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#### Jawaban: D Di dalam function, kita membuat sebuah variabel `name` dan variabel tersebut di deklarasikan menggunakan `var`. Artinya variable tersebut di hoisting (dalam fase pembuatan ini menggunakan memory penyimpanan) dengan isi standar-nya `undefined`, saat javascript mengeksekusi baris code pembuatan variabel-nya. variabel `name` isinya masih undefined, jadi isi dari variabel tersebut `undefined` Mendeklarasikan varibel menggunakan `let` (dan `const`) juga terkena hoisting, tidak seperti `var`, variabel declaration `let` dan `const` tidak ditentukan isi standar-nya. `let` dan `const` tidak bisa diakses sebelum di tentukan dulu isi-nya. Kejadian ini disebut "temporal dead zone". Saat kita mencoba memanggil variabel yang belum ditentukan isi-nya, Javascript mengeluarkan error `ReferenceError`.
#### Jawaban: C Karena antrean peristiwa di JavaScript, fungsi callback `setTimeout` disebut _after_ loop telah dijalankan. Karena variabel `i` di loop pertama dideklarasikan menggunakan kata kunci` var`, nilai ini adalah global. Selama perulangan, kita menambah nilai `i` sebesar `1` setiap kali, menggunakan operator unary` ++ `. Pada saat fungsi callback `setTimeout` dipanggil,` i` sama dengan `3` di contoh pertama. Pada perulangan kedua, variabel `i` dideklarasikan menggunakan kata kunci` let`: variabel yang dideklarasikan dengan kata kunci `let` (dan` const`) memiliki cakupan blok (blok adalah apa saja di antara `{}`). Selama setiap iterasi, `i` akan memiliki nilai baru, dan setiap nilai dicakup di dalam loop.
#### Jawaban: B Perhatikan pada nilai 'diameter' adalah fungsi biasa, sedangkan nilai 'perimeter' yaitu fungsi panah. Dengan fungsi panah, kata kunci 'this' merujuk ke cakupan sekitarnya saat ini, tidak seperti fungsi biasa. Ini berarti bahwa ketika kita memanggil 'perimeter' itu tidak mengacu pada objek bentuk, tetapi pada lingkup sekitarnya. Tidak ada nilai 'radius' pada objek itu, yang mengembalikan 'tidak ditentukan'.
#### Jawaban: A Tia unary plus mencoba mengonversi operan menjadi angka. `true` adalah` 1`, dan `false` adalah` 0`. String "'Lydia'` adalah nilai yang benar. Apa yang sebenarnya kami tanyakan adalah "apakah nilai kebenaran ini salah?". Ini mengembalikan `salah`.
#### Jawaban: A Pada JavaScript, semua kunci objek adalah string (kecuali jika itu berupa Simbol). Meskipun kita mungkin tidak mengetiknya sebagai string, tetap saja mereka selalu berubah menjadi string didalamnya. JavaScript menginterpretasikan (atau membuka) pernyataan-pernyataan. Saat kita menggunakan notasi kurung siku, ia melihat kurung buka pertama `[` dan terus berjalan sampai menemukan kurung tutup `]`. Baru setelah itu akan mengevaluasi pernyataannya. `mouse[bird.size]`: Pertama, ini mengevaluasi `bird.size`, yang mana `"small"`. `mouse["small"]` mengembalikan nilai `true`. Namun, dengan notasi dot (.), hal ini tidak terjadi. `mouse` tidak memiliki kunci dengan nama `bird`, yang menyebabkan `mouse.bird` bernilai `undefined`. Kemudian, kita meminta `size` untuk menggunakan notasi dot (.): `mouse.bird.size`. Kita mengetahui bahwa `mouse.bird` bernilai `undefined`, yang sebenarnya kita minta adalah `undefined.size`. Yang mana hal ini tidak valid, dan akan memunculkan kesalahan yang mirip dengan `Cannot read property "size" of undefined`.
#### Jawaban: A
Dalam JavaScript, semua objek berinteraksi dengan _reference_ saat menyetelnya agar sama satu sama lain.
Pertama, variabel `c` menyimpan nilai ke sebuah objek. Nanti, kita menetapkan `d` dengan referensi yang sama yang dimiliki` c` ke objek.
Saat Anda mengubah satu objek, Anda mengubah semuanya.
#### Jawaban: C `new Number()` adalah konstruktor fungsi bawaan pada JavaScript. Meskipun hasilnya terlihat seperti integer, namun sebenarnya itu bukan integer: aslinya memiliki banyak fitur tambahan dan merupakan sebuah objek. Saat kita menggunakan operator `==`, hal ini hanya akan memeriksa bahwa keduanya memiliki nilai yang sama. Pada kasus ini kedua variabel tersebut memiliki nilai yang sama, yaitu `3`, maka akan mengembalikan nilai `true`. Namun, saat kita menggunakan operator `===`, operator ini memeriksa bahwa kedua variabel memiliki nilai dan tipe yang sama. Bagaimanapun: `new Number()` bukanlah sebuah integer, ini adalah sebuah **object**. Keduanya akan mengembalikan nilai `false.`
#### Jawaban: D Fungsi `colorChange` adalah statis. Metode statis dirancang hanya dapat aktif pada kontruktor dimana fungsi itu dibuat, dan tidak bisa dibawa ke-turunannya. Kita tahu bahwa `freddie` adalah sebuah turunan, maka fungsi itu tidak bisa turun, dan tidak tersedia pada instance `freddie`: sebuah pesan `TypeError` akan dikembalikan
#### Jawaban: A Ini mencatat objek, karena kita baru saja membuat objek kosong di objek global! Saat kita salah mengetik `greeting` sebagai` greetign`, interpreter JS sebenarnya melihat ini sebagai `global.greetign = {}` (atau `window.greetign = {}` di browser). Untuk menghindari hal ini, kita bisa menggunakan `" use strict "`. Ini memastikan bahwa Anda telah mendeklarasikan variabel sebelum menetapkannya dengan apa pun.
#### Jawaban: A Ini dimungkinkan dalam JavaScript, karena fungsi adalah objek! (Segala sesuatu selain tipe primitif adalah objek) Fungsi adalah jenis objek khusus. Kode yang Anda tulis sendiri bukanlah fungsi sebenarnya. Fungsinya adalah objek dengan properti. Properti ini tidak dapat dipanggil.
#### Jawaban: A Anda tidak dapat menambahkan properti ke constructor seperti yang Anda lakukan dengan objek biasa. Jika Anda ingin menambahkan fitur ke semua objek sekaligus, Anda harus menggunakan prototipe sebagai gantinya. Jadi dalam kasus ini: ```js Person.prototype.getFullName = function() { return `${this.firstName} ${this.lastName}`; }; ``` Akan membuat `member.getFullName()` berfungsi. Mengapa ini bermanfaat? Katakanlah kita menambahkan metode ini ke konstruktor itu sendiri. Mungkin tidak setiap instance `Person` membutuhkan metode ini. Ini akan membuang banyak ruang memori, karena mereka masih memiliki properti itu, yang mengambil ruang memori untuk setiap instance. Sebaliknya, jika kita hanya menambahkannya ke prototipe, kita hanya memilikinya di satu tempat di memori, namun mereka semua memiliki akses ke sana!
#### Jawaban: A Pada `sarah`, kita tidak menggunakan kata kunci `new`. Saat menggunakan `new`, Ini mengacu pada object kosong yang kita buat. Namun, jika Anda tidak menambahkan `new` ini merujuk pada **global object**! Kita tahu bahwa `this.firstName` setara dengan `"Sarah"` dan `this.lastName` sama dengan `"Smith"`. Apa yang sebenarnya kami lakukan adalah mendefinisikan `global.firstName = 'Sarah'` dan `global.lastName = 'Smith'`. `sarah` sendiri dibiarkan `undefined`, karena kita tidak mengembalikan nilai dari fungsi `Person`.
#### Jawaban: D
Selama fase **capturing**, event melewati elemen ancestor hingga ke elemen target. Kemudian mencapai element **target**, dan **bubbling** dimulai.
#### Jawaban: B Semua objek memiliki prototypes, kecuali **objek dasar**. Objek dasar adalah objek yang dibuat oleh pengguna, atau objek yang dibuat dengan menggunakan kata kunci `baru`. Objek dasar memiliki akses ke beberapa metode dan properti, seperti `.toString`. Inilah alasan mengapa Anda dapat menggunakan metode JavaScript bawaan! Semua metode tersebut tersedia di prototipe. Meskipun JavaScript tidak dapat menemukannya secara langsung di objek Anda, JavaScript berada di rantai prototipe dan menemukannya di sana, yang membuatnya dapat diakses untuk Anda.
