social inequality, wealth disparity, 1 percent, working class, unemployment, social movements, European societies, economic inequality, occupy movement, rich vs poor, redistribution, salaries, bonuses, political awareness, protest, social change, elite, majority interests, class struggle, media, political classes, socialist thinkers, recent history class consciousness, socialism, class distinction, economic inequality, uber-rich, 1 percent, working class, occupy movement, wealth disparity, European societies, unemployment, obscene salaries, bonuses, socialist thinkers, popular realisation, class divide, political process, social process, protests, European protests, media, political classes, social change, class struggle, recent history class consciousness, socialism, social awareness, economic inequality, uber-rich, wealth disparity, unemployment, income inequality, European societies, global inequality, salaries, bonuses, class distinction, Occupy movement, 1 percent, working class, social process, socialist thinkers, political class, media, popular realization, social change, protest, class struggle, recent history, societal interests, social movements class consciousness, socialism, class distinction, social inequality, wealth disparity, 1 percent, uber-rich, working class, unemployment, European societies, global inequality, obscene salaries, bonuses, Occupy movement, recent history, socialist thinkers, popular realization, class interests, political process, media narrative, political classes, social movement, economic disparity, establishment of socialism, social awareness, protest movements class consciousness, Socialism, class distinction, uber-rich, wealth inequality, unemployment, obscene salaries, bonuses, European societies, global inequality, Occupy movement, 1 percent, popular realization, socialist theory, media portrayal, political classes, socialist process, social change, economic disparity, protests, European protests, rising inequality, recent history, collective awareness, social justice, class struggle, capitalist elite, redistribution, working class, economic systems
test-international-epglghbni-pro03a	It would be easier to protect the rights of religious minorities within a united Ireland  Unrest in Northern Ireland was started by the appalling treatment of the Catholic minority there. When there was a Northern Ireland Parliament there was some gerrymandering, while the discrimination in representation was slight very few nationalists were able to get senior jobs, in the civil service for example in 1927 fourteen of the 229 officers of staff officer rank or above, or 6 per cent, were Catholic, while in 1959 there were forty-six Catholics out of 740 in such ranks, or once again, 6 per cent.* Over the years reforms have been introduced but there is still huge stigma against the Catholic community in Northern Ireland, who have little representation in politics, because it is dominated by Unionist rhetoric.  The best way to ensure equal treatment of the Catholics in Ireland is to unite majority Protestant Northern Ireland with Catholic majority Republic of Ireland, where they will be better represented in politics and not stigmatized by their neighbors.  *Whyte, 1983, religious minorities, united Ireland, Northern Ireland, Catholic minority, unrest, discrimination, gerrymandering, representation, civil service, unionist rhetoric, political stigma, Catholic community, political representation, reforms, equal treatment, Protestant majority, Republic of Ireland, Whyte 1983, rights protection, Northern Ireland Parliament, nationalist, discrimination statistics, social integration, sectarianism, unity, Irish politics religious minorities, united Ireland, Northern Ireland, Catholic minority, unrest, discrimination, gerrymandering, civil service, political representation, Unionist rhetoric, stigma, Catholic community, equal treatment, Republic of Ireland, Whyte 1983, Protestant majority, Catholic majority, Northern Ireland Parliament, reforms, sectarianism religious minorities, united Ireland, Northern Ireland conflict, Catholic discrimination, Northern Ireland Parliament, gerrymandering, civil service employment, Catholic underrepresentation, political stigma, Unionist dominance, minority rights, representation, Irish unification, Catholic-Protestant relations, discrimination statistics, Catholic community, political reform, Northern Ireland civil service, Republic of Ireland, Catholic majority, Whyte 1983 religious minorities, united Ireland, Northern Ireland, unrest, Catholic minority, discrimination, gerrymandering, civil service, representation, Unionist rhetoric, Catholic community, political representation, stigma, Protestant majority, Republic of Ireland, equal treatment, Whyte 1983, reforms, nationalists, politics, sectarianism, anti-Catholicism, minority rights, Irish unification, historical discrimination, civil rights, employment discrimination religious minorities, united Ireland, Northern Ireland, Catholic minority, unrest, gerrymandering, discrimination, representation, civil service, Unionist, politics, reforms, stigma, Catholic community, equal treatment, Republic of Ireland, Protestant majority, political representation, Whyte 1983, minority rights, Irish unification, sectarianism, political discrimination, employment statistics, nationalist, unionism
test-philosophy-eppphwlrtjs-pro03a	"Judges are better at delivering justice than juries are.  Juries are not technically trained in evaluating evidence.1 Additionally, judges are trained to recognize and suppress their own prejudices, evaluate information given to them, recognize prosecutorial strategy etc., better allowing them to make objective decisions. Furthermore, some studies suggest that juries actually work against the innocent; a 1979 study found that ""more than 5 per cent of defendants found guilty by juries were considered by professionals to have been convicted in questionable circumstances.""2This is hardly surprising given that jurors are ordinary citizens who are forced to sit through what are often dull and protracted trials, and who may have little interest in actually listening to what is being said (Joanne Frail, a juror convicted for contempt of court stated that she 'drew more than she wrote [during the trial]').3 Perhaps we should trust in the expertise of screened and trained justices instead.  1Sir Louis Blum Cooper QC, ""A Judge Can Do the Work of 12 Amateurs, and Better  2Baldwin and McConville, ""Jury Trials""  3BBC, ""Juror Admits Contempt of Court Over Facebook Case"" judges, juries, justice delivery, evidence evaluation, technical training, judicial expertise, prejudice suppression, prosecutor strategy, objectivity, wrongful convictions, 1979 study, jury competence, trial duration, juror attention, juror motivation, judge versus jury, legal decision-making, professional assessment, inexperienced jurors, justice system, legal professionals, Sir Louis Blum Cooper QC, Baldwin and McConville, jury trials, juror misconduct, Facebook case, Joanne Frail, contempt of court judge competence, jury competence, judicial training, evidence evaluation, judicial objectivity, jury bias, juror inattention, trial process, wrongful conviction, jury versus judge, legal expertise, jury flaws, judicial decision making, juror prejudice, professional judgment, criminal justice, jury reliability, judge impartiality, trial outcomes, criminal trials, legal accuracy judge competence, jury bias, technical evidence evaluation, judicial training, jury error rate, wrongful convictions, professional vs lay decision-making, judicial objectivity, prosecutorial strategy recognition, juror disinterest, trial fatigue, jury system flaws, comparative justice, legal expertise, juror prejudice, jury trial drawbacks, expert adjudication, court procedures, justice delivery efficiency, Baldwin and McConville study, Sir Louis Blum Cooper QC, Joanne Frail case, juror misconduct, contempt of court, Facebook juror case judges, juries, justice, evidence evaluation, legal expertise, judicial training, prejudice suppression, objectivity, prosecutorial strategy, wrongful convictions, jury competence, professional opinion, trial duration, juror engagement, courtroom expertise, jury studies, judicial decision-making, Louis Blum Cooper, Baldwin and McConville, jury trials, juror misconduct, contempt of court, Facebook case, Joanne Frail judges, juries, justice delivery, evidence evaluation, legal training, judicial objectivity, juror bias, prosecutorial strategy, wrongful convictions, jury trials, expert justice, court procedure, judicial expertise, juror inattention, trial fairness, professional legal assessment, criminal justice system, comparative effectiveness, legal decision-making, jury competence, judge versus jury, wrongful conviction studies"
test-digital-freedoms-efsappgdfp-pro02a	You are not going to be arrested because the government has access to your communications  Clearly much of the time you really do have nothing to worry about when it comes to intelligence agencies having information about you. People are not regularly arrested without just cause and we have little evidence that democratic governments use this information to put pressure on their citizens. There have been no known cases of this happening since the start of the war on terror. [1] When it comes to foreign governments this is even less of a cause for concern; while your own government might be interested in various aspects of your life to help it with the services it provides foreign governments only have one motivation; their own national security. If you are not a threat to that national security the chances of them ever taking any action against you are essentially nonexistent.  [1] Posner, Eric, ‘I Don’t See a Problem Here’, The New York Times Room for Debate, 10 June 2013, government surveillance, intelligence agencies, personal privacy, communications monitoring, democratic governments, data collection, national security, foreign surveillance, citizen rights, arrests, information misuse, government access, war on terror, civil liberties, Eric Posner, New York Times, privacy concerns, state surveillance, law enforcement, public safety government surveillance, communications privacy, intelligence agencies, democratic governments, data collection, personal information, national security, government access, mass surveillance, civil liberties, citizen rights, war on terror, privacy concerns, foreign government surveillance, legal protections, unjust arrests, Posner Eric, NYT Room for Debate government surveillance, communications privacy, intelligence agencies, democratic governments, citizen rights, arrest without cause, foreign governments, national security, government data access, personal information, war on terror, Eric Posner, NYT Room for Debate, surveillance concerns, data misuse, privacy risks, government accountability, civil liberties government surveillance, communications access, intelligence agencies, privacy concerns, democratic governments, arrests, just cause, personal information, citizen rights, national security, foreign governments, surveillance impact, war on terror, Eric Posner, New York Times, pressure on citizens, evidence, public safety, digital privacy, information misuse government surveillance, intelligence agencies, communication privacy, citizen rights, democratic governments, personal data, national security, foreign governments, data use, war on terror, government access, privacy concerns, arrest risk, unjust prosecution, citizen protection, Eric Posner, New York Times debate, surveillance justification, government pressure, privacy evidence
test-health-ahiahbgbsp-con02a	Unenforceable  Smoking bans are often unenforceable in higher income countries. This is because they require expensive manpower or CCTV in order to stop those flouting the ban, with scarce resources a police force will almost always have other more important crimes to deal with. If Berlin 1 and New York City 2 cannot enforce them, most African cities won’t be able to either.  Ghana's advertising ban has been flouted in the past. When asked in a survey about advertising 35% of Ghanaians recalled hearing a tobacco advert on radio or television despite such ads being banned. 3  1 AFP, 'Smoking Ban not Enforced in Parts of Germany', Spiegel Online, 2 July 2008,   2 Huff Post New York, 'NYC Smoking Ban In Parks Will Not Be Enforced By NYPD: Mayor', Huffington Post, 2 November 2011,   3 Kaloko, Mustapha, 2013,  , p.18 unenforceable smoking bans, higher income countries, enforcement challenges, manpower costs, CCTV, police resources, law enforcement priorities, Berlin smoking ban, New York City smoking ban, African cities enforcement, Ghana advertising ban, tobacco advertising recall, radio adverts, television adverts, banned tobacco ads, public survey, tobacco law compliance, resource allocation, policy implementation, law flouting, enforcement difficulties unenforceable smoking bans, enforcement challenges, high income countries, surveillance costs, police resources, Berlin smoking ban, New York City smoking ban, Africa enforcement, Ghana advertising ban, tobacco advertising, law enforcement, public health policy, regulation compliance, CCTV surveillance, police priorities, survey recall, tobacco control, advertising violations, radio tobacco ads, television tobacco ads unenforceable smoking bans, enforcement challenges, higher income countries, manpower costs, CCTV surveillance, police resource allocation, crime prioritization, Berlin smoking ban, New York City smoking ban, African cities enforcement, Ghana advertising ban, tobacco advertising, advertising survey, ban noncompliance, radio tobacco adverts, television tobacco adverts, public health policy, tobacco control enforcement, law implementation, resource limitations unenforceable smoking bans, enforcement challenges, higher income countries, manpower costs, CCTV surveillance, police resource allocation, crime prioritization, Berlin smoking ban, New York City smoking ban, African cities enforcement, Ghana advertising ban, tobacco advertising recall, media bans, public compliance, policy enforcement, survey data, smoking legislation, law enforcement limitations, public health policy, regulatory challenges unenforceable smoking bans, enforcement challenges, higher income countries, manpower requirements, CCTV, police resource allocation, crime prioritization, Berlin enforcement, New York City enforcement, African cities enforcement, Ghana advertising ban, tobacco advertising, advertising ban violation, survey recall tobacco ads, radio television tobacco ads, law enforcement limitations, public health policy, smoking regulations, compliance issues, international comparison, resource scarcity, policy effectiveness, media exposure, legislation flouting, developing countries enforcement, public awareness
test-international-gmehbisrip1b-pro01a	"Israel has no right to the occupied territories.  Because Israel won the land during war, it is considered occupied territory under international law, and it is illegal for Israel to annex it. [1] In July 2004, the International Court of Justice delivered an Advisory Opinion observing that under customary international law as reflected in Article 42 of the Regulations annexed to the Hague IV Convention, territory is considered occupied when it is actually placed under the authority of the hostile army, and the occupation extends only to the territory where such authority has been established and can be exercised. Israel raised a number of exceptions and objections, but the Court found them unpersuasive. The Court ruled that territories had been occupied by the Israeli armed forces in 1967, during the conflict between Israel and Jordan, and that subsequent events in those territories, had done nothing to alter the situation. [2] Even the Israeli Supreme court has ruled that “Judea and Samaria [a.k.a. The West Bank] areas are held by the State of Israel in belligerent occupation.” [3] Therefore, Israel has no better claim to these lands than that it won them in a war, which is an illegitimate claim under international law, and also illegitimate as a thinly-disguised, morally abhorrent “might makes right” argument. The fact that Arab states initiated the 1967 war does not justify Israel responding by annexing Palestinian territory. [4] A just settlement would have been a return to the previous borders in exchange for security guarantees, etc. Instead, Israel unjustly used the opportunity to take land from an innocent people. One bad act does not justify another bad act in return. Moreover, it is notable that the nations which Israel took Gaza and the West Bank from in 1967 (Egypt and Jordan, respectively) were not representative nations of the areas' majority inhabitants, the Palestinian people. [5] It is thus illegitimate for Israel to claim ownership of Palestinian land because it defeated non-Palestinian nations in a war, and Israel should therefore return to its pre-1967 borders, leaving Gaza and the West Bank to the Palestinian people.  [1] BBC News. “Israeli settlements condemned by Western powers”. BBC News. 2 November 2011.   [2] International Court of Justice. “Legal Consequences of the Construction of a Wall in the Occupied Palestinian Territory”. International Court of Justice, United Nations Organisation. July 2004.   [3] The Supreme Court of Israel. “Mara'abe vs The Prime Minister of Israel”. The Supreme Court of Israel. June 2005.   [4] BBC News. “1967: Israel launches attack on Egypt”. BBC News On This Day. 5 June 1967.   [5] BBC News. “Israeli settlements condemned by Western powers”. BBC News. 2 November 2011. Israel, occupied territories, international law, annexation, Hague Convention, International Court of Justice, Advisory Opinion, belligerent occupation, 1967 war, West Bank, Gaza, Judea and Samaria, Israeli Supreme Court, land claims, pre-1967 borders, Palestinian territory, Arab-Israeli conflict, security guarantees, Palestinians, Egypt, Jordan, BBC News, legal consequences, Israeli settlements, moral argument Israel, occupied territories, international law, annexation, Hague Convention, Article 42, International Court of Justice, Advisory Opinion, 1967 war, Israeli Supreme Court, Judea and Samaria, West Bank, belligerent occupation, pre-1967 borders, Gaza, Palestinian land, security guarantees, Egypt, Jordan, Palestinian people, ""might makes right"", BBC News, Israeli settlements, land claims, legal consequences, construction of wall, Arab states, land acquisition, moral legitimacy Israel, occupied territories, international law, annexation, International Court of Justice, Hague IV Convention, Article 42, belligerent occupation, 1967 war, West Bank, Gaza, Jordan, Egypt, pre-1967 borders, Palestinian people, Israeli Supreme Court, Judea and Samaria, legal status, settlements, security guarantees, might makes right, land ownership, UN, BBC News, legal consequences, occupation, Palestinian territory, return of land, sovereignty, Israeli claims, Arab states, moral justification Israel, occupied territories, international law, annexation, 1967 war, Hague Convention, Article 42, International Court of Justice, belligerent occupation, Judea and Samaria, West Bank, Israeli Supreme Court, Palestinian land, pre-1967 borders, Gaza, Jordan, Egypt, Palestinian people, settlements, legal consequences, advisory opinion, Arab states, might makes right, security guarantees, BBC News, war, land claims, moral argument, UN, territory, occupation, legality Israel, occupied territories, international law, annexation, 1967 war, Hague Convention, International Court of Justice, Advisory Opinion, belligerent occupation, West Bank, Gaza, Judea and Samaria, Israeli Supreme Court, Palestinian land, pre-1967 borders, security guarantees, Egypt, Jordan, Palestinian people, legal consequences, Israeli settlements, Western powers, BBC News, United Nations, territorial dispute"
test-international-emephsate-pro02a	Turkey is actually part of the European continent both geographically and historically.  Geographically, Turkey is astride the divide between Europe and Asia, it is uncontestable that Turkey is in part a European country and so has the right to become a member of the European Union. Turkey’s biggest city, Istanbul, is located within Europe. One of the core values of the EU stands as “every country on the European continent after having completed all the necessary preparations has the right to join the EU’’ [1] . Furthermore, Turkey and its predecessors, the Ottoman Empire and Byzantine Empire were major European and World powers from the end of the Roman Empire until the breakdown of the World War I. The Ottoman Empire took part in the European state’s system from its birth even if as in some ways an outsider, until the end of the eighteenth century Turkey was considered to be much more a part of the European system than Russia. [2] Turkey since the first world war has been orientated towards the west using western methods to modernize including for example making the state secular; building a law system based not on Islamic law but on Swiss civil law. [3] Turkey can therefore be said to be as much a western nation as an Islamic one.  [1] The EU: A Community of Values. EU Focus.  Accessed on September 3, 2010.  [2] Anderson, M.S., The Origins of the Modern European State System 1494-1618, Longman London, 1998, p.57  [3] Huntington, Samuel P., The Clash of Civilizations and the remaking of world order, Simon & Schuster London, 1996, pp.144-145 Turkey, European continent, geography, history, Europe-Asia divide, European Union membership, Istanbul, EU values, Ottoman Empire, Byzantine Empire, Roman Empire, World War I, European state system, Russia, Western orientation, modernization, secular state, Swiss civil law, Islamic law, western nation, EU rights, European powers, membership criteria, modernization reforms, European identity, historical ties, cultural integration Turkey, Europe, geography, history, European Union, Istanbul, EU membership, Ottoman Empire, Byzantine Empire, Roman Empire, World War I, European state system, Westernization, secularism, Swiss civil law, modernity, European values, Asia-Europe divide, EU accession, Turkish identity, Western nation, Islamic nation, modernization, EU Focus, Anderson, Huntington Turkey, European continent, Europe, Asia, geographical location, Istanbul, European Union, EU membership, core values, eligibility, Ottoman Empire, Byzantine Empire, Roman Empire, European history, world powers, European state system, modernization, westernization, secularism, Swiss civil law, Islamic law, West vs Islam, eastern orientation, accession, historical context, EU Focus, Anderson, Huntington, state system, modernization methods, secular state Turkey, Europe, European continent, EU membership, geography, Istanbul, European Union, Ottoman Empire, Byzantine Empire, Roman Empire, European state system, Westernization, secularism, Swiss law, modernization, Western nation, Islamic nation, accession, historical ties, World War I, EU values, integration, eligibility, European history, Eurasia, modernization reforms Turkey, Europe, geographical location, historical ties, European continent, EU membership, Istanbul, European Union, Ottoman Empire, Byzantine Empire, Westernization, secularism, Swiss civil law, modernization, state system, World War I, Roman Empire, European identity, EU accession, West-orientation, Islamic nation, European powers, state system, modernization reforms, European values
test-international-ghbunhf-con03a	Many UN organs carry out valuable work around the world.  The United Nations is far more than simply a debating forum; it does a massive amount of vital work around the world through its other organs. Examples of these are the World Health Organisation (WHO), UNESCO, UNICEF, the International Court of Justice (ICJ), and the High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) among many others. [1]  Even if the slow speed of diplomacy at the UN General Assembly can sometimes be frustrating, the idea that the United Nations as a whole has “failed” simply does not take account of all these very important bodies. Furthermore, the UN remains one of the most respected of international organisations among ordinary citizens.  [1] “United Nations: Structure and Organisation”. United Nations, 2011. United Nations, UN organs, WHO, World Health Organization, UNESCO, UNICEF, International Court of Justice, ICJ, UNHCR, High Commissioner for Refugees, UN General Assembly, international organizations, global governance, humanitarian work, diplomacy, peacekeeping, international law, global health, education, refugee protection, UN structure, UN functions, United Nations achievements, multilateral diplomacy, UN bodies, UN effectiveness United Nations, UN organs, World Health Organisation, WHO, UNESCO, UNICEF, International Court of Justice, ICJ, High Commissioner for Refugees, UNHCR, international organisations, UN General Assembly, UN structure, UN effectiveness, diplomacy, global governance, humanitarian work, vital work, international law, respected organizations, UN agencies, UN achievements, United Nations success, multilateralism, global aid United Nations, UN organs, WHO, UNESCO, UNICEF, ICJ, UNHCR, international organisations, diplomacy, General Assembly, global impact, humanitarian work, structure, organisation, vital work, respected institutions, international law, public perception, peacekeeping, global health, human rights, refugee assistance, development agencies, UN achievements, case studies, UN effectiveness, global governance United Nations, UN organs, WHO, UNESCO, UNICEF, International Court of Justice, ICJ, UNHCR, High Commissioner for Refugees, international organizations, global impact, United Nations structure, United Nations organization, UN General Assembly, UN diplomacy, international law, humanitarian work, global health, refugee protection, UN agencies, United Nations effectiveness, UN success, United Nations bodies, United Nations achievements United Nations, UN organs, international organisations, World Health Organisation, WHO, UNESCO, UNICEF, International Court of Justice, ICJ, High Commissioner for Refugees, UNHCR, UN General Assembly, diplomacy, global impact, humanitarian work, structure, effectiveness, reputation, United Nations structure, international law, global health, child welfare, refugees, diplomacy challenges, United Nations effectiveness, respected institutions
test-international-eghrhbeusli-pro05a	"A code of conduct is needed not a ban  The current arms ban is purely symbolic. China is already able to buy a range of military items from Europe ($555 million worth in 2003) [1] and the USA, which has a similar ""ban"" on weapons sales to China. This is because the EU’s current ban is not legally binding and it is up to each EU member to define and implement the embargo meaning the embargo is not effective. [2] An arms ban is therefore a blunt instrument that does not work. Instead future sales should be regulated by a tough EU code of conduct which prevents military equipment being sold to any state which might use it for external aggression or internal repression. Such a code of conduct for all arms exports has already existed since 1998. [3] Such a code of conduct will be a much better guarantee that China is not sold arms unless EU states are sure they will not be misused.  [1] Tkacik, ‘E.U. Leadership Finds Little Public Support for Lifting China Arms Ban’, 2005.   [2] Archick, Kristin, et al., ‘European Union’s Arms Embargo on China’, 2005, p5.   [3] Ibid, p21 code of conduct, arms ban, symbolic embargo, EU arms exports, military sales, China, European Union, ban effectiveness, legally binding, embargo implementation, arms regulation, external aggression, internal repression, EU member states, export controls, 1998 EU code of conduct, weapons sales, military equipment, enforcement, arms embargo, misuse prevention code of conduct, arms ban, EU embargo, military exports, China, symbolic ban, loopholes, legal binding, EU member states, arms control, export regulations, external aggression, internal repression, compliance, weapons sales, effectiveness, EU policy, arms embargo, implementation, export restrictions, international security, EU-China relations, military equipment, 1998 code of conduct, enforcement, global arms trade, European Union, arms regulation, misuse prevention code of conduct, arms ban, EU embargo, military exports, China, effectiveness, symbolic ban, EU regulation, arms sales, external aggression, internal repression, enforcement, enforcement mechanisms, EU member states, arms export controls, legal binding, military equipment, EU common position, weapons sales, export policy, 1998 code of conduct, policy effectiveness, enforcement loopholes, EU-China relations, export restrictions, compliance, international arms trade, embargo implementation, misuse prevention arms embargo, code of conduct, EU, China, arms ban, military exports, symbolic embargo, legal binding, arms sales regulation, external aggression, internal repression, EU member states, export controls, weapons sales, enforcement, effectiveness, European Union, military equipment, arms trade, export policy, 1998 code of conduct, sanctions, compliance, international law, Kristin Archick, Tkacik, arms control, embargo effectiveness, ban limitations, accountability arms ban, code of conduct, EU arms embargo, China arms sales, military exports, European Union, symbolic embargo, legal binding, export regulation, external aggression, internal repression, arms control, EU member states, weapons sales, arms export policy, 1998 EU code of conduct, enforcement, arms trade, international regulation, military equipment, embargo effectiveness"
test-economy-thsptr-pro05a	A well-implemented progressive taxation scheme serve to promote economic growth  Progressive taxation can serve very effectively to increase the economic welfare and development of societies. It does so in three ways. First, it lifts the poor out of poverty by redistributing the tax burden from them onto the wealthy who are more able to pay, and gives them more disposable income to put back into the economy, which increases the velocity of money in the system, increasing growth. [1] Second, workers will be more likely to work harder since they will feel the system is more equitable; perceptions of fairness are very important to individuals. People will still work and save since they will want the goods and services they always did in the presence of progressive taxation, and will thus not be less motivated as detractors of progressive systems suggest. Third, progressive taxes serve as an automatic stabilizer in the event of recessions and temporary downturns in the market, in the sense that a loss of wages due to unemployment or wage cuts places an individual in a lower tax bracket, dampening the blow of the initial income loss. The American economy is a perfect example of how progressive taxation promotes broader economic growth; data shows that average yearly growth has been lessened since the 1950s after the reduction in progressively in the tax system. In the 1950s annual growth was 4.1%, while in the 1980s, when progressively in taxes fell dramatically, growth was only 3%. [2] Clearly, a progressive tax regime is best for workers and the economy generally.  [1] Boxx, T. William and Gary Quinlivan. The Cultural Context of Economics and Politics. Lanham: University Press of America. 1994.  [2] Batra, Ravi. The Great American Deception: What Politicians Won’t Tell You About Our Economy and Your Future. New York: John Wiley and Sons. 1996. progressive taxation, economic growth, income redistribution, economic welfare, poverty reduction, tax burden, disposable income, velocity of money, perceptions of fairness, income inequality, automatic stabilizer, recession, unemployment, tax brackets, wage cuts, US economy, historical growth rates, tax policy, worker motivation, economic development, tax equity progressive taxation, economic growth, wealth redistribution, economic welfare, poverty reduction, disposable income, velocity of money, economic development, fairness perception, worker motivation, automatic stabilizers, recession, tax brackets, American economy, tax policy, income inequality, historical growth rates, fiscal policy, economic stability, social equity progressive taxation, economic growth, income redistribution, poverty reduction, disposable income, velocity of money, economic welfare, income equality, perceptions of fairness, worker motivation, automatic stabilizer, recession response, tax brackets, income loss mitigation, historical growth rates, American economy, tax system, equitable taxation, economic development, tax burden, macroeconomic stabilization progressive taxation, economic growth, economic welfare, income redistribution, poverty reduction, disposable income, velocity of money, fairness, work incentives, automatic stabilizer, recession, tax brackets, wage loss, unemployment, U.S. economy, historical economic growth, tax progressivity, economic development, tax system, macroeconomic stability progressive taxation, economic growth, economic welfare, income redistribution, poverty alleviation, disposable income, velocity of money, market stabilization, tax fairness, worker motivation, equitable tax system, automatic stabilizers, recession, tax brackets, unemployment, wage cuts, economic development, US economy, tax policy, tax progressivity, postwar growth, economic inequality, income distribution, wealth redistribution, macroeconomic stability
test-free-speech-debate-nshbbsbfb-con03a	Why should those who foot the bill have chunks of airtime from which they are, effectively, excluded.  How can it be okay for a broadcaster, funded by a compulsory levy on anyone who owns a television, to willingly produce programmes they know will cause offence to that consumer?  The charge of blasphemy is far more than saying ‘I didn’t enjoy this’ or ‘not my kind of show’, it is a deeply held belief that what has been said is a deliberate and willful attack on values and beliefs that the viewer holds sacred and fundamental to who they are.  All major broadcasters, including the BBC, routinely test shows and monitor audience response and yet, in this particular regard, feel relaxed about producing material that certain viewers would consider it not only uncomfortable but sinful to watch. By definition, those viewers cannot watch those shows or, quite probably, that station and yet they are still expected to pay for it.  Even if a British viewer were to choose never to watch the BBC again because of the offence caused by programmes such as Jerry Springer: The Opera, they would still be paying the salaries of those who had caused the offence in the first place. That cannot be reasonable by any standard. public broadcasting, compulsory license fee, audience exclusion, offensive content, blasphemy, religious offence, BBC, broadcaster accountability, taxpayer funding, program testing, audience response, funding fairness, broadcaster responsibility, offensive programming, viewer rights, license payer, media ethics, Jerry Springer: The Opera, censorship, freedom of expression, public outrage, funding controversy, religious values, viewer exclusion, state-funded broadcasting public broadcasting, licence fee, compulsory levy, viewer exclusion, offensive programming, religious offense, blasphemy, audience response, programme testing, BBC, broadcaster accountability, taxpayer funding, public outrage, Jerry Springer: The Opera, viewer rights, media ethics, religious beliefs, funding fairness, content controversy, public service broadcasting broadcaster, public funding, compulsory levy, licence fee, BBC, offensive programmes, blasphemy, audience exclusion, religious offence, viewer rights, content regulation, values, beliefs, audience response, broadcaster responsibility, Jerry Springer: The Opera, programme testing, consumer objection, freedom of expression, television funding, media ethics public broadcasting, compulsory levy, licence fee, audience exclusion, broadcaster accountability, offensive content, blasphemy, BBC, Jerry Springer: The Opera, religious offence, program funding, media ethics, viewer rights, freedom of expression, censorship, taxpayer-funded media, audience testing, program controversy, religious sensitivity, compelled payment, content regulation, public interest broadcasting, faith-based concerns, media responsibility public funding, compulsory levy, broadcaster responsibility, audience exclusion, offensive content, blasphemy, religious offence, BBC, programmed testing, audience response, ethical broadcasting, funding fairness, license fee, viewer rights, controversial programming, Jerry Springer: The Opera, public accountability, values conflict, media ethics, freedom of expression, taxpayer-funded media, religious sensitivity, excluded audiences, public service broadcasting
test-science-nsihwbtiss-con01a	Social media can be powerful educational resources.  Many teachers have been using social media as an extension of the classroom, some of them setting up discussion pages, or allowing students to contact them about homework or things that they did not understand in the classroom, it allows the teachers to provide extra help whenever the student needs it. This keeps students interested and makes learning fun by using a tool that they are already fond of. The enormous success of tools like ‘The Khan Academy’, which uses youtube videos to deliver lectures to kids, is proof of that [1] . It also allows even those students who are too shy to speak out in class or ask for help, to participate3. Tools like facebook and twitter have the advantage of being ready-made platforms that lend themselves well to extending classroom discussions through groups, pages, pictures, and videos. Not all schools have access to the funding to set up such pages separately and not all teachers have the skills to create them. It would be a mistake for schools to dismiss their use and their value.  [1] Khan, Salman. ”Turning the Classroom Upside Down.” The Wall Street Journal. 9 April 2011. social media, educational resources, classroom extension, teachers, discussion pages, student-teacher communication, homework help, online learning, student engagement, Khan Academy, YouTube lectures, shy students participation, Facebook, Twitter, digital platforms, classroom discussions, social media groups, educational technology, online collaboration, digital learning tools, blended learning, funding limitations, teacher digital skills, school technology integration, student-centered learning social media, educational resources, teachers, classroom extension, discussion pages, student-teacher communication, homework help, student engagement, learning motivation, Khan Academy, YouTube lectures, online participation, shy students, Facebook, Twitter, classroom discussions, digital platforms, educational technology, school funding, teacher skills, online groups, multimedia learning, digital education tools, virtual learning, social learning, technology integration social media, educational resources, teachers, classroom extension, discussion pages, student communication, homework help, student engagement, interactive learning, Khan Academy, YouTube lectures, shy students, online participation, Facebook, Twitter, social platforms, group discussions, multimedia learning, school funding, teacher digital skills, classroom technology, digital education tools, student support, blended learning, e-learning, accessible learning, remote learning social media, educational resources, teachers, classroom extension, discussion pages, student-teacher communication, homework help, student engagement, interactive learning, Khan Academy, YouTube lectures, shy students, online participation, Facebook, Twitter, classroom discussions, social networking platforms, digital tools, remote learning, digital classrooms, online education, educational technology, distance learning, virtual learning, blended learning social media, educational resources, teachers, classroom extension, discussion pages, student-teacher communication, homework help, online learning, student engagement, Khan Academy, YouTube lectures, shy students, classroom participation, Facebook, Twitter, online groups, educational videos, classroom discussions, technology in education, digital learning platforms, student interest, education technology, blended learning, online communities, e-learning, interactive learning
test-society-epsihbdns-con03a	"Rural life is miserable and has higher mortality rates than cities  This planet does not find worse living standards anywhere than in the rural areas of developing countries. These are the areas where famine, child mortality and diseases (such as AIDS) plague the people. [1] China’s Hukou system has condemned millions of people to premature death by locking them in areas that never will develop. [2] While the cities enjoy the benefits of 12% growth, the villages are as poor and deprived as ever. [3] It is a poorly concealed policy aimed at maintaining a gaping social cleavage and allowing the rich to remain rich.  [1] Maxwell, Daniel., “The Political Economy of Urban Food Security in Sub-Saharan Africa.” 11, London : Elsevier Science Ltd., 1999, World Development, Vol. 27, p. 1939±1953. S0305-750X(99)00101-1.  [2] Dikötter, Frank. Mao's Great Famine. London : Walker & Company, 2010. 0802777686.  [3] Wang, Fei-Ling. “Organising through Division and Exclusion: China's Hukou System"". 2005. rural life, mortality rates, urban vs rural, developing countries, living standards, famine, child mortality, disease, AIDS, China, Hukou system, premature death, underdevelopment, economic disparity, social inequality, urban growth, rural poverty, income gap, social division, policy critique, political economy, food security, sub-Saharan Africa, social cleavage, references, Maxwell, Dikötter, Fei-Ling Wang rural life, rural-urban disparity, mortality rates, developing countries, living standards, famine, child mortality, disease prevalence, AIDS, China, Hukou system, urban growth, social inequality, poverty, food security, Sub-Saharan Africa, social cleavage, urbanization, rural deprivation, institutional barriers, underdevelopment, government policy, forced immobility, segregation, economic growth, references, Daniel Maxwell, Frank Dikötter, Fei-Ling Wang rural life, mortality rates, living standards, developing countries, famine, child mortality, diseases, AIDS, China, Hukou system, premature death, urban-rural divide, economic growth, poverty, social inequality, political economy, urban food security, Sub-Saharan Africa, deprivation, social cleavage, policy, rich-poor gap, rural development, migration restriction, demographic policy, rural-urban disparity rural life, rural mortality, urban vs rural, living standards, developing countries, famine, child mortality, diseases, AIDS, China, Hukou system, premature death, rural poverty, urban growth, social inequality, food security, sub-Saharan Africa, social policies, economic disparity, rural deprivation, urbanization, Maxwell, Daniel, Dikötter, Frank, Wang, Fei-Ling rural life, mortality rates, developing countries, famine, child mortality, disease, AIDS, living standards, urban vs rural, China, Hukou system, social inequality, economic growth, poverty, food security, urbanization, rural deprivation, policy, social division, wealth gap, premature death, health disparities, Maxwell, Dikötter, Fei-Ling Wang, Africa, China, government policy, migration restrictions"
test-society-tsmihwurpp-pro01a	When you know terrorists are likely to be members of particular national and ethnic groups, it is simply more practical to focus searches on those groups.  The reality is that all of the major terrorist attacks against Western targets in recent years have been perpetrated by young, Muslim men. It doesn’t require any prejudice at all to realise that they are the most sensible group to check and recheck.  Although it is important to respect people’s rights and liberties regardless of ethnicity or religious belief, a sensible security policy must force police officers and security officials to make decisions based on factual information. Everybody- including most members of the groups identified by profiling- has an interest in not being blown up on an aeroplane. They will, therefore, accept that this is a regrettable necessity. Airport staff can only stop so many people and it makes sense to target groups that terrorists are likely to be part of. terrorist profiling, airport security, ethnic profiling, national groups, Muslim men, Western terrorist attacks, security policy, factual information, rights and liberties, police decisions, security officials, group targeting, counterterrorism, air travel safety, civil liberties, practical security measures, risk assessment, targeted searches, airport screening, terrorism prevention, public safety terrorism, ethnic profiling, national groups, Muslim men, security policy, airport security, terrorist attacks, Western targets, factual information, police decisions, rights and liberties, religious belief, profiling, safety measures, security checks, targeted searches, practical security, acceptance, necessity, limited resources, airport staff, risk assessment terrorism, ethnic profiling, airport security, Muslim men, security policy, prejudice, national groups, terrorist attacks, Western targets, police decisions, factual information, rights and liberties, religious belief, profiling necessity, targeted searches, security officials, sensible group, security measures, practical focus, acceptance, civil liberties, counterterrorism, risk assessment, passenger screening terrorist profiling, airport security, ethnic profiling, religious profiling, Muslim men, targeted searches, security policy, police decision-making, factual information, Western terrorist attacks, rights and liberties, group targeting, counterterrorism, passenger screening, practical security, national groups, safety measures, aviation security, law enforcement, security officials terrorism, profiling, security policy, airport security, ethnic profiling, national profiling, Muslim men, terrorist attacks, Western targets, practical searches, prejudice, factual information, civil liberties, police decisions, security officials, targeted searches, group profiling, counterterrorism, rights and liberties, necessity, acceptance, security measures, practical decision-making
test-digital-freedoms-aihwbasmn-pro02a	Non violent methods of disrupting riots must be tried before using force  When riots are on-going then the police needs to act but the safety of everyone involved should be considered to be paramount. If a riot will not disperse peacefully then the police often find they need to use batons, water cannon, or even in extremis tear gas or rubber bullets. It is the police’s duty to bring back public order by stopping riots through these methods. However this should not be at the expense of a much more preventative approach that shutting down social media networks would allow. If during instances of rioting the police are able to prevent those rioters from encouraging their friends to join them so expanding the riots then this is the right course of action to take. Rioters used social media like activists, to outmanoeuvre the police targeting areas where there was little police presence. Cutting off their means of communication would make this much harder and less effective. [1] This has been used effectively in the past; the San Francisco BART, shut down mobile phones on its network to prevent protests which it feared could lead to clashes with commuters, it may well have been the reason why there were no such protests, but it did spark outrage over violations of freedom of speech. [2]  [1] O’Rourke, Simon, “Empowering protest through social media”, Edith Cowan University Research Online, 2011,  P.51  [2] Cabanatuan, M., “BART admits halting cell service to stop protests”, SFGate, non-violent, riot control, police tactics, public order, crowd management, use of force, peaceful dispersal, batons, water cannon, tear gas, rubber bullets, preventative measures, social media shutdown, communication disruption, protest prevention, freedom of speech, police response, riot escalation, digital coordination, San Francisco BART, mobile phone shutdown, protest suppression, activist strategies, law enforcement ethics, public safety, civil liberties, technology and policing, mass gatherings, emergency response, communication control non-violent methods, riot control, police tactics, public order, crowd management, use of force, prevention strategies, social media shutdown, riot dispersal, communication disruption, baton use, water cannon, tear gas, rubber bullets, public safety, law enforcement, protest management, freedom of speech, digital communication, mobile network shutdown, San Francisco BART, social media role, preventive policing, rights vs security, police response, digital rights, protester coordination, policing ethics, emergency measures, activist communication non-violent methods, riot control, police tactics, public order, safety, batons, water cannon, tear gas, rubber bullets, preventative approach, shutting down social media, communication disruption, rioter coordination, social media, protest management, mobile phone shutdown, BART case, freedom of speech, crowd control, police response, escalation prevention, public safety, ethical policing, information flow, San Francisco protests, civil liberties nonviolent riot control, police crowd management, public order maintenance, peaceful protest disruption, riot prevention methods, use of force escalation, baton use, water cannon, tear gas, rubber bullets, police duty riots, communication shutdown riots, social media role riots, protest coordination social media, police response digital communication, cell phone service shutdown protests, BART mobile shutdown, freedom of speech protests, activist police tactics, preventative approaches riots, escalation prevention police, digital rights public safety, police communication strategies, protest containment technologies non-violent methods, riot control, police tactics, public order, use of force, crowd dispersal, batons, water cannon, tear gas, rubber bullets, preventative measures, social media shutdown, communication disruption, riot escalation, activist strategies, police response, digital communication, freedom of speech, BART protests, mobile phone blocking, protest prevention, law enforcement, public safety, social media and riots, police authority
test-religion-grcrgshwbr-pro02a	Religious symbols cause problems in schools.  As well as division in society in general, religious symbols are also a source of division within school environments. The Hijab causes schools many problems. It is potentially divisive in the classroom, marking some children out as different from the others and above the rules that the school enforces for everyone else. This may lead to alienation and bullying. Full headscarves may also be impractical or dangerous in some lessons, for example PE, swimming, or in technology and science lessons where machinery is being operated. In the same way, there have been discussions as to whether to ban the display of Crucifixes in public classrooms. Authorities in Italy have followed through with the ban saying that such a Christian symbol segregates those who are not Christian.1  1 'Decision due in Crucifix ban case', Times of Malta, March 17th 2011 , accessed on 24th July 2011 religious symbols, school division, societal division, hijab controversy, classroom segregation, school uniform rules, alienation, bullying, safety concerns, headscarves, PE hazards, swimming safety, technology class risks, science class risks, machinery safety, crucifix ban, Italy, Christian symbols, public classrooms, religious discrimination, secularism, school policy, student identity, religious expression, educational environment, Times of Malta religious symbols, schools, division, society, hijab, classroom, bullying, alienation, headscarves, PE lessons, swimming, technology classes, science classes, machinery safety, crucifix ban, public classrooms, Italy, Christian symbols, segregation, non-Christian students, policy debates, symbol display, school rules, student identity, inclusivity, educational policy religious symbols, schools, division, society, hijab, classroom, differentiation, school rules, alienation, bullying, headscarves, impractical, safety, PE, swimming, technology lessons, science lessons, machinery, crucifix, crucifixes, public classrooms, Italy, Christian symbols, segregation, non-Christian, religious symbol ban, symbolism controversy, school uniform policy, religious expression, education policy, cultural conflict, student identity, secularism, inclusivity religious symbols, school division, social division, hijab controversy, school uniforms, religious clothing, student alienation, bullying, headscarves, classroom safety, practical concerns, PE safety, swimming, technology classes, science lessons, machinery safety, crucifix ban, public classrooms, Italy, Christian symbols, religious segregation, secular education, religious expression, school policy, religious diversity, discrimination, student inclusion, education policy, religious conflicts, secularism in schools religious symbols, schools, division, societal division, classroom, hijab, headscarves, school rules, alienation, bullying, impractical, dangerous, physical education, swimming, technology lessons, science lessons, machinery safety, crucifix ban, Italy, school policy, religious segregation, non-Christian students, school environment, religious identity, public classrooms, religious display, educational policy, student safety, uniform policy
test-culture-mmciahbans-pro03a	Monetizing colonialism  Skin whitening can be seen as an attempt to fit in with a form of a neo-colonialist mind-set; a form of cultural imperialism driven by capitalism.  These products, often sold by big international FMCG (fast moving consumer goods) companies feed off a neo-colonialist mind-set – one of a cultural inferiority complex. These products form part of the process of tying African people into a globalised consumer world where non-westerners feel compelled to buy western products that they don’t need. They are therefore kept in a colonial situation where they are dependent on the west both mentally and in terms of the products they buy. That is reason enough for nations that have been victims of colonialism by the Global North to take action against them. monetizing colonialism, skin whitening, neo-colonialism, cultural imperialism, capitalism, FMCG companies, fast moving consumer goods, cultural inferiority complex, globalised consumerism, African consumers, western products, consumer dependency, postcolonialism, Global North, colonial legacy, anti-colonial action, beauty standards, international corporations, cultural identity, postcolonial critique monetizing colonialism, skin whitening, neo-colonialism, cultural imperialism, capitalism, FMCG, consumer goods, international companies, cultural inferiority, globalized consumerism, western products, non-western consumers, dependency, postcolonialism, Global North, anti-colonial action, identity, racialization, African markets, beauty standards, commodification, transnational corporations monetizing colonialism, skin whitening, neo-colonialism, cultural imperialism, capitalism, FMCG companies, global consumerism, cultural inferiority complex, western products, dependency, colonial mentality, African consumers, global North, postcolonialism, decolonization, multinational corporations, beauty standards, consumer dependency, anti-colonial action, cosmetic industry, identity politics, race and capitalism, globalization, cultural assimilation, transnational marketing monetizing colonialism, skin whitening, neo-colonialism, cultural imperialism, capitalism, FMCG, multinational corporations, consumerism, globalisation, cultural inferiority complex, African consumers, western products, dependency, postcolonialism, Global North, cultural assimilation, identity politics, anti-colonial resistance, beauty standards, commodification, transnational corporations, psychological impact, market dependency, postcolonial critique, cosmetic industry, colorism monetizing colonialism, skin whitening, neo-colonialism, cultural imperialism, capitalism, FMCG companies, international corporations, cultural inferiority complex, global consumerism, western products, dependency, post-colonial studies, Global North, postcolonial critique, African consumers, cultural assimilation, beauty standards, racial identity, consumer dependency, anti-colonial response, global capitalism, cosmetic industry, cultural hegemony, commodification of beauty, marketing ethics
test-international-epdlhfcefp-con01a	The post of a High Representative is merely a shadow of what it should have been, and its failure shows the EU's inability to consolidate foreign policy.  While seemingly groundbreaking, the current agreement on the EU reform treaty was nothing but a lame attempt to salvage a much bolder initiative: an EU Constitution. The rejection of the EU Constitution in the Dutch and French referendums, as well as the extreme difficulty in getting even its watered-down version accepted, shows the extent to which the member states of the EU are not yet ready to think and act in unison. The UK representatives successfully insisted that the language of the reform treaty clearly states that major foreign policy decisions will continue to be taken at the state level. High Representative, EU foreign policy, EU reform treaty, EU Constitution, Dutch referendum, French referendum, member state unity, UK representatives, state-level decision-making, treaty rejection, EU integration, policy consolidation, Constitution failure, European Union, treaty language, national sovereignty, EU initiatives, foreign policy disagreements High Representative, EU foreign policy, EU reform treaty, EU Constitution, member states, unison, Dutch referendum, French referendum, UK representatives, state level decisions, EU integration, foreign policy failure, consolidation, treaty rejection, EU unity, supranationalism, intergovernmentalism, policy-making, constitutional reform, institutional weakness, legislative process EU foreign policy, High Representative, EU reform treaty, EU Constitution, Dutch referendum, French referendum, member state sovereignty, EU unity, foreign policy decision-making, national sovereignty, UK position, treaty negotiations, EU integration, constitutional failure, reform treaty agreement EU foreign policy, High Representative, EU reform treaty, EU Constitution, Dutch referendum, French referendum, member states, national sovereignty, UK representatives, decision-making, unification, policy consolidation, treaty negotiation, institutional failure, European integration, intergovernmentalism, constitutional rejection, state-level decisions, foreign policy coordination, treaty language High Representative, EU foreign policy, EU reform treaty, EU Constitution, Dutch referendum, French referendum, member state unity, sovereignty, UK representatives, foreign policy decisions, state level, treaty rejection, European integration, policy consolidation, treaty negotiation, constitutional failure, national interests, EU governance, supranationalism, treaty language
test-law-lgplhbssbco-pro04a	Suicide undermines the sanctity of the human body  Like abortion, euthanasia, cloning and genetic engineering, suicide undermines the sanctity and inviolability of the human body. It is legitimate to legislate against such actions because the sanctity of the human body is an intrinsic constituent part of the respect for human dignity, which is the sine qua non of social life in any country. suicide, sanctity of the human body, abortion, euthanasia, cloning, genetic engineering, inviolability, legislation, human dignity, respect for human dignity, social life, intrinsic value, ethics, bioethics, moral philosophy, human rights, legality, legislative action, intrinsic sanctity, human body integrity suicide, sanctity of human body, abortion, euthanasia, cloning, genetic engineering, inviolability, human dignity, legislation, intrinsic value, respect for life, bioethics, moral philosophy, human rights, social values suicide, sanctity of human body, abortion, euthanasia, cloning, genetic engineering, inviolability, human dignity, legislation, respect for life, bioethics, moral philosophy, intrinsic value, social life, human rights, legal regulation suicide, sanctity of the human body, abortion, euthanasia, cloning, genetic engineering, human dignity, inviolability, legislation, intrinsic value, respect, social life, moral philosophy, bioethics, law, human rights, ethical debate, dignity, sanctity, legislative action suicide, sanctity of the human body, abortion, euthanasia, cloning, genetic engineering, inviolability, human dignity, legislation, respect, intrinsic value, social life, ethics, bioethics, moral philosophy, human rights, legal regulation, body autonomy, dignity jurisprudence, public policy
test-sport-tshbmlbscac-pro03a	Collisions are not as dangerous as they’re feared to be.  Some hits lead to injury, but the vast majority do not. One commentator challenged proponents of a rule change “to name as many as five MLB catchers in the last 30 years who have had their careers ended or shortened as a result of a home plate collision. Personally, I can’t think of one.” [1] In posing some—though not a substantial—risk, home plate collisions are very much like other aspects of the sport. Every time a pitcher throws a pitch, the batter could get struck and hurt. Every time two outfielders converge on a fly ball, there’s a risk of injury. Baseball, as with many other sports, inherently involves the risk of injury. It makes little sense to focus on this play, which doesn’t often result in significant injury.  Moreover, catchers are trained to position their bodies in ways that minimize the injury risk from crashes. [2] If catchers do as they’re trained, they’re very unlikely to get hurt.  [1] Joe Janish, “Buster Posey Aftermath: What Should Be Done?,” On Baseball, May 30, 2011,  (internal quotation marks omitted).  [2] See, for example, “Relays, Cutoffs, and Plays at Home,” Baseball-Catcher.com,  . home plate collision, MLB injuries, catcher safety, baseball injury risk, rule change debate, collision statistics, career-ending injury, sports injury comparison, catcher training, injury prevention, outfielder collision, pitcher batter injury, baseball rules, Buster Posey incident, MLB safety protocols home plate collisions, MLB catchers, career-ending injuries, baseball injuries, collision risks, rule changes, injury statistics, catcher safety, sports injury comparison, injury prevention, baseball rules, player safety, catcher training, injury rates, play at home plate, sports safety analysis, Buster Posey, MLB injury history home plate collisions, MLB, catcher injuries, baseball risks, injury statistics, rule change debate, sports safety, collision outcomes, injury prevention, catcher training, career-ending injuries, Buster Posey incident, baseball safety comparison, player protection, injury frequency, injury minimization, collision rules, play at home plate, body positioning, traumatic injury prevention home plate collisions, MLB catchers, injury risk, baseball injuries, career-ending injuries, collision statistics, rule change debate, injury prevention, catcher training, sports safety, baseball rules, significant injuries, catcher protection, comparative risk, outfielder collisions, sports inherent risk, Buster Posey incident home plate collisions, MLB, catcher injuries, baseball injury risk, career-ending injuries, collision statistics, rule change debate, injury prevention, catcher training, body positioning, sports injury comparison, significant injury frequency, Buster Posey injury, baseball safety, play-specific injury risk, baseball collisions, injury minimization, commentator opinion, professional baseball, home plate safety
test-economy-epsihbdns-pro01a	"The government has a right to make decisions in the best interest of the people  Man is a social being. Therefore people live in communities where decisions that affect the many, are taken by representatives of the many. Thus, a social contract exists between the people and their government. [1] In exchange for part of their autonomy and freedom, the government ensures that policies are made in the best interest of people, even if this might come at the expense of short-term interests for some individuals. This is a typical example of this kind of case. The trend is emptying the countryside, stopping the production of agricultural goods and hollowing the amenities provided by the cities. Even if each individual has a personal incentive to move to the cities, the harm to the cities is greater than their accumulated individual gains. It is in these cases that the state must act to protect its people and ensure long term benefits.  [1] D'Agostino, Fred, Gaus, Gerald and Thrasher, John, ""Contemporary Approaches to the Social Contract"", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Winter 2012 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.), social contract, government authority, collective decision-making, public interest, individual autonomy, freedom exchange, representative democracy, rural depopulation, urbanization, agricultural decline, city amenities, long-term policy, state intervention, common good, community welfare, policy trade-offs, social responsibility, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, D’Agostino, Gaus, Thrasher government, decision-making, best interest, social contract, autonomy, freedom, policy, representatives, community, individual vs collective, rural depopulation, urbanization, agricultural decline, city amenities, long-term benefits, state intervention, social philosophy, public good, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, D'Agostino, Gaus, Thrasher government, social contract, public policy, collective decision-making, community, autonomy, individual freedom, representative democracy, common good, rural depopulation, urbanization, agricultural decline, state intervention, long-term benefits, short-term interests, social philosophy, governance, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, D'Agostino, Gaus, Thrasher, population movement, policy impact, city amenities, rural exodus, civic responsibility, public interest government, decision-making, public interest, social contract, autonomy, freedom, policy, representation, community, collective action, individual vs collective, rural depopulation, urbanization, agricultural decline, city amenities, state intervention, long-term benefits, short-term interests, social philosophy, contemporary social contract, civic responsibility, public policy, governance, common good, societal obligations, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy government, social contract, decision-making, public interest, collective action, autonomy, freedom, policy, community, representatives, individual vs collective, urban migration, rural depopulation, agricultural production, city amenities, long-term benefits, state intervention, social philosophy, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, D'Agostino, Gaus, Thrasher"
test-free-speech-debate-ldhwbmclg-con01a	Violent imagery can serve different purposes.  Calls for a ban on music that references or glorifies violence are frequently based on an overly simplistic understanding of contemporary and popular musical genres. It is instructive that the loudest voices of protest raised against violent content in hip hop and rock music are, overwhelmingly, white, middle class, middle-aged newspaper columnists. Any ban created under these circumstances would reduce the diversity and depth of popular musical genres, by preventing musicians from commenting- in any way- on violent events.  Banning particular musical tracks due only to the fact that they discuss violent acts would be damaging to the creative industries and would not reflect methods currently used to classify and restrict content appearing in other media. Criminal acts are punished when an act results in a damaging outcome and because that act is performed with a particular dishonest or malicious intention. Generally, someone cannot be found guilty of murder if they did not intend to kill their victim. Similarly, it is unusual for films or videogames to be censored or banned because they happen to depict violent acts. The intention that underlies the use of graphic images or words must also be examined. As BBC director general Mark Thompson noted when discussing the controversial religious content of Jerry Springer: The Opera with freespeechdebate.com  “… Jerry Springer I saw without feeling that it was offensive to me because the intention of the piece was so clearly a satire about an American talk show host and his world rather than the religious figures as such.”  Classification boards will look at the context in which an offensive act is shown. The violence of war is portrayed vividly in Saving Private Ryan, but the film has not been banned on this basis. Private Ryan portrays violence and suffering in order to remind us of the inhumanity that pervaded the Second World War. It uses violence to make a didactic point, to move its audience to sympathy and disgust. If a film were to use images of extreme violence or suffering as a form of entertainment, inviting the audience to take pleasure in brutality, a classification board would try to restrict or censor its content.  Comparably, “violent” music can use brutal language and themes to make moving and engaging observations about the world. Violent music does not automatically glorify violence, nor does it cause its audience to see violence as something that is glamorous.  Listened to out of context, without any attempt to critically analyse the imagery of the song and the intentions of the artists, it is easy to condemn many acclaimed examples of popular music as containing violent lyrics. By giving into the populist pressure that is represented and generated by newspaper columnists and talk show hosts, we risk creating a chilling effect, not only on mainstream hip hop culture, but on any other musical form that dares to discuss themes that fall outside narrowly and arbitrarily defined limits of social acceptability. violent imagery, music censorship, music genres, violent content, hip hop, rock music, creative freedom, cultural diversity, media classification, artistic intention, media regulation, freedom of expression, music lyrics, societal norms, pop culture, moral panic, media bias, race and censorship, media scapegoating, social acceptability, popular music, music ban, artistic commentary, creative industries, context in art, classification boards, film violence, video game censorship, intention in art, satire, selective censorship, cultural criticism, creative expression, suppression of art, audience interpretation, music industry, racial bias in censorship, free speech, music and violence, violent imagery, music censorship, popular music, hip hop, rock music, violence in music, banning music, artistic intention, creative freedom, genre diversity, satirical content, cultural criticism, classification boards, media regulation, film censorship, video game censorship, social acceptability, media classification, creative industries, societal impact, free speech, public protest, media ethics, glorification of violence, artistic expression, context analysis, intention behind violence, newspaper columnists, pop culture, social commentary, chilling effect, moral panic, creative commentary, media comparison, violence depiction, Saving Private Ryan, Jerry Springer: The Opera, Mark Thompson, freespeech violent imagery, music censorship, violence in music, music banning, popular music, hip hop, rock music, creative industries, music classification, freedom of expression, artistic intention, media regulation, social acceptability, music genres, media comparison, violent lyrics, social commentary, censorship effects, moral panic, newspaper columnists, entertainment media, satire, film violence, classification boards, Jerry Springer Opera, Saving Private Ryan, creative diversity, cultural criticism, music criticism, free speech, music regulation, audience interpretation, creative expression, chilling effect, public discourse violent imagery, music censorship, music banning, glorification of violence, hip hop criticism, rock music, media content regulation, artistic intention, classification boards, pop culture, freedom of expression, creative industries, newspaper columnists, freedom of speech, satirical content, didactic violence, cultural criticism, moral panic, censorship comparison, video game censorship, film violence, Saving Private Ryan, Jerry Springer the Opera, audience interpretation, social acceptability, critical analysis, music genre diversity, populist pressure, mainstream culture, violent lyrics, content restriction, media regulation, white middle class critics, freedom of creativity, context in art, intention in art violent imagery, music censorship, banning music, violence in music, popular music genres, hip hop, rock music, creative industries, media classification, content restriction, intention, graphic images, satire, artistic purpose, free speech, classification boards, film violence, Saving Private Ryan, violence portrayal, didactic use, glorification of violence, moral panic, newspaper columnists, social acceptability, artistic expression, context, lyrical analysis, creative freedom, cultural diversity, chilling effect, freedom of expression, entertainment media, violent lyrics, cultural criticism, public debate, media regulation
test-culture-ahrtsdlgra-con03a	Restriction based on social disgust prevents socially liberal ideas from flourishing  Great, socially liberal movements have always been controversial, and always been supported, encouraged and propagated by art. Art is a realm wherein an artist’s expression is less limited by social structures (like the necessity of pleasing your box; of being ‘commercially viable’). Subsequently it has easily, and often, been utilised as a means of changing public opinion.  Some of these movements, for example, the breaking down of stereotypes and norms surrounding sexuality (in particular female sexuality) and gender that Sarah Lucas, Tracey Emin and others contributed to in the liberalising 80s and 90s, attract social disgust. In any situation where a taboo is being attacked, this will happen. The converse however, is not the case: it is almost impossible to provoke social disgust by maintaining the status quo.  As a result, restriction of art that provokes social disgust will disproportionately attack the socially liberal, and thus help to maintain the status quo, regardless of whether it is worthy of such protection. social disgust, restriction, socially liberal ideas, art, public opinion, taboo, status quo, controversial movements, stereotype breaking, sexuality, gender norms, Sarah Lucas, Tracey Emin, 1980s, 1990s, artistic expression, censorship, public acceptance, social structures, gender, female sexuality, norm challenging, liberalisation, art movements, social restriction, cultural controversy, taboo breaking, commercial viability, status quo maintenance social disgust, restriction, socially liberal ideas, art, public opinion, controversy, liberal movements, expression, social structures, censorship, taboo, stereotypes, gender norms, sexuality, female sexuality, status quo, Sarah Lucas, Tracey Emin, 1980s, 1990s, artistic freedom, cultural change, social norms, art censorship, social progress, art and society, maintaining status quo social disgust, restriction, socially liberal ideas, art, public opinion, taboo, stereotypes, social norms, sexuality, female sexuality, gender, Sarah Lucas, Tracey Emin, 1980s, 1990s, controversial movements, status quo, censorship, artistic expression, liberal movements, social change, social structures, commercial viability, social backlash, art and activism social disgust, restriction, socially liberal, art, public opinion, taboo, controversy, gender norms, sexuality, Sarah Lucas, Tracey Emin, 1980s, 1990s, status quo, art censorship, female sexuality, liberal movements, artistic expression, social structures, stereotype breaking, societal norms, cultural change, art and politics, social restriction, controversial art, art and social change social disgust, restriction, socially liberal ideas, art, public opinion, taboo, social movements, stereotype breakdown, gender norms, sexuality, female sexuality, Tracey Emin, Sarah Lucas, 1980s, 1990s, status quo, censorship, controversial art, liberalization, expressive freedom, cultural norms, normative barriers, controversial movements, art and society, artistic expression, societal change, social restriction, propagation of ideas
test-international-epglghbni-pro02a	The partition of Ireland was undemocratic  The people of Northern Ireland should have decided whether or not they wanted to be united with Northern Ireland, rather than it being battled out in the British Parliament and the country partitioned by the Government of Ireland Act of 1920* that created a separate parliament for the six counties of Northern Ireland.** It was because the vote was not put to the Irish that the Unionists could twist arms and manipulate British politicians into allowing the six counties to remain part of the UK. After partition, the Unionists fixed electoral boundaries so there would never be a Republican majority in an electorate. This was unjust and illegitimately prevented a pro-Republic vote passing in future.  * Government of Ireland Act, 1920,   ** Ferriter, ‘Ireland in the Twentieth Century’, partition of Ireland, undemocratic, Northern Ireland, self-determination, British Parliament, Government of Ireland Act 1920, six counties, Irish unity, Unionists, British politicians, UK, electoral boundaries, gerrymandering, Republican majority, pro-Republic vote, injustice, legitimacy, political manipulation, Ferriter, Ireland in the Twentieth Century partition of Ireland, undemocratic partition, Northern Ireland, self-determination, Irish unity, British Parliament, Government of Ireland Act 1920, six counties, Unionists, electoral boundaries, gerrymandering, Republican majority, disenfranchisement, Irish vote, UK-Ireland relations, Irish independence, parliamentary manipulation, Ferriter, Ireland in the Twentieth Century, pro-Republic vote, legitimacy of partition, Irish history, British influence, electoral injustice, political autonomy, Ireland partition debate Partition of Ireland, undemocratic, Northern Ireland, united Ireland, British Parliament, Government of Ireland Act 1920, six counties, separate parliament, Irish vote, Unionists, British politicians, United Kingdom, electoral boundaries, Republican majority, electorate, unjust, illegitimate, pro-Republic vote, gerrymandering, Ferriter, Ireland in the Twentieth Century partition of Ireland, undemocratic, Northern Ireland, self-determination, British Parliament, Government of Ireland Act 1920, six counties, Unionists, electoral boundaries, gerrymandering, pro-Republic vote, United Kingdom, Irish independence, legitimacy, democracy, political manipulation, Republican majority, Ireland in the Twentieth Century, Diarmaid Ferriter, Anglo-Irish relations, Irish partition, Irish nationalism, Irish history, Irish Republicanism, British-Irish politics partition of Ireland, undemocratic, Northern Ireland, self-determination, British Parliament, Government of Ireland Act 1920, six counties, Unionists, United Kingdom, Irish vote, electoral boundaries, gerrymandering, Republican majority, pro-Republic vote, illegitimacy, manipulation, political influence, Ferriter, Ireland in the Twentieth Century
test-philosophy-pppgshbsd-con02a	The idea that wealth should be more fairly and evenly distributed has never had so many supporters and the failure to do so has rarely been more keenly felt  In the model of Blair and Clinton, it didn’t matter if the rich got a lot richer, as long as the poor got a bit richer. That model has now been shown not to work and the rather timid new leaders of the left are starting to return to concepts of fairness and equality rather than the rather bland concepts of ‘opportunity’ and ‘choice’.  Europe is increasingly governed by unelected technocrats who seem to think that the opinions of a handful of international bankers are somehow more important than the jobs and livelihoods of millions. This may always have been the case but it tends not to show during times of plenty. Now these latent inequalities are becoming apparent and people are angry.  It is perhaps one of the great ironies of history that one of the aspirations of early nineteenth century Socialists- nationalising the banks- required Capitalists to actually achieve it. wealth distribution, income inequality, social justice, fairness, equality, left-wing politics, Blair, Clinton, opportunity, choice, technocracy, Europe, unelected technocrats, international bankers, livelihoods, economic inequality, public anger, socialism, nationalizing banks, historical irony, economic policy, redistribution, rich-poor divide, political leadership, economic crisis, capitalist intervention wealth distribution, income inequality, fairness, equality, Blair, Clinton, left-wing politics, opportunity, choice, unelected technocrats, Europe, international bankers, livelihoods, social inequality, economic justice, social democracy, nationalising banks, socialism, capitalism, political economy, public anger, historical irony, economic policy, financial crisis, redistribution, social justice wealth distribution, income inequality, fairness, equality, Blair, Clinton, left-wing politics, opportunity, choice, Europe, technocracy, unelected officials, international bankers, unemployment, livelihoods, economic disparity, social justice, early nineteenth century Socialists, bank nationalization, capitalism, public anger, economic policy, historical irony, latent inequalities wealth distribution, economic inequality, social justice, fairness, equality, income gap, left-wing politics, Blair, Clinton, opportunity, choice, technocrats, Europe, bankers, financial elites, livelihood, unemployment, social anger, historical irony, nationalization, socialism, capitalism, early nineteenth century, policy failure, redistribution, public opinion, governance, economic policy, political leadership wealth distribution, economic inequality, fairness, equality, redistribution, Blair, Clinton, social justice, opportunity, choice, left wing politics, technocracy, unelected technocrats, international bankers, Europe, latent inequalities, public anger, nationalisation, socialism, banks, capitalism, historical irony, social welfare, neoliberalism, economic policy, social policy
test-science-cpisydfphwj-pro03a	"Facebook is good for democracy  Social networks aid our society on multiple levels, one of them being the democratic process. This happens both in autocracies, where the democratic process is basically nonexistent and in western liberal democracies where Facebook acts as a megaphone for the will of the population.  Firstly, when talking about oppressive regimes, Facebook allows the population to organize themselves in massive protests which can, in time, overthrow the government. This is of particular importance as the population cannot organize protests ""offline"" in the real world, because government forces would quickly find them and stop the protests before they even started. These people need a safe house, where government intervention is minimized, so that they can spread the news and organize the protests. The online environment is the best options. We have seen this happening in the Arab Spring(1), Brazil (2), Turkey(3) as well as for protests in democracies as in Wisconsin(4)  For western liberal democracies too Facebook plays a very important role in aiding the democratic process. Even in a democracy the government often engages in unpopular policies. Unfortunately, as we are talking about countries with tens of millions of people, citizens often feel they can’t make a difference. Luckily, here's where Facebook comes in. It connects all the people who share the same disapproval of government actions, removing the feeling that you can do nothing as there is no one backing you. Millions can come together to voice their opinions. Therefore there is more likely to be dissent. Moreover, the internet allowed individuals to start massive campaigns of online petition gathering, which they will later use as an irrefutable argument to the government showing the desire for change. There are a lot of sites, one of the biggest being Avaaz.org which facilitates this process, which use Facebook as a medium through which the petition is shared and so grows.  (1) Sonya Angelica Diehn “Social media use evolving in Egypt”, DW , 04.07.2013   (2) Caroline Stauffer “Social media spreads and splinters Brazil protests”, Reuters ,June 22, 2013   (3) “Activists in Turkey use social media to organize, evade crackdown As protests continue across Turkey against the government”   (4)Wikipedia Facebook, democracy, social networks, democratic process, autocracies, western liberal democracies, political mobilization, government protest, online organization, Arab Spring, Brazil protests, Turkey protests, Wisconsin protests, collective action, dissent, online petitions, Avaaz.org, social media activism, citizen engagement, government accountability, policy dissent, online advocacy, civic participation, mass communication, digital activism, political empowerment, information dissemination, grassroots movements, protest organization, internet campaigns Facebook, democracy, social networks, democratic process, autocracies, western liberal democracies, megaphone, population, protests, oppressive regimes, online organization, government intervention, Arab Spring, Brazil protests, Turkey protests, Wisconsin protests, public dissent, political activism, citizen engagement, policy opposition, online petitions, Avaaz.org, social media activism, collective action, political mobilization, digital democracy, civic participation, protest organization, regime change, social media influence, online communities, government accountability Facebook, democracy, social networks, democratic process, autocracies, western liberal democracies, political protests, government opposition, online organizing, social media activism, Arab Spring, Brazil protests, Turkey protests, Wisconsin protests, mass mobilization, online petition, Avaaz, collective action, political dissent, citizen engagement, government accountability, digital activism, political participation, protest organization, free speech, civic engagement, social media influence, public opinion, grassroots movements, online platforms, internet activism Facebook, democracy, social networks, democratic process, autocracies, western liberal democracies, protest organization, government, online activism, Arab Spring, Brazil protests, Turkey protests, Wisconsin protests, citizen mobilization, online petitions, Avaaz, political dissent, government accountability, digital activism, political participation, social media impact, citizen engagement, political change, online community, collective action, public opinion, mass mobilization, freedom of expression, petition sharing, internet activism, civic engagement Facebook, democracy, social networks, society, democratic process, autocracies, oppressive regimes, protests, organization, government overthrow, online environment, Arab Spring, Brazil protests, Turkey protests, Wisconsin protests, western liberal democracies, government policies, civic engagement, dissent, online petitions, Avaaz.org, public opinion, activism, digital mobilization, freedom of expression, social media impact, mass movements, political participation, internet activism, citizen empowerment, collective action, government accountability"
test-international-amehbuaisji-con04a	ICC trials violate the due process guarantees of the US constitution  US ratification of the Rome Statute would lead to the possibility of Americans being subject to trials with procedures that violate the American Constitution. For example, there are no jury trials at the ICC – a majority vote of the judges is enough to convict - is a violation of the Sixth Amendment to the US Constitution.  The independence and neutrality of some of the judges may be doubtful if they come from countries with definite foreign policy interests that run contrary to those of the US. This is particularly pertaining to judges who are from backgrounds where judicial independence from the executive is not a defining feature of the legal system who will be more likely swayed by political considerations.  There is, in addition, a lack of rules against double jeopardy, and the glacial rate of progress made by the ICC with lengthy waits in pre-trial detention for defendants, affecting the right to a speedy trial. It has also been argued that the procedures for special measures to protect witnesses hamper the defence. ICC trials, due process, US Constitution, Rome Statute, US ratification, American rights, jury trials, Sixth Amendment, judicial independence, judge neutrality, foreign policy interests, double jeopardy, speedy trial, pre-trial detention, witness protection, defense rights, fair trial, international law, US sovereignty, judicial bias, legal safeguards ICC, trials, due process, US Constitution, Rome Statute, US ratification, Americans, fair trial, procedures, jury trial, Sixth Amendment, majority vote, judges, judicial independence, neutrality, foreign policy, executive influence, double jeopardy, pre-trial detention, speedy trial, witness protection, defense rights, legal system, constitutional rights ICC trials, due process, US Constitution, Rome Statute, US ratification, jury trials, Sixth Amendment, judicial independence, neutrality of judges, foreign policy, double jeopardy, speedy trial, pre-trial detention, witness protection procedures, defense rights, ICC procedures, international criminal law, US legal guarantees, criminal procedure, fair trial rights ICC, trials, due process, US Constitution, Rome Statute, US ratification, American defendants, jury trials, Sixth Amendment, conviction, judicial independence, neutrality, foreign policy interests, judge impartiality, executive influence, political considerations, double jeopardy, pre-trial detention, speedy trial, right to fair trial, witness protection, defense rights, procedural safeguards, international law, criminal justice, human rights violations ICC, International Criminal Court, due process, US Constitution, Rome Statute, US ratification, jury trials, Sixth Amendment, majority vote, judge impartiality, judicial independence, foreign policy interests, double jeopardy, speedy trial, pre-trial detention, defence rights, witness protection, procedural fairness, constitutional guarantees, fair trial, American citizens, legal system differences
test-international-ghbunhf-con02a	The UN has been at the forefront of promoting respect for international law and human rights.  When the United Nations was founded in 1945, the idea of “international law”, in so far as it had any meaning, was little more than the customary behaviour of states towards each other. Over the succeeding 60 years, the UN and its various offices and organs have taken a lead role in codifying and promoting the concept of international law and the protection of human rights. For example, the crime of genocide was first enshrined in international law in the 1948 Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide. [1]  [1] United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, “What is Genocide?”. United Nations, international law, human rights, UN Charter, genocide, 1948 Genocide Convention, codification, customary law, legal framework, international treaties, human rights protection, international organizations, post-1945, legal norms, United Nations organs, prevention of genocide, punishment of genocide, global governance, legal instruments, Holocaust Memorial Museum United Nations, international law, human rights, UN charter, codification, genocide, 1948 Genocide Convention, state behavior, customary law, legal frameworks, human rights protection, international treaties, UN organs, global governance, post-1945, Holocaust Memorial Museum United Nations, international law, human rights, 1945, codification, genocide, 1948 Genocide Convention, customary behaviour, states, promotion, legal framework, UN organs, protection, crime of genocide, Holocaust Memorial Museum, prevention, punishment, treaties, human rights protection, international treaties, legal history United Nations, international law, human rights, UN founding 1945, customary international law, codification, genocide, Genocide Convention 1948, crime prevention, international legal frameworks, human rights protection, international treaties, UN organs, legal development, global governance United Nations, international law, human rights, UN history, 1945 UN founding, codification, genocide, 1948 Genocide Convention, legal development, customary international law, international treaties, crime prevention, UN organs, human rights protection, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, genocide definition, international conventions, legal framework, law promotion, global governance
test-politics-oapghwliva-con03a	Has made little difference in the past  The precedent of the Line Item Veto Act under President Clinton should warn against a constitutional amendment. The sums saved were laughably small, $355 million, in the context of the entire federal budget, $1.7 trillion, (0.02% of spending)1 but nonetheless provoked considerable friction between elected representatives and the White House. There was unhappiness that the large majority of his cuts were of earmarks requested by Republican members, and an allegation that the Administration had threatened a Congressman with the veto of an item dear to them unless they supported an unrelated piece of legislation.  1Virginia A. McMurty, 'Enhancing the President's Authority to Eliminate Wasteful Spending and Reduce the Deficit', Subcommittee on Federal Financial Management, Government Information, Federal Services and International Security Senate Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs, Committee Hearing 15/3/2011, p.9 Line Item Veto Act, President Clinton, constitutional amendment, federal budget, earmarks, Republican members, White House, veto power, legislative friction, wasteful spending, deficit reduction, congressional relations, Virginia A. McMurty, Senate hearing, federal spending, government authority, budget cuts, legislative-executive tension, fiscal policy, political negotiation Line Item Veto Act, President Clinton, constitutional amendment, federal budget, spending cuts, earmarks, Republican members, White House, legislative friction, threatened veto, legislative bargaining, wasteful spending, deficit reduction, Virginia A. McMurty, Senate hearing, federal financial management, federal appropriations, executive authority, congressional relations, budget savings, political controversy Line Item Veto Act, President Clinton, constitutional amendment, federal budget, budget savings, earmarks, Congressional friction, Republican members, Administration threats, legislative bargaining, wasteful spending, deficit reduction, Virginia A. McMurty, presidential authority, Congressional relations, federal spending, veto power, budgetary politics Line Item Veto Act, President Clinton, constitutional amendment, federal budget, budget savings, earmarks, congressional friction, executive-legislative relations, Republican members, veto threat, wasteful spending, deficit reduction, Virginia McMurty, Senate hearing, federal spending, legislative strategy, presidential authority Line Item Veto Act, President Clinton, constitutional amendment, federal budget, budget savings, $355 million, $1.7 trillion, government spending, earmarks, Republican members, legislative friction, separation of powers, executive authority, wasteful spending, deficit reduction, congressional relations, administration threats, legislative bargaining, Virginia A. McMurty, Senate Homeland Security, government oversight, historical precedent, appropriation cuts
test-digital-freedoms-efsappgdfp-pro01a	There is no physical risk  In terms of physical risk it is almost certainly true that you have nothing to fear from government having loads of information. With the exception perhaps of the Russian FSB and despite the James Bond films intelligence agencies in democracies are not in the habit of bumping people off this mortal coil. In this sense it does not matter at all what information the intelligence services have on you; no matter how naughty you may have been it is not going to be worth some kind of physical retaliation. Essentially the argument here is that it does no harm, and even does some good, so why should it not continue? physical risk, government surveillance, intelligence agencies, personal information, democracy, harm, retaliation, privacy, information security, public safety, Russian FSB, James Bond, no harm argument, data collection, civil liberties, physical safety, government data, intelligence services physical risk, government surveillance, information privacy, intelligence agencies, democratic governments, personal safety, retaliation, harm assessment, data collection, security concerns, civil liberties, FSB, James Bond, physical harm, privacy debate, information access, public safety, surveillance ethics, harmless surveillance, government data physical risk, government surveillance, intelligence agencies, democracies, data privacy, personal information, harm, retaliation, public safety, FSB, privacy concerns, state security, civil liberties, information access, surveillance justification physical risk, government surveillance, information collection, intelligence agencies, democracies, personal safety, privacy concerns, harm assessment, physical retaliation, data retention, FSB, security vs privacy, public safety, state power, individual rights, state surveillance, nonviolent, privacy debate, intelligence services, government data, privacy impact, physical harm, surveillance justification physical risk, government surveillance, information security, intelligence agencies, democratic societies, personal safety, privacy concerns, state data collection, physical retaliation, harm reduction, privacy vs security, FSB, state power, personal information, safety from government, intelligence service practices, civil liberties
test-international-gmehbisrip1b-pro02a	Failure to withdraw blocks legitimate Palestinian aspirations to statehood.  The Palestinian people since 1967 have demonstrated through resistance to Israeli occupation their desire for an independent state of their own. [1] Throughout the years polls have consistently showed respectable Palestinian majorities in favour of a negotiated two-state settlement, which would offer them an independent state as well as allowing Israel to continue to exist as an independent state alongside the new Palestinian nation. [2] Israel's refusal to withdraw to the 1967 borders means that the majority of Palestinian people are compelled to live under the control of a state they do not wish to be a part of, a violation of their right to self-determination under international law. The 1993 Vienna Declaration, which reaffirmed the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the UN Charter (and so sets the standard in current international law), unequivocally gives all peoples the right to self-determination: “All people have the right to self-determination. Owing to this right they freely establish their political status and freely provide their economic, social and cultural development...World Conference on Human Rights considers refusal of the right to self-determination as a violation of human rights and emphasizes the necessity of effective realization of this right”. [3] Brazilian President Luiz Inacio Lula da Silva said in 2006 that the pre-1967 borders uphold the “legitimate aspiration of the Palestinian people for a secure, united, democratic and economically viable state coexisting peacefully with Israel.” [4] By this measure, the Palestinian majority in the occupied territories have the right to self-determination (by democratic processes), and Israel's suppression of that right through its refusal to withdraw to the 1967 borders should be seen as a human rights violation. Consequently, Israel should withdraw to its 1967 borders in order to end its violation of the rights of the Palestinian people.  [1] BBC News. “Israeli settlements condemned by Western powers”. BBC News. 2 November 2011.   [2] Kennedy, Hugh. “The Great Arab Conquests: How the Spread of Islam Changed the World We Live In”. Da Capo Press. 2007.  [3] United Nations World Conference on Human Rights. “VIENNA DECLARATION AND PROGRAMME OF ACTION”. United Nations. 14-25 June 1993.   [4] Agence France-Presse, NDTV. “Brazil recognises Palestinian state on 1967 borders”. NDTV. 5 December 2010. Palestinian statehood, 1967 borders, Israeli occupation, right to self-determination, international law, two-state solution, Palestinian aspirations, Vienna Declaration, human rights violation, United Nations, Israeli withdrawal, occupied territories, poll support, Palestinian resistance, Brazil support, democratic processes, Universal Declaration of Human Rights, UN Charter, World Conference on Human Rights, Palestinian independence, Israeli settlements, Palestinian majority, peace process, coexistence with Israel, political status, international recognition Palestinian statehood, 1967 borders, Israeli occupation, self-determination, human rights, Vienna Declaration, UN Charter, two-state solution, resistance, Palestinian aspirations, international law, Israeli withdrawal, occupied territories, Palestinian independence, negotiated settlement, Israel-Palestine conflict, Palestinian majority, democratic processes, human rights violation, recognition of Palestine, Brazil, Western powers, Israeli settlements, peace process, coexistence, legitimate aspirations Israeli occupation, 1967 borders, Palestinian statehood, Palestinian self-determination, human rights violation, two-state solution, Vienna Declaration, UN Charter, international law, Palestinian resistance, Israeli settlements, occupied territories, right to self-determination, Palestinian independence, negotiated settlement, Brazil Palestinian recognition, Western condemnation, democratic process, Palestinian aspirations, coexistence with Israel 1967 borders, Palestinian statehood, Israeli occupation, Palestinian resistance, self-determination, international law, Vienna Declaration, Universal Declaration of Human Rights, UN Charter, two-state solution, Israeli settlements, human rights violation, right to self-determination, occupied territories, Palestinian aspirations, coexistence, Brazilian recognition, pre-1967 borders, democratic processes, Israeli withdrawal, legitimacy, negotiated settlement Israel, Palestine, 1967 borders, Israeli occupation, Palestinian statehood, self-determination, international law, Vienna Declaration, Universal Declaration of Human Rights, UN Charter, two-state solution, Palestinian resistance, human rights violation, West Bank, Gaza, settlements, Brazilian support, majority opinion, poll data, negotiated settlement, coexistence, democratic process, Palestinian aspirations, state recognition, United Nations, Hugh Kennedy, BBC News, Agence France-Presse, NDTV, Lula da Silva
test-politics-mtpghwaacb-pro01a	Collective bargaining is not a right  Whilst the freedom of association exists under the state and it is true that people should be allowed to communicate with one another and form groups to forward their personal and political interests, it is not true that the freedom of association automatically grants access to the decision making process.  Unions in this instance are problematic because whilst other groups do not have access to special privileges, unions are able to exert a significant and disproportionate amount of influence over the political process through the use of collective bargaining mechanisms. This argument applies to private unions as well, although to a lesser extent, and the banning of collective bargaining for private unions would be principally sound. In the case of unions in the private sector they can cause large amounts of disruption which has a large knock on impact on the economy giving leverage over politicians for whom the economy and jobs are always important issues. For example unions in transport in the private sector are just as disruptive as in the public sector. Even more minor businesses can be significant due to being in supply or logistics chains that are vital for important parts of the economy.1 The access to the decision making process that unions are granted goes above and beyond the rights that we award to all other groups and as such this right, if it can be called one at all, can easily be taken away as it is the removal of an inequality within our system.  Further, even if collective bargaining were to be considered a “right,” the government can curtail the rights of individuals and groups of people should it feel the harm to all of society is great enough. We see this with the limits that we put on free speech such that we may prevent the incitement of racial hatred.2  Shepardson, David, “GM, Ford warn rail strike could cripple auto industry”, The Detroit News, 30 November 2011,   Denholm, David “Guess What: There is no ‘right’ to collective bargaining.” LabourUnionReport.com 21/02/2011 collective bargaining, labor unions, freedom of association, special privileges, political influence, decision making process, private sector unions, public sector unions, economic disruption, supply chain impact, logistics chains, union power, inequality, curtailing rights, societal harm, union bans, free speech limits, worker rights, government regulation, union strikes, labor disputes, union influence, right to organize, employment law, labor relations, political process, union privileges, economic leverage, democracy and unions, union legislation collective bargaining, right to collective bargaining, freedom of association, unions, union influence, political process, special privileges, private unions, public sector unions, union disruption, economic impact, political leverage, decision making access, rights inequality, government curtail rights, limits on rights, group influence, strike impact, transport unions, logistics disruption, supply chain unions, banning collective bargaining, union privileges, union power, labor rights, employee rights, state intervention, legal restrictions, workplace democracy, economic leverage, union criticism, union privileges removal, political inequality, institutional power collective bargaining, right to collective bargaining, freedom of association, unions, political influence, decision making process, private unions, public sector unions, union privileges, disruption, economic impact, leverage over politicians, transport unions, supply chains, logistics, inequality, rights limitation, government intervention, rights curtailment, free speech limits, labor unions, union power, union bans, labor disputes, employment law, industrial action, workers' rights, union influence, collective action, societal harm collective bargaining, right to bargain, union rights, freedom of association, unions influence, decision-making access, political influence, union privileges, private sector unions, public sector unions, economic disruption, supply chain disruption, logistics impact, disproportionate influence, curtailing rights, government limits, public interest, banning collective bargaining, union power, inequality, labor relations, workers’ rights, special privileges, union leverage, legislative limits, strike impact, labor law, freedom vs privilege, political process, group rights, public policy collective bargaining, right to organize, freedom of association, unions, political influence, special privileges, decision-making process, private sector unions, public sector unions, economic disruption, supply chain impact, logistics, government regulation, curtailment of rights, inequality, strikes, labor rights, labor unions, union power, legislative limits, free speech restrictions, workplace disruption, economy impact, political leverage, union privileges
test-international-emephsate-pro03a	Strategic position and energy benefits  There would be immense strategic benefits both to Europe and to Turkey if she were allowed to join the European Union. Turkey is already a important regional power with a lot of influence in the Middle East and Central Asia and it is already a member of NATO, which most members of the EU are also a part of. [1] This is in part because Turkey is in an immensely strategic geographic situation as the border between Europe and Asia. Historically this has meant Turkey is ideally located for trade, today it means it is strategically close to the oil and gas fields advanced economies like the EU’s depend on.  Turkey is therefore vital for Europe’s energy security. According to the EU energy minister “Turkey comes first in these countries for cooperation” on energy issues because of its location. [2] This is because Turkey is an important transit point for Oil coming through the Bosporus from the Caspian Sea and Russia and also for gas. Turkey acts as a bridge both to the Caspian and the Gulf and creates a second option for importing gas into Europe through pipelines that Europe needs as shown by the cut offs caused by Russian disputes with Belarus and Ukraine. Having gas pipelines through Turkey to the EU, such as the Nabucco pipeline, would shatter Russia’s gas monopoly in Europe. [3]  [1] Solana, Javier, ‘Why Turkey must join the European Union’, CNN World, 13 June 2011,   [2] Kurtaran, Gökhan, ‘Turkey vital for energy, EU commissioner says’, Daily News, 10 February 2012,   [3] Tekin, Ali, and Williams, Paul A., ‘Europe’s External Energy Policy and Turkey’s Accession Process’, Center for European Studies Working Paper Series #170, 2009, Turkey, European Union, EU accession, strategic benefits, energy security, regional power, NATO, Middle East, Central Asia, geographic location, border, Europe-Asia, trade routes, oil transit, gas pipelines, energy cooperation, Caspian Sea, Russia, Bosporus, energy transit, Gulf region, natural gas, Russian gas monopoly, Nabucco pipeline, import diversification, energy policy, Turkish-EU relations, pipeline infrastructure, energy dependence, Belarus, Ukraine, external energy policy, EU energy minister, regional influence, gas supply disruption, European energy diversification Turkey, European Union, EU accession, strategic position, Middle East, Central Asia, NATO, regional power, geographic location, trade routes, energy security, oil transit, gas pipelines, Bosporus, Caspian Sea, Russia, energy cooperation, gas imports, Nabucco pipeline, Russian gas monopoly, energy dependence, energy transit country, EU energy policy, Turkey-EU relations, pipeline infrastructure, energy diversification, energy supply routes, Belarus, Ukraine, Europe-Asia border, external energy policy Turkey, European Union, EU accession, strategic position, regional power, Middle East, Central Asia, NATO, geographic location, Europe-Asia border, trade routes, energy security, oil transit, gas transit, Bosporus, Caspian Sea, Russia, energy cooperation, pipelines, gas pipelines, Nabucco pipeline, Russian gas monopoly, energy dependence, energy diversification, Caspian region, Gulf region, transit country, import routes, European energy policy, energy infrastructure, energy supply, geopolitical influence, Russian disputes, Belarus, Ukraine Turkey, European Union, EU accession, strategic benefits, regional power, Middle East, Central Asia, NATO, geographic position, Europe-Asia border, trade routes, energy security, oil transit, gas transit, Bosporus, Caspian Sea, Russia, gas pipelines, energy cooperation, Nabucco pipeline, Russian gas monopoly, EU energy policy, energy diversification, pipeline routes, energy transit hub, international relations, Turkey-EU relations, energy dependence, gas supply disruptions, Belarus, Ukraine, energy infrastructure Turkey, European Union, EU accession, strategic position, energy benefits, energy security, regional power, Middle East, Central Asia, NATO, geographic location, Europe-Asia border, trade routes, oil transit, gas transit, Bosporus, Caspian Sea, Russia, gas pipelines, Nabucco pipeline, Russian gas monopoly, energy cooperation, EU energy policy, energy imports, pipeline diversification, energy supply, Turkish-EU relations, external energy policy, energy corridors, resource transit, energy infrastructure, energy transit routes
test-economy-bepighbdb-pro01a	Dictatorships are more effective than democracies at mobilizing resources for investment.  Dictatorships are superior to democracies in that they can make decisions and implement policies quicker. They can easily modify institutional and legal frameworks towards development goals, as there is no need for a political consensus behind their actions. This also insulates government from special interests that must be reconciled with in democracies. This allows dictatorships to create a pro-investment legal, economic and institutional framework such as low taxes, exchange rate manipulations and import tariffs, without facing political opposition.  For example, fracking, a technique used to extract hard to obtain gas, has generated widespread opposition in the West, leading to it being banned in France [1] . An autocratic government would find it easier to allow cheap access to this energy, boosting industry, as it could disregard this opposition.  Dictatorships can also control resources to allow for better health and education services, by determining curricula, salaries and supplies. Cuba has one of the best healthcare systems in the world, with more doctors per capita than much of the Western world [2] , and in 2009 Shanghai came first in the PISA test [3] .  [1] Castelvecchi, Davide, ‘France becomes first country to ban extraction of natural gas by fracking’, Scientific American, 30 June 2011,   [2] The Economist, ‘Reshoring manufacturing: Coming Home’, 19 January 2013,   [3] Brouwer, Steve, ‘The Cuban Revolutionary Doctor: The Ultimate Weapon of Solidarity’, Monthly Review, Vol.60 No.8, January 2009, dictatorships, democracies, resource mobilization, policy implementation, institutional framework, legal framework, development goals, political consensus, special interests, pro-investment, economic policy, low taxes, exchange rate manipulation, import tariffs, fracking, autocratic government, energy access, industry growth, health services, education services, curriculum control, doctor per capita, healthcare system, PISA test, Shanghai education, Cuba healthcare, policy efficiency, political opposition, decision-making speed, Western world comparison dictatorships, democracies, resource mobilization, investment, decision-making, policy implementation, institutional framework, legal framework, development, political consensus, special interests, pro-investment, economic policy, low taxes, exchange rate manipulation, import tariffs, political opposition, fracking, energy policy, industrial policy, healthcare, education services, control of resources, curriculum, government control, Cuba, Shanghai, PISA, healthcare system, authoritarianism, autocracy, economic development, policy efficiency, democracy disadvantages, case studies, comparative government, political economy dictatorships, democracies, resource mobilization, investment, policy implementation, institutional frameworks, legal frameworks, development goals, political consensus, special interests, pro-investment policies, low taxes, exchange rate manipulation, import tariffs, fracking, autocratic government, energy policy, industrial growth, health services, education services, curriculum control, Cuba healthcare, PISA test, Shanghai education, governance comparison, authoritarian efficiency, economic policy, policy opposition, regulatory environment dictatorships, democracies, resource mobilization, investment effectiveness, decision-making speed, policy implementation, institutional modification, legal frameworks, development goals, political consensus, special interests, pro-investment policies, low taxes, exchange rate manipulation, import tariffs, opposition, fracking, energy policy, autocracy, industry boost, health services, education services, curriculum control, salaries, resource allocation, Cuba healthcare, Shanghai PISA, comparative governance, authoritarian efficiency, policy insulation, economic development, regulatory flexibility, Western opposition dictatorships, democracies, resource mobilization, investment, decision-making speed, policy implementation, institutional reform, legal frameworks, development goals, political consensus, special interests, pro-investment policies, low taxes, exchange rate manipulation, import tariffs, fracking, energy policy, autocratic government, political opposition, health services, education policy, curriculum control, Cuba healthcare, doctors per capita, Shanghai PISA, authoritarian efficiency, economic development, political systems, government effectiveness
test-health-ahiahbgbsp-con01a	Paternalistic  Personal autonomy has to be the key to this debate. If people want to smoke – and the owner of the public place has no issue with that – it is not the role of the state to step in. While smoking is dangerous, people should be free in a society to take their own risks, and live with their decisions. All that is required is ensuring that smokers are educated about the risks so that they can make an informed decision. paternalism, personal autonomy, smoking, public places, state intervention, individual freedom, informed consent, risk awareness, personal responsibility, decision-making, public health, government regulation, smoker education, liberty, health risks paternalism, personal autonomy, smoking, public places, state intervention, individual freedom, informed consent, risk education, personal responsibility, decision-making, public health, government regulation, liberty, smokers’ rights, owner consent paternalism, personal autonomy, public smoking, state intervention, individual freedom, risk awareness, informed decision, public health, smoking education, government regulation, liberty, smoker rights paternalism, personal autonomy, smoking, public places, state intervention, individual freedom, risk-taking, informed decision, public health, smoker education, self-determination, government regulation, personal responsibility, liberty, consent paternalism, personal autonomy, smoking, public places, state intervention, individual freedom, risk-taking, informed consent, health education, decision-making, public health, smokers' rights, government regulation, liberty, personal responsibility
test-international-eiahwpamu-con02a	Deeper issues unresolved  Microfinance provides a quick-fix solution for the poor. The individual, or community, is provided with a loan to invest in their future. However, although access to capital is a key concern for enabling entrepreneurialism it is not the silver bullet. Microfinance schemes will fail without providing a stable political and economic environment that makes a good climate to invest in.  Microfinance is essentially short-termist. It encourages investment but only in things that will bring a quick return. With interest rates as high as 30% the person taking the loan needs to pay it back as quickly as possible. This can sometimes be against an individual’s long term interests, for example access to microfinance often reduces primary school attendance as this is a long term investment that will not pay back the loan money (IOE, 2011). microfinance, quick-fix solution, poverty, access to capital, entrepreneurialism, stable political environment, stable economic environment, investment climate, short-termism, high interest rates, loan repayment, long-term interests, education, primary school attendance, IOE 2011, microfinance limitations, development challenges, social impact, financial inclusion, poverty alleviation microfinance, short-termism, poverty alleviation, high interest rates, quick-fix solutions, stable political environment, stable economic environment, entrepreneurialism, loan repayment, investment climate, long-term impact, primary school attendance, education trade-offs, sustainable development, capital access, economic stability, social consequences, microcredit, loan dynamics, development issues, interest rate effects microfinance, quick-fix solution, poverty, access to capital, entrepreneurialism, economic environment, political stability, investment climate, short-termism, high interest rates, loan repayment, long-term interests, primary school attendance, education, loan impact, microfinance limitations, economic development, sustainable growth, IOE 2011, poverty alleviation microfinance, quick-fix solution, poverty alleviation, access to capital, entrepreneurialism, economic environment, political stability, investment climate, short-termism, high interest rates, loan repayment, long-term interests, education impact, school attendance, IOE 2011, loan sustainability, microfinance limitations, poverty solutions, economic development, social impact microfinance, unresolved issues, quick-fix solution, poverty alleviation, loan, entrepreneurialism, access to capital, political environment, economic environment, investment climate, short-termism, high interest rates, loan repayment, long-term interests, primary school attendance, educational impact, sustainability, community development, IOE 2011
test-international-eghrhbeusli-pro04a	Cooperation is the best way to gain influence  Cooperating with China is the best way to gain influence with the regime in order to promote democracy and human rights, engage it internationally, etc. The Chinese respond very badly to being publicly lectured or threatened, [1] but they will listen to those friendly nations who have earned their trust in ways like these. China for example often follows Russia, since the beginning of the 1990s its biggest arms supplier, when it comes to voting in the United Nations Security Council. Thus both vetoed sanctions against Syria in 2011 and shortly after Russia shifted its position to urging Assad to carry out reforms China followed. [2] The influence of the United States over other East Asian states in encouraging their democratization also shows that friends can apply influence on issues such as human rights as well as where interests coincide; The United States played a key role in sheparding Philippine dictator Marcos out of office and then encouraged Korean President Chun Doo Hwan to stick to a single term of office and not to use force against the opposition in 1988. [3] Lifting the ban is an investment in the future of the Europe-China relationship, and could be of benefit to the whole world, not just the EU.  [1] Byrnes, Sholto, ‘David Cameron’s China visit’, 2010.   [2] Chulov, Martin, ‘China urges Syria regime to deliver on promised reforms’, 2011.   [3] Oberdorfer, Don, The Two Koreas, 2001, pp.163-4, 170. cooperation, influence, China, regime, democracy, human rights, international engagement, trust-building, diplomatic relations, Russia-China relations, United Nations Security Council, Syria sanctions, East Asia, U.S. influence, democratization, Philippines, South Korea, EU-China relations, arms embargo, trust, soft power, diplomatic strategy, policy, reform, foreign policy, international relations, authoritarian regimes, constructive engagement, sanctions, global politics, regime change cooperation, influence, China, democracy, human rights, diplomacy, engagement, international relations, trust, United Nations Security Council, Russia-China relations, arms trade, Syria sanctions, US influence, democratization, East Asia, Philippines, Marcos, Korea, Chun Doo Hwan, EU-China relations, sanctions, reforms, international engagement, regime change, diplomatic strategy, soft power, trust-building, authoritarian regimes cooperation, influence, China, democracy, human rights, international engagement, trust-building, United Nations Security Council, Russia-China relations, arms supply, Syria sanctions, US influence, East Asia, democratization, Philippines, Marcos, South Korea, Chun Doo Hwan, European Union, EU-China relations, sanctions, diplomacy, foreign policy, international relations, soft power, regime change, reforms, global impact cooperation, influence, China, regime, democracy, human rights, international engagement, trust, United Nations Security Council, Russia, arms supplier, sanctions, Syria, veto, reforms, United States, East Asia, democratization, Philippines, Marcos, Korea, Chun Doo Hwan, political transition, Europe-China relationship, EU, diplomacy, foreign policy, international relations, friendly nations, public lecturing, threats, international cooperation, lifting ban, world benefit cooperation, influence, China, regime, democracy, human rights, international engagement, trust, arms supplier, Russia, United Nations Security Council, Syria sanctions, US influence, East Asia, democratization, Philippines, Marcos, Korea, Chun Doo Hwan, European Union, Europe-China relations, arms embargo, diplomacy, soft power, international relations, foreign policy, sanctions, political reform, engagement strategy, human rights advocacy
test-international-aegmeppghw-con05a	Turkey would have the largest population of all member states and would therefore hold a disproportionate amount of voting power  Turkey is a large country in European terms, but even if its population would make it the largest single EU member by 2020, this would still only give it some 15% of the total in an enlarged EU of 25 countries or more. This is a much smaller proportion than Germany represented in the EU of 15 before the 2004 enlargement (21.9%) [1] , so it is ridiculous to argue that Turkey would dominate EU decision-making. It would not gain full status for many years anyway; an inauguration period, in which it had semi-membership status, would introduce it slowly to the process. Turkey would not be able to change EU policy to suit itself as soon as it arrives.  [1]  European Union (EU-15) & Constituent Nation Population from 1950 & Projections to 2050, Demographia, 2001 Turkey, EU enlargement, population, voting power, EU decision-making, member states, demographic projections, semi-membership status, EU policy, Germany, EU-15, EU-25, European Union, proportional representation, accession, dominance, inauguration period, population statistics, Demographia, 2020, 2004 enlargement, member state influence, population comparison Turkey, EU enlargement, population, voting power, member states, EU decision-making, semi-membership, inauguration period, Germany, proportional representation, EU-15, demographic projections, 2020, 2004 enlargement, Demographia Turkey, European Union, EU enlargement, population projections, voting power, member states, EU decision-making, semi-membership, inauguration period, Germany, proportional representation, EU policy, demographic projections, EU-15, country population, dominance, EU integration, Demographia 2001, EU politics Turkey, European Union, EU enlargement, population, voting power, member states, EU decision-making, EU-25, EU-15, Germany, semi-membership status, accession, proportional representation, demographic projections, EU policy, dominance, inauguration period, Demographia Turkey, EU membership, population size, voting power, EU enlargement, member states, 2020 projection, EU decision-making, semi-membership, inauguration period, Germany population, EU-15, 2004 enlargement, EU policy, disproportionate influence, Demographia, demographics, enlargement effects, population proportion, European Union expansion, member state influence
test-science-nsihwbtiss-con02a	The law would violate freedom of speech and association.  Under this law a random person who the student has never met, even a potential predator, would be allowed to send a message via facebook or twitter. And yet a teacher doing the same thing, regardless of the content of that message, would be instantly committing an offence. Every person is allowed to speak to and associate with whomever they choose. That is a fundamental right that the government is not allowed to take away [1] . A person’s status as a teacher should not be an excuse to violate their rights.  [1] Solove, Daniel. “Missouri Bans Teachers from Friending Students on Social Networking Webistes.” The Huffington Post. 02 August 2011. freedom of speech, freedom of association, teacher-student communication, social media, facebook, twitter, legal rights, constitutional rights, teacher rights, law violation, online messaging, Missouri law, student privacy, predator risk, teacher offense, government restrictions, fundamental rights, Solove, Daniel Solove, teacher discrimination, social networking, The Huffington Post, teacher-student relationships, internet law, digital communication restrictions freedom of speech, freedom of association, teachers, students, social networking, Facebook, Twitter, Missouri law, teacher-student communication, online messaging, teacher rights, students' rights, government regulation, fundamental rights, privacy, education policy, Solove, legal restrictions, teacher misconduct, communication laws, social media policy freedom of speech, freedom of association, teacher-student communication, social media law, Facebook, Twitter, Missouri law, teacher rights, student rights, social networking ban, online communication regulation, constitutional rights, government overreach, Solove Daniel, Huffington Post, teacher offenses, digital privacy, education policy, legal restrictions, predator risk, fundamental rights freedom of speech, freedom of association, law violation, teacher rights, student-teacher communication, social media, social networking, Facebook, Twitter, online messaging, Missouri law, teacher-student relationships, fundamental rights, government restrictions, Solove, Huffington Post, legal implications, educational policy, internet privacy, communication restriction, First Amendment freedom of speech, freedom of association, teacher student communication, social networking, Facebook, Twitter, online messaging, Missouri law, teacher rights, student rights, online privacy, constitutional rights, government restriction, teacher-student interaction, Solove Daniel, Huffington Post, social media ban, legal limits, education law, message content, predator risk, fundamental rights, digital communication, teaching profession, civil liberties
test-economy-thsptr-pro04a	Progressive taxation promotes a more equal, more harmonious society  Progressive taxation provides real equality of opportunity, and serves to level the playing field so that social classes are not fixed. Everyone deserves a chance to climb the economic ladder, but without a regime of progressive taxation this is nearly impossible. [1] If tax revenues are generated by flat or regressive taxes the poor will necessarily have to contribute substantial portions of their own income to the state, cutting into their ability to consume and save. Social services must still be financed, and the best way to do that is through a progressive tax regime that makes those most able to pay more pay more; if more of the burden is placed on the poor and disadvantaged, as it must in a flat-rate system, fewer people will be able to climb out from the social strata in which they are born. [2] The more equal society created by these taxes is thus more equitable, since it affords people greater opportunities. It is also more harmonious, since well-funded services keep people from feeling desperate and to turn to such things as crime. But greater equality itself can also be beneficial, as it reduces distinctions between groups in society, and prevents stratification into social classes based on wealth. People who are more alike can sympathize and empathize more with one another. Progressive taxation thus promotes a very real and powerful social message that can greatly benefit social cohesion.  [1] Young, H. Peyton. 1990. “Progressive Taxation and Equal Sacrifice”. The American Economic Review 80(1): 253-266.  [2] Benabou, Roland. “Social Mobility and the Demand for Redistribution: The Poum Hypothesis”. The Quarterly Journal of Economics. 2001. Available: progressive taxation, equality of opportunity, social mobility, economic inequality, income redistribution, equitable society, tax regime, flat tax, regressive tax, social class, wealth stratification, social cohesion, social harmony, public services funding, equal sacrifice, ability to pay, tax burden, economic ladder, poverty reduction, tax policy, social equity, income distribution, empathy, social integration, economic justice, tax fairness progressive taxation, equality of opportunity, social mobility, income redistribution, social harmony, equitable society, tax policy, economic ladder, wealth inequality, social stratification, flat tax, regressive tax, tax burden, social services funding, social cohesion, class mobility, economic justice, public finance, taxation and equality, social class, poverty reduction, empathy, crime reduction, well-being, tax fairness, economic opportunity, redistribution policy, fiscal policy progressive taxation,equality of opportunity,social mobility,social cohesion,economic inequality,redistribution,equitable society,wealth redistribution,social classes,equal sacrifice,social services,tax regimes,flat tax,regressive tax,poverty reduction,social harmony,social stratification,wealth gaps,social justice,economic justice,public finance,social empathy,crime reduction,tax burden,opportunity ladder progressive taxation, equality of opportunity, social mobility, economic equality, tax system, income redistribution, social harmony, class stratification, wealth distribution, social services, flat tax, regressive tax, tax burden, income inequality, social cohesion, equitable society, redistribution policy, upward mobility, social class, tax justice, fiscal policy, socioeconomic mobility, American Economic Review, Roland Benabou, social equity progressive taxation, social equality, economic opportunity, income distribution, social mobility, tax regimes, flat tax, regressive taxes, wealth redistribution, social cohesion, social harmony, class stratification, equitable society, social services funding, tax burden, economic ladder, income inequality, equal sacrifice, taxation policy, public goods, welfare state, social justice, redistribution, empathy, social class, social solidarity, economic justice
test-digital-freedoms-aihwbasmn-pro01a	Free speech is not useful in this context, as riot is never legitimate in a free society  Riots should not be tolerated in a free society as there are already legal and peaceful methods of dissenting such as through demonstrations, petitions, and contacting your representative in Parliament. It demonstrates a fundamental unwillingness to engage with not only the apparatus of the state, but society more generally. Rioters have no regard for the public, and the violence and damage they cause harms everyone. Riots tend to do little to actually challenge the state, but rather they tend to harm the most disadvantaged, those who happen to be in the vicinity of the mobs. The freedom of speech social media provides to its users is being fundamentally misused in the context of riots. [1] When speech is used to organize violence, it must be curtailed for the sake of society as individuals security and safety is more important that freedom of speech that is briefly curtailed. Violence damages long after the event whereas those who have their freedom of speech curtailed for a few hours can swiftly voice their opinions once the riot has ended and the block lifted.  [1] Thomson, A. and Hutton, R., “UK May Block Twitter, Blackberry Messaging Services in Future Riots”. Bloomberg. 11 August 2011. free speech, riots, legitimacy, free society, tolerance, legal dissent, peaceful protest, demonstrations, petitions, parliament, societal engagement, public safety, violence, property damage, disadvantaged communities, state apparatus, social media, misuse of speech, organizing violence, speech restriction, security, individual safety, temporary censorship, aftermath of riots, UK, Twitter block, Blackberry Messaging, Bloomberg, Thomson, Hutton, 2011 riots free speech, riots, legitimacy, free society, peaceful dissent, demonstrations, petitions, contacting representatives, state apparatus, social responsibility, riot violence, societal harm, disadvantaged communities, social media, misuse of speech, organizing violence, curtailing speech, security, public safety, speech restrictions, media blocking, UK riots, Thomson Hutton, Bloomberg 2011 free speech, riots, legitimacy, free society, peaceful protest, demonstrations, petitions, parliamentary representation, dissent, state apparatus, societal engagement, public safety, violence, property damage, marginalized communities, social media, misuse, organizing violence, speech curtailment, security, safety, UK, Twitter, Blackberry, Bloomberg, information blocking, riot control free speech, riots, legitimacy, free society, dissent, peaceful protest, demonstrations, petitions, parliament, state apparatus, public safety, violence, social media, misuse, organizing violence, speech restriction, security, safety, harm to disadvantaged, blocking social media, Twitter, Blackberry Messaging, UK riots, temporary speech curtailment, law and order, civil unrest, communication restrictions, riot prevention, Bloomberg, Thomson, Hutton free speech, riots, legitimacy, free society, peaceful protest, demonstrations, petitions, parliamentary representation, state apparatus, social cohesion, public safety, violence, public harm, disadvantaged communities, social media misuse, organizing violence, speech restriction, individual security, temporary censorship, event aftermath, riot aftermath, communication block, government response, UK riots, Blackberry messaging, Twitter ban, legal dissent
test-economy-bepahbtsnrt-con01a	Produces Employment  Tourism is the second largest employer in the country. The industry produces over 400,000 jobs for Tunisians1. This employment figure is vital to Tunisia which has a large number of students in higher-education, around 346,000 in 2010, and a consequentially high expectation of employment2. Tourism also has a positive effect on other linked industries such as transport, creating jobs in these sectors as well. This creation of employment allows more people to sufficiently contribute to society through taxes and the purchasing of goods through their wages. This, in turn, produces economic growth and should therefore be encouraged.  1) Padmore,R. ‘Tunisia tourism industry looks to rebuild’, BBC, 22nd August 2013  2) Global Edge, ‘Tunisia: Economy’, data accessed 27 January 2014 tourism employment, Tunisia tourism, job creation, tourism sector jobs, higher education graduates, economic impact, transport industry jobs, workforce, student employment, economic growth, tourism industry, tax contribution, purchasing power, linked industries, economic development, tourism benefits, employment statistics Tunisia, tourism-driven jobs, employment opportunities, labor market Tunisia employment, tourism, Tunisia, job creation, labor market, higher education, students, workforce, linked industries, transport sector, economic growth, wages, taxes, purchasing power, socioeconomic impact, employment statistics, youth employment, industry contribution, national economy, Padmore, BBC, Global Edge employment, tourism, Tunisia, job creation, higher education, workforce, economic growth, transport sector, tax contribution, wage spending, secondary industries, labor market, unemployment, student employment, economic impact, tourism sector, economic development, linked industries, employment statistics, regional economy employment, tourism, Tunisia, job creation, higher education, labor market, economic growth, transport sector, taxes, wages, workforce, students, linked industries, economic impact, sectoral employment, purchasing power, socioeconomic contribution, tourism industry, employment opportunities, national economy employment, tourism, Tunisia, jobs, job creation, workforce, higher education, students, economic growth, transport sector, linked industries, wages, tax contribution, purchasing power, economic impact, unemployment, labor market, tourism industry, economic development
test-education-pteuhwfphe-con04a	Graduates may move abroad to avoid tax payments  As taxes are collected nationally there is no reason why a UK graduate could not simply upon graduating leave the country and avoid paying the education tax. If enough people exploited this obvious loophole in the system the Government could end up severe deficit in the education budget which ultimately could lead to lower investment which would have a detrimental effect on the quality of education on offer. The proposed system then is simply not a practical one seeing as this massive and clear to see loophole exists with it. graduates, move abroad, avoid tax, UK, education tax, tax evasion, loophole, government deficit, education budget, investment, quality of education, tax collection, international migration, policy, student mobility, graduate migration, education funding, tax avoidance, practical issues graduates, move abroad, avoid tax, education tax, UK graduates, tax avoidance, loophole, government deficit, education budget, lower investment, education quality, impractical system, loophole exploitation, national tax collection, graduate migration graduates, move abroad, avoid tax, education tax, leave country, tax loophole, UK, national taxes, government deficit, education budget, lower investment, education quality, impractical system, loophole exploitation, graduate migration, student loan repayment, emigration, fiscal impact, policy loophole graduates, move abroad, avoid tax, education tax, tax avoidance, UK graduates, national tax collection, government deficit, education budget, investment in education, quality of education, policy loophole, practical implications, education funding, graduate migration, tax evasion, loophole exploitation, public finance, student debt repayment, international mobility graduates, move abroad, tax avoidance, national tax collection, UK graduates, education tax, emigration, government deficit, education budget, investment reduction, education quality, loophole, impractical system, student migration, fiscal impact, policy flaw, taxpayer flight, funding shortfall, public finance, tax loophole
test-society-tsmihwurpp-pro02a	Profiling would have caught many of the perpetrators of terrorism in recent years.  Profiling takes account of many more characteristics than an individual’s ethnicity. Targeted checks would have caught, for example, the so called Christmas Day Bomber. Individuals who pay in cash for a one way flight while carrying no luggage, as Umar Farouk Abdulmutallab [i] did, are a fairly small group and it makes sense to target them.  Profiling is a great deal more subtle than a decision to target a single ethnic group. It is entirely possible to identify patterns in the behaviour of terrorists, drug mules and smugglers, and to respond to that accordingly.  Obviously, the more refined the profile can be, the better. It is incredibly unlikely that an affluent, Caucasian businessman with a return ticket for the following day is either a suicide bomber or a drug smuggler. Both common sense and statistics show this to be the case.  [i] “Obama vows to repair intelligence gaps behind Detroit airplane incident”. The Washington post, 30 December 2009. profiling, terrorism, targeted checks, behavioral patterns, Umar Farouk Abdulmutallab, Christmas Day Bomber, security screening, intelligence gaps, ethnicity, travel behavior, cash payment, one-way flight, no luggage, risk assessment, pattern recognition, terror prevention, drug smuggling, airport security, law enforcement, racial profiling, profiling accuracy, common sense, statistics, security protocols, smuggling detection profiling, terrorism, targeted checks, security screening, behavioral patterns, Umar Farouk Abdulmutallab, Christmas Day Bomber, intelligence gaps, ethnicity, racial profiling, airport security, drug mules, smugglers, cash payments, one-way flights, luggage, passenger profiling, security intelligence, statistical profiling, risk assessment, pattern recognition, travel behavior, law enforcement, counter-terrorism, common sense, security measures profiling, terrorism, targeted checks, behavioral patterns, airport security, Umar Farouk Abdulmutallab, Christmas Day Bomber, cash payment, one-way flight, no luggage, risk assessment, subtle profiling, ethnic profiling, terrorist detection, drug mules, smugglers, passenger screening, statistical analysis, intelligence gaps, security measures, travel behavior, law enforcement, Detroit airplane incident, selective screening, non-ethnic profiling, criminal profiling profiling, terrorism, targeted checks, airport security, behavioral patterns, terrorism suspects, cash payment, one-way flight, no luggage, Umar Farouk Abdulmutallab, Christmas Day Bomber, ethnic profiling, behavioral profiling, drug mules, smugglers, risk assessment, passenger screening, intelligence gaps, Detroit airplane incident, security protocols, identification patterns, law enforcement, travel behavior, counterterrorism profiling, terrorism, targeted checks, behavioral patterns, security screening, profiling characteristics, airport security, risk assessment, cash payment, one-way flight, no luggage, Umar Farouk Abdulmutallab, Christmas Day Bomber, ethnically neutral profiling, intelligence gaps, drug mules, smuggling detection, counterterrorism, passenger profiling, refined profiles, statistical analysis, security measures, common sense, deterrence, non-ethnic profiling, behavioral indicators, aviation security
test-society-epsihbdns-con02a	"It is practically impossible to control people's movement  One of the major problems with the proposal lies in the very fact that we are indeed dealing with developing nations. These nations have very limited capacity to manage this kind of system. What will happen instead, will be a state of confusion, where the law will be upheld in some parts while ignored in others. The case in China clearly shows that corruption follows in the wake of this kind of legislation, where urban Hukous are sold illegally or officials are frequently bribed to ignore the law. [1]  Furthermore, it only causes those who choose to move to the cities, in spite of the law, to be alienated from society and live a life outside of the law. Once outside of the law, the step to other crimes is very small as these people have little to lose. [2] In short, the law will only work in some cases and where it works it will lead to increased segregation and more crime.  [1] Wang, Fei-Ling. “Organising through Division and Exclusion: China's Hukou System"". 2005.  [2] Wu. s.l., and Treiman, The Household Registration System and Social Stratification in China: 1955-1996. Springer, 2004, Demography, Vol. 2. people's movement control, developing nations, limited administrative capacity, law enforcement disparity, confusion, urban-rural migration, China, Hukou system, corruption, illegal registration, bribery, legal alienation, social exclusion, crime increase, social segregation, social stratification, household registration, urbanization challenges, migration policy, administrative challenges, law implementation, Wang Fei-Ling, Wu, Treiman people movement control, developing nations, limited capacity, law enforcement disparity, confusion, regional law application, social exclusion, urban Hukou, illegal Hukou sale, official bribery, corruption, migration, alienation, urban migration, legal evasion, increased crime, segregation, social stratification, China, household registration system, system management challenges, legislation impact, law compliance, urbanization, migration policy, rural-urban divide population control, migration, developing nations, administrative capacity, law enforcement, social exclusion, China, Hukou system, corruption, illegal migration, bribery, social stratification, urbanization, alienation, crime, segregation, policy implementation, household registration, governance, urban-rural divide, demography people's movement control, developing nations, limited administrative capacity, law enforcement disparity, confusion, corruption, China, Hukou system, illegal urban Hukou sales, bribery, urban migration, social alienation, extralegal living, increased crime, social segregation, legislation impact, household registration, social stratification, administrative challenges, migration policy, governance weaknesses population control, people's movement, developing nations, capacity limitations, law enforcement, confusion, selective law application, China, corruption, urban Hukou, illegal sales, bribery, migration, social alienation, life outside the law, crime, segregation, social stratification, household registration system, policy failure, governance, Wang Fei-Ling, Wu, Treiman"
test-free-speech-debate-ldhwbmclg-con02a	A ban will be ineffective  A new legal prohibition on any type of behaviour or conduct can only be set up by investing large amounts of political capital in order to transform vague proposals into a legislative document and then into a fully-fledged law. This expense can only be justified if the ban is effective – if it is seen as a legitimate use of a state’s power; is enforceable; and if it brings about some form of beneficial social change. The change being sought in this instance is a reduction in the violence, criminality and social disaffection that some people associate with hip hop music and its fans.  Laws do not create changes in behaviour simply because they are laws. It is unlikely that the consumers of hip hop will refrain from listening to it. The ease with which music can be distributed and performed means that any ban on violent songs will, inevitably, be ineffective. File sharing networks and cross border online stores such as eBay and Silk Road already enable people to obtain media and controlled goods with little more than a credit card and a forwarding address. The total value of all of the music illegally pirated during 2007 is estimated to be $12.5 billion. The same network of file sharing systems and data repositories would be used to distribute banned music if proposition’s policies became law.  Current urban music genres are already defined and supported by grassroots musicians who specialise in assembling tracks using minimal resources before sharing them among friends or broadcasting them on short-range pirate radio stations. Just as the internet contains a resilient, ready-made distribution network for music, urban communities contain large numbers of ambitious, talented amateur artists who will step into fill the void created by large record company’s withdrawal from controversial or prohibited genres.  Although a formal ban on the distribution of music has yet to happen within a western liberal democracy, similar laws have been created to restrict access to violent videogames. Following widespread reports of the damaging effects that exposure to violent videogames might have on children, Australia banned outright the publication of a succession of violent and action-oriented titles. However, in several instances, implementation of this ban led only to increased piracy of prohibited games through file sharing networks and attempts by publishing companies to circumvent the ban using websites based in jurisdictions outside Australia. Similar behaviour is likely to result in other liberal democracies following any ban on music with violent lyrics.  If banned, controversial music will move from the managed, regulated space occupied by record companies and distributors- where business entities and artists’ agents can engage in structured, transparent debate with classification bodies- to the partly hidden and unregulated space of the internet. As a consequence it will be much more difficult to detect genuinely dangerous material, and much harder for artists who do not trade in violent clichés to win fans and recognition.  As discussed in principle 10, effective control and classification of controversial material can only be achieved if it is discussed with a high specificity and a nuanced understanding of the shared standards that it might offend. This would not be possible under a policy that effectively surrenders control of the content of music to the internet. ban effectiveness, legal prohibition, political capital, legislative process, state legitimacy, law enforceability, social change, violence reduction, criminality, hip hop ban, music regulation, consumer behavior, music distribution, piracy, file sharing, online media access, eBay, Silk Road, music piracy value, grassroots musicians, urban music, pirate radio, independent artists, record companies, music censorship, violent videogame bans, Australia videogame law, piracy increase, circumvent bans, international jurisdiction, liberal democracies, music censorship outcomes, managed regulation, unregulated internet, dangerous material detection, artist recognition, classification bodies, controversial material, content control, ban effectiveness, legal prohibition, political capital, legislative process, law effectiveness, state power legitimacy, law enforcement, social change, hip hop violence, music consumption, music distribution, file sharing, online stores, media bans, piracy, urban music, grassroots musicians, pirate radio, internet distribution, amateur artists, record companies, music censorship, western liberal democracy, videogame bans, violent content, Australia, prohibited media, piracy increase, external jurisdictions, circumvention, liberal democracies, violent lyrics, managed distribution, unregulated internet, detection challenges, controversial material, content control, classification, specific debate, shared community standards, internet content regulation ban effectiveness, legal prohibition, political capital, legislative process, law enforcement, social change, hip hop music, violence reduction, criminality, social disaffection, music consumption, music distribution, ineffectiveness of bans, file sharing, online stores, music piracy, Silk Road, grassroots musicians, urban music, pirate radio, amateur artists, music networks, violent videogames, media bans, Australia, censorship circumvention, liberal democracies, music with violent lyrics, managed distribution, record companies, digital piracy, internet regulation, content control, classification bodies, controversial material, specific regulation, internet distribution, cultural standards, regulatory challenges ban effectiveness, legal prohibition, political capital, legislative process, law enforcement, state legitimacy, social change, violence reduction, criminality, hip hop music, music consumption, music distribution, file sharing, online piracy, digital media, eBay, Silk Road, music piracy value, grassroots musicians, urban music, amateur artists, pirate radio, internet distribution, media bans, western liberal democracy, violent videogames, Australia videogame ban, piracy response, publishing circumvention, liberal democracies, controversial music, record companies, content regulation, online unregulated space, dangerous material detection, artist recognition, content classification, shared standards, specific debate, ban effectiveness, legal prohibition, political capital, legislative process, law legitimacy, enforcement, social change, violence reduction, criminality, social disaffection, hip hop music, music consumers, law compliance, music distribution, music ban, violent songs, file sharing, online music piracy, illegal media, digital distribution, cross-border commerce, eBay, Silk Road, piracy value, data repositories, banned music, grassroots musicians, urban music genres, amateur artists, pirate radio, independent music, record companies, music prohibition, western liberal democracy, violent videogame ban, Australia, videogame restriction, increased piracy, law circumvention, publishing companies
test-international-eiahwpamu-con01a	Realistic barriers  There are significant barriers to introducing microfinance. Microfinance can’t reach everywhere; a lack of infrastructure, or poor infrastructure, can mean that microfinance initiatives often can’t reach where need is greatest. Those who are poorest most need money just to get buy, not to invest. They would be unable to repay even tiny loans. It returns to the question of who is the poorest, and what do we know about them - where they are, what they need, and why are they poor?  Secondly, structural constraints limit the ability for microfinance to be sustainable and provide a long term solution. Bad governance, inadequate structures to regulate microfinance, and political instability, mean the theoretical benefits of microfinance may not become a lived reality.  Thirdly, who is involved in the supply? The involvement of multiple actors - NGOs, communities, the state, and private sector, complicates how microfinance is being run and therefore the effectiveness. Tensions emerge with such partnerships as each actor has the different objectives and motivations. microfinance barriers, infrastructure challenges, poorest populations, loan repayment capacity, poverty assessment, financial inclusion, microfinance sustainability, structural constraints, governance issues, regulatory frameworks, political instability, multi-actor involvement, NGOs, community participation, state involvement, private sector, partnership tensions, divergent objectives, effectiveness of microfinance, development obstacles, financial access microfinance barriers, infrastructure challenges, poorest populations, repayment limitations, financial inclusion, structural constraints, sustainability, governance, regulation, political instability, supply actors, NGOs, communities, state involvement, private sector, partnership tensions, effectiveness, objectives, motivations, poverty mapping, needs assessment microfinance barriers, infrastructure limitations, poverty, loan repayment, poorest populations, structural constraints, governance issues, regulatory challenges, political instability, sustainability, actor involvement, NGOs, community participation, state role, private sector, partnership tensions, effectiveness, long-term solutions, microfinance reach, development challenges microfinance, barriers, infrastructure, access, poverty, poorest populations, repayment, sustainability, structural constraints, governance, regulation, political instability, actors, NGOs, private sector, government, community involvement, partnerships, conflicting objectives, effectiveness, financial inclusion, rural access, development, regulatory framework, implementation challenges microfinance, barriers, infrastructure, poverty, poorest populations, loan repayment, sustainability, structural constraints, bad governance, regulation, political instability, actors, NGOs, communities, private sector, state, effectiveness, partnership tensions, objectives, motivations, microfinance reach, inclusion, financial access, development challenges, microfinance sustainability, regulatory frameworks
test-law-lgplhbssbco-pro03a	Prohibiting suicide sends the message that it is not an acceptable behaviour  Individual action is shaped by what norms and standards are set by society. By prohibiting suicide, society sends out a message that it is not an acceptable action. Legislation is a useful social tool, in that it proscribes the limits of individual action. And by failing to prohibit suicide, society fails to add the ultimate sanction of its laws into the balance of any decision whether or not to commit suicide. Many of those who have tried and failed to commit suicide never attempt it again. This suggests that many who kill themselves do so because of their particular short-term circumstances, perhaps while ill, suffering financial problems or under emotional stress, rather than through a considered and rational decision. More than 30% of suicides are precipitated by intimate partner problems, more than 10% by jobs problems and 10% by financial problems. [1] Given this, even a small deterrent will help to save many lives that are currently wasted needlessly.  [1] Canters for Disease Control and Prevention, ‘Suicide: Data Sources’, 26 August 2011, prohibiting suicide, suicide legislation, social norms, societal standards, legal prohibition, suicide deterrence, individual action, law and behavior, suicide prevention, societal message, emotional stress, financial problems, intimate partner problems, suicide statistics, CDC suicide data, suicide motivation, rational decision, mental health, suicide rates, deterrent effect suicide prohibition, societal norms, legislation, social sanctions, suicide prevention, individual behavior, law and suicide, suicide deterrence, mental health, crisis intervention, emotional stress, financial problems, intimate partner issues, short-term circumstances, suicide statistics, CDC suicide data, public policy, legal measures, suicide rates, social influence, suicide law, behavioral deterrents, risk factors, suicide intervention, societal standards, law as deterrent suicide prohibition, social norms, societal standards, legal deterrence, suicide legislation, individual behavior, suicide prevention, legal sanctions, suicide deterrent effect, impulsive suicide, emotional stress, financial problems, intimate partner issues, job-related stress, suicide statistics, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, suicide data, mental health, suicide attempts, suicide policy, public health, suicide rationality, suicide risk factors, normative influence suicide prohibition, social norms, societal standards, suicide legislation, individual behavior, legal deterrent, suicide prevention, societal message, law and morality, suicide statistics, suicidal behavior, emotional stress, financial problems, intimate partner problems, job problems, legislative impact, suicide deterrence, rational decision-making, suicide risk factors, failed suicide attempts, CDC suicide data, public health policy suicide prohibition, social norms, behavioural standards, suicide legislation, social sanctions, individual action, suicide deterrents, suicide prevention, suicide statistics, motivations for suicide, mental health, emotional distress, financial problems, intimate partner problems, social influence, legal deterrence, suicide laws, societal message, suicide attempts, suicide policy, Centres for Disease Control and Prevention
test-culture-ahrtsdlgra-con02a	Freedom of speech  Artists ought to be allowed to express themselves, and display the world they see, as they see it.  Freedom of speech is considered integral to the modern democracy, and with good reason! Free speech makes a vital contribution to a plurality of ideas. It is only when a great number of ideas are expressed and challenged, such that people’s beliefs remain fluid, and can be formed and reformed, that we are able to arrive at such a point where we are likely to progress. This ‘marketplace of ideas’ prevents us from stagnating; from continuing harmful practices and modes of thought simply because they are traditional.  The more free speech is limited, the less able we are to access this plurality of ideas, and thus the less able we are to truly challenge harmful habits. freedom of speech, artistic expression, democracy, plurality of ideas, marketplace of ideas, free speech, censorship, belief formation, progress, self-expression, social change, tradition vs modernity, public discourse, intellectual freedom, suppression of ideas, creative freedom, artists' rights, open debate, harmful traditions, challenging beliefs freedom of speech, artists, self-expression, democracy, plurality of ideas, free speech, marketplace of ideas, progress, censorship, creativity, traditional practices, challenging beliefs, harmful habits, modern democracy, expression rights, art and society, intellectual freedom, speech limitations, societal progress, cultural critique freedom of speech, artists, self-expression, democracy, plurality of ideas, marketplace of ideas, creative freedom, censorship, challenging beliefs, social progress, traditional practices, harmful practices, limits on speech, free expression, public discourse, artistic freedom, modern democracy, fluid beliefs, idea exchange, speech limitations freedom of speech, artistic expression, self-expression, democracy, plurality of ideas, marketplace of ideas, censorship, progress, belief formation, challenging traditions, harmful practices, free speech limitations, diversity of thought, artist rights, modern democracy, public discourse, societal progress freedom of speech, artists’ expression, artistic freedom, democracy, free speech, plurality of ideas, marketplace of ideas, expression rights, censorship, intellectual freedom, creative expression, progress, traditional practices, challenging beliefs, harmful practices, limitations on speech, belief formation, public discourse, idea exchange, debate
test-religion-grcrgshwbr-pro01a	Many symbols are seen as a symbol of oppression on women.  Religious symbols are seen to, in some cases, increase the equality divide between genders. As an example, the Muslim Hijab is considered by some as a very powerful symbol for the oppression of women, particularly in countries such as Saudi Arabia or Afghanistan where it is compulsory. Therefore, when it is worn in Western countries that encourage democracy and equality, the wearing of the Hijab is seen as almost counter-productive to the goals of democratic society. For this reason Belgium has recently banned the wearing of the full Muslim veil, much like France in 2010.1 Often Muslim dress rules for women are seen as more severe than those for men. Inequality between men and women is a form of discrimination and liberal societies should fight all forms of discrimination.  1 ' Belgian ban on full veils comes into force', BBC News Europe, 23rd July 2011, accessed on 23rd July 2011 oppression, women, religious symbols, gender equality, Muslim hijab, compulsory, Saudi Arabia, Afghanistan, Western countries, democracy, equality, counter-productive, full Muslim veil, Belgium ban, France ban, 2010, Muslim dress code, gender inequality, discrimination, liberal societies, women's rights, Islam, dress rules, veil laws, burqa, niqab, secularism women oppression, religious symbols, gender equality, Muslim hijab, compulsory dress, Saudi Arabia, Afghanistan, Western countries, democracy, equality, Belgium veil ban, France veil ban, discrimination, Muslim dress rules, women's rights, gender inequality, full veil, liberal societies, Islamic dress code, women's oppression, secularism, religious dress ban, women's discrimination oppression, women, religious symbols, gender equality, Muslim hijab, female oppression, compulsory hijab, Saudi Arabia, Afghanistan, Western countries, democracy, equality, hijab controversy, Islamic dress code, burqa ban, Belgium, France, discrimination, sexism, women's rights, liberal societies, Islam, Muslim women, gender discrimination, dress restrictions, veil ban, BBC News, face veil, Islamic law, secularism, cultural conflict, women's empowerment women oppression, religious symbols, gender inequality, Muslim Hijab, Saudi Arabia, Afghanistan, compulsory dress, Western countries, democracy, equality, full veil ban, Belgium, France, Muslim dress code, discrimination, liberal societies, women's rights, men vs women rules, secularism, Islamic dress, women's empowerment religious symbols, oppression of women, gender equality, Muslim Hijab, compulsory veiling, Saudi Arabia, Afghanistan, Western countries, democracy, women's rights, discrimination, Belgium veil ban, France veil ban, Muslim dress code, gender inequality, liberal societies, women's oppression, compulsory hijab, women's discrimination, religious dress, secularism, women's rights movement
test-sport-tshbmlbscac-pro02a	Collisions are a part of the game.  First, collisions are part of the tradition of baseball. They have been part of the game for a very long time. Fans, players, and managers all expect home plate hits to occur from time to time. “Some things are part of the game. There’s not a whole lot you can do,” said Red Sox catcher Jason Varitek, who has been on the receiving end of numerous crashes in his career. [1] Varitek’s manager at the time, Terry Francona, agreed: “Nobody wants to see anybody get hurt, but you got to play the game.” [2] And former catcher Brad Ausmus, who had also been hit multiple times in his career, echoed the sentiment: “[I]t's part of the game.… When you put on the shin guards and chest protector, you know that if there’s a play at the plate and you’re blocking the plate, you could take a hit at any moment.” [3] As the Associated Press put it, many people believe “home plate collisions are as much a part of baseball tradition as peanuts and Cracker Jacks and the seventh-inning stretch.” [4]  Second, home plate hits are an essential element of playing the game hard. Without them, baseball would be much less deserving of its nickname “hardball.” One commentator notes, “[An injury is] extremely unfortunate, but it's the result of a hard-nosed play that is as old as the game itself. To take away the potential for a high-intensity, physical play in an otherwise non-physical sport would be a mistake.” [5] In that vein, collisions are also part of the dynamic between the offense and defense that, once removed, will make the game much poorer: “A baserunner wants to get there at all costs, whereas a catcher wants to protect it at all costs. The mutual discomfort that's evoked in both the catcher and the baserunner as a play at the plate develops is one of the intriguing peculiarities that makes the game of baseball so great.” [6]  [1] Antonio Gonzalez, “Posey’s injury stirs debate on baseball collisions,” Associated Press, May 27, 2011,  .  [2] Ibid.  [3] Jayson Stark, “On a collision course,” ESPN.com (Rumblings & Grumblings blog), May 28, 2011,  .  [4] Ibid.  [5] Ricky Doyle, “Buster Posey’s Injury Unfortunate, But Home-Plate Collisions Still Have Place in Baseball,” NESN, May 29, 2011,  .  [6] Ibid . baseball collisions, home plate collisions, baseball tradition, catcher injuries, play at the plate, baseball safety, sports physicality, hard-nosed play, baserunner vs catcher, Buster Posey injury, home plate hits, baseball culture, MLB rules, baseball contact plays, baseball injuries, defensive plays, offensive strategy, fan expectations, baseball history, Associated Press baseball, Jason Varitek, Terry Francona, Brad Ausmus, NESN baseball, play intensity, sport tradition, athlete safety, play dynamics baseball, collisions, home plate, tradition, catcher, baserunner, injury, physical play, hardball, defense, offense, play at the plate, baseball history, sports injuries, baseball culture, blocking the plate, Red Sox, Jason Varitek, Terry Francona, Brad Ausmus, Buster Posey, Associated Press, NESN, ESPN, rules, contact sports, baseball fans, Major League Baseball, safety, baseball debate, hard-nosed play, baseball dynamics baseball, collisions, home plate, tradition, hardball, physical play, catcher, baserunner, offense, defense, injuries, play at the plate, baseball history, sports culture, game dynamics, Red Sox, Jason Varitek, Terry Francona, Brad Ausmus, Associated Press, baseball fans, intensity, blocking the plate, risk, player safety, sports injuries, baseball rules, controversial plays, MLB, Buster Posey, physical contact, sports tradition, competitive play, baseball quotes, athleticism, protective gear, shin guards, chest protector, sports debate baseball, collisions, home plate, tradition, injuries, catcher, baserunner, gameplay, hardball, sportsmanship, physical play, offense, defense, player safety, MLB, baseball history, fan expectations, rule changes, athletic injuries, game intensity, play at the plate, baseball culture, protective gear, blocking the plate, baseball debate, baseball quotes, player perspectives, manager perspectives baseball, collisions, home plate, tradition, catcher, baserunner, injuries, hard-nosed play, physical play, offense, defense, rules, safety, culture, history, play at the plate, game dynamics, Jason Varitek, Terry Francona, Brad Ausmus, Buster Posey, Associated Press, NESN, ESPN, debate, controversy, sportsmanship, baseball tradition, hardball
test-economy-epsihbdns-pro02a	Restrictions on migration would benefit people in the cities economically and socially  Cities are very appealing to poor people. Even if their living standards in cities might be unacceptable, they get closer to basic goods, such as fresh water, sanitation etc. However, these things exist because there are productive people in the cities who work and pay taxes. What happens when too many people come at the same time is that public money is stretched too thinly and these basic goods can no longer be provided. This leads to severe humanitarian problems such as malnutrition, thirst, lack of medication, etc.  However, this humanitarian crisis does not only harm those directly affected, it also creates an unattractive environment for business. Thus, people who enter the city cannot find work, as production does not grow in relation to the people who enter. They become excluded from society and often turn to crime, which further erodes the economy. [1]  Limiting migration to reasonable levels give the cities a chance to develop progressively and become the kind of places that people in rural areas currently believe them to be.  [1] Maxwell, Daniel., “The Political Economy of Urban Food Security in Sub-Saharan Africa.” 11, London : Elsevier Science Ltd., 1999, World Development, Vol. 27, p. 1939±1953. S0305-750X(99)00101-1. urban migration, migration restrictions, city economy, social impact, urbanization, public goods, urban infrastructure, humanitarian crisis, urban poverty, city resources, urban employment, urban crime, rural to urban migration, population pressure, tax base, city development, economic consequences, social exclusion, business environment, urban planning, Sub-Saharan Africa, urban food security, Maxwell Daniel, World Development 1999 urban migration, migration restrictions, city economy, social impact, urban poor, basic goods access, urban infrastructure, public services, humanitarian crisis, resource allocation, urban development, urban unemployment, urban exclusion, crime rates, economic erosion, city planning, rural-urban migration, sustainable cities, urban population control, tax base, urban food security, sub-Saharan Africa, city attractiveness, business environment, progressive development, service provision, Maxwell Daniel, World Development, urbanization challenges, migration policy urban migration restrictions, economic impact, social impact, city resources, public goods, overpopulation, urban infrastructure, humanitarian crisis, malnutrition, unemployment, urban crime, business environment, urban poverty, slum development, public services, taxation, rural-urban migration, urban planning, city development, progressive urbanization, Maxwell Daniel, urban food security, Sub-Saharan Africa, World Development, urban exclusion, migration policy urban migration, migration restrictions, economic impact, social impact, city resources, public goods, overpopulation, urban poverty, urbanization, humanitarian crisis, malnutrition, urban employment, social exclusion, urban crime, economic development, city infrastructure, rural-to-urban migration, urban planning, urban policy, public service strain, urban food security, Maxwell Daniel, Sub-Saharan Africa, World Development, tax base, city attractiveness urban migration, migration restrictions, economic impact, social impact, city development, public resources, humanitarian crisis, urban poverty, urban infrastructure, basic goods access, urban employment, crime rates, urban exclusion, business environment, population pressure, urban planning, rural-urban migration, municipal services, urban economy, population control, sub-Saharan Africa, urban food security, public expenditure, urbanization challenges
test-philosophy-pppgshbsd-con01a	Socialism has changed historically to meet the challenges of the moment and is addressing those of the 21st century in new ways  It should perhaps come as no surprise that the days of standing outside shopping centres and train stations handing out soggy newspapers have passed into the annals of political history – although some still do it.  Equally, trades union are no longer seen as being as central to European Socialism as they once were. However, the militancy seen over the last few years suggest, if anything, that what was a diversified ‘anti-capitalist’ movement is now coalescing around a rather clearer set of goals of which the basics of the anti-capitalism movement are merely a part. In the light of the globalisation of Capitalism, the left is increasingly rediscovering its internationalist roots which were lost to a great extent in the seventies and eighties in national struggles to save industries and jobs. historical socialism, socialism evolution, 21st century socialism, anti-capitalism, political activism, socialism strategies, trade unions, labour movement, European socialism, globalisation, capitalism, internationalism, leftist movements, militant protests, socialism goals, anti-capitalist movement, social change, political history, socialist adaptation, global left, labour activism historical socialism, 21st century socialism, socialism adaptation, anti-capitalist movement, globalisation, European socialism, trade unions, internationalist socialism, labour movement, political activism, leftist ideology, socialist history, industrial struggle, militant activism, socialism evolution, capital globalization, anti-capitalism goals, socialist movements, political strategy, socialist internationalism historical socialism, 21st century socialism, evolution of socialism, anti-capitalist movement, globalisation, European socialism, trades unions, socialism strategies, internationalist roots, leftist movements, political history, labor militancy, modern socialism, anti-capitalism, labor movement, political activism, diversified movements, socialism adaptation, capitalism challenges, internationalism historical socialism, 21st century socialism, socialism evolution, anti-capitalism, labor movement, globalisation, internationalism, European socialism, trade unions, political activism, leftist movements, socialist strategies, modern socialism, socialist history, union decline, anti-capitalist goals, socialist adaptation, capitalism challenges, new socialist tactics, militant movements, political history socialism socialism, historical change, 21st century, adaptation, political activism, newspapers, trade unions, European socialism, militancy, anti-capitalist movement, globalisation, capitalism, internationalism, labor movement, left-wing politics, political history, worker struggles, economic transformation, collective action, job protection
test-culture-mmciahbans-pro02a	They fuel colourism in society  Allowing the use of racial overtones – the perception that a product will bring a person towards a “white ideal” is harmful for several reasons. It could cause communities to generate a form of inferiority complex, and it reinforces the structural difference rather than aiming to minimize it. While it may sound absurd, in the US darker-skinned African Americans (and darker skinned latinos) are less well educated and have lower incomes [1] . Elsewhere in the Western Hemisphere, such as in Brazil, race is seen as an issue of colour and socio-economic background, not ancestry highlighting a much more obvious link between whitening creams and racism [2] .  Is it not the role of the state to reduce that discrimination, not to fuel it? Banning such creams would help prevent such harmful effects by discouraging the notion that people should aim to make themselves lighter skinned.  [1] Hunter, Margaret L., “If you’re light you’re alright: light skin color as social capital for women of color”, Gender and Society, 2002,  , p.35  [2] Telles, Edward, Race in Another America: The Significance of Skin Colour in Brazil, 2004, online sample chapter, colourism, skin lightening, racial overtones, white ideal, inferiority complex, structural inequality, African Americans, Latinos, Brazil, race and color, socio-economic background, whitening creams, racism, state intervention, discrimination, banning creams, social capital, skin color, Margaret Hunter, Edward Telles colourism, racial overtones, white ideal, inferiority complex, structural difference, discrimination, whitening creams, racism, skin color, social capital, socio-economic background, state intervention, harmful effects, skin lightening, African Americans, Latinos, Brazil, skin tone, education inequality, income inequality, beauty standards, banning creams, harmful products, Margaret L. Hunter, Edward Telles colourism, racial overtones, white ideal, inferiority complex, structural inequality, skin color, whitening creams, racism, discrimination, lighter skin, African Americans, Latinos, socioeconomic background, education gap, income disparity, Brazil, skin color hierarchy, social capital, state intervention, product regulation, harmful beauty standards colourism, skin lightening, whitening creams, racial overtones, white ideal, inferiority complex, structural inequality, socio-economic background, discrimination, state intervention, racism, skin color hierarchy, United States, Brazil, education disparity, income disparity, skin tone, banning skin creams, social capital, racial bias, Margaret L. Hunter, Edward Telles colourism, racial overtones, white ideal, inferiority complex, structural inequality, skin color, whitening creams, racism, discrimination, darker-skinned African Americans, socioeconomic status, Brazil, skin color social capital, light skin privilege, state intervention, banning skin lightening, harmful effects, race and color, Western Hemisphere, social hierarchy, Hunter 2002, Telles 2004
test-international-epglghbni-pro01a	Britain is morally obliged to permit the secession of northern Ireland  The age of colonialism is over. We recognize that the dominance of one country over another is morally wrong. Ireland was already in the hands of the Irish people before English earls and kings invaded. The Irish had a right to the ownership of their land because they cultivated it and so put their labor into it. The use of force to seize that land from the people’s control is unjust because it denies them the right they had to their land. They had no choice to voluntarily hand over their land either.  To right this historical wrong, the British government should relinquish Northern Ireland, just as they have decolonized the rest of the world ending the British empire except for a few scattered outposts. Since Hong Kong was handed back to China in 1997 Northern Ireland is the only remaining colony with a significant population and independent identity. Britain, moral obligation, secession, Northern Ireland, colonialism, British Empire, decolonization, Irish land rights, historical injustice, self-determination, land ownership, forced seizure, English invasion, Ireland history, Hong Kong, postcolonialism, independence, British government, right to land, national identity Britain, moral obligation, secession, Northern Ireland, colonialism, British Empire, colonial rule, Irish independence, land ownership, historical injustice, decolonization, Hong Kong, British government, Irish sovereignty, post-colonialism, self-determination, British colonies, national identity, land rights, political autonomy Britain, moral obligation, secession, Northern Ireland, colonialism, decolonization, Irish rights, land ownership, English invasion, historical injustice, British government, relinquish, end of empire, Hong Kong handover, Irish labor, self-determination, independent identity, colonial legacy, political autonomy, national sovereignty Britain, moral obligation, Northern Ireland, secession, colonialism, decolonization, Irish land rights, British Empire, historical injustice, Hong Kong, self-determination, British government, Irish sovereignty, colonial legacy, land ownership, English invasion, independence, post-colonialism, political autonomy, national identity Britain, moral obligation, secession, Northern Ireland, colonialism, decolonization, Irish history, British Empire, land ownership, historical injustice, self-determination, English invasion, labor theory of property, forced seizure, relinquish control, independence, Hong Kong, post-colonialism, national identity, Irish sovereignty
test-society-ghbgqeaaems-con02a	"Public and private institutions should hire people based on skills not gender to achieve positive economic impact  Businesses advance when they hire the best person for a job who can unite people and create value. These qualities are individual and enhanced through training rather than not gender-specific. Letting both private and public companies to hire according to their needs and those who meet them is a more efficient way to ensure economic growth.  In some countries in the EU the proportion of women with relevant education is lower and such a measure will bring structural inefficiencies in the short to mid - term for the companies and the overall economy. The empirical data from Norway, for example, reveals that after being exposed to a severe limitation on their choice of directors, boards experienced large declines in value. [1] Often women hired after the quotas implementation had less upper management experience than the previously hired employees. However, since the average size of boards did not increase, male employees were dismissed and less experienced female professionals hired, so that companies could fulfil the quotas.  [1] Ahern, Kenneth, and Amy Dittmar. ""The Changing of the Boards: The Impact on Firm Valuation of Mandated Female Board Representation."" The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 2012. hiring practices, skill-based hiring, gender-neutral employment, economic impact, public institutions, private institutions, workforce diversity, business performance, value creation, employee qualifications, training, gender quotas, board diversity, EU labor market, structural inefficiencies, Norway board quotas, empirical data, firm valuation, mandated female representation, management experience, corporate boards, employment policies, economic growth, labor market efficiency, quota implementation, gender equality, board composition, Kenneth Ahern, Amy Dittmar skills-based hiring, gender-neutral employment, economic impact, public institutions, private institutions, business advancement, workforce diversity, training, individual qualities, recruitment efficiency, economic growth, EU labor market, education gender gap, structural inefficiency, board quotas, Norway, female board representation, firm valuation, management experience, mandatory quotas, director selection, empirical evidence, Ahern and Dittmar, Quarterly Journal of Economics skills-based hiring, gender-neutral recruitment, economic impact, public institutions, private institutions, business efficiency, workforce diversity, value creation, training, EU labor market, women's education, structural inefficiencies, Norway board quotas, female board representation, firm valuation, management experience, mandated quotas, corporate governance, empirical evidence, hiring policies, economic growth skills-based hiring, gender-neutral recruitment, economic impact, private institutions, public institutions, talent acquisition, workforce diversity, merit-based selection, employment efficiency, economic growth, education gap, structural inefficiencies, female representation, board quotas, Norway case study, firm valuation, management experience, director selection, labor market, corporate governance, empirical evidence, mandated representation, diversity quotas, business advancement, human capital, EU employment, training and development, best candidate, value creation, organizational performance skills-based hiring, gender-neutral recruitment, economic impact, business advancement, employee qualifications, individual capabilities, training, private institutions, public institutions, efficient hiring, economic growth, EU workforce, gender quotas, structural inefficiency, Norway board quotas, firm valuation, board diversity, director experience, empirical evidence, quota effects, women in management, labor market, workforce composition, corporate governance, hiring policy, merit-based employment"
test-international-ghbunhf-con01a	The UN has performed a valuable service in preventing wars and in peacekeeping.  It is clearly unrealistic to imagine that the United Nations could prevent all wars, but nonetheless it has been successful at negotiating peaceful resolutions to international disputes. It has also authorised military force to defend countries from unprovoked attacks; Kuwait and South Korea, to name just two, owe their freedom to UN action. Finally, UN peacekeepers do vital work all over the world from Cyprus to Korea. [1]  [1] “What is Peacekeeping?”. United Nations, 2011. United Nations, UN, peacekeeping, war prevention, conflict resolution, international disputes, military intervention, Kuwait, South Korea, diplomatic negotiation, peacekeepers, global security, UN actions, unprovoked attacks, international relations, peace enforcement, Cyprus, United Nations Peacekeeping, mediation, collective security, United Nations success United Nations, UN, peacekeeping, war prevention, conflict resolution, international disputes, military intervention, Kuwait, South Korea, UN peacekeepers, peaceful negotiations, international security, unprovoked attacks, peace operations, global peace, “What is Peacekeeping?”, United Nations 2011 United Nations, peacekeeping, war prevention, conflict resolution, international disputes, military intervention, Kuwait, South Korea, unprovoked attacks, negotiation, peacekeepers, global security, Cyprus, UN actions, peacebuilding, international relations United Nations, UN, peacekeeping, war prevention, conflict resolution, mediation, military intervention, international disputes, peaceful resolutions, Kuwait, South Korea, UN action, unprovoked attacks, peacekeepers, global security, United Nations peacekeeping, defense, international relations, dispute negotiation, Cyprus, military force, peace operations United Nations, UN, peacekeeping, war prevention, conflict resolution, international disputes, military intervention, Kuwait, South Korea, peacekeepers, diplomatic negotiations, UN peacekeepers, global security, armed conflict, authorized military force, international peace, world peace, UN interventions, defending countries, unprovoked attacks, Cyprus, peacekeeping missions
test-economy-bepiehbesa-con02a	It protects rural communities  People in EU are hard to convince that staying in rural areas and working as a farmer is a viable life choice. The profit is often low, the starting costs are high and work is hard. The income of a farmer is usually around half of the average wage in a given country and the number of these farmers fell by 20% in the last decade. [1] By having CAP we have an additional incentive for the people to stay in villages. The direct payments help the people with the starting of business, subsidies helps them to sell their goods at reasonable prices. The process of urbanisation is at least slowed and that, by extend, helps to preserve traditional culture of such communities and thus diversity of European culture itself.  [1] Murphy, Caitriona, ‘Number of EU farms drops 20pc’, Independent, 29 November 2011, CAP, rural communities, EU, farming, farmer income, direct payments, agricultural subsidies, urbanisation, rural depopulation, starting costs, traditional culture, European cultural diversity, farm business incentives, agricultural policy, rural preservation, farm profitability, migration, rural economy, farmer support, rural livelihoods CAP, rural communities, EU, farming incentives, agricultural subsidies, direct payments, rural depopulation, urbanisation, farmer income, agricultural viability, traditional culture preservation, European cultural diversity, rural workforce, rural business startup, farm profitability, rural development, agricultural policy, farm population decline, rural livelihoods CAP, rural communities, European Union, farmer income, agricultural subsidies, direct payments, rural depopulation, urbanisation, traditional culture, farm viability, agricultural incentives, rural employment, farming challenges, rural migration, EU agriculture policy, farm profitability, village population retention, cultural diversity, starting farming business, agricultural support, European rural areas, preserving traditions CAP, Common Agricultural Policy, rural communities, EU farmers, rural depopulation, farming incentives, agricultural subsidies, direct payments, farm income, rural retention, urbanisation, traditional culture, European cultural diversity, farming viability, rural migration, agricultural economics, farmer support, rural livelihoods, farm profitability, agricultural business startup, rural development, European farming, population trends, rural sustainment, agricultural policy rural communities, EU farmers, rural employment, farming viability, farmer income, agricultural subsidies, CAP, direct payments, rural depopulation, urbanisation, traditional culture, European culture diversity, agricultural support, farm profitability, rural preservation, rural incentives, rural exodus, starting costs, farming challenges, European Union agriculture
test-health-ahiahbgbsp-con04a	Pack labelling or taxation a better alternative  If it’s not enforceable, enforceable solutions ought to be used instead. It would be easier to enforce pack labelling and branding requirements, from larger and clearer health warnings to even brand-free packs. Of course, American-style lawsuits by governments against tobacco manufacturers could be tried, as suggested in Nigeria 1 .  1 IRIN, “NIGERIA: Govt hits tobacco companies with whopping law suit”, irinnews.org, 9 November 2007, pack labelling, tobacco taxation, enforceability, health warnings, branding requirements, brand-free packs, tobacco lawsuits, government enforcement, tobacco manufacturers, American-style lawsuits, Nigeria, tobacco regulation, public health policy, IRIN, tobacco control measures pack labelling, taxation, enforceability, enforcement solutions, branding requirements, health warnings, brand-free packs, tobacco control, American-style lawsuits, government lawsuits, tobacco manufacturers, Nigeria, tobacco regulation, public health policy, pack warning effectiveness, legal action against tobacco companies pack labelling, taxation, enforceable solutions, health warnings, branding requirements, brand-free packs, American-style lawsuits, tobacco manufacturers, Nigeria, government lawsuits, tobacco regulation, tobacco control, IRIN, tobacco companies, enforcement measures, public health policy pack labelling, tobacco taxation, enforceable solutions, health warnings, branding requirements, plain packaging, enforcement, tobacco control, lawsuits, tobacco manufacturers, government action, American-style lawsuits, Nigeria, tobacco regulation, public health, legal action, tobacco industry, compliance, policy alternatives, IRIN news, tobacco lawsuit pack labelling, tobacco taxation, enforceable solutions, health warnings, branding requirements, brand-free packs, government lawsuits, tobacco manufacturers, enforcement, Nigeria tobacco lawsuit, American-style lawsuits, tobacco control, public health policy, tobacco regulation, effective tobacco measures