#### Jawaban: C JavaScript adalah **Bahasa yang bersifat dinamis**: yang tidak menentukan jenis variabel tertentu. Values dapat secara otomatis diubah menjadi jenis lain tanpa Anda sadari, yang disebut _implicit type coercion_. **Coercion** adalah mengubah dari satu jenis ke jenis lainnya. Pada contoh ini, JavaScript mengubah number `1` menjadi sebuah string, agar fungsi tersebut masuk akal dan mengembalikan nilai. Selama penambahan tipe numerik (`1`) dan tipe string (`'2'`), angka tersebut diperlakukan sebagai string. Kita bisa menggabungkan string seperti `"Hello" + "World"`, jadi yang terjadi di sini adalah `"1" + "2"` yang mengembalikan `"12"`.
#### Jawaban: C **Akhiran** operator unary `++`: 1. Mengembalikan nilai (ini mengembalikan `0`) 2. Menambahkan nilai (angkanya sekarang `1`) **Awalan** operator unary `++`: 1. Menambah nilai (angkanya sekarang `2`) 2. Mengembalikan nilai (ini mengembalikan `2`) Ini mengembalikan `0 2 2`.
#### Jawaban: B Jika Anda menggunakan literal template yang diberi tag, nilai argumen pertama selalu berupa array bernilai string. Argumen yang tersisa mendapatkan nilai dari ekspresi yang diteruskan!
#### Jawaban: C Saat menguji persamaan, primitif dibandingkan dengan nilainya, sedangkan objek dibandingkan dengan referensinya. JavaScript memeriksa apakah objek memiliki referensi ke lokasi yang sama di memori. Dua objek yang kita bandingkan tidak memiliki itu: objek yang kita lewati sebagai parameter merujuk ke lokasi yang berbeda dalam memori dari objek yang kita gunakan untuk memeriksa persamaan. Inilah mengapa `{age: 18} === {age: 18}` dan `{age: 18} == {age: 18}` mengembalikan nilai `false`.
#### Jawaban: C Parameter sisanya (`... args`.) Memungkinkan kita "mengumpulkan" semua argumen yang tersisa ke dalam sebuah array. Array adalah sebuah objek, jadi `typeof args` mengembalikan "objek"
#### Jawaban: C Dengan `" use strict "`, Anda dapat memastikan bahwa Anda tidak mendeklarasikan variabel global secara tidak sengaja. Kita tidak pernah mendeklarasikan variabel `age`, dan karena kita menggunakan `" use strict "`, ini akan memunculkan kesalahan referensi. Jika kita tidak menggunakan `" use strict "`, ini akan berhasil, karena properti `age` akan ditambahkan ke objek global.
#### Jawaban: A `eval` mengevaluasi kode yang berlalu sebagai string. Jika itu adalah ekspresi, seperti dalam kasus ini, itu mengevaluasi ekspresi. Ungkapannya adalah `10 * 10 + 5`. Ini kembali nomor `105`.
#### Jawaban: B Data yang disimpan di `sessionStorage` akan dihapus setelah menutup _tab_. Jika anda menggunakan `localStorage`, data tersebut akan tersimpan selamanya, kecuali misalnya _method_ `localStorage.clear()` dipanggil.
#### Jawaban: B Dengan kata kunci `var`, anda dapat menyatakan beberapa variabel dengan nama yang sama. Variabelnya akan memegang nilai terakhir. Anda tidak dapat melakukan ini dengan `let` atau `const` karena mereka block-scoped.
#### Jawaban: C All object keys (excluding Symbols) are strings under the hood, even if you don't type it yourself as a string. This is why `obj.hasOwnProperty('1')` also returns true. It doesn't work that way for a set. There is no `'1'` in our set: `set.has('1')` returns `false`. It has the numeric type `1`, `set.has(1)` returns `true`.
#### Jawaban: C Jika anda memiliki dua kunci dengan nama yang sama, kunci akan diganti. Ini masih dalam posisi pertama, tetapi dengan nilai terakhir yang ditentukan.
#### Jawaban: A The base execution context is the global execution context: it's what's accessible everywhere in your code.
#### Jawaban: C Pernyataan `continue` melewatkan iterasi jika kondisi tertentu mengembalikan `true`.
#### Jawaban: A `String` adalah konstruksi dibangun, yang dapat kita tambahkan properti ke. Aku hanya menambahkan metode ke prototipe. String primitif string secara otomatis dikonversi menjadi objek string, dihasilkan oleh fungsi prototipe string. Jadi, semua string (objek string) memiliki akses ke metode itu!
#### Jawaban: B Object keys are automatically converted into strings. We are trying to set an object as a key to object `a`, with the value of `123`. However, when we stringify an object, it becomes `"[object Object]"`. So what we are saying here, is that `a["object Object"] = 123`. Then, we can try to do the same again. `c` is another object that we are implicitly stringifying. So then, `a["object Object"] = 456`. Then, we log `a[b]`, which is actually `a["object Object"]`. We just set that to `456`, so it returns `456`.
#### Jawaban: B
Kami memiliki fungsi `setTimeout` dan dimohonkan terlebih dahulu. Namun, itu login terakhir.
Hal ini karena di browsers, kita tidak hanya memiliki mesin waktu runtime, kita juga memiliki sesuatu yang disebut `WebAPI`. `WebAPI` memberi kita fungsi `setTimeout`, dan misalnya DOM.
Setelah _callback_ (panggilan balik) didorong ke WebAPI, fungsi `setTimeout` itu sendiri (tetapi tidak panggilan balik) muncul dari tumpukan.
Sekarang, `foo` mendapat hambatan, dan `"First"` yang login.
`foo` yang muncul dari tumpukan, dan `baz` mendapat perantara. `"Third"` akan login.
WebAPI tidak bisa hanya menambahkan barang-barang ke tumpukan setiap kali siap. Sebaliknya, ia mendorong fungsi panggilan balik ke sesuatu yang disebut _queue_ (antrian).
Di sinilah serangkaian acara mulai bekerja. Sebuah **event loop** (putaran kejadian/peristiwa) melihat tumpukan dan antrian tugas. Jika tumpukan kosong, itu mengambil hal pertama pada antrian dan mendorong ke tumpukan.
`bar` bisa dipanggil, `"Second"` akan login, dan itu muncul dari tumpukan.
#### Jawaban: C The deepest nested element that caused the event is the target of the event. You can stop bubbling by `event.stopPropagation`
Click here!
#### Jawaban: A If we click `p`, we see two logs: `p` and `div`. During event propagation, there are 3 phases: capturing, target, and bubbling. By default, event handlers are executed in the bubbling phase (unless you set `useCapture` to `true`). It goes from the deepest nested element outwards.
#### Jawaban: D With both, we can pass the object to which we want the `this` keyword to refer to. However, `.call` is also _executed immediately_! `.bind.` returns a _copy_ of the function, but with a bound context! It is not executed immediately.
#### Jawaban: B The `sayHi` function returns the returned value of the immediately invoked function (IIFE). This function returned `0`, which is type `"number"`. FYI: there are only 7 built-in types: `null`, `undefined`, `boolean`, `number`, `string`, `object`, `symbol`, and `bigint`. `"function"` is not a type, since functions are objects, it's of type `"object"`.
#### Jawaban: A Hanya ada enam nilai yang salah: - `undefined` - `null` - `NaN` - `0` - `''` (string kosong) - `false` Konstruktor fungsi, seperti Number baru dan Boolean baru, benar.
#### Jawaban: B `typeof 1` returns `"number"`. `typeof "number"` returns `"string"`
#### Jawaban: C Saat Anda menyetel nilai ke elemen dalam larik yang melebihi panjang larik, JavaScript membuat sesuatu yang disebut "slot kosong". Ini sebenarnya memiliki nilai `tidak terdefinisi`, tetapi Anda akan melihat sesuatu seperti: `[1, 2, 3, 7 x empty, 11]` tergantung di mana Anda menjalankannya (berbeda untuk setiap browser, node, dll.)
#### Jawaban: A The `catch` block receives the argument `x`. This is not the same `x` as the variable when we pass arguments. This variable `x` is block-scoped. Later, we set this block-scoped variable equal to `1`, and set the value of the variable `y`. Now, we log the block-scoped variable `x`, which is equal to `1`. Outside of the `catch` block, `x` is still `undefined`, and `y` is `2`. When we want to `console.log(x)` outside of the `catch` block, it returns `undefined`, and `y` returns `2`.