test-religion-yercfrggms-pro07a	Even if atheism was wrong and God did exist His seeming lack of interest and interaction with the Universe as far as humans can perceive means his existence is irrelevant:  It seems as if life goes on whether God exists or not. Theologians, philosophers, and laypeople have been fighting both in academia and on the actual battlefield over the question of God’s existence, yet in all the centuries no definitive answer one way or the other has been given by either side. [1] It seems there is little value to belief one way or the other, so arguing for God’s existence seems simply to be a waste of time. If God were proved to exist, or not to exist, little in life would change at all. Thus a position of atheism serves to relieve the hassle of pointless debate.  [1] Borne, Étienne. 1961. Atheism. New York: Hawthorn Books. atheism, existence of God, divine hiddenness, theological debate, philosophical argument, religious relevance, indifference of God, practical impact, agnosticism, academic discourse, faith relevance, belief value, secularism, God’s interaction, argument futility, existential meaning, Étienne Borne, religious philosophy, human perception, irrelevance of God, religion and life, impact of belief, theological conflict, philosophical skepticism atheism, God's existence, divine hiddenness, relevance of God, philosophical debate, theology, agnosticism, religious belief, irrelevance, human perception, philosophical skepticism, existentialism, practical implications, proof of God, Étienne Borne, faith vs. reason, religious argument, metaphysics, secularism, meaning of life, philosophical indifference atheism, God's existence, divine indifference, theism, relevance of God, human perception, theological debate, academic discussion, battlefield, belief value, definitive answer, existence debate, Étienne Borne, Atheism book, religious philosophy, existential relevance, practical impact, philosophical skepticism, religious argumentation, proof of God, value of belief, academia, laypeople, agnosticism, pointless debate atheism, existence of God, divine indifference, theological debate, religious relevance, agnosticism, theology, philosophy of religion, irrelevance of God, faith, belief value, God’s interaction, human perception, academic debate, battlefield, Étienne Borne, atheism philosophy, religious argument, impact of God, existential relevance, futility of debate atheism, God’s existence, divine indifference, theological relevance, existential relevance, agnosticism, theology, philosophy of religion, religious debate, futility of debate, faith versus reason, practical atheism, apatheism, impact of belief, metaphysics, religious epistemology, theodicy, secularism, Étienne Borne, belief value, human perception of God, academic debate, religious controversy, battlefield religion, utility of belief
test-education-ufsdfkhbwu-pro01a	The academic tradition of the West  The growth of universities as beacons of free speech has been a fundamental part of their history in the West; notably during the renaissance, reformation and enlightenment. The democratisation of that process with the expansion of the university sector in recent decades is merely the latest stage in an ongoing process.  However, that entire process has been driven (along with the artistic, cultural and scientific changes they have inculcated) on the basis that universities allow for the free exchange of ideas and flourish in environments where that approach is standardised throughout society [i] . Marxist scholars have gone further in calling for a critical pedagogy in which perspectives other than academic orthodoxy are normalised within universities.  Such institutions produce the best graduates because they have the best academics and the best academics will stay where they are free to publish whatever their research is and express their own views. For example in the 1990s 55.7% of those who had immigrated to the USA from the USSR described themselves as academics, scientists, professional or technical workers. [ii] Those academics in turn respect the intellectual tradition of dissent and critical scrutiny of which they are the inheritors. To take something else and slap the name ‘Yale’– or for that matter Oxford, Harvard or ETH Zurich – on it and pretend that nothing has changed devalues the qualification. Without the intellectual dissent and freedom of academic inquiry it is intellectually dishonest to call the degree the same thing.  [i] The Nebraskan. Doug Anderson. Learning depends on the free exchange of ideas, Nebraskan says.  [ii] Harvard, ‘Russians and East Europeans in America’ academic tradition, Western universities, free speech, history, Renaissance, Reformation, Enlightenment, democratisation, university expansion, free exchange of ideas, intellectual freedom, standardisation, critical pedagogy, Marxist scholars, academic orthodoxy, normative perspectives, best graduates, scholarly excellence, academic migration, USSR academics, intellectual dissent, critical scrutiny, Yale, Oxford, Harvard, ETH Zurich, qualification value, academic inquiry, intellectual honesty, Doug Anderson, Nebraska, Russian academics, East Europeans, academic workforce Western academic tradition, university growth, free speech, renaissance, reformation, enlightenment, democratisation, university sector expansion, free exchange of ideas, academic freedom, Marxist scholars, critical pedagogy, academic orthodoxy, intellectual dissent, critical scrutiny, academic inquiry, best academics, academic mobility, Soviet emigrants, academic migration, intellectual honesty, degree value, Yale, Oxford, Harvard, ETH Zurich, historical context, university history, academic qualification, intellectual tradition, higher education, academic culture. Western academic tradition, university history, free speech, Renaissance, Reformation, Enlightenment, democratisation, higher education expansion, free exchange of ideas, academic freedom, critical pedagogy, Marxist scholars, alternative perspectives, academic orthodoxy, best graduates, academic recruitment, academic publishing, intellectual dissent, critical scrutiny, intellectual inheritance, academic integrity, degree value, Yale, Oxford, Harvard, ETH Zurich, academic inquiry, intellectual honesty, academic qualification, academic migration, USSR to USA, academic professionals, Doug Anderson, Nebraskan, Harvard Russians and East Europeans academic tradition, Western universities, free speech, academic freedom, Renaissance, Reformation, Enlightenment, democratisation, university expansion, free exchange of ideas, critical pedagogy, Marxist scholars, academic orthodoxy, normalisation, intellectual dissent, academic inquiry, graduate quality, academic migration, USSR academics, intellectual tradition, Harvard, Yale, Oxford, ETH Zurich, academic integrity, qualification value, critical scrutiny, higher education, scholarly freedom, intellectual honesty academic tradition, Western universities, free speech, Renaissance, Reformation, Enlightenment, democratisation, university expansion, free exchange of ideas, academic freedom, critical pedagogy, Marxist scholars, intellectual dissent, academic inquiry, intellectual tradition, academic orthodoxy, graduate quality, academic migration, USSR academics, scholarly freedom, university reputation, Yale, Oxford, Harvard, ETH Zurich, academic qualification, intellectual honesty, societal standardisation, cultural change, scientific progress, Doug Anderson, The Nebraskan, Russians and East Europeans in America, Harvard
test-international-eiahwpamu-con03a	Debt cycles and the curse of microfinance  Microfinance is incorporating free market ideologies and subprime (lending to those who may not be able to repay) lending at a smaller scale. Unstable crises’ form as a result, and debt is intensified for the poorest - of which are given access to credit they are not able to repay. This is a problem with all lending, microfinance is no exception.  In India the pressures of microfinance repayment has become linked to suicide and early mortality (Biswas, 2010). The stress of looking for microcredit, and then how to pay it back, has created a crisis within the microfinance industry. Regulation is required on the microfinance organisation: controlling the distribution of credit and the use of threats if the individual defaults. debt cycles, microfinance, free market ideology, subprime lending, financial crises, credit access, repayment stress, over-indebtedness, poverty, microcredit, India, borrower suicides, early mortality, loan default, regulation, credit distribution, lending practices, borrower protection, coercive recovery, financial regulation, microfinance industry, credit risk, economic vulnerability, predatory lending, social impact debt cycles, microfinance, subprime lending, free market ideologies, microcredit crisis, credit access, repayment pressure, borrower stress, India, microfinance regulation, suicide, early mortality, predatory lending, credit distribution, default threats, poverty, financial instability, overindebtedness, lending practices, financial inclusion, regulatory intervention, microfinance risks, social impact, economic vulnerability debt cycles, microfinance, free market ideologies, subprime lending, credit access, financial instability, poverty, borrower default, India, microfinance crisis, repayment stress, loan sharking, microcredit, suicide, early mortality, Biswas 2010, borrower protection, microfinance regulation, credit distribution, loan recovery, financial regulation, predatory lending, vulnerable borrowers, credit misuse, economic pressure debt cycles, microfinance, free market ideologies, subprime lending, lending risk, financial instability, poverty, credit access, loan repayment, borrower stress, India, suicide, early mortality, microcredit crisis, microfinance regulation, credit distribution, loan defaults, aggressive collection, financial inclusion, predatory lending, microfinance industry debt cycles, microfinance, free market ideology, subprime lending, credit access, financial crises, over-indebtedness, poverty, loan default, microcredit stress, India, microfinance regulation, borrower protection, predatory lending, credit distribution control, repayment pressure, suicide, mortality, Biswas 2010, financial inclusion, lending risks, crisis in microfinance, microfinance industry, threat enforcement
test-environment-ehwsnwu-con01a	Underground Nuclear Storage is Expensive.  Underground nuclear storage is expensive. This is because the deep geological repositories needed to deal with such waste are difficult to construct. This is because said repositories need to be 300m underground and also need failsafe systems so that they can be sealed off should there be a leak. For smaller countries, implementing this idea is almost completely impossible.  Further, the maintenance of the facilities also requires a lot of long term investment as the structural integrity of the facilities must consistently be monitored and maintained so that if there is a leak, the relevant authorities can be informed quickly and efficiently.  This is seen with the Yucca mountain waste repository site which has cost billions of dollars since the 1990s and was eventually halted due to public fears about nuclear safety. [1]  [1] ISN Security Watch. “Europe’s Nuclear Waste Storage Problems.” Oilprice.com 01/06/2010 underground nuclear storage, nuclear waste, deep geological repositories, storage costs, facility construction, failsafe systems, 300m underground, leak prevention, small countries, implementation challenges, facility maintenance, long-term investment, structural integrity, Yucca Mountain, nuclear safety, public fears, nuclear waste repository, site monitoring, nuclear waste management, Europe nuclear storage, nuclear energy, storage feasibility, ISN Security Watch, Oilprice.com underground nuclear storage, nuclear waste, deep geological repositories, construction cost, 300m underground, failsafe systems, leak prevention, structural integrity, maintenance, long term investment, small countries, feasibility, Yucca Mountain, nuclear safety, repository sites, public concern, nuclear waste management, facility monitoring, cost analysis, Europe nuclear storage, ISN Security Watch underground nuclear storage, deep geological repositories, nuclear waste disposal, repository construction costs, underground repository depth, failsafe systems, nuclear waste leakage, small countries nuclear storage, facility maintenance costs, long-term investment, structural integrity monitoring, Yucca Mountain repository, nuclear safety concerns, nuclear waste management, public opposition, nuclear repository expenses, Europe nuclear waste, nuclear facility maintenance underground nuclear storage, nuclear waste, deep geological repositories, construction costs, failsafe systems, leak prevention, 300m underground, small countries, implementation challenges, maintenance costs, long-term investment, structural integrity, facility monitoring, Yucca Mountain, nuclear safety concerns, public opposition, repository costs, nuclear waste management, Europe, nuclear waste storage problems underground nuclear storage, nuclear waste, deep geological repositories, storage cost, facility maintenance, nuclear safety, repository construction, 300m underground, failsafe systems, leak prevention, long-term investment, structural integrity, Yucca Mountain, public safety concerns, small countries, waste disposal, facility monitoring, nuclear repository, spent nuclear fuel, storage challenges
test-free-speech-debate-fsaphgiap-pro01a	The head of state/government must be accountable to the people  Secrecy in relation to the leader’s health shows a distrust or distain of the electorate. Not being open about health issues almost invariably means that the administration is lying to those who elected them, those who they are accountable to. A couple of days before John Atta Mills died Nii Lantey Vanderpuye a candidate for Mills’ party stated “He [Mills] is stronger and healthier than any presidential candidate”, information that in retrospect was clearly untrue. 1  1 Takyi-Boadu, Charles, ‘Confusion Hits Mills’, Modern Ghana, 21 July 2012, head of state, government accountability, leader health secrecy, transparency, public trust, electorate, political leadership, administration honesty, health disclosures, John Atta Mills death, Nii Lantey Vanderpuye, presidential candidate health, political misinformation, Ghana politics, leader health cover-up, public accountability, Modern Ghana, political communication, democratic governance, leader transparency head of state, government accountability, leader health secrecy, public trust, electoral transparency, political leadership health, administration honesty, electorate distrust, presidential health disclosure, John Atta Mills, Nii Lantey Vanderpuye, Ghana politics, political misinformation, leadership transparency, government secrecy, leader accountability, public disclosure, political lying, executive health, voter trust head of state accountability, government transparency, leader health secrecy, electorate trust, political transparency, administration honesty, public health disclosure, leadership integrity, John Atta Mills health, misinformation in politics, Nii Lantey Vanderpuye statement, Ghana political history, political leader accountability, deception to electorate, government openness, Takyi-Boadu, Charles, Modern Ghana, presidential health issues, political ethics government accountability, head of state transparency, leader health disclosure, executive secrecy, public trust, electorate distrust, political leadership health, administrative honesty, John Atta Mills health, Nii Lantey Vanderpuye statement, political misinformation, Ghana presidential health, government openness, leader health secrecy, voter accountability, political communication ethics, presidential illness disclosure, governance transparency, secrecy and democracy, leader public health truthfulness head of state, government accountability, political transparency, leader health secrecy, public trust, electorate, presidential health, political deception, administration honesty, John Atta Mills, Nii Lantey Vanderpuye, misinformation, Ghana politics, leadership responsibility, health disclosure, democratic accountability, secrecy consequences, political ethics, public officials, Takyi-Boadu, Modern Ghana
test-free-speech-debate-nshbbsbfb-con01a	If this work had been an attack on Mohammed it would never have been broadcast, the BBC is applying double standards.  A week before the broadcast of the opera, protest by Sikhs in Birmingham about the play Bezthi by the Birmingham Rep, brought the show to a close. Like many organisations, the BBC panics when it believes it has caused offence to some religions and yet Christianity – by far the world’s most populous and diverse creed [i] - is routinely ignored or expected to ‘take it on the chin.  Christian symbols and imagery are routinely profaned by major broadcasters, publishers and others in a way that would simply not be tolerated if they were directed at ‘minority’ faiths in the UK.  Article Four (4) of the BBC’s charter [ii] stipulates quite clearly that all of the UK’s communities should be reflected in all of its activities. Despite this the interests of the community that is represented by the established church of the country, headed by the monarch, receives the least support or consideration from the institution.  [i]   [ii] BBC Charter. BBC, double standards, Mohammed, Christianity, religious offence, Bezthi, Birmingham Rep, Sikh protests, Christian symbols, religious imagery, minority faiths, UK, broadcasters, publishers, Article Four, BBC Charter, established church, monarch, religious representation, media bias, religious tolerance, religious discrimination, community interests, broadcast policy, religious sensitivity BBC, double standards, Christianity, Mohammed, religious offence, broadcasting, minority faiths, Sikhs, Bezthi, protest, Christian symbols, religious imagery, broadcasters, UK communities, BBC charter, Article Four, established church, monarch, discrimination, religious tolerance, media bias, religious sensitivity, Birmingham Rep, religious representation, censorship, religious equality, public broadcasting, freedom of expression, faith bias, media scrutiny BBC, double standards, Mohammed, Christianity, minority faiths, Bezthi, Birmingham Rep, protest, Sikhs, offence, religious sensitivity, Christian symbols, religious imagery, broadcasting, Article Four, BBC Charter, religious discrimination, media bias, established church, UK communities, religious representation, monarch, religious offence, broadcaster policy, cultural sensitivity, religious tolerance, media ethics BBC, double standards, Mohammed, Christianity, religious offence, minority faiths, Sikhs, Birmingham Rep, Bezthi, Christian symbols, religious imagery, broadcasters, publishers, BBC charter, Article Four, UK communities, established church, monarch, religious discrimination, media bias, representation, religious protest, religious tolerance, religious sensitivity, multiculturalism, religious broadcasting, freedom of expression, religious equality, religious rights, major broadcasters BBC, double standards, Mohammed, Christianity, religious offense, Bezthi, Sikh protests, Birmingham Rep, minority faiths, religious imagery, Christian symbols, broadcasters, publishers, UK communities, BBC charter, Article Four, established church, monarch, religious discrimination, freedom of expression, religious sensitivity, media bias
test-digital-freedoms-efsappgdfp-pro04a	No one will ever actually look at the information  If the concern is privacy then there really should be little concern at all because there is safety in numbers. The NSA and other intelligence services don’t have the time or motivation to be tracking down all of our foibles. [1] If the intelligence agencies are watching everyone then they clearly do not have the personnel to be watching the actual communications. Instead certain things or patterns will raise alarm bells and a tiny number will be investigated more closely.  [1] Walt, Stephen M., ‘The real threat behind the NSA surveillance programs’, Foreign Policy, 10 June 2013, NSA surveillance, privacy concerns, intelligence agencies, mass surveillance, safety in numbers, data privacy, information monitoring, communication surveillance, pattern detection, targeted investigation, Stephen M. Walt, Foreign Policy, real threat, government surveillance, personal data, privacy protection, national security, automated monitoring, metadata analysis, surveillance programs NSA surveillance, privacy concerns, intelligence agencies, data monitoring, mass surveillance, privacy safety, information security, communication monitoring, surveillance patterns, investigative triggers, national security, Stephen M. Walt, Foreign Policy, intelligence services, surveillance threat, individual privacy, bulk data collection, targeted investigation NSA surveillance, privacy concerns, information security, intelligence agencies, mass surveillance, data privacy, monitoring patterns, targeted investigation, safety in numbers, Stephen M. Walt, Foreign Policy, surveillance programs, communication monitoring, data analysis, alarm patterns, personal privacy, government surveillance, metadata analysis, public surveillance, intelligence gathering NSA surveillance, privacy concerns, mass surveillance, intelligence agencies, metadata analysis, data monitoring, personal privacy, safety in numbers, targeted investigation, alarm patterns, Foreign Policy, Stephen M. Walt, surveillance programs, individual scrutiny, intelligence services, communications monitoring, government surveillance, privacy threat, data collection, investigative triggers NSA surveillance, privacy concerns, safety in numbers, intelligence agencies, mass surveillance, data privacy, information monitoring, pattern recognition, targeted investigation, security, Foreign Policy, Stephen M. Walt, government monitoring, communications surveillance, privacy vs security, national security, data analysis, surveillance programs, bulk data collection
test-economy-thsptr-pro03a	The state should promote the efficient distribution of income in order to maximize the utility derived by society from its economic resources  All goods suffer from diminishing marginal utility, and this includes money. The more money someone, the less happy they are made from each successive addition of wealth after a certain point. One might be able to buy a second car or a second house with extra money, but eventually one runs out of things one particularly wants to buy or own. [1] When wealth is unevenly distributed in society, the wealth of society is inefficiently distributed. The aim of the state must be to attempt to maximize the aggregate utility of its citizens insofar as it is able without damaging the economy. With progressive taxation, wealth is effectively reallocated to poorer people, who gain more utility than the wealthy lose in the process. The state has a right to do this not only because it generates a more efficient distribution of income than the market does, but also because income is partly a collective good. [2] Ownership rights to property and the ability to expand them is only possible within the framework of the state; thus the state can make a moral ownership claim to some of the products of the services it provides, and does so most effectively through the mechanism of progressive taxation.  [1] Thune, Kent. “The Diminishing Marginal Utility of Wealth”. The Financial Philosopher. 2008. Available:   [2] Weisbrod, Burton. Public Interest Law: An Economic and Institutional Analysis. Berkeley: University of California Press. 1978. income distribution, diminishing marginal utility, utility maximization, progressive taxation, wealth redistribution, economic efficiency, aggregate utility, inequality, collective goods, property rights, state intervention, public economics, moral ownership, tax policy, wealth inequality, social welfare, market failure, economic resources, redistribution mechanisms, welfare economics efficient income distribution, utility maximization, diminishing marginal utility, progressive taxation, wealth redistribution, aggregate utility, economic resources, income inequality, state intervention, collective goods, property rights, moral ownership, economic efficiency, public interest, wealth concentration, taxation policy, resource allocation, marginal utility of money, social welfare, economic justice income distribution, state intervention, utility maximization, diminishing marginal utility, progressive taxation, wealth inequality, economic efficiency, collective goods, property rights, moral ownership, public goods, reallocating wealth, aggregate utility, economic resources, social welfare, market failure, redistribution, taxation policy, societal happiness, state role economics income distribution, utility maximization, diminishing marginal utility, progressive taxation, wealth redistribution, economic efficiency, aggregate utility, income inequality, collective goods, property rights, moral ownership, state intervention, wealth allocation, taxation policy, economic resources, public interest, social welfare, wealth concentration, marginal utility of money, redistribution mechanisms income distribution, diminishing marginal utility, utility maximization, progressive taxation, wealth redistribution, economic resources, aggregate utility, inequality, state intervention, collective goods, property rights, moral ownership, economic efficiency, marginal utility of wealth, redistribution policy, public interest, taxation policy, wealth inequality, social welfare, state role
test-science-nsihwbtiss-con03a	Teachers can be essential in supervising cyberspace.  Social media has become the primary way in which children interact with their peers. These interactions are largely unsupervised by any adult, and yet they have a fundamental impact on the development of the children involved. Adolescents use social networking websites to gage peer opinion about themselves which may subsequently influence identity formation [1] . With so much cyber bullying happening on such websites, and postings of inappropriate behaviour that may later surface to affect a student’s chances of getting into college or getting a job, it would be useful to have a teacher supervise these interactions to make sure no harm comes to the children involved.  [1] Pempek, Yermolayeva, and Calvert. ”College students social networking experiences on facebook.” Journal of Applied Developmental Pshychology. Vol. 30. 2009. teacher supervision, cyberspace, social media, adolescents, peer interaction, unsupervised online activity, identity formation, cyberbullying, online behavior, internet safety, student development, social networking, Facebook, digital footprint, college admissions, online reputation, youth internet use, adult monitoring, child protection, online risk, developmental psychology teacher supervision, cyberspace monitoring, social media, adolescent interaction, online safety, peer influence, identity formation, cyberbullying, digital behavior, student development, online reputation, adult supervision, youth social networking, internet safety, educational intervention, Facebook, developmental psychology, child protection, digital citizenship, teacher involvement teachers, cyberspace supervision, social media, adolescent interaction, peer influence, identity formation, social networking, cyberbullying, online safety, student monitoring, digital behavior, inappropriate content, teacher supervision, youth development, internet safety, child protection, online reputation, educational guidance, Facebook, developmental psychology teacher supervision, cyberspace monitoring, adolescent social media, peer interactions, adult oversight, identity formation, cyberbullying, online behavior, social networking websites, student safety, digital reputation, college admissions, employment impact, inappropriate behavior, Facebook experiences, applied developmental psychology teachers, supervision, cyberspace, social media, children, adolescents, peer interactions, identity formation, cyberbullying, social networking, online behavior, digital footprint, teacher monitoring, student safety, online supervision, inappropriate content, adolescent development, Facebook, digital identity, educational intervention
test-politics-epvhbfsmsaop-pro03a	People will have less information about politicians’ manifestos and ideas.  Celebrity endorsement distracts those who normally provide information to voters. Newspapers, blogs and other online media all have limited space, and, because celebrities sell, will use that space showing who is supporting whom, rather than covering debate about a politician’s policies and ideas.  Though the presence of celebrities may actually give the masses more avenue to relate to electoral processes, the fact still stands that in status quo people are more interested in the activities of their favorite celebrities which will thus blot out the candidates themselves. When voters see celebrity endorsements they are no longer thinking about how these future politicians can make an impact on their lives. In some cases the celebrity may help show the platform of policies the candidate is standing on but most of the time they are simply taking airtime from more in depth analysis. What is worse when wooing celebrities becomes important for politicians the politicians themselves have less time to formulate and articulate their policies.  This is detrimental to the democratic process. People having less information than they would otherwise impairs their ability to make an informed choice about how they would like to vote. A prohibition on celebrity interference in political debate would remove this obscuring effect.  All of the above adds to the depoliticisation of politics. If the celebrity endorsement continues to thrive, younger generations will disengage with the important political issues at hand. Instead of learning about the fundamental issues surrounding their country, they will be exposed to party tactics that are of no use to their political development. celebrity endorsement, political information, voter awareness, manifesto coverage, media distraction, policy debate, online media, newspaper coverage, blog space, democratic process, informed voting, depoliticisation, celebrity influence, voter disengagement, political discourse, youth political engagement, election media, candidate visibility, electoral process, policy articulation, celebrity interference, political debate, political development, party tactics, political issues celebrity endorsement, political information, manifesto awareness, voter distraction, media coverage, policy debate, online media, newspapers, blogs, platform visibility, democratic process, informed voting, candidate policies, electoral engagement, depoliticisation, political disengagement, youth politics, celebrity influence, political debate, policy articulation, public discourse, party tactics, political development, information overload, voter education, political participation celebrity endorsement, political manifestos, voter information, media coverage, policy debate, online media, newspapers, blogs, political ideas, celebrity distraction, electoral process, candidate visibility, informed voting, democratic process, youth disengagement, policy platform, political development, depoliticisation, political debate, celebrity influence, political issues, airtime allocation, party tactics, celebrity interference, political communication, policy articulation, voter decision-making celebrity endorsement, political debate, manifesto coverage, media space, voter information, policy analysis, depoliticisation, democratic process, informed choice, electoral engagement, youth disengagement, political communication, news priorities, popular culture influence, policy formulation, media distraction, political awareness, politician-celebrity relationship, voting behavior, public discourse, political development, party tactics, online media, news agenda, voter education celebrity endorsements, politics, manifestos, voter information, media coverage, policy debate, political ideas, depoliticisation, informed choice, democratic process, celebrity influence, electoral processes, political disengagement, youth, political participation, policy articulation, political analysis, media distraction, party tactics, political development, prohibition, celebrity interference, online media, newspapers, blogs, political communication, candidate exposure
test-economy-bepahbtsnrt-con02a	Investment  Tourism should be relied upon for economic growth as it attracts significant foreign investment. Tourism is the largest form of foreign currency income, with around £728 million being produced by external visitors in 20121. Attracting Europeans, who have relatively large disposable incomes, has been a prominent tactic of the industry with favourable results. It is estimated that Europeans account for 95% of all overnight stays in Tunisia2. The other major sectors of services and agriculture do not inspire foreign investment of this magnitude.  1) Khalifa,A. ‘Foreign direct investment and tourism receipts pick back up in Tunisia’, Global Arab Network, 7 October 2012  2) Choyakh,H. ‘Modelling Tourism Demand in Tunisia Using Cointegration and Error Correction Models’ pg.71 investment tourism, economic growth, foreign investment, foreign currency income, tourism revenue, external visitors, European tourists, disposable income, overnight stays, Tunisia, service sector, agriculture sector, FDI, tourism demand, tourism receipts, foreign direct investment, economic impact, global tourism, Khalifa, Choyakh investment tourism, economic growth, foreign investment, foreign currency income, external visitors, £728 million, 2012, European tourists, disposable income, overnight stays, Tunisia, service sector, agriculture sector, tourism industry, foreign direct investment, tourism receipts, tourism demand, cointegration, error correction models, international tourism, Global Arab Network, Khalifa, Choyakh investment, tourism, economic growth, foreign investment, foreign currency income, external visitors, £728 million, 2012, Europeans, disposable income, tourism industry, overnight stays, Tunisia, service sector, agriculture sector, foreign direct investment, tourism receipts, European tourists, economic impact, service industry, Khalifa, Choyakh, tourism demand, cointegration, error correction models investment tourism, economic growth, foreign investment, foreign currency income, tourism revenue, external visitors, disposable income, European tourists, overnight stays, Tunisia, service sector, agriculture sector, tourism demand, foreign direct investment, tourism receipts, economic impact, international tourism, inbound tourism, tourism industry, tourism strategy, European market, income generation, sector comparison Investment tourism, economic growth, foreign investment, foreign currency income, tourism revenue, European tourists, disposable income, Tunisia, overnight stays, services sector, agriculture sector, tourism demand, foreign direct investment, tourism receipts, international visitors, economic impact, Global Arab Network, tourism industry, tourism statistics, tourism sector, Choyakh, Khalifa
test-free-speech-debate-fchbjaj-pro03a	There is a difference between actual journalists and those who like having their names published in newspapers. Assange has far more claim to the description than many of them.  One of the things that the Leveson Inquiry [1] has made all too apparent is that simply working for a newspaper or broadcaster is not a satisfactory definition of journalist. In terms of maintaining a professional ethic, the difference between those who hacked into phones – including that of murdered schoolgirl Millie Dowler – and the journalists who broke the story, Nick Davies and Amelia Hill [2] could not be starker. Equally many popular blogs that focus exclusively on opinion or areas of news far more specialist than has traditionally been considered the role of the daily media.  A more useful definition, it would seem, relates more to the ethics and aims of the individual or organisation involved. This has the advantage of ruling out those organisations devoted to advertising (such as listings magazines or shopping channels) or those focused purely on entertainment.  A Journalist should therefore have a commitment to revealing and disseminating information that is held by those with power to those over whom they wield that power. This means that the journalist gains access to information through various sources and then publicises that information as a story. Anonymous sources such as those used by Assange are a key part of journalism with many of the biggest stories such as Watergate only being published because of anonymity. [3]  By such a definition, Assange would clearly qualify [4] . This was clearly felt to be the case by the New York Times, the Guardian, Le Monde and others who reprinted his original material and drew conclusions from it. It would come as something of a surprise to such publications to discover they were not staffed by journalists.  [1] For a link to the inquiry’s website, click here  [2] The Guardian. “Missing MIlly Dowler’s Voicemail was Hack by News of the World”. Nick Davies and Amelia Hill. 5 July 2011.  [3] Myers, Steve, ‘Study: Use of anonymous sources peaked in 1970s, dropped by 2008’, Poynter.org, 9 August 2011,   [4] The Spectator. “Yes, Julian Assange is a Journalist”. Alex Massie. 2 November 2010. journalism, journalist definition, Julian Assange, Leveson Inquiry, ethics, professional ethics, media, news, Nick Davies, Amelia Hill, phone hacking, Millie Dowler, newspapers, broadcasters, blogs, opinion journalism, investigative reporting, anonymous sources, Watergate, New York Times, The Guardian, Le Monde, information dissemination, power, media credibility, entertainment media, advertising, press freedom, whistleblowers, Wikileaks, media ethics, journalistic standards journalism, journalists, professional ethics, Leveson Inquiry, Julian Assange, Nick Davies, Amelia Hill, phone hacking, Millie Dowler, news media, definition of journalist, media ethics, anonymous sources, investigative journalism, Watergate, press freedom, news organizations, New York Times, The Guardian, Le Monde, whistleblowing, publishing, opinion blogs, media standards, editorial integrity, newsroom practices, information dissemination, media power, watchdog journalism, sources confidentiality, advertising vs journalism journalist definition, professional ethics, Leveson Inquiry, Julian Assange, Nick Davies, Amelia Hill, anonymous sources, media ethics, phone hacking scandal, Millie Dowler, news reporting, opinion blogs, specialist media, information dissemination, journalism standards, New York Times, The Guardian, Le Monde, Watergate, media organizations, newsroom standards, media credibility, news anonymity, press freedom, advertising media, entertainment media, investigative journalism journalism, journalist definition, professional ethics, Assange, Julian Assange, Leveson Inquiry, newspaper, broadcaster, Nick Davies, Amelia Hill, phone hacking, Millie Dowler, media ethics, anonymous sources, Watergate, New York Times, The Guardian, Le Monde, whistleblowing, news reporting, opinion blogs, mainstream media, investigative journalism, media credibility, journalistic standards, public interest, media organizations, information dissemination, news vs. opinion, media responsibility, media bias, media integrity journalism, journalist definition, professional ethics, Leveson Inquiry, Julian Assange, Nick Davies, Amelia Hill, phone hacking, Millie Dowler, news media, newspaper reporters, blogger credibility, opinion blogs, anonymous sources, investigative journalism, Watergate, NYT, Guardian, Le Monde, media ethics, press freedom, information disclosure, whistleblowers, news organizations, entertainment media, advertising versus news, story sourcing, media credibility, journalistic standards, power dynamics, public interest, WikiLeaks
test-sport-tshbmlbscac-pro01a	Collisions are exciting and fun to watch.  Baseball is a form of entertainment, and few plays are as entertaining as bang-bang plays (a close call on whether the runner is thrown out) at the plate. As a sport that’s often criticized for being too slow and boring—“baseball has no clock,” the saying goes [1] —it’s important that it hold onto perhaps the most dramatic, vivid play it has to offer. One columnist described it this way: “When [collisions] do occur, they’re exciting. We watch to see how well the catcher blocks the plate, how hard the runner slides, and whether the catcher can hold the ball. As dangerous as that play may be, it’s exciting to watch.” [2]  Other sports—like American football, ice hockey, and rugby—feature plenty of violent hits. Baseball has so few of them that when they do happen, they are doubly entertaining. It is just not necessary for baseball to prohibit a small dose of something that is extremely common in other sports.  [1] William Deresiewicz, “Metaphors We Play By,” American Scholar, June 6, 2011,  .  [2] Nick Cafardo, “Let’s keep rule change off our plate, please,” Boston Globe, May 29, 2011,  . baseball, collisions, entertainment, bang-bang plays, plate, runner, catcher, dramatic, vivid play, slow pace, excitement, dangerous plays, violent hits, American football, ice hockey, rugby, sports comparison, rule changes, audience engagement, dramatic moments, close calls, blocking the plate, sliding, holding the ball, physicality in sports, spectator appeal baseball collisions, entertainment, bang-bang plays, dramatic plays, plate blocking, catcher, runner slides, close calls, excitement, dangerous plays, violent hits, sports comparison, American football, ice hockey, rugby, slow game criticism, baseball rules, spectator appeal, play at the plate, sports drama, contact sports baseball, collisions, entertainment, bang-bang plays, plate blocking, catcher, runner, dramatic plays, close calls, sports violence, American football, ice hockey, rugby, slow pace, baseball excitement, violent hits, play at the plate, sports comparison, rule change, spectator appeal, dangerous plays, baseball criticism, athletic performance, sports drama, plate collision, sports culture baseball, collisions, bang-bang plays, entertainment, excitement, home plate, catcher, runner, dramatic plays, violent hits, sports comparison, American football, ice hockey, rugby, play at the plate, baseball speed, no clock, plate blocking, sliding, risk, danger, rule change, spectator appeal, controversial plays, physicality, baseball rules baseball, collisions, entertainment, bang-bang plays, plate plays, close calls, catcher, runner, sliding, blocking plate, dramatic, vivid play, slow sport, exciting moments, violent hits, American football, ice hockey, rugby, sports comparison, dangerous plays, rule changes, spectator appeal, plate collision, sports drama, William Deresiewicz, Nick Cafardo
test-international-epvhwhranet-pro01a	The decision not to hold a referendum directly ignores the wishes of the people and is therefore undemocratic.  The Lisbon Treaty and the Constitution have 96% of the same text. Former French President Valéry Giscard d’Estaing, who wrote the original EU Constitution, has publicly stated that the Lisbon Treaty is essentially the same as the proposed Constitution [1]. The decision from countries not to hold referendums in 2007 that they had previously agreed to is a flagrant disregard for the wishes of the people. Moreover the decision to ratify the Lisbon Treaty through national parliaments in France and the Netherlands where the 2004 Treaty was rejected in popular vote demonstrates that the decision not to hold referendums was in the fear that they would be rejected when put to the people. Any decision that is forced through parliament in the fear that it would fail when opened to the citizens of that country lacks legitimacy.  [1] Valéry Giscard d'Estaing: The EU Treaty is the same as the Constitution’, The Independent (30 October 2007), viewed on 13 June 2011 Lisbon Treaty, EU Constitution, referendum, democratic legitimacy, Valéry Giscard d’Estaing, national parliaments, popular vote, constitutional similarity, treaty ratification, public opinion, democratic process, legitimacy, treaty rejection, France, Netherlands, citizens' wishes, parliamentary decision, constitutional reform, European Union, direct democracy, political legitimacy referendum, Lisbon Treaty, EU Constitution, democracy, undemocratic, Valéry Giscard d’Estaing, public opinion, ratification, national parliaments, France, Netherlands, popular vote, legitimacy, 2007, constitutional referendum, treaty ratification, political legitimacy, public will, treaty text similarity, voter rejection, democratic process, government decision, European Union, treaty comparison Lisbon Treaty, EU Constitution, referendum, democracy, undemocratic, Valéry Giscard d’Estaing, national parliaments, France, Netherlands, 2004 Treaty, 2007, ratification, legitimacy, popular vote, flagrant disregard, public opinion, European Union, constitutional reform, treaty ratification, democratic process, decision-making, direct democracy. Lisbon Treaty, EU Constitution, referendum, undemocratic, Valéry Giscard d’Estaing, public opinion, popular vote, legitimacy, parliamentary ratification, France, Netherlands, 2004 Treaty, treaty ratification, constitutional similarity, democratic process, treaty text comparison, citizen participation, national sovereignty, European Union, direct democracy, treaty rejection Lisbon Treaty, EU Constitution, referendum, democratic legitimacy, public will, Valéry Giscard d’Estaing, France, Netherlands, parliamentary ratification, 2007, popular vote rejection, citizen participation, constitutional similarity, The Independent, undemocratic, treaty ratification, legitimacy crisis, European Union, failed referendums, political accountability, public consultation
test-law-lgplhbssbco-pro02a	Suicide is a selfish act that causes suffering to others  Suicide is an entirely selfish act that causes immense pain and suffering for those loved ones that are left behind. It is also cowardly; rather than facing your problems and being strong, you instead take the easy way out and kill yourself. It is important, therefore, to instil a strong sense of responsibility to one’s family and for one’s affairs and to do this by punishing those who try and fail to perpetrate this selfish and cowardly act. suicide, selfish act, suffering, loved ones, pain, cowardly, responsibility, family, consequences, punishment, failed suicide attempts, social stigma, mental health, suicide prevention, societal attitudes, moral responsibility, ethics, suicide survivors, emotional impact, personal responsibility suicide, selfishness, cowardice, mental health, family responsibility, emotional impact, stigma, punishment, failed suicide attempts, societal consequences, moral judgment, psychological harm, survivor suffering, suicide prevention, accountability suicide, selfishness, suffering, loved ones, pain, mental health, responsibility, family, cowardice, punishment, failed suicide, societal attitudes, morality, suicide prevention, consequences, ethics, stigma, support, mental illness, coping, resilience, accountability, emotional impact, legal consequences, discouraging suicide suicide, selfishness, impact on loved ones, pain, suffering, cowardice, responsibility, family, societal views, punishment, failed suicide attempts, moral judgment, mental health stigma, consequences, personal strength, accountability, prevention suicide, selfishness, pain, suffering, loved ones, cowardice, responsibility, family, punishment, failed suicide, moral judgment, stigma, societal impact, mental health, accountability, consequences, ethics, suicide prevention, psychological effects, social attitudes
test-free-speech-debate-ldhwbmclg-con03a	A ban will further marginalise young members of impoverished communities  Hip hop is an extremely diverse musical genre. Surprisingly, this diversity has evolved from highly minimal series of musical principles. At its most basic, raping consists of nothing more than rhyming verses that are delivered to a beat. This simplicity reflects the economically marginalised communities that hip hop emerged from. All that anyone requires in order to learn how to rap, or to participate in hip hop culture, is a pen, some paper and possibly a disc of breaks – the looped drum and bass lines that are used to time rap verses. Thanks to its highly social aspect, hip hop continues to function as an accessible form of creative expression for members of some of impoverished communities in both the west and elsewhere in the world.  Point 7 suggests that free speech flourishes when we respect believers but are not forced to respect their beliefs. Free Speech Debate discusses this principle in the light of religious belief and religious expression. However, it is also relevant when we consider how our appraisal of an individual’s background, culture and values affects our willingness to accept or dismiss what she says.  The positive case for banning- or at least condemning- hip hop often rests on its ability to reinforce the negative stereotypes of impoverished and marginalised communities that are propagated by majority communities. Critics of hip hop note that black men have often been stigmatised as violent, uncivilised and predatory. They claim that many hip hop artists cultivate a purposefully brutal and misogynist persona. The popularity of hip hop reflects the acceptance of this stereotype, and further entrenches discrimination against young black men. This line of thinking portrays hip hop artists as betrayers or exploiters of their communities, reinforcing damaging stereotypes and convincing adolescents that a violent rejection of mainstream society is a way to achieve material success.  Arguments of this type fail to recognise the depth of nuance and meaning that words and word-play can convey. They are predicated on an assumption that the consumers of hip hop engage with it in a simplistic and uncritical way. In short, such arguments see hip hop fans as being simple minded and easily influenced. This perspective neglects the “recognition respect”, the recognition of equality and inherent dignity that is owed to all contributors of a debate. Moreover, it also bars us from properly assessing the “appraisal respect” owed to the content of hip hop and other controversial musical genres. When hip hop is seen as being inherently harmful, and as being targeted at an especially impressionable and vulnerable part of society, we both demean members of that group and prevent robust discussion of rap lyrics themselves. Academics such as John McWhorter see only the advocacy of violence and nihilism in lyrics such as  “You grow in the ghetto, living second rate/ and your eyes will sing a song of deep hate”.  But these are words that can also be interpreted as astute observation on the brutality that is bred by social exclusion. In point of fact, there is little in the previous verse, or those that follow it,  “You’ll admire all the numberbook takers/ thugs, pimps and pushers, and the big money makers”,  that could be interpreted as permitting, popularising or endorsing violence. That is, unless the individual reading the verse had already concluded that its intended audience lacked his own critical perspective and understanding of social norms and values.  Even if an observer were ultimately conclude that a particular hip hop track had no redeeming value, a broad interpretation of point 7 suggests that he should, at the very least, credit its artists and listeners with a modicum of intelligence and reflectiveness. When we approach music with a custodial mind-set, determined to protect young listeners from what we see as harm or exploitation, we prevent those individuals from access a form of speech that may be the only affordable method of expression open to them.  Just as we allow individuals the right to be heard in a language of their choosing (see point 1), we should also accept that perspectives from marginalised communities may not appear in a conventional form. Under these circumstances, it would be dangerous for us to curtail and marginalise a form of speech geared toward discussing the problems faced by impoverished young people that has, against the odds, penetrated the mainstream. We are likely to deepen existing prejudices by viewing rappers and their fans as infantile, impressionable and in need of protection. hip hop, rap music, marginalised communities, impoverished youth, music ban, creative expression, free speech, cultural diversity, stereotypes, black men, social exclusion, violence, misogyny, discrimination, social norms, music criticism, representation, appraisal respect, recognition respect, mainstream society, youth culture, controversy, musical genres, lyrical analysis, perception, societal impact, advocacy, artistic value, John McWhorter, empowerment, accessibility, stigma, freedom of expression, critical engagement, music censorship, prejudice, debate, social commentary, artistic intelligence, vulnerability, minority voices, cultural values, musical evolution, community identity hip hop, rap music, marginalised communities, impoverished youth, creative expression, music ban, stereotype reinforcement, free speech, cultural diversity, musical principles, social exclusion, lyrical interpretation, discrimination, black men, negative stereotypes, violence in lyrics, misogyny in music, appraisal respect, recognition respect, vulnerable groups, music criticism, mainstream society, cultural acceptance, musical accessibility, stigmatization, artistic intelligence, youth culture, language rights, music censorship, academic criticism, John McWhorter, robust debate, social commentary, empowerment, urban culture, impressionable audiences, protective censorship, music and identity, prejudice, social barriers, alternative hip hop, rap, marginalised communities, impoverished youth, music ban, creative expression, diversity, free speech, stereotypes, black men, violence, misogyny, negative stereotypes, social exclusion, cultural expression, public discourse, discrimination, minority culture, musical genre, accessibility, freedom of expression, social justice, self-expression, John McWhorter, music criticism, appraisal respect, recognition respect, mainstream society, youth culture, prejudice, lyrical analysis, social norms, dignity, musical principles, creative outlet, affordable expression, critical perspective, societal attitudes, music censorship, language rights, vulnerable communities hip hop, rap, impoverished communities, marginalisation, music genre, creative expression, free speech, cultural diversity, discrimination, stereotypes, youth, black men, violence, misogyny, mainstream society, social exclusion, self-expression, ban, censorship, marginalised youth, musical principles, cultural criticism, representation, lyrical analysis, freedom of expression, social commentary, empowerment, artistic freedom, musical accessibility, prejudice, public perception, social justice, respect, music censorship, social norms, critical engagement, appraisal respect, recognition respect, John McWhorter, rap lyrics, vulnerable communities, poverty, minority representation, social impact, musical culture hip hop, rap, free speech, marginalised communities, impoverished youth, stereotype, discrimination, music ban, cultural expression, musical diversity, social exclusion, creative expression, violence, misogyny, black men, societal prejudice, mainstream society, recognition respect, appraisal respect, controversy, lyrical analysis, music and identity, artistic freedom, youth empowerment, censorship, linguistic diversity, social justice, music criticism, urban culture, economic marginalisation, music and social critique, John McWhorter, negative stereotypes, music and violence, popular culture, social commentary, music censorship, community empowerment, racial discrimination, music and society, form of speech,
test-international-amehbuaisji-con02a	Risk of “lawfare” against Israel  The specific position that Israel is in, places it at a unique risk of “lawfare”, the use and abuse of the legal process by states for political ends.  A particular concern is Article 8(2)(b)(viii), which could be used as a particular tool to attack Israel over the settlements policy. Issues over settlements in the West Bank should be resolved by negotiation during the existing, albeit fractious, peace process, rather than being used as a tool for those who wish to derail good faith negotiations by dragging matters in to the hands of the international courts.  Israel has regularly been singled out for particular beration by UN bodies. For example, over half of the country-specific resolutions passed by the UN Human Rights Council have been about Israel, while praising Muammar Gadaffi. lawfare, Israel, legal process, political ends, Article 8(2)(b)(viii), settlements, West Bank, international courts, peace process, UN Human Rights Council, United Nations, resolutions, Israeli policy, legal abuse, state actors, negotiation, international law, singling out, political warfare, Muammar Gaddafi lawfare, Israel, legal process, political ends, Article 8(2)(b)(viii), settlements, West Bank, international courts, UN Human Rights Council, UN resolutions, peace process, negotiation, international law, selective enforcement, political abuse, Israeli-Palestinian conflict, legal attack, UN bias, human rights, settlements policy, ICC, international justice, negotiation obstruction, state accountability, Gadaffi, legal warfare lawfare, Israel, legal process, political ends, Article 8(2)(b)(viii), ICC, settlements, West Bank, peace process, international courts, UN Human Rights Council, UN resolutions, Gadaffi, negotiation, international law, targeted litigation, UN bias, legal warfare, Israel-Palestine conflict lawfare, Israel, legal process, political ends, Article 8(2)(b)(viii), settlements policy, West Bank, negotiations, peace process, international courts, UN bodies, UN Human Rights Council, country-specific resolutions, political abuse, legal warfare, international law, singling out Israel, settlement issues, Middle East conflict, United Nations, Muammar Gaddafi lawfare, Israel, legal process, political ends, Article 8(2)(b)(viii), settlements policy, West Bank, negotiation, peace process, international courts, UN Human Rights Council, UN resolutions, singling out Israel, international law, state abuse, legal attacks, Israeli settlements, international relations, human rights, Muammar Gadaffi
test-culture-ahrtsdlgra-con01a	Social disgust can be central to artwork  Some forms of art rely strongly on the provocation of disgust or other strong reactions. For example, conceptual artists often rely heavily upon the provocation of strong emotions in the viewer as a way of drawing attention to important, taboo areas (e.g. death, religion and sexuality). If they are banned from doing this, then we lose an entire branch of art: we are left instead with forms of art that choose not to engage with these areas at all.  Particularly in cases where people want to draw attention to what they see as unnecessary taboos, shock is integral. For example, the work of Sarah Lucas explored taboos surrounding sexuality and gender: her work drew attention to stereotyping and taboo in a way that (necessarily) many people found disgusting. Further, it is possible to critically engage with that disgust. It is wrong to assume that the end point of a provocative piece of art is “oh, I’ve been provoked”. Rather, this emotional first response is only the beginning when it comes to the contemplation of that work. Thinking about the reasons for your disgust, and its context, allows us a greater insight into the work, which if you believe ideas are central to pieces of art (which conceptual artists do) is vital. social disgust, art, artwork, provocation, strong emotions, conceptual art, taboos, death, religion, sexuality, censorship, shock art, Sarah Lucas, gender, stereotyping, controversial art, emotional response, critical engagement, interpretation, contemporary art, provocative art, art criticism, taboo subjects, art and society, artistic freedom, art perception social disgust, artwork, art provocation, emotional response, taboo, conceptual art, strong reactions, shock value, banned art, art censorship, Sarah Lucas, sexuality, gender, stereotyping, taboo subjects, art and emotion, provocative art, critical engagement, contemplation, emotional reaction, idea-driven art, contemporary art, art controversy, death, religion, boundary-pushing art, art interpretation social disgust, conceptual art, provocative art, emotional response, taboo, art censorship, shock value, Sarah Lucas, sexuality in art, gender in art, stereotype, critical engagement, viewer reaction, art and emotions, art controversy, artistic expression, disgust in art, art and society, art provocation, art and taboo, art reception, contemporary art, challenging norms, art interpretation social disgust, artwork, provocation, conceptual art, strong emotions, taboo, death, religion, sexuality, shock art, censorship, emotional response, critical engagement, Sarah Lucas, gender stereotypes, stereotype, taboo art, artistic provocation, controversial art, art and disgust, viewer reaction, insight, art interpretation, art contemplation, contemporary art, provocative art social disgust, art, artwork, provocation, strong emotions, conceptual art, taboo, death, religion, sexuality, banned art, censorship, shock art, taboo subjects, critical engagement, Sarah Lucas, gender, stereotyping, emotional response, interpretation, contemporary art, provocative art, insight, meaning, conceptual artists, controversy, societal norms, audience reaction, taboo in art, challenging norms, art criticism
test-science-cpisydfphwj-pro01a	Facebook encourages socialisation  One of the most crucial elements in any child's development is the ability to socialize with peers. By having a large circle of friends to talk to and share interests, the child gains trust, self-esteem and self-confidence. If you have people to talk to when you have a problem, it is much easier to overcome any problems.  Facebook and social networks in general help teenagers on multiple levels to maintain and expand their circle of friends. Firstly, it lets you remain in touch with friends even if you are very far apart. As we live in an increasingly globalized world, friend circles tend to be broken up very easily. As a result, individuals need to be able to keep in touch in spite of the physical distance. Facebook enables them to do that. (1)  Secondly, by allowing people with shared opinions, hobbies or interests to gather, social networks allow users to expand their circle of friends, something that is more applicable the bigger the social network. Thirdly, it allows young people to spend more time with the friends and people they already know through chat conversations, shared photos or status updates. As a result, people who are engaged on these social networks have more self esteem, more confidence in them, feel more appreciated and tend to be happier in general due to their wide circle of friends. (2)  (1) Keith Wilcox and Andrew T. Stephen “Are Close Friends the Enemy? Online Social Networks, Self-Esteem, and Self-Control” Journal of Consumer Research, 2012   (2) Brittany Gentilea, Jean M. Twengeb, Elise C. Freemanb, W. Keith Campbella “The effect of social networking websites on positive self-views: An experimental investigation” 2012 Facebook, socialisation, child development, peer interaction, self-esteem, self-confidence, social networks, teenagers, friendship maintenance, globalisation, distance communication, shared interests, online communities, friend expansion, social support, chat, photo sharing, status updates, adolescent well-being, psychological benefits, Wilcox Stephen 2012, Gentilea Twenge Freeman Campbell 2012, positive self-views, happiness, social connection, youth, online interaction, social media, network size, relationship building Facebook, socialisation, child development, peer interaction, self-esteem, self-confidence, social networks, teenagers, friendship maintenance, globalisation, long-distance communication, shared interests, social circles, chat conversations, photo sharing, status updates, online social networks, happiness, positive self-views, youth socialization, Wilcox Stephen 2012, Gentile Twenge Campbell 2012, friendships, adolescent well-being, digital communication, psychological benefits, trust, support networks, emotional support, connectivity, mental health, social media, expanding friends, adolescent psychology Facebook, socialisation, child development, peer interaction, self-esteem, self-confidence, friendship, social networks, teenagers, maintaining friendships, expanding social circle, globalization, physical distance, online communication, shared interests, hobbies, chat conversations, shared photos, status updates, psychological well-being, happiness, positive self-views, youth socialization, online self-esteem, adolescent friendships, social network effects, social support, Journal of Consumer Research, experimental investigation, digital friendships, social media impact Facebook, socialisation, child development, peer interaction, self-esteem, self-confidence, friendship, problem-solving, social networks, teenagers, friend circle, globalized world, maintaining relationships, physical distance, shared interests, expanding friends, social network size, chat, photo sharing, status updates, positive self-views, appreciation, happiness, Keith Wilcox, Andrew T. Stephen, online social networks, Journal of Consumer Research, Brittany Gentilea, Jean M. Twengeb, Elise C. Freemanb, W. Keith Campbella, social networking websites, experimental investigation Facebook, socialization, child development, peer interaction, self-esteem, self-confidence, social networks, teenagers, friendship, globalized world, maintaining connections, expanding friend circles, shared interests, online communication, chat conversations, photos sharing, status updates, psychological benefits, happiness, self-views, distance communication, adolescent social development, Wilcox Stephen 2012, Gentile Twenge Freeman Campbell 2012
test-economy-epsihbdns-pro03a	Restrictions would benefit rural areas  Unlimited rural-urban migration erodes the economy of the cities, as shown in the previous argument, and limits their economic growth and available resources. On a national level, this causes decision makers to prioritise the cities, as the country relies more on urban than rural areas, thus preventing them from investing in the country-side. [1] China is a good example of this where urban privilege has become entrenched with ‘special economic zones’ being created in urban areas (though sometimes built from scratch in rural areas) with money being poured into infrastructure for the urban areas which as a result have rapidly modernised leaving rural areas behind. This leads to a whole culture of divisions where urbanites consider those from rural areas to be backward and less civilized. [2]  Moreover, there will be little other reason to invest in rural areas, as the workforce in those areas has left for the cities. By preserving resources in the cities and keeping the workforce in the rural areas, it becomes possible to invest in rural communities and change their lives for the better as these areas maintain the balanced workforce necessary to attract investors.  [1] Maxwell, Daniel., “The Political Economy of Urban Food Security in Sub-Saharan Africa.” 11, London : Elsevier Science Ltd., 1999, World Development, Vol. 27, p. 1939±1953. S0305-750X(99)00101-1.  [2] Whyte, Martin King, “Social Change and the Urban-Rural Divide in China”, China in the 21st Century, June 2007,  p.54 rural-urban migration, urban economy, rural development, resource allocation, urban privilege, special economic zones, urban infrastructure, rural workforce, urban-rural divide, economic growth, city investment, rural investment, China urbanization, sub-Saharan Africa, social change, rural modernization, migration restrictions, urbanization policy, workforce distribution, urban-rural inequality, decision making, economic policy, urbanization impact, rural communities, infrastructure disparity rural development, rural-urban migration, urbanization, urban privilege, economic growth, city resources, rural investment, workforce distribution, special economic zones, urban infrastructure, rural-urban divide, rural modernization, migration restrictions, rural communities, investor attraction, urban-rural inequality, China urbanization, urban bias, resource allocation, socio-economic divisions, food security, rural exodus, decision-making priorities, sub-Saharan Africa, social change, infrastructure investment rural-urban migration, urban privilege, special economic zones, rural development, urbanization, China case study, workforce distribution, economic growth, urban-rural divide, infrastructure investment, resource allocation, decision making, rural investment, social divisions, urban modernization, countryside neglect, migration restrictions, balanced workforce, rural communities, investor attraction, Sub-Saharan Africa, food security, policy implications rural-urban migration, migration restrictions, urban privilege, economic zones, rural investment, city economic growth, rural workforce retention, urban-rural divide, resource allocation, urbanization, China urbanization, rural modernization, infrastructure development, balanced workforce, rural communities, urban bias, policy decision making, investment incentives, urban food security, rural development, social divisions, urban-rural disparity rural-urban migration, urbanization, economic growth, urban privilege, rural development, special economic zones, infrastructure investment, workforce distribution, rural-urban divide, investment in rural areas, China urbanization, rural workforce retention, resource allocation, social division, decision making, modernization, city economies, urban resource pressure, rural neglect, policy impact, development imbalance, rural exodus, sub-Saharan Africa urban food security, rural investment incentives
test-culture-mmciahbans-pro01a	These products are dangerous  Skin whitening creams often contain a wide variety of harmful ingredients – in some cases, mercury. These can cause various health problems; mercury in particular causes renal (kidney) damage, major skin problems as well as mental health issues [1] .  States, throughout the world, ban consumer products because they are harmful regardless of whether this is for consumption or for cosmetics. This is just another case where that is appropriate in order to prevent the harm to health that may occur.  [1] World Health Organization, “Mercury in skin lightening products”, WHO.int, 2011, skin whitening creams, harmful ingredients, mercury, health risks, renal damage, kidney damage, skin problems, mental health issues, product bans, cosmetic safety, public health, World Health Organization, mercury toxicity, consumer protection, skin lightening products, adverse effects, mercury poisoning, global regulation, toxic cosmetics, hazardous substances skin whitening creams, harmful ingredients, mercury, health problems, renal damage, kidney damage, skin problems, mental health issues, product bans, consumer safety, cosmetics, mercury poisoning, World Health Organization, skin lightening products, toxic cosmetics, cosmetic regulation, public health, dangerous products, mercury exposure, WHO skin whitening creams, harmful ingredients, mercury, health risks, renal damage, kidney damage, skin problems, mental health issues, product bans, consumer safety, cosmetic regulations, mercury toxicity, public health, World Health Organization, skin lightening, toxic cosmetics, international regulation, hazardous products skin whitening creams, harmful ingredients, mercury, health risks, renal damage, kidney damage, skin problems, mental health issues, product bans, consumer safety, cosmetics regulation, World Health Organization, mercury poisoning, toxic cosmetics, public health, skin lightening risks, WHO report skin whitening creams, harmful ingredients, mercury, health risks, kidney damage, renal damage, skin problems, mental health issues, product bans, cosmetic safety, public health, World Health Organization, mercury toxicity, skin lightening products, consumer protection
test-health-ahiahbgbsp-con03a	Ban would harm the wider economy  A ban could harm the wider economy – from bars to clubs, if smokers are unable to smoke inside, they may be more likely to stay away. According to some critics, this lead to the closures of bars in the UK when such a ban was brought in 1 . Research in the United States has shown drops in employment in bars of between 4 and 16 percent. 2  1 BBC News, “MPs campaign to relax smoking ban in pubs”, BBC News, 2011,   2 Pakko, Michael R., 'Clearing the Haze? New Evidence on the Economic Impact of Smoking Bans', The Regional Economist, January 2008, smoking ban, economic impact, bars, clubs, wider economy, UK, bar closures, employment drops, United States, hospitality industry, smoking inside, business effects, critics, research, BBC News, Michael R. Pakko, economic harm, employment reduction, smoking restrictions, service sector smoking ban, economic impact, wider economy, bars, clubs, employment, closures, UK, United States, critics, smoking indoors, business impact, hospitality industry, BBC News, smoking legislation, public policy, economic consequences, unemployment, nightlife, bar closures smoking ban, economic impact, bar closures, club attendance, employment drops, hospitality industry, UK, United States, critics, bar employment, policy effects, smoking restrictions, public health policy, economic consequences, BBC News, Michael R. Pakko, The Regional Economist smoking ban, economic impact, bars, clubs, employment, business closures, UK, United States, hospitality industry, critics, smoking ban effects, bar attendance, unemployment, BBC News, economic consequences, Pakko Michael R, Regional Economist, public policy, nightlife economy, hospitality sector, indoor smoking prohibitions smoking ban, economic impact, bar closures, club attendance, hospitality industry, employment decline, UK smoking ban, US research, business revenue, nightlife economy, public health policy, legislative effects, consumer behavior, BBC News, smoking policy critics, bar employment statistics, Pakko study, regulatory impact
test-digital-freedoms-efsappgdfp-pro03a	There are safeguards to prevent misuse  In democracies there are numerous safeguards and levels of oversight to prevent abuse. In the UK for example there is a “strong framework of democratic accountability and oversight”. Agencies are required “to seek authorisation for their operations from a Secretary of State, normally the Foreign Secretary or Home Secretary.” The Secretary is given legal advice and comments from civil servants. Once the Secretary has given assent they are “subject to independent review by an Intelligence Services Commissioner and an Interception of Communications Commissioner… to ensure that they are fully compliant with the law”. [1]  [1] Hague, William, ‘Prism statement in full’, politics.co.uk, 10 June 2013, democracy, safeguards, oversight, abuse prevention, UK, democratic accountability, authorisation, Secretary of State, Foreign Secretary, Home Secretary, legal advice, civil servants, independent review, Intelligence Services Commissioner, Interception of Communications Commissioner, law compliance, Prism statement, William Hague, politics.co.uk, 2013 safeguards, misuse prevention, democratic oversight, accountability, UK, authorisation, Secretary of State, Foreign Secretary, Home Secretary, legal advice, civil servants, independent review, Intelligence Services Commissioner, Interception of Communications Commissioner, compliance, law enforcement, public administration, Prism statement, William Hague, surveillance, democratic framework, politics, civil liberties, government agencies democratic safeguards, oversight mechanisms, abuse prevention, UK accountability, legal authorisation, Secretary of State, Foreign Secretary, Home Secretary, independent review, Intelligence Services Commissioner, Interception of Communications Commissioner, compliance monitoring, democratic framework, governmental oversight, William Hague, Prism statement, politics.co.uk, legal safeguards, operational authorisation, civil servant advice safeguards, misuse prevention, oversight, democratic accountability, UK, authorisation, agencies, Secretary of State, Foreign Secretary, Home Secretary, legal advice, civil servants, independent review, Intelligence Services Commissioner, Interception of Communications Commissioner, law compliance, Prism statement, William Hague, politics.co.uk, abuse of power prevention safeguards, misuse prevention, democracies, oversight, democratic accountability, UK, intelligence agencies, authorisation, Secretary of State, legal advice, civil servants, independent review, Intelligence Services Commissioner, Interception of Communications Commissioner, compliance, law, Prism statement, William Hague, UK government, surveillance oversight
test-society-ghbgqeaaems-con03a	There are other policy options that are less distortive and more advantageous for the economy.  Quotas are discriminatory and could be anti-constitutional in countries like France while there are other policy instruments that could be easier to implement.  Rather than implementing quotas as a top-down approach, for example, there could be more access to capital and less regulatory obstacles for starting businesses for women. However, women in OECD enterprise account for an average 30% of all entrepreneurs and there are more self-employed or firm-owners. These gender gaps are particularly large in Ireland, Iceland, and Sweden. [1] Entrepreneurs or individuals starting up new firms are crucial to productivity in all countries. In the OECD area, the levels of entrepreneurship are highest in countries showing the fastest growth. The number of women entrepreneurs, as seen in female to male start-up ratios, is also growing fastest in these countries, which include the United States and Canada. Enhanced access to credit and less red tape for women-owned ventures is a promising source of business and job creation without the distortive effects of quotas on business competitiveness.  Other non-legislative instruments encouraging gender equality in companies are labels, awards, charter signing, and rankings. [2] They do not require externally imposed structural changes but stimulate companies to commit to gender equality in a manner acceptable to them.  Moreover, even if quotas are implemented, they should be flexible and voluntary. A one-size fits all binding quota scheme could easily harm more national economies than it would help. Even by implementing voluntary rather than obligatory quotas in addition to existing national efforts for gender equality, the EU could avoid economic distortions and constitutional complications.  [1] OECD, “Gender and Sustainable Development: Maximising the economic, social and environmental role of women”, 2008, p.35  [2] European Parliament, “Gender Quotas in Management Boards”, 2012 policy options, economic advantages, less distortive, quotas, discrimination, anti-constitutional, France, policy instruments, implementation, access to capital, regulatory obstacles, women entrepreneurs, OECD, entrepreneurship, gender gaps, Ireland, Iceland, Sweden, start-ups, productivity, economic growth, female to male ratio, United States, Canada, credit access, red tape, business competitiveness, non-legislative instruments, gender equality, labels, awards, charters, rankings, voluntary quotas, flexibility, national economies, EU, constitutional complications, sustainable development, women-owned ventures policy options, economic advantages, market distortions, quotas, discriminatory policies, constitutional issues, France, policy instruments, implementation, access to capital, regulatory obstacles, women entrepreneurs, OECD, gender gap, business start-ups, self-employment, Ireland, Iceland, Sweden, productivity, entrepreneurship, economic growth, female-to-male start-up ratio, United States, Canada, access to credit, red tape reduction, women-owned businesses, job creation, competitiveness, non-legislative instruments, gender equality, company labels, awards, charters, rankings, voluntary quotas, flexible quotas, binding quota risks, national economies, EU, constitutional complications, policy options, economic advantages, quotas, discrimination, constitutionality, France, policy instruments, implementation, access to capital, regulatory obstacles, women entrepreneurship, OECD, gender gaps, Ireland, Iceland, Sweden, entrepreneurship, productivity, start-up ratios, United States, Canada, access to credit, red tape, women-owned ventures, job creation, competitiveness, non-legislative instruments, gender equality, labels, awards, charters, rankings, voluntary quotas, flexibility, EU, economic distortions, constitutional complications, sustainable development, management boards, female entrepreneurs policy options, economic advantages, quotas, discriminatory policies, anti-constitutional, France, policy instruments, ease of implementation, access to capital, regulatory obstacles, women entrepreneurs, OECD, gender gap, Ireland, Iceland, Sweden, entrepreneurship, productivity, startup ratios, United States, Canada, credit access, red tape, women-owned ventures, business competitiveness, non-legislative instruments, gender equality, company labels, awards, charters, rankings, voluntary quotas, flexible policies, binding quota schemes, economic distortion, constitutional issues, EU, gender equality efforts, national economies policy options, economic impact, quotas, discrimination, anti-constitutional, France, policy instruments, implementation, access to capital, regulatory obstacles, women entrepreneurs, OECD, gender gaps, Ireland, Iceland, Sweden, self-employment, firm-owners, productivity, business creation, start-up ratios, United States, Canada, access to credit, red tape, competitiveness, non-legislative instruments, gender equality, labels, awards, charter signing, rankings, voluntary quotas, flexibility, national economies, EU, economic distortions, constitutional issues, gender policies, business incentives
test-religion-yercfrggms-pro06a	entirely natural theories can adequately explain belief in God and the development of religions, so an existent God is superfluous to the understanding of the phenomenon:  The reason people believe in God and why religions have formed can be explained perfectly well by natural processes and psychology. Religion is an outgrowth of humans’ brain architecture developed through the process of evolution; it developed as a by-product of other useful cognitive processes. [1] For example, survival capability is promoted by an ability to infer the presence of potentially hostile organisms, the ability to establish causal narratives for natural occurrences, and the ability to recognize that other people are independent agents, with their own minds, desires, and intentions. [2] These cognitive mechanisms, while invaluable to human survival and communal development, have the effect of causing humans to imagine supernatural purposefulness behind natural phenomena that could not be explained by other means. No gods are required to explain religious belief, so the existence of such belief is no reason to believe in such beings. Religion was a cradle during mankind’s childhood and adolescence. The time has come to grow up as a species and accept that there are no gods.  [1] Henig, Robin. 2007. “Darwin’s God”. The New York Times. Available:   [2] Pinker, Steven. 2004. “The Evolutionary Psychology of Evolution”. Annual Meeting of the Freedom from Religion Foundation. Available: natural explanations, belief in God, religious development, evolutionary psychology, cognitive processes, human brain architecture, causal narratives, agency detection, psychological origins of religion, adaptive by-products, survival mechanisms, supernatural belief, religion evolution, naturalistic theories, atheism, cognitive biases, origin of religious belief, cultural evolution, human cognition, no supernatural necessity, science of religion naturalistic explanation of religion, cognitive science of religion, evolutionary psychology, belief in God, origin of religion, natural causes of religious belief, causality and religion, agency detection, supernatural attribution, brain architecture and religion, adaptive psychology, survival and religious belief, psychological origins of god concepts, cultural evolution of religion, atheist arguments, superfluous god hypothesis, cognitive by-products, theory of mind and religion, causal narratives, purposefulness in nature, secular explanation of theism naturalistic explanations, belief in God, origins of religion, evolutionary psychology, cognitive science of religion, brain architecture, adaptive behavior, causal inference, agency detection, human cognition, religious development, supernatural belief, secularism, god hypothesis, cultural evolution, survival mechanisms, natural processes, by-product hypothesis, psychology of religion, evolutionary origins, atheism, natural explanations for religion, religion without gods, cognitive mechanisms, social evolution, memetics, psychological origins of belief, anthropology of religion, religion and evolution, non-theistic explanations naturalistic explanations, belief in God, religion origins, evolutionary psychology, cognitive science of religion, psychological mechanisms, human brain architecture, adaptive evolution, causal reasoning, agency detection, survival instincts, supernatural attribution, god hypothesis superfluous, atheism, secular humanism, Robin Henig, Steven Pinker, adaptive cognition, emergence of religion, religious belief explanation, natural processes, non-theistic explanations, freedom from religion, religion as by-product, evolutionary development naturalistic explanation of religion, evolution of religious belief, cognitive science of religion, psychology of religion, evolutionary psychology, origins of belief in God, religion as evolutionary byproduct, causal reasoning and religion, agency detection, religion and brain architecture, adaptive cognition, supernatural beliefs and evolution, memetics, natural processes religion, atheism, god superfluity, religious development, natural origins of religion, human cognition and religion, evolutionarily adaptive beliefs, survival and religious behavior, development of supernatural beliefs, Pinker evolutionary psychology, Henig Darwin's God, religion as cognitive spandrel
test-politics-oepghbrnsl-pro04a	Russia as a state and Russians as a nation need strong leadership  Historically, Russia has always needed strong centralised leadership for it to make progress. This was true both in imperial times under tsars such as Peter the Great (who made Russia a European power and built St Petersburg) and Alexander II (who freed the serfs), and since 1917 under Lenin and Stalin. Russia is too big, too diverse and too thinly-populated for western systems of representative democracy to be applied. Culturally its people are temperamentally suited to following the decisive lead of a strong ruler who can unite them in the face of great challenges. Without such a ruler Russia is likely to fragment with local strongmen grabbing power in the regions, religious fundamentalism dominating much of the Caucasus and Central Asia, and economic stagnation. Russia, strong leadership, centralised leadership, Russian state, Russian nation, tsars, Peter the Great, Alexander II, Lenin, Stalin, representative democracy, Russian history, political culture, state unity, regional fragmentation, religious fundamentalism, economic stagnation, leadership traditions, authoritarianism, Russian governance, Russian diversity, Russian temperament, state progress, power consolidation, empire, serf emancipation, regional strongmen, Caucasus, Central Asia Russia, strong leadership, centralized power, nation, state, progress, tsars, Peter the Great, St Petersburg, Alexander II, emancipation of serfs, imperial Russia, Lenin, Stalin, post-1917, governance, representative democracy, Russian culture, ruler, national unity, fragmentation, regional strongmen, Caucasus, Central Asia, religious fundamentalism, economic stagnation, government structure, Russian history Russia, strong leadership, centralised authority, political culture, historical governance, tsars, Peter the Great, Alexander II, Lenin, Stalin, imperial Russia, serf emancipation, European power, state unity, national identity, representative democracy, cultural temperament, political stability, regional fragmentation, local strongmen, religious fundamentalism, Caucasus, Central Asia, economic stagnation, leadership tradition, Russian history, governance challenges Russia, strong leadership, centralised power, Russian history, tsars, Peter the Great, Alexander II, Lenin, Stalin, imperial Russia, serf emancipation, authoritarianism, national unity, cultural temperament, representative democracy, political fragmentation, local strongmen, regional power, religious fundamentalism, Caucasus, Central Asia, economic stagnation, governance, political culture, national identity, leadership style, historical precedents Russia, strong leadership, centralised authority, nation, historical context, tsars, Peter the Great, Alexander II, Lenin, Stalin, representative democracy, Russian culture, national unity, state fragmentation, local power, religious fundamentalism, economic stagnation, governance, Russian history, political stability
test-law-phwmfri-con01a	A flat rate is more just  A fine ought to be proportionate to the severity of the crime committed, not the income of the offender. It is fundamental that the justice system should treat all offenders equally; if two people commit the same crime in the same circumstances but one is richer than the other then they have caused the same amount of harm so should pay the same price for that harm. Having a richer person pay more implies that crimes by the rich are necessarily more harmful to society regardless of what the crime actually is.  Further, this system will cause anomalies, where rich people fined for small offences (e.g. littering) will have much larger fines than poorer people fined for more serious offences (e.g. speeding). This will make people question the fairness of the fines, which will negatively impact their relationship with the justice system. flat rate fines, proportionality, severity of crime, income-based fines, equality before the law, justice system, same crime same punishment, fairness, fine anomalies, rich vs poor offenders, harm caused, impact on justice, public perception, fairness of fines, societal harm, deterrence, judicial equality, criminal justice fairness, financial penalties, punitive equality flat rate fines, proportional fines, justice system equality, severity of crime, offender income, fine fairness, crime harm, equal punishment, rich vs poor offenders, income-based fines, sentencing fairness, inconsistency in fines, perceived fairness, public trust justice, fine system criticism, fine anomalies, crime and punishment, judicial equality, penalty proportion, socioeconomic disparity flat rate fines, proportionality, severity of crime, income-based fines, justice system, equality before law, harm caused, fairness, offender income, rich vs poor, unequal fines, punishment, legal equity, social perception, criminal justice, uniform punishment, fine anomalies, public trust, sentencing fairness, wealth disparity flat rate fines, proportionality, crime severity, income-based fines, justice system equality, equal treatment, offender income, harm caused, fairness of fines, rich vs poor offenders, social harm, fine anomalies, public perception, legal fairness, judicial consistency, penalty fairness, trust in justice system flat rate, proportional fines, crime severity, offender income, justice system, equality, fairness, harm caused, wealth disparity, fine anomalies, rich offenders, poor offenders, fine fairness, judicial equity, public perception, social justice, legal consistency, punishment proportionality, socioeconomic status, legal fairness
test-economy-thsptr-pro02a	Those who have more owe more to the state  Wealthier people benefit from the state more than do those who are worse off for two reasons. First, they have more to lose in the absence of the state. Without the rule of law, people would no longer be bound by any power to respect one another’s property rights. A rich person has much more to lose should there be a reversion to the state of nature; nothing would shield him from the mob. For this reason it is in the interest of the wealthy to preserve the just rule of law in the state and to uphold its institutions. It does so by funding it through taxation, and those who have more to lose have a greater interest in paying more to ensure its continuity. The second benefit the rich have is that they have gained more from the state than have the poor and less well off. It is only within a state system that maintains order and provides vital services that markets can form and be maintained. [1] Warren Buffett, for example, has argued that he could never have amassed anywhere near the sort of wealth he has in a country without the rule of law, such as Bangladesh. [2] Wealthy business owners and corporations use state utilities far more than poorer individuals quite often, when for example they use public roads to move their vast fleets of trucks, while individuals only drive their personal car. The state guarantees property rights, which allows markets to form and provides the protections and services to businesses that need them to function. Those who profit from that have an obligation to contribute to its upkeep.  [1] Lakoff, George and Bruce Budner. “Hidden Truths of Progressive Taxes”. Institute for America’s Future. 2007. Available:   [2] Terkel, Amanda. “Warren Buffett: ‘I Should Be Paying a Lot More in Taxes’”. Huffington Post. 2010. Available: progressive taxation, wealth inequality, state benefits, property rights, rule of law, public goods, market formation, wealthy obligations, taxation justice, social contract, redistribution, state institutions, economic fairness, state protection, taxation philosophy, privilege and responsibility, social equity, Warren Buffett, public infrastructure, corporate benefits, government funding, tax policy, social responsibility, affluent contribution, state dependence, economic systems, state and wealth, fair taxation, legal protection, redistribution of wealth, use of public services wealth inequality, taxation, progressive taxes, state benefits, rule of law, property rights, redistribution, public goods, wealthy obligations, fiscal policy, market formation, social contract, economic justice, Warren Buffett, corporate responsibility, state institutions, state funding, public infrastructure, tax fairness, socioeconomic disparity progressive taxation, wealthy individuals, state benefits, property rights, rule of law, redistribution, social contract, public goods, taxation justification, wealth inequality, government institutions, market formation, corporate responsibility, tax obligation, public infrastructure, Warren Buffett, justice, legal protection, state of nature, economic fairness wealth inequality, state benefits, rule of law, property rights, progressive taxation, wealthy obligations, state support, tax justice, state institutions, public goods, social contract, rich vs poor, taxation philosophy, market formation, state protection, business reliance on state, Warren Buffett, redistribution, economic benefits, George Lakoff, Bruce Budner, corporate use of infrastructure, public utilities, social responsibility, fiscal policy progressive taxation, wealth inequality, state benefits, rule of law, property rights, social contract, public goods, taxation justice, redistribution, state of nature, economic justice, government institutions, rich vs poor, market formation, state services, Warren Buffett, taxation obligation, public infrastructure, corporate responsibility, fair contribution, George Lakoff, Bruce Budner, tax burden, state protection, state funding, economic benefits, wealth preservation, social order, tax policy, redistribution rationale
test-free-speech-debate-nshbbsbfb-con02a	Tens of thousands of licence fee payers objected to this, ultimately they are the BBC’s key stakeholder and that view is worthy of respect.  As an institution, the BBC may like to position itself as a global media brand but that doesn’t alter the fact that it is funded by, and chartered to serve, the British population. The whole British population. That combination – paying the pipers and calling the tune – would suggest that the corporation might be sensitive to that group.  If 50,000 to 60,000 users of any other brand registered their protest or objection to a product put forward by that brand, it would cause chaos, resignations, sackings and a rethink of whatever strategy had caused the problem in the first place.  In the case of the BBC, it caused a few slightly dismissive comments from senior managers, one editor resigned because he felt that the protesters comments were not being taken seriously and the organisation continued as though nothing had happened.  The sheer arrogance required for that response beggars belief. The BBC, as a public institution has a duty of care that might be thought of as greater than that of a private corporation. And yet it gave the impression of acting like it was just one of the other venues who had staged the opera. There is clearly a difference between a theatre that I choose to attend or not – and choose whether to support financially – and the national broadcaster which is beamed into people’s living room paid for by a compulsory licence fee. BBC, licence fee payers, public institution, key stakeholders, British population, global media brand, funding, charter, accountability, public service, user protest, audience objection, brand response, management reaction, resignations, strategy review, arrogance, duty of care, national broadcaster, compulsory licence fee, corporate governance, public accountability, opera controversy, editorial resignation, user engagement, institutional responsibility, service mandate, public trust, compulsory funding, organizational response BBC, licence fee payers, public institution, stakeholder, British population, funding, charter, global media brand, user objections, protest, audience response, corporation accountability, management response, organisational arrogance, duty of care, public broadcaster, resignations, editor protest, national broadcaster, compulsory licence fee, institutional responsibility, public service, strategy rethink, UK media, audience influence BBC, licence fee payers, stakeholder, public institution, British population, global media brand, protest, objection, strategy, senior managers, editor resignation, duty of care, public broadcaster, national broadcaster, compulsory licence fee, accountability, public funding, audience response, organisational arrogance, charter, user feedback, public opinion, public trust, brand response, funding model. BBC, licence fee, public funding, stakeholder objections, British population, global media brand, user protest, brand response, corporate strategy, resignations, public institution, duty of care, national broadcaster, compulsory licence, management response, audience representation, accountability, public service broadcasting, institutional arrogance, editorial resignation, service obligation, public accountability, protest impact, British audience, funding controversy BBC, licence fee payers, public institution, British population, stakeholder, global media brand, funding, charter, protest, objection, strategy, accountability, resignations, management response, duty of care, compulsory licence fee, national broadcaster, public service, corporate arrogance, user protest, brand sensitivity, editor resignation, institutional responsibility, audience rights, public trust, organisational response
test-digital-freedoms-aihwbasmn-pro04a	Social networks serve as a powerful signalling device for the expansion of violent behaviour  By using Twitter to signal the start of riots it attracts people to join the mob. People in riots generally look to those around them in order to see what is considered acceptable behaviour. As boundaries are crossed, such as the change from indiscriminate vandalism to looting, and reported on Twitter, the same behaviour echoes elsewhere. The lens through which rioters determine acceptable behaviour is expanded, so the chance of behaviours like looting rippling across the various mob groups within a locale increases. One escalation of violence becomes multiple escalations. Twitter is thus a serious danger to society during periods of social unrest and rioting, because it acts as a catalyst for further mayhem. By blocking Twitter governments are able to manage flashpoints and prevent them from expanding violence to other locations. This makes riot situations both less likely to escalate, and easier to break up. social networks, signalling device, violent behaviour, Twitter, signal riots, mob recruitment, acceptable behaviour, vandalism, looting, behavioural contagion, escalation, social unrest, rioting, catalyst, mayhem, blocking Twitter, government intervention, riot management, flashpoints, violence prevention, information spread, collective behaviour, crowd psychology, unrest control, digital communication, online mobilisation social networks, signalling device, violent behaviour, Twitter, riots, mob behaviour, acceptable behaviour, vandalism, looting, escalation, social unrest, catalysis, mayhem, riot diffusion, behavioural contagion, riot management, crowd psychology, information spread, government intervention, platform blocking, violence prevention, flashpoints, riot escalation, digital communication, public order social networks, signalling device, violent behaviour, Twitter, riots, mob behaviour, acceptable behaviour, vandalism, looting, escalation, social contagion, information diffusion, behavioural norms, social unrest, rioting, flashpoints, government intervention, digital communication, group dynamics, collective violence, crowd psychology, network effects, realtime reporting, censorship, event amplification, online radicalization, behavioural mimicry, crisis management, riot control, disruptive technology social networks, signalling device, violent behaviour, Twitter, riots, mob behaviour, acceptable behaviour, escalation, vandalism, looting, social unrest, catalytic effect, information diffusion, copycat behaviour, digital communication, riot management, government intervention, flashpoints, violence escalation, online coordination, public disorder, social contagion, crowd psychology, social media restrictions, unrest control, online mobilisation social networks, signalling device, violent behaviour, riot escalation, Twitter, mob behaviour, acceptable behaviour, vandalism, looting, social contagion, online coordination, social unrest, diffusion of violence, collective action, digital mobilisation, reporting violence, behavioural boundaries, rioting, digital catalysts, riot management, information spread, government intervention, blocking Twitter, violence containment, crowd psychology, flashpoints, mayhem, escalation prevention, crisis response, social media impact, digital communication, mass mobilisation
test-science-nsihwbtiss-con04a	The law would be hard to enforce.  It would be difficult to find out whether a student and teacher have had contact over the internet. If a teacher were having a relationship with a student, and this law was in effect, both parties would try to conceal it from others and from the authorities. There is then a question about how the state would find out about such behaviour. Would the state be allowed to access private facebook accounts, personal computers, or internet service provider records to make sure teachers and students are not communicating with each other? That would constitute a serious intrusion and privacy violation. law enforcement, teacher-student relationship, internet communication, privacy violation, facebook monitoring, personal computer access, ISP records, surveillance, state intrusion, digital privacy, concealed relationships, online contact, legal challenges, evidence gathering, educational policy, cyber investigations law enforcement, student-teacher relationship, internet contact, concealed communication, detection difficulty, privacy violation, Facebook access, personal computer monitoring, ISP records, state surveillance, privacy intrusion, enforcement challenges, digital communication, evidence gathering, teacher misconduct law enforcement, teacher-student relationship, internet contact, privacy, surveillance, social media monitoring, Facebook privacy, computer access, ISP records, privacy violation, state intervention, concealed communication, legal enforcement challenges, digital evidence, personal data, intrusion, privacy rights, student safety, online communication, confidentiality law enforcement, teacher-student relationship, internet contact, privacy violation, social media monitoring, Facebook accounts, personal computers, ISP records, concealed relationships, surveillance, state intrusion, online communication, legal enforcement challenges, privacy rights, digital evidence law enforcement, teacher-student relationship, internet contact, detection difficulty, privacy violation, surveillance, facebook access, personal computer monitoring, ISP records, state intervention, concealed relationships, privacy concerns, online communication, legal intrusion, monitoring teachers, student privacy
test-society-epsihbdns-con04a	Restrictions cause an incredible loss of potential  One of the best things about a functioning developed nation is that young people can choose their profession. Apart from this being beneficial for the individual, this means that the best suited person for a given trade will often be the same that pursues it. If we prevent people from moving freely we deprive the cities of talented people whose talents and skills are much better suited for urban professions than for rural jobs. In short, this policy would make farmers out of the potential lawyers, politicians, doctors, teachers etc. Indeed this is the whole basis of most models of migration, people leave rural areas because there is surplus labour in that area while the cities needs new workers. [1]  [1] Taylor, J. Edward, and Martin, Philip L., “Human Capital: Migration and Rural Population Change”, Handbook of Agricultural Economics, restrictions, potential loss, profession choice, developed nation, youth careers, talent allocation, urban migration, rural-urban migration, labor mobility, city workforce, skills mismatch, policy impact, human capital, surplus labor, urban professions, rural jobs, migration models, workforce distribution, agricultural economics, Taylor, Martin migration, restrictions, talent loss, human capital, profession choice, developed nation, urbanization, rural-urban migration, labor surplus, city workforce, job suitability, skilled workers, policy impact, economic mobility, occupational mismatch, youth employment, rural depopulation, urban labor demand, agricultural economics, migration models, Taylor J. Edward, Philip L. Martin migration, labor mobility, profession choice, talent allocation, urbanization, rural-urban migration, skilled workers, occupational restrictions, human capital, economic potential, workforce distribution, labor market, urban professions, surplus labor, migration models, rural depopulation, brain drain, policy impact, Taylor J. Edward, Handbook of Agricultural Economics migration, restrictions, loss of potential, labor mobility, urban migration, rural to urban migration, talent allocation, professional choice, occupational freedom, human capital, surplus labor, city workforce, rural jobs, urban professions, economic development, labor markets, migration policy, youth employment, Taylor, Martin, Handbook of Agricultural Economics migration restrictions, talent allocation, professional choice, urban migration, rural-urban migration, potential loss, labor mobility, skilled workers, economic impact, policy effects, human capital, occupation choice, surplus labor, urban professions, developed nations, migration models, city workforce, rural labor, education and migration, youth opportunities, Taylor and Martin, agricultural economics, migration policy, workforce distribution, rural depopulation, brain drain
test-digital-freedoms-aihwbasmn-pro03a	"Would stop riots from spreading  The police must try to stop riots from spreading and stop copycat rioting elsewhere. Knowledge of rioting happening elsewhere is often the Oxygen of riots; the riots in Manchester and elsewhere outside of London in 2011 were mostly as a result of media exposure. According to Greater Manchester Police chief Peter Fahy ""A certain group of people saw what was happening in London and decided they seemed to be getting away with it. We knew what was absolutely critical was that there needed to be control of London. Because that was just creating more and more copycat violence up here."" [1] Cutting off social media would have helped prevent the riots from spreading so ensuring that they remain small and a localised problem.  [1] Pilkington, D., “Rioting in London sparked 'copycat' behaviour”, The Independent, 14 November 2011. riots, riot control, police response, stop riots, riot prevention, copycat riots, media exposure, social media, Manchester riots, London riots, 2011 riots, riot spread, information control, Peter Fahy, Greater Manchester Police, copycat violence, media influence, social media shutdown, localized riots, riot containment riots, spreading, police response, media exposure, copycat rioting, London riots 2011, Manchester riots, Greater Manchester Police, Peter Fahy, social media, riot control, riot prevention, information control, violence escalation, localised unrest, media influence, knowledge dissemination, civil disorder, riot containment, communication shutdown riots, riot prevention, riot spread, copycat riots, police response, media exposure, social media control, Manchester riots, London riots, 2011 riots, crowd control, information dissemination, public order, media influence, Peter Fahy, riot containment, communication blackout, law enforcement strategies, riot localization, Pilkington riots, riot containment, riot prevention, police response, spreading riots, copycat riots, media exposure, social media shutdown, riot localization, Manchester riots, London riots 2011, media influence, crowd behavior, law enforcement strategies, Peter Fahy, riot control, information flow, unrest management, communication blackout riot containment, stop riot spread, copycat rioting, media influence riots, Manchester 2011 riots, London riots 2011, social media and riots, police riot control, riot prevention, media exposure violence, Greater Manchester Police, Peter Fahy, copycat violence, riot localization, Pilkington D., The Independent riots, riot communication blockade, riot escalation media, riot intervention strategies, riot diffusion, riot control measures"
test-digital-freedoms-eifpgdff-pro01a	Regulating the Internet is a means for governments to spy on their citizens  Governments around the world are tracking their citizens’ activities online. [1] They can use all sorts of techniques, like automated data-mining (i.e. via trawling your Facebook and Twitter accounts) and deep packet inspection of each electronic message sent (i.e. intercepting and reading your email). All these methods are violations of important principles.  The automated data-mining violates the principle that people shouldn’t be investigated by their governments unless there is warrant for it (so there is reasonable suspicion that they have been involved in a crime). Also, data mining creates many false positives, leading to citizens being thoroughly investigated without probable cause. [2] Deep packet inspection violates people’s fundamental right to secrecy of correspondence, which is a violation of privacy.  The problem with these government policies is that they’re hard to control – even in democracies: much of the spying is done by intelligence agencies, which are often able to evade democratic control on account of the need for secrecy rather than transparency. [3]  [1] Reporters Without Borders, Enemies of the internet, 2012 and Kingsley, Britain won’t be the only country snooping on people’s internet use, 2012  [2] US Researchers Decide Spying On Citizens Is Bad, 2008  [3] Electronic Frontier Foundation, ‘NSA Spying’. internet regulation, government surveillance, citizen monitoring, online activity tracking, automated data-mining, deep packet inspection, privacy violation, government spying, intelligence agencies, democratic control, secrecy, transparency, probable cause, false positives, privacy rights, secrecy of correspondence, warrantless investigation, internet censorship, electronic surveillance, human rights, freedom of expression, digital privacy, state surveillance, email interception, social media monitoring internet regulation, government surveillance, online tracking, automated data-mining, social media monitoring, deep packet inspection, email interception, privacy violation, citizen investigation, warrantless surveillance, false positives, probable cause, secrecy of correspondence, privacy rights, intelligence agencies, democratic oversight, transparency, mass surveillance, electronic privacy, state spying, electronic frontier foundation, reporters without borders, NSA spying, online privacy, internet freedom Internet regulation, government surveillance, online tracking, automated data mining, deep packet inspection, privacy violations, investigative warrants, false positives, probable cause, secrecy of correspondence, privacy rights, intelligence agencies, democratic control, transparency, surveillance techniques, citizen monitoring, internet privacy, online censorship, email interception, social media surveillance internet regulation, government surveillance, citizen privacy, online tracking, automated data mining, deep packet inspection, electronic message interception, social media monitoring, warrantless investigation, false positives, probable cause, secrecy of correspondence, privacy rights, democratic oversight, intelligence agencies, transparency, secrecy, Reporters Without Borders, Electronic Frontier Foundation, NSA spying, internet censorship, surveillance techniques, privacy violations, online privacy, digital rights, governmental control internet regulation, government surveillance, online tracking, automated data-mining, deep packet inspection, electronic message interception, privacy violations, warrantless investigation, false positives, probable cause, secrecy of correspondence, right to privacy, democratic oversight, intelligence agencies, transparency, internet censorship, Reporters Without Borders, NSA spying, Electronic Frontier Foundation, government spying, civil liberties, digital rights, online privacy, surveillance techniques, mass surveillance
test-economy-bepahbtsnrt-con03a	Other industries are less reliable  Other sectors, such as agriculture and the industrial sectors, have proven to be unreliable as well. Tunisia’s agriculture sector is the largest employer in the country and has received significant investment since the 1980s. Despite this, the sector performed poorly between 1985-2000 and was costly to the Tunisian economy; ensuring low returns and importation of food to meet domestic demand1. The industrial sector also demonstrated itself to be vulnerable in the 2008 economic recession. In addition, the low value of produced goods creates little opportunity for lucrative profits2. The flaws of these sectors make them unviable as alternatives to tourism.  1) Aoun,A. ‘The Performance of Tunisian Agriculture: An Economic Appraisal’ pg.7  2) Elj,M. ‘Innovation in Tunisia: Empirical Analysis for Industrial Sector’ 2012 Tunisia, agriculture sector, industrial sector, reliability, economic performance, employment, investment, 1980s, 1985-2000, poor returns, food importation, 2008 recession, vulnerability, low value goods, profitability, tourism alternatives, economic appraisal, sector flaws, Aoun, Elj, innovation, empirical analysis, industrial vulnerability, sector comparison Tunisia, agriculture sector, industrial sector, economic performance, sector reliability, agriculture investment, 1980s, employment, poor performance, 1985-2000, economic recession, 2008, low returns, food importation, domestic demand, industrial vulnerability, low value goods, profits, tourism alternatives, sector flaws, unviable sectors, economic appraisal, innovation, empirical analysis, employment Tunisia, agriculture investment Tunisia, industrial sector Tunisia Tunisia, agriculture sector, industrial sector, economic performance, unreliability, employment, investment, 1980s, 1985-2000, poor returns, food imports, economic recession, 2008, low value goods, profitability, tourism alternatives, sector vulnerability, sector flaws, economic appraisal, industrial analysis, Aoun, Elj Tunisia, agriculture sector, industrial sector, economic reliability, agriculture employment, sector investment, 1980s, sector performance, 1985-2000, economic impact, low returns, food importation, domestic demand, industrial vulnerability, 2008 recession, low value goods, profit opportunities, sector flaws, alternatives to tourism, economic appraisal, performance analysis, Tunisian economy, agricultural unreliability, industrial unreliability, sectoral comparison, Aoun, Elj, empirical analysis Tunisia, agriculture sector, industrial sector, economic reliability, sector vulnerability, employment, investment, poor performance, imports, domestic demand, economic recession, value-added goods, sector flaws, tourism alternatives, economic appraisal, agricultural returns, industrial innovation, sector unviability, Tunisia economy, food imports, sectoral comparison
test-politics-epvhbfsmsaop-pro02a	This is an unjust use of unelected power  Politicians want endorsements because they know it will bring votes; it is estimated that Oprah’s endorsement of Obama in the Democratic Primary of 2008 brought an additional 1 million votes to Obama. [1] It is unjust for celebs to use their influence in this way. Celebrities have an ability to influence the political sphere that bears no necessary relationship with their knowledge of the subjects concerned, or qualifications otherwise to do so.  Consequently, they represent an unelected, unaccountable pressure on the democratic system: they have been given power and influence, with no mechanism of checking that power, or way to prevent them from misleading the public (unlike, for example, political journalists, news channels and other sources of political information).  This is principally unjust: the optimum democratic system is the one that holds the closest to the principle of “one person, one vote”, and attempts to ensure that those votes are as informed as possible. Celebrity involvement in politics is a hindrance to that, effectively handing the famous more votes than is their due.  [1] Garthwaite, Craig, and Moore, Timothy J., ‘Can Celebrity Endorsements Affect Political Outcomes? Evidence from the 2008 US Democratic Presidential Primary’, Journal of Law, Economics, and Organization, 2012, celebrity endorsements, political influence, unelected power, democratic process, voter manipulation, Oprah Obama endorsement, 2008 Democratic Primary, unjust influence, public opinion, political accountability, political fairness, one person one vote, social responsibility, media influence, political qualifications, democracy, celebrity politics, voter impact, Craig Garthwaite, Timothy J. Moore unjust use, unelected power, politicians, endorsements, celebrity influence, Obama, Oprah endorsement, 2008 Democratic Primary, political influence, democratic system, unaccountable power, public misleading, informed voting, one person one vote, celebrity political impact, democratic principles, undue influence, political system, voter information, democracy, political endorsements, famous influence, electoral outcomes, Garthwaite, Moore, Journal of Law Economics and Organization unjust, unelected power, political endorsements, celebrity influence, democracy, Oprah endorsement, Obama 2008 primary, voting impact, democratic system, unaccountable influence, public opinion, political qualifications, misinformation, media accountability, one person one vote, political manipulation, democratic fairness, celebrity politics, electoral influence, voter persuasion celebrity political influence, unelected power, celebrity endorsements, democratic process, 2008 Obama primary, Oprah endorsement, media accountability, political manipulation, voter influence, unequal representation, democracy, one person one vote, public misinformation, political endorsements, unaccountable influence, political communication, electoral impact, political celebrity power, voter behavior, legitimacy, political fairness celebrity endorsements, political influence, unelected power, democratic system, Oprah Obama endorsement, 2008 Democratic Primary, celebrity political impact, voter persuasion, political accountability, unaccountable influence, democratic fairness, one person one vote, informed voting, celebrity political legitimacy, public influence, political endorsements ethics, democracy undermining, celebrity bias, voter manipulation, Garthwaite Moore study
test-law-lgplhbssbco-pro01a	Suicide is a waste of life  Suicide is a waste of life. It is an immoral act that ignores the sacrosanct nature of human life – something that is universally considered to be the case as shown by being something nearly all religions consider to be the case. [1] Failure to criminalize such a flagrant violation of the sanctity of human life condemns any society as irreligious and immoral. Nowadays we hear everyone talking about human rights; we hear precious little about human obligations. If we believe in the moral worth of human rights we do so because we think that human life is a wonderful thing and something with which we should not interfere. Whether the interference is by others or by ourselves, any action that denigrates human life is morally wrong for precisely the reason that we support human rights. We have an obligation to preserve all life, including our own.  [1] Perrett, Roy Wo., ‘Buddhism, euthanasia and the sanctity of life’, Journal of Medical Ethics, Vol. 22, No. 5, October 1996, suicide, waste of life, immoral act, sacrosanct human life, religion, sanctity of life, criminalization, irreligious, immoral society, human rights, human obligations, moral worth, interference, denigration of life, preserve life, euthanasia, Buddhism, sanctity, medical ethics, Roy Wo Perrett suicide, waste of life, immoral act, sacrosanct nature, human life, universal belief, religion, criminalization, sanctity of life, irreligious, immoral, human rights, human obligations, moral worth, preservation of life, euthanasia, Buddhism, Roy Wo Perrett, Journal of Medical Ethics suicide, waste of life, morality, immoral act, sanctity of life, human life, religious perspective, universal values, religion and suicide, human rights, human obligations, criminalization, irreligious society, moral worth, denigration of life, obligation to preserve life, self-destruction, Buddhist view, euthanasia, human dignity, Roy Wo Perrett, Journal of Medical Ethics suicide, sanctity of life, morality, human life, immorality, religion, religious views, criminalization, human rights, human obligations, preservation of life, euthanasia, Buddhism, ethics, moral worth, self-preservation, moral responsibility, value of life, Roy Wo Perrett, Journal of Medical Ethics suicide, waste of life, immoral act, sacrosanct nature, human life, universal values, religion, sanctity of life, criminalization, irreligious, immoral society, human rights, human obligations, moral worth, euthanasia, preservation of life, self-preservation, denigration of life, Roy Wo Perrett, Buddhism, Journal of Medical Ethics
test-science-cpisydfphwj-pro02a	Facebook provides an information point  Undoubtedly, one of the most important aspects which will influence your efforts to improve your life is your ability to take advantage of every opportunity which comes up. Obviously, one of the, if not the, best way to do this is to stay connected with the world around you, this enables you to be able to quickly find out about job opportunities, sporting competitions or social events in your area. Facebook created and developed an efficient, extremely widely visited platform on which millions of users can get in touch with each other. This can prove to be an extremely useful tool both for companies or event planners and direct customers. No matter if we are talking about Google's new hiring policy or Toyota's new discount, an upcoming music festival or a football tournament for amateur players, Facebook is informing the individuals about these events, keeping them connected with their community.  Social networks are more efficient to serving this purpose than other more conventional means like TV commercials because it is free. A very good example of this is the Kony 2012 campaign, which informed the people about the atrocities that happened in Uganda at the time, mainly relying only on social media. The Youtube video telling its story has more than 98 million views and also there were more posts on Facebook about Kony on March 6th and 7th than even Apple’s new iPad or TV releases. (1) No matter if we talk about TV ads, radio commercials or billboards, the price that has to be paid in order to promote an event is a big drawback for anyone who wants to inform the population. As a result, Facebook as with other social media is the online, cheap, efficient equivalent to an info point.  (1) Kyle Willis “Kony 2012 Social Media Case Study “, March 8, 2012 Facebook, information point, social media, opportunity, stay connected, job opportunities, event notifications, platform, user interaction, companies, event planners, customers, Google's hiring policy, Toyota discount, music festival, football tournament, community connection, promotion, social networks, efficiency, conventional media, TV commercials, free promotion, Kony 2012, Uganda, awareness campaign, Youtube, viral video, views, cost-effective, advertising, population outreach, online info point, case study Facebook, information point, social media, community connection, job opportunities, event promotion, digital platform, user engagement, communication, event planners, companies, customers, Kony 2012, campaign, Uganda, viral information, Youtube, cost-effective, efficiency, traditional advertising, TV commercials, radio ads, billboards, news dissemination, public awareness, opportunity, online networking, global reach, community events, social campaigns, networking, digital advertising, community engagement, information sharing, media comparison, affordable promotion Facebook, information point, social media, connectivity, opportunity, job opportunities, sporting competitions, social events, platform, users, event planners, companies, communication, Google's hiring policy, Toyota discount, music festival, football tournament, community, outreach, efficiency, free promotion, TV commercials, Kony 2012, Uganda, awareness campaign, YouTube, viral, view count, promotion cost, radio commercials, billboards, online promotion, digital marketing, social networks, comparative advantage, accessibility, mass communication, event marketing Facebook, information dissemination, social media, connectivity, opportunity awareness, job opportunities, event promotion, community updates, online platform, user interaction, event planners, direct customers, social events, job listings, efficient communication, global reach, TV commercials, cost-effective promotion, Kony 2012, viral campaigns, news updates, YouTube, mass media, digital marketing, real-time information, social network advantages, campaign awareness, advertising alternatives, information point, user engagement, audience reach, local events, global events, awareness campaigns, company announcements, Google hiring, Toyota discount, music festival, football tournament, message amplification, social media efficiency, Facebook, social media, information dissemination, online platform, event promotion, job opportunities, community connection, marketing, user engagement, news updates, sporting events, music festivals, efficient communication, Kony 2012 campaign, viral campaigns, free advertising, social networking, digital outreach, cost-effective promotion, global connectivity, case study, Youtube, awareness campaigns, advertising alternatives, real-time updates, company outreach, event planners, customer connection, digital media, local opportunities, information point
test-economy-bepiehbesa-con03a	CAP protects the quality of the food in EU  The role of CAP is to produce food at affordable prices while maintaining its quality. By having policies which favour agriculture in Europe it is easier to control the quality of the food, maintain it and also support the diversity of the food produced in EU. [1] The goods imported from developing countries are often not produced under such scrutiny as are those in EU. In EU the quality standards of production are one of the highest – the hygiene, the amount of additives in products – all these are set and controlled by the EU. The result of it is that European citizens eat healthy food of high quality which is still affordable – mainly due to subsidies and payments obtained via CAP.  [1] European Commission, ‘The Common Agricultural Policy A partnership between Europe and Farmers’, 2012, CAP, Common Agricultural Policy, EU, food quality, food standards, affordable prices, agricultural policies, European agriculture, food diversity, food safety, import controls, developing countries, production standards, hygiene regulations, food additives, quality control, European Commission, agricultural subsidies, payment schemes, healthy food, high quality, food subsidies, Europe farmers, food production, agricultural support, food legislation, food regulation, EU policy CAP, Common Agricultural Policy, food quality, EU, European Union, agriculture policy, food standards, quality control, affordable food, food diversity, subsidies, food production, hygiene standards, additives regulation, food safety, imported goods, developing countries, high standards, healthy food, food pricing, European Commission, agricultural subsidies, food scrutiny, production standards, food affordability, food regulation CAP, Common Agricultural Policy, EU, food quality, affordable food, agricultural policy, food standards, food safety, European agriculture, food diversity, food imports, developing countries, quality control, hygiene standards, food additives, subsidies, EU regulations, European Commission, food production, sustainable agriculture, high standards, food security, European Union, farmer support CAP, Common Agricultural Policy, food quality, EU, affordable food, agricultural subsidies, food standards, food safety, food diversity, European agriculture, quality control, food production, hygiene standards, additives regulation, food imports, developing countries, European Commission, farming support, high-quality food, European Union, agricultural policy, food affordability, food regulations, product scrutiny, food subsidies, 2012 report CAP, Common Agricultural Policy, EU, European Union, food quality, food affordability, agricultural subsidies, food standards, food safety, food diversity, food production, quality control, food imports, developing countries, hygiene standards, additives regulation, European Commission, agricultural policy, farm support, food regulations
test-economy-epsihbdns-pro04a	Poor, uneducated people are lured into cities  The cause of rural-urban migration in developing nations and the main reason why it becomes problematic is that people who move to the cities are not making informed decisions. They are led to believe that the cities contain opportunities that they cannot find where they live, and there are no mechanisms such as efficient media or adequate education to eradicate this misconception. [1] Myths can be easily propagated by a single successful migrant returning home to visit that then attracts many others to try their luck without any knowledge of the possible costs. [2] This is exacerbated by unscrupulous organisations that prey on their desperation to take all their money to organise their move to the city. Some of those who are trafficked find themselves brought to the city and exploited through forced labour, begging, or even prostitution. [3] Many of those who move to cities find themselves in a worse situation but have lost any moving power they originally had and are thus trapped.  [1] Zhan, Shaohua. “What Determines Migrant Workers' Life Chances in Contemporary China? Hukou, Social Exclusion, and the Market.” 243, 2011, Vol. 37.  [2] Waibel, Hermann, and Schmidt, Erich, “Urban-rural relations”, in Feeding Asian Cities: Food Production and Processing Issues, FAO, November 2000,   [3] “UNIAP Vietnam”, United Nations Inter Agency Project on Human Trafficking, accessed March 2013, rural-urban migration, developing countries, uneducated migrants, urban myths, migration misconceptions, lack of education, media inefficiency, social exclusion, labor exploitation, human trafficking, forced labor, urban poverty, migrant vulnerability, opportunity myths, migration decision-making, city lure, exploitative organizations, migration costs, prostitution, beggary, migrant entrapment, migration challenges, China rural-urban migration, urbanisation, FAO, migrant workers, life chances, urban migration problems, misinformation, social mobility, economic migration, unsafe migration rural-urban migration, developing countries, uneducated migrants, urbanization, misinformation, city opportunities myth, media inadequacy, education gap, migration decision-making, social exclusion, migrant exploitation, human trafficking, forced labor, urban poverty, returning migrants, exploitation organizations, migration risks, labor trafficking, poverty traps, urban myths, migration consequences, city-lured migrants, desperate migrants, urban challenges, migration misconceptions, rural exodus, social mobility, life chances, Hukou system, urban-rural relations rural-urban migration, developing nations, uneducated migrants, informed decision-making, urban myths, migration misconceptions, media inefficiency, lack of education, social exclusion, poverty-driven migration, city opportunities, return migrants influence, opportunistic organizations, exploitation, human trafficking, forced labor, urban poverty, migrant workers, loss of agency, city entrapment, rural exodus, migration causes, migrant vulnerability, trafficking risks, migration myths, socioeconomic impacts, migration decision factors, migration push-pull factors rural-urban migration, developing countries, uneducated migrants, poverty, informed decision-making, urban opportunities myth, media access, education access, migrant misconceptions, return migration, social influence, migration costs, exploitation, trafficking, forced labor, urban poverty, social exclusion, migrant vulnerability, urbanization challenges, labor markets, migration intermediaries, human trafficking, city exploitation, lack of social mobility, migration risks, China, Vietnam, Asia, FAO, life chances, migrant workers rural-urban migration, developing countries, uneducated migrants, urban myths, misinformation, lack of education, media inefficiency, push-pull factors, economic opportunities, migrant exploitation, human trafficking, forced labor, urban poverty, social exclusion, labor market, unscrupulous organizations, migrant vulnerability, return migration, rural myths, city misconceptions, migration decision-making, urban challenges, migration costs, migrant desperation, prostitution, trapped migrants, migration risks, migration consequences
test-international-amehbuaisji-con03a	The rest of the world is better off with the US out  The crucial role that the US plays for international security means that, for the benefit of the rest of the world, it is advantageous for the US to be outside of the ICC jurisdiction.  When military intervention is needed , it will often be the US that does so. The US being in a position where its actions would be constrained by a fear of ICC prosecution.  This would be even worse if the crime of aggression were to take effect, a broad definition of which could harm US interests. With the notable exceptions of the 1991 Gulf War and the invasion of Afghanistan, most recent US overseas missions could be seen as amounting to the crime of aggression. Depending on the definition used, it has been argued that every single US president since Kennedy has committed the crime of aggression. In an increasingly uncertain world, it could be necessary for the US to intervene  American ratification of the ICC would therefore have the unintended consequence of constraining US actions that would otherwise save lives. If the United States does not intervene in cases where there may be considered to be a responsibility to protect then it is unlikely that any other state will either. US, ICC, international security, military intervention, crime of aggression, US interests, ICC prosecution, overseas missions, US presidents, Kennedy, ratification, responsibility to protect, constrained actions, American intervention, global security, international law, jurisdiction, unintended consequences, world stability, humanitarian intervention US, ICC, international security, military intervention, crime of aggression, US interests, ICC prosecution, US jurisdiction, responsibility to protect, overseas missions, global stability, American ratification, presidential actions, global intervention, international law, constraining actions, humanitarian intervention, world security, US foreign policy, international criminal court, unilateral intervention US, ICC, international security, military intervention, ICC jurisdiction, crime of aggression, US interests, US overseas missions, responsibility to protect, US presidents, American ratification, unintended consequences, constrained actions, global security, humanitarian intervention, international law, war crimes, US foreign policy, multilateral intervention, United States, global stability US, ICC, international security, military intervention, ICC jurisdiction, US foreign policy, crime of aggression, ICC prosecution, US interests, military constraints, US overseas missions, US presidents, responsibility to protect, intervention, international law, global security, American ratification, unintended consequences, state sovereignty, global governance US international security, ICC jurisdiction, US military intervention, crime of aggression, ICC prosecution, US interests, US overseas missions, American ratification ICC, US constraint ICC, international responsibility to protect, US global role, intervention limitations, US unilateral action, ICC impact US, US presidents aggression, global security US, humanitarian intervention US, international law US, ICC consequences US, US foreign policy, collective security US
test-education-pstrgsehwt-pro03a	"Much of the complexity of life cannot be explained by evolution, but is perfectly explained by Creationism.  Nature is marked by clear design. The complexity of the human body, of ecosystems, and even of bacteria, attests to the existence of creative agency. It is impossible that such things as, for example, interdependent species could come to exist without the guidance of a designer. Likewise, certain organisms can be shown to be irreducibly complex, meaning that if one were to remove any part of it, it would lose all functionality. This refutes the gradualist argument of evolution, since there is no selective pressure on the organism to change when it is functionless. For example, the bacterial flagellum, the ""motor"" that powers bacterial cells, loses all functionality if a single component is removed. [1] Besides design, the only explanation of its development is blind chance, which is nonsensical. Creationism serves to explain the various mysteries of biology currently absent from the evolutionary biologists' picture of the world. The existence of complexity of the order found in the natural world is too great to envisage an origin other than complex design.  [1] Behe, Michael. 1996. Darwin’s Black Box. Glencoe: Free Press. creationism, intelligent design, evolution, complexity, human body, ecosystems, bacteria, creative agency, designer, interdependent species, irreducible complexity, gradualism, selective pressure, bacterial flagellum, functionality, blind chance, biology, natural world, design argument, Michael Behe, Darwin’s Black Box creationism, intelligent design, evolution, irreducible complexity, Michael Behe, Darwin’s Black Box, complexity of life, design in nature, creative agency, human body complexity, ecosystems, bacterial flagellum, interdependent species, gradualism, mechanism of evolution, selective pressure, designer, natural world, biology mysteries, bacterial motor, complexity argument, design argument, critique of evolution, blind chance, evolutionary biology creationism, intelligent design, complexity, irreducible complexity, design argument, Michael Behe, Darwin’s Black Box, bacterial flagellum, interdependent species, creative agency, evolutionary criticism, gradualism refutation, nature design, human body complexity, ecosystem complexity, designer, evolution debate, selective pressure, blind chance, biology mysteries, natural world complexity creationism, evolution, intelligent design, complexity, irreducible complexity, design in nature, Michael Behe, Darwin's Black Box, bacterial flagellum, creative agency, gradualism, interdependent species, selective pressure, biological mysteries, human body complexity, ecosystem complexity, bacteria complexity, designer, evolutionary biology, argument against evolution, natural world, origin of complexity creationism, intelligent design, complexity, irreducible complexity, bacterial flagellum, design argument, creative agency, interdependent species, evolution, Michael Behe, Darwin’s Black Box, designer, anti-evolution, biological design, natural world, ecosystems, human body, bacteria, refutation of evolution, gradualism, selective pressure, creative explanation, biology mysteries"
test-international-epglghbni-con03a	Unification would reignite civil disorder and violent factionalism among Irish communities  As shown above, the Northern Irish don’t want to unite with the Republic. The Irish in the Republic will also resent the new drain on their economy. Either the Republican parties in Ireland will resent having to concede some power to new political entities or the Unionists will resent being marginalized. The recent reoccurrence of violence in Belfast is being attributed to the breakdown of protestant communities and low job prospects for young protestants. Both of these problems will be exacerbated in a majority Catholic Ireland. All of these examples illustrate how unrest is likely to breakout again in a united Ireland. unification, civil disorder, violent factionalism, Irish communities, Northern Ireland, Republic of Ireland, public opinion, economic impact, Republican parties, political power, Unionists, marginalization, Belfast violence, protestant communities, youth unemployment, majority Catholic, unrest, Irish unity, social tensions, political instability Irish unification, civil disorder, violent factionalism, Northern Ireland, Republic of Ireland, economic resentment, Republican parties, political power struggle, Unionists, marginalization, Belfast violence, protestant communities, youth unemployment, Catholic majority, social unrest, political instability, sectarian conflict, economic impact, community breakdown, historical tensions Irish unification, civil disorder, violent factionalism, Irish communities, Northern Irish opposition, Republic of Ireland resentment, economic drain, Republican parties, political power shift, Unionist marginalization, Belfast violence, protestant communities, youth unemployment, majority Catholic Ireland, unrest, united Ireland, sectarian conflict, political integration, social tension, recurrence of violence Irish unification, civil disorder, violent factionalism, Northern Ireland, Republic of Ireland, community resentment, economic impact, political power sharing, Republican parties, Unionist communities, marginalized Unionists, Belfast violence, Protestant community breakdown, youth unemployment, majority Catholic Ireland, social unrest, sectarian conflict, political instability, historic tensions, reunification consequences Irish unification, civil disorder, violent factionalism, Northern Ireland, Republic of Ireland, political division, economic concerns, Republican parties, Unionist resentment, political power-sharing, Belfast violence, protestant communities, youth unemployment, sectarian tension, majority Catholic Ireland, social unrest, political instability, economic strain, community breakdown, reoccurrence of violence
test-free-speech-debate-fsaphgiap-pro03a	Transparency allows citizens to choose for a healthy leader as to ensure proper functioning  The health and fitness of a leader is a vital issue when choosing a leader; the electorate deserves to know if they are likely to serve out their term. When health conditions are hidden from the people they may mistakenly elect a leader who is unable to serve a full term or is at times not in control of the country. There would be little point in voting for a leader who will often not truely be in charge of the country, if voters are told it becomes their choice whether this is a problem. Transparency in terms of clear, accurate and up-to-date information is necessary for the electorate to judge the fitness of a leader which is a necessary precondition for election. In a democracy a leader needs to be accountable, he can only be accountable if the elctorate knows such vital information. transparency, citizen choice, healthy leader, leader fitness, election, electorate, health disclosure, leader health, accountability, democracy, leadership qualifications, public information, medical transparency, fitness for office, candidate health, voter awareness, term completion, leadership accountability, informed voting, political transparency transparency, citizen choice, healthy leader, leader health, leader fitness, electorate, health disclosure, leader accountability, democracy, public information, health transparency, leadership suitability, medical records, election criteria, voter information, term fitness, public trust, political transparency, candidate health, informed electorate transparency, citizen choice, healthy leader, leader fitness, leader health, electorate, health disclosure, leader accountability, democratic elections, health information, voter decision, leader eligibility, public health, medical transparency, fitness to serve, political transparency, informed electorate, leader term, democracy, leader control, election precondition, accurate information, up-to-date records, accountable leadership, hidden health conditions transparency, leadership health, leader fitness, electorate rights, accountability, health disclosure, election criteria, democratic process, public information, informed voting, leadership capability, term completion, voter decision-making, candidate health records, governance transparency, leader eligibility, political accountability, medical transparency, leadership suitability, democratic responsibility transparency, citizen choice, healthy leader, leader fitness, health disclosure, electorate, leader accountability, leader health, election integrity, informed voting, leadership suitability, term duration, democracy, public information, voter decision, health transparency, leadership health, democratic accountability, government transparency, leader capability
test-philosophy-eppphwlrtjs-con02a	"Through jury nullification, juries make the law more accountable to the people.  Although juries are not technically supposed to nullify the law, or choose to acquit even if the evidence suggests that the defendant is guilty, they sometimes do. This usually happens when the jury believes the law is unjust: for example when the punishment is disproportionate to the crime1 (for example some activists encourage juries to nullify in cases of non-violent drug crimes). We believe this is good because it allows the public to check the government in a way for which rare elections and complex legislative processes do not allow. Only consider how many 'democratic' countries have upheld policies of segregation or discrimination, and it becomes clear that 'free and fair' elections can lead to outcomes that are anything but. Thus jury nullification can a) protect individuals from blatantly unjust laws, and b) provide impetus to actual legislative change. For example, some scholars believe that it was in part the frequent acquittal by juries of defendants who were probably guilty, but who would have received the death penalty if found to be so, that led to the US Supreme Court declaring mandatory capital punishment schemes unconstitutional.2 This community input is valuable in all circumstances, and there is no reason why it should be limited to certain cases.  1Doug Linder, ""What Is Jury Nullification?  2Andrew Leipold, ""Rethinking Jury Nullification jury nullification, jury accountability, public check on law, unjust laws, disproportionate punishment, non-violent drug crimes, government accountability, legislative change, democratic process critique, jury acquittal, capital punishment, mandatory sentencing, segregation laws, discrimination, Supreme Court, community input, law reform, defendant rights, legal activism, Doug Linder, Andrew Leipold jury nullification, law accountability, public check on government, unjust laws, disproportionate punishment, non-violent drug crimes, legislative change, democratic process, community input, mandatory capital punishment, Supreme Court, acquittal, segregation, discrimination, Doug Linder, Andrew Leipold, criminal justice, legal reform, jury acquittal, citizen oversight, legal system critique jury nullification, accountability, juries, unjust laws, acquittal, non-violent drug crimes, public check, government, democratic processes, segregation, discrimination, legislative change, mandatory capital punishment, Supreme Court, community input, legal reform, disproportionate punishment, checks and balances, legal system, citizen participation, Doug Linder, Andrew Leipold jury nullification, legal accountability, public oversight, unjust laws, proportional punishment, non-violent drug crimes, democratic checks, government power, legislative change, mandatory capital punishment, Supreme Court, community input, acquittal, law reform, civic duty, legal process, segregation, discrimination, legal activism jury nullification, jury accountability, democratic check, unjust laws, disproportionate punishment, activist jury, non-violent drug crimes, public oversight, legislative change, government accountability, segregation, discrimination, death penalty, mandatory capital punishment, Supreme Court, acquittal, community input, Doug Linder, Andrew Leipold, legal reform, jury discretion, civil rights, criminal justice, law reform, civic participation, juror power, government limitation, judicial process, jury independence"
test-culture-tlhrilsfhwr-pro04a	The cultural construction of armed conflict  The jurisdiction of the ICC is primarily exercised according to culturally constructed assumptions about the way war works – that there will be a clear division between aggressors and defenders, that armies will be organised according to chains of command, the civilians will not be targeted and will be evacuated from conflict zones. But countless conflicts in Africa and central Asia have proven these assumptions to be flawed.  It should not be forgotten that almost all formulations of this motion define cultural relativism only as a defence to the use of child soldiers. It will still be open for ICC prosecutors to prove that the use of child soldiers has been systematic, pernicious and deliberate, rather than the product of uncertainty, necessity and unstable legal norms. Moreover, not all defences are “complete” defences; they do not all result in acquittal, and are often used by judges to mitigate the harshness of certain sentences.  It can be argued that it was never intended for the ICC to enforce laws relating to child soldiers against other children or leaders of vulnerable communities who acted under the duress of circumstances. At the very least, those responsible for arming children in these circumstances should face a more lenient sentence than a better-resourced state body that used child soldiers as a matter of policy.  Due to the nature of conflicts in developing nations, where the geographic influence of “recognised” governments is limited, and multiple local law-making bodies may contribute to an armed struggle, it is difficult for the international community to directly oversee combat itself. United Nations troops are often underfunded, unmotivated and poorly trained, being sourced primarily from the same continent as the belligerent parties in a conflict. When peacekeepers are deployed from western nations, their rules of engagement have previously prevented robust protection of civilian populations. Ironically, this is partly the result of concerns that western states might be accused of indulging in neo-colonialism. It is outrageous for the international community to dictate standards of war-time conduct to communities and states unable to enforce them, while withholding the assistance and expertise that might allow them to do so.  Therefore, the ICC, as a specialist legal and investigative body, should be encouraged to use the expertise it has accumulated to distinguish between child military participation driven by a desire to terrorise populations or quickly reinforce armies, and child military participation that has arisen as a survival strategy. cultural construction, armed conflict, ICC jurisdiction, culturally constructed assumptions, war, aggressors, defenders, chain of command, civilian protection, evacuation, conflict zones, Africa conflicts, Central Asia conflicts, flawed assumptions, cultural relativism, child soldiers, ICC prosecution, systematic use, necessity, unstable legal norms, partial defences, sentence mitigation, child soldier laws, vulnerable communities, duress, comparative sentencing, state vs community, developing nations, limited government influence, local law-making bodies, international oversight, United Nations troops, peacekeeping, underfunded, western nations, rules of engagement, neo-colonialism, war-time conduct cultural construction, armed conflict, ICC jurisdiction, cultural assumptions, war, aggressors, defenders, chain of command, civilian protection, child soldiers, Africa, Central Asia, legal norms, cultural relativism, ICC prosecution, systematic use, necessity, incomplete defences, sentence mitigation, vulnerable communities, duress, lenient sentencing, developing nations, recognized governments, local law-making, international oversight, United Nations troops, peacekeeping, rules of engagement, neo-colonialism, wartime conduct standards, legal expertise, survival strategy, terror tactics, military participation, policy, western nations, international law, humanitarian intervention cultural construction, armed conflict, ICC jurisdiction, cultural assumptions, war, aggressors, defenders, chain of command, civilians, conflict zones, Africa, Central Asia, cultural relativism, child soldiers, ICC prosecutors, systematic use, legal norms, sentencing mitigation, duress, vulnerable communities, leniency, state policy, developing nations, recognized governments, local law-making, international community, United Nations troops, peacekeeping, rules of engagement, neo-colonialism, wartime conduct, enforcement challenges, legal investigation, military participation, survival strategy, terrorize populations, law enforcement, international law, humanitarian law cultural construction, armed conflict, ICC jurisdiction, cultural assumptions, war dynamics, aggressors, defenders, chain of command, civilian protection, conflict zones, Africa conflicts, Central Asia conflicts, cultural relativism, child soldiers, ICC prosecution, systematic use, necessity, unstable legal norms, defence, mitigated sentences, vulnerable communities, duress, arming children, leniency, state policy, developing nations, government influence, local law-making, international oversight, United Nations, peacekeepers, western nations, rules of engagement, neo-colonialism, wartime conduct, international standards, enforcement challenges, specialist legal body, investigative body, cultural construction, armed conflict, ICC jurisdiction, war assumptions, aggressors, defenders, chain of command, civilians, Africa conflicts, Central Asia conflicts, flawed assumptions, cultural relativism, child soldiers, ICC prosecution, systematic use, necessity, unstable legal norms, legal defences, sentence mitigation, vulnerable communities, duress, arming children, lenient sentences, developing nations, geographic influence, local law-making, armed struggle, international oversight, United Nations troops, peacekeepers, rules of engagement, neo-colonialism, wartime conduct standards, enforcement challenges, international community, specialist legal body, investigative expertise, child military participation
test-environment-assgbatj-pro02a	Animal research causes severe harm to the animals involved  The point of animal research is that animals are harmed. Even if they don’t suffer in the experiment, almost all are killed afterwards. With 115 million animals used a year this is a big problem. Releasing medical research animals in to the wild would be dangerous for them, and they would not be usable as pets. [4]. The only solution is that they are wild from birth.  It is obvious that it’s not in the interest of animals to be killed or harmed. Research should be banned in order to prevent the deaths of millions of animals. animal research, animal harm, animal suffering, animal experimentation, animal welfare, laboratory animals, animal euthanasia, animal deaths, medical research animals, animal release, wild animals, animal rights, animal ethics, animal testing ban, alternatives to animal research, animal protection, animal use statistics, animal cruelty, biomedical research, animal interests animal research, animal testing, animal harm, animal suffering, animal welfare, laboratory animals, animal deaths, animal experimentation, animal ethics, research animals, medical research, animal rights, animal killing, release into wild, animal euthanasia, animal cruelty, animal experimentation ban, animal protection, biomedical research, animal abuse, alternative methods, ethical concerns, animal liberation, non-human animals, vivisection animal research, animal harm, animal suffering, animal mortality, laboratory animals, animal rights, ethical issues, animal experimentation, animal welfare, banning animal research, animal deaths, animal liberation, animal use statistics, post-experiment euthanasia, animal release risks, medical research ethics, alternatives to animal testing, animal protection, wild animals, research ethics, animal abuse prevention animal research, animal harm, animal suffering, animal experimentation, animal welfare, laboratory animals, animal death, animal euthanasia, animal cruelty, animal ethics, banning animal research, medical research animals, animal rights, animal experimentation ban, post-experiment euthanasia, ethical considerations, animal use statistics, animal release risks, non-human animals, laboratory animal welfare animal research, animal harm, ethical concerns, animal suffering, laboratory animals, animal welfare, animal deaths, animal experimentation, medical research animals, animal rights, euthanasia, animal use statistics, animal release risks, animal ethics, experiment impact, animal liberation, research bans, animal protection, anti-vivisection, alternatives to animal testing
test-digital-freedoms-eifpgdff-pro02a	Internet regjulation is a euphemism for censorship  Governments are trying to control what citizens can and can’t say online and what they can and can’t access. This can vary from France and Germany requiring Google to suppress Nazism in search results [1] to the Great Firewall of China, where the Chinese government almost fully controls what’s said and seen on the internet and has an army of censors. [2]  This type of internet censorship is bad because citizens should have freedom of speech and uninhibited access to information, [3] a right so fundamental that we have enshrined it in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights [4] and reaffirmed by the participants of the World Summit on the Information Society in 2003. [5]  [1] Zittrain and Edelman, Localized Google search result exclusions, 2005  [2] Internet censorship in China, 2010  [3] Free Speech Debate, 2012  [4] article 19, Universal Declaration of Human Rights  [5] Declaration of Principles, article 4, 2003 internet regulation, internet censorship, government control, online speech, access to information, freedom of speech, digital rights, Google search suppression, Nazism, France, Germany, Great Firewall, China, Chinese government, online censorship, Universal Declaration of Human Rights, World Summit on the Information Society, information suppression, Article 19, Declaration of Principles, free expression, internet freedom, localized search exclusions, online information control internet regulation, censorship, online control, government censorship, freedom of speech, information access, digital rights, Google search suppression, Nazism removal, Great Firewall of China, Chinese internet control, online censors, Universal Declaration of Human Rights, Article 19, World Summit on the Information Society, Declaration of Principles, free expression, online freedom, information suppression, content filtering, internet governance, human rights online, speech restriction, law and internet, internet autonomy internet regulation, censorship, government control, online speech, information access, Nazism suppression, Google search exclusions, Great Firewall of China, Chinese censorship, freedom of speech, Universal Declaration of Human Rights, WSIS Declaration of Principles, article 19, internet freedom, online rights, digital rights, content filtering, global internet policy, free expression, state censorship, information restriction, human rights, online censorship, search engine regulation internet regulation, censorship, online speech control, government censorship, information access, France, Germany, Google suppression, Nazism, Great Firewall of China, Chinese censorship, freedom of speech, information freedom, Universal Declaration of Human Rights, Article 19, World Summit on the Information Society, WSIS, Declaration of Principles, online rights, digital censorship, internet freedom, search result exclusions, online information suppression internet regulation, censorship, government control, online speech, information access, Google suppression, Nazism, Great Firewall of China, Chinese censorship, freedom of speech, Universal Declaration of Human Rights, World Summit on the Information Society, localized search exclusions, online censorship, digital rights, free speech, information suppression, article 19, Declaration of Principles, internet freedom
test-international-epvhwhranet-pro03a	Reform treaties are too important to be left to politicians of the day  Decisions that affect the national sovereignty of a country should not just be left to elected politicians who have power for a limited time but should be given to the citizens through direct vote. The nature of the Lisbon Treaty changed the relationship between member states and Brussels; it is clearly a constitutional issue and therefore needs to be ratified by all citizens. The Blair Labour Government held referenda on a whole range of constitutional changes, including not only devolution in Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland, but even on whether individual cities should have directly elected mayors reform treaties, national sovereignty, direct vote, referenda, constitutional changes, Lisbon Treaty, member states, Brussels, ratification, Blair Labour Government, devolution, Scotland, Wales, Northern Ireland, elected mayors, citizen participation, democratic legitimacy, treaty ratification, government power, constitutional issue, public vote reform treaties, national sovereignty, politicians, citizens, direct vote, Lisbon Treaty, constitutional issue, ratification, Blair Labour Government, referenda, devolution, Scotland, Wales, Northern Ireland, directly elected mayors, member states, Brussels, constitutional changes, public participation, democratic legitimacy, treaty ratification reform treaties, national sovereignty, direct democracy, referenda, treaty ratification, Lisbon Treaty, constitutional issues, citizen participation, Blair Labour Government, devolution, elected politicians, direct vote, constitutional change, member states, Brussels, citizen ratification, United Kingdom, political power, city mayors, democratic legitimacy, government decisions reform treaties, national sovereignty, politicians, direct vote, citizen ratification, Lisbon Treaty, constitutional issue, member states, Brussels, referenda, constitutional changes, Blair Labour Government, devolution, Scotland, Wales, Northern Ireland, directly elected mayors, treaty ratification, public vote, democratic legitimacy, treaty reform reform treaties, national sovereignty, direct vote, referenda, Lisbon Treaty, constitutional issue, citizen ratification, member states, Brussels, Blair Labour Government, devolution, Scotland, Wales, Northern Ireland, elected mayors, constitutional changes, political decision-making, treaty ratification, public participation, democratic legitimacy
test-environment-opecewiahw-pro03a	Will enable the rebuilding of DRC  DR Congo has been one of the most war ravaged countries in the world over the last two decades. The Grand Inga provides a project that can potentially benefit everyone in the country by providing cheap electricity and an economic boost. It will also provide large export earnings; to take an comparatively local example Ethiopia earns $1.5million per month exporting 60MW to Djibouti at 7 cents per KwH [1] comparable to prices in South Africa [2] so if Congo were to be exporting 500 times that (at 30,000 MW only 3/4ths of the capacity) it would be earning $9billion per year. This then will provide more money to invest and to ameliorate problems. The project can therefore be a project for the nation to rally around helping create and keep stability after the surrender of the rebel group M23 in October 2013.  [1] Woldegebriel, E.G., ‘Ethiopia plans to power East Africa with hydro’, trust.org, 29 January 2013,   [2] Burkhardt, Paul, ‘Eskom to Raise S. Africa Power Price 8% Annually for 5 Years’, Bloomberg, 28 February 2013, Grand Inga, DRC, DR Congo, hydropower, electricity generation, economic boost, export earnings, energy export, Ethiopia, Djibouti, South Africa, electricity prices, MW, national stability, M23 rebellion, post-conflict reconstruction, infrastructure projects, economic development, energy sector, sustainable development, regional integration, power generation, investment, poverty alleviation, renewable energy, Inga Dam, Sub-Saharan Africa, electricity export, hydroelectric project Grand Inga, DRC, Democratic Republic of Congo, hydroelectric power, electricity export, economic development, post-war reconstruction, infrastructure, cheap electricity, export earnings, stability, national unity, M23 surrender, Ethiopia-Djibouti power export, South Africa electricity prices, investment, energy sector, renewable energy, Africa hydropower, economic boost, international trade, nation building, megaprojects, regional integration, electricity generation, Inga Dam, power capacity, peacebuilding, revenue, development projects Grand Inga, DRC, Democratic Republic of Congo, hydropower, energy export, electricity generation, infrastructure, economic growth, post-conflict reconstruction, stability, M23 surrender, renewable energy, regional integration, Ethiopia Djibouti power export, South Africa electricity prices, foreign exchange earnings, national development, investment, large-scale energy projects, clean energy, African energy market Grand Inga, DRC, DR Congo, redevelopment, hydropower, electricity generation, cheap electricity, economic boost, export earnings, Ethiopia power export, hydroelectric project, South Africa electricity prices, M23 rebel group, post-conflict stability, national unity, infrastructure investment, regional power trade, energy export potential, large-scale energy project, renewable energy, East Africa energy, Djibouti, energy economy, development finance, poverty alleviation, peacebuilding, sustainable development DRC, Democratic Republic of Congo, Grand Inga, hydroelectric project, electricity generation, economic development, infrastructure, cheap power, export earnings, Ethiopia electricity export, Djibouti, South Africa electricity prices, stability, post-conflict recovery, M23 rebel group, renewable energy, large-scale hydropower, national unity, economic boost, investment, regional integration, Sub-Saharan Africa, power export, revenue generation, energy sector, sustainable development
test-religion-yercfrggms-con02a	"The complexity of the universe and of life cannot be explained by atheism:  Atheism suggests that the Universe came about by chance and the interaction of natural properties. Yet nature is marked by clear design that atheism cannot explain. The complexity of the human body, of planets, stars, and galaxies, and even of bacteria attests to the existence of creative agency. It is impossible that such things as interdependent species could come to exist without the guidance of a higher power. [1] Likewise, certain organisms can be shown to be irreducibly complex, meaning that if one were to remove any part of it, it could not function. This refutes the gradualist argument of evolution, since there is no selective pressure on the organism to change when it is functionless. For example, the bacterial flagellum, the “motor” that powers bacterial cells, loses all functionality if a single component is removed. [2] Besides design, the only explanation of its development is blind chance, which seems less sensible. Atheism cannot account for these facts and thus collapses into nonsense.  [1] Ratzsch, Del. 2009. ""Teleological Arguments for God's Existence"" The Stanford Encyclopaedia of Philosophy.   [2] Davis, Percival and Dean Kenyon. 1989. Of Pandas and People: The Central Question of Biological Origins. Richardson: Foundation for Thought and Ethics. atheism, universe complexity, design argument, teleological argument, intelligent design, irreducible complexity, higher power, fine-tuning, human body complexity, planetary design, star formation, galaxy structure, interdependent species, creative agency, bacterial flagellum, evolution critique, naturalism, creationism, chance vs design, selective pressure, blind chance, organism complexity, biological origins, Del Ratzsch, Percival Davis, Dean Kenyon, Pandas and People, natural properties, functional complexity, argument against atheism complexity, universe, life, atheism, design, creative agency, irreducible complexity, interdependent species, higher power, teleological argument, creationism, evolution, bacterial flagellum, chance, naturalism, intelligent design, fine-tuning, biological origins, selective pressure, divine creation complexity, universe, life, atheism, chance, naturalism, design, intelligent design, creative agency, human body, planets, stars, galaxies, interdependent species, higher power, irreducible complexity, gradualism, evolution, bacterial flagellum, teleological argument, biological origins, selective pressure, function, natural properties, evidence against atheism, creationism, argument for God, purposeful design, Del Ratzsch, Of Pandas and People, Percival Davis, Dean Kenyon complexity, universe, life, atheism, chance, natural properties, design, creative agency, human body, planets, stars, galaxies, interdependent species, higher power, irreducible complexity, gradualism, evolution, selective pressure, functionless, bacterial flagellum, teleological arguments, God’s existence, intelligent design, biological origins, Del Ratzsch, Percival Davis, Dean Kenyon, Of Pandas and People, improbability, naturalism, randomness, purpose, creationism atheism, universe complexity, design argument, creative agency, teleological argument, irreducible complexity, intelligent design, fine-tuning, interdependent species, higher power, evolution criticism, bacterial flagellum, natural properties, chance vs. design, gradualism refutation, organism functionality, selective pressure, biological origins, creationism, philosophy of religion, scientific critique of atheism"
test-religion-wcprrgrhbmi-pro01a	Cutting off bit of children’s bodies for no apparent reason is simply wrong  If this is simply a matter of performing a procedure with no apparent benefit to the patient – in most cases a young child – then it does rather raise the question of “Why”. If the procedure were, say, cutting off a toe or an earlobe then all involved would require a clear and compelling case for such a practice. There are grown adults that think that cutting off a finger is the next stage up from getting a tattoo or a piercing [i] . At best most people would consider such a practice odd, at worst unstable. However, these are grown adults who have made the decision to mutilate their bodies for themselves and as a statement they feel appropriate.  Consider society’s reaction if the fingers of unwilling adults were forcibly removed. What about unwilling children? What about the fingers of babies fresh out of the womb? The only sane response to such an action would be condemnation – and probably an arrest. The logic of this argument does not change if “finger” is replaced with “foreskin”.  Research undertaken by the World Health Organization found that the overwhelming determining factor in the decision as to whether a boy should be circumcised was whether the father had been [ii] .  Although the report suggest a correlation with a reduction in the possibility in the spread of AIDS in sub-Saharan Africa it also comments, “If correctly planned, increased provision of accessible, safe adult male circumcision services could also increase opportunities to educate  men in areas of high HIV prevalence about a variety of sexual and reproductive health topics, including hygiene, sexuality, gender relations and the need for ongoing combination prevention strategies to further decrease risk of HIV acquisition and transmission.”  Out with this area the rate of adult male circumcision is very low, suggesting that when the individual is of an age to give consent, they chose not to. Performing an act on a child that would not be consented to by an adult except in extremis would seem a fairly reasonable definition of child abuse.  [i] Shannon. “De-Fingered: Finger Amputations in BME News/Publishers’ Ring”. BME News. 11 March 2008.  [ii] “Male Circumcision: Global Trends and Determinants of Prevalence, Safety and Acceptability”. World Health Organisation and the Joint United Nations Council on HIV AIDS. 2007. circumcision, child circumcision, bodily autonomy, non-consensual procedures, genital mutilation, medical ethics, foreskin removal, parental consent, child rights, unnecessary surgery, cultural practices, WHO circumcision report, HIV prevention, adult consent, body modification, child abuse, medical justification, societal reaction, male circumcision trends, ethical issues, informed consent, pediatric surgery, tattoo vs circumcision, parental influence, health policy child circumcision, non-consensual surgery, bodily autonomy, medical ethics, child rights, genital mutilation, parental consent, infant surgery, foreskin removal, unnecessary medical procedures, child abuse, surgical consent, cultural practices, medical justification, adult circumcision, HIV prevention, World Health Organization, bodily integrity, male circumcision ethics, child welfare child body modification, circumcision ethics, non-consensual surgery, bodily autonomy, child consent, medical necessity, foreskin removal, cultural practices, mutilation, child abuse, parental consent, WHO circumcision report, HIV prevention, adult circumcision rates, male circumcision debate, human rights, involuntary procedures, medical ethics, physical integrity, cosmetic surgery children child circumcision, bodily autonomy, non-consensual procedures, ethics, medical consent, foreskin removal, pediatric surgery, child rights, bodily integrity, mutilation, parental choice, World Health Organization, HIV prevention, adult consent, cultural practices, child abuse, medical ethics, male circumcision, societal norms, comparison amputation, infant rights, forced surgery, health benefit debate, global circumcision trends circumcision, child bodily autonomy, non-consensual procedures, ethical medical practices, child mutilation, medical ethics, foreskin removal, parental decision, body modification, consent, child abuse, cultural practices, male circumcision, WHO report, HIV prevention, adult consent, genital mutilation, forced medical procedure, reproductive health, health policy
test-international-bldimehbn-con03a	Journalism should report the experiences of the vulnerable and oppressed just as much as those of the elite and powerful.  The idea that people are not widely interested in the lives of their fellow citizens is clearly untrue. Indeed, ‘people sell papers’ is one of the oldest sayings in journalism. However, there is also a moral obligation on journalists to report the news that impacts on the marginalized the most. This is demonstrably the case as it tends to those stories that bring to life disadvantage or the vulnerable just as much as those that report the misdeeds of the powerful that win journalists the recognition of their peers and the professional awards and prestige that goes along with that. Pulitzers and others are rarely handed out for reporting what is comfortable, mundane or safe. For example the 2012 Pulitzer for local reporting was for an article on the sex scandal at Penn State and Feature Writing on “haunting story of a woman who survived a brutal attack that took the life of her partner”. [1]  [1] ‘2012 Winners and Finalists’, The Pulitzer Prizes, journalism, vulnerable, oppressed, elite, powerful, moral obligation, marginalized, media coverage, storytelling, social justice, public interest, disadvantaged communities, news reporting, Pulitzer Prize, investigative journalism, professional recognition, awards, ethical journalism, human interest stories, representation, media responsibility, narrative impact, press freedom journalism, vulnerable, oppressed, elite, powerful, marginalized, storytelling, public interest, news reporting, moral obligation, media ethics, social justice, disadvantaged, peer recognition, professional awards, Pulitzers, investigative reporting, sensationalism, representation, media bias, audience engagement, local reporting, feature writing, human interest stories, journalism awards, Penn State scandal, survivor stories, Pulitzer Prize, journalistic prestige, impact journalism journalism, vulnerable, oppressed, elite, powerful, marginalized, reporting, media ethics, public interest, storytelling, disadvantage, recognition, professional awards, Pulitzers, news impact, marginalized voices, investigative journalism, social justice, press responsibility, power dynamics, human interest, award-winning journalism, public awareness, Penn State scandal, survivor stories journalism, vulnerable, oppressed, elite, powerful, marginalized, news reporting, media ethics, public interest, storytelling, disadvantage, investigative journalism, awards, Pulitzer Prize, human interest, representation, media coverage, power dynamics, social justice, newsroom values journalism, vulnerable, oppressed, elite, powerful, marginalized, reporting, news, moral obligation, disadvantage, recognition, professional awards, prestige, Pulitzer Prize, impactful stories, local reporting, feature writing, investigative journalism, social justice, ethical journalism, storytelling, representation, media coverage, human interest, audience engagement
test-education-pstrgsehwt-pro02a	Scientific opinion often changes; evolution may be accepted in the scientific community now, but it could well be rejected in future.  The opinion of the scientific community with regard to facts and theories has a great propensity to change with time. Once scientists adamantly maintained that the Earth was flat. For centuries it also maintained that there were two kinds of blood flowing through the human body. Science is not infallible and the prevailing theory is no more than the opinion currently in vogue among scholars. In light of new evidence, theories can change over time, giving way to better explanations [1] . For this reason, the evolutionists' dogmatic adherence to their position in spite of contrary evidence provided by Creationists is hard to understand. However, it becomes clear why the scientific establishment takes such a confrontational position toward Creationism when one considers that many eminent scientists and researchers have built their careers within the paradigm of evolution, and their research often depends wholly on its acceptance. These scientists would lose their exalted position in the light of a paradigm-shift in scientific understanding away from evolution. It is for this reason that scientists who adhere to established norms so often fight things like Creationism, even though they provide explanations where evolution cannot. For science to progress, these conservative impulses must be fought against, which is why it is essential that when science is taught, so are all the prevailing theories concerning branches of the sciences, including Creationism.  [1] Understanding Science. 2011. “Science Aims to Explain and Understand”. University of California Berkeley. scientific opinion, evolution, scientific community, theory change, paradigm shift, scientific consensus, infallibility of science, historical scientific beliefs, creationism, dogmatic adherence, scientific establishment, academic career, research paradigm, opposition to creationism, progressive science, teaching science, alternative theories, scientific norms, theory rejection, new evidence, conservative impulses, scientific progress, evolution vs creationism, science education, competing theories scientific opinion, evolution, scientific community, paradigm shift, changing theories, scientific infallibility, history of science, flat earth, blood theories, creationism, scientific establishment, evidence, dogma, theory acceptance, academic careers, scientific progress, science education, competing theories, teaching creationism, resistance to change, conservative science, understanding science, Berkeley, scientific norms, explanatory power, controversy in science scientific opinion, paradigm shift, evolution, scientific community, changing theories, scientific infallibility, historical scientific errors, flat earth, blood theory, dogmatism, Creationism, scientific establishment, career incentives, bias in science, confrontation, alternative theories, teaching science, science education, theories in science, evidence-based change, competing explanations, progress in science, resistance to change, scientific consensus, controversy evolution Creationism scientific opinion, theory change, evolution, scientific community, paradigm shift, creationism, scientific conservatism, dogmatic adherence, scientific establishment, established norms, scientific progress, alternative theories, science education, opposing theories, historical scientific beliefs, science vs creationism, scientific careers, evidence-based science, paradigm lock-in, teaching creationism, scientific infallibility, theory acceptance, scientific controversy, competing explanations, history of science scientific opinion, evolution, scientific community, changing theories, scientific consensus, scientific infallibility, paradigm shifts, history of science, flat earth, blood circulation theories, creationism, scientific dogmatism, evidence, scientific establishment, career incentives, paradigm shift, conservatism in science, teaching science, competing theories, creationism vs evolution, progress in science, alternative explanations, scientific debate, scholarly opinion, science education, UC Berkeley
test-society-ghbgqeaaems-con01a	There is no clear link between gender quota and economic growth  As Pande and Ford found in their report, countries often adopt gender quotas as a response to changing attitudes to women. However, these countries more often than not are Western advanced economies characterised by efficiency. [1] Therefore, the correlations between gender quotas and good economic performance cannot be attributed entirely to the gender equality measures.  Moreover, the competitiveness of the EU economies is damaged by domestic policies and the sovereign debt crisis which will have a larger negative impact on the European economies rather than this measure. Therefore, the expected spillover effects on the economy are unlikely to be realised. [2]  Such sceptic views on quotas when accompanied by bad economic factors are shared by international institutions like the International Labour Organisation (ILO). Breaking the glass ceiling may require affirmative action like gender quotas, but if supply-side barriers remain, even such proactive policies will not necessarily lead to the desired result of gender equality and economic advantages. [3]  [1] Pande, Rohini & Deanna Ford, “Gender Quotas and Female Leadership: A Review” , Background Paper for the World Development Report on Gender, 2011  [2] ibid  [3] Gerecke, Megan, “A policy mix for gender equality? Lessons from high-income countries”, International Labour Organisation, 2013, p.13 gender quota, economic growth, Pande and Ford, gender equality measures, Western advanced economies, efficiency, economic performance, EU competitiveness, domestic policies, sovereign debt crisis, spillover effects, International Labour Organisation, ILO, glass ceiling, affirmative action, supply-side barriers, gender equality, economic advantages, female leadership, policy mix, high-income countries, Megan Gerecke gender quota, economic growth, gender equality, Pande and Ford, Western advanced economies, efficiency, economic performance, policy adoption, EU competitiveness, domestic policies, sovereign debt crisis, spillover effects, International Labour Organisation, glass ceiling, affirmative action, supply-side barriers, female leadership, policy mix, high-income countries, economic advantages, scepticism, quota effectiveness gender quota, economic growth, Pande, Ford, gender equality, Western advanced economies, efficiency, EU competitiveness, domestic policies, sovereign debt crisis, spillover effects, International Labour Organisation, ILO, scepticism, glass ceiling, affirmative action, supply-side barriers, policy mix, female leadership, economic performance, gender quotas impact, quota effectiveness, policy outcomes, World Development Report on Gender, international institutions gender quotas, economic growth, Pande and Ford, gender equality measures, Western advanced economies, EU competitiveness, sovereign debt crisis, spillover effects, International Labour Organisation, glass ceiling, affirmative action, supply-side barriers, female leadership, policy mix, high-income countries, economic performance, scepticism, domestic policies, gender equality, economic advantages, World Development Report on Gender gender quotas, economic growth, gender equality, female leadership, Pande and Ford, Western advanced economies, economic performance, EU competitiveness, domestic policies, sovereign debt crisis, spillover effects, International Labour Organisation, glass ceiling, affirmative action, supply-side barriers, policy effectiveness, skepticism, policy mix, high-income countries, gender policy outcomes
test-free-speech-debate-fsaphgiap-pro02a	The people are interested in the health of their leader  The health of the leader of the state is an issue that the people and the media inevitably want to know about. There will always be a lot of interest in it. Occasionally this can be played by the administration as with Kissinger saying he was ill and using time to fly to Beijing to arrange for Nixon’s visit without press attention. But most of the time keeping things from the press is purely negative; it drives rumors.  This was the case of John Atta Mills, people were not allowed to know about his health. The presidential staff and communication members constantly lied about his health but there were two reports that he had died. Mills spent time in a US hospital, on returning to Ghana, he was made to jog around the airport to show the media that he was healthy. 1  1 Committee for Social Advocacy, 'Who and what killed President John Evans Atta Mills?', Modern Ghana, 13 August 2012, leader health, presidential health, media interest, public interest, administration secrecy, press access, political rumors, John Atta Mills health, Ghana president health, state leader illness, government transparency, health misinformation, media manipulation, Kissinger illness, Nixon Beijing visit, presidential health cover-up, public trust, political communication, leader hospital stay, presidential staff, health rumors leader health, presidential health, public interest, media scrutiny, state leader illness, government transparency, administration secrecy, rumor management, press relations, political leadership, John Atta Mills, health disclosure, misinformation, media manipulation, Kissinger Beijing trip, Nixon visit, Ghana presidency, presidential staff, communication strategy, death rumors, US hospital, public perception, information control leader health, political leadership, public interest, media coverage, presidential health, secrecy, administration strategy, misinformation, rumors, John Atta Mills, presidential illness, press relations, Kissinger Beijing visit, Nixon, health transparency, government communication, Ghana politics, health rumors, death reports, public trust, executive health disclosure leader health, state leader illness, public interest leader health, media leader health coverage, administration secrecy, health rumors, presidential health disclosure, Kissinger illness Beijing, Nixon visit China, John Atta Mills health, Ghana presidential health, misinformation leader health, press control leader health, health cover-up, presidency transparency, political rumors, leader hospital stay, government communication deception, media manipulation leader health, presidential death reports leader health, public interest, media coverage, secrecy, rumors, administration manipulation, Kissinger illness, Nixon Beijing visit, press relations, John Atta Mills, presidential health, Ghana, government transparency, misinformation, hospital stay, media deception, political communication, presidential staff, Modern Ghana, health speculation, airport jog, death rumors, leadership transparency
test-philosophy-eppphwlrtjs-con03a	"Trial by jury is a fundamental right and should never be abridged.  Trial by jury is an essential check on abuse in the court system for three main reasons. First, it prevents governmental oppression by ensuring that non-state actors determine guilt 1. It is dangerous to allow the government—the same body which makes and enforces the laws—to also decide who is guilty of breaking the laws. Second, it checks against corrupt judges and prosecutors2. Judges are only human, and are susceptible to the same weaknesses, like prejudice and corruption, as the rest of us. Consequently, it is very dangerous to put the future of defendants in their hands. A representative group of jurors, approved by both sides, is far less likely to reach an unjust decision, since they are generally required to reach unanimous decisions to convict, and it is unlikely that an entire jury will be made up of biased, corrupt, or negligent people. Third, trial by jury allows for community input in the justice system (see Opp Argument 4 and response to Prop Argument 3 for more explanation). Thus trial by jury is essential to ensuring that innocent individuals are fairly treated, and is a fundamental right which ought never be denied. As Chairman of the Criminal Bar Association Paul Mendelle QC said, ""Some principles of justice are beyond price. Trial by your peers is one of them.""3  1.Robert P. Connolly, ""The Petty Offence Exception and Right to a Jury Trial""  2.Robert P. Connolly, ""The Petty Offence Exception and Right to a Jury Trial""  3.Clive Coleman, “Debating non-jury criminal trial” trial by jury, fundamental right, jury trial, justice system, governmental oppression, non-state actors, judicial abuse, check on power, corrupt judges, corrupt prosecutors, judicial impartiality, community input, community participation, defendant rights, unanimous decision, legal safeguard, criminal justice, legal fairness, civil liberties, peer trial, Criminal Bar Association, right to jury, legal principles, justice principles, jury system, judicial oversight, Robert P. Connolly, Clive Coleman trial by jury, fundamental right, legal rights, jury system, government oppression, judicial abuse, court system, checks and balances, non-state actors, guilt determination, judicial corruption, judicial prejudice, corrupt judges, corrupt prosecutors, legal fairness, unbiased juries, unanimous verdict, community input, justice system, defendant rights, criminal justice, peer trial, Paul Mendelle, Criminal Bar Association, Robert P. Connolly, petty offence exception, non-jury trial, Clive Coleman, legal principles, jury selection, jury unanimity, due process, judicial accountability, legal safeguards, rights protection trial by jury, fundamental right, justice system, governmental oppression, non-state actors, judicial corruption, corrupt judges, corrupt prosecutors, prevention of abuse, community input, peer jury, unanimous decision, fair trial, defendant protection, criminal justice, legal rights, jury selection, legal safeguards, Paul Mendelle QC, Robert P. Connolly, Clive Coleman, Petty Offence Exception, non-jury trial, due process, legal fairness, judicial impartiality, civic participation, legal justice, criminal court, adversarial system trial by jury, fundamental right, jury trial, justice system, governmental oppression, non-state actors, judicial abuse, court corruption, judicial integrity, prosecutorial misconduct, jury unanimity, community input, legal fairness, defendant rights, biased judges, corrupt prosecutors, criminal justice, legal safeguards, peer jury, Clive Coleman, Paul Mendelle, Criminal Bar Association, Robert P. Connolly, Petty Offence Exception, checks and balances, legal system abuse, justice principles, court system accountability, non-jury trial debate, jury selection trial by jury, fundamental right, jury trial, judicial system, governmental oppression, non-state actors, criminal justice, abuse of power, corrupt judges, corrupt prosecutors, judicial corruption, juror impartiality, unanimous decision, community input, defendant rights, legal safeguards, justice system, constitutional rights, criminal bar association, Paul Mendelle QC, Robert P. Connolly, Clive Coleman, non-jury trial, legal fairness, court system checks, legal protections, jury selection, judicial bias, legal process, due process, peer judgment"