#### Jawaban: A JavaScript only has primitive types and objects. Primitive types are `boolean`, `null`, `undefined`, `bigint`, `number`, `string`, and `symbol`. What differentiates a primitive from an object is that primitives do not have any properties or methods; however, you'll note that `'foo'.toUpperCase()` evaluates to `'FOO'` and does not result in a `TypeError`. This is because when you try to access a property or method on a primitive like a string, JavaScript will implicitly wrap the object using one of the wrapper classes, i.e. `String`, and then immediately discard the wrapper after the expression evaluates. All primitives except for `null` and `undefined` exhibit this behaviour.
#### Jawaban: C `[1, 2]` is our initial value. This is the value we start with, and the value of the very first `acc`. During the first round, `acc` is `[1,2]`, and `cur` is `[0, 1]`. We concatenate them, which results in `[1, 2, 0, 1]`. Then, `[1, 2, 0, 1]` is `acc` and `[2, 3]` is `cur`. We concatenate them, and get `[1, 2, 0, 1, 2, 3]`
#### Jawaban: B `null` is falsy. `!null` returns `true`. `!true` returns `false`. `""` is falsy. `!""` returns `true`. `!true` returns `false`. `1` is truthy. `!1` returns `false`. `!false` returns `true`.
#### Jawaban: A Itu adalah mengembalikan sebuah id unik. id unik dapat digunakan untuk menghapus interval dengan menggunakan fungsi clearInterval()
#### Jawaban: A Sebuah string adalah iterable. Operator memetakan setiap karakter dari sebuah iterable ke dalam satu elemen.
#### Jawaban: C Regular functions cannot be stopped mid-way after invocation. However, a generator function can be "stopped" midway, and later continue from where it stopped. Every time a generator function encounters a `yield` keyword, the function yields the value specified after it. Note that the generator function in that case doesnโt _return_ the value, it _yields_ the value. First, we initialize the generator function with `i` equal to `10`. We invoke the generator function using the `next()` method. The first time we invoke the generator function, `i` is equal to `10`. It encounters the first `yield` keyword: it yields the value of `i`. The generator is now "paused", and `10` gets logged. Then, we invoke the function again with the `next()` method. It starts to continue where it stopped previously, still with `i` equal to `10`. Now, it encounters the next `yield` keyword, and yields `i * 2`. `i` is equal to `10`, so it returns `10 * 2`, which is `20`. This results in `10, 20`.
#### Jawaban: B When we pass multiple promises to the `Promise.race` method, it resolves/rejects the _first_ promise that resolves/rejects. To the `setTimeout` method, we pass a timer: 500ms for the first promise (`firstPromise`), and 100ms for the second promise (`secondPromise`). This means that the `secondPromise` resolves first with the value of `'two'`. `res` now holds the value of `'two'`, which gets logged.
#### Jawaban: D
First, we declare a variable `person` with the value of an object that has a `name` property.
Then, we declare a variable called `members`. We set the first element of that array equal to the value of the `person` variable. Objects interact by _reference_ when setting them equal to each other. When you assign a reference from one variable to another, you make a _copy_ of that reference. (note that they don't have the _same_ reference!)
Then, we set the variable `person` equal to `null`.
We are only modifying the value of the `person` variable, and not the first element in the array, since that element has a different (copied) reference to the object. The first element in `members` still holds its reference to the original object. When we log the `members` array, the first element still holds the value of the object, which gets logged.
#### Jawaban: B With a `for-in` loop, we can iterate through object keys, in this case `name` and `age`. Under the hood, object keys are strings (if they're not a Symbol). On every loop, we set the value of `item` equal to the current key itโs iterating over. First, `item` is equal to `name`, and gets logged. Then, `item` is equal to `age`, which gets logged.
#### Jawaban: B Operator associativity is the order in which the compiler evaluates the expressions, either left-to-right or right-to-left. This only happens if all operators have the _same_ precedence. We only have one type of operator: `+`. For addition, the associativity is left-to-right. `3 + 4` gets evaluated first. This results in the number `7`. `7 + '5'` results in `"75"` because of coercion. JavaScript converts the number `7` into a string, see question 15. We can concatenate two strings using the `+`operator. `"7" + "5"` results in `"75"`.
#### Jawaban: C Only the first numbers in the string is returned. Based on the _radix_ (the second argument in order to specify what type of number we want to parse it to: base 10, hexadecimal, octal, binary, etc.), the `parseInt` checks whether the characters in the string are valid. Once it encounters a character that isn't a valid number in the radix, it stops parsing and ignores the following characters. `*` is not a valid number. It only parses `"7"` into the decimal `7`. `num` now holds the value of `7`.
#### Jawaban: C When mapping over the array, the value of `num` is equal to the element itโs currently looping over. In this case, the elements are numbers, so the condition of the if statement `typeof num === "number"` returns `true`. The map function creates a new array and inserts the values returned from the function. However, we donโt return a value. When we donโt return a value from the function, the function returns `undefined`. For every element in the array, the function block gets called, so for each element we return `undefined`.
#### Jawaban: A Arguments are passed by _value_, unless their value is an object, then they're passed by _reference_. `birthYear` is passed by value, since it's a string, not an object. When we pass arguments by value, a _copy_ of that value is created (see question 46). The variable `birthYear` has a reference to the value `"1997"`. The argument `year` also has a reference to the value `"1997"`, but it's not the same value as `birthYear` has a reference to. When we update the value of `year` by setting `year` equal to `"1998"`, we are only updating the value of `year`. `birthYear` is still equal to `"1997"`. The value of `person` is an object. The argument `member` has a (copied) reference to the _same_ object. When we modify a property of the object `member` has a reference to, the value of `person` will also be modified, since they both have a reference to the same object. `person`'s `name` property is now equal to the value `"Lydia"`
#### Jawaban: D With the `throw` statement, we can create custom errors. With this statement, you can throw exceptions. An exception can be a string, a number, a boolean or an object. In this case, our exception is the string `'Hello world'`. With the `catch` statement, we can specify what to do if an exception is thrown in the `try` block. An exception is thrown: the string `'Hello world'`. `e` is now equal to that string, which we log. This results in `'Oh an error: Hello world'`.
#### Jawaban: B When you return a property, the value of the property is equal to the _returned_ value, not the value set in the constructor function. We return the string `"Maserati"`, so `myCar.make` is equal to `"Maserati"`.
#### Jawaban: A `let x = y = 10;` is actually shorthand for: ```javascript y = 10; let x = y; ``` When we set `y` equal to `10`, we actually add a property `y` to the global object (`window` in browser, `global` in Node). In a browser, `window.y` is now equal to `10`. Then, we declare a variable `x` with the value of `y`, which is `10`. Variables declared with the `let` keyword are _block scoped_, they are only defined within the block they're declared in; the immediately-invoked function (IIFE) in this case. When we use the `typeof` operator, the operand `x` is not defined: we are trying to access `x` outside of the block it's declared in. This means that `x` is not defined. Values who haven't been assigned a value or declared are of type `"undefined"`. `console.log(typeof x)` returns `"undefined"`. However, we created a global variable `y` when setting `y` equal to `10`. This value is accessible anywhere in our code. `y` is defined, and holds a value of type `"number"`. `console.log(typeof y)` returns `"number"`.
#### Jawaban: A We can delete properties from objects using the `delete` keyword, also on the prototype. By deleting a property on the prototype, it is not available anymore in the prototype chain. In this case, the `bark` function is not available anymore on the prototype after `delete Dog.prototype.bark`, yet we still try to access it. When we try to invoke something that is not a function, a `TypeError` is thrown. In this case `TypeError: pet.bark is not a function`, since `pet.bark` is `undefined`.
#### Jawaban: D The `Set` object is a collection of _unique_ values: a value can only occur once in a set. We passed the iterable `[1, 1, 2, 3, 4]` with a duplicate value `1`. Since we cannot have two of the same values in a set, one of them is removed. This results in `{1, 2, 3, 4}`.
#### Jawaban: C Modul yang diimpor adalah _read-only_: Anda tidak dapat mengubah modul yang diimpor. Hanya modul yang mengekspornya yang dapat mengubah nilainya. Ketika kita mencoba untuk menambah nilai `myCounter`, itu melemparkan kesalahan: `myCounter` adalah baca-saja dan tidak dapat dimodifikasi.