test-culture-tlhrilsfhwr-pro03a	Removing barriers to demobilisation, disarmament and rehabilitation  It can easily be conceded, without weakening the resolution, that war and combat are horrific, damaging experiences. Over the last seventy years, the international community has attempted to limit the suffering that follows the end of a conflict by giving soldiers and civilians access to medical and psychological care. This is now an accepted part of the practice of post-conflict reconstruction, referred to as Disarmament, Demobilisation and Reintegration (DDR) [i] .  The effects of chronic war and chronic engagement with war are best addressed by a slow and continuous process of habituation to normal life. Former child soldiers are sent to treatment centres specialising in this type of care in states such as Sierra Leone [ii] .  What is harmful to this process of recovery is the branding of child soldiers as war criminals. The stigma attached to such a conviction would condemn hundreds of former child soldiers to suffering extended beyond the end of armed conflicts.  Sentencing guidelines binding on the ICC state that anyone convicted of war crimes who is younger than eighteen should not be subject to a sentence of life imprisonment. Their treatment, once incarcerated, is required to be oriented toward rehabilitation.  Many child soldiers become officers within the organisations that they join. Alternately, they might find themselves ordered to seek more recruits from their villages and communities. For these children participation in the conflict becomes participation in the crime itself. What began as a choice of necessity during war-time could, under the status quo, damage and stigmatise a child during peace-time [iii] . Even if their sentence emphasises reform and education, a former child soldier is likely to become an uninjured casualty of the war, marked out as complicit in acts of aggression. When labelled as such children will become vulnerable to reprisal attacks and entrenched social exclusion.  Discussing attempts to foster former Colombian child combatants, the Coalition to Stop the Use of Child Soldiers state that, “The stigmatization of child soldiers, frequently perceived as violent and threatening, meant that families were reluctant to receive former child soldiers. Those leaving the specialized care centres moved either to youth homes or youth protection facilities for those with special protection problems. While efforts continued to strengthen fostering and family-based care, approximately 60 per cent of those entering the DDR program were in institutional care in 2007.” [iv]  Crucially, fear of being targeted by the ICC may lead former child soldiers to avoid disclosing their status to officials running demobilisation programs. They may be deterred from participating in the DDR process [v] .  Moreover, the authority of the ICC is often subject to criticism on the international stage by politicians and jurists linked to both democratic states [vi] and the non-liberal or authoritarian regimes most likely to become involved in conflicts that breach humanitarian law. It cannot assist the claims of the ICC to be a body that represents universal concepts of compassion and justice if it is seen to target children- often barely in their teens- in the course of prosecuting war crimes.  As the Child Soliders 2008 Global Report notes, “Prosecutions should not, by focusing solely on the recruitment and use of child soldiers, exclude other crimes committed against children. Such an approach risks stigmatizing child soldiers and ignores the wider abuses experienced by children in conflict situations. It is on these grounds that some have questioned the exclusive child-soldier focus of the ICC’s charges against Thomas Lubanga. After all, the Union of Congolese Patriots (UPC/L), the armed group he led, is widely acknowledged to have committed numerous other serious crimes against children, as well as adults.” [vii]  [i] “Case Studies in War to Peace Transition”, Coletta, N., Kostner, M., Widerhofer, I. The World Bank, 1996  [ii] “Return of Sierra Leone’s Lost Generation”, The Guardian, 02 March 2000,   [iii] “Agony Without End for Liberia’s Child Soldiers”, The Guardian, 12 July 2009,   [iv] “Child Soldiers: Global Report 2008”, Coalition to Stop the Use of Child Soldiers, 2007, p103,   [v] “Child Soldiers: Global Report 2008”, Coalition to Stop the Use of Child Soldiers, 2007, p16,   [vi] “America Attacked for ICC Tactics”, The Guardian, 27 August 2002,   [vii] “Child Soldiers: Global Report 2008”, Coalition to Stop the Use of Child Soldiers, 2007, pp32-33, disarmament, demobilisation, reintegration, DDR, post-conflict reconstruction, child soldiers, rehabilitation, psychological care, medical care, war trauma, stigma, war crimes, ICC, International Criminal Court, sentencing guidelines, reintegration barriers, social exclusion, reprisal attacks, institutional care, fostering, humanitarian law, former combatants, war criminal branding, Colombia, Sierra Leone, Liberia, recruitment, armed groups, Thomas Lubanga, Union of Congolese Patriots, child rights, universal justice, compassion, justice, stigmatization, post-conflict recovery, international community, chronic war, peace-time integration, youth protection, disarmament, demobilisation, rehabilitation, DDR, post-conflict reconstruction, child soldiers, reintegration, stigma, war crimes, ICC, psychological care, recovery, international humanitarian law, sentencing guidelines, transitional justice, war trauma, social exclusion, Sierra Leone, Colombia, treatment centres, institutional care, youth homes, war criminal branding, former combatants, family reintegration, reprisal attacks, fostering, child protection, criminal accountability, universal justice, Thomas Lubanga, Union of Congolese Patriots, humanitarian law violations, child soldier recruitment, post-war justice, chronic conflict, specialized care, international community, armed conflict, social demobilisation, disarmament, rehabilitation, DDR, post-conflict reconstruction, child soldiers, stigma, war crimes, ICC, international humanitarian law, psychological care, reintegration, post-war trauma, social exclusion, rehabilitation programs, Sierra Leone, Colombia, foster care, institutional care, war crime prosecution, recruitment of child soldiers, sentencing guidelines, youth protection, specialized care, retribution, reprisal attacks, conflict recovery, family reunification, transitional justice, chronic war, human rights, international criminal court, non-state armed groups, universal justice, restorative justice, war trauma, transitional care, humanitarian law, child protection, Lubanga demobilisation, disarmament, rehabilitation, DDR, child soldiers, post-conflict reconstruction, psychological care, medical care, war trauma, stigma, war criminals, International Criminal Court, ICC, sentencing guidelines, reintegration, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Colombia, fostering, family-based care, institutional care, war crimes, humanitarian law, social exclusion, recruitment, armed conflict, transitional justice, former combatants, chronic war, international law, peacebuilding, reconciliation, transitional justice barriers, post-war recovery, justice for children, global report, reparations, mental health, reprisal attacks, prosecution, compassion, Thomas Lubanga, Union disarmament, demobilisation, reintegration, DDR, child soldiers, post-conflict reconstruction, rehabilitation, war trauma, psychological care, medical care, stigma, war crimes, ICC, international criminal court, sentencing guidelines, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Colombia, reintegration barriers, social exclusion, reprisal attacks, recruitment, humanitarian law, transitional justice, specialized care centers, institutional care, family-based care, international law, youth protection, war crime prosecution, retribution, justice system, child victimization, Thomas Lubanga, Union of Congolese Patriots, stigma reduction, conflict recovery, chronic war, habitualization, reintegration
test-environment-assgbatj-pro01a	Animals shouldn’t be harmed  The difference between us and other animals is a matter of degree rather than type [2]. Their bodies resemble ours, as do their ways of conveying meaning. They recoil from pain, appear to express fear of a tormentor, and appear to take pleasure in activities; a point clear to anyone who has observed a pet dog on hearing the word “walk”.  We believe other people experience feelings like us because they are like us in appearance and behaviour. An animal sharing our anatomical, physiological, and behavioural characteristics is surely likely to have feelings like us.  If people have a right to not be harmed, we must ask ourselves what makes animals different? If animals feel what we feel, and suffer like us, to condemn one to testing because of them being of a different species is similar to racism or sexism.[3] animal rights, animal consciousness, speciesism, animal sentience, ethical treatment of animals, animal suffering, animal welfare, animal emotions, human-animal similarity, animal testing ethics, animal pain perception, moral consideration, animal behavior, interspecies differences, ethical philosophy, animal feelings, nonhuman animals, empathy towards animals, animal rights argument, human-animal comparison animal rights, animal sentience, ethical treatment, animal suffering, pain perception, human-animal similarities, speciesism, animal consciousness, animal emotions, animal welfare, moral consideration, anti-animal testing, animal cognition, animal behavior, empathy toward animals, cruelty to animals, animal ethics animal rights, animal sentience, animal suffering, animal emotions, animal consciousness, ethical treatment of animals, speciesism, animal pain, animal testing, animal welfare, human-animal differences, moral consideration, animal physiology, animal behavior, animal feelings, empathy for animals, animal ethics, anti-speciesism, animal cruelty, moral status of animals animal rights, animal sentience, speciesism, animal suffering, ethical treatment, animal consciousness, moral philosophy, pain perception, animal emotions, human-animal similarity, animal welfare, ethics, animal testing, discrimination, interspecies comparison, animal behavior, animal feelings, compassion, non-human animals, rights of animals animal rights, animal sentience, animal suffering, ethical treatment, speciesism, human-animal similarities, pain perception, animal emotions, animal consciousness, nonhuman animals, animal ethics, humane treatment, animal testing, animal welfare, moral consideration, animal behavior, anti-cruelty, animal feelings, physiological similarity, behavioral similarity, moral status, rights of animals, animal protection
test-digital-freedoms-eifpgdff-pro03a	Internet regulation is an attempt by big interest groups to regulate the internet in their favour  Large companies have an active interest in shaping the structure of the internet. One example of this is the Stop Online Piracy-Act (SOPA), [1] wherein U.S.-based music and movie companies proposed that they themselves would be able to police copyright infringements against websites that are hosted outside of the United States. [2]  The phenomenon whereby companies succeed in shaping government policies according to their own wishes is called ‘regulatory capture’. Another example from the telecommunications industry is the lobby effort by several large corporations, who have succeeded in eroding consumer protection in their favour. [3] If the government wouldn’t have been involved in regulating the internet in the first place, big companies wouldn’t have had any incentive to attempt regulatory capture.  [1] 112th Congress, ‘H.R.3261 – Stop Online Piracy Act’  [2] Post, ‘SOPA and the Future of Internet Governance’, 2012  [3] Kushnick, ‘ALEC, Tech and the Telecom Wars: Killing America's Telecom Utilities’, 2012 internet regulation, big interest groups, regulatory capture, SOPA, Stop Online Piracy Act, copyright enforcement, online piracy, US music industry, US movie industry, telecommunications lobby, consumer protection erosion, government policy, internet governance, corporate influence, regulatory policy, internet structure, tech industry lobbying, ALEC, telecom utilities, external website policing, US Congress, legislative influence, copyright infringement, digital regulation internet regulation, regulatory capture, SOPA, Stop Online Piracy Act, copyright enforcement, corporate lobbying, government policy, telecommunications industry, consumer protection, internet governance, big interest groups, U.S. music companies, U.S. movie companies, copyright infringement, lobbying efforts, ALEC, telecom wars, media industry lobbying, policy shaping, corporate influence, regulatory policy, external website copyright, deregulation, self-policing, regulatory incentives, policymaking, industry influence, government involvement, telecom corporations, legislative lobbying internet regulation, big interest groups, corporate influence, SOPA, Stop Online Piracy Act, U.S. music industry, U.S. movie industry, copyright enforcement, regulatory capture, government policy, telecommunications industry, corporate lobbying, consumer protection, legislative influence, ALEC, internet governance, policymaking, copyright infringement, telecom utilities, media lobbying, regulation incentives Internet regulation, big interest groups, large companies, regulatory capture, Stop Online Piracy Act, SOPA, copyright enforcement, US music industry, US movie industry, lobbying, telecommunications industry, consumer protection, government regulation, policy influence, ALEC, tech industry, telecom utilities, internet governance, corporate lobbying, copyright infringement, legislative influence Internet regulation, regulatory capture, big interest groups, large companies, government policy, Stop Online Piracy Act, SOPA, copyright enforcement, internet governance, telecommunications industry, consumer protection, corporate lobbying, policy shaping, external website policing, U.S. music industry, U.S. movie industry, ALEC, telecom wars, regulatory influence, lobby efforts, erosion of consumer rights
test-environment-opecewiahw-pro04a	A dam could make the Congo more usable  While the Congo is mostly navigable it is only usable internally. The rapids cut the middle Congo off from the sea. The building of the dams could be combined with canalisation and locks to enable international goods to be easily transported to and from the interior. This would help integrate central Africa economically into the global economy making the region much more attractive for investment. Congo River, dam construction, navigability, rapids, canalisation, locks, transportation, international trade, infrastructure, economic integration, central Africa, global economy, investment, goods transport, river navigation, hydropower, regional development, trade access, export routes, import infrastructure Congo River, dam construction, navigability, canalisation, locks, transportation, international trade, rapids, economic integration, central Africa, global economy, infrastructure development, investment, inland navigation, trade routes, river transport, export, import, regional development, logistics, hydropower Congo River, dam construction, navigability, canalisation, locks, river transport, rapids, inland waterways, international trade, economic integration, Central Africa, global economy, investment, infrastructure development, transportation, hydropower, regional connectivity, logistics, import export, river engineering Congo River, dam construction, navigability, rapids, canalisation, locks, international transport, inland waterways, central Africa, economic integration, global economy, investment, infrastructure development, transportation, trade facilitation Congo River, dam construction, rapids, navigability, canalisation, locks, international transport, economic integration, central Africa, global economy, investment, infrastructure, goods transportation, river engineering, accessibility, trade routes, regional development, waterway improvements, inland navigation, export-import, economic growth
test-international-epvhwhranet-pro02a	Major changes need to be put to the people and the people must be trusted.  The Lisbon Treaty significantly affects the workings of each member country. It gives the European Union a legal personality, allowing it to sign international agreements and member countries are now made subject to majority voting [1]. The Lisbon Treaty does not only affect international policies, criminal law and national justice systems, it also gives power over to the Commission and European Court. Such major changes must be put to popular vote, the citizens of each EU member state have a right to legitimise or reject these changes that push for a more centralized European superstate. Furthermore the will of the people needs to be trusted, if a reform is intentionally ambiguous and complicated, which was one of the criticisms of the Lisbon Treaty [2], it is the job of the politician to explain the cause to the public. Voters should be included in the debate and key issues need to be highlighted not just ignored.  [1] European Commission, Your Guide to the Lisbon Treaty, viewed on 13 June 2011   [2] Foley, Kathy, ‘Lisbon treat: yes, no or eh?’, Sunday Times (13 January 2008). Lisbon Treaty, European Union, legal personality, international agreements, majority voting, member countries, criminal law, national justice systems, European Commission, European Court, popular vote, referendum, centralization, European superstate, citizen participation, democratic legitimacy, treaty reform, public debate, policy transparency, voter inclusion, treaty criticism, institutional power, EU governance, sovereignty, constitutional change Lisbon Treaty, European Union, legal personality, international agreements, majority voting, member countries, international policies, criminal law, national justice systems, European Commission, European Court, popular vote, referendum, EU citizens, centralization, European superstate, public legitimacy, treaty reform, political transparency, voter inclusion, public debate, policy communication, treaty criticism, institutional power Lisbon Treaty, European Union, legal personality, international agreements, majority voting, member countries, criminal law, national justice systems, European Commission, European Court, popular vote, referendum, centralization, European superstate, legitimacy, citizen participation, democratic process, policy reform, treaty criticism, political transparency, public debate, voter inclusion, EU integration, treaty complexity, sovereignty, national power, constitutional change, public trust, institutional power shift, EU governance Lisbon Treaty, European Union, legal personality, international agreements, majority voting, member countries, criminal law, national justice systems, European Commission, European Court, popular vote, referendum, centralization, European superstate, citizens' rights, democratic legitimacy, ambiguous reforms, public debate, voter inclusion, EU reform, treaty criticism, sovereignty, national autonomy, political communication, public trust, treaty ratification Lisbon Treaty, European Union, legal personality, international agreements, majority voting, member countries, international policies, criminal law, national justice systems, European Commission, European Court, popular vote, referendum, citizen rights, centralization, European superstate, public legitimacy, treaty reform, political explanation, voter inclusion, democratic process, treaty criticism, public debate, policy transparency, EU reforms, sovereignty
test-religion-yercfrggms-con03a	Everything that begins to exist must have a cause. Since the Universe began to exist it must be caused:  Every human, every being, every object in the Universe is a finite and contingent being. These all have causes, yet a causal chain cannot be infinitely long. Humans are born, stars form from gases, even the Universe had a beginning 4.3 billion years ago. Nothing in the Universe causes itself. In order to escape the logical impossibility of the infinite causality loop it is necessary to posit the existence of an uncaused cause. This cause exists outside of the Universe, as it is cause of the Universe. [1] Without a creator, the Universe is a logical absurdity. Atheism cannot provide an alternative explanation to a creator, and thus fails quite literally from the beginning.  [1] Craig, William Lane. 1979. The Kalam Cosmological Argument. London: MacMillan. Kalam Cosmological Argument, causality, first cause, uncaused cause, contingent beings, cosmology, universe origin, infinite regress, William Lane Craig, metaphysics, creator, atheism, existence, logical causality, contingency, causal chain, universe creation, philosophical theology, cause and effect kalam cosmological argument, causality, cause and effect, universe origin, first cause, uncaused cause, infinite regress, contingency, necessary being, creator, William Lane Craig, atheism, cosmology, universe creation, logical necessity, metaphysics, temporal beginning, cosmological argument, creation ex nihilo, existential cause Kalam Cosmological Argument, causality, uncaused cause, cosmology, creation, contingent beings, infinite regress, first cause, William Lane Craig, universe origin, philosophical theology, argument for God, atheism critique, cosmological argument, existence of God, finite beings, contingency, logical impossibility, creator, metaphysics Kalam Cosmological Argument, cosmology, causality, first cause, uncaused cause, contingency, contingent beings, infinite regress, universe origin, universe cause, William Lane Craig, creation, creator, atheism, philosophical cosmology, logic, metaphysics, temporal beginning, finite beings, causal chain, unmoved mover Kalam Cosmological Argument, cosmology, causality, uncaused cause, creation, universe origin, contingent beings, finite beings, infinite regress, first cause, metaphysics, William Lane Craig, creator, atheism critique, philosophical theology, logical necessity, existence, cosmological proof, cause and effect, universe beginning
test-health-dhiacihwph-pro01a	Easily affordable drugs will mean greater access  Generic drugs are much cheaper to produce, which is ideal for Africa’s struggling population. While there has been significant gross domestic product (GDP) growth in Africa, the actual distribution of wealth is relatively unequal. According to Afrobarometer, 53% of Africans still feel that their economic condition is poor [1] . This restricts their ability to purchase high cost drugs. Generic medication would reduce the price of these drugs, making them affordable to the average citizen. The patented drug Glivec, used for cancer treatment, costs £48.62 for 400 mg in South Africa while its generic equivalent (produced in India) costs £4.82 [2] . Increased access will result in higher levels of treatment, which in turn will reduce death rates from preventable diseases in Africa.  [1] Hofmeyr, Jan, ‘Africa Rising? Popular Dissatisfaction with Economic Management Despite a Decade of Growth’  [2] Op Cit affordable drugs, generic drugs, Africa, drug pricing, access to medication, economic inequality, GDP growth, wealth distribution, healthcare access, drug cost comparison, Glivec, cancer treatment, India generics, South Africa, preventable diseases, treatment access, mortality reduction, Afrobarometer, economic conditions, patented drugs, pharmaceutical pricing, medication affordability, healthcare inequality affordable drugs, generic drugs, drug pricing, Africa, economic inequality, GDP growth, wealth distribution, drug access, medication cost, patented drugs, Glivec, cancer treatment, South Africa, India, public health, preventable diseases, generic medication, healthcare access, pharmaceutical industry, Afrobarometer, income disparity, drug affordability, treatment rates, death rates, drug manufacturing, healthcare inequality affordable drugs, drug access, generic drugs, drug production cost, Africa, population, GDP growth, wealth inequality, Afrobarometer, economic condition, drug affordability, high cost drugs, generic medication, drug pricing, patented drugs, Glivec, cancer treatment, South Africa, India, preventable diseases, treatment rates, death rates, health access, medication accessibility, pharmaceutical costs, poverty, economic disparity, healthcare Africa, public health, drug manufacturing, medicine availability affordable drugs, generic drugs, Africa, drug access, drug pricing, GDP growth, wealth inequality, economic condition, poverty, high cost drugs, medication affordability, patented drugs, Glivec, cancer treatment, generic medication, South Africa, India, healthcare access, preventable diseases, treatment rates, death rates, Afrobarometer, economic management, drug production costs affordable drugs, generic drugs, drug access, Africa healthcare, drug pricing, economic inequality, GDP Africa, wealth distribution, Afrobarometer, drug affordability, high cost drugs, generic medication, patented drugs, Glivec, cancer treatment Africa, drug cost comparison, preventable diseases, treatment access, health disparities, wealth gap, pharmaceutical pricing, generic vs branded drugs, healthcare accessibility, Africa population, economic conditions Africa, public health, access to medicines
test-religion-frghbbgi-pro01a	Religious belief is completely irrational  There is no evidence that God exists. Reported miracles, healings etc. are never reliably proved actually to have happened, and in any case everyone’s religious experiences are different and point to the psychological differences between human beings not to any objective divine reality. Belief in God is simply wish-fulfilment. It would be nice if there was a loving all powerful being watching over us, but there isn’t. religious belief, irrationality, God existence, evidence, miracles, healings, proof, religious experiences, psychology, objective reality, wish-fulfilment, divine reality, atheism, skepticism, faith, supernatural, human psychology, belief systems, subjective experience, rationality religious belief, irrational, evidence for God, existence of God, miracles, healings, religious experiences, subjective experience, psychology of religion, divine reality, wish-fulfilment, wish fulfillment, atheism, skepticism, proof of God, faith, objective reality, critique of religion religious belief, irrational, evidence, God, existence, miracles, healings, proof, reliability, religious experiences, psychology, objective reality, wish-fulfilment, divine, skepticism, atheism, faith, supernatural, rationality, illusion, human psychology religious belief, irrationality, evidence for God, existence of God, miracles, healings, religious experiences, psychological explanation, objective reality, wish-fulfillment, atheism, skepticism, divine reality, faith criticism, proof of God, subjective experiences, skepticism of miracles, psychological differences, religion and psychology religious belief, irrational belief, evidence for God, existence of God, miracles, healings, religious experiences, psychological explanation, objective reality, wish-fulfillment, divine reality, loving deity, atheism, skepticism, faith and reason, religion critique, proof of God, supernatural claims
test-culture-mthbah-pro01a	There are too many advertisements in everyday life.  The sheer volume of advertising in our society is incredible. You cannot watch television, ride on a bus or even walk down the street without someone trying to sell you something or inform you of something. Recent research suggests people living in a city today sees up to 5,000 advertisements a day1. 50% of those surveyed said they thought 'advertising today was out of control'1. People shouldn't have to go about their lives having their minds saturated with such a vast quantity of, in most cases, redudant and profiteering information. They should be able to go about their daily lives in peace without being forced to watch, listen or view an advertisement.  1 Anywhere the Eye Can See, It's Likely to See an Ad. New York Times. advertising saturation, advertisement overload, urban advertising, visual pollution, marketing exposure, daily ad encounters, public spaces advertising, advertising impact, advertisement fatigue, media saturation, city life advertising, intrusive advertising, ad proliferation, consumer annoyance, advertising research, commercial clutter, advertising avoidance, advertising statistics, advertising and society, New York Times advertising advertising saturation, excessive advertisements, advertising overload, urban advertising, media saturation, advertising impact, public perception of advertising, intrusive ads, advertising exposure, advertising statistics, advertising fatigue, city advertising, commercial bombardment, advertising environment, consumer attitudes, advertising proliferation, advertising annoyance, advertising clutter, advertising intrusion, advertising society advertising overload, advertisement saturation, excessive ads, urban advertising, media advertising, public space ads, ad intrusion, advertising impact, daily exposure to ads, advertising society, advertising critique, advertisement proliferation, ad fatigue, advertising research, commercial influence, personal space invasion, advertising in cities, digital advertising, marketing saturation, advertising annoyance advertising saturation, excessive advertisements, urban advertising, ad overload, media exposure, advertising fatigue, public opinion on ads, advertising impact, city life ads, ad intrusion, commercial messaging, advertising research, advertisement volume, media clutter, ad avoidance, advertising annoyance, redundant information, profiteering ads, advertising effects, personal space invasion, out of control advertising advertising saturation, excessive advertisements, daily life ads, advertising overload, urban advertising, advertising volume, media ads, public space advertising, intrusive ads, advertising impact, advertising exposure, advertisement frequency, outdoor advertising, advertising annoyance, advertising in society, ad fatigue, commercial clutter, public opinion on ads, advertising control, advertising influence
test-education-pstrgsehwt-pro01a	There is a very real controversy regarding the origin and development of life, and children deserve to hear both sides.  Many scientists do not accept the conclusions of the evolutionists. People like Dr. Michael Behe have dedicated themselves to exposing the flaws in evolution and showing that there is very real disagreement within the scientific community. This controversy is highlighted in the many court cases, books, and televised debates occurring in countries all over the world [1] . Children deserve to hear about the controversy, and not to simply be fed one story set for them by the prevailing majority in the scientific community, even if that community cannot claim anything near consensus. Until consensus is reached and indisputable proof of one theory or the other given, both sides should be taught in schools.  [1] Linder, Doug, 2011. “The Evolution Controversy”. University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Law. evolution, evolution controversy, origin of life, development of life, scientific debate, Michael Behe, intelligent design, creationism, scientific consensus, dissenting scientists, court cases, educational curriculum, science education, televised debates, teaching controversy, alternative theories, evolution criticism, scientific community disagreement, Doug Linder evolution controversy, origin of life, development of life, scientific disagreement, Michael Behe, flaws in evolution, evolution vs. creationism, court cases, education debate, teaching both sides, scientific consensus, evolution criticism, intelligent design, evolution debates, curriculum controversy, science education, dissenting scientists, public schools, evolution theory, alternative theories evolution controversy, origin of life, development of life, creation vs evolution, scientific disagreement, Michael Behe, flaws in evolution, intelligent design, court cases, science education, teaching controversy, consensus in science, evolution debates, alternative theories, scientific dissent, school curriculum, scientific community disagreement, evolution criticism, children education, Doug Linder origin of life, evolution controversy, development of life, scientific disagreement, evolution, creationism, intelligent design, Michael Behe, flaws in evolution, scientific consensus, science education, court cases, public debates, teaching evolution, alternative theories, scientific community, teaching controversy, children education, textbook debates, consensus in science, public understanding of science evolution controversy, origin of life, development of life, intelligent design, evolution debate, scientific disagreement, Michael Behe, creationism, science education, court cases, scientific community, consensus, teaching both sides, evolution criticism, school curriculum, evolution court cases, education controversy, televised debates, flaws in evolution, Doug Linder
test-politics-mtpghwaacb-pro02a	Collective bargaining leades to pay crises in the public sector  The public sector is often significantly overpaid. The workers within the public sectors of Western liberal democracies often get paid more than people of equal education and experience who are employed in the private sector. In the United States there is a salary premium of 10-20 percent in the public sector. This means that there is likely a waste of resources as these people are being paid more than they should be by the government.1  The reason this happens is that collective bargaining means that workers can often, through the simple idea that they can communicate with the government and have a hand in the decision making process, make their demands much more easily.  Further, governments in particular are vulnerable during negotiations with unions, due their need to maintain both their political credibility and the cost effectiveness of the services they provide. This is significantly different to private enterprise where public opinion of the company is often significantly less relevant. As such, public sector workers can earn significantly more than their equally skilled counterparts in the private sector. This is problematic because it leads to a drain of workers and ideas from the private sector to the public. This is, in and of itself, problematic because the public sector, due to being shackled to the needs of public opinion often take fewer risks than the private sector and as such results in fewer innovations than work in the private sector.  Biggs, Andrew G. “Why Wisconsin Gov. Scott Walker Is Right About Collective Bargaining.” US News. 25/02/2011 collective bargaining, public sector pay, wage premium, overpaid public employees, pay disparity, public vs private sector, salary comparison, labor unions, government wage negotiation, resource waste, pay crisis, public sector unions, workforce migration, innovation drain, political credibility, cost effectiveness, salary negotiation, public opinion, union influence, private sector competition collective bargaining, public sector pay, pay crisis, public vs private sector wages, salary premium, Western liberal democracies, government wage negotiation, union influence, resource waste, wage disparity, public sector overpayment, political credibility, cost effectiveness, public sector unions, labor negotiations, workforce drain, innovation impact, public opinion, risk aversion, Scott Walker, compensation comparison, government employment, unionized labor, Andrew G. Biggs collective bargaining, public sector pay, pay crisis, salary premium, Western democracies, overpaid public sector, private sector comparison, resource waste, union negotiations, government wage negotiation, public opinion, political credibility, cost effectiveness, public sector unions, worker migration, private sector innovation, salary disparity, government spending, wage inflation, public sector vs private sector, labor unions, pay inequality, Andrew G. Biggs, Scott Walker, US News, public employment, compensation gap, workforce drain, risk aversion, innovation gap collective bargaining, public sector pay, overpayment, salary premium, wage disparity, public vs private sector, resource waste, union negotiations, government labor relations, Western democracies, public sector unions, salary comparison, worker compensation, pay crises, political pressures, labor market distortion, workforce migration, innovation impact, public opinion, risk aversion, cost effectiveness, Wisconsin, Scott Walker, labor policy collective bargaining, public sector, pay crisis, salary premium, overpaid workers, wage disparity, public vs private sector, Western liberal democracies, government employee compensation, union negotiations, resource waste, political credibility, cost effectiveness, wage negotiations, public opinion, workforce migration, innovation drain, private sector competition, public sector unions, labor relations, Andrew G. Biggs, Scott Walker, US News
test-religion-frghbbgi-pro02a	The problem of suffering  The world is full of suffering and pain among innocent people. If God is good and all-powerful then why is this the case? Either God does not exist or he is not worth believing in since he does not care about human suffering. problem of suffering, theodicy, God, evil, pain, innocent suffering, divine goodness, omnipotence, existence of God, atheism, faith, religion, human suffering, divine care, philosophical problem, why suffering exists, God's power, moral evil, belief in God, God and evil problem of suffering, theodicy, divine omnipotence, existence of God, evil and suffering, innocent suffering, pain, God’s goodness, problem of evil, religious skepticism, divine benevolence, faith and suffering, atheism, agnosticism, God and morality, suffering and belief, human suffering, God’s care, philosophical theology, skepticism of God problem of suffering, theodicy, existence of God, evil, pain, innocent suffering, divine goodness, omnipotence, God and suffering, logic of evil, moral argument, atheist argument, belief in God, human suffering, divine care, faith and suffering, problem of evil, God’s existence, theological dilemma problem of suffering, theodicy, evil, pain, innocent suffering, God, goodness of God, omnipotence, existence of God, divine providence, moral evil, natural evil, God and suffering, faith and suffering, religious doubt, belief in God, philosophical theology, why does God allow suffering, God and evil, suffering and faith problem of suffering, theodicy, human suffering, pain, innocent suffering, God, existence of God, divine goodness, omnipotence, evil, why suffering exists, philosophical problem of evil, God and suffering, divine justice, faith and suffering, argument against God, existence of evil, skepticism, God’s benevolence, religion, theology, atheism, belief in God, moral evil, natural evil
test-philosophy-eppphwlrtjs-con04a	"Limiting trial by jury in some cases sets the stage for limiting it in other, unjustified, cases.  Humans are fallible, and so sometimes it is better to have absolute rules against certain actions, even if we recognize that in a perfect world, it might be better to allow such actions in very specific circumstances.1 It is for this reason, for example, that we never allow evidence obtained by illegal measures to be presented in court, even though such evidence would sometimes make it possible to convict. Similarly, even if removing trial by jury might be good in individual circumstances, it is too great a power to give to a fallible government which may misuse that authority. If there is a precedent of the right to trial by jury being removed in some circumstances, even if that removal is justified, it becomes much easier for corrupt governments to remove it for unjustified reasons, and it becomes correspondingly more difficult for us to condemn that decision as illegitimate.  1Brad Hooker, ""Rule Consequentialism"" trial by jury, limiting jury trials, absolute rules, human fallibility, rule consequentialism, illegal evidence, court evidence exclusion, government authority, precedent, legal rights, judicial power, unjustified removal, corruption, justice system, legal safeguards, slippery slope, legal principles, civil liberties, jury trial rights, abuse of power trial by jury, jury limitations, absolute rules, human fallibility, legal precedent, government abuse, exclusionary rule, illegal evidence, judicial fairness, rule consequentialism, Brad Hooker, removal of rights, unjustified cases, legal safeguards, judicial authority, precedent dangers, civil liberties, government misuse, due process, court evidence trial by jury, limitations, precedent, legal safeguards, absolute rules, fallibility, government power, misuse, illegal evidence, exclusionary rule, judicial discretion, individual rights, rule consequentialism, Brad Hooker, unjustified cases, legal precedent, abuse of authority, legal philosophy, criminal justice, due process, court procedures, evidence admissibility, civil liberties, legal ethics trial by jury, limiting jury trials, jury rights, fallible government, absolute legal rules, rule consequentialism, legal precedent, slippery slope, exclusionary rule, illegal evidence, judicial fairness, governmental abuse, legal safeguards, justice system, civil liberties, court procedures, Brad Hooker trial by jury, jury limitation, rule consequentialism, legal precedent, absolute rules, fallible government, jury removal, evidence exclusion, illegal evidence, judicial safeguards, government overreach, legal rights, justice system, safeguard abuse, procedural justice, judicial discretion, corrupt government, legal ethics, due process, rule of law"
test-economy-beplcpdffe-pro04a	Online gambling encourages crime  Human trafficking, forced prostitution and drugs provide $2.1 billion a year for the Mafia but they need some way through which to put this money into circulation. Online gambling is that way in. They put dirty money in and win clean money back [8]. Because it is so international and outside normal laws, it makes criminal cash hard to track. There is a whole array of other crime associated with online gambling; hacking, phishing, extortion, and identity fraud, all of which can occur on a large scale unconstrained by physical proximity [9]. Online gambling also encourages corruption in sport. By allowing huge sums of money to be bet internationally on the outcome of a game or race, it draws in criminals who can try to bribe or threaten sportsmen. online gambling, crime, money laundering, Mafia, human trafficking, forced prostitution, drugs, illicit funds, criminal cash, financial crime, hacking, phishing, extortion, identity fraud, cybercrime, corruption, sports corruption, match-fixing, betting, organized crime, international crime, digital crime, law evasion, criminal enterprises, illegal gambling online gambling, crime, money laundering, Mafia, human trafficking, forced prostitution, drug trade, criminal cash, international law, hacking, phishing, extortion, identity fraud, sports corruption, match fixing, bribery, criminal organizations, illegal betting, cybercrime, financial crime, corruption in sports online gambling, crime, human trafficking, forced prostitution, drugs, mafia, money laundering, international crime, organized crime, cybercrime, hacking, phishing, extortion, identity fraud, corruption in sport, match-fixing, illegal betting, criminal cash, financial crime, sports bribery, transnational crime, dirty money, clean money, criminal networks, law enforcement, gambling regulation online gambling, crime, money laundering, Mafia, human trafficking, forced prostitution, drugs, illegal funds, international, unregulated, hacking, phishing, extortion, identity fraud, financial crime, corruption, sports corruption, match fixing, bribery, organized crime, criminal cash, law evasion, cybercrime, betting, criminal networks online gambling, crime, money laundering, Mafia, human trafficking, forced prostitution, drug trade, criminal cash, international crime, law evasion, hacking, phishing, extortion, identity fraud, cybercrime, organized crime, corruption, sports betting, match fixing, bribery, sports corruption, illegal betting, financial crime, criminal networks, transnational crime
test-environment-opecewiahw-pro01a	The dam would power Africa  Only 29% of Sub Saharan Africa’s population has access to electricity. [1] This has immense consequences not just for the economy as production and investment is constrained but also on society. The world bank says lack of electricity affects human rights “People cannot access modern hospital services without electricity, or feel relief from sweltering heat. Food cannot be refrigerated and businesses cannot function. Children cannot go to school… The list of deprivation goes on.” [2] Conveniently it is suggested that the “Grand Inga will thus provide more than half of the continent with renewable energy at a low price,” [3] providing electricity to half a billion people so eliminating much of this electricity gap. [4]  [1] World Bank Energy, ‘Addressing the Electricity Access Gap’, World Bank, June 2010,  p.89  [2] The World Bank, ‘Energy – The Facts’, worldbank.org, 2013,   [3] SAinfo reporter, ‘SA-DRC pact paves way for Grand Inga’, SouthAfrica.info, 20 May 2013,   [4] Pearce, Fred, ‘Will Huge New Hydro Projects Bring Power to Africa’s People?’, Yale Environment 360, 30 May 2013, Grand Inga Dam, Sub-Saharan Africa electricity access, African energy gap, renewable energy Africa, electricity infrastructure Africa, World Bank electricity report, impact of energy poverty, human rights and electricity, economic consequences of electricity shortage, sustainable energy projects Africa, hydroelectric power Africa, affordable electricity Africa, electrification Sub-Saharan Africa, energy investment Africa, Grand Inga project benefits, access to electricity statistics Africa, African development power, renewable power generation Africa, social impact of electricity, energy policy Africa Grand Inga Dam, Sub-Saharan Africa, electricity access, renewable energy, hydroelectric power, energy poverty, World Bank, infrastructure development, African economy, energy gap, human rights, electrification, South Africa, Democratic Republic of Congo, hospital services, education impact, affordable energy, business development, poverty alleviation, refrigeration, sustainable development, large-scale dam, population access, regional integration, power generation, energy investment Grand Inga Dam, Sub-Saharan Africa, electricity access, renewable energy, World Bank, energy poverty, human rights, hydroelectric power, economic development, infrastructure, electrification, Africa energy gap, low-cost electricity, social impact, energy investment, African power supply, sustainable energy, energy deprivation, access to modern services, hospital electricity, school electricity, food refrigeration, business electricity, development projects, large-scale hydro, international cooperation, SA-DRC energy pact, energy policy Africa, population electrification, underserved regions, Yale Environment 360 Grand Inga Dam, Africa energy access, Sub-Saharan Africa electricity, renewable energy, hydroelectric power, World Bank electricity gap, electricity deprivation, human rights electricity, economic impact energy, energy poverty Africa, electricity infrastructure, hospital electricity access, business electricity, school electricity, Sub-Saharan development, low-cost energy Africa, African power production, large-scale hydro projects, investment energy Africa, environmental impact hydro, Grand Inga project benefits, electricity for half a billion, energy transition Africa, electricity supply Africa Grand Inga Dam, Sub-Saharan Africa, electricity access, renewable energy, World Bank, hydroelectric power, Africa energy gap, electrification, economic impact, human rights, infrastructure, South Africa, Democratic Republic of Congo, power generation, development, energy poverty, Grand Inga project, sustainable energy, energy infrastructure, Inga hydropower, Yale Environment 360, SAinfo, energy policy, electricity deprivation, modernization, African energy solutions
test-international-miasimyhw-con02a	Urbanisation without industrialisation, the dangerous livelihoods of migrants.  Across Africa a reality of ‘urbanisation without industrialisation’ is found (Potts, 2012). Economic growth, and activity, have not matched the urban phenomena across Sub-Saharan Africa. The sombre picture of urban economics questions - what do new migrants do as opportunities are not found?  More than 50% of Youth in Africa are unemployed or idle. [1] With migrants entering urban environments presented with a lack of safe and secure jobs unhealthy sexual politics are found, and precarious methods are used to make a living. The scarcity of formal jobs, means a majority of migrants are forced to work in informal employment. Informal employment will continue to rise creating its own problems such as being barrier to imposing minimum wages and employment security.  [1] Zuehlke, 2009 urbanisation without industrialisation, migrant livelihoods, Sub-Saharan Africa, urban economics, youth unemployment, informal employment, economic growth, migration, urban poverty, precarious work, job insecurity, informal sector, labor market, unsafe employment, sexual politics, employment barriers, minimum wage enforcement, employment security, African cities, urban migration, underemployment, Potts 2012, Zuehlke 2009 urbanisation without industrialisation, Sub-Saharan Africa, migrant livelihoods, informal employment, urban migrants, African youth unemployment, economic growth, precarious work, dangerous occupations, informal sector, job scarcity, unsafe employment, minimum wage barriers, employment insecurity, urban economics, sexual politics, migration, Potts 2012, Zuehlke 2009, urbanization challenges, labor market, informal economy urbanisation without industrialisation, African urbanisation, migrant livelihoods, Sub-Saharan Africa, informal employment, youth unemployment, urban economics, economic growth, migrants, job scarcity, precarious employment, urban migrants, informal sector, employment security, minimum wage barriers, unhealthy sexual politics, urban unemployment, idle youth, Potts 2012, Zuehlke 2009 urbanisation without industrialisation, migrants, livelihoods, Sub-Saharan Africa, urban economics, economic growth, informal employment, youth unemployment, job scarcity, urban migration, precarious work, insecure jobs, informal sector, minimum wage barrier, employment security, urban poverty, sexual politics, labor market, Potts 2012, Zuehlke 2009 urbanisation without industrialisation, Africa, Sub-Saharan Africa, urban migrants, dangerous livelihoods, informal employment, unemployment, youth unemployment, urban economics, economic growth, job scarcity, informal sector, precarious work, migration, employment security, minimum wage, Zuehlke 2009, Potts 2012, urban labour markets, sexual politics, urbanisation trends
test-society-tsmihwurpp-pro03a	The experience of Israel proves that profiling works  Israel has been using profiling for decades to identify those individuals at airports that should be stopped, questioned and have their luggage thoroughly checked [i] .  Despite the massive threats that Israel faces, the Israeli state does not feel the need to invade the privacy of most passengers because they simply know what and who they are looking for. This approach has meant that, despite high odds, hijackings and bombings are not the routine affairs on El Al flights that one might expect it to be.  As the focus for terrorist atrocities has now become the US and the UK, it simply makes sense to follow the example of a nation that has been such a target since its creation.  [i] “Exposing hostile intent”. SecuritySolutions.com. Israel, profiling, airport security, El Al, terrorism prevention, passenger screening, hostile intent, targeted security, privacy, security solutions, US, UK, aviation security, counterterrorism, case study, best practices, threat detection, luggage checks, security profiling, Israeli methods Israel, profiling, airport security, El Al, counter-terrorism, passenger screening, threat detection, privacy, hostile intent, security measures, terrorism prevention, US, UK, security strategies, aviation security, luggage checks, effective profiling, case study, security policy, Israeli model, terrorist threats Israel, profiling, airport security, El Al, threat detection, terrorism prevention, passenger screening, hostile intent, security solutions, baggage checks, privacy, aviation security, anti-terrorism, US, UK, best practices, security effectiveness, targeted screening, Israeli security model, airline safety Israel, profiling, airport security, passenger screening, El Al, terrorism, hijacking, bombings, threat detection, privacy, hostile intent, SecuritySolutions.com, US, UK, security measures, aviation security, counterterrorism, targeted screening, best practices, Israeli security approach Israel, profiling, airport security, El Al, terrorism, passenger screening, threat detection, privacy, security measures, hostile intent, terrorist prevention, aviation security, targeted screening, US, UK, best practices, security protocol, bombings, hijackings, SecuritySolutions.com
test-politics-mtpghwaacb-pro03a	Collective bargaining undermines the democractic process  The bargain between normal unions and private enterprise involves all parties being brought to the table and talking about the issues that they might have. However, the public sector represents the benefits of taxpayers, the politicians and the unions. The power that unions exercises means that negotiations can happen without the consent or involvement of the public sector’s stakeholders, the public.  Even though power in a democracy is usually devolved to the politicians for this purpose, given the highly politicised nature of union negotiations, government office-holders who supervise union negotiations may act inconsistently with the mandate that the electorate have given them. This is because public unions often command a very large block of voters and can threaten politicians with this block of voters readily. This is not the same as a private business where officials aren’t elected by their workers. As such, collective bargaining rights for public union undermine the ability of taxpayers to dictate where their money is being spent significantly.1  “Union Bargaining Just A Dream For Many Gov Workers.” Oregan Herald. 27/02/2011 collective bargaining, democratic process, public sector unions, private enterprise, taxpayer interests, union power, stakeholder involvement, public consent, political influence, union negotiations, government accountability, electorate mandate, voting blocs, public funds, union rights, democracy, taxpayer representation, political pressure, public spending, union influence, government workers, union bargaining, Oregon Herald collective bargaining, democratic process, public sector unions, private enterprise, union negotiations, taxpayer interests, political influence, government accountability, electorate mandate, union voting power, public sector stakeholders, political pressure, taxpayer representation, union political influence, public union bargaining rights, government spending, unionized government workers, public sector labor relations, democratic accountability, union power imbalance collective bargaining, democratic process, public sector unions, private enterprise, taxpayer benefits, union power, public stakeholders, government negotiations, political influence, voter blocks, public spending, union rights, democracy, elected officials, taxpayer control, union leverage, public accountability, union influence, government transparency, union negotiations collective bargaining, democratic process, public sector unions, private enterprise, union negotiations, taxpayer representation, political influence, union power, public stakeholders, government office-holders, voter blocs, election mandates, unionized workforce, taxpayer spending, public union rights, democracy, labor relations, political pressure, public sector bargaining, government accountability collective bargaining, democratic process, public sector unions, private enterprise, stakeholders, taxpayer benefits, union power, political influence, public involvement, government negotiations, electorate mandate, politicized negotiations, union voter block, taxpayer representation, fiscal control, public funds, policy accountability, Oregon Herald, union rights, governance, public bargaining, democracy undermined
test-religion-frghbbgi-pro03a	The God hypothesis is unnecessary  Science provides us with the tools to form a comprehensive view of the Universe which does not include a supernatural being. From Galileo to Darwin to the modern day, scientists have continually uncovered the true natural mechanisms behind the creation and evolution of the universe. There are no gaps left for God to act in [1] - science has revealed a closed natural order governed by natural laws. Brain science has shown that there is not a ‘soul’ but that all our mental states are simply caused by brain activity. There is, therefore, no reason to believe in life after death - one of the main tenets of religious belief.  [1] Bube, Richard H, ‘Man Come of Age: Bonhoeffer’s Response to the God-of-the-gaps’, Journal of the Evangelical Theological Society,  , p.207 God hypothesis, unnecessary, science, universe, supernatural being, Galileo, Darwin, creation, evolution, natural mechanisms, natural laws, brain science, soul, mental states, brain activity, life after death, religious belief, God-of-the-gaps, Bonhoeffer, Richard H Bube, closed natural order, scientific explanation, atheism, materialism, naturalism God hypothesis, unnecessary, science, universe, supernatural, natural mechanisms, Galileo, Darwin, creation, evolution, natural laws, brain science, soul, mental states, brain activity, life after death, religion, God-of-the-gaps, Bonhoeffer, Richard Bube, theology, closed natural order God hypothesis, unnecessary, science, universe, supernatural, Galileo, Darwin, creation, evolution, natural mechanisms, natural laws, closed natural order, brain science, soul, mental states, brain activity, life after death, religious belief, God-of-the-gaps, Bonhoeffer, Richard H Bube God hypothesis, unnecessary, science, universe, supernatural, Galileo, Darwin, natural mechanisms, creation, evolution, closed natural order, natural laws, brain science, soul, mental states, brain activity, life after death, religious belief, God-of-the-gaps, Bonhoeffer, Richard H Bube, Journal of the Evangelical Theological Society God hypothesis, unnecessary, science, universe, supernatural, Galileo, Darwin, natural mechanisms, creation, evolution, natural laws, closed natural order, brain science, soul, mental states, brain activity, life after death, religious belief, Bonhoeffer, God-of-the-gaps, Richard H. Bube, Journal of the Evangelical Theological Society
test-free-speech-debate-fsaphgiap-pro04a	A lack of transparency can endanger the leader  A person is most likely to survive when they have an accident, a heart attack, or some other condition if they get prompt treatment and doctors are aware of any underlying conditions. Mills may well have lived, or lived longer if there had been more transparency about his death. There had been no prior warning that the president might be rushed to hospital despite the doctors having been called in the previous day. For the same reason his outriders were not available leading to indecision over whether to send off the ambulance. And finally he was initially turned away from the emergency ward because they did not know it was the President they were being asked to treat. 1 Transparency would allow procedures to be in place and advance notice given possibly gaining a few minutes and enabling survival.  1 Daily Guide, ‘How Mills died: Sister tells it all’, My Joy Online, 31 August 2012, transparency, leadership, medical emergency, prompt treatment, underlying conditions, president, hospital admission, advance notice, emergency procedures, survival, communication, Mills death, ambulance delay, medical protocols, decision-making, medical history, crisis response, presidential health, information disclosure, Ghana, Daily Guide, My Joy Online, 2012 transparency, leadership, medical emergency, survival, prompt treatment, underlying conditions, President Mills, hospital admission, emergency response, prior warning, ambulance delay, outriders, emergency ward, miscommunication, medical procedures, advance notice, presidential health, Ghana, Daily Guide, My Joy Online, 2012 transparency, leadership, medical emergency, prompt treatment, underlying conditions, President Mills, hospital admission, prior warning, ambulance delay, emergency ward, miscommunication, survival chances, advance notice, healthcare procedures, public officials, crisis management, Ghana, medical transparency, death circumstances, Daily Guide, My Joy Online, 2012 transparency, leadership, emergency response, medical history, prompt treatment, underlying conditions, President Mills, death circumstances, hospital procedures, advance notice, survival rates, communication failure, presidential health, emergency ward, ambulance delay, decision-making, My Joy Online, Daily Guide, government transparency, risk management, crisis response, health disclosure, medical protocols, Ghana, public information, healthcare transparency transparency, leadership risk, emergency response, prompt treatment, underlying conditions, medical disclosure, presidential health, crisis management, hospital procedures, ambulance delay, Mills death, communication failure, advance notice, survival rates, medical protocols, Ghana president, medical transparency, health crisis, prior warning, emergency ward, misidentification, Daily Guide, My Joy Online, August 2012
test-economy-beplcpdffe-pro03a	Gambling is addictive.  Humans get a buzz from taking a risk and the hope that this time their luck will be in, this is similar to drug addicts [7]. The more people bet, the more they want to bet, so they become hooked on gambling which can wreck their lives. Internet gambling is worse because it is not a social activity. Unlike a casino or race track, you don’t have to go anywhere to do it, which can put a brake on the activity. The websites never shut. There won’t be people around you to talk you out of risky bets. There is nothing to stop you gambling your savings away while drunk. gambling addiction, risk-taking, dopamine, psychological effects, compulsive gambling, betting behavior, internet gambling, online gambling, isolation, social interaction, accessibility, gambling consequences, addiction similarity, substance abuse, problem gambling, losing control, financial loss, mental health, behavioral addiction, drunk gambling, gambling websites, loneliness, gambling prevention, gambling harm gambling addiction, risk-taking, reward system, psychological dependence, compulsive gambling, internet gambling, online gambling risks, social isolation, gambling accessibility, casino comparison, betting escalation, addiction consequences, life impact, 24/7 gambling, lack of social intervention, financial loss, risky behavior, substance addiction comparison, impulse control, alcohol influence, problem gambling, gambling websites, gambling harm prevention gambling addiction, risk taking, psychological effects, dopamine, drug addiction comparison, compulsive gambling, online gambling, internet gambling, social isolation, accessibility, gambling behavior, financial problems, gambling harm, lack of social interaction, 24/7 access, loss of control, gambling websites, impulsive behavior, betting, negative consequences gambling addiction, risk-taking, psychological effects, reward system, compulsive gambling, behavioral addiction, internet gambling, online gaming, problem gambling, social isolation, addictive behavior, gambling consequences, gambling and drug addiction, loss of control, gambling accessibility, 24/7 gambling, lack of social interaction, financial ruin, impulse control, gambling and alcohol, internet gaming disorder, gambling harm, gambling prevention, digital gambling risks, addiction triggers gambling addiction, risk-taking behavior, gambling psychology, internet gambling, online gambling, compulsive gambling, behavioral addiction, gambling and drug addiction comparison, problem gambling, gambling consequences, social aspects of gambling, isolation in gambling, gambling accessibility, gambling and alcohol, gambling harms, gambling motivation, addiction triggers, gambling websites, nonstop gambling, gambling and mental health
test-politics-dhbanhrnw-con01a	The right of self-defence must be exercised in accordance with international law.  There can be no right to such terribly destructive weapons; their invention is one of the great tragedies of history, giving humanity the power to destroy itself. Even during the Cold War, most people viewed nuclear weapons at best as a necessary defence during that great ideological struggle, and at worst the scourge that would end all life on Earth. Nuclear war has never taken place, though it very nearly has on several occasions, such as during the Cuban Missile Crisis. And in 1983 a NATO war game, the Able Archer exercise simulating the full release of NATO nuclear forces, was interpreted by the Soviet Union as a prelude to a massive nuclear first-strike. Oleg Gordievsky, the KGB colonel who defected to the West, has stated that during Able Archer, without realising it, the world came ‘frighteningly close’ to the edge of the nuclear abyss, ‘certainly closer than at any time since the Cuban missile crisis of 1962’. [1] Soviet forces were put on immediate alert and an escalation was only avoided when NATO staff realised what was happening and scaled down the exercise. [2] Cooler heads might not prevail in future conflicts between nuclear powers; when there are more nuclear-armed states, the risk of someone doing something foolish increases. After all, it would take only one such incident to result in the loss of millions of lives. [3] Furthermore, in recent years positive steps have finally begun between the two states with the largest nuclear arsenals, the United States and Russia, in the strategic reduction of nuclear stockpiles. These countries, until recently the greatest perpetrators of nuclear proliferation, have now made commitments toward gradual reduction of weapon numbers until a tiny fraction of the warheads currently active will be usable. [4] All countries, both with and without nuclear weapons, should adopt this lesson. They should contribute toward non-proliferation, thus making the world safer from the threat of nuclear conflict and destruction. Clearly, the focus should be on the reduction of nuclear weapons, not their increase.  [1] Andrew, Christopher and Gordievsky, Oleg. 1991. “KGB: The Inside story of its Foreign Operations from Lenin to Gorbachev”. New York: Harper Collins Publishers.  [2] Rogers, Paul. 2007. “From Evil Empire to Axis of Evil”. Oxford Research Group.  [3] Jervis, Robert. 1989. The Meaning of the Nuclear Revolution: Statecraft and the Prospect of Armageddon, Cornell Studies in Security Affairs. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.  [4] Baker, Peter. 2010. “Twists and Turns on Way to Arms Pact With Russia”. The New York Times. self-defence, international law, nuclear weapons, Cold War, ideological struggle, Cuban Missile Crisis, Able Archer, NATO, Soviet Union, nuclear first-strike, Oleg Gordievsky, KGB, nuclear abyss, military escalation, nuclear alert, de-escalation, nuclear-armed states, nuclear risk, nuclear proliferation, United States, Russia, nuclear stockpiles, arms reduction, non-proliferation, nuclear conflict, global security, nuclear disarmament, nuclear treaties, strategic arms reduction, historical incidents, deterrence theory, mass destruction, war games, accidental nuclear war, international relations, security studies, arms self-defence, international law, nuclear weapons, nuclear proliferation, Cold War, Cuban Missile Crisis, Able Archer, NATO, Soviet Union, nuclear deterrence, KGB, Oleg Gordievsky, nuclear arms reduction, United States, Russia, nuclear stockpiles, nuclear disarmament, non-proliferation, nuclear conflict, strategic arms reduction, global security, mutually assured destruction, nuclear alert, nuclear first-strike, escalation, arms control, weapons of mass destruction, security affairs, historical nuclear incidents, nuclear policy, nuclear crisis, reduction commitments self-defence, international law, nuclear weapons, Cold War, Cuban Missile Crisis, Able Archer, NATO, Soviet Union, nuclear first-strike, Oleg Gordievsky, KGB, nuclear abyss, nuclear war risk, escalation, nuclear-armed states, nuclear proliferation, US-Russia relations, nuclear stockpile reduction, arms control, non-proliferation, strategic reduction, nuclear disarmament, nuclear conflict, mass destruction, security affairs, global safety self-defence, international law, nuclear weapons, Cold War, nuclear war, Cuban Missile Crisis, Able Archer, NATO, Soviet Union, nuclear first-strike, Oleg Gordievsky, nuclear abyss, escalation, nuclear-armed states, nuclear conflict, disarmament, non-proliferation, United States, Russia, nuclear stockpile reduction, nuclear proliferation, global security, strategic arms reduction, nuclear deterrence, arms control, mass destruction, KGB, nuclear history, international security, risk, catastrophic weapons self-defence, international law, nuclear weapons, nuclear war, Cold War, Cuban Missile Crisis, Able Archer, NATO, Soviet Union, Oleg Gordievsky, KGB, nuclear proliferation, United States, Russia, nuclear disarmament, strategic reduction, non-proliferation, arms control, nuclear conflict, nuclear stockpiles, global security, deterrence, escalation, war game, nuclear-armed states, humanitarian impact, treaties, arms reduction, weapons of mass destruction, security affairs, nuclear history, nuclear policy
test-environment-opecewiahw-pro02a	An immense boost to DRC’s economy  The Grand Inga dam would be an immense boost to the DRC’s economy. It would mean a huge amount of investment coming into the country as almost all the $80 billion construction cost would be coming from outside the country which would mean thousands of workers employed and spending money in the DRC as well as boosting local suppliers. Once the project is complete the dam will provide cheap electricity so making industry more competitive and providing electricity to homes. Even the initial stages through Inga III are expected to provide electricity for 25,000 households in Kinshasa. [1]  [1] ‘Movement on the Grand Inga Hydropower Project’, ujuh, 20 November 2013, Grand Inga Dam, DRC economy, hydropower, investment, infrastructure, $80 billion, foreign funding, employment, local suppliers, economic growth, electricity generation, affordable energy, industrial competitiveness, Kinshasa households, Inga III, energy access, development, renewable energy, African energy projects, construction workers, ujuh, 2013 Grand Inga Dam, DRC economy, economic boost, investment, foreign investment, $80 billion construction, employment, job creation, local suppliers, cheap electricity, industry competitiveness, household electricity, Inga III, Kinshasa, hydropower, infrastructure development, energy supply, African energy projects, renewable energy, ujuh, 2013 Grand Inga Dam, DRC economy, hydropower, investment, Congo River, infrastructure, electricity generation, cheap electricity, employment, foreign investment, construction cost, economic development, local suppliers, industrial competitiveness, energy access, Inga III, Kinshasa households, power supply, African energy, renewable energy, ujuh, 2013 Grand Inga Dam, DRC economy, economic impact, foreign investment, infrastructure, $80 billion construction, employment, local suppliers, electricity generation, cheap electricity, industry competitiveness, electricity access, Inga III, Kinshasa households, hydropower, development, African energy, large-scale projects, ujuh, 2013 Grand Inga Dam, DRC economy, hydropower, infrastructure investment, foreign investment, construction cost, employment, local suppliers, cheap electricity, industrial competitiveness, electricity access, Kinshasa, Inga III, energy sector, economic development, renewable energy, power generation, Africa infrastructure, household electrification, ujuh
test-digital-freedoms-aihbiahr-pro03a	Internet access is a necessary part of the right to freedom of information and expression.  Freedom of expression and speech and freedom of information is a fundamental freedom and is article 19 in the universal declaration of human rights. This is usually taken to have three parts for governments to uphold: a duty to respect, for the government not to interfere with the freedom to impart information, a duty to protect, preventing interference with lawful communications and, a duty to fulfil, a duty to provide government held information. [1] Access to the internet falls within this. The duty to respect means that governments cannot block access for people wishing to use the internet to express themselves. The duty to protect means government should prevent others from interfering with internet users and the duty to fulfil could easily be taken just a little bit further to having to provide access to the internet. Freedom of expression therefore covers a freedom to access the internet as it already provides for a freedom to access mediums to express ones’ self.  [1] Callamard, Agnes, ‘Towards a Third Generation of Activism for the Right to Freedom of Information’, in Freedom of Expression, Access to Information and Empowerment of People, UNESCO, 2009 pp.43-57. p.44 internet access, freedom of expression, freedom of information, Universal Declaration of Human Rights, Article 19, human rights, duty to respect, duty to protect, duty to fulfil, government responsibilities, access to information, right to communicate, online freedom, digital rights, government transparency, blocking internet, lawful communications, access to mediums, UNESCO, Callamard internet access, freedom of expression, freedom of information, universal declaration of human rights, article 19, fundamental freedoms, right to information, government obligation, duty to respect, duty to protect, duty to fulfil, human rights, digital rights, access to information, online speech, censorship, government transparency, communication rights, Agnes Callamard, UNESCO internet access, right to freedom of information, freedom of expression, freedom of speech, fundamental rights, article 19, universal declaration of human rights, duty to respect, duty to protect, duty to fulfil, government obligations, access to information, online expression, digital rights, human rights, lawful communications, government-held information, censorship, communication rights, UNESCO, Callamard internet access, freedom of information, freedom of expression, freedom of speech, universal declaration of human rights, article 19, fundamental freedoms, right to information, government duty, duty to respect, duty to protect, duty to fulfil, lawful communications, government transparency, digital rights, online access, right to internet, censorship, human rights, access to information, Agnes Callamard, UNESCO, information empowerment, freedom to impart information, communications rights internet access, freedom of information, freedom of expression, article 19, universal declaration of human rights, fundamental freedom, government duties, duty to respect, duty to protect, duty to fulfil, online expression, right to information, legal obligations, digital rights, blocking internet, lawful communications, access to internet, human rights, UNESCO, Agnes Callamard
test-law-phwmfri-pro03a	Creates the perception that the rich are not immune to the consequences of their actions  Fines that are not proportionate to income may create the perception that the rich are immune to the consequences of their actions. This is because people see those earning the least struggling to pay a fine, whilst the rich are able to pay that fine easily, without making any significant sacrifices. Canada is an example of this being the case with two thirds of respondents on surveys saying that the Canadian justice system is unfair because it provides preferential treatment to the rich compared to how harsh it is towards the poor.1  Making fines proportionate to income would change that perception. People would then see the law being applied in such a way as to punish all, not just certain sections of society. This will improve perceptions of (and consequently, relations with) the justice and law enforcement systems.  It is important that justice is seen to be done, as well as occurring (sometimes referred to as the Principle of Open Justice), for several reasons. First, we operate a system of government by consent: people’s opinions of the justice system are deemed an important check and balance on the power of the law-makers. Consequently, if they are seen to ‘abuse their power’ by imposing a law seen to be unfair, they have an obligation either to adequately explain and defend the law, or change it.  Second, people’s perceptions of law enforcement in one area spill over into other areas: it is the same police force enforcing all aspects of the law, and so the differences in policy origin are obscured. Consequently, if people deem law-enforcement to be unfair in one regard, they are less likely to trust it in other circumstances.  Third, it is important that the justice system is seen to be impartial, rather than favouring any particular group, because it is only under such circumstances that its designations of acts as ‘crimes’ can be seen as a true reflection of what you ought and ought not to do, rather than just what would be in the interests of a given group.  1 ‘Justice and The Poor’, National Council of Welfare, 10 September 2012, income-proportionate fines, perception of justice, wealth inequality, rich vs poor, legal fairness, judicial impartiality, preferential treatment, Canadian justice system, open justice, legal legitimacy, law enforcement trust, justice system criticism, economic disparities, proportional fines, social equity, justice by consent, public trust law, punitive equity, legal punishment perception, class-based justice income-proportionate fines, justice system fairness, rich and poor inequality, perception of justice, law enforcement trust, fines and income disparity, open justice principle, preferential treatment rich, public trust justice system, socio-economic penalties, proportional punishment, fair legal system, equality before law, Canadian justice perception, survey on justice fairness, legal system impartiality, rule of law public opinion, government accountability, enforcement disparity, fines justice reform income-proportionate fines, justice system fairness, rich vs poor penalties, perception of equality before law, open justice principle, preferential treatment, law enforcement trust, proportional punishment, social justice, impartial justice system, government by consent, fines equity, wealth and legal consequences, punitive disparity, Canadian justice system, public trust in law, socioeconomic bias, fairness in penalties, justice perception, legal system legitimacy income-proportionate fines, justice system fairness, rich versus poor, preferential treatment, penalties equity, law enforcement perception, wealth inequality, open justice principle, public trust, impartial justice, government by consent, fines effectiveness, Canadian justice system, social equity, punitive measures, systemic bias, perception of justice, accountability, economic disparity, legal fairness income-proportionate fines, justice system fairness, perception of justice, rich and poor disparity, equality before the law, open justice principle, preferential treatment, punishment equity, law enforcement trust, socioeconomic bias, justice system legitimacy, fines fairness, public trust in justice, criminal justice perceptions, Canada, wealth and consequences, justice system impartiality, perception of law enforcement, government by consent, law and income, socioeconomic justice, legal fairness, justice system credibility
test-international-miasimyhw-con01a	Migration reasonings and exploitation.  A free labour market perceives migration in a predominantly neoclassical light - people migrate due to pull factors, to balance the imbalance of jobs, people move due to economic laws. However, such a perspective fails to include the complex factors enticing migration and lack of choice in the decision. Promoting a labour market, whereby movement is free and trade enabled, makes it easier to move but does not take into account the fact migration is not only purely economical. By focusing on a free labour market as being economically valuable, we neglect a bigger picture of what the reasons for migration are.  Without effective management a free labour market raises the potential of forced migration and trafficking. Within the COMESA region trafficking has been identified as a growing issue with the 40,000 identified cases in 2012 being the tip of the iceberg (Musinguzi, 2013). A free labour market may mean victims of trafficking will remain undetected. Moving for ‘work’, how can distinctions be made to identify trafficked migrants; and clandestine migration be managed?  A free labour market, across Africa, justifies cheap and flexible labour to build emerging economies - however, remains unjust. Promoting free labour movement needs to be matched with a question on ‘what kind of labour movement’? migration reasons, labour market, free movement, neoclassical economics, pull factors, economic migration, forced migration, human trafficking, COMESA region, migration management, clandestine migration, cheap labour, flexible labour, economic laws, trade enablement, migration exploitation, migration policy, Africa migration, labour trafficking, migration decision-making, unjust labour markets, migration motivations, job imbalance, victim identification, migration complexities migration reasons, exploitation, free labour market, neoclassical migration theory, pull factors, job imbalance, economic migration, complex migration factors, lack of choice, labour market management, forced migration, human trafficking, COMESA region, migration policy, clandestine migration, migrant identification, cheap labour, flexible labour, labour rights, Africa labour market, emerging economies, just labour movement, trafficking detection, migration laws, labour exploitation, economic vs non-economic migration, migration justice, labour mobility migration, exploitation, free labour market, neoclassical economics, pull factors, economic migration, forced migration, choice in migration, trafficking, COMESA region, human trafficking, job imbalance, labour movement, economic laws, migration management, clandestine migration, labour market regulation, cheap labour, flexible labour, emerging economies, Africa, labour justice, migration policy, labour exploitation, labour market risks, labour market justice migration, neoclassical economics, pull factors, labour market, economic migration, forced migration, human trafficking, COMESA, exploitation, free movement, job imbalance, economic laws, labour market management, clandestine migration, Africa, cheap labour, flexible labour, emerging economies, migration reasons, trafficking detection, labour movement, migration policy, exploitation risks, managed migration, migration complexity, migration decision factors, labour exploitation, migration justice migration, labour market, neoclassical economics, pull factors, economic migration, forced migration, human trafficking, exploitation, COMESA region, migration management, trafficking identification, clandestine migration, labour mobility, Africa, free movement, cheap labour, flexible labour, migration reasons, labour exploitation, economic laws, migration policy, migrant rights, push factors, social factors, labour market regulation, emerging economies, migration ethics, migration decision-making
test-culture-mthbah-pro03a	Advertisements are an attempt to brainwash customers.  People cannot just choose to ignore advertising, because advertisers use many underhand methods to get their message across. Posters have attention grabbing words, or provocative pictures. Some adverts today are even being hidden in what seem like pieces or art or public information so people don't realise they are being marketed to. The introduction of digital screens allows businesses to alter their advertising to respond to specific events, making advertisements not only everywhere, but seemingly all-knowing1. By targeting people's unconscious thoughts adverts are a form of brainwashing that take away people's freedoms to make choices.  1 Anywhere the Eye Can See, It's Likely To See an Ad. The New York Times. advertising, brainwashing, manipulation, subconscious influence, consumer behavior, attention grabbing, provocative imagery, hidden advertising, stealth marketing, digital screens, targeted ads, personalized advertising, public information, art as advertising, pervasive marketing, freedom of choice, psychological influence, marketing tactics, advertising ethics, unconscious persuasion, subliminal messaging advertising, brainwashing, customer manipulation, underhand methods, attention-grabbing, provocative images, hidden ads, subliminal messaging, digital screens, targeted advertising, unconscious influence, public information, persuasive techniques, marketing tactics, loss of choice, freedom, pervasive advertising, adaptive advertising, psychological impact, consumer behavior advertising, brainwashing, consumer manipulation, psychological influence, underhand methods, persuasive techniques, hidden advertising, subliminal messages, digital screens, targeted advertising, attention grabbing, provocative images, public information disguise, pervasive advertising, choice limitation, freedom of choice, unconscious targeting, marketing strategies, adaptive advertising, art as advertising, ubiquitous ads, consumer autonomy, marketing ethics advertising, brainwashing, consumer manipulation, underhand methods, persuasive techniques, attention grabbing, provocative images, subliminal messaging, hidden advertising, native ads, art as advertisement, public information ads, digital screens, targeted ads, adaptive advertising, pervasive advertising, unconscious influence, freedom of choice, psychological manipulation, marketing tactics, persuasive language, marketing ethics, consumer autonomy, digital marketing, advertising impact advertising, brainwashing, persuasive techniques, subconscious influence, underhand methods, attention grabbing, provocative images, subliminal messaging, hidden advertising, native advertising, digital screens, targeted ads, personalized marketing, manipulation, loss of consumer choice, psychological influence, freedom of choice, media saturation, ambient advertising, art-based ads, public information ads, behavioral targeting, unconscious persuasion, marketing ethics, pervasive advertising, adaptive advertising, surveillance advertising, digital marketing, consumer autonomy
test-economy-beghwbh-con01a	It will never work  The plan for the Hyperloop is sound technically but would it work politically? It is unlikely that the California high speed rail project will be scrapped simply because there is a new competitor on the block. The Hyperloop has the advantage of being cheap but it is cheap because it is being built in the middle of an existing highway, the interstate-5. Building the Hyperloop would therefore cause traffic chaos so there would not be much political support. [1] Build it elsewhere and land would need to be bought just as with proposals for high speed rail.  Maglevs are, like the Hyperloop, practically sound – one travels from Shanghai Airport into the center of the city [2] – but they have not been built. High speed trains, despite being slower, have been the preferred method for creating high speed transportation systems because they can easily connect into the existing rail infrastructure, a problem for both the Hyperloop and maglevs.  [1] Yarow, Jay, ’41 Years Ago, A Scientist Explained Why Elon Musk’s Hyperloop is Doomed’, Business Insider, 12 August 2013,   [2] Kidman, Alex, ‘Shanghai’s Maglev Train: Astonishingly Fast… and a little dull’, Gizmo, 12 September 2011, Hyperloop, political feasibility, technical feasibility, California high speed rail, competitor, project replacement, cost comparison, Interstate-5, traffic disruption, political support, land acquisition, Maglev, Shanghai Maglev, existing infrastructure, connectivity, high speed transportation, rail integration, public policy, transportation planning, Elon Musk, infrastructure challenges, project comparison, transportation innovation Hyperloop, California high speed rail, political feasibility, technical feasibility, transportation infrastructure, Maglev, cost comparison, land acquisition, traffic impact, I-5 highway, project competition, high speed trains, rail connectivity, infrastructure integration, public support, Shanghai Maglev, transportation projects, Elon Musk, project barriers, mass transit, alternative transportation, project implementation, rail vs Hyperloop, project challenges Hyperloop, California high speed rail, political feasibility, transportation infrastructure, traffic disruption, Interstate-5, project comparison, maglev trains, Shanghai maglev, land acquisition, cost analysis, technical feasibility, rail connectivity, high speed trains, project competition, public support, infrastructure integration, Elon Musk, transportation policy, new technology adoption Hyperloop, California high-speed rail, political feasibility, technical feasibility, transportation infrastructure, maglev trains, project comparison, land acquisition, cost, traffic disruption, public support, interstate-5, Shanghai Maglev, high-speed trains, rail integration, transportation policy, infrastructure challenges, competitive transportation projects, Elon Musk, project implementation, public transportation systems Hyperloop, California high-speed rail, political feasibility, technical feasibility, transportation infrastructure, Maglev, Shanghai Maglev, interstate-5, land acquisition, transportation policy, traffic impact, project competition, integration with existing rail, high-speed trains, cost comparison, public support, Elon Musk, innovation barriers, Business Insider, Gizmo, infrastructure challenges
test-economy-beplcpdffe-pro02a	Online gambling affects families  A parent who gambles can quickly lose the money their family depends on for food and rent. It is a common cause of family break-up and homelessness, so governments should get involved to protect innocent children from getting hurt [5]. Each problem gambler harmfully impacts 10-15 other people [6]. The internet makes it easy for gamblers to bet secretly, without even leaving the house, so people become addicted to gambling without their families realising what is going on until too late. online gambling, family impact, parental gambling, financial loss, family breakup, homelessness, government intervention, child protection, problem gambling, social harm, internet gambling, gambling addiction, secret betting, hidden gambling, gambling awareness, gambling regulation, gambling consequences, vulnerable families, gambling-related harm, addiction prevention online gambling, family impact, gambling addiction, financial loss, homelessness, family breakup, child protection, government intervention, secret gambling, internet gambling, hidden addiction, problem gamblers, social consequences, family welfare, gambling harms, vulnerable children, responsible gambling, prevention policies, household financial risk, parental gambling online gambling, family impact, gambling addiction, financial loss, family breakup, homelessness, government intervention, child protection, problem gambling, hidden gambling, internet gambling, secret gambling, addiction, family harm, social consequences, gambling regulation, societal impact, parental gambling, at-risk children, gambling-related harm online gambling, family impact, addiction, parental gambling, financial loss, food insecurity, rent loss, family breakup, homelessness, government intervention, child protection, problem gambling, social harm, secret gambling, internet betting, gambling addiction, hidden gambling, family harm, affected children, social consequences online gambling, family impact, gambling addiction, problem gambling, financial loss, family breakup, homelessness, government intervention, child protection, hidden gambling, internet gambling, secret gambling, gambling consequences, addiction awareness, social harm, parental gambling, family welfare, gambling regulation, at-risk children, community impact
test-religion-msgfhwbamec-pro02a	Integration and the acceptance of Western values are important  Arranged marriages have not been a part of the cultures of most European countries for many years now. Part of the reason for this is because ideas about marriage have become more progressive, with people accepting that men and women of any orientation should be allowed to choose their own partners. This was even the case during the socially conservative era of the 1950s, when it was generally accepted in countries like Britain that people would court and meet their partners independently of their parents. [1]  Arranged marriages also conform to a view of women in particular which regards them as chattel. This does not fit in with the type of egalitarianism many European countries seek to practice, and thus does not conform to Western notions of individual rights. [2] It is also hypocritical to adopt a double-standard with diaspora communities, turning a blind eye to practices which many other majority groups find reprehensible. The rights and norms of a country of block of countries such as the EU must apply to all.  [1] Cook, Hera, ‘No Turning Back: Family forms and sexual mores in modern Britain,’ History & Policy -  (accessed on 19 September 2012)  [2] ‘Human Rights with Reference to Women,’ UKEssays.com -  (accessed on 19 September 2012) arranged marriages, Western values, integration, European cultures, marriage norms, individual rights, egalitarianism, women's rights, cultural assimilation, diaspora communities, social progressivism, marriage practices, sexual mores, gender equality, cultural double standards, European Union, personal choice, human rights, social conservatism, courtship, Britain, cultural norms, family structure, minority communities, legal standards, tradition vs modernity arranged marriages, European culture, Western values, integration, individual rights, egalitarianism, marriage norms, progressive values, gender equality, women's rights, diaspora communities, cultural assimilation, marriage customs, social conservatism, partner choice, human rights, double standards, European Union norms, chattel, family forms, sexual mores, cultural acceptance, Britain marriage traditions integration, Western values, arranged marriages, European culture, progressive marriage ideas, partner choice, gender equality, sexual orientation, individual rights, marriage norms, Britain, 1950s, egalitarianism, women’s rights, chattel, diaspora communities, double standards, EU norms, human rights, cultural acceptance, social conservatism, independent courtship, history of marriage, cultural integration, family forms, sexual mores, social norms, cultural conformity, migration, multiculturalism integration, western values, arranged marriages, European cultures, marriage norms, progressive values, individual rights, egalitarianism, women’s rights, marriage autonomy, cultural assimilation, diaspora communities, double standards, social conservatism, sexual mores, gender equality, partner choice, human rights, EU norms, parental involvement, chattel, cultural practices Western values, integration, arranged marriages, European cultures, marriage norms, progressive ideas, partner choice, gender equality, 1950s Britain, individual rights, egalitarianism, women's rights, chattel, diaspora communities, social norms, EU values, cultural assimilation, human rights, double standards, social conservatism
test-religion-frghbbgi-pro04a	Religions have no true claim to special moral knowledge  Religions through the ages, and still today, have been agents of repression, sexism, elitism, homophobia, and - most of all - conflict, war, and racial hatred. The very nature of belief in received wisdom means that it must be, at its core, a conservative and regressive force. Moreover the positive moral rules that religions claim to promote tend to have existed independently of those religions – the world did not have to wait for the ten commandments to learn that murder and theft was wrong, but it waited until the 19th Century to reach a consensus that Slavery was wrong.  Whatever small amount of psychological comfort religious belief may give, the evils it is responsible for in the social and political worlds easily outweigh it. religion, moral knowledge, repression, sexism, elitism, homophobia, conflict, war, racial hatred, received wisdom, conservatism, regressive force, moral rules, ten commandments, independent morality, slavery, psychological comfort, social harm, political consequences, critique of religion, ethics, secular morality, religious violence, historical abuses, moral progress religion, moral knowledge, special moral authority, repression, sexism, elitism, homophobia, conflict, war, racial hatred, received wisdom, conservative force, regressive force, moral rules, morality, ten commandments, murder, theft, slavery, psychological comfort, social impact, political impact, historical critique, religious criticism, ethical independence, enlightenment, secular morality, social evils, religious consequences religion, moral knowledge, repression, sexism, elitism, homophobia, conflict, war, racial hatred, received wisdom, conservatism, regressive, moral rules, independent morality, ten commandments, murder, theft, slavery, psychological comfort, social evils, political harm, religious criticism, ethical history, secular morality religion, moral knowledge, religious repression, sexism, elitism, homophobia, religious conflict, war, racial hatred, received wisdom, conservatism, regressive force, moral rules, independent morality, ten commandments, slavery, psychological comfort, social impact of religion, political impact of religion, critique of religion, religion and ethics religion, moral knowledge, religious repression, sexism, elitism, homophobia, religious conflict, war, racial hatred, conservatism, regressive beliefs, received wisdom, moral rules, secular morality, Ten Commandments, historical slavery, psychological comfort, religious harm, social evils, political impact, ethics, religious criticism, morality without religion, anti-religious argument, religious violence, historical critique