#### Jawaban: A The `delete` operator returns a boolean value: `true` on a successful deletion, else it'll return `false`. However, variables declared with the `var`, `const` or `let` keyword cannot be deleted using the `delete` operator. The `name` variable was declared with a `const` keyword, so its deletion is not successful: `false` is returned. When we set `age` equal to `21`, we actually added a property called `age` to the global object. You can successfully delete properties from objects this way, also the global object, so `delete age` returns `true`.
#### Jawaban: C
We can unpack values from arrays or properties from objects through destructuring. For example:
```javascript
[a, b] = [1, 2];
```
The value of `a` is now `1`, and the value of `b` is now `2`. What we actually did in the question, is:
```javascript
[y] = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5];
```
This means that the value of `y` is equal to the first value in the array, which is the number `1`. When we log `y`, `1` is returned.
#### Jawaban: B It's possible to combine objects using the spread operator `...`. It lets you create copies of the key/value pairs of one object, and add them to another object. In this case, we create copies of the `user` object, and add them to the `admin` object. The `admin` object now contains the copied key/value pairs, which results in `{ admin: true, name: "Lydia", age: 21 }`.
#### Jawaban: B With the `defineProperty` method, we can add new properties to an object, or modify existing ones. When we add a property to an object using the `defineProperty` method, they are by default _not enumerable_. The `Object.keys` method returns all _enumerable_ property names from an object, in this case only `"name"`. Properties added using the `defineProperty` method are immutable by default. You can override this behavior using the `writable`, `configurable` and `enumerable` properties. This way, the `defineProperty` method gives you a lot more control over the properties you're adding to an object.
#### Jawaban: A The second argument of `JSON.stringify` is the _replacer_. The replacer can either be a function or an array, and lets you control what and how the values should be stringified. If the replacer is an _array_, only the property names included in the array will be added to the JSON string. In this case, only the properties with the names `"level"` and `"health"` are included, `"username"` is excluded. `data` is now equal to `"{"level":19, "health":90}"`. If the replacer is a _function_, this function gets called on every property in the object you're stringifying. The value returned from this function will be the value of the property when it's added to the JSON string. If the value is `undefined`, this property is excluded from the JSON string.
#### Jawaban: A The unary operator `++` _first returns_ the value of the operand, _then increments_ the value of the operand. The value of `num1` is `10`, since the `increaseNumber` function first returns the value of `num`, which is `10`, and only increments the value of `num` afterwards. `num2` is `10`, since we passed `num1` to the `increasePassedNumber`. `number` is equal to `10`(the value of `num1`. Again, the unary operator `++` _first returns_ the value of the operand, _then increments_ the value of the operand. The value of `number` is `10`, so `num2` is equal to `10`.
#### Jawaban: C In ES6, we can initialize parameters with a default value. The value of the parameter will be the default value, if no other value has been passed to the function, or if the value of the parameter is `"undefined"`. In this case, we spread the properties of the `value` object into a new object, so `x` has the default value of `{ number: 10 }`. The default argument is evaluated at _call time_! Every time we call the function, a _new_ object is created. We invoke the `multiply` function the first two times without passing a value: `x` has the default value of `{ number: 10 }`. We then log the multiplied value of that number, which is `20`. The third time we invoke multiply, we do pass an argument: the object called `value`. The `*=` operator is actually shorthand for `x.number = x.number * 2`: we modify the value of `x.number`, and log the multiplied value `20`. The fourth time, we pass the `value` object again. `x.number` was previously modified to `20`, so `x.number *= 2` logs `40`.
#### Jawaban: D The first argument that the `reduce` method receives is the _accumulator_, `x` in this case. The second argument is the _current value_, `y`. With the reduce method, we execute a callback function on every element in the array, which could ultimately result in one single value. In this example, we are not returning any values, we are simply logging the values of the accumulator and the current value. The value of the accumulator is equal to the previously returned value of the callback function. If you don't pass the optional `initialValue` argument to the `reduce` method, the accumulator is equal to the first element on the first call. On the first call, the accumulator (`x`) is `1`, and the current value (`y`) is `2`. We don't return from the callback function, we log the accumulator and current value: `1` and `2` get logged. If you don't return a value from a function, it returns `undefined`. On the next call, the accumulator is `undefined`, and the current value is `3`. `undefined` and `3` get logged. On the fourth call, we again don't return from the callback function. The accumulator is again `undefined`, and the current value is `4`. `undefined` and `4` get logged.
#### Jawaban: B In a derived class, you cannot access the `this` keyword before calling `super`. If you try to do that, it will throw a ReferenceError: 1 and 4 would throw a reference error. With the `super` keyword, we call that parent class's constructor with the given arguments. The parent's constructor receives the `name` argument, so we need to pass `name` to `super`. The `Labrador` class receives two arguments, `name` since it extends `Dog`, and `size` as an extra property on the `Labrador` class. They both need to be passed to the constructor function on `Labrador`, which is done correctly using constructor 2.
#### Jawaban: B With the `import` keyword, all imported modules are _pre-parsed_. This means that the imported modules get run _first_, the code in the file which imports the module gets executed _after_. This is a difference between `require()` in CommonJS and `import`! With `require()`, you can load dependencies on demand while the code is being run. If we would have used `require` instead of `import`, `running index.js`, `running sum.js`, `3` would have been logged to the console.
#### Jawaban: A Every Symbol is entirely unique. The purpose of the argument passed to the Symbol is to give the Symbol a description. The value of the Symbol is not dependent on the passed argument. As we test equality, we are creating two entirely new symbols: the first `Symbol('foo')`, and the second `Symbol('foo')`. These two values are unique and not equal to each other, `Symbol('foo') === Symbol('foo')` returns `false`.
#### Jawaban: C With the `padStart` method, we can add padding to the beginning of a string. The value passed to this method is the _total_ length of the string together with the padding. The string `"Lydia Hallie"` has a length of `12`. `name.padStart(13)` inserts 1 space at the start of the string, because 12 + 1 is 13. If the argument passed to the `padStart` method is smaller than the length of the array, no padding will be added.
#### Jawaban: A With the `+` operator, you can concatenate strings. In this case, we are concatenating the string `"๐ฅ"` with the string `"๐ป"`, resulting in `"๐ฅ๐ป"`.
#### Jawaban: C A generator function "pauses" its execution when it sees the `yield` keyword. First, we have to let the function yield the string "Do you love JavaScript?", which can be done by calling `game.next().value`. Every line is executed, until it finds the first `yield` keyword. There is a `yield` keyword on the first line within the function: the execution stops with the first yield! _This means that the variable `answer` is not defined yet!_ When we call `game.next("Yes").value`, the previous `yield` is replaced with the value of the parameters passed to the `next()` function, `"Yes"` in this case. The value of the variable `answer` is now equal to `"Yes"`. The condition of the if-statement returns `false`, and `JavaScript loves you back โค๏ธ` gets logged.
#### Jawaban: C `String.raw` returns a string where the escapes (`\n`, `\v`, `\t` etc.) are ignored! Backslashes can be an issue since you could end up with something like: `` const path = `C:\Documents\Projects\table.html` `` Which would result in: `"C:DocumentsProjects able.html"` With `String.raw`, it would simply ignore the escape and print: `C:\Documents\Projects\table.html` In this case, the string is `Hello\nworld`, which gets logged.
#### Jawaban: C An async function always returns a promise. The `await` still has to wait for the promise to resolve: a pending promise gets returned when we call `getData()` in order to set `data` equal to it. If we wanted to get access to the resolved value `"I made it"`, we could have used the `.then()` method on `data`: `data.then(res => console.log(res))` This would've logged `"I made it!"`
#### Jawaban: B The `.push()` method returns the _length_ of the new array! Previously, the array contained one element (the string `"banana"`) and had a length of `1`. After adding the string `"apple"` to the array, the array contains two elements, and has a length of `2`. This gets returned from the `addToList` function. The `push` method modifies the original array. If you wanted to return the _array_ from the function rather than the _length of the array_, you should have returned `list` after pushing `item` to it.
#### Jawaban: B `Object.freeze` makes it impossible to add, remove, or modify properties of an object (unless the property's value is another object). When we create the variable `shape` and set it equal to the frozen object `box`, `shape` also refers to a frozen object. You can check whether an object is frozen by using `Object.isFrozen`. In this case, `Object.isFrozen(shape)` returns true, since the variable `shape` has a reference to a frozen object. Since `shape` is frozen, and since the value of `x` is not an object, we cannot modify the property `x`. `x` is still equal to `10`, and `{ x: 10, y: 20 }` gets logged.