test-health-ahiahbgbsp-pro05a	Nip the problem in the bud  Smoking rates in Africa are relatively low; a range of 8%-27% with an average of only 18% of the population smoking 1 (or, the tobacco epidemic is at an early stage 2 ). That’s good, but the challenge is to keep it that way and reduce it.  A ban on smoking in public places at this stage would stop tobacco gaining the widespread social acceptability that caused it to thrice in the 20th century in the Global North. The solution is to get the solutions in now, not later.  1 Kaloko, Mustapha, 'The Impact of Tobacco Use on Health and Socio-Economic Development in Africa', African Union Commission, 2013,  , p.4  2 Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, “What we do: Tobacco control strategy overview”, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, no date, smoking rates Africa, tobacco epidemic early stage, public smoking ban, tobacco control Africa, social acceptability tobacco, tobacco prevention strategies, smoking prevalence Africa, public health tobacco, African Union tobacco report, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation tobacco, tobacco use impact Africa, tobacco policy Africa, reducing smoking Africa, early intervention tobacco, smoking regulation Africa tobacco control, smoking rates Africa, public smoking ban, early intervention, tobacco epidemic, Africa smoking statistics, tobacco prevention, social acceptability tobacco, tobacco policy Africa, health impact tobacco, socio-economic development Africa, tobacco use Africa, smoking reduction strategies, tobacco epidemic early stage, tobacco control strategies, African Union tobacco report, Bill Melinda Gates tobacco control, smoking prevalence Africa, public health policy Africa, tobacco regulation smoking rates, Africa, tobacco epidemic, tobacco control, public smoking ban, social acceptability, tobacco prevention, early intervention, African population, tobacco policy, smoking reduction, public health, smoking statistics, tobacco use, African Union, Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, smoking prevalence, health impact, socio-economic development, 20th century smoking, tobacco solutions, Global North comparison smoking rates Africa, tobacco epidemic early stage, public smoking ban, tobacco control, Africa tobacco use, smoking prevalence Africa, tobacco policy Africa, health impact tobacco Africa, socio-economic impact tobacco, tobacco prevention Africa, smoking public health, tobacco social acceptability, tobacco regulation Africa, tobacco control strategies, tobacco epidemic prevention, African Union tobacco, Gates Foundation tobacco control, tobacco use reduction, public health policy Africa tobacco control, smoking rates Africa, early intervention, public smoking ban, tobacco epidemic, Africa smoking prevalence, tobacco prevention, public health policy, socio-economic impact, Africa tobacco use, social acceptability, tobacco strategy, tobacco reduction measures, global tobacco trends, preventive measures, African Union tobacco report, Gates Foundation tobacco control, smoking policy Africa
test-religion-wcprrgrhbmi-con01a	"There is no proven cause of harm and parents routinely make medical decisions for children to give their consent or otherwise  Circumcision is akin, in many ways, to vaccination; a routine and simple procedure with miniscule risks and compelling probable benefits. We acknowledge the right of parents to take these decisions on the behalf of their children, even if the benefits in question are primarily cultural and spiritual, and relativistic in character.  Parents routinely make decisions with far greater implications for their children’s futures in terms of their education and general welfare on a regular basis and this should really be seen as no different [i] .  As has been established, even in the most impromptu settings, male circumcision, unlike FGM, runs almost no risk of causing severe injury or infection. MGM does not endanger or restrict a child's development, or his ability to living and normal, fulfilled adult life. Parents make much more damaging choices for their children all the time - choices that do not involve modification of a child's body.  The cost of raising a child as a junior rugby player is an increased risk that the child may sustain life changing injuries. The cost of sending a child to a Montessori nursery as opposed to a curriculum-based institution is the possibility that they may lack personal discipline or respect for authority later in life.  Parents are still permitted to make these decisions, despite the impact they may have on a child’s development. Why not allow them to submit their children to a relatively minor and inconsequential aesthetic procedure?  [i] Dr. Brian Morris, Professor of Molecular Medical Sciences. ""Circumcision Should Be Routine; is Akin to a Safe Surgical ‘Vaccine’"". Opposing Views circumcision, parental consent, medical decisions, children, vaccination, routine procedure, miniscule risks, probable benefits, cultural factors, spiritual factors, parental rights, child welfare, education decisions, child development, injury risk, FGM comparison, MGM, bodily autonomy, ethical considerations, medical ethics, minor procedure, aesthetic procedure, Dr. Brian Morris, safe surgical vaccine, parental authority, childhood interventions parental consent, medical decision-making, child circumcision, vaccination analogy, routine procedure, minimal risk, probable benefits, cultural reasons, spiritual reasons, parental rights, child welfare, education decisions, FGM comparison, MGM safety, child development, bodily autonomy, ethical considerations, Dr. Brian Morris, circumcision benefits, minor procedure, aesthetic surgery, parental authority, harm principle, injury risk, upbringing choices, medical ethics, religious circumcision, legal implications, child health, consent laws, surgical consent, pediatric ethics parental consent, medical decision-making, child welfare, circumcision, vaccination comparison, cultural benefits, spiritual benefits, routine medical procedures, risk assessment, male circumcision, FGM comparison, minor surgical procedures, bodily autonomy, parental rights, childhood interventions, ethical considerations, child development, injury risk, education choices, informed consent, Brian Morris, medical ethics, harm minimization, MGM safety, vaccination analogy, routine surgery parental consent, medical decision-making, child welfare, circumcision, vaccination analogy, routine procedure, miniscule risks, probable benefits, cultural benefits, spiritual benefits, relativism, education choices, welfare decisions, male circumcision, FGM comparison, MGM safety, child development, injury risk, autonomy, minor procedures, body modification, Brian Morris, surgical vaccine, parental rights, ethical considerations, parental authority circumcision, parental consent, medical decision-making, child welfare, vaccination analogy, routine procedures, minimal risk, cultural benefits, spiritual benefits, relative benefits, parental rights, education decisions, child development, male circumcision vs FGM, MGM, bodily autonomy, injury risk, infection risk, Montessori education, curriculum-based education, aesthetic procedures, minor surgery, Brian Morris, medical ethics, parental choices"
test-international-sepiahbaaw-pro01a	Resource abundance has led to poor governance  Corruption in African governance is a common feature of African governance [1] , with resources being a major source of exploitation by the political class. Natural resources are often controlled by the government. As resources fund the government’s actions rather than tax, there is a decrease in accountability to the citizenry which enables the government to abuse its ownership of this land to make profit [2] . To benefit from resource wealth, money from the exploitation of mineral wealth and other sources needs to be reinvested in to the country’s economy and human capital [3] . Investing in infrastructure and education can encourage long term growth. However a large amount of funds are pocketed by politicians and bureaucrats instead, hindering growth [4] . Africa Progress Panel (APP) conducted a survey on five mining deals between 2010 and 2012 in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). They found that the DRC was selling off state-owned mining companies at low prices. The new offshore owner would then resell the companies for much more, with much of the profit finding its way to DRC government officials [5] . The profits were twice as high as the combined budget for education and health, demonstrating that corruption caused by resource exploitation detracts from any long term growth.  [1] Straziuso,J. ‘No African Leader wins $45m Good Governance Award’ Yahoo News 14 October 2013   [2] Hollingshead,A. ‘Why are extractive industries prone to corruption?’ Financial Transparency Coalition 19 September 2013   [3] Pendergast,S.M., Kooten,G.C., & Clarke,J.A. ‘Corruption and the Curse of Natural Resources’ Department of Economics University of Victoria, 2008 pg.5   [4] Ibid  [5] Africa Progress Panel ‘Report: DRC mining deals highlight resource corruption’ 14 May 2013, resource curse, natural resource governance, corruption, African governance, resource exploitation, political class, government accountability, mineral wealth, reinvestment, infrastructure, education, long term growth, political corruption, bureaucratic corruption, Democratic Republic of Congo, DRC mining deals, state-owned mining companies, offshore ownership, profit diversion, Africa Progress Panel, governance failure, extractive industries, poor governance, resource management, economic development, transparency, accountability, public finance, health budget, education budget, resource abundance, rent-seeking, political elite, resource mismanagement, government profits, public sector corruption, wealth distribution resource abundance, poor governance, corruption, African governance, political class, government control, natural resources, exploitation, accountability, mineral wealth, reinvestment, economic development, human capital, infrastructure, education, political corruption, bureaucratic corruption, mining sector, Democratic Republic of Congo, state-owned enterprises, offshore ownership, profit diversion, education budget, health budget, resource exploitation, long-term growth, transparency, extractive industries, financial mismanagement, Africa Progress Panel, mining deals, resource curse resource abundance, poor governance, corruption, African governance, exploitation, political class, natural resources, government control, accountability, tax revenue, government abuse, mineral wealth, reinvestment, economy, human capital, infrastructure, education, long-term growth, embezzlement, politicians, bureaucrats, Africa Progress Panel, mining deals, Democratic Republic of Congo, state-owned mining companies, offshore ownership, profit, education budget, health budget, resource exploitation, resource curse, extractive industries, financial transparency, resource wealth, governance challenges, African politics, public funds, mismanagement, development hindered resource abundance, poor governance, corruption, African governance, resource exploitation, political class, natural resources, government control, accountability, mineral wealth, government revenue, public investment, infrastructure, education, economic growth, bureaucratic corruption, Africa Progress Panel, DRC mining deals, state-owned companies, offshore ownership, profit diversion, mismanagement, health budget, education budget, growth hindrance, extractive industries, financial transparency, resource curse, public funds, human capital development resource abundance, poor governance, corruption, African governance, resource exploitation, natural resources, government control, accountability, mineral wealth, revenue reinvestment, infrastructure investment, education investment, political corruption, bureaucratic corruption, Democratic Republic of Congo, DRC mining deals, offshore ownership, state-owned companies, profit diversion, human capital, long-term growth, Africa Progress Panel, extractive industries, budget misallocation, resource curse, financial transparency, mineral exploitation, government abuse, economic development, resource management, elite capture
test-law-tlcplghwfne-pro03a	"Needle exchanges can help social services to locate addicts who are in need of treatment  Needle exchanges allow drug addicts to see formal parts of the state that they often associate with negatively as institutions that can help them. This allows them to more positively associate with other state mechanisms such as rehabilitation clinics in the future.  This is further helped by clinic staff being able to recommend drug addicts to rehabilitation centres should they be looking for help and due to the more anonymous nature of clinic staff, drug addicts might ask for help from them as opposed to a closer person who they fear might judge them.  In addition, social services for addicts can be centred on needle exchanges. Rehabilitation clinics as well as simpler facilities such as washrooms can be centred there as well as clinics for disease diagnosis. Further, in the clinics themselves, posters and information pertaining to drug awareness can be circulated in order to help addicts.1, 2  1. Debra L. O’Neill. ""Needle Exchange Programs: A Review of the Issues"". Missouri Institute of Mental Health. September 27, 2004 www.mimh200.mimh.edu/mimhweb/pie/reports/Needle%20Exchange.pdf  2. Noffs, David. “Should Needle Exchange Programmes Be publicly Funded?” Close to Home Online, needle exchange programs, harm reduction, drug addiction, social services, rehabilitation centers, drug treatment, healthcare access, state institutions, public health, anonymous support, clinic staff, disease diagnosis, drug awareness, rehabilitation clinics, supportive environments, information dissemination, drug addict outreach, public funding, washroom facilities, stigma reduction, healthcare interventions, injection drug users, treatment referral, outreach services, community health initiatives, addiction services needle exchange programs, harm reduction, drug addiction treatment, social services, rehabilitation referral, state institutions, drug user engagement, stigma reduction, anonymous support, clinic staff, rehabilitation clinics, service integration, disease diagnosis, washrooms, health promotion, drug awareness, information circulation, public health, outreach services, marginalized populations, community health, substance abuse, intervention strategies, accessibility, poster campaigns, health facilities, Missouri Institute of Mental Health, funding needle exchange, public funding, harm minimization needle exchange programs, harm reduction, social services, addiction treatment, drug rehabilitation, state institutions, public health, clinic staff, anonymity, outreach, disease prevention, rehabilitation centers, washroom facilities, health clinics, drug awareness, information dissemination, addict engagement, public funding, healthcare access, stigma reduction, supportive services, community health, intervention programs, substance use disorder, program evaluation needle exchange programs, harm reduction, drug addiction, social services, rehabilitation referral, anonymous assistance, state institutions, rehabilitation clinics, disease diagnosis, public health, drug awareness, clinic staff, judgement-free help, service integration, educational materials, washrooms, support services, addict outreach, information dissemination, Missouri Institute of Mental Health, public funding, David Noffs, Debra O'Neill needle exchange programs, harm reduction, drug addiction, social services, rehabilitation, drug treatment, drug user engagement, state services, rehabilitation clinics, anonymous support, clinic staff, referral to treatment, public health, disease prevention, drug awareness, information dissemination, supportive services, washroom facilities, disease diagnosis, outreach, trust building, stigma reduction, healthcare access, public funding, community health"
test-philosophy-pppthbtcb-pro01a	Legitimacy  In extreme cases, in which peaceful and democratic methods have been exhausted, it is legitimate and justified to resort to terror. In cases of repression and suffering, with an implacably oppressive state and no obvious possibility of international relief, it is sometimes necessary to resort to violence to defend one’s people and pursue one’s cause.  Every individual or (minority) group has the right to express its discontent. The state, being a representation of the people, should facilitate this possibility. Even more, the state should support the rights of minorities, in order to prevent the will of the majority suppressing the rights of people with other interests. If this does not happen, the state has failed to serve its purpose and loses its legitimacy. This, in combination with the growing inequalities and injustices amongst certain groups, justifies committing acts of terror in order to defend these rights, that were denied in the first place.  For instance, Umkhonto we Sizwe, a liberation organisation associated with the African National Congress in South Africa and led by Nelson Mandela, decided in 1961 to turn to violence in order to achieve liberation and the abolishment of Apartheid. The reason they gave was:  “The time comes in the life of any nation when there remain only two choices: submit or fight. That time has now come to South Africa. (...) Refusal to resort to force has been interpreted by the government as an invitation to use armed force against the people without any fear of reprisals. The methods of Umkhonto we Sizwe mark a break with that past.” [1]  [1] African National Congress. (1961, December 16). Manifesto. Retrieved August 3, 2011, from African National Congress: legitimacy, state repression, political violence, justified terror, democratic exhaustion, minority rights, majority rule, oppression, state failure, social injustice, justified violence, civil disobedience, Umkhonto we Sizwe, ANC, apartheid, Nelson Mandela, liberation movements, self-defense, government legitimacy, international intervention, resistance, political resistance, minority discontent, state responsibility, African National Congress, armed struggle, national liberation, South Africa, manifestos, protest rights legitimacy, terrorism, justified violence, minority rights, state oppression, democratic methods, repression, political violence, injustice, inequalities, self-defense, discontent expression, state failure, minority protection, international relief, apartheid, South Africa, Umkhonto we Sizwe, African National Congress, Nelson Mandela, liberation movements, resistance, armed struggle, state legitimacy, civil rights, government oppression, ethical justification, violent resistance legitimacy, terror, justified violence, repression, suffering, oppressive state, international relief, minority rights, discontent, state failure, majority rule, rights suppression, political violence, liberation movements, Umkhonto we Sizwe, African National Congress, Nelson Mandela, apartheid, South Africa, resistance, democratic methods, equality, injustices, armed struggle, minority groups, state legitimacy legitimacy, political violence, justified terror, state repression, democratic methods, minority rights, state legitimacy, injustice, inequality, Umkhonto we Sizwe, African National Congress, South Africa, Nelson Mandela, Apartheid, liberation movements, resistance, self-defense, political dissent, oppressive regimes, international relief, armed struggle, government oppression, majority vs minority, civil disobedience, justification of violence legitimacy, political violence, state repression, justified terror, democratic exhaustion, oppression, minority rights, self-defense, state legitimacy, majority rule, minority suppression, civil disobedience, Umkhonto we Sizwe, African National Congress, South Africa, apartheid, Nelson Mandela, armed resistance, liberation movements, violence justification, state failure, social injustice, political inequality, international intervention, revolutionary ethics
test-law-phwmfri-pro02a	"The rich are now also deterred  Another purpose of fines is to provide a deterrent. If fines are applied at one rate regardless of income, they must be low enough not to be un-payable for those who do not earn much money. Consequently, they are set so low that they fail to have a deterrent effect on the richest in society, who are easily able to afford to break the law.  This is especially the case when you consider the sorts of crimes that are punishable by fines, e.g. illicit parking and littering. These crimes have an indirect harm, and thus it is easy for the rich to consider that once they have paid the fine they have paid for the damage done, even though in reality this is not the case.1  1 Gneezy, U., Rustichini, A., 2000. ‘A Fine is a Price’. Journal of Legal Studies., vol. 29 pp1-17 income-based fines, deterrence, wealth inequality, fine effectiveness, flat-rate fines, rich offenders, crime deterrence, fine affordability, penalty proportionality, socio-economic disparity, punitive measures, law enforcement, illicit parking, littering, economic sanctions, justice system, Gneezy Rustichini, behavioral economics, legal studies, fine policy fines, deterrence, income-based fines, equality, rich, poor, law enforcement, penalty effectiveness, wealth disparity, illicit parking, littering, justice, fine rates, economic impact, criminal justice, social inequality, compliance, punishment, Gneezy Rustichini, legal studies, deterrent effect, fine payment, behavioral economics progressive fines, deterrent effect, income-based fines, wealth inequality, penalty effectiveness, proportional punishment, law enforcement, justice system, economic disparity, fine structure, rich offenders, low-income offenders, criminal deterrence, behavioral economics, Gneezy Rustichini, law compliance, punishment fairness, social justice, fine affordability, illicit parking, littering penalties income-based fines, deterrence, fine effectiveness, wealth inequality, flat-rate fines, progressive penalties, law compliance, social justice, punitive measures, rich offenders, low-income impact, economic sanctions, legal deterrents, crime deterrence, penalty structure, proportional fines, fine affordability, behavioral economics, illicit parking fines, littering penalties, equal justice, Gneezy Rustichini 2000 income-based fines, deterrent effect, wealth inequality, fixed penalty limitation, progressive fines, deterrence mechanism, fine effectiveness, rich offenders, law compliance, illicit parking, littering fines, proportionate punishment, criminal deterrence, unequal impact, economic disparity, fine affordability, financial penalties, justice system, Gneezy Rustichini, ""A Fine is a Price"", legal studies, penalty structure, behavioral economics, social justice, fine policy"
test-philosophy-npppmhwup-con02a	Affirmative action can create social tensions  Under the policy of affirmative action, there is a real danger that social tensions become inflamed. This is because in the process of benefiting minority groups it helps to disenfranchise the majority. For example in the 2001 riots in Oldham and other cities of Northern England one of the main complaints from poor white areas was alleged discrimination in council funding. [1] There was a possibility that the more privileged from minority groups such as upper-class blacks will be favoured at the expense of the marginalised within majority groups such as lower-class whites. Therefore, rather correct racial bias, affirmative action may inevitably deepen it.  [1] Amin, A., 2002. ‘Ethnicity and the multicultural city: living with diversity.’ Environment and Planning, 34, pp.959-980, p.963 affirmative action, social tensions, minority groups, majority disenfranchisement, Oldham riots, 2001 Northern England, council funding discrimination, privileged minorities, upper-class blacks, marginalized majorities, lower-class whites, racial bias, policy backlash, diversity, multiculturalism, ethnic conflict, social cohesion, resource allocation, perceived injustice, Environment and Planning affirmative action, social tensions, minority groups, majority disenfranchisement, discrimination, council funding, Oldham riots, Northern England, white working class, marginalised groups, upper-class minorities, racial bias, multiculturalism, diversity, environment and planning, ethnicity, social conflict, policy impact, multicultural city, Amin 2002 affirmative action, social tensions, minority groups, majority disenfranchisement, Oldham riots, Northern England, council funding discrimination, white working class, upper-class minorities, class divisions, reverse discrimination, racial bias, multiculturalism, social cohesion, ethnicity, policy impact, marginalized groups affirmative action, social tensions, minority groups, majority disenfranchisement, discrimination, council funding, Oldham riots, Northern England, white working class, upper-class minorities, lower-class whites, racial bias, social conflict, multicultural city, perceived injustice, ethnic tensions, policy impact, diversity, environment and planning, ethnic inequality affirmative action, social tensions, majority disenfranchisement, minority benefits, Oldham riots, council funding discrimination, poor white communities, privileged minorities, class and race, upper-class blacks, lower-class whites, racial bias, policy criticism, multiculturalism, ethnic relations, Environment and Planning, Amin 2002, UK race relations, social policy, diversity challenges
test-digital-freedoms-aihbiahr-pro02a	The right to internet access fills a gap in traditional human rights.  In our traditional human rights there is a hole when it comes to a right to receive and be able to seek out information. Almost everyone would consider freedom of speech and freedom of expression to be human rights but these rights are not very effective if there is not a way for those who wish to access that information. Michael L Best contends that Article 19 of the universal declaration of human rights on freedom of expression implies some symmetry but that freedom of authorship is privileged over freedom of readership. [1] In short governments could allow freedom of expression while ensuring that those expressing dissenting views have a very minimal audience without breaking human rights.  A right to the internet is the perfect human right to fill this gap. The internet is estimated to have over 35 billion web pages, [2] and the most recent digital universe study estimates that 1.8 trillion gigabytes would be created in 2011. [3] The sheer size of the internet means that it is the ideal medium for providing this right to access information. [4] The internet is also increasingly accessible to everyone making it possible to be considered universal; it is no longer something that the poor cannot hope to have access to. There are already over 2.1 billion people using the internet worldwide including 118 million in Africa. [5]  [1] Best, Michael L., ‘Can the Internet be a Human Right?’ Human Rights and Human Welfare, Vol.4 2004, p.23 (n.b. this link comes up with a warning when opened, dont worry it is safe - ahelling)  [2] World Wide Web Size.com, ‘The size of the World Wide Web (The Internet)’, 17 April 2012 .  [3] McGaughey, Katryn, ‘World’s Data More Than Doubling Every Two Years – Driving Big Data Opportunity, EMC2, 28 June 2011.  [4] Best, Michael L., ‘Can the Internet be a Human Right?’ Human Rights and Human Welfare, Vol.4 2004, p.23  [5] Clayton, Nick, ‘Internet has More Than 2 Billion Users’, TechEurope The Wall Street Journal, 19 January 2012. internet access, human rights, information access, freedom of speech, freedom of expression, Article 19, Universal Declaration of Human Rights, Michael L Best, freedom of authorship, freedom of readership, digital divide, universal access, information rights, internet as a human right, digital rights, web accessibility, global internet users, information society, digital inclusion, communication rights, digital equality, civil liberties, online freedom, right to information, technology and human rights internet access, human rights, right to internet, freedom of expression, information access, Article 19, Universal Declaration of Human Rights, freedom of speech, readership, authorship, digital divide, information gap, online freedom, digital rights, Michael L. Best, internet universality, information society, web accessibility, global internet usage, digital inequality, access to information, internet as a human right internet access, human rights, right to information, freedom of expression, freedom of speech, Article 19, Universal Declaration of Human Rights, information access, readership rights, authorship privilege, digital divide, information society, universal access, digital rights, information asymmetry, Michael L. Best, web accessibility, global connectivity, digital inclusion, internet as a human right, equitable access, online information, access to knowledge, web usage statistics, digital universe, information gap, freedom of readership internet access, human rights, right to information, freedom of expression, freedom of speech, Article 19, Universal Declaration of Human Rights, freedom of readership, freedom of authorship, information access, digital divide, internet as human right, universal access, digital rights, information gap, online information, web accessibility, Michael L. Best, global internet usage, digital equality, internet universality, internet penetration, internet statistics, free speech, information society internet access, human rights, right to information, freedom of speech, freedom of expression, Article 19, Universal Declaration of Human Rights, freedom of readership, freedom of authorship, digital divide, information access, digital rights, internet as human right, global internet usage, information symmetry, Michael L. Best, web accessibility, internet statistics, universal internet access, web pages, information flow, dissenting views, democratic rights, access to information, digital inclusion, internet penetration, big data, internet universality, global connectivity
test-economy-bhahwbsps-con02a	"Smokers have a right to enjoy themselves.  Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights states that ""All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood""1. So, smokers have the same rights as non-smokers and should not be targeted because of how they choose to live their lives. Article 24 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights states that ""Everyone has the right to rest and leisure, including reasonable limitation of working hours and periodic holidays with pay"" 1.If some people get their rest and leisure by smoking with friends in a pub, it seems that governments should make it possible, by at least having smoking areas in pubs, restaurants, etc. A ban on smoking in all public places would mean smokers could never enjoy themselves like they want to, at least not legally. There are many groups which feel that the rights of the smoker are being ignored, e.g. ""Forest"".  1 Universal Declaration of Human Rights, General Assembly of the United Nations, smokers rights, Universal Declaration of Human Rights, Article 1, Article 24, freedom, leisure rights, dignity, equality, discrimination, smoking areas, public smoking, smoking ban, pubs, restaurants, rest and leisure, human rights, Forest group, non-smokers, government policy, individual choice, civil liberties smokers' rights, Universal Declaration of Human Rights, Article 1, Article 24, dignity, equality, leisure, rest, smoking ban, public places, smoking areas, pubs, restaurants, discrimination, freedom, conscience, social rights, non-smokers, right to enjoy, Forest organization, government policy, human rights, leisure activities smokers' rights, Universal Declaration of Human Rights, Article 1, Article 24, personal freedom, discrimination, leisure, public smoking, smoking areas, pubs, restaurants, smoking ban, government policy, Forest organization, equality, dignity, non-smokers, rest, legal rights, public places, smoker advocacy, human rights, targeted groups, reason and conscience, brotherhood, personal choice smokers' rights, Universal Declaration of Human Rights, Article 1, Article 24, freedom, equality, dignity, leisure, rest, smoking ban, public places, smoking areas, pubs, restaurants, discrimination, Forest (advocacy group), human rights, smoker advocacy, personal choice, legal rights, enjoyment, targeted groups, smoking restrictions, government policy smokers' rights, Universal Declaration of Human Rights, Article 1, Article 24, equality, dignity, leisure, rest, smoking ban, public places, smoking areas, discrimination, personal freedom, Forest organization, human rights, pubs, restaurants, government policy, enjoyment, legal rights, non-smokers, targeted groups"
test-law-lgplhbssbco-con02a	The right to life means a right to death  When we speak of the right to life it means more than merely the right to be alive, it encompasses the right to self-ownership, the notion that one’s life is one’s own and that you are not beholden to anyone else by the mere fact that you are alive. It follows from this that there can be no duty on anyone to live beyond a point of their own choosing, and there should be no attempt to interfere with suicidal behaviour whether by individuals or by the law. [1]  [1] Chobli, Michael, ‘Suicide’, The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Edward n. Zalta (ed.), Fall 2009, right to life, right to death, self-ownership, autonomy, suicide, legal philosophy, individual rights, personal liberty, euthanasia, moral philosophy, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Michael Chobli, duty to live, non-interference, suicidal behavior, law and suicide, life ownership, personal autonomy, life and death rights, ethical implications, legal rights right to life, right to death, self-ownership, personal autonomy, suicide, ethical suicide, legal suicide, philosophical right to die, suicide law, individual autonomy, duty to live, interference with suicide, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Michael Cholbi, moral rights, end-of-life choices, voluntary death, suicide rights, philosophical ethics, euthanasia right to life, right to death, self-ownership, autonomy, suicide, philosophical ethics, legal philosophy, moral rights, suicide law, individual autonomy, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Michael Cholbi, duty to live, interference with suicide, end-of-life rights, euthanasia, personal sovereignty, life ownership, moral autonomy right to life, right to death, self-ownership, autonomy, suicide, legal philosophy, individual rights, personal autonomy, ethics of suicide, law and suicide, philosophical perspective, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Michael Cholbi, moral rights, duty to live, interference with suicide, legal intervention, end-of-life rights, liberty, euthanasia right to life, right to death, self-ownership, autonomy, suicide, philosophical ethics, legal philosophy, individual rights, moral autonomy, suicide law, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Michael Cholbi, duty to live, interference with suicide, euthanasia, self-determination, liberty, personal autonomy, end-of-life rights, suicide ethics
test-international-aegmeppghw-pro01a	Turkey is a poverty stricken country and entry into the EU would help to raise the living standards for its entire population  The EU has welcomed poorer entrants than Turkey without disaster; Ireland, Spain, Portugal and Greece were all much poorer than the EU average when they joined and all are now well integrated and much more prosperous. Disastrous migration was forecast in their cases too, but did not occur. Nor is Turkey as poor as has been suggested; Turkey with a GDP per capita of $8215 in 2009 is richer than Romania at $7500 and Bulgaria with a GDP per capita of $6423 [1] both of which are already members. Turkey’s economy is also in the process of reform, including the restructuring of its banking system and IMF programmes; in the next few years this process will allow for faster, more sustained growth. Turkey provides a large new market for EU goods; should it be accepted into the single market the economic benefits would not be solely limited to that country.  Turkey’s inclusion in the EU would not threaten other members with overwhelming economic or immigration issues. It is possible that, as has happened with Bulgaria and Romania, that a delay is enacted for the Schengen passport-free zone [2] . This would give both the current EU and Turkey a period of time to adjust.  [1]  The World Bank, GDP per capita (current US$), 2009  [2]  ‘EU newcomers smart over Schengen delay’ by Chris Bryant, 21st Jan 2011 Turkey, poverty, European Union, EU membership, living standards, economic integration, Ireland, Spain, Portugal, Greece, migration, GDP per capita, Romania, Bulgaria, economic reform, banking system, IMF programmes, economic growth, EU single market, economic benefits, immigration issues, Schengen zone, market access, adjustment period, World Bank, EU enlargement, economic development, prosperity, EU expansion, new member states Turkey, poverty, EU accession, living standards, economic integration, migration, Ireland, Spain, Portugal, Greece, GDP per capita, Romania, Bulgaria, economic reforms, banking system, IMF programs, EU single market, economic benefits, immigration issues, Schengen zone, economic growth, World Bank, EU enlargement, adjustment period, market access Turkey, poverty, EU accession, living standards, economic integration, GDP per capita, Ireland, Spain, Portugal, Greece, migration, economic growth, Romania, Bulgaria, banking reform, IMF, single market, economic benefits, immigration, Schengen zone, EU enlargement, market access, World Bank, EU migration, economic disparity, transitional period Turkey, poverty, EU membership, living standards, integration, economic growth, migration, Ireland, Spain, Portugal, Greece, GDP per capita, Romania, Bulgaria, economic reform, banking system, IMF programmes, single market, EU goods, economic benefits, Schengen area, immigration, adjustment period, World Bank statistics, Chris Bryant, 2009, prosperity, market access, EU enlargement, economic comparison, migration forecast, structural reform Turkey, poverty, EU membership, living standards, economic integration, GDP per capita, 2009, Ireland, Spain, Portugal, Greece, migration, Romania, Bulgaria, economic reform, banking system, IMF programs, market access, single market, economic benefits, immigration issues, Schengen zone, EU enlargement, World Bank, prosperity, adjustment period
test-environment-aeghhgwpe-pro02a	Being vegetarian helps the environment  Becoming a vegetarian is an environmentally friendly thing to do. Modern farming is one of the main sources of pollution in our rivers. Beef farming is one of the main causes of deforestation, and as long as people continue to buy fast food in their billions, there will be a financial incentive to continue cutting down trees to make room for cattle. Because of our desire to eat fish, our rivers and seas are being emptied of fish and many species are facing extinction. Energy resources are used up much more greedily by meat farming than my farming cereals, pulses etc. Eating meat and fish not only causes cruelty to animals, it causes serious harm to the environment and to biodiversity. For example consider Meat production related pollution and deforestation  At Toronto’s 1992 Royal Agricultural Winter Fair, Agriculture Canada displayed two contrasting statistics: “it takes four football fields of land (about 1.6 hectares) to feed each Canadian” and “one apple tree produces enough fruit to make 320 pies.” Think about it — a couple of apple trees and a few rows of wheat on a mere fraction of a hectare could produce enough food for one person! [1]  The 2006 U.N. Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) report concluded that worldwide livestock farming generates 18% of the planet's greenhouse gas emissions — by comparison, all the world's cars, trains, planes and boats account for a combined 13% of greenhouse gas emissions. [2]  As a result of the above point producing meat damages the environment. The demand for meat drives deforestation. Daniel Cesar Avelino of Brazil's Federal Public Prosecution Office says “We know that the single biggest driver of deforestation in the Amazon is cattle.” This clearing of tropical rainforests such as the Amazon for agriculture is estimated to produce 17% of the world's greenhouse gas emissions. [3] Not only this but the production of meat takes a lot more energy than it ultimately gives us chicken meat production consumes energy in a 4:1 ratio to protein output; beef cattle production requires an energy input to protein output ratio of 54:1.  The same is true with water use due to the same phenomenon of meat being inefficient to produce in terms of the amount of grain needed to produce the same weight of meat, production requires a lot of water. Water is another scarce resource that we will soon not have enough of in various areas of the globe. Grain-fed beef production takes 100,000 liters of water for every kilogram of food. Raising broiler chickens takes 3,500 liters of water to make a kilogram of meat. In comparison, soybean production uses 2,000 liters for kilogram of food produced; rice, 1,912; wheat, 900; and potatoes, 500 liters. [4] This is while there are areas of the globe that have severe water shortages. With farming using up to 70 times more water than is used for domestic purposes: cooking and washing. A third of the population of the world is already suffering from a shortage of water. [5] Groundwater levels are falling all over the world and rivers are beginning to dry up. Already some of the biggest rivers such as China’s Yellow river do not reach the sea. [6]  With a rising population becoming vegetarian is the only responsible way to eat.  [1] Stephen Leckie, ‘How Meat-centred Eating Patterns Affect Food Security and the Environment’, International development research center  [2] Bryan Walsh, Meat: Making Global Warming Worse, Time magazine, 10 September 2008 .  [3] David Adam, Supermarket suppliers ‘helping to destroy Amazon rainforest’, The Guardian, 21st June 2009.  [4] Roger Segelken, U.S. could feed 800 million people with grain that livestock eat, Cornell Science News, 7th August 1997.  [5] Fiona Harvey, Water scarcity affects one in three, FT.com, 21st August 2003  [6] Rupert Wingfield-Hayes, Yellow river ‘drying up’, BBC News, 29th July 2004 vegetarianism, environment, environmental impact, vegetarian diet, modern farming, river pollution, beef farming, deforestation, fast food, cattle ranching, fish depletion, overfishing, species extinction, energy consumption, meat farming, cereal farming, pulse crops, animal cruelty, biodiversity loss, meat production pollution, greenhouse gas emissions, livestock farming, agriculture emissions, Amazon deforestation, tropical rainforest clearing, protein efficiency, energy input output, water usage, water scarcity, resource depletion, grain-fed beef, broiler chicken, soybean production, rice water use, wheat water footprint, potato water footprint, global water shortage, groundwater depletion, major vegetarianism, environment, environmental impact, sustainable diet, modern farming pollution, river pollution, beef farming, deforestation, fast food, cattle farming, biodiversity loss, overfishing, fish extinction, energy use, meat farming, cereal farming, pulses, animal cruelty, greenhouse gas emissions, livestock farming, UN FAO report, agricultural land use, food production efficiency, water consumption, water scarcity, grain-fed beef, plant-based diet, protein output, Amazon rainforest, agricultural greenhouse gases, soybean production, wheat production, water shortages, groundwater depletion, food security, population growth, responsible eating, environmental sustainability, agricultural statistics, global warming vegetarianism, environmental impact, sustainability, deforestation, greenhouse gas emissions, water usage, livestock farming, meat production, food security, pollution, river pollution, biodiversity loss, Amazon rainforest, cattle farming, energy consumption, fast food, fish depletion, species extinction, climate change, agriculture, land use, resource efficiency, grain production, crop farming, water scarcity, global warming, agricultural emissions, animal cruelty, cereal farming, pulses, meat alternatives, protein sources, plant-based diet, carbon footprint, ecosystem degradation, industrial farming, food systems, population growth, environmental responsibility vegetarianism, environmental impact, meat production, deforestation, greenhouse gas emissions, livestock farming, water usage, food security, biodiversity loss, animal cruelty, Amazon rainforest, grain-fed beef, protein efficiency, farmland use, river pollution, water scarcity, unsustainable agriculture, fish depletion, agriculture energy consumption, cattle farming, sustainable diets, climate change, ecological footprint, resource consumption, plant-based diet, global warming, agricultural emissions, food sustainability, land use, crop production, rainforest destruction, apple production, wheat farming, pulse crops, meat industry, population growth, domestic water use, groundwater depletion, modern farming practices, fast food demand vegetarianism, environmental impact, sustainable diet, modern farming pollution, river pollution, beef farming, deforestation, fast food consumption, cattle farming, Amazon rainforest, fish extinction, overfishing, biodiversity loss, animal cruelty, greenhouse gas emissions, livestock farming, meat production, energy consumption, water scarcity, water use in agriculture, grain-fed beef, protein efficiency, crop production, food security, resource depletion, global warming, climate change, agriculture greenhouse gases, land use, water shortages, population growth, responsible eating, plant-based diet, agricultural sustainability
test-health-hgwhwbjfs-con02a	"Targeting schools will be an ineffective strategy.  Schools may seem like a perfect place to effect behavioral change in youth, since 95% of young people are enrolled in schools. [1]  But what researchers find is that changing the choices we have available does not necessarily lead to any behavioral change. Penny Gordon-Larsen, one of the researchers, wrote: ""Our findings suggest that no single approach, such as just having access to fresh fruits and veggies, might be effective in changing the way people eat. We really need to look at numerous ways of changing diet behaviors. There are likely more effective ways to influence what people eat.” [2]  In the case of school children is this point seems particularly salient. Given that high school students in the US average only 6 hours in school [3] and the widespread availability of fast and other forms of “junk food”, we can hardly expect that impacting this single environment of the school will lead to any lasting behavioral changes. Realistically, what we can expect is for school children to go outside the school to find their favorite snacks and dishes.  Even if, by some miracle, the ban would change the behavior of children in schools, there is still the matter of 10 hours (the ATUS suggests kids sleep an average of 8 hours per day) they will spend outside schools, where their meal choices will not be as tailored and limited.  [1] Wechsler, H., et al., 'The Role of Schools in Preventing Childhood Obesity', National Association of State Boards of Education, December 2004,  , accessed 9/11/2011  [2] Nordqvist, C., 'No Single Approach Will Solve America's Obesity Epidemic', Medical News Today, 11 June 2011,  , accessed 9/11/2011  [3] Bureau of Labor Statistics, 'American Time Use Survey', 22 May 2011,  , accessed 9/11/2011 school-based interventions, behavioral change, youth diet, childhood obesity, effectiveness, access to healthy food, environmental factors, fast food availability, junk food, dietary behavior, out-of-school eating, intervention limitations, comprehensive strategies, multiple approaches, food choice, student habits, Penny Gordon-Larsen, high school students, time use, ATUS, school food policies, food environments, public health, nutrition interventions, obesity prevention, food access, after-school eating, school lunch, external influences, student behavior, health policy school intervention effectiveness, behavioral change in youth, school environment, childhood obesity prevention, food choices, access to healthy foods, dietary behavior, Penny Gordon-Larsen, alternative strategies, junk food availability, eating habits, high school students, time spent in school, external food environments, dietary interventions, environment impact, out-of-school behavior, fast food influence, obesity strategies, comprehensive behavior change, nutrition policy, American Time Use Survey, school food policy, food access limitations, mixed methods approaches schools, behavioral change, youth, school interventions, effectiveness, dietary behavior, food environment, school nutrition, childhood obesity, Penny Gordon-Larsen, access to healthy food, fresh fruits and vegetables, multiple approaches, fast food availability, junk food, out-of-school behavior, American Time Use Survey, school hours, external influences, meal choices, environmental impact, snack consumption, food policy, intervention effectiveness, obesity prevention, student behavior, limited impact school-based interventions, behavioral change, youth nutrition, effectiveness, childhood obesity, environmental factors, access to healthy food, fast food availability, junk food, dietary behavior, out-of-school environment, intervention limitations, Penny Gordon-Larsen, policy impact, healthy eating, high school students, food choices, comprehensive strategies, obesity prevention, American Time Use Survey, school environment, public health, dietary interventions, student habits, nutrition policy, multi-faceted approach school-based interventions, behavioral change, childhood obesity, diet behavior, access to healthy foods, fast food availability, junk food consumption, effectiveness of school policies, out-of-school environment, youth eating habits, Penny Gordon-Larsen, single approach limitations, food environment, policy impact, dietary choices, American Time Use Survey, school meal programs, nutrition policy, food access, adolescent behavior, comprehensive strategies, health promotion, environment influence, multi-level intervention, external factors, school hours, fruit and vegetable access, prevention strategies, children's health, school policy efficacy"
test-religion-yercfrggms-pro01a	Entirely natural theories can adequately explain the existence and development of the Universe and all it contains, making God irrelevant to the discussion of reality:  Physics and cosmology explain the development and evolution of the Universe and the bodies within it. Chemistry explains the interactions of substances and the origin of life. Biology explains the development of life’s complexity through the long process of evolution. God, or gods, is a superfluous entity in the discussion of existence; He is entirely unnecessary to human scientific understanding. [1] At best, believers can point to various missing links in science’s explanation, using God to fill the gaps. The God of the Gaps is a weak God whose domain grows smaller each day as science progresses. Furthermore, there is no evidence of the supernatural existing at all, if that is what God is meant to be. The burden of proof in a debate concerning the existence of something is on the individual making the positive claim. In a debate over the existence of God, it is up to the believer to provide evidence for that belief. [2] The rational position in the absence of evidence is atheism. It is not a positive claim about anything, but is merely the absence of belief in God, which makes sense in the light of there being no positive evidence of God’s existence. If believers claim God lives outside the Universe, or that He cannot be empirically identified due to His ethereal nature, then in truth they are saying nothing. Only the natural world exists insofar as humans can demonstrate. The supernatural is pure fantasy.  [1] Boyer, Pascal. 2001. Religion Explained: The Evolutionary Origins of Religious Thought. New York: Basic Books.  [2] Russell, Bertrand. 1952. “Is There a God?” Campaign for Philosophical Freedom. Available: naturalism, universe origins, cosmology, physics, chemistry, biology, evolution, atheism, God of the gaps, burden of proof, supernatural, existence of God, scientific explanation, evidence, nonbelief, rationalism, religion, Pascal Boyer, Bertrand Russell, empirical evidence, philosophy of religion, materialism, irrelevance of God, explanatory power, origin of life, complexity of life, science vs religion, absence of evidence, theological arguments, metaphysics, skepticism naturalism, philosophy of science, atheism, universe origin, universe evolution, physics, cosmology, chemistry, biology, evolution, life complexity, god irrelevant, god of the gaps, scientific explanation, supernatural, burden of proof, evidence for god, rationalism, absence of belief, empirical evidence, supernatural denial, natural world, religious thought evolution, Pascal Boyer, Bertrand Russell, existence of god, positive claim, metaphysics, rational position, scientific progress, religion explained naturalism, universe origins, cosmology, physics, chemistry, biology, evolution, God irrelevance, God of the gaps, science vs religion, supernatural evidence, burden of proof, atheism, empirical evidence, rationalism, belief absence, scientific explanation, materialism, Pascal Boyer, Bertrand Russell, religion critique, existence of God, philosophical debate, natural explanations, religious thought evolution, scientific progress naturalism, universe origin, cosmology, physics, chemistry, biology, evolution, God irrelevant, God of the gaps, science vs religion, supernatural evidence, atheism, burden of proof, empirical evidence, religious belief, natural explanations, existence debate, Pascal Boyer, Bertrand Russell, philosophical atheism, scientific worldview, rationalism, absence of belief, scientific progress, metaphysics, empirical skepticism naturalism, universe origins, cosmology, physics, chemistry, biology, evolution, atheism, God of the gaps, burden of proof, supernatural, empirical evidence, science and religion, existence of God, rationalism, scientific explanation, Pascal Boyer, Bertrand Russell, philosophy of religion, irrelevance of God, absence of evidence, development of life, natural world, skepticism, materialism, religions origins, atheistic arguments, critique of theism
test-international-aahwstdrtfm-con01a	Should recognise a democracy  São Tomé is a multiparty democracy and has been since 1995 with free and fair elections. [1] The country is eleventh on the Ibrahim Index of African Governance. [2] It should therefore be supporting its fellow democracy; Taiwan. As a country that was a colony of Portugal for five hundred years having only secured independence in 1975 São Tomé should not wish to support a country that colonises others such as Tibet and Inner Mongolia, seeks to colonise Taiwan, and engages in aggressive actions to seize small islands in nearby seas.  [1] Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor, ‘Sao Tome and Principe’, U.S. Department of State, 2012,   [2] ‘The Ibrahim Index of African Governance’, Mo Ibrahim Foundation,  accessed 10/2/2014 São Tomé, multiparty democracy, free and fair elections, Ibrahim Index of African Governance, democracy support, Taiwan, decolonization, Portuguese colony, independence 1975, anti-colonial stance, Tibet, Inner Mongolia, Chinese aggression, island disputes, international relations, U.S. Department of State, Mo Ibrahim Foundation, African governance, Taiwan recognition, foreign policy São Tomé, democracy, multiparty, elections, Ibrahim Index, African Governance, Taiwan, diplomatic recognition, former Portuguese colony, independence, 1975, colonialism, Tibet, Inner Mongolia, China, territorial disputes, Taiwan support, foreign policy, governance, human rights, Bureau of Democracy, Mo Ibrahim Foundation São Tomé, multiparty democracy, free elections, fair elections, Ibrahim Index, African Governance, Taiwan support, colonial history, Portugal colony, independence 1975, Tibet, Inner Mongolia, Taiwan colonization, aggressive actions, territorial disputes, foreign policy, democracy recognition, diplomatic relations, human rights, island disputes, U.S. Department of State, Mo Ibrahim Foundation São Tomé and Príncipe, democracy, multiparty, free elections, Ibrahim Index, African Governance, Taiwan, diplomatic recognition, colonial history, Portugal, independence, Tibet, Inner Mongolia, Chinese expansion, Taiwan support, international relations, foreign policy, democratic values, colonization, small islands dispute, U.S. Department of State, Mo Ibrahim Foundation São Tomé, multiparty democracy, free elections, Ibrahim Index, African Governance, Taiwan, democracy recognition, colonial history, Portugal, independence 1975, colonialism, Tibet, Inner Mongolia, China aggression, island disputes, foreign policy, international relations, U.S. Department of State, Mo Ibrahim Foundation
test-sport-aastshsrqsar-pro03a	Most South Africans support quotas  In 2006, the South African Social Attitudes Survey revealed that most South Africans (56%) support a quota system [1] . This support remained roughly the same over a four year period. Sport should reflect the will of the population of the country, if the population wants quotas then there should be quotas. There is particularly strong support from quotas among black people (63%) implying they feel that something needs to be done in order to let them into the sport. Doing nothing will simply ensure the status quo with very few non-white rugby players remains indefinitely.  [1] Struwig, Jare, and Roberts, Ben, ‘The numbers game Public support for sports quotas’, South African Social Attitudes Survey, p.13, South Africa, sports quotas, public support, South African Social Attitudes Survey, 2006, racial quotas, rugby, black South Africans, demographic representation, sport policy, non-white players, affirmative action, survey results, status quo, racial integration, sports participation, Struwig, Roberts, public opinion, majority support South Africa, quotas, sports quotas, public support, South African Social Attitudes Survey, 2006, black South Africans, racial representation, rugby, affirmative action, non-white players, diversity in sports, status quo, Jare Struwig, Ben Roberts, survey statistics, quota system, demographic support, transformation in sport South Africa, quotas, quota system, sports quotas, public support, South African Social Attitudes Survey, 2006, attitudes, population opinion, black South Africans, racial quotas, rugby, non-white players, transformation, status quo, inclusivity, representation, demographics, social change, sports policy, survey results, Struwig, Jare, Roberts, Ben South Africa, quotas, public support, South African Social Attitudes Survey, 2006, sports quotas, population attitudes, black South Africans, rugby, non-white players, affirmative action, representation, Struwig, Jare, Roberts, Ben, numbers game, sports policy, demographic support, status quo, inclusion, diversity, equity in sports South Africa, sports quotas, public support, South African Social Attitudes Survey, 2006, quota system, rugby, racial representation, black South Africans, non-white players, sports policy, transformation, attitudes survey, social attitudes, demographic support, Struwig Jare, Ben Roberts, sports diversity, inclusion, status quo, population opinion
test-science-eassgbatj-con05a	Research animals are well treated  Animals used in research generally don’t suffer. While they may be in pain, they are generally given pain killers, and when they are put down this is done humanely. [16] They are looked after, as healthy animals mean better experimental results. These animals live better lives than they would in the wild.  As long as animals are treated well there shouldn’t be a moral objection to animal research. This is exactly the same as with raising animals that will be used for meat. animal research, animal welfare, research animal treatment, humane euthanasia, pain management, ethical animal use, laboratory animals, animal suffering, animal care, animal experimentation, animal ethics, animal painkillers, animal rights, animal husbandry, experimental animals, animal well-being, animal testing, humane treatment, laboratory animal welfare, moral objection animal research animal research, animal welfare, humane treatment, pain management, ethical considerations, laboratory animals, painkillers, humane euthanasia, animal care, experimental animals, animal suffering, animal ethics, animal rights, animal experimentation, research ethics, animal health, animal well-being, scientific research, moral objection, meat production comparison animal research, animal welfare, pain management, humane treatment, ethical research, animal suffering, laboratory animals, animal care, research ethics, animal experimentation, animal pain relief, humane euthanasia, animal health, experimental results, wild animal comparison, moral objection, animal treatment, meat production comparison, animal rights, animal use in science animal research, animal welfare, humane treatment, pain management, euthanasia, ethical considerations, laboratory animals, animal suffering, experimental animals, animal care, animal ethics, animal rights, animal experimentation, animal painkillers, humane euthanasia, animal well-being, animal health, morality of animal research, animal husbandry, animal use in research animal research, animal welfare, humane treatment, pain management, euthanasia, ethical considerations, laboratory animals, animal experiment ethics, animal care, research animal health, animal suffering, animal rights, animal testing, ethical animal use, comparison to wild, animal experimentation ethics, animal painkillers, humane euthanasia, animal experimentation benefits, laboratory animal standards
test-culture-mthbah-pro02a	People are given too much choice, which makes them less happy.  Advertising leads to many people being overwhelmed by the endless need to decide between competing demands on their attention – this is known as the tyranny of choice or choice overload. Recent research suggests that people are on average less happy than they were 30 years ago - despite being better off and having much more choice of things to spend their money on1. The claims of adverts crowd in on people, raising expectations about a product and leading to inevitable disappointment after it is bought. A recent advertisement for make-up was banned in Britain due to the company presenting its product as being more effective than it actually was2. Shoppers feel that a poor purchase is their fault for not choosing more wisely, and regret not choosing something else instead. Some people are so overwhelmed that they cannot choose at all.  1Schwartz, The Tyranny of Choice, 2004.  2 Kekeh , Too Beautiful? British MP Draws Line in Sand for Cosmetic Ads , 2011. choice overload, tyranny of choice, decision fatigue, advertising, consumer happiness, regret, expectations, disappointment, shopper behavior, product claims, misleading advertising, psychological impact, ad regulation, consumer psychology, purchase satisfaction, choice paralysis, Barry Schwartz, advertising effects, regret theory, consumer decision-making choice overload, tyranny of choice, decision fatigue, advertising effects, consumer happiness, too much choice, psychological impact, expectations, disappointment, regret, shopper behavior, product claims, advertising regulation, make-up ads, choice paralysis, consumer decision-making, happiness trends, Barry Schwartz, advertising ethics, consumer psychology, media influence, regret aversion, attention competition, product satisfaction, advertisement bans choice overload, tyranny of choice, decision fatigue, advertising effects, consumer happiness, too much choice, choice paralysis, regret, expectation vs reality, product disappointment, advertising regulation, false advertising, shopper anxiety, decision regret, consumer overwhelm, happiness decline, marketing influence, purchase satisfaction, consumer behavior, product claims choice overload, tyranny of choice, advertising, consumer happiness, decision fatigue, expectations, disappointment, regret, product claims, banned advertisement, cosmetic ads, consumer psychology, Schwartz, happiness decline, too much choice, consumer behavior, analysis paralysis, attention economy, purchase regret, overwhelmed shoppers choice overload, tyranny of choice, decision fatigue, advertising impact, consumer happiness, decision making, regret, expectations, product disappointment, advertising ethics, consumer psychology, shopper satisfaction, advertising regulation, choice paralysis, Schwartz 2004, cosmetic advertising, British ad bans, consumer regret, marketing influence, happiness decline
test-economy-beplcpdffe-pro01a	Gambling is bad for you.  Gamblers may win money from time to time, but in the long run, the House always wins. Why should governments allow an activity that helps their citizens lose the money they have worked so hard to earn? The harm is not just the loss of money and possible bankruptcy; it causes depression, insomnia, and other stress related disorders [4]. The internet has made gambling so much easier to do and encouraged lots of new people to place bets so dramatically multiplying the harm. gambling, negative effects, financial loss, problem gambling, addiction, government regulation, mental health, depression, stress, bankruptcy, insomnia, online gambling, internet betting, public policy, social impact, gambling harm, compulsive gambling, economic consequences, regulation, public health gambling, negative effects, problem gambling, addiction, financial loss, mental health, depression, insomnia, stress-related disorders, bankruptcy, internet gambling, online betting, government policy, public health, regulation, social impact, easy access, harm, gambling addiction, gambling harm gambling, negative effects, government policy, financial loss, addiction, depression, insomnia, stress disorders, bankruptcy, online gambling, internet impact, public health, regulation, social harm, compulsive gambling gambling, negative effects, financial loss, bankruptcy, depression, insomnia, stress disorders, mental health, government policy, regulation, online gambling, internet gambling, accessibility, harm, addiction, public health, social impact, problem gambling, risk factors, house edge, betting, prevention gambling, negative effects, gamblers, financial loss, house advantage, government regulation, public policy, economic harm, bankruptcy, mental health, depression, insomnia, stress disorders, internet gambling, online betting, accessibility, addiction, social impact, regulatory issues, public health
test-law-lghbacpsba-con03a	Client-Attorney Privilege is already qualified appropriately  In exceptional circumstances, solicitors are told that they may depart from the rule of confidentiality contained in Rule 4 of the Solicitors' Code of conduct. Note 9 states that there are some regulatory bodies that are entitled to be informed of apparently confidential client communications. [1] In cases of suspected money laundering, solicitors have a duty under the Money Laundering Regulations 2007 [2] to inform relevant bodies of any suspected money laundering or any handling of the proceeds of crime. This means that there is flexibility in the rule of client confidentiality and client-attorney privilege which allows for justice to take its course in serious circumstances.  [1] Rule 4: Confidentiality and disclosure, Solicitors’ Code of Conduct 2007,  accessed 18/05/11  [2] The Money Laundering Regulations 2007, legislation.gov.uk, No2157, 2007, client-attorney privilege, legal privilege, solicitor confidentiality, rule 4, Solicitors' Code of Conduct 2007, money laundering, regulatory disclosure, exceptional circumstances, client communications, confidentiality exceptions, Money Laundering Regulations 2007, proceeds of crime, legal ethics, regulatory compliance, solicitor duties, mandatory reporting, legal disclosure, law firm compliance, attorney-client exceptions, justice system, legal regulation client-attorney privilege, solicitor confidentiality, Rule 4, Solicitors' Code of Conduct, regulatory bodies, confidential client communications, money laundering, Money Laundering Regulations 2007, duty to disclose, proceeds of crime, exceptions to confidentiality, legal ethics, disclosure obligations, legal privilege limitations client-attorney privilege, solicitor confidentiality, Rule 4, Solicitors' Code of Conduct 2007, exceptions, regulatory bodies, confidential client communications, money laundering, Money Laundering Regulations 2007, duty to report, proceeds of crime, disclosure, legal ethics, justice, confidentiality rule flexibility, legal reporting obligations, legal compliance, regulatory disclosure, UK law, attorney-client privilege exceptions client-attorney privilege, solicitor confidentiality, Rule 4, Solicitors' Code of Conduct, exceptional circumstances, confidentiality exceptions, regulatory bodies, disclosure obligations, money laundering, Money Laundering Regulations 2007, proceeds of crime, client communication disclosure, legal ethics, regulatory compliance, solicitor duties, justice exceptions, confidential information, legal privilege limits, solicitor-client relationship, United Kingdom law client-attorney privilege, solicitor confidentiality, Rule 4, Solicitors' Code of Conduct 2007, Note 9, regulatory bodies, client communications, money laundering, Money Laundering Regulations 2007, crime proceeds, disclosure obligations, legal exceptions, confidential information, legal ethics, regulatory compliance, legal duty, justice, professional conduct, legal disclosure, solicitor obligations
test-religion-frghbbgi-pro05a	The Null Hypothesis  With regards to any proposition the only consistent and rational view is to assume that it is not true unless sufficient evidence is put forward to nullify that assumption.  The proposition need also be falsifiable, that is to say, there must be some potential fact that could be proven in order to disprove it. God is unfalsifiable because there is nothing. null hypothesis, falsifiability, burden of proof, rational skepticism, evidence, assumption of truth, scientific method, proposition, disproof, philosophy of science, God, unfalsifiable claims, epistemology, logical reasoning null hypothesis, rational belief, default assumption, sufficient evidence, falsifiability, falsifiable propositions, scientific method, burden of proof, unfalsifiable claims, existence of God, philosophy of science, logical reasoning, evidence-based belief, disproving propositions, epistemology null hypothesis, falsifiability, burden of proof, evidence, rationality, philosophy of science, scientific method, skepticism, proposition, unfalsifiable claims, God, disproving, proof, logical consistency, testability, empirical evidence, verification, scientific reasoning, Karl Popper, atheism, agnosticism null hypothesis, rational view, sufficient evidence, falsifiability, proposition, disproof, scientific method, burden of proof, unfalsifiable claims, God, philosophy of science, assumption, logical consistency, evidence-based reasoning, falsifiable, skepticism, proof standards null hypothesis, proposition, falsifiability, evidence, rationality, unfalsifiable, God, proof, scientific method, assumption, burden of proof, testability, philosophy of science, skepticism, logical reasoning
test-economy-epsihbdns-con04a	Restrictions cause an incredible loss of potential  One of the best things about a functioning developed nation is that young people can choose their profession. Apart from this being beneficial for the individual, this means that the best suited person for a given trade will often be the same that pursues it. If we prevent people from moving freely we deprive the cities of talented people whose talents and skills are much better suited for urban professions than for rural jobs. In short, this policy would make farmers out of the potential lawyers, politicians, doctors, teachers etc. Indeed this is the whole basis of most models of migration, people leave rural areas because there is surplus labour in that area while the cities needs new workers. [1]  [1] Taylor, J. Edward, and Martin, Philip L., “Human Capital: Migration and Rural Population Change”, Handbook of Agricultural Economics, migration, restrictions, potential loss, profession choice, developed nations, youth employment, talent allocation, urban professions, rural jobs, brain drain, labor mobility, human capital, rural-urban migration, surplus labor, urban workforce, skilled workers, economic impact, migration models, agricultural economics, Taylor J. Edward, Philip L. Martin restrictions, potential loss, youth profession choice, developed nations, occupational freedom, urban migration, rural to urban migration, talent allocation, urban professions, rural jobs, labor surplus, skilled migration, migration models, human capital, population change, agricultural economics, rural depopulation, workforce mobility, city labor needs, policy impact restrictions, potential loss, profession choice, developed nations, youth, talent allocation, free movement, urban migration, rural to urban, skilled workers, policy impact, human capital, migration models, labor surplus, rural labor, urban jobs, brain drain, workforce mobility, occupational choice, handbook of agricultural economics, Taylor Edward, Martin Philip migration, restrictions, potential loss, profession choice, talent allocation, urban jobs, rural labor, human capital, developed nations, labor mobility, economic impact, skilled workers, city migration, workforce distribution, surplus labor, policy effects, rural-urban migration, occupational mismatch, migration models, Taylor, Martin, agricultural economics restrictions, loss of potential, professional choice, developed nations, youth, labor mobility, migration, urban professions, talent allocation, rural to urban migration, surplus labor, human capital, workforce distribution, cities, rural areas, economic impact, skilled workers, migration models, agricultural economics, Taylor, Martin
test-health-ahiahbgbsp-pro04a	Reduces growth of tobacco  Less people smoking means less tobacco being purchased – something that would contribute to the reduction in the tobacco industry. The industry is known for its exploitative labour practices, from child labour (80,000 children in Malawi work in tobacco farming, can result in nicotine poisoning – 90% of what is grown is sold to American Big Tobacco 1 ) to extortionate loans. 2 Reducing the size of such an industry can only be a good thing.  1 Palitza, Kristin, “Child labour: tobacco’s smoking gun”, The Guardian, 14 September 2011,   2 Action on Smoking and Health, p3 tobacco industry, tobacco farming, child labour, Malawi, nicotine poisoning, American Big Tobacco, exploitative labor practices, extortionate loans, reduction, smoking rates, tobacco sales, industry impact, labor exploitation, tobacco purchase decline, health effects, ethical concerns, industry downsizing, tobacco-related harm tobacco industry, tobacco reduction, smoking rates, tobacco sales decline, exploitative labor practices, child labor, Malawi tobacco farming, nicotine poisoning, American Big Tobacco, extortionate loans, industry downsizing, ethical concerns, tobacco trade, health impact, labor exploitation, Guardian article, Action on Smoking and Health, tobacco purchase decrease, tobacco farming children, social impact, public health, corporate responsibility tobacco industry, tobacco growth reduction, smoking prevalence, tobacco sales decline, labor exploitation, child labor, Malawi tobacco farming, nicotine poisoning, American Big Tobacco, exploitative practices, extortionate loans, ethical concerns, tobacco farming workforce, industry downsizing, public health, anti-smoking policies, harm reduction, labor rights, economic impact, supply chain ethics tobacco industry, tobacco reduction, child labour, Malawi, tobacco farming, nicotine poisoning, exploitative labor, American Big Tobacco, tobacco consumption, tobacco purchase decline, labor exploitation, extortionate loans, tobacco industry impact, smoking reduction, ethical concerns, industry downsizing tobacco industry, tobacco reduction, smoking rates, tobacco sales decline, exploitative labor, child labor, Malawi tobacco farming, nicotine poisoning, Big Tobacco, American tobacco companies, unethical labor practices, tobacco industry impact, labor exploitation, tobacco supply chain, smoking prevention, tobacco purchasing trends
test-religion-msgfhwbamec-pro03a	Women in arranged marriages in Europe are disproportionately likely to suffer abuse  Arranged marriages are often different when practiced in the home countries of many immigrant families in Europe, where women often have networks of friends and relatives to rely on. The danger with allowing arranged marriages to happen in EU countries are that the women at the centre are often far more vulnerable, away from their own family, unfamiliar with the local language and fully reliant on their husband’s family. This makes it easier for domestic abuses to go undetected which is simply compounding problems of underreporting. [1] It is therefore likely that there is more domestic violence within arranged marriages. [2]  This is shown even amongst women who still consented to arranged marriages but faced abuse from their husbands – such as with the case of Razia Sodagar, whose husband abandoned her for another woman after she failed to fall pregnant. [3]  This illustrates how it is not always easy to draw a clear division between arranged marriages and forced marriages, as the former can often bear the same characteristics as the latter. It would therefore be safer to outlaw both.  [1] ‘Ethnic domestic violence ‘hidden’’, BBC News, 20 September 2007,   [2] Gotrik, Jennifer, ‘India domestic abuse more common in ‘arranged’ marriages’, Womennewsnetwork, 12 September 2011,   [3] ‘Fighting Arranged Marriage Abuse,’ BBC, 12 July 1999 - arranged marriages, Europe, women, abuse, domestic violence, immigrant families, vulnerability, social isolation, underreporting, forced marriages, spousal abuse, EU countries, ethnic domestic violence, family networks, consent, language barriers, Razia Sodagar, BBC News, Womennewsnetwork, marriage laws, cultural differences, outlaw arranged marriages, hidden abuse, marriage consent, abuse detection, cross-cultural marriages arranged marriages, Europe, women, immigrant families, domestic abuse, domestic violence, underreporting, vulnerability, isolation, family networks, language barriers, forced marriages, consent, EU countries, ethnic domestic violence, Razia Sodagar, women’s rights, cultural differences, abandonment, gender-based violence, marriage laws, integration, immigrant communities, abuse detection, legislative solutions arranged marriages, Europe, women, domestic abuse, immigrant families, vulnerability, underreporting, domestic violence, consent, forced marriages, ethnic domestic violence, isolation, language barriers, support networks, cultural differences, reliance on husband's family, women's rights, Razia Sodagar, marital abandonment, law and policy, marriage practices, hidden abuse, EU, BBC, Womennewsnetwork, comparative abuse rates, marital coercion, underreported violence, immigrant communities, abuse detection women, arranged marriages, Europe, abuse, domestic violence, immigrant families, vulnerability, underreporting, forced marriages, EU countries, language barriers, isolation, family networks, dependency, Razia Sodagar, ethnic domestic violence, womennewsnetwork, BBC News, marital abuse, cultural practices, migrant communities, legal protection, consent, abuse detection, marriage laws, women's rights arranged marriages, Europe, women, domestic abuse, immigrant families, social isolation, vulnerability, underreporting, domestic violence, consent, forced marriages, marital abuse, ethnic domestic violence, language barriers, family support, EU countries, Razia Sodagar, abandonment, cultural differences, outlaw arranged marriages, hidden abuse
test-religion-wcprrgrhbmi-con02a	A practice that is thousands of years old and has not been found to cause harm during that time is unlikely to now  Where there compelling evidence from medical science that a process that predates it had some proven harm then there might be good reason to restrict it but that evidence simply isn’t there. What is known is that circumcisions have been performed for millennia without causing widespread difficulties. In addition, historically, the procedure has been performed in circumstances far less safe than the confines of a modern, well-equipped hospital where it usually takes place now, and to no apparent ill effect.  Even using the term ‘abuse’ to describe such a practice shows a lack of respect for those people who are genuinely victims of abuse. circumcision, safety, historical practice, medical evidence, harm, millennia, modern hospitals, tradition, proven harm, abuse terminology, victim respect, medical science, restriction justification, long-term effects, historical context, cultural practices, health outcomes, procedure safety, risk assessment, surgical safety, abuse definition, evidence-based restriction ancient practice, circumcision, medical evidence, proven harm, millennia, safety, historical context, modern hospitals, health risks, abuse terminology, cultural traditions, medical science, procedure safety, victim respect, evidence-based restrictions, historical safety, harm absence, abuse definition, procedural history, cultural sensitivity ancient practices, circumcision, historical safety, medical evidence, harm, millennia, procedure safety, modern hospitals, abuse terminology, medical science, historical health, cultural practices, proven harm, restriction justification, victim respect, traditional procedures, health risks, surgical safety, evidence-based restrictions, cultural sensitivity ancient practices, circumcision, medical evidence, proven harm, historical context, safety, hospital procedure, abuse terminology, victim respect, traditional practices, medical science, risk assessment, cultural practices, procedure safety, harm evidence, medical history, abuse definition, practice restriction, historical safety, circumcision history ancient practice, circumcision, harm evidence, medical science, historical safety, proven harm, modern hospitals, procedure safety, abuse terminology, millennia, cultural practices, medical evidence, risk analysis, victim respect, procedural safety, ethical considerations
test-international-sepiahbaaw-pro02a	Environmental Damage  Both licit and illicit resource extraction have caused ecological and environmental damage in Africa. The procurement of many natural resources requires processes such as mining and deforestation, which are harmful to the environment. Deforestation for access purposes, timber and cattle has led to around 3.4 million hectares of woodland being destroyed between 2000 and 2010 and, in turn, soil degradation [1] . As Africa’s rainforest are necessary for global ecological systems, this is a significant loss. Mining and transportation also create damage through pollution and the scarring of the landscape. Mining produces various harmful chemicals which contaminate water and soil, a process which is worsened by illicit groups who cut corners to ensure higher profits [2] .  [1] Food and Agriculture Organization of the United States ‘World deforestation decreases, but remains in many countries’   [2] Kolver,L. ‘Illegal mining threat to lawful operations, safety and the environment’ Mining Weekly 16 August 2013 environmental damage, Africa, resource extraction, licit extraction, illicit extraction, mining, deforestation, ecological impact, timber extraction, cattle ranching, woodland loss, soil degradation, rainforest destruction, global ecology, pollution, landscape scarring, chemical contamination, water pollution, soil pollution, illegal mining, environmental loss, natural resources, environmental degradation, Food and Agriculture Organization, Mining Weekly, illicit groups environmental damage, Africa, resource extraction, licit resource extraction, illicit resource extraction, ecological impact, mining, deforestation, woodland destruction, soil degradation, natural resources, timber extraction, cattle ranching, rainforest loss, global ecological systems, pollution, landscape scarring, chemical contamination, water contamination, soil contamination, illegal mining, environmental regulation, Food and Agriculture Organization, Mining Weekly environmental damage, Africa, resource extraction, ecological impact, mining, deforestation, illicit extraction, legal extraction, soil degradation, rainforest loss, woodland destruction, global ecological systems, pollution, landscape scarring, water contamination, soil contamination, harmful chemicals, illegal mining, timber extraction, cattle farming, Food and Agriculture Organization, environmental pollution, natural resources, mining impact, deforestation statistics, environmental loss, unsustainable practices, mining regulations, environmental harm environmental damage, Africa, resource extraction, licit extraction, illicit extraction, mining, deforestation, ecological impact, soil degradation, woodland loss, rainforest destruction, timber extraction, cattle grazing, global ecological systems, pollution, landscape scarring, chemical contamination, water pollution, illicit mining, environmental harm, natural resources, Food and Agriculture Organization, illegal mining, environmental contamination, transportation impact, forest loss, sustainable development, environmental consequences, mining pollution environmental damage, Africa, resource extraction, licit extraction, illicit extraction, mining, deforestation, ecological impact, soil degradation, woodland loss, rainforest destruction, global ecological systems, pollution, landscape scarring, harmful chemicals, water contamination, soil contamination, illegal mining, timber extraction, cattle farming, Food and Agriculture Organization, Mining Weekly, natural resources, environmental harm, ecosystem loss
test-digital-freedoms-aihbiahr-pro01a	"Internet access as a new human right.  Access to the internet can be considered a separate human right in and of itself. The UN special rapporteur in June 2011 published a report that implied that access to the internet is a human right “The Special Rapporteur remains concerned that legitimate online expression is being criminalized in contravention of States' international human rights obligations.” [1]  The right to internet access can meet the necessary conditions to be a human right; as a right is should be universal, everyone should have access not just a few. The internet is becoming much more than just a tool but is becoming a fundamental part of society creating a new sphere of interaction that everyone has a right to have access to.  Creating a right to internet access would be addressing a specific contemporary problem as with other human rights that are specific such as a right to basic schooling, enshrined in article 26 of the Universal Declaration of Human rights. Not having access to the internet is similar to not having basic schooling; it considerably narrows people’s options and their horizons. As Tim Berners-Lee, the founder of the world wide web, argues ""Given the many ways the web is crucial to our lives and our work, disconnection is a form of deprivation of liberty."" [2]  [1] La Rue, Frank, Report of the Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of the right to freedom of opinion and expression, Human Rights Council, Seventeenth session, A/HRC/17/27, 16 May 2011, p.10 .  [2] Burkeman, Oliver, ‘Inside Washington’s high risk mission to beat web censors’, guardian.co.uk, 15 April 2012. internet access, human rights, digital rights, universal access, United Nations, UN special rapporteur, freedom of expression, online expression, digital inclusion, right to internet, basic schooling, Universal Declaration of Human Rights, Tim Berners-Lee, disconnection, deprivation of liberty, access inequality, digital divide, fundamental rights, internet as necessity, global connectivity, social participation, internet censorship, contemporary human rights, article 26, right to education, web access, digital society internet access, human rights, new human right, digital rights, UN special rapporteur, universal access, online expression, freedom of expression, digital divide, universal declaration of human rights, article 26, right to information, internet deprivation, Tim Berners-Lee, digital inclusion, web access, fundamental rights, social inclusion, Frank La Rue, internet censorship, basic schooling, right to education, contemporary human rights, liberty deprivation, global connectivity, internet as necessity internet access, human right, universal access, UN special rapporteur, freedom of expression, online rights, digital divide, contemporary human rights, basic schooling, article 26, Universal Declaration of Human Rights, digital rights, web access, information society, deprivation of liberty, Tim Berners-Lee, internet as necessity, global connectivity, digital inclusion, civil liberties, internet censorship, fundamental rights, access inequality, ICT rights, human rights obligations, right to information internet access, human right, right to internet, UN special rapporteur, freedom of expression, Universal Declaration of Human Rights, digital rights, online expression, universal access, digital divide, information access, Tim Berners-Lee, deprivation of liberty, internet as fundamental right, human rights obligations, basic schooling comparison, contemporary human rights, right to connectivity, digital inclusion, web access, social participation, online censorship, technological rights, internet as necessity, global connectivity internet access, human rights, UN special rapporteur, universal access, digital rights, freedom of expression, digital divide, right to internet, fundamental rights, online expression, basic schooling, Universal Declaration of Human Rights, article 26, deprivation of liberty, Tim Berners-Lee, digital inclusion, connectivity, societal participation, information society, contemporary human rights, ICT access, internet as necessity, web accessibility, internet equality, legal frameworks, international obligations"
test-education-pteuhwfphe-pro01a	Delivering funding via a graduate tax is the best way to encourage more students to enter higher education  A graduate tax is the best way to increase access to higher education without massively burdening the government with an open-ended financial commitment. It is not a deterrent to the poorer students in the way fees and loans-based schemes are and which simply appear to block access, yet it still delivers sufficient extra capital to fund the increase of students entering university. Australia’s introduction of a graduate tax has been successful enough to allow university places to grow rapidly following its introduction with participation from both high and low income groups increasing by approximately one third. (Chapman, B. 1997). Therefore, a graduate tax removes the expensive barriers to entry that had previously kept out low-income groups, whilst not discouraging the high-income groups from tertiary education. graduate tax, higher education, student funding, university access, financial barriers, student participation, low-income students, government funding, open-ended commitment, education policy, tuition fees, student loans, university growth, equity in education, Australia case study, educational access, tertiary education, socioeconomic diversity, university finance, educational equity graduate tax, higher education funding, student access, university participation, funding models, low-income students, tuition fees, education finance, barriers to entry, government financial commitment, student loans, education access, tertiary education, Australia case study, income groups, university expansion, education policy, widening participation, education equity, Chapman 1997 graduate tax, higher education funding, student participation, access to university, government financial commitment, funding models, student loans, tuition fees, low-income students, university access, financial barriers, equitable funding, tertiary education, educational equity, Australia case study, Chapman 1997, widening participation, higher education policy, university finance, socioeconomic diversity graduate tax, higher education funding, student access, university participation, financial barriers, low-income students, tuition fees, student loans, government expenditure, Australia, education policy, widening participation, educational equity, student funding models, tertiary education, income-contingent repayment, university access, education finance, education reform, socioeconomic diversity graduate tax, higher education funding, student access, university participation, educational equity, government financial commitment, fees vs. loans, low-income students, barriers to entry, Australia case study, education policy, tertiary education, funding models, socioeconomic diversity, university enrollment, Chapman 1997, widening participation, financial deterrents, capital for universities, student funding mechanisms
test-environment-assgbatj-pro05a	It would send out a consistent message  Most countries have animal welfare laws to prevent animal cruelty but have laws like the UK’s Animals (Scientific Procedures) Act 1986, [10] that stop animal testing being a crime. This makes means some people can do things to animals, but not others. If the government are serious about animal abuse, why allow anyone to do it? animal welfare laws, animal cruelty, animal testing, UK Animals Scientific Procedures Act 1986, legal exceptions, animal abuse, government policy, animal rights, ethical consistency, legal loopholes, animal protection, scientific research, animal experimentation, law enforcement, bioethics animal welfare laws, animal cruelty, animal testing, UK Animals Scientific Procedures Act 1986, government policy, animal abuse, legal exceptions, research ethics, regulatory inconsistency, animal rights, legislative contradiction, law enforcement, scientific procedures, ethical debate, legal loophole animal welfare laws, animal cruelty, animal testing, UK Animals Scientific Procedures Act 1986, legal loopholes, government policy, consistency, animal abuse, ethics, regulatory exceptions, legal protection animals, scientific research, governmental responsibility, animal rights, law enforcement animal welfare laws, animal cruelty, animal testing, UK Animals Scientific Procedures Act 1986, government policy, animal rights, legal exceptions, animal abuse, ethics, regulatory inconsistencies, crime prevention, scientific research, animal protection, law enforcement, public policy animal welfare, animal cruelty, animal testing, animal rights, UK Animals Scientific Procedures Act 1986, animal abuse, government policy, ethical treatment, legislation, legal exemptions, animal research laws, consistency in law, animal protection, legal inconsistency, scientific research ethics
test-law-lgplhbssbco-con01a	This is not the role of the criminal law  Criminal legislation is not the vehicle for society’s pronouncements on questions of how one should live one’s life. It instead involves the entirely practical exercise of ensuring that individuals are able to live freely and enjoy their freedom without fear of external interferences like theft, violence or murder. Criminal legislation should guarantee a safe space for autonomous individual action - like suicide. criminal law, criminal legislation, personal autonomy, individual freedom, social control, legal philosophy, suicide, crime prevention, legal interference, moral regulation, autonomy, private life, harm principle, legislation boundaries, societal values, law and morality criminal law, criminal legislation, societal norms, individual autonomy, legal philosophy, personal freedom, external interference, crime prevention, legal boundaries, suicide law, criminal justice, law and morality, legislative purpose, living freely, individual rights, legal protection, safe space, autonomy, regulation of conduct, legal theory criminal law, criminal legislation, societal norms, individual autonomy, personal freedom, external interference, theft, violence, murder, safe space, autonomous action, suicide, legal philosophy, criminal justice, law and morality, legislative purpose, criminalization, freedom of choice, legal boundaries, protection from harm criminal law, criminal legislation, autonomy, individual freedom, legal philosophy, role of law, societal norms, self-determination, external interference, personal liberty, safe space, criminal justice, life choices, legal protection, suicide, moral regulation, criminalization, legal boundaries, punitive law, legal theory criminal law, criminal legislation, societal norms, individual autonomy, freedom, external interference, public safety, legislation purpose, personal liberty, suicide, criminalization, role of law, protection from harm, legal philosophy, law and morality