#### Jawaban: D When we unpack the property `name` from the object on the right-hand side, we assign its value `"Lydia"` to a variable with the name `myName`. With `{ name: myName }`, we tell JavaScript that we want to create a new variable called `myName` with the value of the `name` property on the right-hand side. Since we try to log `name`, a variable that is not defined, a ReferenceError gets thrown.
#### Jawaban: A A pure function is a function that _always_ returns the same result, if the same arguments are passed. The `sum` function always returns the same result. If we pass `1` and `2`, it will _always_ return `3` without side effects. If we pass `5` and `10`, it will _always_ return `15`, and so on. This is the definition of a pure function.
#### Jawaban: C The `add` function is a _memoized_ function. With memoization, we can cache the results of a function in order to speed up its execution. In this case, we create a `cache` object that stores the previously returned values. If we call the `addFunction` function again with the same argument, it first checks whether it has already gotten that value in its cache. If that's the case, the caches value will be returned, which saves on execution time. Else, if it's not cached, it will calculate the value and store it afterwards. We call the `addFunction` function three times with the same value: on the first invocation, the value of the function when `num` is equal to `10` isn't cached yet. The condition of the if-statement `num in cache` returns `false`, and the else block gets executed: `Calculated! 20` gets logged, and the value of the result gets added to the cache object. `cache` now looks like `{ 10: 20 }`. The second time, the `cache` object contains the value that gets returned for `10`. The condition of the if-statement `num in cache` returns `true`, and `'From cache! 20'` gets logged. The third time, we pass `5 * 2` to the function which gets evaluated to `10`. The `cache` object contains the value that gets returned for `10`. The condition of the if-statement `num in cache` returns `true`, and `'From cache! 20'` gets logged.
#### Jawaban: A With a _for-in_ loop, we can iterate over **enumerable** properties. In an array, the enumerable properties are the "keys" of array elements, which are actually their indexes. You could see an array as: `{0: "โ", 1: "๐ป", 2: "๐ท", 3: "๐ซ"}` Where the keys are the enumerable properties. `0` `1` `2` `3` get logged. With a _for-of_ loop, we can iterate over **iterables**. An array is an iterable. When we iterate over the array, the variable "item" is equal to the element it's currently iterating over, `"โ"` `"๐ป"` `"๐ท"` `"๐ซ"` get logged.
#### Jawaban: C Elemen array dapat berisi beberapa nilai. angka, string, objek, array lain, null, nilai boolean, undefined, dan lainnya seperti tanggal, fungsi, dan kalkulasi. elemen akan sama dengan nilai hasilnya. `1 + 2` menghasilkan `3`, `1 * 2` menghasilkan `2`, dan `1 / 2` menghasilkan `0.5`.
#### Jawaban: B Secara default, arguments memiliki nilai `undefined`, kecuali nilai telah diisi ke fungsi. Pada kasus ini, kita tidak mengisi nilai untuk argument `name`. `name` sama dengan `undefined` yang mana mendapat catatan. Di ES6, kita dapat menulis ulang nilai default `undefined` dengan parameter default. Sebagai contoh: `function sayHi(name = "Lydia") { ... }` Pada kasus ini, juka kita tidak mengisi nilai atau mengisi `undefined`, `name` akan selalu sama dengan string `Lydia`
#### Jawaban: B The value of the `this` keyword is dependent on where you use it. In a **method**, like the `getStatus` method, the `this` keyword refers to _the object that the method belongs to_. The method belongs to the `data` object, so `this` refers to the `data` object. When we log `this.status`, the `status` property on the `data` object gets logged, which is `"๐ฅ"`. With the `call` method, we can change the object to which the `this` keyword refers. In **functions**, the `this` keyword refers to the _the object that the function belongs to_. We declared the `setTimeout` function on the _global object_, so within the `setTimeout` function, the `this` keyword refers to the _global object_. On the global object, there is a variable called _status_ with the value of `"๐"`. When logging `this.status`, `"๐"` gets logged.
#### Jawaban: A We set the variable `city` equal to the value of the property called `city` on the `person` object. There is no property on this object called `city`, so the variable `city` has the value of `undefined`. Note that we are _not_ referencing the `person` object itself! We simply set the variable `city` equal to the current value of the `city` property on the `person` object. Then, we set `city` equal to the string `"Amsterdam"`. This doesn't change the person object: there is no reference to that object. When logging the `person` object, the unmodified object gets returned.
#### Jawaban: C Variables with the `const` and `let` keyword are _block-scoped_. A block is anything between curly brackets (`{ }`). In this case, the curly brackets of the if/else statements. You cannot reference a variable outside of the block it's declared in, a ReferenceError gets thrown.
#### Jawaban: C The value of `res` in the second `.then` is equal to the returned value of the previous `.then`. You can keep chaining `.then`s like this, where the value is passed to the next handler.
#### Jawaban: A With `!!name`, we determine whether the value of `name` is truthy or falsy. If name is truthy, which we want to test for, `!name` returns `false`. `!false` (which is what `!!name` practically is) returns `true`. By setting `hasName` equal to `name`, you set `hasName` equal to whatever value you passed to the `getName` function, not the boolean value `true`. `new Boolean(true)` returns an object wrapper, not the boolean value itself. `name.length` returns the length of the passed argument, not whether it's `true`.
#### Jawaban: B In order to get an character on a specific index in a string, you can use bracket notation. The first character in the string has index 0, and so on. In this case we want to get the element which index is 0, the character `"I'`, which gets logged. Note that this method is not supported in IE7 and below. In that case, use `.charAt()`
#### Jawaban: B You can set a default parameter's value equal to another parameter of the function, as long as they've been defined _before_ the default parameter. We pass the value `10` to the `sum` function. If the `sum` function only receives 1 argument, it means that the value for `num2` is not passed, and the value of `num1` is equal to the passed value `10` in this case. The default value of `num2` is the value of `num1`, which is `10`. `num1 + num2` returns `20`. If you're trying to set a default parameter's value equal to a parameter which is defined _after_ (to the right), the parameter's value hasn't been initialized yet, which will throw an error.
#### Jawaban: A With the `import * as name` syntax, we import _all exports_ from the `module.js` file into the `index.js` file as a new object called `data` is created. In the `module.js` file, there are two exports: the default export, and a named export. The default export is a function which returns the string `"Hello World"`, and the named export is a variable called `name` which has the value of the string `"Lydia"`. The `data` object has a `default` property for the default export, other properties have the names of the named exports and their corresponding values.
#### Jawaban: C Classes are syntactical sugar for function constructors. The equivalent of the `Person` class as a function constructor would be: ```javascript function Person() { this.name = name; } ``` Calling a function constructor with `new` results in the creation of an instance of `Person`, `typeof` keyword returns `"object"` for an instance. `typeof member` returns `"object"`.
#### Jawaban: D The `.push` method returns the _new length_ of the array, not the array itself! By setting `newList` equal to `[1, 2, 3].push(4)`, we set `newList` equal to the new length of the array: `4`. Then, we try to use the `.push` method on `newList`. Since `newList` is the numerical value `4`, we cannot use the `.push` method: a TypeError is thrown.
#### Jawaban: D Regular functions, such as the `giveLydiaPizza` function, have a `prototype` property, which is an object (prototype object) with a `constructor` property. Arrow functions however, such as the `giveLydiaChocolate` function, do not have this `prototype` property. `undefined` gets returned when trying to access the `prototype` property using `giveLydiaChocolate.prototype`.
#### Jawaban: A `Object.entries(person)` returns an array of nested arrays, containing the keys and objects: `[ [ 'name', 'Lydia' ], [ 'age', 21 ] ]` Using the `for-of` loop, we can iterate over each element in the array, the subarrays in this case. We can destructure the subarrays instantly in the for-of loop, using `const [x, y]`. `x` is equal to the first element in the subarray, `y` is equal to the second element in the subarray. The first subarray is `[ "name", "Lydia" ]`, with `x` equal to `"name"`, and `y` equal to `"Lydia"`, which get logged. The second subarray is `[ "age", 21 ]`, with `x` equal to `"age"`, and `y` equal to `21`, which get logged.