test-law-tlcplghwfne-pro02a	Needle exchanges protect the public  Needle exchanges allow drug addicts a convenient and safe place to throw away used needles. This directly protects the public from stray needles that are sometimes put in rubbish bins or left lying around. Specifically this protects children who often don’t know to avoid needles but it also protects sanitation workers and other staff from being accidentally struck by a needle.  Further, the families of those who are drug addicts can also be helped. Partners and loved ones are much more likely to come into contact with the drug addict and fluid exchange is possible. Given that this is the case, the benefits of needle exchanges also extend to these people.1  1. Franciscus, Alan. “Needle Exchange - A Matter of Public Health So why is the government playing politics with this ticking time bomb?” Hepatitis Mag, April 2003. needle exchanges, public health, safe needle disposal, drug addicts, stray needles, children protection, sanitation workers, accidental needle sticks, family safety, fluid exchange, harm reduction, community safety, used needles, public protection, healthcare workers, needle exchange benefits, infectious disease prevention, hepatitis prevention needle exchange, public health, safe disposal, used needles, drug addiction, harm reduction, child safety, sanitation worker safety, accidental needle stick, family protection, disease prevention, community health, hepatitis, needle exchange benefits, needle exchange risks, public safety, needle disposal, fluid exchange, drug policy, healthcare intervention, syringe program, public protection, harm mitigation, needle litter needle exchanges, public health, safe needle disposal, drug addicts, stray needles, child safety, sanitation workers, accidental needle stick, family protection, fluid exchange, harm reduction, used needles, community safety, public protection, needle exchange benefits, hepatitis prevention, government policy, needle exchange programs, public safety, health risks needle exchange programs, public health, safe disposal, used needles, drug addicts, community safety, child protection, sanitation workers, needle stick injuries, family protection, harm reduction, infectious diseases, fluid transmission, public safety, Hepatitis Mag, Alan Franciscus, government policy, waste management, accidental exposure, healthcare workers needle exchange programs, public health, safe needle disposal, drug addiction, harm reduction, stray needles, child safety, sanitation worker safety, needle-related injuries, family protection, fluid-borne diseases, public safety, HIV prevention, Hepatitis prevention, community health benefits, Alan Franciscus, Hepatitis Mag, substance abuse, government policy, infectious disease control, needle exchange benefits
test-philosophy-npppmhwup-con01a	Achievements should be earned not given  There is a great possibility that beneficiaries of positive discrimination may not be regarded as good role models as their achievements may be viewed as unearned. [1] A role model is someone others can look up to and admire for the things they achieved through hard work and talent – by parachuting people into university, their ability to act as a role model is undermined. It is also patronising to assume that young people from ethnic minorities can only look up to people who have the same colour skin, or went to the same type of school – in a society that admires diversity and cosmopolitanism, we should surely accept that anyone can act as a role model.  [1] The British Psychological Society. “The Hillary Clinton effect - how role models work for some people but not others”. achievements, earned, merit, positive discrimination, role models, hard work, talent, university admissions, unearned success, beneficiaries, ethnic minorities, diversity, cosmopolitanism, representation, admiration, British Psychological Society, Hillary Clinton effect, social mobility, equal opportunity, patronizing assumptions achievements, merit, earned success, positive discrimination, affirmative action, role models, hard work, talent, university admissions, meritocracy, diversity, ethnic minorities, patronizing, cosmopolitanism, British Psychological Society, Hillary Clinton effect, social mobility, representation, minority role models, perception, achievement bias, equity, fairness, social influence achievements, earned, unearned, positive discrimination, role models, hard work, talent, university admissions, meritocracy, ethnic minorities, diversity, cosmopolitanism, admiration, representation, inspiration, British Psychological Society, Hillary Clinton effect, equality, social mobility, patronising, identity, educational access, selection criteria, minority role models, achievement recognition achievements, earned, positive discrimination, role models, merit, hard work, talent, university admissions, unearned achievements, ethnic minorities, diversity, cosmopolitanism, British Psychological Society, Hillary Clinton effect, patronising assumptions, social mobility, representation, qualification, equality, admiration, educational opportunity achievements, earned vs given, meritocracy, positive discrimination, affirmative action, role models, unearned achievements, hard work, talent, university admission, ethnic minorities, diversity, cosmopolitanism, patronizing assumptions, representation, social mobility, British Psychological Society, Hillary Clinton effect, admiration, success criteria
test-economy-bhahwbsps-con03a	This ban would put many pubs, clubs, etc. out of business.  If smokers are not allowed to smoke in pubs, they will not spend as much time in them, preferring to stay at home where they can smoke with their friends. This will put many pubs out of business. In fact, since the smoking ban was introduced in the UK, many pubs have closed and blamed their loss of business on the smoking ban1. The Save Our Pubs & Clubs campaign estimates that the smoking ban in the UK is responsible for 20 pub closures a week2. This is an unfair consequence for the many pub-owners across the world.  1 'MPs campaign to relax smoking ban in pubs', BBC News, 29 June 2011,   2 'Why we want government to amend the smoking ban', Save Our Pubs & Clubs, smoking ban, pub closures, UK, pubs, clubs, business impact, smokers, legislation, hospitality industry, economic consequences, Save Our Pubs & Clubs campaign, government policy, smoking restrictions, BBC News, unfair consequences, public houses, trade decline, law effects, patron behavior, nightlife venues smoking ban, pub closures, business impact, pubs, clubs, UK, smokers, hospitality industry, economic consequences, Save Our Pubs & Clubs, unemployment, public policy, legislation, leisure industry, negative effects, social venues, law impact, smoking in public places, loss of revenue, government regulation, bar closures, BBC News, business decline, campaign, pub owners smoking ban, pubs, clubs, business closures, pub closures, smokers, economic impact, Save Our Pubs & Clubs campaign, UK, hospitality industry, smoking ban consequences, public health policy, pub industry decline, customer behavior, smoking regulations, loss of revenue, unemployment, government policy, hospitality sector, leisure industry, anti-smoking laws smoking ban, pub closures, business impact, pubs, clubs, smokers, economic consequences, smoking regulations, Save Our Pubs & Clubs, UK, hospitality industry, legislation, smoking restrictions, social behavior, government policy, loss of business, bar closures, public health policy, unemployment, leisure industry, BBC News, campaign, small businesses, customer behavior smoking ban, pubs closure, clubs closure, business impact, hospitality industry, UK, economic consequences, smokers, pub attendance, legislation, Save Our Pubs & Clubs, pub owners, smoking restrictions, campaign, business loss, pub closures statistics, BBC News, government regulation, public health policy, smoking law
test-law-phwmfri-pro01a	Rich and poor now face equality of impact of punishment  The purpose of a fine is to ensure that the offender faces the consequences of their actions. The extent to which a financial penalty feels like a negative consequence is relative to the amount of income someone has, not to the simple amount that the fine is. That is, if someone earning £200 per week is fined £100, that will feel more severe than a £100 fine would feel to someone earning £2000 per week.  Therefore, if you make fines proportional to the income someone has, all people feel the impact of the punishment equally, rather than the poor facing a punishment with a harsher impact on them than on the rich. income-based fines, proportional punishment, equality of impact, financial penalties, rich and poor, fair sentencing, relative consequences, day-fines, socioeconomic equality, criminal justice, wealth disparity, punitive fairness, justice system, economic impact, equitable fines income-based fines, proportional punishment, equality of impact, financial penalties, wealth disparity, fine severity, offender income, punitive fairness, socioeconomic justice, equitable fines, rich vs poor punishment, relative impact, punishment equity, sliding scale fines, justice system reform, fairness in sentencing income-proportional fines, equality of punishment, financial penalties, fair punishment, income-based fines, impact of fines, rich vs poor, fine severity, economic disparity, punishment equity, relative impact, justice system fairness, proportional justice, socio-economic status, scalable fines income-proportional fines, equality of impact, punishment fairness, socioeconomic disparity, financial penalties, offender consequences, income-based fines, economic justice, wealth inequality, equitable punishment, proportional justice, fine severity, relative impact, fairness in sentencing, rich vs poor fines income-based fines, proportional penalties, financial equality, punishment impact, wealth disparity, fine adjustment, offender income, equal consequences, rich vs poor, economic disparity, fair punishment, sliding scale fines, justice system, relative penalty severity, income-adjusted fines
test-philosophy-pppthbtcb-pro02a	Terrorism can lead to discussion  In some cases, terrorism can result in the acknowledgement of certain groups. Therefore, terrorism is justified by its success in achieving results when peaceful means have failed. In many countries terrorists have succeeded in bringing governments to negotiate with them and make concessions to them. Where governments have not been willing to concede to rational argument and peaceful protest, terrorism can compel recognition of a cause. Nelson Mandela moved from terrorist to President. In many other countries we see this trend too – in Israel, Northern Ireland, in Sri Lanka, and in the Oslo peace process that led to the creation of the Palestinian Authority. [1]  [1] Palestine Facts. (n.d.). Details of the Oslo Accords. Retrieved August 3, 2011, from Palestine Facts: terrorism, justification, political recognition, government negotiation, concessions, peaceful protest failure, Nelson Mandela, terrorist groups, Oslo Accords, Palestinian Authority, Israel conflict, Northern Ireland, Sri Lanka, political outcomes, terrorism success, group acknowledgement, peace process, political violence, conflict resolution, extremist movements, transition to leadership, peace negotiations terrorism, negotiation, government concessions, political recognition, nonviolent protest failure, successful terrorism, terrorist groups, Nelson Mandela, Israel, Northern Ireland, Sri Lanka, Oslo peace process, Palestinian Authority, Oslo Accords, peaceful protest, acknowledgment, justification of terrorism, political outcome, conflict resolution, historical examples, Palestine terrorism, political negotiation, recognition, government concessions, peaceful protest, political violence, Nelson Mandela, Israel, Northern Ireland, Sri Lanka, Oslo Accords, Palestinian Authority, conflict resolution, terrorist justification, group acknowledgment, successful terrorism, peace process, rational argument, international examples, historical precedents, failed diplomacy terrorism, justification, political negotiation, group recognition, peaceful protest failure, government concessions, Nelson Mandela, Israel, Northern Ireland, Sri Lanka, Oslo Accords, Palestinian Authority, political violence, conflict resolution, terrorism outcomes, insurgency, peace process, terrorism success, international relations, historical examples, nonviolent resistance, political change, state response, negotiation with terrorists, terrorism impact, armed struggle terrorism, negotiation, government concessions, group recognition, peaceful protest failure, political outcomes, Nelson Mandela, Israel, Northern Ireland, Sri Lanka, Oslo Accords, Palestinian Authority, justified terrorism, causes of terrorism, terrorism success, political violence, conflict resolution, historical examples, militant groups, legitimacy, peace process
test-environment-aeghhgwpe-pro01a	It is immoral to kill animals  As evolved human beings it is our moral duty to inflict as little pain as possible for our survival. So if we do not need to inflict pain to animals in order to survive, we should not do it. Farm animals such as chickens, pigs, sheep, and cows are sentient living beings like us - they are our evolutionary cousins and like us they can feel pleasure and pain. The 18th century utilitarian philosopher Jeremy Bentham even believed that animal suffering was just as serious as human suffering and likened the idea of human superiority to racism. It is wrong to farm and kill these animals for food when we do not need to do so. The methods of farming and slaughter of these animals are often barbaric and cruel - even on supposedly 'free range' farms. [1] Ten billion animals were slaughtered for human consumption each year, stated PETA. And unlike the farms long time ago, where animals roamed freely, today, most animals are factory farmed: —crammed into cages where they can barely move and fed a diet adulterated with pesticides and antibiotics. These animals spend their entire lives in their “prisoner cells” so small that they can't even turn around. Many suffer serious health problems and even death because they are selectively bred to grow or produce milk or eggs at a far greater rate than their bodies are capable of coping with. At the slaughterhouse, there were millions of others who are killed every year for food.  Further on Tom Regan explains that all duties regarding animals are indirect duties to one another from a philosophical point of view. He illustrates it with an analogy regarding children: “Children, for example, are unable to sign contracts and lack rights. But they are protected by the moral contract nonetheless because of the sentimental interests of others. So we have, then, duties involving these children, duties regarding them, but no duties to them. Our duties in their case are indirect duties to other human beings, usually their parents.” [2] With this he supports the theory that animals must be protected from suffering, as it is moral to protect any living being from suffering, not because we have a moral contract with them, but mainly due to respect of life and recognition of suffering itself.  [1] Claire Suddath, A brief history of Veganism, Time, 30 October 2008  [2] Tom Regan, The case for animal rights, 1989 animal ethics, animal rights, moral duty, sentience, suffering, Jeremy Bentham, utilitarianism, animal pain, speciesism, factory farming, animal cruelty, livestock welfare, veganism, vegetarianism, animal sentience, animal agriculture, Tom Regan, indirect duties, moral philosophy, animal protection, animal suffering, animal slaughter, free range farming, animal exploitation, selective breeding, PETA, moral contract, ethical eating, humane treatment, animal liberation, respect for life animal rights, animal ethics, animal welfare, factory farming, animal suffering, sentience, Jeremy Bentham, utilitarianism, moral duty, veganism, vegetarianism, animal cruelty, animal farming, Tom Regan, indirect duties, philosophy of animals, free range farming, human superiority, speciesism, animal sentience, humane treatment, slaughterhouses, animal exploitation, livestock, PETA, animal pain, moral obligations, ethical eating, dietary ethics, animal protection, food ethics, selective breeding, industrial agriculture, antibiotics in farming, animal cages, animal suffering equivalence, evolution and ethics, respect for life, cruelty-free, animal animal ethics, animal rights, moral duty, animal suffering, sentience, utilitarianism, Jeremy Bentham, Tom Regan, factory farming, animal cruelty, animal welfare, veganism, slaughterhouses, factory farm conditions, selective breeding, indirect duties, animal protection, respect for life, human superiority, evolutionary cousins, animal pain, moral philosophy, animal farming, cruelty-free, animal contractarianism animal rights, animal ethics, immorality of killing animals, sentience, animal suffering, factory farming, utilitarianism, Jeremy Bentham, Tom Regan, slaughterhouses, moral duty, moral philosophy, speciesism, veganism, animal welfare, animal agriculture, free range farming, cruelty to animals, sentient beings, indirect duties, moral contract, human superiority, PETA, selective breeding, animal protection, suffering, respect for life animal rights, animal suffering, morality, immorality, ethics, utilitarianism, Jeremy Bentham, Tom Regan, sentience, factory farming, animal welfare, veganism, speciesism, animal sentience, animal pain, animal pleasure, moral duty, human evolution, philosophical arguments, farm animals, chickens, pigs, sheep, cows, cruelty, free range farming, slaughterhouses, PETA, animal slaughter, animal exploitation, selective breeding, pesticides, antibiotics, living conditions, animal protection, respect for life, indirect duties, moral contract, moral philosophy, moral responsibility, food ethics
test-health-hgwhwbjfs-con01a	Schools should educate about healthy choices, not make them on the students’ behalf.  Although it might be very tempting for the government to try and attack the problem of childhood obesity by attempting to change, in essence, the very choices our kids can make, this is the wrong way of going about doing it.  The purpose of schools is education – the genesis of active and useful members of society. A large extent of what schools do is imprinting the ideas the society values. In most western countries those would be the ideas of fairness, democracy, freedom of expression, etc. The other side of the coin is the transference of knowledge, knowledge of mathematics, history, but also of biology, health and nutrition.  We see thus that the proposed ban on specific choices one makes in school, whether be it choices regarding food or choices regarding the clothes one wears, the ideas one expresses, and so on, is truly meaningless in the existing concept of education.  What the schools should be doing is putting more emphasis on getting the message of the importance of a healthy lifestyle across. Our kids should be taught that this lifestyle consists of more than just whether or not we chose to eat a hamburger and fries for lunch. In short, this ban falls short of truly educating the children about how important physical activity, balanced meals and indulging in moderation are.  They should also focus on the importance of choice, since in the case of childhood obesity, making the right nutritional and lifestyle choices is of paramount importance. But they should also focus on the importance of choice for a society and how all should take responsibility for their choices in such a society. childhood obesity, school education, healthy choices, student autonomy, government intervention, personal responsibility, nutrition education, health education, freedom of choice, education policy, balanced diet, physical activity, lifestyle education, school curriculum, individual decision-making, teaching values, democracy in schools, educational philosophy, food bans, promoting healthy habits, student independence, public health, societal values, Western education, responsibility for choices schools, education, healthy choices, childhood obesity, government intervention, personal responsibility, nutritional education, health education, student autonomy, freedom of choice, lifestyle, balanced diet, physical activity, moderation, democracy, fairness, expression, transference of knowledge, policy, ban, school policy, informed decision-making, societal values, nutrition, self-control, responsibility, public health, individual choice, student empowerment schools, healthy choices, education, student autonomy, childhood obesity, government intervention, health education, freedom of choice, nutrition, balanced meals, physical activity, lifestyle education, personal responsibility, democracy, fairness, self-determination, knowledge transfer, food policy, school bans, decision-making, independent thinking, moderation, societal values, student empowerment, public health, choice importance school education, healthy choices, student autonomy, childhood obesity, government intervention, personal responsibility, nutrition education, health education, freedom of choice, school role, student empowerment, lifestyle education, balanced diet, physical activity, education philosophy, independence, dietary choices, moderation, civic values, freedom of expression, school policy, responsibility, democracy, student wellbeing, knowledge transfer schools, healthy choices, education, childhood obesity, government intervention, student autonomy, role of schools, fairness, democracy, freedom of expression, knowledge transfer, biology, health education, nutrition, food choices, personal responsibility, healthy lifestyle, school policy, balanced meals, physical activity, moderation, individual choice, student empowerment, societal values, responsibility, school bans, nutrition education, critical thinking, self-regulation, decision making
test-international-aegmeppghw-pro02a	Turkey has precedents, such as Romania and Bulgaria, both of whom were accepted into the EU  Romania and Bulgaria, who have by far the worst human rights’ records, were prioritized over Turkey when they were granted the right of accession, joining the EU in 2007. The EU rewarded states that have made a big effort to democratize and change policy in order to be allowed in to the EU. By essentially procrastinating on Turkey's case, the EU are discouraging Turkey from making the required changes to their legislature and norms and thus hindering their chances of accession. Countries such as Hungary, Poland, and the Czech Republic were pressurized to reform at a rapid pace after being promised by the EU they would likely be in the EU in a relatively short period of time; Turkey has been given no such promises. Turkey should have even more 'right' to be in the EU as these states, as it formally applied for membership long before these states and should thus be given priority over them. Turkey, EU accession, Romania, Bulgaria, human rights records, democratization, policy reform, EU enlargement, membership criteria, accession process, legislative changes, EU prioritization, Hungary, Poland, Czech Republic, EU promises, application timeline, EU membership, political reform, conditionality, integration obstacles, EU-Turkey relations, accession delays, reform pressure, regional comparison, accession precedence Turkey, EU accession, Romania, Bulgaria, EU enlargement, human rights records, democratization, policy reform, accession process, EU membership, legislative changes, accession incentives, Hungary, Poland, Czech Republic, membership prioritization, application timeline, EU integration, membership criteria, EU conditionality, enlargement policy Turkey, EU accession, Romania, Bulgaria, human rights records, democratization, EU enlargement, membership criteria, legislative reforms, accession process, EU promises, Hungary, Poland, Czech Republic, prioritization, application timeline, policy change, integration, European Union, conditionality, candidate countries Turkey, EU accession, Romania, Bulgaria, human rights records, EU enlargement, democratization, policy reform, EU membership, accession process, legislative changes, European Union, Hungary, Poland, Czech Republic, EU promises, priority, political reform, integration, application timeline, enlargement criteria, membership conditionality, enlargement policy, candidate countries, discrimination, accession negotiations, historical precedence Turkey, EU accession, Romania, Bulgaria, human rights records, democratization, policy reform, EU enlargement, accession process, EU promises, legislative reforms, membership application, prioritization, Hungary, Poland, Czech Republic, accession precedent, EU integration, political reform, normalization, policy change, accession timeline, EU criteria, Turkey EU relations
test-philosophy-eppphwlrtjs-pro01a	"It may be necessary to limit trial by jury in terrorism cases, or other cases surrounding large national security issues.  There are three reasons why this is the case. First, terrorist groups may threaten jury members (see Argument 2 for more detail). Second, terrorism may politicize the jury (see Argument 3 for more detail). Third, the state may be limited in what information it can provide if jurors are present. The government may be unable or unwilling to present classified information for fear of intelligence leaks; for example if it does not want to reveal intelligence methods and sources to the public. This reluctance may make it very difficult to prosecute terrorists. The implication is that the unique national security issues terrorism trials pose may make juries untenable if we ever want to convict terrorists of serious crimes.1 1Laura K. Donohue, ""Terrorism and Trial by Jury: The Vices and Virtues of British and American Criminal Law"" trial by jury, terrorism cases, national security, jury intimidation, jury politicization, classified information, intelligence leaks, terrorist prosecution, intelligence methods, intelligence sources, jury limitations, government secrecy, terrorism trials, convicting terrorists, Laura K. Donohue, terrorism and trial by jury, criminal law, jury threats, intelligence sharing, jury exclusion trial by jury, terrorism cases, national security, jury intimidation, juror threats, politicization, classified information, intelligence leaks, intelligence methods, intelligence sources, prosecution challenges, terrorism prosecution, government secrecy, jury exclusion, serious crimes, Laura K. Donohue, terrorism trials, criminal law, British law, American law, state secrets, terrorist conviction, public disclosure, security concerns, legal procedure, national security legal issues trial by jury, terrorism cases, national security, jury intimidation, terrorist threats, politicized jury, classified information, intelligence leaks, intelligence methods, intelligence sources, prosecution challenges, government reluctance, terrorism prosecution, national security trials, alternative trial methods, jury security, state secrets, intelligence protection, trial limitations, Laura K. Donohue trial by jury, terrorism, national security, jury intimidation, juror threats, politicized jury, classified information, intelligence leaks, terrorism prosecution, intelligence methods, intelligence sources, state secrecy, limitations of jury trials, terrorism trials, convicting terrorists, government secrecy, legal procedures, Laura K. Donohue, British criminal law, American criminal law trial by jury, terrorism cases, national security, jury intimidation, politicized jury, classified information, intelligence leaks, intelligence methods, intelligence sources, government secrecy, terrorism prosecution, jury limitations, national security trials, terrorist convictions, Laura K. Donohue, terrorism and trial by jury, criminal law, British law, American law, jury selection, fair trial, state secrecy"
test-science-eassgbatj-con04a	Animal research is only used when it’s needed  EU member states and the US have laws to stop animals being used for research if there is any alternative. The 3Rs principles are commonly used. Animal testing is being Refined for better results and less suffering, Replaced, and Reduced in terms of the number of animals used. This means that less animals have to suffer, and the research is better. animal research, animal testing, legislation, EU, US, alternatives, 3Rs principles, refine, replace, reduce, animal welfare, animal suffering, regulation, biomedical research, ethical research, animal use reduction, humane science, research laws, animal experimentation, research ethics animal research, animal testing, EU regulations, US laws, 3Rs principles, Refinement, Reduction, Replacement, ethical guidelines, alternatives to animal testing, animal welfare, research legislation, animal suffering, scientific research, research ethics, animal use alternatives, laboratory animals, animal protection, humane science, regulatory compliance animal research, animal testing, EU laws, US laws, research alternatives, 3Rs principles, refinement, reduction, replacement, animal welfare, ethical research, animal suffering, regulatory compliance, research legislation, humane science, animal use reduction, animal experiment regulation, ethical alternatives, animal protection, scientific advancements animal research, animal testing, EU laws, US laws, research alternatives, 3Rs principles, refine, replace, reduce, animal welfare, ethical research, animal suffering, reduction, refinement, replacement, legislation, humane research, regulatory compliance, animal protection, biomedical research animal research, animal testing, EU laws, US laws, alternatives, 3Rs principles, Refinement, Replacement, Reduction, animal welfare, research ethics, animal suffering, legislation, humane research, laboratory animals, biomedical research, ethical guidelines, animal experimentation, animal protection, regulatory compliance
test-education-ufsdfkhbwu-con02a	‘Separation of town and gown’  There are two parties involved in this interaction, the state and the university. To pretend that is an entirely one way process is to ignore reality. Contrary to the belief of many Senior Common Rooms, states do not exist for the convenience of universities. Indeed universities quite happily accept the political and economic stability provided by states at exactly the same time as criticising the methods they need to use to maintain it.  However, ultimately universities are service providers from the point of view of the state, training and skilling the workforce. The university provides its expertise in exchange for funding and student fees. Where, exactly, the opinions of the faculty enter into such an equation is not clear and appears to have been assumed by proposition. Of course individual academics and students have the right to their own political views but the idea that a university as an institution has rights distinct from, say, a supermarket chain is impossible to justify. If a supermarket announced that it should be free to ignore local laws and adopt those of its base state instead, that would clearly be rejected. Just as when a food chain invests in a country for, say, beef, the arrangement is predicated on the understanding that both parties benefit and each has a little room for negotiation. [i] The same should apply here. If prop were to argue that Asian nations should relax there approach to cannabis so that it students could enjoy a more genuine ‘Western student experience’ the statement would be the subject of ridicule, so should this be.  [i] Smith, David, ‘Tesco should give us some of these billions’, guardian.co.uk, 15 May 2009, town and gown, university-state relations, higher education policy, academic autonomy, state funding, faculty rights, student experience, political stability, economic stability, service provider, workforce training, university expertise, institutional rights, law compliance, university governance, academic freedom, supermarket analogy, public policy, international education, cannabis regulation, Asian education policy, negotiation, state-university partnership, David Smith, Tesco comparison, Guardian article, university criticism, Senior Common Room, political views, institutional comparison town and gown, university-state relations, higher education policy, academic autonomy, institutional rights, faculty influence, service provider, university funding, workforce training, political stability, state authority, academic freedom, public universities, economic role of universities, university governance, student rights, legal compliance, supermarket analogy, institutional comparison, public good, state intervention, Asian universities, student experience, Western comparison, cannabis laws, education policy, academic institutions, service exchange, funding framework, social contract, academic community town and gown, university-state relations, higher education governance, institutional autonomy, academic freedom, university funding, state oversight, political stability, economic stability, service providers, workforce training, faculty opinions, institutional rights, supermarket analogy, comparative governance, university role, legal compliance, local laws, international education, policy negotiation, academic institutions, student experience, Asian nations, cannabis policy, Western student experience, institutional justification, David Smith, Tesco analogy, higher education policy, government-university interaction, university critique town and gown, state-university relationship, higher education policy, university autonomy, academic freedom, funding of universities, university as service provider, political stability, economic stability, workforce training, faculty opinions, institutional rights, government-university interaction, supermarket analogy, legal compliance, comparative institutional rights, higher education critique, state authority, political views in academia, Asian nations, cultural expectations, Western student experience, policy negotiation, international education, academic governance town and gown, university-state relations, higher education governance, institutional autonomy, university service provider, workforce training, academic freedom, faculty influence, university funding, student fees, state authority, political stability, economic stability, institutional rights, comparison supermarkets universities, local laws, academic institutions, negotiation universities states, Asian nations education policy, Western student experience, institutional criticism, university politics, service exchange, funding mechanisms, policy compliance, higher education policy
test-international-bldimehbn-con02a	Citizens deserve the right to know what is happening in their name.  It is up to the public to decide whether those actions that are reported are right or wrong, journalists and broadcasters should not act as a filter in that process. Many of these actions – imprisonments, internments, brutality and others – are conducted by governments in the name of the people. Sometimes this is done under euphemisms such as ‘protecting public morality’ or in the name of a majority religion. This is used as a catch all as shown by the case of journalist Sofiene Chourabi who was arrested for ‘harming public morals’ in response to calling for a protest against the governing party in Tunisia. [1] It seems only reasonable that people have the right to know what is being done in their name, how their morality is being ‘protected’ or what their faith is being used to justify.  The failure to do so assumes that the public – individually and collectively – are either to foolish to understand or too callous to care. Either or both of those things may be true, although it seems unlikely, but it is certainly not the role of the individual journalist or editor to make such an assumption. Even was that assumption true, it still does not change the facts. In the words of C.P. Snow, “Comment is free but facts are sacred”. [2] These events happened, they happened to citizens of that country, they affect how the rest of the world views that country and how the government views and treats its citizens. On every count, that is news.  [1] ‘Tunisian journalist faces ‘public morals’ charge after criticizing government’, Amnesty International, 8 August 2012,   [2] ‘Comment is free’, guardian.co.uk, citizens' right to know, governmental actions, transparency, press freedom, journalism ethics, censorship, public morality, majority religion, government justification, euphemisms, Sofiene Chourabi, Tunisia, protest, public morals charge, Amnesty International, media filtering, truth in reporting, facts vs. opinion, public perception, state accountability, editorial responsibility, communication ethics, freedom of information, CP Snow, newsworthiness, governmental accountability, international perception, media independence, citizen empowerment, human rights, government-citizen relationship citizens' right to know, government accountability, press freedom, media transparency, public interest, journalist censorship, reporting ethics, public morality, government actions, Sofiene Chourabi, Tunisia, imprisonment, internment, brutality, euphemisms, majority religion, protecting public morals, media filtering, C.P. Snow, comment is free, facts are sacred, public perception, government justification, freedom of information, public participation, editorial responsibility citizens' right to know, press freedom, government actions, public accountability, journalism ethics, censorship, media transparency, public morality, majority religion, euphemisms, governmental justification, journalist arrest, Sofiene Chourabi, Tunisia, protecting public morals, protest, freedom of information, news reporting, public awareness, role of media, facts vs opinion, comment is free, C.P. Snow, global perception, government-citizen relationship, media responsibility, Amnesty International, human rights, government criticism, editorial independence, filtering information citizens’ right to know, government actions, journalistic responsibility, media filtering, public morality, majority religion, government accountability, imprisonment, internment, brutality, euphemisms, press freedom, Sofiene Chourabi, Tunisia, harming public morals, protest, government criticism, media censorship, news transparency, C.P. Snow, comment is free, facts are sacred, public decision-making, government justification, human rights, freedom of expression, public interest journalism, international perception, citizen-government relations citizens' right to know, transparency, government accountability, public morality, censorship, journalism ethics, freedom of the press, government actions, public knowledge, media filtering, imprisonment, internment, brutality, euphemisms, majority religion, Sofiene Chourabi, Tunisia, journalism and protest, public morals charges, media responsibility, C.P. Snow, comment is free, facts are sacred, Amnesty International, guardian.co.uk, government justification, news reporting, state actions, society awareness
test-health-dhiacihwph-pro03a	Reduce the prominence of bad and fake drugs  The increased availability of high quality generic drugs will reduce the numbers of bad and fake pharmaceuticals on the markets. The cost of patented drugs has forced many to search for other options. This is exploited by the billion dollar global counterfeit drug trade [1] . Fake drugs are the cause of around 100,000 deaths in Africa every year. Bad drugs, which are substandard, have also found their way in to Africa; one in six tuberculosis pills have been found to be of a poor quality [2] . The widespread introduction of low cost, high quality drugs will hopefully ensure that consumers do not turn to sellers in market places.  [1] Sambira,J. ‘Counterfeit drugs raise Africa’s temperature’  [2] Ibid fake drugs, counterfeit pharmaceuticals, substandard medicines, high quality generic drugs, Africa, pharmaceutical market, drug quality, drug costs, counterfeit drug trade, patented drugs, drug-related deaths, tuberculosis pills, low cost drugs, drug accessibility, public health, medicine safety, generic medicines, drug regulation, pharmaceutical safety, drug availability counterfeit drugs, fake pharmaceuticals, substandard medicines, generic drugs, drug quality, pharmaceutical market, drug accessibility, drug affordability, patented drugs, drug cost, Africa, drug-related deaths, tuberculosis, counterfeit drug trade, low-cost drugs, global health, pharmaceutical regulation, drug safety, medicine quality assurance, health policy counterfeit drugs, fake pharmaceuticals, generic drugs, high quality generics, drug quality, substandard drugs, pharmaceutical market, Africa, drug deaths, tuberculosis pills, low cost drugs, drug patent costs, drug accessibility, drug safety, counterfeit drug trade, medicine quality, public health, drug regulation, pharmaceutical policy, drug authenticity, drug market Africa, medication access, counterfeit medicine, substandard pharmaceuticals, global drug trade counterfeit drugs, fake pharmaceuticals, bad drugs, substandard medicines, generic drugs, high quality generics, drug availability, patented drugs, drug costs, drug market, global counterfeit drug trade, Africa, drug-related deaths, tuberculosis, poor quality pills, drug introduction, low cost drugs, consumer safety, pharmaceutical quality, drug regulation, medicine quality assurance fake drugs, counterfeit pharmaceuticals, substandard medicines, generic drugs, high-quality generics, drug quality, Africa drug market, counterfeit drug trade, pharmaceutical regulation, drug safety, low-cost drugs, tuberculosis poor quality pills, patented drugs, drug costs, drug accessibility, public health, drug-related deaths, pharmaceutical market, medicine safety, access to medicines
test-culture-mthbah-pro05a	Advertisements tell children that they should have everything they want.  Advertising gives the impression, especially to children, that they can and should have everything they want. This makes people too interested in material things. People are becoming more selfish and obsessed with their possessions, and losing their values of patience, hard work, moderation and the importance of non-material things like family and friends. This harms their relationships and their personal development, which has serious effects for society as a whole. advertising, children, materialism, consumerism, selfishness, possessions, values, patience, moderation, family, friends, personal development, relationships, societal impact, non-material values, influence, impression, harm, obsession, advertising effects advertising, children, materialism, consumerism, values, possessions, selfishness, personal development, relationships, society, patience, moderation, hard work, family, friends, non-material values, negative impact, youth, psychological effects, advertising influence, childhood, social consequences advertising, children, materialism, consumerism, selfishness, possessions, values, patience, hard work, moderation, relationships, personal development, family, friends, societal impact, non-material values, advertising effects, childhood influence, advertising harm, value loss, societal consequences advertising, children, consumerism, materialism, selfishness, possessions, values, patience, moderation, hard work, non-material things, family, friends, personal development, relationships, societal impact, childhood influence, advertising effects, social values, material desire, psychological effects advertising, children, materialism, consumerism, selfishness, possessions, values, patience, hard work, moderation, non-material things, family, friends, personal development, societal impact, relationships, advertising influence, child psychology, advertising effects, desire, instant gratification
test-law-lghbacpsba-con02a	It better enables Attorneys to advance their client's case  An attorney's main duty is owed to their client. Under Rule 1.04 of the Solicitors' Code of Conduct a solicitor “must act in the best interests of each client”. [1] It is part of the adversarial system that we have that two opposing parties in litigation argue for their best interests. The whole working of the adversarial system of justice is that each party knows the facts but argues the facts that most support their case. To take away client-attorney privilege is to undermine this way of achieving justice.  [1] Rule 1: Core duties, Solicitors’ Code of Conduct 2007,  accessed 18/05/11 attorney-client privilege, solicitor's duty, best interests, Rule 1.04, Solicitors' Code of Conduct, adversarial system, litigation, justice, legal representation, client advocacy, legal ethics, opposing parties, legal obligation, client confidentiality, legal proceedings, core duties, client rights, Code of Conduct 2007, legal practice, duty to client attorney-client privilege, solicitor duty, client best interests, Rule 1.04, Solicitors’ Code of Conduct, adversarial system, litigation, justice, legal ethics, privilege, client advocacy, legal representation, code of conduct, solicitor obligations, core duties, legal profession, litigation strategy, lawyer responsibilities, legal system, justice system attorney-client privilege, duty to client, Solicitors' Code of Conduct, Rule 1.04, adversarial system, best interests, litigation, legal ethics, solicitor obligations, client advocacy, justice system, core duties, legal representation, legal professional conduct, legal privilege, opponent parties, legal system, supporting facts, legal justice, legal code attorney-client privilege, Solicitors' Code of Conduct, Rule 1.04, best interests, adversarial system, litigation, client representation, legal ethics, duty to client, justice system, solicitor obligations, legal advocacy, client confidentiality, legal duty, professional conduct attorney-client privilege, solicitor's duty, best interests, Rule 1.04, Solicitors' Code of Conduct, adversarial system, client advocacy, legal ethics, litigation, legal representation, justice system, client confidentiality, legal obligations, core duties, privilege, legal practice
test-international-appghblsba-pro02a	The historical reasons for which the state of Lesotho exists are no longer relevant in a post-apartheid South Africa  The reason why Moshoeshoe, the leader of Lesotho, wished to become a British protectorate was because of the Boers of the Orange Free State was trying to take their land. In 1966, when the Kingdom of Lesotho gained its independence from Britain, it remained separate from SA as it had been a separate colony. Lesotho was under direct rule while South Africa was a dominion. There was no incentive to change at the point of independence because SA was ruled by the apartheid regime. Lesotho was a strong public opponent of the regime and granted a number of SA refugees’ political asylum. The African National Congress, the ruling party in SA since 1994, was founded in Lesotho. Moreover, during the struggle against apartheid, the ANC’s armed wing organized its guerilla units from the enclave. [1] We can firmly say that Lesotho vas a very important actor in a post-apartheid SA, but the times have changed. The ANC is now in power in South Africa and SA and Lesotho are closer together than ever before.  [1] Smith, 2010, Lesotho, historical reasons, existence, post-apartheid, South Africa, Moshoeshoe, British protectorate, Boers, Orange Free State, land conflict, 1966 independence, British colony, direct rule, dominion, apartheid regime, political asylum, South African refugees, African National Congress, ANC, guerilla units, political relations, regional history, enclave, independence, colonial history, bilateral relations, Smith 2010 Lesotho, history, existence, post-apartheid, South Africa, Moshoeshoe, British protectorate, Boers, Orange Free State, land conflict, 1966 independence, separate colony, direct rule, dominion, apartheid regime, public opposition, political asylum, South African refugees, African National Congress, ANC, armed wing, guerilla units, enclave, actor, post-apartheid relations, Smith 2010, SA-Lesotho relations, historical relevance, political changes, colonial legacy, independence, cross-border dynamics Lesotho, historical reasons, state formation, British protectorate, Moshoeshoe, Boers, Orange Free State, land conflict, 1966 independence, South Africa, British colony, direct rule, dominion, apartheid regime, political asylum, ANC, African National Congress, post-apartheid, political relevance, regional relations, Lesotho-South Africa relations, anti-apartheid, asylum policy, guerilla units, enclave, Smith 2010 Lesotho history, British protectorate, Moshoeshoe, Boers, Orange Free State, Lesotho independence, South Africa, apartheid, African National Congress, ANC, political asylum, refugees, colonial rule, Lesotho-South Africa relations, apartheid era, post-apartheid, Basotho, Southern Africa, British colonialism, ANC guerilla units, diplomatic relations, regional politics, enclave state, governance, independence movement Lesotho, historical reasons, statehood, post-apartheid South Africa, Moshoeshoe, British protectorate, Boers, Orange Free State, land conflict, 1966 independence, British colony, direct rule, South Africa dominion, apartheid regime, political asylum, African National Congress, ANC, ANC origins, guerilla units, political refugees, post-apartheid relations, regional politics, British colonialism, independence incentives, diplomatic relations, Smith 2010
test-health-ahiahbgbsp-pro03a	Easy to introduce  A ban on smoking in public places would be simple to enforce – it is an obvious activity, and does not require any form of complex equipment or other special techniques . It would largely be enforced by other users of public places and those working there. If it changes attitudes enough, it could be largely self-enforcing – by changing attitudes and creating peer pressure 1 .  1 See Hartocollis, Anemona, “Why Citizens (gasp) are the smoking police), New York Times, 16 September 2010, smoking ban, public places, enforcement, simplicity, obvious activity, self-enforcing, peer pressure, attitude change, citizens enforcement, public compliance, social norms, smoking regulation, smoking police, Hartocollis, New York Times, workplace enforcement, social enforcement, behavior change, anti-smoking policy smoking ban, public places, enforcement, simplicity, peer pressure, attitude change, self-enforcing, social enforcement, compliance, public health, smoking regulation, policy implementation, citizen enforcement, New York Times, Hartocollis, Anemona ban on smoking, public places, enforcement, simple to enforce, obvious activity, no complex equipment, peer pressure, attitude change, self-enforcing, public compliance, smoking regulation, citizen enforcement, smoking police, public health policy, social norms, New York Times, Hartocollis Anemona smoking ban, public places, enforcement, simplicity, peer pressure, attitude change, self-enforcing, citizen enforcement, social norms, public health, smoke-free, regulation, compliance, behavioral change, New York Times, Hartocollis, public policy smoking ban, public places, enforcement, simplicity, peer pressure, attitude change, self-enforcing, citizen enforcement, social norms, smoking restrictions, public health policy, compliance, New York Times, Hartocollis, smoking police
test-law-sdfclhrppph-con01a	Free speech allows challenges to orthodox beliefs  Free speech is not merely a ‘nice thing to have’, it is a mechanism which brings real, tangible benefits to society by allowing people to challenge orthodoxy. States that do not allow orthodox beliefs to be challenged stagnate and decline.  Reducing restrictions on free speech to ‘special exceptions’ frustrates the whole point because it is precisely those special exceptions where established truth needs to be challenged. This is not restricted to matters of pure opinion – the modern scientific process relies upon professionals being able to vehemently disagree on matters of crucial fact. “Real science depends for its progress on continual challenges to the current state of always-imperfect knowledge.” [1]  [1] Sarewitz, Daniel, ‘The voice of science: let’s agree to disagree’, Nature, Vol 487, No.7, 5 October 2011, free speech, orthodox beliefs, challenge orthodoxy, societal progress, restrictions, special exceptions, scientific debate, academic freedom, dissent, established truth, knowledge advancement, public discourse, freedom of expression, open inquiry, intellectual disagreement, censorship, stagnation, scientific method, opinion diversity, Daniel Sarewitz, Nature journal, controversial speech free speech, orthodox beliefs, challenging orthodoxy, societal benefits, stagnation, decline, restrictions, special exceptions, established truth, scientific process, professional disagreement, progress of science, imperfect knowledge, freedom of expression, open debate, intellectual dissent, critical inquiry, scientific advancement, policy implications, academic freedom free speech, orthodox beliefs, challenging orthodoxy, societal benefits, intellectual freedom, stagnation, decline, special exceptions, established truth, scientific progress, disagreement, open debate, knowledge advancement, freedom of expression, dissent, scientific process, progress, Sarewitz, Nature, article, critique of censorship free speech, orthodox beliefs, challenge orthodoxy, societal progress, censorship, scientific disagreement, truth, restrictions, exceptions, freedom of expression, scientific method, intellectual debate, knowledge advancement, open discourse, critical thinking, stagnation, decline, orthodoxies, science progress, disagreement, Daniel Sarewitz, Nature 2011 free speech, challenge orthodoxy, orthodox beliefs, societal progress, scientific debate, scientific dissent, restrictions on speech, freedom of expression, special exceptions, truth, knowledge advancement, open discussion, intellectual freedom, stagnation, decline, speech restrictions, academic freedom, disagreement, critical thinking, scientific progress, continual challenge, established truth, real science, improvement, innovation, open society, public discourse
test-international-sepiahbaaw-pro03a	Foreign companies gain most of the profits  The majority of investment in Africa by Trans National Companies (TNCs) goes towards resource extraction [1] . Many companies use transfer pricing, tax avoidance and anonymous company ownership to increase profits at the expense of resource abundant nations [2] . Production sharing agreements, where companies and states share in the profit of a venture, can often benefit the former over the latter. In 2012 Ugandan activists sued the government for one such deal where the country was to likely to receive only half the profits rather than three quarters [3] .  Kofi Annan, former United Nations Security General, has claimed that Africa’s outflow of funds by TNCs in the extractive industries is twice as high as inflows to the continent. Businesses such as Barclays have been criticised for their promotion of tax havens in Africa [4] . These allow TNCs to avoid government taxation for projects such as resource extraction, a symptom of the attitude of foreign companies to investment in Africa. The unfavourable inflow/outflow balance prevents reinvestment in Africa’s infrastructure, education and health services.  [1] African Development Bank ‘African Development Report 2007’ pg.110   [2] Stewart,H. ‘Annan calls for end to ‘unconscionable’ exploitation of Africa’s resources’ The Guardian 10 May 2013   [3] Akankwasa,S. ‘Uganda activists sue government over oil Production Sharing Agreements.’ International Bar Association 01/05/2012   [4] Provost,C. ‘Row as Barclays promotes tax havens as ‘gateway for investment in Africa’ The Guardian 20 November 2013 foreign companies, transnational companies, TNCs, Africa, profit extraction, resource extraction, transfer pricing, tax avoidance, anonymous company ownership, production sharing agreements, profit sharing, investment, Kofi Annan, fund outflow, extractive industries, Barclays, tax havens, tax evasion, inflow outflow balance, reinvestment, infrastructure, education, health services, exploitation, African resources, financial flows, multinational corporations, regulatory evasion, African Development Bank, economic impact, Ugandan oil agreements, government revenue, corporate profits Transnational companies, TNCs, Africa, resource extraction, foreign investment, transfer pricing, tax avoidance, anonymous ownership, production sharing agreements, profit distribution, Uganda, Kofi Annan, outflow of funds, extractive industries, tax havens, Barclays, reinvestment, infrastructure, education, health services, exploitation, African Development Bank, The Guardian, International Bar Association foreign companies, profits, Africa, investment, Trans National Companies, TNCs, resource extraction, transfer pricing, tax avoidance, anonymous ownership, production sharing agreements, profit sharing, Uganda, profit distribution, Kofi Annan, outflow of funds, inflows, extractive industries, Barclays, tax havens, taxation, government revenue, reinvestment, infrastructure, education, health services, exploitation, African Development Bank, international business, capital flight, corporate practices, profit repatriation foreign investment, Africa, Trans National Companies, TNCs, resource extraction, transfer pricing, tax avoidance, anonymous company ownership, production sharing agreements, profit outflow, investment inflow, extractive industries, Barclays, tax havens, government taxation, infrastructure, education, health services, reinvestment, African Development Bank, Kofi Annan, exploitation, capital flight, oil agreements, multinational corporations, profit distribution, legal disputes, international business, economic impact, resource-rich nations foreign companies, profits, Africa, Trans National Companies, TNCs, resource extraction, transfer pricing, tax avoidance, anonymous ownership, production sharing agreements, Uganda, profit sharing, Kofi Annan, fund outflow, extractive industries, Barclays, tax havens, investment, inflow outflow balance, reinvestment, infrastructure, education, health services, African Development Bank, exploitation, resource abundant nations, multinational corporations, financial flows, economic impact, development, corporate profit, government taxation, legal action, activist lawsuits
test-culture-tlhrilsfhwr-pro02a	The failure of rule of law  As the anthropologist and lawyer Sally Falk-Moore observed “law is only ever a piecemeal intervention by the state in the life of society.” [i]  Laws are, ultimately, social norms that are taught, enforced and arbitrated on by the state. The value of these norms is such that they are deemed to be a vital part of a society’s identity and the state is entrusted with their protection. However, this ideal can be difficult to achieve. Debate as to which norms the state should be custodian of is constant. Where there is a disconnect between a law and the daily lives, aspirations and struggles of a society, it becomes unlikely that that law will be complied with. Generally, a state will not be able to give a pronouncement the force of law if it does not reflect the values held by a majority of a society.  Compliance with the law can be even harder to obtain in highly plural societies. Even in plural societies ruled peacefully by an effective central government (such as India), communities’ conceptions of children’s rights may be radically different from those set down in law. The Indian child marriage restraint act has been in force since 1929, but the practice remains endemic in southern India to this day [ii] . Governments can attempt to enforce compliance with a law, through education, incentives or deterrence.  What if the state that is intended to mount the “piecemeal intervention” of banning the use of child soldiers is weak, corrupt or non-existent? What if a state cannot carry out structured interventions of the type described above? Norms that state that the conscription of children is acceptable- due to tradition or need- will be dominant.  Situations of this type will be the rule rather than the exception in underdeveloped states and states where conflict is so rife that children have become participants in warfare. The ICC has jurisdiction to prosecute individuals with command over military units who use children as combatants [iii] , but how should the concept of a “commander” be defined in these circumstances?  In order for the juristic principles underlying the authority of the ICC to function properly, it is necessary for there to be a degree of certainty and accessibility underlying laws promulgated by a state. While ignorance of the law is not a defence before the ICC, it impossible to call a system of law fair or just that is not overseen by a stable or accepted government. This is not possible if a state is so corrupt that it does not command the trust of its people; if a state is so poor that it cannot afford to operate an open, reliable and transparent court and advocacy system; if territory with a state’s borders is occupied by an armed aggressor. Western notions of rule-of-law are almost impossible to enforce under such conditions. All of these are scenarios encountered frequently in Africa, and central and southern Asia.  Some regions within developing nations are so isolated from the influence of the state, or so heavily contested in internecine conflicts, that communities living within them cannot be expected to know that the state nominally responsible for them has signed the Convention of the Rights of The Child or the Rome Statute. Nor can the state attempt to inform them of this fact. Laws still exist and are enforced within such communities, but these are not state-made forms of law.  For an individual living within a community of the type described above- an individual living in the DRC, in pre-secession South Sudan [iv] or an ethnic minority enclave on the border of Myanmar [v] - the question is a simple one. Does the most immediate source of authority and protection within his world- his community- condone the role that children play in armed conflict? He should not be made liable for abiding by laws and norms that have sprung up to fill a void created by a weak or corrupt central state. There is little hope that he will ever be able to access the counter-point that state sponsored education and engagement could provide.  Child soldiers and their commanders are simply obeying the strongest, the most effective and the most stable source of law in their immediate environment.  [i] “Comparative Law in a Global Context: The Legal Systems of Asia and Africa”, Werner Menski, Cambridge University Press, 2006  [ii] “State of the World’s Children 2009”, UNICEF, United Nations, 2008  [iii] “Elements of Crimes”, International Criminal Court,   [iv] “Child Soldiers: Global Report 2008”, Coalition to Stop the Use of Child Soldiers, 2007, p315,   [v] “Child Soldiers: Global Report 2008”, Coalition to Stop the Use of Child Soldiers, 2007, p240, rule of law, legal pluralism, Sally Falk-Moore, state intervention, social norms, law enforcement, legal compliance, child soldiers, child marriage, India, children’s rights, plural societies, normative disconnect, legal authority, weak states, state legitimacy, government corruption, legal system, ICC, International Criminal Court, Rome Statute, Convention on the Rights of the Child, community authority, customary law, conflict zones, Africa, central Asia, southern Asia, legal accessibility, war, legal certainty, marginalized communities, ethnic minorities, armed conflict, non-state law, DRC, South Sudan, Myanmar, legal education, societal values rule of law, law enforcement, Sally Falk-Moore, social norms, state intervention, legal pluralism, compliance, child marriage, Child Marriage Restraint Act, India, children's rights, community norms, child soldiers, weak states, failed states, conflict zones, ICC, International Criminal Court, military commanders, legal authority, legal certainty, government corruption, access to justice, legal fairness, state legitimacy, traditional law, customary law, developing countries, Africa, Asia, isolated communities, internecine conflict, Convention on the Rights of the Child, Rome Statute, DRC, South Sudan, Myanmar, ethnic minorities, enforcement of rule of law, state failure, legal pluralism, Sally Falk-Moore, social norms, state intervention, law compliance, child marriage, child soldiers, weak states, corrupt states, conflict zones, ICC, international criminal court, command responsibility, legal authority, legal certainty, legal accessibility, developing countries, Africa, South Asia, Central Asia, non-state legal systems, customary law, community authority, children in armed conflict, Convention on the Rights of the Child, Rome Statute, law enforcement, government legitimacy, normative disconnect, social identity, legal enforcement, minority rights, legal education, state absence, warfare, human rights violations rule of law, failure, Sally Falk-Moore, legal anthropology, social norms, state intervention, law compliance, plural societies, child marriage, Indian Child Marriage Restraint Act, legal pluralism, child soldiers, weak state, state corruption, underdeveloped countries, conflict zones, International Criminal Court, ICC, military command responsibility, legal authority, law enforcement, community norms, legal certainty, state legitimacy, access to justice, Western legal concepts, Africa, Central Asia, Southern Asia, isolation, internecine conflict, customary law, ethnic minorities, Myanmar, DRC, South Sudan, Convention on the Rights of the Child, rule of law, law enforcement, state legitimacy, Sally Falk-Moore, social norms, legal compliance, legal pluralism, child soldiers, child marriage, India, Indian child marriage restraint act, state weakness, state corruption, legal authority, ICC, International Criminal Court, military commanders, legal certainty, legal accessibility, legal system, government stability, legal transparency, armed conflict, customary law, regional isolation, Africa, central Asia, southern Asia, DRC, South Sudan, Myanmar, ethnic minorities, Convention on the Rights of the Child, Rome Statute, state capacity, legal efficacy, community authority, legal identity, norm enforcement,
test-international-epglghbni-con01a	Unification would be damaging for the economies of both parts of Ireland  The Republic of Ireland is currently in a crisis. It is the I in P.I.G.S, the European Union countries whose economies are bust and require a bailout package. It would not be to the benefit of either Northern Ireland joining such a fragile economy, nor would it be good for the Republic of Ireland, having the cut back on public spending whilst trying to integrate Northern Irish transport/police systems etc.  Northern Ireland is a weak economy anyway and a lot of employment comes from the public sector, 30% compared to the UK average of 21%.* The region is £9billion in the red or £5,502 per person, three times the UK average.** These jobs will obviously no longer be an option under re-unification and so there is likely to be mass employment amongst the newly integrated Northern Irish. To counter this, money from Republican taxpayers will have to go to subsidize business/building projects etc in the way the Germans in the West still subsidize the Eastern parts of Germany, over 50 years since the wall came down.  *HM Treasury, 2011, p.9   **Fitzpatrick, 2011, Irish unification, economic impact, Republic of Ireland crisis, PIGS economies, EU bailout, Northern Ireland economy, public sector employment, fiscal deficit, public spending cuts, integration challenges, transport system integration, police system integration, taxpayer subsidies, mass unemployment, comparative subsidies, German reunification, regional disparities, economic viability, HM Treasury 2011, Fitzpatrick 2011 Irish unification, economic impact, Republic of Ireland, Northern Ireland, economic crisis, PIGS countries, EU bailout, public spending, integration costs, transport systems, police systems, Northern Ireland economy, public sector employment, UK average, fiscal deficit, unemployment, taxpayer subsidies, economic comparison, Germany reunification, regional disparities, HM Treasury, Fitzpatrick 2011 Ireland unification, economic impact, Northern Ireland economy, Republic of Ireland economy, public sector employment, EU bailout, PIGS countries, public spending cuts, integration costs, transport systems, police systems, regional subsidies, mass unemployment, economic crisis, taxpayer burden, German reunification comparison, cross-border employment, fiscal deficit, economic integration, bailout package, structural differences Irish unification, economic impact, Republic of Ireland crisis, PIGS countries, EU bailout, Northern Ireland economy, public sector employment, integration costs, public spending cuts, transport integration, police system integration, regional deficits, UK fiscal transfers, mass unemployment risk, taxpayer subsidies, German reunification comparison, HM Treasury report, Fitzpatrick 2011, economic disadvantages, cross-border unification, regional economic disparities Irish unification, economic impact, Republic of Ireland crisis, Northern Ireland economy, PIGS countries, EU bailout, public sector employment, public spending cuts, transport integration, police integration, regional deficit, UK economy, mass unemployment, taxpayer subsidies, reunification costs, German reunification comparison, economic challenges, fiscal burden, government expenditure, cross-border integration, HM Treasury 2011, Fitzpatrick 2011
test-culture-mmciahbans-con02a	Prohibition is counterproductive  As tempting as it is to feel that banning is the solution to problems, it doesn’t work. Almost all states prohibits certain drugs, but that does not stop them being used. [1] Despite being banned in Ghana, skin whitening creams are still openly advertised on billboards [2] .  Counterfeit cosmetics of all types exist worldwide [3] , they are illegal for a variety of reasons, not least intellectual property abuse: banning skin lighting creams would simply give more space to the counterfeits. A ban could lead users towards either a homemade substance, or pills and injections which would almost certainly be more damaging as a result of a lack of regulation.  [1] See the Debatabase debate ‘ This House supports the legalisation of drugs’  [2] Al Jazeera English, “The Stream: Fair Beauty”, YouTube, 22 August 2013,  , roughly 18 minutes in  [3] RIA Novosti, “Counterfeit cosmetics: Turning beauties in to beasts”, RT, 08 November 2010, prohibition, counterproductive, banning, drug prohibition, skin whitening creams, Ghana, billboards, counterfeit cosmetics, intellectual property abuse, homemade substances, unregulated pills, dangerous injections, regulation, drug legalization debate, cosmetics ban, underground market, counterfeit products, ineffective bans, consumer safety, harm reduction, illegal market, public health, enforcement challenges, demand persistence prohibition, counterproductive, banning, effectiveness, state drug laws, drug prohibition, illegal drugs, Ghana, skin whitening creams, cosmetic bans, billboard advertising, counterfeit cosmetics, intellectual property abuse, regulation, homemade substances, pills, injections, health risks, regulation failure, legalisation of drugs, black market, harm reduction, consumer safety, policy effectiveness prohibition, counterproductive, banning, drug prohibition, drug legalization, skin whitening creams, Ghana, billboards, counterfeit cosmetics, intellectual property, illegal cosmetics, skin lightening, cosmetic regulation, homemade substances, pills, injections, lack of regulation, black market, health risks, cosmetic safety, legal consequences, cosmetic bans, underground markets, case studies, worldwide, policy effectiveness, public health, consumer safety prohibition, counterproductive, banning, ineffective, drug laws, skin whitening creams, Ghana, cosmetic regulation, counterfeit cosmetics, intellectual property abuse, unregulated substances, homemade alternatives, health risks, legalisation of drugs, consumer safety, illegal markets, enforcement challenges, public health, regulation vs prohibition, black market, unintended consequences, bans, case studies, policy effectiveness, global examples prohibition, counterproductive, banning, drug use, skin whitening creams, Ghana, advertising, billboards, counterfeit cosmetics, intellectual property abuse, regulation, homemade substances, pills, injections, legalisation of drugs, illegal products, cosmetics market, harm reduction, enforcement, underground market, public health, policy effectiveness
test-religion-wcprrgrhbmi-con03a	"Parents have the right to use their best judgment, in the light of medical advice, as to what is in the best interest of their child  There is compelling evidence that shortly after birth is the best time to perform this operation and that the rate of complications at this age is generally agreed to be between 0.2 and 0.4 percent. When performed later in life the risk of complications increases ten-fold to between two and four percent. In the light of this it is appropriate to recognize the rights of parents to approve a procedure that would be riskier if elected later in life on behalf of their child [i] .  [i] Michael Benatar. ""How Not to Argue About Circumcision"". The American Journal of Bioethics. 2003 parental rights, medical judgment, child best interest, circumcision timing, neonatal circumcision, postnatal circumcision risks, complication rates, Michael Benatar, bioethics, parental consent, childhood surgery, medical advice, procedure risk, informed consent, pediatric surgery, risk comparison, ethical decision-making, operation timing, complication statistics, medical ethics parental rights, medical advice, best interest, child health, circumcision, neonatal circumcision, timing of operation, complication rates, infant surgery, pediatric surgery, surgical risk, parental consent, medical ethics, bioethics, Michael Benatar, American Journal of Bioethics, risk comparison, childhood procedures, informed decision, parental approval parental rights, medical decision-making, child welfare, infant circumcision, medical advice, best judgment, timing of surgery, complication rates, neonatal surgery, risk assessment, ethical considerations, consent, bioethics, Michael Benatar, American Journal of Bioethics, pediatric surgery, parental consent, procedure timing, child health, risk comparison parental rights, child best interest, medical advice, infant circumcision, timing of surgery, complication rates, neonatal operation, risk comparison, age-related risks, parental consent, bioethics, Michael Benatar, medical decision-making, circumcision outcomes, ethical considerations, surgical risk factors, American Journal of Bioethics parental rights, medical advice, best interest of the child, child health, circumcision, timing of circumcision, complication rates, infant surgery, medical ethics, parental consent, surgical risks, age-related risks, Michael Benatar, bioethics, pediatric surgery, informed decision, risk assessment, procedure approval, early intervention, American Journal of Bioethics"
test-culture-mmciahbans-con01a	Personal autonomy  Like many other debates, this simply boils down to personal autonomy. Individuals should be free to take actions, even ones harmful to them as long as they do not harm others, at least not without good reason. Thus things that are almost entirely harmful such as smoking are allowed.  It is a matter of personal choice – to suggest otherwise non-white women do not have the capacity to make that choice. personal autonomy, individual freedom, personal choice, harm principle, self-determination, smoking rights, ethical autonomy, bodily autonomy, non-white women, decision-making capacity, liberty, autonomy debate, freedom of action, personal harm, autonomy ethics personal autonomy, individual freedom, personal choice, harm principle, self-determination, consent, smoking, bodily autonomy, liberty, ethical debates, decision-making, non-white women, capacity for choice, personal rights, individual agency, freedom of action personal autonomy, individual freedom, self-determination, harmful actions, harm principle, personal choice, smoking rights, moral autonomy, liberty, capacity for choice, bodily autonomy, self-governance, decision-making, non-white women, discrimination, ethics, consent, individual rights, freedom of choice, autonomy in decision-making personal autonomy, individual freedom, personal choice, harm principle, smoking rights, self-determination, autonomy ethics, liberty, bodily autonomy, consent, minority rights, non-white women, ethical autonomy, decision-making, freedom of action, moral agency, self-governance, personal responsibility, right to choose, social justice personal autonomy, individual freedom, self-determination, harmful actions, harm principle, smoking, personal choice, consent, moral autonomy, liberty, non-white women, decision-making, individual rights, ethical debates, agency, freedom of choice, bodily autonomy, personal responsibility, individual capacity
test-digital-freedoms-aihwbasmn-con05a	It is better to monitor riots through the social media rioters are using  It is wrong to suggest that social networks only provide advantages to the rioters in a riot. Many of the networks that can be used are open to the public and even where they are not as with blackberry messenger the police and intelligence services can likely gain access. This means that the police can also benefit from rioters use of social networks. Allowing the rioters to communicate can help the police to track what the rioters are doing and potentially to intercept any plans before they can be put into action. The same logic is used with websites that promote extremist ideologies; it is often better to monitor them for the intelligence they provide. The police already monitor protest groups in this way during demonstrations and even use it to help police impromptu raves so will surely apply it to riots. [1] Yet the social media is useful in other ways, particularly after the rioting it can be used to work out who was involved and to provide evidence against them so making the police much more efficient at catching and charging rioters.  [1] Rawlinson, K., “Activists warned to watch what they say as social media monitoring becomes 'next big thing in law enforcement”, The Independent, 1 October 2012, riot monitoring, social media, law enforcement, police intelligence, social networks, rioters communication, surveillance, blackberry messenger, online extremism, protest monitoring, intelligence gathering, digital evidence, crime detection, public networks, activism surveillance, demonstration control, police efficiency, social media tracing, event interception, law enforcement technology social media monitoring, riots, police intelligence, law enforcement, social networks, rioters, online surveillance, Blackberry Messenger, public networks, police benefits, protest monitoring, extremist websites, evidence collection, crime tracking, digital investigations, criminal prosecution, law enforcement technology, emergency response, social media evidence, communication interception, riot tracking, open source intelligence, intelligence gathering, activist surveillance, online crime detection social media monitoring, riot surveillance, police intelligence, social networks, law enforcement, public safety, riot tracking, police benefits, extremism websites, intelligence gathering, protest monitoring, online evidence, digital surveillance, criminal identification, law enforcement technology, Blackberry Messenger, activist monitoring, demonstration surveillance, social media evidence, impromptu gatherings, extremist ideologies riots, social media, monitoring, police, intelligence, law enforcement, blackberry messenger, public networks, social networks, riot communication, tracking rioters, interception, extremism, police surveillance, protest groups, demonstrations, impromptu raves, intelligence gathering, evidence collection, post-riot investigation, law enforcement efficiency, crime prevention, social media monitoring, riot evidence, criminal identification, digital surveillance, real-time monitoring, law enforcement technology, activist surveillance, Rawlinson, The Independent, social networks advantages, social network disadvantages riot monitoring, social media surveillance, police intelligence, law enforcement, social networks, riot control, BlackBerry Messenger, public communication, extremism websites, protest monitoring, raves policing, digital evidence, suspects identification, law enforcement technology, social media tracking, intelligence gathering, digital forensics, evidence collection, crime prevention, social network analysis
test-environment-assgbatj-pro04a	Most animals can suffer more than some people  It’s possible to think of people that can’t suffer, like those in a persistent vegetative state, or with significant intellectual disabilities.  We could go for one of three options. Either we could experiment on animals, but not such people, which is morally not consistent. We could allow both, but do we want to do painful medical research on the disabled? Or, we could do neither.[9] animal suffering, human suffering, persistent vegetative state, intellectual disabilities, medical experimentation, moral consistency, ethical dilemmas, animal experimentation, disabled individuals, medical research ethics, sentience, pain perception, bioethics, moral comparison, research ethics, consent, suffering threshold, animal rights, disability ethics animal suffering, human suffering, moral consistency, persistent vegetative state, intellectual disabilities, medical experimentation, animal experimentation, disability ethics, moral status, research ethics, pain perception, ethical dilemmas, sentience, rights of disabled, comparative suffering, animal rights, human rights animal suffering, human suffering, persistent vegetative state, intellectual disabilities, medical experimentation, moral consistency, ethical treatment, animal experimentation, disabled individuals, ethics, pain perception, medical research ethics, moral options, suffering comparison, experimentation ethics animal suffering, human suffering, persistent vegetative state, intellectual disabilities, moral consistency, animal experimentation, medical research ethics, disabled individuals, pain perception, ethical dilemma, moral status, comparative suffering, research ethics, sentience, vulnerable populations animal suffering, human suffering, persistent vegetative state, intellectual disabilities, medical experimentation, moral consistency, animal experimentation, ethical dilemma, disabled individuals, pain perception, research ethics, moral philosophy, medical research, sentience, comparative suffering
test-sport-tshbmlbscac-con01a	Collisions are dangerous and lead to injury.  Ray Fosse and Buster Posey (mentioned above in the Introduction) are just two examples of players who suffered major injuries in crashes at home plate. Texas Rangers star Josh Hamilton, reigning Most Valuable Player of the American League, broke his arm when he collided with a catcher in 2011. In August 2010, Cleveland Indians catcher Carlos Santana suffered a season-ending knee injury when he was hit by Red Sox runner Ryan Kalish. To go back a few more seasons, Braves catcher Greg Olson was having a career year in 1992 until Ken Caminiti broke his leg in a collision. There have been literally dozens of severe injuries suffered in bang-bang plays at the plate.  This high rate of injury should come as no surprise, given the physics involved in this type of play. A simulation with a crash-test dummy wired with sensors showed that a catcher can get hit by a runner travelling 18 miles per hour, resulting in 3,200 pounds of force—much worse than an American football hit, with much less padding. [1]  Teams make heavy investments in their players, paying them millions of dollars a year. Thus, serious injuries are very expensive, both because of the treatment required and because the player is missing many games. This is why the Oakland Athletics instructed their top catcher, Kurt Suzuki, to avoid blocking the plate—because their investment in him is worth more than whatever runs he allows by failing to stop the runner from scoring. [2]  When players are injured in these plays, it’s also bad for fans, who will lose the opportunity to see their favourite athletes on the field. As Bruce Bochy, Busty Posey’s manager with the Giants, told the media after he lost his star catcher to injury: “And here’s a guy that’s very popular in baseball. Fans want to see him play, and now he’s out for a while.” [3]  [1] Joel Siegel, Barbara Pinto, and Tahman Bradley, “Catcher Collision Ignites Baseball Rules Debate,” ABC News, May 28, 2011,  .  [2] Buster Olney, “Billy Beane issues home plate directive,” ESPN The Magazine, June 1, 2011,  .  [3] Tim Kawakami, “Bochy on Posey’s injury: ‘Hopefully the guys are not happy—I’m certainly not happy,’” MercuryNews.com (Talking Points blog), May 26, 2011,  . home plate collisions, baseball injuries, Ray Fosse, Buster Posey, Josh Hamilton, Carlos Santana, Ryan Kalish, Greg Olson, Ken Caminiti, catcher injuries, bang-bang plays, player safety, crash-test dummy simulation, force of impact, player investments, injury cost, team strategy, blocking the plate, Kurt Suzuki, Oakland Athletics, fan disappointment, Bruce Bochy, Major League Baseball, injury statistics, baseball rules, protective gear, player career impact, sports injuries, catcher runner collisions, sports physics, baseball safety regulations, player absence baseball collisions, home plate injuries, catcher injuries, player safety, Ray Fosse, Buster Posey, Josh Hamilton, Carlos Santana, Greg Olson, Ken Caminiti, Ryan Kalish, injury statistics, crash-test dummy, impact force, player investments, injury costs, team strategy, Kurt Suzuki, Oakland Athletics, blocking the plate, rule changes, fan impact, American League, MLB injuries, sports injuries, protective equipment, baseball rules debate baseball collisions, home plate injuries, catcher injuries, player safety, Ray Fosse, Buster Posey, Josh Hamilton, Carlos Santana, Greg Olson, Ken Caminiti, Ryan Kalish, American League MVP, concussion risk, force of collision, crash-test dummy, sports injuries, team investments, financial cost, player absence, fan impact, plate blocking, baseball rules, injury prevention, Oakland Athletics, Kurt Suzuki, Bruce Bochy, Major League Baseball, severe injuries, baseball physics, bang-bang plays, plate crashes baseball collisions, home plate injuries, catchers, player injuries, Ray Fosse, Buster Posey, Josh Hamilton, Carlos Santana, Greg Olson, Ken Caminiti, Ryan Kalish, injury statistics, bang-bang plays, crash-test dummy, physics of collision, force of impact, player safety, financial loss, team investment, injury prevention, blocking the plate, baseball rules, Oakland Athletics, Kurt Suzuki, Bruce Bochy, Major League Baseball, severe injuries, injury cost, player downtime, fan impact, protective equipment, sports safety, injury examples, collision simulation, home plate rules home plate collisions, baseball injuries, player safety, catcher injuries, Ray Fosse, Buster Posey, Josh Hamilton, Carlos Santana, Greg Olson, Ken Caminiti, runner-catcher collision, sports physics, injury prevention, crash-test dummy, force impact, sports economics, missed games, player investment, Oakland Athletics, Kurt Suzuki, blocking the plate, Major League Baseball, fan disappointment, Bruce Bochy, MLB rules debate, protective equipment, injury statistics, bang-bang plays, baseball rule changes, game safety, career-ending injuries
test-education-pteuhwfphe-pro02a	A graduate tax would make university funding more sustainable  A graduate tax would potentially give universities more than they get from traditional funding, as a contribution would depend directly on a person’s salary rather than just being a flat rate fare for services rendered over a short time. For example a person earning £40,000 would pay about £125 per month. (Shepard, J. 2009) That over 20 years could amount to £30,000, more than enough to cover the costs of a university education in a way which is manageable. Admittedly that sum is based on a person rising like a rocket but it still hints at the possibilities of the tax and how it could bring in more money than simply universities rising their fees. Secondly, it would change as a person’s salary rises or falls over a twenty year period, being more sustainable and increasing the chance of the costs being recovered. Thirdly, rather than giving a person a required fee to pay it would be giving a person a chance to pay over a set time period, reducing the financial impact of the bill. graduate tax, university funding, sustainable education funding, income-based repayment, higher education finance, salary-dependent contribution, university tuition alternatives, long-term payment, manageable student fees, higher education sustainability, student loan alternatives, educational cost recovery, progressive university funding, income-contingent payments, tuition fee reform, higher education policy, Shepard 2009, education finance model, variable repayment, economic accessibility, student debt reduction graduate tax, university funding, sustainability, higher education finance, salary-based contributions, traditional funding comparison, long-term payments, manageable repayment, increasing university revenue, cost recovery, variable payments, tuition fees alternative, financial impact reduction, wage-dependent repayment, university education costs, higher education sustainability graduate tax, university funding, higher education finance, sustainable funding, salary-based contribution, traditional funding, university income, variable repayment, long-term payment, manageable costs, rising salaries, tax revenue, tuition alternative, student fees, education costs, repayment period, financial impact, funding sustainability, salary-dependent, equitable funding, income-contingent loan, university sustainability, post-graduation income, education policy graduate tax, university funding, higher education, sustainable funding, salary-based contribution, traditional funding comparison, university fees, long-term repayment, manageable payments, income-contingent repayment, student finance, higher education policy, Shepard 2009, funding models, education costs, financial sustainability, student contributions, repayment period, income variability, affordability, cost recovery, graduate contributions graduate tax, university funding, sustainable funding, salary-based contribution, higher education finance, tuition alternatives, income-contingent repayment, university fees, long-term payment, higher education costs, funding models, student finance, Shepard 2009, tax revenue, financial sustainability, university income, affordable education, pay-as-you-earn, higher education policy, income-linked payments
test-philosophy-pppthbtcb-pro03a	Terrorism can bring attention  Terrorism can raise the profile of a neglected cause. The hi-jackings of the 1970s and 1980s brought publicity to the Palestinian cause, helping to bring it to the attention of the world. [1] States can use their wealth and media to put across their side of the story; their opponents do not have these resources and perhaps need to resort to terrorism to publicise their cause. In this way, limited and focused use of violence can have a dramatic international impact.  [1] Tristam, P. (n.d.). The 1970 Palestinian Hijackings of Three Jets to Jordan. Retrieved August 3, 2011, from About.com: terrorism, publicity, neglected cause, Palestinian cause, hijackings, 1970s, 1980s, media attention, international impact, political violence, cause promotion, resource disparity, state power, political publicity, Tristam, Palestinian hijackings, Jordan, About.com terrorism, attention, publicity, neglected causes, 1970s hijackings, 1980s hijackings, Palestinian cause, international impact, media, limited violence, state resources, publicise cause, Tristam, Palestinian hijackings, jets to Jordan, propaganda, asymmetric warfare, political violence, global awareness, high-profile attacks terrorism, publicity, attention, neglected causes, palestinian cause, hijackings, 1970s, 1980s, international impact, media, state resources, violence, political communication, public awareness, propaganda, limited violence, international response, asymmetric conflict, political violence, publicity stunts, airline hijacking, Middle East, Tristam, About.com, global awareness terrorism, publicity, neglected causes, Palestinian hijackings, 1970s terrorism, international attention, media influence, asymmetric warfare, political violence, state resources, Palestinian cause, airline hijackings, global awareness, propaganda, political communication, limited violence, attention-seeking, Tristam, About.com, Middle East conflict terrorism, publicity, media attention, neglected causes, Palestinian cause, hijackings, 1970s, 1980s, international impact, political violence, public awareness, state resources, propaganda, political conflict, limited violence, global attention, political strategy, Palestinian hijackings, media coverage, asymmetric warfare
test-international-appghblsba-pro01a	Annexation will allow the free movement of Basotho people, goods and services  For the Basotho in a landlocked country the free movement of their people is a right that is in large part dependent on the South African (SA) government rather their own national one. Its importance is shown by 40% of border crossings into South Africa being from Lesotho. Acknowledging the fact that Lesotho is an enclave state surrounded by SA, the ability of people to move freely depends on whether they are allowed to enter SA or not. There is corruption at border posts and the number of crossings results in long queues and slow service; 63% of border crossers experience problems. [1] This is sometimes made even more difficult by SA government actions as before the World Cup in 2010 when border restrictions were tightened making it almost impossible for Basotho to leave their country. [2] This happened due to the detention of several Lesotho nationals after a spate of criminal activities along the border.  The same situation applies to trade. Lesotho is dependent on the trade with South Africa, even for goods that come from beyond South Africa as Lesotho has no port of its own most goods will have to be transported through South Africa. This dependency is rising. In 1980, Lesotho produced 80% of the cereals it consumed. Now it imports 70%. [3] Annexation would eliminate these borders boosting trade between the countries, helping to make both richer. In the best interest of Basotho is to be able to control and be listened to by the entity that is metaphorically and literally feeding them.  [1] Crush, Jonathan, ‘The border within: The future of the Lesotho-South African international boundary’, Migration Policy Series No.26,   [2] Patel, Khadija, Lesotho and South Africa: ‘Good fences make good neighbours’, 19 April 2013,   [3] Smith, Alex Duval, ‘Lesotho's people plead with South Africa to annex their troubled country’, theguardian.com, 6 June 2010 Annexation, free movement, Basotho, Lesotho, South Africa, border crossings, enclave state, landlocked country, trade dependency, border corruption, border posts, border queues, World Cup 2010, border restrictions, import dependency, cereal import, economic integration, goods and services, cross-border trade, border control, regional migration, border tightening, criminal activities, enclave economy, interdependence, regional cooperation, Lesotho-South Africa relations, border problems, migration policy, control of borders, economic benefits, customs union, import-export, transportation, enclave dependency, socio-economic impact, movement rights, border enforcement Lesotho, annexation, free movement, Basotho, goods, services, border crossings, South Africa, enclave state, trade dependency, border restrictions, corruption, border posts, import, export, World Cup 2010, cereal production, import dependency, slow service, economic integration, port access, migration policy, border problems, cross-border trade, sovereignty, border control, border queues, South African government, enclave economy, import logistics, national sovereignty, Lesotho-South Africa boundary, regional integration annexation, Lesotho, South Africa, Basotho, free movement, border control, border crossings, landlocked country, enclave state, trade dependency, goods and services, border corruption, border queues, border restrictions, World Cup 2010, detention, border security, import dependency, cereal production, trade barriers, port access, cross-border trade, economic integration, migration, border issues, customs, national sovereignty, border tightening, regional cooperation, Lesotho-South Africa boundary, Migration Policy Series, international boundary, South African government, enclave challenges, cross-border relations, border management, border policy, dependency on South Africa, transit Annexation, Basotho, free movement, goods, services, Lesotho, South Africa, landlocked country, border crossings, enclave state, border posts, corruption, border restrictions, World Cup 2010, trade dependency, imports, exports, cereals, economic integration, border control, cross-border trade, sovereignty, regional cooperation, migration, customs, detention, border queues, service delivery, international boundary, South African government, Lesotho nationals, port access, cross-border crime, economic dependence, trade barriers, citizenship, enclave economy, transnational movement Annexation, Basotho, free movement, Lesotho, South Africa, enclave state, border crossings, border posts, corruption, trade dependency, landlocked country, goods and services, border restrictions, World Cup 2010, border security, Lesotho nationals, import dependency, cereals production, economic integration, cross-border trade, national sovereignty, border control, migration policy, border issues, South African government, regional integration, port access, border queues, policy impact
test-sport-otshwbe2uuyt-pro01a	Europe must not give approval to this regime.  Viktor Yanukovych fairly came to power in 2010 however since then he has set about attacking the country’s fragile democracy. There are numerous cases showing this democratic decline. For example changes to the constitution that occurred after the Orange revolution have been rolled back to give more power to the presidency. [1] Most visibly opponents of the regime such as Yulia Timoshenko have been jailed in politically motivated trials. At the same time there have been attacks on the freedom of the media and Ukraine has fallen down rankings of press freedom in 2010-11 with its score from freedom house falling from 56 to 59 with its ranking falling to 130th. [2]  Ukraine, like its neighbours Russia and Belarus, has become a ‘virtual mafia state’ where the SBU (Ukraine’s successor to the KGB) is all powerful and the elite are unaccountable. [3] It is becoming more and more corrupt as is shown by its fall down the Corruption Perceptions Index from 118th in 2007 to 152nd in 2011. [4] Ukraine is clearly going in the wrong direction and European leaders need to stand up and show that the will not allow this to continue.  [1] Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor, ‘2010 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices Report’, U.S. Department of State, 8 April 2011.  [2] Karlekar, Karin Deutsch and Dunham, Jennifer, ‘Press Freedom in 2011: Breakthroughs and Pushback in the Middle East’, Freedom House, 2012, pp.7, 16.  [3] Luzio, Taras, ‘Ukraine, Like Russia, Is Becoming a ‘Virtual Mafia State’’, Atlantic Council, 1 March 2012.  [4] Transparency International, Corruption Perceptions Index 2011 , Transparency International, Corruption Perceptions Index 2007 . Ukraine, Viktor Yanukovych, democracy decline, constitutional changes, Orange Revolution, presidential power, political repression, Yulia Timoshenko, political trials, media freedom, press freedom, Freedom House rankings, regime opponents, SBU, KGB, mafia state, unaccountable elites, corruption, Corruption Perceptions Index, authoritarianism, European Union, EU approval, human rights, Belarus, Russia, 2010-2011, government accountability, Transparency International, U.S. Department of State, Atlantic Council, Freedom House report Europe, Ukraine, Viktor Yanukovych, democracy, democratic decline, constitutional changes, Orange Revolution, presidency power, political opposition, Yulia Timoshenko, political trials, media freedom, press freedom, Freedom House, SBU, KGB successor, elite unaccountability, virtual mafia state, corruption, Corruption Perceptions Index, Belarus, Russia, human rights, European leaders, approval, authoritarianism, transparency, Bureau of Democracy Human Rights and Labor, US Department of State, Freedom House report, Atlantic Council, Transparency International Europe, Viktor Yanukovych, Ukraine, democracy, democratic decline, constitutional changes, Orange Revolution, presidency, political repression, Yulia Timoshenko, political trials, media freedom, press freedom, Freedom House, SBU, KGB, virtual mafia state, elite unaccountability, corruption, Corruption Perceptions Index, Russia, Belarus, European leaders, human rights, Transparency International, 2010, 2011, Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor Europe, approval, Viktor Yanukovych, Ukraine, fragile democracy, democratic decline, constitutional changes, Orange Revolution, presidential power, political opposition, Yulia Timoshenko, political trials, media freedom, press freedom, Freedom House, SBU, KGB successor, mafia state, elite unaccountability, corruption, Corruption Perceptions Index, Russia, Belarus, European leaders, human rights, Transparency International Europe, approval, Viktor Yanukovych, 2010, fragile democracy, democratic decline, constitutional changes, Orange Revolution, presidency power, political opponents, Yulia Timoshenko, politically motivated trials, media freedom, press freedom, Freedom House, SBU, KGB successor, elite unaccountability, corruption, Corruption Perceptions Index, virtual mafia state, Russia, Belarus, European leaders, Bureau of Democracy Human Rights and Labor, U.S. Department of State, Karlekar, Freedom House report, Atlantic Council, Transparency International, Ukraine politics, authoritarianism, human rights, political repression
test-health-dhiacihwph-pro02a	Savings can be used in other sections of medical care  The decreased cost of pharmaceuticals allows African states to focus on other aspects of medical schemes. Pharmaceuticals are not the only aspect in treatment, there needs to be sufficient staff, medical equipment and infrastructure [1] . These requirements cost money, which the savings made on pharmaceuticals provide. In Europe, 50% of dispensed medicines are generic yet they cost only 18% of pharmaceutical expenditure, with a similar model predicted for South Africa. This allows the state to focus on other aspects of medical schemes [2] .  [1] Ibid  [2] Health24, ‘South Africans embrace generic meds’ pharmaceutical savings, generic medicines, healthcare funding, medical infrastructure, healthcare staff, medical equipment, healthcare expenditure, African healthcare systems, cost reduction, medical schemes, pharmaceutical costs, generic drugs adoption, healthcare resource allocation, European pharmaceutical model, South Africa healthcare, healthcare budget, medicine expenditure, healthcare cost savings pharmaceutical cost savings, generic medicines, African healthcare, medical scheme funding, healthcare expenditure, medical staff funding, medical equipment costs, healthcare infrastructure, pharmaceutical expenditure, European medicine model, South African generics, resource allocation, health systems strengthening, healthcare budget, medication spending, generic drugs impact, public health finance pharmaceutical cost savings, generic medicines, medical care funding, healthcare expenditure, medical staff, medical equipment, healthcare infrastructure, healthcare resource allocation, African states, Europe pharmaceutical expenditure, South Africa healthcare, medical schemes, pharmaceutical budget reallocation, healthcare investment, healthcare system improvement, generic drug adoption, medical treatment costs, healthcare efficiency, drug cost reduction, health policy pharmaceutical cost savings, generic medicines, healthcare funding, African healthcare, medical schemes, healthcare expenditure, medical staff funding, medical equipment investment, healthcare infrastructure, drug expenditure, healthcare resource allocation, European generic medicine model, South Africa healthcare system, pharmaceutical expenditure reduction, public health budget, medicine affordability, generic drugs adoption pharmaceutical savings, healthcare funding, medical care allocation, generic medicines, healthcare expenditure, staff funding, medical equipment, healthcare infrastructure, South Africa, Europe, cost reduction, pharmaceutical costs, medical scheme budgeting, healthcare resource allocation, generic drug impact
test-international-aegmeppghw-pro03a	"Turkey joining the EU would help the international fight against terrorism  Turkey is a key geo-political strategic ally to the West and should be integrated fully in order to ensure its continued cooperation. ""Turkey is a secular Muslim democracy and a crucial ally for the West. The eastern flank of NATO, straddling Europe and Asia, it played a critical role in containing the Soviet Union during the Cold War. In the 1990s, it helped monitor Saddam Hussein and protect Iraqi Kurds by permitting U.S. warplanes to use its bases. After the September 11, 2001, attacks, it became a staging area for coalition forces in Afghanistan, where Turkish forces eventually assumed overall command of the International Stabilization Force. Turkey continues to be a pivotal partner in the fight against al Qaeda and other terrorist groups, despite attacks by radical Islamists at home."" [1]  [1]  ‘Turkey’s Dreams of Accession’ by David Phillips, Foreign Affairs September/October 2004 Turkey, European Union, EU accession, international fight against terrorism, geopolitical strategic ally, Western cooperation, secular Muslim democracy, NATO eastern flank, Europe-Asia, Cold War, Soviet Union containment, Iraq, Saddam Hussein, Iraqi Kurds, US military bases, September 11 attacks, Afghanistan, ISAF, coalition forces, al Qaeda, radical Islamists, terrorism, counterterrorism, Western security, David Phillips, Foreign Affairs, 2004 Turkey, European Union, EU accession, counterterrorism, international security, geopolitical ally, Western cooperation, secular Muslim democracy, NATO, Eastern flank, Cold War, Soviet containment, Iraq monitoring, U.S. airbases, post-9/11, Afghanistan, coalition forces, International Stabilization Force, al Qaeda, terrorism, radical Islamists, David Phillips, Foreign Affairs Turkey, European Union, EU accession, international fight against terrorism, counterterrorism, geopolitical ally, strategic partner, Western cooperation, secular Muslim democracy, NATO, Europe-Asia bridge, Cold War, Soviet containment, U.S. military bases, Iraq, Iraqi Kurds, September 11, Afghanistan, International Stabilization Force, al Qaeda, radical Islamism, Turkish foreign policy, security partnership, regional stability, David Phillips, Foreign Affairs Turkey, European Union, EU accession, international fight against terrorism, geopolitical ally, NATO, secular Muslim democracy, Western cooperation, Cold War, Soviet containment, US military bases, Iraq, Kurdish protection, September 11 attacks, Afghanistan, coalition forces, International Stabilization Force, counterterrorism, al Qaeda, radical Islamists, defense policy, strategic partnership, Foreign Affairs, David Phillips Turkey, European Union, EU accession, international fight against terrorism, geopolitical strategic ally, secular Muslim democracy, NATO eastern flank, Europe Asia bridge, Cold War, Soviet Union containment, Saddam Hussein, Iraqi Kurds, U.S. military bases, September 11 attacks, Afghanistan coalition, International Stabilization Force, al Qaeda, terrorism, radical Islamists, Western cooperation, David Phillips, Foreign Affairs, 2004"
test-sport-aastshsrqsar-pro01a	Radical action needed for racial equality in South Africa  It is plain for all to see how unrepresentative rugby union in South Africa is. While there is not necessarily a deliberate policy of racism, it is very easy for biases to creep in. Across the division where the quotas will come in only about 6% of players are black, a number that should increase to 33%. [1] Quotas could help concentrate the mind to ensure that the best team is picked.  At grass roots level, there have been some cases of flat-out racial abuse of non-white players, including using racial terms that are particularly offensive in a South African context.  [1] Peacock, James, ‘Peter de Villiers says racial quotas are ‘waste of time’, BBC Sport, 15 August 2013, racial equality, South Africa, rugby union, representation, quotas, black players, biases, team selection, grassroots, racial abuse, non-white players, offensive terms, Peter de Villiers, BBC Sport, sports diversity, affirmative action, sports policy, discrimination, inclusion, transformation, sport racism radical action, racial equality, South Africa, rugby union, unrepresentative teams, racial bias, player quotas, black players, sports diversity, discrimination, grassroots racism, non-white players, racial abuse, offensive language, Peter de Villiers, racial quotas, BBC Sport, representation, sports policy, transformation, inclusivity radical action, racial equality, South Africa, rugby union, unrepresentative teams, racial bias, quotas, black players, team selection, grassroots racism, racial abuse, non-white players, offensive language, Peter de Villiers, racial quotas, sports diversity, transformation policies, BBC Sport, racial representation, inclusion sports radical action, racial equality, South Africa, rugby union, unrepresentative teams, racial quotas, player diversity, black players, team selection, biases, grassroots rugby, racial abuse, non-white players, offensive language, Peter de Villiers, sports racism, quota system, representation, BBC Sport, discrimination racial equality, South Africa, rugby union, representation, racial quotas, player diversity, black players, systemic bias, grassroots racism, racial abuse, team selection, sports inclusivity, non-white players, affirmative action, South African sport, Peter de Villiers, BBC Sport, racial terms, discrimination, transformation policies
test-science-eassgbatj-con03a	Testing is needed for really new drugs  The real benefit of animal testing is making totally new drugs, which is about a quarter of them. After non-animal and then animal tests, it will be tested on humans. The reason why the risk is low (but not non-existent) for these brave volunteers, is because of the animal tests.  These new chemicals are the ones most likely to produce improvements to people’s lives, because they are new. You couldn’t do research on these new drugs without either animal testing or putting humans at a much higher risk. new drugs, animal testing, drug development, clinical trials, human testing, risk reduction, drug safety, pharmaceutical innovation, preclinical trials, medical research, drug efficacy, drug approval process, volunteer safety, novel chemicals, biomedical research, research ethics, drug discovery new drugs, animal testing, drug development, clinical trials, human testing, drug safety, medical research, risk reduction, innovative medicines, preclinical testing, pharmaceutical research, research ethics, volunteer safety, drug efficacy, biomedical research, non-animal testing, experimental drugs, drug discovery, medical advancements animal testing, new drugs, drug development, human trials, non-animal tests, medical research, risk assessment, drug safety, clinical trials, volunteer safety, pharmaceutical innovation, chemical testing, benefits of animal testing, biomedical research, experimental drugs, preclinical testing new drugs, drug development, animal testing, drug safety, clinical trials, human trials, risk reduction, medical research, pharmaceutical innovation, preclinical testing, ethical considerations, volunteer safety, drug approval process, experimental drugs, biomedical research animal testing, new drugs, drug development, clinical trials, non-animal tests, human testing, drug safety, pharmaceutical research, drug innovation, volunteer risk, benefits of animal testing, medical advancements, chemical testing, preclinical studies, research ethics
test-politics-oapghwliva-pro01a	The present system of earmarking in Congress is wide open to abuse. The party leaderships in each house can use the offer of pork, or the threat to withhold it to enforce party discipline. “Logrolling” occurs whereby an earmark is obtained in return for support on an unrelated piece of legislation. All this leads to legislators who put party above country and vote for bad legislation in pursuit of their own vested interest. They basically “are federal dollars that members of Congress dole out to favor seekers — often campaign donors. In the process, lawmakers advocate for the companies, helping them bypass the normal system of evaluation and competition.”1Forcing pork out in the open by making Congress vote to defend it after a Presidential line-item veto is the best way to remedy matters. Overall the President is more accountable to the people as a whole than individual representatives, and with their national mandate, more able to stand up to powerful interest groups.  1 David Heath and Hal Bernton, $4.5 million for a boat that nobody wanted, The Seattle Times, 15/10/07 , accessed 5/5/11 earmarking, Congress, abuse, party leadership, pork barrel, party discipline, logrolling, vested interest, campaign donors, federal dollars, legislation, advocacy, bypass evaluation, competition, line-item veto, accountability, interest groups, congressional voting, presidential power, national mandate, legislative process, Seattle Times, earmark reform, transparency, congressional oversight earmarking, Congress, abuse, party leadership, pork barrel, party discipline, logrolling, legislators, vested interest, campaign donors, favor seeking, bypass evaluation, competition, presidential line-item veto, transparency, accountability, interest groups, national mandate, legislative process, congressional votes, federal dollars, legislation, political influence, reform, Seattle Times earmarking, Congress, abuse, party leadership, pork barrel, party discipline, logrolling, vested interest, federal dollars, campaign donors, bypass evaluation, bypass competition, legislative process, line-item veto, accountability, interest groups, presidential powers, legislative reform, transparency, congressional voting, Seattle Times, David Heath, Hal Bernton Congress, earmarking, abuse, party leadership, pork barrel, party discipline, logrolling, legislation, vested interest, federal dollars, campaign donors, bypass evaluation, bypass competition, line-item veto, transparency, accountability, interest groups, presidential power, legislative process, Seattle Times, congressional incentives, favoritism, open voting earmarking, Congress, pork barrel, party leadership, party discipline, logrolling, legislative abuse, federal funding, campaign donors, vested interest, bypass evaluation, competition, presidential line-item veto, legislative accountability, interest groups, national mandate, congressional votes, vote trading, legislative incentives, political corruption, congressional reform
test-education-pstrgsehwt-pro05a	Communities should have a say in what is taught in schools, and many communities want to teach creationism.  Society is made up of communities with their own views on politics, religion, education, etc. School boards should be able to set curriculum based on the desires of the public, not just on what the scientific elites command to be taught. Children deserve to hear that their beliefs and those of their community are respected in the classroom. This is why Creationism, a belief held to varying extents in many countries, should be taught in the classroom. This is particularly true in the United States, where in several states the majority of people does not accept evolution, but have instead adopted Creationism, considering the evidence for the latter to be more convincing. [1] In a poll in 2009 a majority (57%) said that creationism should be taught in schools either without evolution or alongside it. [2] The teaching of Creationism should not be taught exclusively, but should share time with other prevailing theories, particularly those of evolution and abiogenesis. Furthermore, evolution taught exclusively threatens religious belief, telling children they are no more than animals and lack the spark of grace given by God. It is important for social stability that schools are allowed to teach what communities believe to be true.  [1] Goodstein, Laurie. 2005. “Teaching of Creationism is Endorsed in New Survey”. New York Times.  [2] HarrisInteractive. 2009. “No Consensus, and Much Confusion, on Evolution and the Origin of Species.” BBC World News America/The Harris Poll, 18th February, 2009. creationism, evolution, school curriculum, community input, school boards, public opinion, science education, religion in schools, United States, education policy, classroom beliefs, teaching standards, scientific elites, polls on creationism, curriculum controversy, religious belief, social stability, abiogenesis, New York Times, Harris Poll, education debate, diversity in education, majority opinion, curriculum development, faith and science, public schools, children’s beliefs, evidence for creationism, evolution vs creationism, educational autonomy creationism, evolution, school curriculum, community input, school boards, science education, religion in schools, public opinion, education policy, United States, teaching beliefs, social stability, religious belief, scientific theory, abiogenesis, curriculum controversy, majority opinion, public schools, education debate, educational standards creationism, evolution, school curriculum, community input, school boards, education policy, public opinion, religious beliefs, science education, United States, polls, teaching evolution, teaching creationism, curriculum decisions, societal values, religious freedom, classroom instruction, science vs religion, community values, social stability, beliefs in schools, education standards, curriculum debate, public schools, scientific authority, educational controversy, alternative theories, public desires, classroom beliefs, teaching controversy community input, school curriculum, creationism, evolution, public opinion, school boards, religious beliefs, science education, classroom teaching, curriculum control, United States, educational policy, majority view, scientific authority, social stability, religion and education, polling data, teaching controversies, creationism vs evolution, alternative theories, abiogenesis, respect for beliefs, education debate, science vs religion, classroom inclusion, educational representation creationism, evolution, school curriculum, community input, religious beliefs, education policy, school boards, public opinion, science education, United States, surveys, polls, teaching controversy, origin of species, social stability, scientific elites, abiogenesis, curriculum authority, belief systems, classroom instruction, alternative theories, religious values, public schools, secularism, educational standards, teaching debate, community beliefs, children’s education, faith-based education, societal values
test-environment-aeghhgwpe-pro04a	Being vegetarian reduces risks of food poisoning  Almost all dangerous types of food poisoning are passed on through meat or eggs. So Campylobacter bacteria, the most common cause of food poisoning in England, are usually found in raw meat and poultry, unpasteurised milk and untreated water. Salmonella come from raw meat, poultry and dairy products and most cases of escherichia coli (E-Coli) food poisoning occur after eating undercooked beef or drinking unpasteurised milk. [1]  Close contact between humans and animals also leads to zoonosis – diseases such as bird ‘flu which can be passed on from animals to humans. Using animal brains in the processed feed for livestock led to BSE in cattle and to CJD in humans who ate beef from infected cows.  [1] Causes of food poisoning, nhs.co.uk, 23rd June 2009 vegetarianism, food poisoning, meat, eggs, Campylobacter, Salmonella, E. coli, foodborne illness, raw meat, poultry, unpasteurised milk, untreated water, zoonosis, bird flu, BSE, CJD, animal products, food safety, public health, dairy products, beef, processed feed, livestock, nhs, disease transmission, human-animal contact vegetarian, food poisoning, risk reduction, meat, eggs, Campylobacter, Salmonella, Escherichia coli, E. coli, raw meat, poultry, unpasteurised milk, untreated water, dairy products, undercooked beef, zoonosis, bird flu, BSE, bovine spongiform encephalopathy, CJD, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, animal-human transmission, processed feed, livestock, food safety, NHS, disease prevention vegetarian, food poisoning, risk reduction, meat, eggs, Campylobacter, salmonella, E.coli, unpasteurised milk, untreated water, poultry, dairy, undercooked beef, zoonosis, bird flu, BSE, CJD, livestock, processed feed, animal-human disease transmission, nhs, causes of food poisoning vegetarian, food poisoning, meat, eggs, Campylobacter, Salmonella, E-Coli, unpasteurised milk, untreated water, raw poultry, dairy products, undercooked beef, zoonosis, bird flu, BSE, CJD, livestock feed, animal-human disease transmission, infection risk, nhs.co.uk, food safety vegetarian, food poisoning, risk reduction, Campylobacter, Salmonella, E. coli, meat, eggs, dairy products, raw meat, poultry, unpasteurised milk, untreated water, zoonosis, bird flu, BSE, CJD, animal-human disease transmission, NHS, foodborne illness, processed feed, livestock, beef, infection sources, England
test-education-ufsdfkhbwu-con03a	Universities should exchange ideas not impose them  Of all possible institutions, for a university to suggest that it is not open to defending its ideas rather than insisting that they be artificially imported seems counter-intuitive. As Asian and European intellectual traditions increasingly interact as a result of economic interaction there are going to be clashes between and attempts to integrate the Confucian and Socratic approaches [i] . Part of that is the relationship between academia and the state. Western institutions seeking to establish themselves as a presence in Asia should at least be open to the idea that a different approach may have something to offer. After all a willingness to accept new ideas and attitudes is key to the ethic of any university – the assumption that such an exchange would only flow in one direction is astonishingly arrogant.  [i] This is true at every level, including simple things such as the approach taken by students to their studies. Inevitably, universities have responded to these in different ways in the two traditions.  Paton, Michael, ‘Asian Students, Critical Thinking and English as an Academic Lingua Franca’, Analytic teaching and philosophical praxis, Vol.32, No.1, pp.27-39 p.28 universities, idea exchange, intellectual traditions, Confucian approach, Socratic approach, academia, state relationship, Western institutions, Asia, academic openness, cultural integration, cross-cultural education, academic ethic, critical thinking, student approach, academic interaction, educational traditions, imposing ideas, academic humility, epistemological diversity universities, idea exchange, academic openness, intellectual traditions, Confucian approach, Socratic method, East-West integration, academia and state, Western institutions, Asian universities, cultural clash, critical thinking, academic exchange, university ethics, educational traditions, student approach, academic diversity, intercultural interaction, higher education, imported ideas, academic arrogance, knowledge transfer, educational integration, Michael Paton, English as lingua franca universities, idea exchange, intellectual traditions, Confucian approach, Socratic approach, academia, state relations, Western institutions, Asian institutions, cultural integration, critical thinking, academic openness, academic dialogue, academic freedom, cross-cultural interaction, higher education, academic traditions, student approaches, educational philosophy, academic lingua franca, Michael Paton universities, exchange of ideas, academic openness, intellectual traditions, Confucian approach, Socratic approach, Asia-Europe interaction, academic integration, academia-state relationship, Western institutions in Asia, cross-cultural education, critical thinking, student learning approaches, academic arrogance, intercultural exchange, educational philosophy, academic lingua franca, Michael Paton, Asian students, educational adaptation universities, idea exchange, academic openness, intellectual traditions, Confucian approach, Socratic approach, academia-state relationship, Western institutions, Asian universities, cultural integration, critical thinking, educational exchange, cross-cultural interaction, academic diversity, academic arrogance, student learning approaches, higher education, intellectual humility, academic importation, Michael Paton, English as Lingua Franca, Analytic Teaching, philosophical praxis
test-law-lghbacpsba-con01a	It supports the principle that everyone is entitled to a defence  In criminal, civil or commercial matters, it is important that everyone has equal access to the law. This ensures a fair and just system. In order to facilitate this principle, even those in the wrong need to know that what they say to their legal representative will not be used against them at a later date. It is this principle that provides equality in the court room and therefore the principle of client attorney privilege needs to be maintained. legal representation, access to justice, equality before the law, fair trial, client attorney privilege, legal privilege, confidentiality, legal defence, civil matters, criminal matters, commercial matters, legal rights, courtroom equality, privileged communication, legal ethics client attorney privilege, legal representation, right to defense, equal access to law, fair trial, justice system, confidentiality, courtroom equality, criminal matters, civil matters, commercial matters, privilege principle, law access, legal confidentiality, defense rights client attorney privilege, legal representation, right to defense, equal access to law, fair justice system, confidentiality, legal privilege, equality in courtroom, justice, criminal matters, civil matters, commercial matters, legal rights, fair trial, client confidentiality, legal ethics, legal system client attorney privilege, legal representation, equal access to law, fair trial, justice system, entitlement to defence, confidentiality, legal privilege, court equality, criminal matters, civil matters, commercial matters, legal rights, defense rights, privilege maintenance, legal protection legal representation, client attorney privilege, equal access to law, defence rights, fair legal system, equality in court, confidentiality, justice, legal matters, criminal law, civil law, commercial law, legal privilege, attorney-client confidentiality, legal rights, privilege protection, law access, fair trial, legal ethics, right to defence
test-education-pstrgsehwt-pro04a	Creationism is as valid a scientific theory as those of evolution and abiogenesis, and should therefore be given equal time in the classroom.  Creationism can be drawn as an entirely reasonable scientific hypothesis, and it forms a coherent theory of the origin and development of life that opposes the naturalist theories of abiogenesis and evolution. Abiogenesis describes the development of life from nonliving materials and evolution seeks to explain the development and diversity of life through a gradual process of mutation and natural selection, yet no one has ever demonstrated either process sufficiently in the laboratory. In the case of abiogenesis, all experiments to create an environment similar to the supposed prebiotic soup whence life first sprang have resulted in no new life forming. In the case of evolution, evolutionists consistently fail to show the development of new kinds of organisms [1] . While there is no doubt that some change occurs within species, such as the breeding of wolves into dogs, it appears to happen only within certain limited bounds. Certainly no experiment or study has shown evolution to be capable of explaining such huge diversity in the world of living things. Creationism, on the other hand, offers the explanation that abiogenesis and evolution cannot. The diversity of life and its origin are rationally explicable as the product of intelligent agency. This is not a statement of religious belief, but of scientific observation. Describing the nature of the designer, however, is another question all together, one that need not be answered in order to accept that there is such a designer.  [1] Wells, Jonathan. 2009. “Why Darwinism is False”. Discovery Institute. creationism, scientific theory, evolution, abiogenesis, classroom debate, origin of life, intelligent design, natural selection, mutation, scientific hypothesis, diversity of life, prebiotic soup, laboratory evidence, macroevolution, microevolution, experimental results, scientific observation, limits of evolution, designer, Discovery Institute, Jonathan Wells, teaching controversy, science education, alternative theories, naturalism, scientific validity creationism, evolution, abiogenesis, scientific theory, intelligent design, classroom debate, origin of life, diversity of life, prebiotic soup, laboratory evidence, mutation, natural selection, microevolution, macroevolution, species change, intelligent agency, designer, naturalist theories, scientific observation, falsifiability, Jonathan Wells, Darwinism critique, Discovery Institute, equal time, science education, experiment limitations, alternative hypotheses creationism, scientific theory, evolution, abiogenesis, classroom debate, origins of life, intelligent design, naturalism, prebiotic soup, laboratory evidence, species diversity, mutation, natural selection, experimental verification, microevolution, macroevolution, limits of evolution, intelligent agency, scientific observation, educational policy, creationism vs evolution, origin of species, Darwinism, Jonathan Wells, Discovery Institute creationism, evolution, abiogenesis, scientific theory, intelligent design, classroom education, origin of life, diversity of life, natural selection, mutation, prebiotic soup, laboratory experiments, scientific evidence, alternative hypotheses, microevolution, macroevolution, limits of evolution, intelligent agency, teaching controversy, science curriculum, evolution criticism, Wells Jonathan, Darwinism critique, Discovery Institute, scientific validity, designer hypothesis creationism, evolution, abiogenesis, scientific theory, classroom education, origin of life, natural selection, mutation, prebiotic soup, laboratory experiments, new organism development, wolves to dogs, species change, intelligent design, scientific observation, diversity of life, designer hypothesis, naturalist theories, evidence for evolution, evidence for abiogenesis, scientific validity, evolution criticism, equal time debate, Discovery Institute, Jonathan Wells
test-health-ahiahbgbsp-pro02a	Reduce smoking  A ban on smoking in public places would help reduce the rates of people smoking, by making it appear socially unusual – people will have to leave enclosed public places to smoke, each time they want to smoke. This is particularly important in Africa which is at an early stage of the tobacco epidemic where it can be prevented from ever coming to be seen as being normal.  The ban both through the new obstacle and the change in norms could reduce smoking rates. In England, nine months after such a ban, the fall in smoking rates (such as with much of the Global North) accelerated 1 - it has been claimed by up to 400,000.  1 Daily Mail Reporter, “Smoking ban spurs 400,000 people to quit the habit”, Daily Mail, 4 July 2008, smoking reduction, public smoking ban, smoking rates, social norms, tobacco prevention, Africa, tobacco epidemic, smoking behavior, public health policy, smoking cessation, England, Global North, smoking statistics, behavioral change, smoking regulation, health intervention, tobacco control, smoking obstacles, legislative impact, smoking prevalence smoking reduction, public smoking ban, smoking rates, social norms, tobacco epidemic, Africa, smoking prevention, public health policy, smoking cessation, England smoking ban, societal norms, smoking obstacles, tobacco control, Global North, quit smoking statistics, Daily Mail, secondhand smoke, public places, behavior change, smoking legislation smoking reduction, smoking ban, public places, smoking rates, social norms, tobacco epidemic, Africa, prevention, smoking behavior, smoking cessation, England, smoking statistics, public health policy, tobacco control, smoking legislation, behavioral change, smoking prevalence, Global North, health intervention, case study, Daily Mail, smoking trends smoking reduction, smoking ban, public places, social norms, tobacco epidemic, Africa, smoking rates, prevention, smoking behavior, enclosed spaces, England, smoking prevalence, tobacco control, smoking cessation, smoking policy, health interventions, secondhand smoke, quit smoking, public health, legislative measures, global north, smoking statistics smoking reduction, smoking ban, public places, social norms, tobacco prevention, Africa, tobacco epidemic, smoking rates, behavior change, global north, England, smoking cessation, policy impact, public health, tobacco control, Daily Mail, secondhand smoke, smoking obstacles, smoking legislation, community health
test-health-dhiacihwph-pro04a	Unfair to apply same patent laws universally  It is unrealistic to expect poorer countries, such as those in Africa, to pay the same price as the developed world’s markets. Current patent laws for many countries dictate that prices for buying patented drugs should be universally the same. This makes it extremely difficult for African countries to purchase pharmaceuticals set at the market price of developed countries. In the US there are nine patented drugs which cost in excess of $200,000 [1] . To expect developing African states to afford this price is unfair and reinforces the exploitative relationship between the developed and developing world. Generic drugs escape this problem due to their universally low prices.  [1] Herper,M. ‘The World’s Most Expensive Drugs’ patent laws, pharmaceuticals, drug pricing, developing countries, Africa, developed countries, universal pricing, unfairness, market price, patented drugs, generic drugs, accessibility, affordability, global health, intellectual property, medicine costs, economic disparity, healthcare inequality, exploitation, drug access, pharmaceutical policy universal patent laws, pharmaceutical pricing, developing countries, Africa, drug affordability, patent law inequality, patented drugs, generic drugs, access to medicine, global health equity, developed vs developing countries, drug price disparities, pharmaceutical patents, medicine accessibility, drug costs, intellectual property, healthcare inequality, US drug prices, generic medicine, trade policy patent laws, universal pricing, pharmaceuticals, Africa, developing countries, drug affordability, developed countries, patent protection, generic drugs, market price, drug cost, access to medicine, intellectual property, pharmaceutical inequality, healthcare access, drug pricing disparity, pharmaceutical patents, global health equity, drug accessibility, economic disparity patent laws, drug pricing, pharmaceutical access, developing countries, Africa, affordability, developed world, generic drugs, intellectual property, global health equity, medicine cost, universality, market price disparity, healthcare inequality, pharmaceutical patents, economic disparity, patent law reform, access to medicines, drug policy, developed vs developing nations patent laws, universal application, pharmaceutical pricing, developing countries, Africa, drug affordability, developed world, market price disparities, generic drugs, intellectual property, healthcare access, drug patents, economic inequality, global health, pharmaceutical industry, pricing policy, access to medicine, patent protection, exploitation, drug costs
test-religion-msgfhwbamec-pro01a	Individual Freedom  Even if marriages are not made absolutely mandatory, covert family pressure can still propel people into unions where they will be unhappy. This is a form of restricted liberty as the consequences of people rebelling against arranged marriages can include being forced to leave home or suffering stigmatisation and reduced contact with family members. The stigma may also be the other way with the family feeling shame when their children reject their arrangements this in turn can lead to attempts at compulsion and even some cases like that of Shafilea Ahmed murder for the rejection of the marriage. [1] Clearly there is a thin line between arranged and forced marriages. Although things like stigmatisation are harder to police than physical intimidation or violence, it is only right that the state steps in to regulate these harms, giving people the legal mandate to challenge the practice as well as to discourage relatives from attempting it from the outset.  [1] Carter, Helen, ‘Shafilea Ahmed killed by parents for bringing shame on family, court hears’, guardian.co.uk, 21 May 2012, individual freedom, arranged marriage, forced marriage, family pressure, restricted liberty, stigmatisation, social stigma, family shame, compulsion, Shafilea Ahmed, legal regulation, state intervention, marriage coercion, personal autonomy, human rights, honor-based violence, marriage rejection, family dynamics, cultural norms, marriage mandate individual freedom, arranged marriage, forced marriage, family pressure, restricted liberty, stigmatisation, rebellion, family shame, compulsion, honor-based violence, Shafilea Ahmed, legal intervention, state regulation, personal autonomy, coercion, parental influence, marital consent, social stigma, family dynamics, human rights, marriage law, protection, social consequences, crime, cultural norms individual freedom, family pressure, arranged marriages, forced marriages, restricted liberty, rebellion, stigmatisation, family shame, compulsion, Shafilea Ahmed, honor-based violence, state intervention, legal mandate, family coercion, cultural norms, social stigma, marriage autonomy, parental control, social consequences, regulation of marriage practices individual freedom, arranged marriages, forced marriages, family pressure, restricted liberty, stigmatisation, family shame, compulsion, coercion, legal regulation, state intervention, Shafilea Ahmed, honor-based violence, marriage autonomy, social stigma, family dynamics, rebellion, marriage practices, legal mandate, cultural norms individual freedom, arranged marriages, forced marriages, covert family pressure, restricted liberty, family stigmatisation, social stigma, familial compulsion, rejection consequences, honor-based violence, Shafilea Ahmed, legal regulation, state intervention, marriage autonomy, familial shame, psychological coercion, social pressure, marriage rights, cultural expectations, family dynamics, legal protection, personal autonomy
test-culture-mthbah-pro04a	Advertisements try to make people feel bad about not having the product  Many adverts do more than just advertising products. Some try to make people feel inferior if they don't have the product, or if they have something which the product would change. Perceptions of beauty and fashion in particular have been terribly distorted. Many young people have low self-esteem, and lead unhealthy lifestyles because they feel they should be thinner and more attractive like the models they see in adverts. This leads to serious problems like eating-disorders and self-harm. Research that proved this effect also concluded that 'the media can boost self-esteem (happiness with one's self) where it is providing examples of a variety of body shapes. However, it often tends to portray a limited (small) number of body shapes'1.  1 Skinny models 'send unhealthy message'. The Guardian. advertising, advertisements, influence, self-esteem, inferiority, beauty standards, fashion industry, body image, young people, low self-esteem, unhealthy lifestyles, thinness, attractiveness, models, eating disorders, self-harm, media effects, media influence, body shapes, distorted perceptions, harmful advertising, psychological impact, negative self-perception, media representation, variety in media, unrealistic body standards, mental health, skinny models, unhealthy messages, youth, The Guardian advertising, advertisements, consumer psychology, self-esteem, body image, beauty standards, fashion industry, media influence, negative effects, young people, low self-esteem, unhealthy lifestyles, thinness ideal, attractiveness, models, perception distortion, eating disorders, self-harm, psychological impact, marketing strategies, product promotion, media representation, body shape diversity, social comparison, advertising ethics advertising, advertisements, consumer psychology, self-esteem, product marketing, inferiority, beauty standards, fashion industry, body image, young people, low self-esteem, unhealthy lifestyles, media influence, eating disorders, self-harm, body shapes, media portrayal, skinny models, negative effects, advertising impact, psychological effects, social perception, attractiveness, media representation, mental health, advertising criticism advertising, self-esteem, advertisements, body image, beauty standards, fashion, media influence, consumer behavior, inferiority, unhealthy lifestyles, young people, eating disorders, self-harm, media representation, body shapes, thin ideal, low self-esteem, negative body image, skinny models, distorted perceptions, psychological effects, media messages, product marketing, social comparison, model influence, mental health, advertising impact advertising, negative self-image, inferiority, consumer psychology, beauty standards, fashion industry, self-esteem, body image, young people, unhealthy lifestyles, thin ideal, attractiveness, media influence, eating disorders, self-harm, distorted perceptions, models, variety of body shapes, limited representation, mental health, psychological effects, advertising impact, media representation, advertising ethics, advertising harm, social pressure, media messages, youth vulnerability, adverse effects, body dissatisfaction
test-international-appghblsba-pro03a	Lesotho is in a dire condition and needs help from its closest ally  With about 40% of Basotho people living below the international poverty line [1] , Lesotho needs urgent help both from the economic and social perspective. A third of the population is infected with HIV and in urban areas; about 50% of the women under 40 have the virus. [2] There is a major lack of funding and corruption in the system is halting any progress. The Kingdom of Lesotho is clearly unable to deal with its issues and should be annexed by SA. Annexation is the only way in which the SA government is going to care about this enclave territory. Give Basotho citizenship and the right to vote in elections and they will be taken into consideration. Give SA the power to control and they will assume the responsibility for pulling the Basotho out of poverty, giving them a better social system and a country in which they can thrive. A simple look at the GDP per capita of each state shows the potential benefit to Lesotho and ability of SA to deliver. While Lesotho is stable at $1,700 per capita, SA has a GDP of $10,700 per person. Only by giving them full responsibility of the territory, the SA government is going to step in and make the necessary change.  [1] Human Development Reports, United Nations Development Project,   [2] The World Factbook, ‘Lesotho’, cia.gov, 11 March 2014, Lesotho, poverty, Basotho, international poverty line, HIV prevalence, women, urban areas, funding shortage, corruption, annexation, South Africa, enclave, citizenship, voting rights, economic aid, social intervention, GDP per capita, development, governance, responsibility, United Nations, World Factbook, public health, social system, anti-poverty measures, political integration, southern Africa Lesotho, poverty, Basotho, international poverty line, HIV prevalence, urban women, healthcare, corruption, lack of funding, economic crisis, social crisis, annexation, South Africa, enclave, citizenship, right to vote, government intervention, GDP per capita, development, responsibility, social welfare, stability, United Nations Development Project, Human Development Reports, The World Factbook, CIA, international aid, regional stability, Southern Africa Lesotho, poverty, Basotho, HIV, public health, economic aid, social issues, corruption, funding shortage, international poverty line, annexation, South Africa, citizenship, voting rights, GDP per capita, development, social system, enclave, government intervention, United Nations Development Project, World Factbook, economic disparity, urban HIV prevalence, women's health, governance, responsibility transfer, Southern Africa, humanitarian crisis, aid necessity, economic integration, state stability Lesotho, poverty, international poverty line, Basotho, HIV prevalence, urban women, lack of funding, corruption, economic crisis, social crisis, annexation, South Africa, enclave territory, citizenship, voting rights, GDP per capita, socioeconomic integration, public health, development aid, United Nations Development Project, World Factbook, governance, responsibility, social welfare, economic development, healthcare crisis, political integration, regional stability Lesotho, poverty, international poverty line, Basotho, HIV prevalence, urban women, lack of funding, corruption, economic crisis, social crisis, annexation, South Africa, enclave territory, citizenship, voting rights, government responsibility, social system, GDP per capita, economic integration, United Nations Development Project, World Factbook, humanitarian aid, public health, governance, nation-state merger, Southern Africa, development assistance, socioeconomic issues, HIV epidemic, regional cooperation, Basotho welfare
test-international-amehbuaisji-pro01a	The ICC is a force for good, and the all states should be seen to be standing fully behind it.  The International Criminal Court is a major breakthrough in providing a permanent and durable system that can effectively prosecute and independently try war criminals.  In the past there was no permanent framework for dealing with grave breaches of human rights protection, often allowing states to perform evil acts with impunity. Only for the very worst atrocities were special courts and tribunals set up. It should also act as a deterrent to future violations; it may not reduce conflict but will encourage states to keep a tighter rein on their militaries.  An attempt at a solution to the problem of enforcement of international criminal law is something to be applauded, for the same reason the criminal law on the domestic sphere is – it saves lives, protects human rights and provides civilization to what would otherwise be anarchy. ICC, International Criminal Court, war criminals, human rights, international law, enforcement, prosecution, deterrence, permanent framework, special tribunals, grave breaches, accountability, state responsibility, military oversight, protection, atrocity prevention, courts, independence, durable system, impunity, human rights protection, anarchy prevention, rule of law, global justice, criminal law, universal jurisdiction International Criminal Court, ICC, war crimes, human rights, permanent court, prosecution, independent trials, war criminals, international law, enforcement, deterrence, global justice, tribunals, impunity, atrocities, accountability, legal framework, state responsibility, human rights protection, international justice, rule of law, military conduct, criminal law, conflict prevention, global governance, human rights enforcement, special courts, international tribunals, civilization, anarchy prevention International Criminal Court, ICC, war crimes, prosecution, human rights, accountability, enforcement, international law, war criminals, deterrence, global justice, special tribunals, permanent court, state responsibility, crimes against humanity, impunity, human rights protection, international justice, legal framework, atrocity prevention, rule of law, military accountability, global governance, prosecution of war criminals, international enforcement, legal deterrent, universal jurisdiction, international tribunal, human rights violations ICC, International Criminal Court, war crimes, prosecution, human rights, enforcement, deterrence, international criminal law, accountability, impunity, permanent tribunal, special courts, state responsibility, atrocities, military conduct, legal framework, human rights protection, punishment, international justice, global governance, crime prevention, judicial independence, universal jurisdiction, rule of law, civilization, international law enforcement ICC, International Criminal Court, war criminals, prosecution, human rights, permanent framework, international law, accountability, enforcement, deterrence, atrocities, special tribunals, state responsibility, military conduct, protection, justice, legal system, impunity, civilization, conflict prevention, crime deterrence, international justice, law enforcement, war crimes, grave breaches
test-international-sepiahbaaw-pro04a	Resources are a source of conflict  There is a strong connection between the presence of natural resources and conflict within Africa. Natural resources, especially those with a high commodity price such as diamonds, are a useful means of funding rebellions and governments [1] . The 1991 civil war in Sierra Leone became infamous for the blood diamonds which came from mines with forced slavery. These diamonds were used to fund the Revolutionary United Front (RUF) for eleven years, extending the blood-shed. Continued conflict in the Congo is also attributed to the control of mineral wealth [2] and exemplifies how resources have negatively impacted Africa.  [1] Pandergast, 2008,   [2] Kharlamov,I. ‘Africa’s “Resource Wars” Assume Epidemic Proportions’ Global Research 24 November 2014 natural resources, conflict, Africa, commodity prices, diamonds, blood diamonds, rebel funding, civil war, Sierra Leone, forced slavery, Revolutionary United Front, RUF, Congo, mineral wealth, resource wars, resource-related conflict, African conflicts, resource-driven violence, mineral resources, funding rebellions, economic causes of war natural resources, resource conflict, Africa, civil war, blood diamonds, Sierra Leone, Revolutionary United Front, RUF, Congo, mineral wealth, resource wars, funding rebellions, commodity prices, forced slavery, conflict minerals, resource-driven violence, resource exploitation, diamonds, mineral resources, African conflicts, rebellion financing, economic causes of conflict, Pandergast 2008, Kharlamov 2014, resource curse natural resources, conflict, Africa, resource wars, civil war, blood diamonds, Sierra Leone, RUF, funding rebellions, forced slavery, mineral wealth, Democratic Republic of Congo, commodity prices, diamond trade, resource-driven conflict, rebel financing, resource control, African conflicts, Pandergast 2008, Kharlamov 2014 natural resources, resource conflict, Africa, blood diamonds, Sierra Leone civil war, mineral wealth, funding rebellions, resource wars, forced labor, Revolutionary United Front, Congo conflict, commodity prices, resource-related violence, diamond trade, African conflicts, resource exploitation, conflict minerals natural resources, conflict, Africa, resource wars, blood diamonds, Sierra Leone, civil war, forced labor, Revolutionary United Front, RUF, mineral wealth, Democratic Republic of Congo, commodity price, funding rebellions, government funding, resource control, negative impact, diamond mining, Kharlamov, Pandergast, Global Research, exploitation, forced slavery, civil conflict, resource-driven conflict
test-culture-mmciahbans-con03a	Banning these is papering over the issue  It would be all too tempting for governments to consider that a ban on these products would sort out issues of skin tone discrimination as they would be hidden away from public view.  Class and race are both divisive issues, and are often inextricably linked. Those with lighter skin will still have advantages over those with darker skin hues. The banning of whiteners will simply reduce the ability of individuals to change how others perceive them. We can all agree that there needs to be less colourism but that has to be achieved by reducing prejudices. Only broader education on the issue of skin colour discrimination can achieve such a change. skin lightening products, ban, government policy, skin tone discrimination, colourism, class, race, social inequality, skin whiteners, public perception, prejudice reduction, broader education, skin colour bias, racial discrimination, social justice, individual agency, legislative solutions, cultural attitudes, systemic bias, privilege, awareness campaigns skin tone discrimination, colourism, skin whiteners, product ban, government policy, race, class, social inequality, skin color bias, prejudice reduction, public perception, education, discrimination, light skin advantages, darker skin disadvantages, cosmetic products, social divisions, anti-discrimination strategies, societal change, skin hue, privilege, regulatory policy skin tone discrimination, banning whiteners, colorism, race, class, skin lightening products, prejudice reduction, government policy, societal perception, education, public view, divisive issues, skin colour, social change, discrimination, societal attitudes banning, skin tone discrimination, government bans, skin whiteners, colourism, class, race, skin color, prejudice, social inequality, education, public perception, discrimination, colour prejudice, class division, racial bias, social justice, skin lightening products, policy, societal change banning, skin tone discrimination, government policy, skin whiteners, class, race, social inequality, colorism, prejudice, public perception, skin color, social justice, education, discrimination reduction, societal attitudes, light skin advantage, dark skin disadvantage, social change, racial bias, class divisions
test-international-bldimehbn-con01a	The job of a journalist is to report the world and events as they see them. Cultural sensibilities do not alter the fact that these events have happened.  It is difficult to see how a matter that is undeniably controversial on the international stage and impacts on the perception of the perpetrating government around the world could not be deemed newsworthy [1] . It should not be the responsibility of journalists to determine whether or not viewers and readers might find something of interest but, rather, to report events that have happened and that may have an impact on the lives of consumers either as individuals or as a nation. By that standard, these matters are clearly news.  News organisations and individual journalists do not report on military, political, financial or terrorist actions because they agree with them but do so because of their impact on the world in which their consumers live. Often the very stories which are the most important to report – and do so impartially – are those very stories that evoke strong feelings on both – or all – sides. Al Jazeera gained its reputation by being willing to go where other Arabic channels had not gone such as showing Israeli guests speaking Hebrew which shocked the Arab world. [2] It should be willing to do the same with gay issues.  [1] CNN. Hala Gorani. The Struggle for Gay Rights in the Middle East. June 02 2006.  [2] Yeginsu, Ceylan, ‘Al Jazeera English Fresh outlook from the Middle East’, Global Media Wars, journalism, news reporting, cultural sensibilities, controversial events, international news, newsworthiness, perception, government, media impact, consumer impact, impartial reporting, military actions, political actions, financial actions, terrorist actions, controversial stories, Al Jazeera, Arabic media, Israeli guests, Hebrew, Middle East, gay rights, LGBT issues, global media, news organizations, objective reporting, audience interests, Hala Gorani, news standards, media responsibility journalism, news reporting, cultural sensibilities, international controversy, newsworthiness, media ethics, Al Jazeera, gay rights, impartial reporting, global perception, military actions, political reporting, financial news, terrorist actions, freedom of the press, audience impact, controversial news, media responsibility, Arab world, Hebrew speakers, gay issues, Hala Gorani, Middle East, diversity in media, global media wars, press impartiality journalism, news reporting, cultural sensibilities, international controversy, newsworthiness, media ethics, journalist responsibility, audience impact, impartial reporting, controversial stories, Al Jazeera, Middle East, Israeli guests, gay rights, LGBT issues, media coverage, global perception, government actions, political reporting, military reporting, financial reporting, terrorist actions, news judgement, media organizations journalism, news reporting, cultural sensibilities, international controversy, newsworthiness, global perception, media responsibility, journalistic impartiality, Al Jazeera, Middle East, gay rights, military actions, political reporting, financial news, terrorist actions, controversial stories, audience impact, unbiased reporting, Hebrew on Arab TV, LGBT issues, media ethics, Hala Gorani, CNN, Ceylan Yeginsu, Al Jazeera English, cross-cultural journalism, media coverage, news organizations, news consumers, global media journalism, newsworthiness, reporting, cultural sensibilities, international controversy, media impact, journalistic responsibility, news organizations, impartial reporting, controversial issues, press freedom, Al Jazeera, gay rights, Middle East, media ethics, military reporting, political reporting, audience perception, global media, news values, representation, minority issues, media standards, journalistic integrity, bias, censorship
test-culture-tlhrilsfhwr-pro01a	Cultural relativism and adapting to conflict  The issues underlying all debates on child soldiers go to the very heart of intercultural justice, politics and governance. International and supranational legislation notwithstanding, the notion that children should be protected from all forms of violence at any cost is expressly western.  The facts stated in the introduction are not sufficient to support the creation of a defence of cultural relativism to charges of recruiting and using child soldiers. “Cultures” are not simply sets of practices defined by history and tradition. They are also methods of living, of survival and of ordering societies that change and develop in response to societies’ environments. Within many communities, children are inducted (or induct themselves) into military organisations as a result of necessity. The traditional providers of physical safety within a society may have been killed or displaced by war. Communities left vulnerable by long running and vaguely defined conflicts may have no other option but to begin arming their children, in order to help them avoid violent exploitation. A great many child soldiers in South Sudan actively sought out units of the rebel army known to accept child recruits [i] . Following the death of parents and the dispersal of extended families, children gravitated towards known sources of safety and strength – organisations capable of providing protection and independence within nations utterly distorted and ruined by conflict.  Western notions of inviolate childhood, free of worry and violence, are merely a cultural construct. This construct cannot be duplicated in societies beset by forms of privation and conflict that have been alien to western liberal democracies for the last seventy years. Attempting to enforce this construct as law- and as a form of law that can trump domestic legislation- endangers vulnerable communities, inhibits the creation of democratic norms and can even criminalise the children it claims to protect.  [i] “Raised by war: Child Soldiers of the Southern Sudanese Second Civil War”, Christine Emily Ryan, PhD Thesis, University of London, 2009 cultural relativism, child soldiers, intercultural justice, intercultural conflict, governance, international law, supranational legislation, western values, violence against children, protection of children, cultural constructs, military recruitment, survival strategies, community vulnerability, armed conflict, South Sudan, necessity, child protection, western liberal democracies, domestic legislation, law enforcement, democratic norms, criminalization of children, humanitarian intervention, child autonomy, societal adaptation, Christine Emily Ryan, Southern Sudanese Civil War, post-conflict societies, cultural adaptation, traditional safety providers, war-affected communities cultural relativism, child soldiers, intercultural justice, governance, international law, western values, violence against children, supranational legislation, cultural construct, armed conflict, survival strategies, community protection, South Sudan, rebel recruitment, military induction, war-affected children, child protection norms, western childhood, cultural adaptation, legal enforcement, domestic legislation, human rights, democratic norms, vulnerable communities, criminalisation, Christine Emily Ryan, Southern Sudanese Civil War cultural relativism, child soldiers, intercultural justice, conflict adaptation, western values, violence against children, international law, supranational legislation, cultural constructs, survival strategies, community protection, necessity recruitment, South Sudan, rebel armies, childhood norms, post-conflict societies, legal enforcement, democratic norms, criminalisation, indigenous practices, child protection, humanitarian intervention, cross-cultural differences, war-affected children, ethics of intervention, customary law cultural relativism, child soldiers, intercultural justice, international legislation, supranational legislation, western values, violence against children, cultural constructs, survival strategies, armed conflict, South Sudan, military recruitment, war-affected communities, protection of children, displacement, vulnerability, democratic norms, legal enforcement, societal adaptation, indigenous practices, community safety, war trauma, western liberal democracies, global governance, Christine Emily Ryan cultural relativism, child soldiers, intercultural justice, conflict adaptation, supranational legislation, children's rights, violence protection, western values, cultural constructs, military recruitment, survival strategies, South Sudan, war-affected communities, legal enforcement, domestic legislation, democratic norms, vulnerable communities, youth militarization, armed conflict, humanitarian law, traditional providers, societal restructuring, social protection, military induction, cultural differences, child protection, war trauma, Christine Emily Ryan, Southern Sudanese Civil War, law versus culture
test-international-epglghbni-con02a	The majority of the inhabitants of Northern Ireland do not support unification  The Good Friday agreement affirmed “That if, in the future, the people of the island of Ireland exercise their right of self-determination … to bring about a united Ireland, it will be a binding obligation on both Governments [UK and Ireland] to introduce and support in their respective Parliaments legislation to give effect to that wish”.* However as yet the Northern Irish do not wish to exercise this right. In a recent survey conducted by The Northern Ireland Life and Times it transpired that, “Overall, 73 per cent believe the long-term policy for the North should be maintaining the union, with 58 per cent supporting devolution and 15 per cent in favour of direct rule. Just 16 per cent want a united Ireland, with 3 per favoring an independent Northern Ireland.” This is not just amongst the Protestant population. The survey also showed that, “just one in three Catholics (33 per cent) wants a united Ireland, while 52 per cent want the North to stay in the UK, with 46 per cent of Catholics happy with the devolved arrangements and 6 per cent favoring a return to direct rule from Westminster.”**  *NIO, 1998,   **Moriarty, 2011, Northern Ireland, unification, Good Friday Agreement, self-determination, unionism, United Kingdom, Republic of Ireland, legislative obligation, Northern Ireland Life and Times Survey, public opinion, devolution, direct rule, united Ireland, independence, Protestant population, Catholic population, survey statistics, NIO 1998, Moriarty 2011, UK government, Irish government, constitutional status, majority opinion Northern Ireland, unification, Good Friday Agreement, self-determination, United Kingdom, Ireland, legislative obligation, public opinion, Northern Ireland Life and Times survey, union support, devolution, direct rule, united Ireland, independent Northern Ireland, Protestant population, Catholic population, NIO 1998, Moriarty 2011, political preferences, referendum, national identity Northern Ireland, unification, Good Friday Agreement, self-determination, United Kingdom, Ireland, legislation, survey, Northern Ireland Life and Times, union, devolution, direct rule, united Ireland, independent Northern Ireland, Protestant, Catholic, public opinion, constitutional status, NIO 1998, Moriarty 2011 Northern Ireland, unification, Good Friday Agreement, self-determination, United Kingdom, Republic of Ireland, survey, Northern Ireland Life and Times, devolution, direct rule, unionism, nationalism, public opinion, Catholic, Protestant, united Ireland, independent Northern Ireland, constitutional status, political attitudes, NIO 1998, Moriarty 2011 Northern Ireland, unification, Good Friday Agreement, self-determination, united Ireland, UK-Ireland relations, public opinion, survey, Northern Ireland Life and Times, union, devolution, direct rule, independent Northern Ireland, Protestant population, Catholic population, political attitudes, constitutional status, referendum, NIO 1998, Moriarty 2011
test-sport-tshbmlbscac-con02a	Collisions are an example of violence that has no place in baseball.  Baseball is not a contact sport. It is not a sport that is supposed to rely on violence. This is one commentator’s point: “if you want to watch violent collisions, you can watch [American] football. Or hockey. Or MMA. There’s no reason baseball needs to have similar kinds of plays; it’s an entirely different sport with a different premise and different rules.” [1]  Baseball tries to make the game safe for its players. That’s why beanballs—pitches that endanger hitters—are disallowed. Baseball should not promote violence, and it certainly shouldn’t allow it when players’ careers hang in the balance.  [1] Dave Cameron, “It’s Time to End Home Plate Collisions,” FanGraphs, May 26, 2011,  . baseball, collisions, violence, contact sport, home plate collisions, player safety, non-contact sport, beanballs, sports injuries, baseball rules, player protection, violent plays, sports commentary, safety regulations, endangerment, Dave Cameron, FanGraphs, sports comparison, football, hockey, MMA baseball, collisions, violence, non-contact sport, safety, player protection, home plate collisions, beanballs, rule enforcement, player injuries, sportsmanship, game safety, anti-violence, commentator opinion, FanGraphs, Dave Cameron baseball, collisions, violence, non-contact sport, safety, home plate collisions, beanballs, injuries, rules, player protection, sportsmanship, disallowed plays, player safety, commentator opinion, promoting violence, American football comparison, hockey comparison, MMA comparison, banning violent plays, FanGraphs, Dave Cameron baseball, collisions, violence, non-contact sport, safety, home plate collisions, beanballs, player safety, disallowed plays, promoting violence, player careers, rule changes, injury prevention, sport rules, FanGraphs, Dave Cameron, banning collisions, baseball safety measures baseball, collisions, violence, non-contact sport, player safety, home plate collisions, beanballs, disallowed plays, sports rules, injury prevention, violent plays, baseball rules, commentator opinion, player protection, baseball safety measures
test-education-pteuhwfphe-pro03a	A graduate tax would make access to higher education fairer and more equitable  A graduate tax would be fairer for everyone in society. Graduates earn considerably more than non-graduates, on average over £100,000 more in a lifetime (Channel 4 News, 2010.), experience lower rates of unemployment and greater job security, they therefore benefit hugely from higher education. They should therefore be expected to pay for the privilege of having an education which has put them in that position rather than having the rest of society fund there degrees, going to university should be an honor and not a privilege. While having a degree is useful it is not necessary for getting on with life, if someone wants to go to university they should have that opportunity regardless of their background but they should be expected to contribute to that education which is why the graduate tax works as students of all social classes can join university, not be loaded with debt and can contribute fiscally when viable. graduate tax, higher education funding, fairness, educational equity, graduate earnings, social mobility, university access, student finance, tuition fees, lifetime income, job security, unemployment rates, social justice, privilege vs right, socioeconomic background, university opportunity, student debt, fiscal contribution, wealth redistribution, educational policy graduate tax, higher education, fairness, equity, social mobility, university funding, graduate earnings, income gap, education privilege, tuition fees, student debt, social justice, access to university, educational opportunity, fiscal contribution, socioeconomic diversity, job security, educational reform, Channel 4 News, lifetime earnings, employment rates, public funding, social classes, education policy, repayment schemes graduate tax, higher education, fairness, equity, tuition fees, social mobility, graduate earnings, education funding, income-based repayment, student debt, university access, social class, lifetime earnings, educational privilege, fiscal contribution, job security, unemployment rates, pay-as-you-earn, student finance, Channel 4 News, debt-free education, university opportunity, educational equity, socioeconomic background graduate tax, higher education, fairness, equity, social mobility, university access, graduate earnings, lifetime income, unemployment rates, job security, education funding, student contribution, educational privilege, tuition alternatives, university debt, fiscal contribution, social classes, educational opportunity, funding models, graduate contribution, Channel 4 News graduate tax, higher education, education funding, fair access, social equity, student finance, university tuition, lifetime earnings, graduate earnings, unemployment rates, job security, educational privilege, student contribution, social class, educational opportunity, student debt, fiscal contribution, equitable education, university access, post-graduation tax
test-environment-assgbatj-pro03a	It isn’t necessary  We don’t know how we will be able to develop new drugs without animal testing until we end it. We now know how most chemicals work, and computer simulations of chemicals are very good.[6] Experimenting on tissue can show how drugs work, without the need for actual animals. Even skin left over from surgery can be experiment on, and being human, is more useful.  The fact that animal research was needed in the past isn’t a good excuse any more. We still have all the advancements from animal testing in the past, but it’s no longer needed. [7] animal testing, drug development, alternatives, computer simulations, tissue experimentation, in vitro testing, human tissue, chemical analysis, ethical research, medical research, non-animal methods, past advancements, necessity of animal testing, biomedical research, scientific progress, surgical tissue, animal research ethics animal testing alternatives, drug development, computer simulations, in vitro testing, tissue experimentation, human tissue research, surgical tissue research, advancements from animal testing, necessity of animal research, ethical drug research, non-animal methods, chemical testing, biomedical research ethics, historical animal research, computer models in pharmacology, alternatives to animal experimentation animal testing, alternatives, drug development, computer simulations, chemical testing, tissue experimentation, human tissue, surgical skin, animal research, historical necessity, scientific advancements, ethical considerations, in vitro methods, non-animal models, medical research alternatives animal testing, alternatives, drug development, computer simulations, tissue experimentation, human tissue, chemical testing, surgical leftovers, ethical research, non-animal methods, biomedical research alternatives, in vitro testing, past advancements, animal-free research, modern drug discovery, animal research necessity animal testing, drug development, alternatives, computer simulations, tissue experimentation, in vitro testing, human tissue, organ-on-chip, ethical research, chemical mechanisms, medical advancements, surgical leftovers, animal research history, replacement methods, non-animal models, biomedical research, pharmacological testing, scientific progress, laboratory techniques, human-based research
test-philosophy-pppthbtcb-pro04a	Terrorism is relative  The definition of terrorism depends very much upon your point of view - the proposition does not need to defend every atrocity against innocent civilians to argue that terrorism is sometimes justified. A broad definition would say terrorism was the use of violence for political ends by any group which breaks the Geneva Conventions (which govern actions between armies in wartime) or ignores generally accepted concepts of human rights. Under such a broad definition, states and their armed forces could be accused of terrorism. So could many resistance groups in wartime or freedom fighters struggling against dictatorships, as well as participants in civil wars - all irregular groups outside the scope of the Geneva Conventions.  A narrower definition would say that terrorism was the use of violence against innocent civilians to achieve a political end. Such a definition would allow freedom fighters and resistance groups with a legitimate grievance to use force against dictatorship and occupation, providing they only targeted the troops and other agents of oppression. Yet even this tight definition has grey areas - what if the soldiers being targeted are reluctant conscripts? Are not civilian settlers in occupied territories legitimate targets as agents of oppression? What about their children? Doesn't it make a difference if civilians are armed or unarmed? Don't civil servants such as teachers and doctors count as agents of an occupying or oppressive state?  There will always be grey areas that might be justified, under the broader definition most armed forces in history could be accused of terrorism particularly acts such as the bombing of cities during World War II. While under the narrower definition the various resisitance groups during the same war would count. Perhaps at a half way house would be independence movements including the American Revolution. terrorism, definition, relativity, political violence, Geneva Conventions, human rights, state terrorism, resistance groups, freedom fighters, civil wars, irregular groups, broad definition, narrow definition, violence against civilians, legitimate grievance, dictatorship, occupation, agents of oppression, reluctant conscripts, civilian settlers, legitimacy, civilian targets, grey areas, armed civilians, unarmed civilians, civil servants, teachers, doctors, historical examples, city bombing, World War II, independence movements, American Revolution, moral justification, international law, ethical dilemmas terrorism, definition, relativity, political violence, Geneva Conventions, human rights, state terrorism, resistance groups, freedom fighters, civil war, wartime, atrocities, justification, innocent civilians, legitimacy, dictatorship, occupation, armed forces, irregular groups, narrow definition, broad definition, targeted violence, conscripts, civilian settlers, agents of oppression, civilian targets, grey areas, legitimate grievance, independence movements, American Revolution, World War II, bombing cities, civil servants, ethical dilemmas, moral ambiguity terrorism, definition, relativity, point of view, justified terrorism, political violence, Geneva Conventions, human rights, state terrorism, resistance groups, freedom fighters, civil wars, irregular groups, narrow definition, violence against civilians, political ends, legitimate grievances, dictatorship, occupation, targeting troops, agents of oppression, grey areas, reluctant conscripts, civilian settlers, occupied territories, armed civilians, unarmed civilians, civil servants, teachers, doctors, occupying state, oppressive state, bombing cities, World War II, historical perspective, independence movements, American Revolution, ethical justification, legitimacy, wartime actions terrorism, definition, relativity, political violence, Geneva Conventions, human rights, states, armed forces, resistance groups, freedom fighters, civil wars, irregular groups, wartime, atrocities, innocent civilians, justification, broad definition, narrow definition, occupation, dictatorship, legitimate grievance, force, oppression, conscripts, settlers, civilian targets, armed civilians, unarmed civilians, civil servants, teachers, doctors, occupying state, grey areas, World War II, city bombing, American Revolution, independence movements, moral ambiguity, perspective, legitimacy terrorism, relativism, definition of terrorism, political violence, Geneva Conventions, human rights, state terrorism, resistance groups, freedom fighters, civil wars, irregular groups, civilian targets, political ends, atrocity justification, dictatorship, occupation, legitimacy, grey areas, conscripts, civilian settlers, armed civilians, oppression agents, civil servants, teachers, doctors, occupying state, historical context, World War II, city bombing, independence movements, American Revolution
test-economy-bhahwbsps-con01a	This ban would be difficult to enforce.  Given the popularity of smoking, a ban on smoking in all enclosed public places would be difficult to enforce, requiring constant vigilance by many police officers or security cameras. It has been reported that smoking bans are not being enforced in Yakima, Washington 1, Atlantic City2, Berlin 3and other places. In New York City, the major has said that the New York Police Department (NYPD) are too busy to enforce the ban on smoking in their parks and on their beaches, and that the job will be left to citizens4.  1. Guenthner, Hayley, 'Smoking Ban Difficult to Enforce in Yakima', KIMA TV, 1 April 2011,   2. Sajor, Stephanie, 'Smoking Ban Not Enforced at Atlantic City Casinos', ThirdAge.com, 25 April 2011,   3. AFP, 'Smoking Ban not Enforced in Parts of Germany', Spiegel Online, 2 July 2008,   4. 'NYC Smoking Ban In Parks Will Not Be Enforced By NYPD: Mayor', Huffington Post, 2 November 2011, smoking ban enforcement, public smoking bans, compliance challenges, enforcement difficulties, police resources, security cameras, Yakima smoking ban, Atlantic City casinos smoking, Berlin smoking ban, Germany smoking regulation, New York City smoking ban, NYPD smoking enforcement, citizen enforcement, policy implementation, public health regulation, smoking ban violations, case studies, urban smoking laws, smoking ban resistance, law enforcement priorities smoking ban, enforcement challenges, public places, compliance, police resources, security cameras, Yakima, Washington, Atlantic City, Berlin, New York City, NYPD, citizen enforcement, noncompliance, public health policy, smoking regulations, urban enforcement, law enforcement, smoking restrictions, policy implementation, case studies, media reports, municipal enforcement, smoking in parks, smoking on beaches, local government, policy effectiveness smoking ban enforcement, smoking in public places, enforcement challenges, compliance issues, law enforcement resources, police involvement, security cameras, Yakima smoking ban, Atlantic City casinos smoking ban, Berlin smoking ban, New York City smoking ban, NYPD, noncompliance, public health laws, citizen enforcement, smoking ban difficulties, smoking legislation, urban smoking bans, unenforced public policies, smoking regulations smoking ban, enforcement difficulties, public places, smoking enforcement, police vigilance, security cameras, Yakima, Washington, Atlantic City, Berlin, New York City, NYPD, noncompliance, public policy, law enforcement, citizen enforcement, smoke-free laws, case studies, implementation challenges, urban smoking bans, failure to enforce, local government, public health policy smoking ban, enforcement, public places, compliance, police, security cameras, Yakima, Atlantic City, Berlin, New York City, NYPD, challenges, difficulties, citizen enforcement, smoking regulations, noncompliance, smoking laws, policy implementation, public health, urban areas, case studies, failed enforcement, international comparison, law enforcement, smoking ban effectiveness
test-law-lgplhbssbco-con03a	We are all dying  Death is an inevitable fact of life. We will all die. Suicide is therefore not a matter of choosing between life and death per se, but of choosing the time and manner of death one wishes. We would all prefer a painless death over a slow and agonising one, and it is better to be able to prepare oneself and if possible anyone else who will be affected, so why should the difference between the two be a matter of luck and not one of choice? inevitability of death, philosophy of death, suicide ethics, choice in dying, painless death, agonizing death, death preparation, autonomy in death, euthanasia, end-of-life decisions, existential questions, mortality, quality of death, right to die, self-determination, dying with dignity, preparing for death, conscious dying, death choice, individual agency death, inevitability, mortality, suicide, life and death, choice, end-of-life, euthanasia, painless death, agonizing death, autonomy, preparation for death, dying process, quality of death, personal choice, ethical issues, death planning, right to die, terminal illness, compassionate death, suffering, philosophical questions death, dying, inevitability, suicide, life and death, mortality, euthanasia, end-of-life choices, painless death, suffering, quality of death, autonomy, right to die, death preparation, assisted suicide, terminal illness, control over death, moral implications, ethical considerations, choice of death death, inevitability, dying, suicide, choice, end-of-life, painless death, suffering, agonizing death, euthanasia, assisted suicide, autonomy, mortality, preparing for death, quality of death, ethical considerations, control over death, timing of death, manner of death, death preparation, right to die, dignity in dying death, inevitability, dying, suicide, choice, end-of-life, painless death, agonizing death, euthanasia, assisted suicide, self-determination, mortality, dying with dignity, choosing death, timing of death, manner of death, preparation for death, philosophical perspectives, quality of death, right to die, autonomy, luck vs choice, ethical considerations, fate, life and death decisions
test-science-eassgbatj-con02a	People will die if we don’t do animal testing  Every year, 23 new drugs are introduced in the UK alone.[13] Almost all will be tested on animals. A new drug will be used for a long time. Think of all the people saved by the use of penicillin. If drugs cost more to test, that means drug companies will develop less. This means more people suffering and dying animal testing, drug development, drug safety, human health, new drugs, UK, penicillin, pharmaceutical testing, drug costs, drug companies, medical research, life-saving medicine, clinical trials, ethical issues, public health, drug approval, animal research, mortality, suffering, innovation, medicine access animal testing, drug development, drug safety, medical research, UK drugs, new drugs, penicillin, pharmaceutical testing, drug approval, cost of testing, human survival, public health, mortality, drug company economics, research ethics, life-saving drugs, animal research, suffering prevention, clinical trials, medicine advancement animal testing, drug development, drug safety, UK, new drugs, human survival, penicillin, pharmaceutical research, drug costs, drug companies, medical testing, ethics, public health, medical innovation, life-saving drugs, medicine approval, animal experiments, clinical trials, suffering prevention, mortality, healthcare, regulation animal testing, drug development, human safety, new drugs, UK, drug testing, penicillin, pharmaceutical companies, drug cost, medical research, public health, drug approval, lifesaving drugs, mortality, suffering, ethics, drug regulation, clinical trials, animal research, medicine approval animal testing, drug development, new drugs, UK, penicillin, drug safety, drug testing, human survival, pharmaceutical research, drug costs, public health, medical ethics, animal research, clinical trials, life-saving drugs, drug regulation, suffering, mortality, medicine approval, drug companies
test-international-aegmeppghw-pro04a	Any country that fulfils the accession criteria should be allowed to join  Turkey was promised a chance to join the EU by a unanimous vote at the Helsinki summit in 1999, when its candidacy was unanimously accepted after three decades of consistent Turkish requests. As a candidate country Turkey should be allowed in once it meets the membership criteria which were first set out in the Copenhagen European Council of 1993. These were stability of institutions guaranteeing democracy, the rule of law, human rights and respect for and protection of minorities, the existence of a functioning market economy as well as the capacity to cope with competitive pressure and market forces within the Union and the ability to take on the obligations of membership including adherence to the aims of political, economic & monetary union. [1] Clearly economic and political reforms are necessary, but that is true of all states attempting to join the EU and should not be used as an excuse to backtrack now. It would be hypocritical to apply one set of criteria to Central and Eastern European states and another to Turkey. Such blatant hypocrisy would have consequences, if the EU is seen to break its promise to Turkey it may turn a potential friend and partner into a suspicious and hostile neighbour.  [1]  European Commission Enlargement, Accession criteria, 30th October 2010 Turkey, EU accession, accession criteria, Copenhagen criteria, Helsinki summit 1999, European Union membership, candidate country, democracy, rule of law, human rights, protection of minorities, market economy, economic reforms, political reforms, enlargement, Central and Eastern Europe, European Commission, EU promises, hypocrisy, membership obligations, stability of institutions, political union, economic union, monetary union, EU-Turkey relations Turkey, European Union, EU accession, accession criteria, Helsinki summit 1999, Copenhagen criteria, candidate country, democracy, rule of law, human rights, minority protection, market economy, political reforms, economic reforms, EU enlargement, membership criteria, integration, Central and Eastern Europe, EU promises, hypocrisy, EU-Turkey relations, European Commission, enlargement policy, political union, economic union, monetary union, institutional stability, EU obligations, competitive market, EU membership EU enlargement, accession criteria, Turkey EU membership, Copenhagen criteria, Helsinki summit 1999, democracy, rule of law, human rights, minority protection, market economy, political reforms, economic reforms, EU-Turkey relations, European Union promises, membership obligations, Central and Eastern Europe, EU candidacy, discrimination, European Commission, political union, economic union, monetary union, hypocrisy EU, candidate countries, stability of institutions, competitive pressure, EU accession process Turkey, EU accession, enlargement, candidacy, Helsinki summit 1999, Copenhagen criteria, democracy, rule of law, human rights, minority protection, market economy, political reforms, economic reforms, European Union, membership criteria, double standards, Central and Eastern Europe, EU promises, European Commission enlargement, accession process, EU-Turkey relations, institutional stability, political union, economic union, monetary union, EU obligations, EU credibility Turkey, EU accession, accession criteria, Helsinki summit 1999, Copenhagen criteria 1993, democracy, rule of law, human rights, protection of minorities, functioning market economy, EU membership, political reforms, economic reforms, Central and Eastern Europe, EU-Turkey relations, European Commission Enlargement, membership obligations, EU promises, discrimination, political union, economic union, monetary union, candidate country, European Council
test-sport-aastshsrqsar-pro02a	Broadening participation  The talent pool in South African rugby is not as racially diverse as one would expect from the “Rainbow Nation” – some commentators have argued that England and France produce more top level black players than South Africa [1] . This is because top level players are a result of development from the grassroots up.  Targets or quotas could not only improve the talent pool of today, but could broaden it for the future. A new generation of youth across all races in South Africa would be able to see that rugby union is a sport that accepts people from their backgrounds, making them more likely to participate in rugby union, either as players, coaches, referees or as a general part of the rugby fraternity.  [1] Blackwell, James, ‘South African Rugby Quotas – Right or Wrong?’, Sporting Mad, 16 September 2013, South African rugby, racial diversity, talent pool, broadening participation, grassroots development, rugby quotas, racial quotas, transformation, youth inclusion, black players, rugby union, sports inclusion, representation, England, France, South Africa, diversity targets, racial representation, player development, rugby fraternity, coaching diversity, refereeing diversity, sporting integration, inclusion policy, transformation policy South African rugby, racial diversity, talent pool, grassroots development, participation, quotas, targets, black players, England, France, youth development, inclusion, rugby union, representation, sport diversity, transformation, player development, coaching diversity, referee diversity, rugby fraternity, Rainbow Nation South African rugby, racial diversity, talent pool, grassroots development, quotas, participation, inclusion, youth engagement, rugby union, racial representation, sports diversity, development programs, black players, Rainbow Nation, sporting quotas, social integration, rugby fraternity, coaching diversity, referee diversity, sports policy, representation, England, France, transformation in sports South African rugby, racial diversity, talent pool, grassroots development, participation, quotas, targets, rugby union, youth inclusion, racial representation, player development, England, France, black players, sports diversity, accessibility, coaches, referees, rugby fraternity, Rainbow Nation, social integration, sporting policy, rugby quotas, sports equality, James Blackwell, Sporting Mad, rugby development, future talent, inclusivity, representation, South Africa South African rugby, racial diversity, talent pool, grassroots development, quotas, participation targets, rugby union, inclusion, black players, England rugby, France rugby, youth participation, diversity in sports, rugby development, representation, affirmative action, sports policy, racial integration, sports quotas, future talent, social inclusion, rugby fraternity, coaching diversity, refereeing diversity, athlete development, Rainbow Nation
test-environment-aeghhgwpe-pro03a	Vegetarianism is healthier  There are significant health benefits to 'going veggie'; a vegetarian diet contains high quantities of fibre, vitamins, and minerals, and is low in fat. (A vegan diet is even better since eggs and dairy products are high in cholesterol.) The risk of contracting many forms of cancer is increased by eating meat: in 1996 the American Cancer Society recommended that red meat should be excluded from the diet entirely. Eating meat also increases the risk of heart disease - vegetables contain no cholesterol, which can build up to cause blocked arteries in meat-eaters. An American study found out that: “that men in the highest quintile of red-meat consumption — those who ate about 5 oz. of red meat a day, roughly the equivalent of a small steak had a 31% higher risk of death over a 10-year period than men in the lowest-consumption quintile, who ate less than 1 oz. of red meat per day, or approximately three slices of corned beef.” [1] A vegetarian diet reduces the risk for chronic degenerative diseases such as obesity, high blood pressure, diabetes and types of cancer including colon, breast, stomach, and lung cancer because of it's low fat/cholesterol content. There are plenty of vegetarian sources of protein, such as beans and bean curd; and spinach is one of the best sources of iron.  [1] Tiffany Sharples, ‘The Growing Case Against Red Meat’, Time, 23rd March 2009 vegetarianism, vegetarian diet, health benefits, fibre, vitamins, minerals, low fat, vegan diet, eggs, dairy, cholesterol, cancer risk, American Cancer Society, red meat, heart disease, blocked arteries, mortality, chronic degenerative diseases, obesity, high blood pressure, diabetes, colon cancer, breast cancer, stomach cancer, lung cancer, protein sources, beans, bean curd, spinach, iron, American study, Tiffany Sharples, Time magazine vegetarianism, vegetarian diet, health benefits, fiber, vitamins, minerals, low fat, vegan diet, eggs, dairy, cholesterol, meat, cancer risk, American Cancer Society, red meat, heart disease, blocked arteries, study, mortality, chronic diseases, obesity, high blood pressure, diabetes, colon cancer, breast cancer, stomach cancer, lung cancer, protein sources, beans, bean curd, tofu, spinach, iron, Sharples, Time magazine, 2009 vegetarianism, health benefits, fibre, vitamins, minerals, low fat, vegan diet, cholesterol, eggs, dairy products, cancer risk, red meat, American Cancer Society, heart disease, blocked arteries, American study, red-meat consumption, mortality risk, chronic degenerative diseases, obesity, high blood pressure, diabetes, colon cancer, breast cancer, stomach cancer, lung cancer, protein sources, beans, bean curd, spinach, iron, Tiffany Sharples, Time magazine vegetarianism, vegetarian diet, vegan diet, health benefits, fibre, vitamins, minerals, low fat, cholesterol, cancer risk, red meat, American Cancer Society, heart disease, blocked arteries, mortality risk, chronic disease, obesity, high blood pressure, diabetes, colon cancer, breast cancer, stomach cancer, lung cancer, protein sources, beans, tofu, iron, spinach, Sharples, red meat consumption, meat-eaters, longevity, plant-based diet vegetarianism, vegetarian diet, vegan diet, health benefits, fiber, vitamins, minerals, low fat, cholesterol, cancer risk, American Cancer Society, red meat, heart disease, blocked arteries, mortality, chronic diseases, obesity, high blood pressure, diabetes, colon cancer, breast cancer, stomach cancer, lung cancer, protein sources, beans, tofu, bean curd, spinach, iron, plant-based diet, meat consumption, diet and health, Time Magazine article, Tiffany Sharples