#### Jawaban: D `...args` is a rest parameter. The rest parameter's value is an array containing all remaining arguments, **and can only be the last parameter**! In this example, the rest parameter was the second parameter. This is not possible, and will throw a syntax error. ```javascript function getItems(fruitList, favoriteFruit, ...args) { return [...fruitList, ...args, favoriteFruit]; } getItems(['banana', 'apple'], 'pear', 'orange'); ``` The above example works. This returns the array `[ 'banana', 'apple', 'orange', 'pear' ]`
#### Jawaban: B In JavaScript, we don't _have_ to write the semicolon (`;`) explicitly, however the JavaScript engine still adds them after statements. This is called **Automatic Semicolon Insertion**. A statement can for example be variables, or keywords like `throw`, `return`, `break`, etc. Here, we wrote a `return` statement, and another value `a + b` on a _new line_. However, since it's a new line, the engine doesn't know that it's actually the value that we wanted to return. Instead, it automatically added a semicolon after `return`. You could see this as: ```javascript return; a + b; ``` This means that `a + b` is never reached, since a function stops running after the `return` keyword. If no value gets returned, like here, the function returns `undefined`. Note that there is no automatic insertion after `if/else` statements!
#### Jawaban: B Kita dapat mengatur kelas yang sama dengan kelas / fungsi konstruktor lainnya. Dalam kasus ini, kita mengatur `Person` sama dengan `AnotherPerson`. Nama pada konstruktor ini adalah `Sarah`, jadi nama properti yang baru pada `Person` instance `member` adalah `"Sarah"`.
#### Jawaban: D Simbol bukanlah merupakan suatu _enumerable_. Metode Object.keys akan mengembalikan semua properti kunci _enumerable_ pada sebuah objek. Simbol tidak akan terlihat, dan array kosong dikembalikan. Saat mencatat seluruh objek, semua properti akan terlihat, bahkan yang bukan non-enumerable. Ini adalah salah satu dari banyak kualitas simbol: Disamping selain mewakili nilai yang sepenuhnya unik (yang mencegah terjadinya benturan nama yang tidak disengaja pada objek, misalnya saat bekerja dengan 2 library yang ingin menambahkan properti ke objek yang sama), anda juga dapat "menyembunyikan" properti pada objek dengan cara ini (meskipun tidak seluruhnya. Anda masih dapat mengakses simbol menggunakan metode `Object.getOwnPropertySymbols()`).
#### Jawaban: A Fungsi `getList` menerima array sebagai argumennya. Di antara tanda kurung pada fungsi `getList`, Kita akan menstruktur ulang. Anda dapat melihat ini sebagai: `[x, ...y] = [1, 2, 3, 4]` Dengan parameter sisa `...y`, kita akan meletakkan semua argumen "yang tersisa" dalam array. Dalam kasus ini argumen yang tersisa adalah `2`, `3` dan `4`. Nilai dari `y` merupakan suatu array, yang berisi semua parameter lainnya. Pada kasus ini nilai dari `x` sama dengan `1`, jadi saat kita mencatat `[x, y]`, maka catatannya `[1, [2, 3, 4]]`. Fungsi `getUser` menerima sebuah objek. Dengan fungsi tanda panah, kita tidak _perlu_ menulis tanda kurung kurawal jika hanya mengembalikan satu nilai. Namun, jika anda mengembalikan nilai _object_ dari fungsi tanda panah, Anda harus menuliskannya di antara tanda kurung, jika tidak maka tidak ada nilai yang dikembalikan! Fungsi berikut akan mengembalikan sebuah objek: `const getUser = user => ({ name: user.name, age: user.age })` Karena tidak ada nilai yang dikembalikan dalam kasus ini, maka fungsi akan mengembalikan `undefined`.
#### Jawaban: C Variabel `name` menyimpan nilai string, yang bukan merupakan suatu fungsi, sehingga tidak dapat dipanggil. TypeErrors dilemparkan ketika nilai yang didapatkan bukan dari jenis yang kita harapkan. JavaScript mengharapkan `name` menjadi sebuah fungsi karena kita mencoba untuk memanggilnya. Namun itu adalah sebuah string, sehingga akan muncul TypeError gets thrown: name is not a function! SyntaxErrors muncul ketika anda salah menulis suatu Javascript, seperti `return` menjadi `retrun`. ReferenceErrors muncul ketika JavaScript tidak dapat menemukan nilai referensi ke nilai yang anda coba akses.
#### Jawaban: B `[]` is a truthy value. With the `&&` operator, the right-hand value will be returned if the left-hand value is a truthy value. In this case, the left-hand value `[]` is a truthy value, so `"Im'` gets returned. `""` is a falsy value. If the left-hand value is falsy, nothing gets returned. `n't` doesn't get returned.
#### Jawaban: C With the `||` operator, we can return the first truthy operand. If all values are falsy, the last operand gets returned. `(false || {} || null)`: the empty object `{}` is a truthy value. This is the first (and only) truthy value, which gets returned. `one` is equal to `{}`. `(null || false || "")`: all operands are falsy values. This means that the past operand, `""` gets returned. `two` is equal to `""`. `([] || 0 || "")`: the empty array`[]` is a truthy value. This is the first truthy value, which gets returned. `three` is equal to `[]`.
#### Jawaban: D With a promise, we basically say _I want to execute this function, but I'll put it aside for now while it's running since this might take a while. Only when a certain value is resolved (or rejected), and when the call stack is empty, I want to use this value._ We can get this value with both `.then` and the `await` keyword in an `async` function. Although we can get a promise's value with both `.then` and `await`, they work a bit differently. In the `firstFunction`, we (sort of) put the myPromise function aside while it was running, but continued running the other code, which is `console.log('second')` in this case. Then, the function resolved with the string `I have resolved`, which then got logged after it saw that the callstack was empty. With the await keyword in `secondFunction`, we literally pause the execution of an async function until the value has been resolved befoer moving to the next line. This means that it waited for the `myPromise` to resolve with the value `I have resolved`, and only once that happened, we moved to the next line: `second` got logged.
#### Jawaban: C The `+` operator is not only used for adding numerical values, but we can also use it to concatenate strings. Whenever the JavaScript engine sees that one or more values are not a number, it coerces the number into a string. The first one is `1`, which is a numerical value. `1 + 2` returns the number 3. However, the second one is a string `"Lydia"`. `"Lydia"` is a string and `2` is a number: `2` gets coerced into a string. `"Lydia"` and `"2"` get concatenated, which results in the string `"Lydia2"`. `{ name: "Lydia" }` is an object. Neither a number nor an object is a string, so it stringifies both. Whenever we stringify a regular object, it becomes `"[object Object]"`. `"[object Object]"` concatenated with `"2"` becomes `"[object Object]2"`.
#### Jawaban: C
We can pass any type of value we want to `Promise.resolve`, either a promise or a non-promise. The method itself returns a promise with the resolved value (`
#### Jawaban: B Objects are passed by reference. When we check objects for strict equality (`===`), we're comparing their references. We set the default value for `person2` equal to the `person` object, and passed the `person` object as the value for `person1`. This means that both values have a reference to the same spot in memory, thus they are equal. The code block in the `else` statement gets run, and `They are the same!` gets logged.
#### Jawaban: D In JavaScript, we have two ways to access properties on an object: bracket notation, or dot notation. In this example, we use dot notation (`colorConfig.colors`) instead of bracket notation (`colorConfig["colors"]`). With dot notation, JavaScript tries to find the property on the object with that exact name. In this example, JavaScript tries to find a property called `colors` on the `colorConfig` object. There is no proprety called `colors`, so this returns `undefined`. Then, we try to access the value of the first element by using `[1]`. We cannot do this on a value that's `undefined`, so it throws a `TypeError`: `Cannot read property '1' of undefined`. JavaScript interprets (or unboxes) statements. When we use bracket notation, it sees the first opening bracket `[` and keeps going until it finds the closing bracket `]`. Only then, it will evaluate the statement. If we would've used `colorConfig[colors[1]]`, it would have returned the value of the `red` property on the `colorConfig` object.
#### Jawaban: A Di belakang layar, emoji adalah sebuah unicode. Unicode untuk emoji hati adalah `"U+2764 U+FE0F"`. Keduanya akan selalu sama untuk emoji yang sama, jadi sebetulnya kita telah membandingkan dua string yang sama satu sama lain, yang mana akan menghasilkan true.
#### Jawaban: D Metode `splice`, akan memodifikasi array aslinya dengan cara menghapus, mengganti atau menambahkan elemen. Dalam kasus ini, kami menghapus 2 item dari indeks 1 (kami menghapus `'๐ฅ'` dan`' ๐'`) dan menambahkan emoji โจ sebagai penggantinya. `map`,` filter` dan `slice` akan mengembalikan array baru,` find` akan mengembalikan elemen yang dicari, dan `reduce` akan mengembalikan nilai yang telah dikurangi.
#### Jawaban: A We set the value of the `favoriteFood` property on the `info` object equal to the string with the pizza emoji, `'๐'`. A string is a primitive data type. In JavaScript, primitive data types act by reference In JavaScript, primitive data types (everything that's not an object) interact by _value_. In this case, we set the value of the `favoriteFood` property on the `info` object equal to the value of the first element in the `food` array, the string with the pizza emoji in this case (`'๐'`). A string is a primitive data type, and interact by value (see my [blogpost](https://www.theavocoder.com/complete-javascript/2018/12/21/by-value-vs-by-reference) if you're interested in learning more) Then, we change the value of the `favoriteFood` property on the `info` object. The `food` array hasn't changed, since the value of `favoriteFood` was merely a _copy_ of the value of the first element in the array, and doesn't have a reference to the same spot in memory as the element on `food[0]`. When we log food, it's still the original array, `['๐', '๐ซ', '๐ฅ', '๐']`.
#### Jawaban: A With the `JSON.parse()` method, we can parse JSON string to a JavaScript value. ```javascript // Stringifying a number into valid JSON, then parsing the JSON string to a JavaScript value: const jsonNumber = JSON.stringify(4); // '4' JSON.parse(jsonNumber); // 4 // Stringifying an array value into valid JSON, then parsing the JSON string to a JavaScript value: const jsonArray = JSON.stringify([1, 2, 3]); // '[1, 2, 3]' JSON.parse(jsonArray); // [1, 2, 3] // Stringifying an object into valid JSON, then parsing the JSON string to a JavaScript value: const jsonArray = JSON.stringify({ name: 'Lydia' }); // '{"name":"Lydia"}' JSON.parse(jsonArray); // { name: 'Lydia' } ```
#### Jawaban: D Each function has its own _execution context_ (or _scope_). The `getName` function first looks within its own context (scope) to see if it contains the variable `name` we're trying to access. In this case, the `getName` function contains its own `name` variable: we declare the variable `name` with the `let` keyword, and with the value of `'Sarah'`. Variables with the `let` keyword (and `const`) are hoisted, but unlike `var`, don't get initialized. They are not accessible before the line we declare (initialize) them. This is called the "temporal dead zone". When we try to access the variables before they are declared, JavaScript throws a `ReferenceError`. If we wouldn't have declared the `name` variable within the `getName` function, the javascript engine would've looked down the _scope chain_. The outer scope has a variable called `name` with the value of `Lydia`. In that case, it would've logged `Lydia`. ```javascript let name = 'Lydia'; function getName() { console.log(name); } getName(); // Lydia ```
#### Jawaban: C With the `yield` keyword, we `yield` values in a generator function. With the `yield*` keyword, we can yield values from another generator function, or iterable object (for example an array). In `generatorOne`, we yield the entire array `['a', 'b', 'c']` using the `yield` keyword. The value of `value` property on the object returned by the `next` method on `one` (`one.next().value`) is equal to the entire array `['a', 'b', 'c']`. ```javascript console.log(one.next().value); // ['a', 'b', 'c'] console.log(one.next().value); // undefined ``` In `generatorTwo`, we use the `yield*` keyword. This means that the first yielded value of `two`, is equal to the first yielded value in the iterator. The iterator is the array `['a', 'b', 'c']`. The first yielded value is `a`, so the first time we call `two.next().value`, `a` is returned. ```javascript console.log(two.next().value); // 'a' console.log(two.next().value); // 'b' console.log(two.next().value); // 'c' console.log(two.next().value); // undefined ```
#### Jawaban: A Expressions within template literals are evaluated first. This means that the string will contain the returned value of the expression, the immediately invoked function `(x => x)('I love')` in this case. We pass the value `'I love'` as an argument to the `x => x` arrow function. `x` is equal to `'I love'`, which gets returned. This results in `I love to program`.
#### Jawaban: C Normally when we set objects equal to `null`, those objects get _garbage collected_ as there is no reference anymore to that object. However, since the callback function within `setInterval` is an arrow function (thus bound to the `config` object), the callback function still holds a reference to the `config` object. As long as there is a reference, the object won't get garbage collected. Since it's not garbage collected, the `setInterval` callback function will still get invoked every 1000ms (1s).
#### Jawaban: B When adding a key/value pair using the `set` method, the key will be the value of the first argument passed to the `set` function, and the value will be the second argument passed to the `set` function. The key is the _function_ `() => 'greeting'` in this case, and the value `'Hello world'`. `myMap` is now `{ () => 'greeting' => 'Hello world!' }`. 1 is wrong, since the key is not `'greeting'` but `() => 'greeting'`. 3 is wrong, since we're creating a new function by passing it as a parameter to the `get` method. Object interact by _reference_. Functions are objects, which is why two functions are never strictly equal, even if they are identical: they have a reference to a different spot in memory.
#### Jawaban: C Both the `changeAge` and `changeAgeAndName` functions have a default parameter, namely a _newly_ created object `{ ...person }`. This object has copies of all the key/values in the `person` object. First, we invoke the `changeAge` function and pass the `person` object as its argument. This function increases the value of the `age` property by 1. `person` is now `{ name: "Lydia", age: 22 }`. Then, we invoke the `changeAgeAndName` function, however we don't pass a parameter. Instead, the value of `x` is equal to a _new_ object: `{ ...person }`. Since it's a new object, it doesn't affect the values of the properties on the `person` object. `person` is still equal to `{ name: "Lydia", age: 22 }`.
#### Jawaban: C With the spread operator `...`, we can _spread_ iterables to individual elements. The `sumValues` function receives three arguments: `x`, `y` and `z`. `...[1, 2, 3]` will result in `1, 2, 3`, which we pass to the `sumValues` function.
#### Jawaban: B With the `+=` operand, we're incrementing the value of `num` by `1`. `num` had the initial value `1`, so `1 + 1` is `2`. The item on the second index in the `list` array is ๐ฅฐ, `console.log(list[2])` prints ๐ฅฐ.
#### Jawaban: B With the optional chaining operator `?.`, we no longer have to explicitly check whether the deeper nested values are valid or not. If we're trying to access a property on an `undefined` or `null` value (_nullish_), the expression short-circuits and returns `undefined`. `person.pet?.name`: `person` has a property named `pet`: `person.pet` is not nullish. It has a property called `name`, and returns `Mara`. `person.pet?.family?.name`: `person` has a property named `pet`: `person.pet` is not nullish. `pet` does _not_ have a property called `family`, `person.pet.family` is nullish. The expression returns `undefined`. `person.getFullName?.()`: `person` has a property named `getFullName`: `person.getFullName()` is not nullish and can get invoked, which returns `Lydia Hallie`. `member.getLastName?.()`: `member` is not defined: `member.getLastName()` is nullish. The expression returns `undefined`.
#### Jawaban: B We passed the condition `groceries.indexOf("banana")` to the if-statement. `groceries.indexOf("banana")` returns `0`, which is a falsy value. Since the condition in the if-statement is falsy, the code in the `else` block runs, and `We don't have to buy bananas!` gets logged.
#### Jawaban: D The `language` method is a `setter`. Setters don't hold an actual value, their purpose is to _modify_ properties. When calling a `setter` method, `undefined` gets returned.
#### Jawaban: C `typeof name` returns `"string"`. The string `"string"` is a truthy value, so `!typeof name` returns the boolean value `false`. `false === "object"` and `false === "string"` both return`false`. (If we wanted to check whether the type was (un)equal to a certain type, we should've written `!==` instead of `!typeof`)
#### Jawaban: A The `add` function returns an arrow function, which returns an arrow function, which returns an arrow function (still with me?). The first function receives an argument `x` with the value of `4`. We invoke the second function, which receives an argument `y` with the value `5`. Then we invoke the third function, which receives an argument `z` with the value `6`. When we're trying to access the value `x`, `y` and `z` within the last arrow function, the JS engine goes up the scope chain in order to find the values for `x` and `y` accordingly. This returns `4` `5` `6`.
#### Jawaban: C The generator function `range` returns an async object with promises for each item in the range we pass: `Promise{1}`, `Promise{2}`, `Promise{3}`. We set the variable `gen` equal to the async object, after which we loop over it using a `for await ... of` loop. We set the variable `item` equal to the returned Promise values: first `Promise{1}`, then `Promise{2}`, then `Promise{3}`. Since we're _awaiting_ the value of `item`, the resolved promsie, the resolved _values_ of the promises get returned: `1`, `2`, then `3`.
#### Jawaban: D `myFunc` expects an object with properties `x`, `y` and `z` as its argument. Since we're only passing three separate numeric values (1, 2, 3) instead of one object with properties `x`, `y` and `z` ({x: 1, y: 2, z: 3}), `x`, `y` and `z` have their default value of `undefined`.
#### Jawaban: B With the `Intl.NumberFormat` method, we can format numeric values to any locale. We format the numeric value `130` to the `en-US` locale as a `unit` in `mile-per-hour`, which results in `130 mph`. The numeric value `300` to the `en-US` locale as a `currentcy` in `USD` results in `$300.00`.
#### Jawaban: B By destructuring objects, we can unpack values from the right-hand object, and assign the unpacked value to the value of the same property name on the left-hand object. In this case, we're assigning the value "๐" to `spookyItems[3]`. This means that we're modifying the `spookyItems` array, we're adding the "๐" to it. When logging `spookyItems`, `["๐ป", "๐", "๐ธ", "๐"]` gets logged.
#### Jawaban: C With the `Number.isNaN` method, you can check if the value you pass is a _numeric value_ and equal to `NaN`. `name` is not a numeric value, so `Number.isNaN(name)` returns `false`. `age` is a numeric value, but is not equal to `NaN`, so `Number.isNaN(age)` returns `false`. With the `isNaN` method, you can check if the value you pass is not a number. `name` is not a number, so `isNaN(name)` returns true. `age` is a number, so `isNaN(age)` returns `false`.
#### Jawaban: D Variables declared with the `const` keyword are not referencable before their initialization: this is called the _temporal dead zone_. In the `getInfo` function, the variable `randomValue` is scoped in the functional scope of `getInfo`. On the line where we want to log the value of `typeof randomValue`, the variable `randomValue` isn't initialized yet: a `ReferenceError` gets thrown! The engine didn't go down the scope chain since we declared the variable `randomValue` in the `getInfo` function.
#### Jawaban: C In the `try` block, we're logging the awaited value of the `myPromise` variable: `"Woah some cool data"`. Since no errors were thrown in the `try` block, the code in the `catch` block doesn't run. The code in the `finally` block _always_ runs, `"Oh finally!"` gets logged.
#### Jawaban: B With the `flat` method, we can create a new, flattened array. The depth of the flattened array depends on the value that we pass. In this case, we passed the value `1` (which we didn't have to, that's the default value), meaning that only the arrays on the first depth will be concatenated. `['๐ฅ']` and `['โจ', 'โจ', ['๐', '๐']]` in this case. Concatenating these two arrays results in `['๐ฅ', 'โจ', 'โจ', ['๐', '๐']]`.
#### Jawaban: D
`counterOne` is an instance of the `Counter` class. The counter class contains a `count` property on its constructor, and an `increment` method. First, we invoked the `increment` method twice by calling `counterOne.increment()`. Currently, `counterOne.count` is `2`.
Then, we create a new variable `counterTwo`, and set it equal to `counterOne`. Since objects interact by reference, we're just creating a new reference to the same spot in memory that `counterOne` points to. Since it has the same spot in memory, any changes made to the object that `counterTwo` has a reference to, also apply to `counterOne`. Currently, `counterTwo.count` is `2`.
We invoke the `counterTwo.increment()`, which sets the `count` to `3`. Then, we log the count on `counterOne`, which logs `3`.
#### Jawaban: D First, we invoke `funcOne`. On the first line of `funcOne`, we call the `myPromise` promise, which is an _asynchronous_ operation. While the engine is busy completing the promise, it keeps on running the function `funcOne`. The next line is the _asynchronous_ `setTimeout` function, from which the callback is sent to the Web API. (see my article on the event loop here.) Both the promise and the timeout are asynchronous operations, the function keeps on running while it's busy completing the promise and handling the `setTimeout` callback. This means that `Last line!` gets logged first, since this is not an asynchonous operation. This is the last line of `funcOne`, the promise resolved, and `Promise!` gets logged. However, since we're invoking `funcTwo()`, the call stack isn't empty, and the callback of the `setTimeout` function cannot get added to the callstack yet. In `funcTwo` we're, first _awaiting_ the myPromise promise. With the `await` keyword, we pause the execution of the function until the promise has resolved (or rejected). Then, we log the awaited value of `res` (since the promise itself returns a promise). This logs `Promise!`. The next line is the _asynchronous_ `setTimeout` function, from which the callback is sent to the Web API. We get to the last line of `funcTwo`, which logs `Last line!` to the console. Now, since `funcTwo` popped off the call stack, the call stack is empty. The callbacks waiting in the queue (`() => console.log("Timeout!")` from `funcOne`, and `() => console.log("Timeout!")` from `funcTwo`) get added to the call stack one by one. The first callback logs `Timeout!`, and gets popped off the stack. Then, the second callback logs `Timeout!`, and gets popped off the stack. This logs `Last line! Promise! Promise! Last line! Timeout! Timeout!`
#### Jawaban: C With the asterisk `*`, we import all exported values from that file, both default and named. If we had the following file: ```javascript // info.js export const name = 'Lydia'; export const age = 21; export default 'I love JavaScript'; // index.js import * as info from './info'; console.log(info); ``` The following would get logged: ```javascript { default: "I love JavaScript", name: "Lydia", age: 21 } ``` For the `sum` example, it means that the imported value `sum` looks like this: ```javascript { default: function sum(x) { return x + x } } ``` We can invoke this function, by calling `sum.default`
#### Jawaban: C With a Proxy object, we can add custom behavior to an object that we pass to it as the second argument. In tis case, we pass the `handler` object which contained to properties: `set` and `get`. `set` gets invoked whenever we _set_ property values, `get` gets invoked whenever we _get_ (access) property values. The first argument is an empty object `{}`, which is the value of `person`. To this object, the custom behavior specified in the `handler` object gets added. If we add a property to the `person` object, `set` will get invoked. If we access a property on the `person` object, `get` gets invoked. First, we added a new property `name` to the proxy object (`person.name = "Lydia"`). `set` gets invoked, and logs `"Added a new property!"`. Then, we access a property value on the proxy object, the `get` property on the handler object got invoked. `"Accessed a property!"` gets logged.
#### Jawaban: A With `Object.seal` we can prevent new properies from being _added_, or existing properties to be _removed_. However, you can still modify the value of existing properties.
#### Jawaban: C The `Object.freeze` method _freezes_ an object. No properties can be added, modified, or removed. However, it only _shallowly_ freezes the object, meaning that only _direct_ properties on the object are frozen. If the property is another object, like `address` in this case, the properties on that object aren't frozen, and can be modified.
#### Jawaban: C The `Object.freeze` method _freezes_ an object. No properties can be added, modified, or removed. However, it only _shallowly_ freezes the object, meaning that only _direct_ properties on the object are frozen. If the property is another object, like `address` in this case, the properties on that object aren't frozen, and can be modified.
#### Jawaban: A First, we invoked `myFunc()` without passing any arguments. Since we didn't pass arguments, `num` and `value` got their default values: num is `2`, and `value` the returned value of the function `add`. To the `add` function, we pass `num` as an argument, which had the value of `2`. `add` returns `4`, which is the value of `value`. Then, we invoked `myFunc(3)` and passed the value `3` as the value for the argument `num`. We didn't pass an argument for `value`. Since we didn't pass a value for the `value` argument, it got the default value: the returned value of the `add` function. To `add`, we pass `num`, which has the value of `3`. `add` returns `6`, which is the value of `value`.
#### Jawaban: D In ES2020, we can add private variables in classes by using the `#`. We cannot access these variables outside of the class. When we try to log `counter.#number`, a SyntaxError gets thrown: we cannot acccess it outside the `Counter` class!
#### Jawaban: B Untuk melakukan pengulangan pada `members` dalam setiap elemen array `tim`, kita perlu melemparkan `tim[i].members` ke fungsi generator `getMembers`. Fungsi generator akan mengembalikan objek hasil generator. Untuk mengulang setiap elemen dalam objek generator ini, kita perlu menggunakan `yield*`. Jika kita telah menulis `yield`, `return yield`, atau `return`, maka seluruh fungsi generator akan dikembalikan saat pertama kali kita memanggil metode `next`.
#### Jawaban: C The `addHobby` function receives two arguments, `hobby` and `hobbies` with the default value of the `hobbies` array on the `person` object. First, we invoke the `addHobby` function, and pass `"running"` as the value for `hobby` and an empty array as the value for `hobbies`. Since we pass an empty array as the value for `hobbies`, `"running"` gets added to this empty array. Then, we invoke the `addHobby` function, and pass `"dancing"` as the value for `hobby`. We didn't pass a value for `hobbies`, so it gets the default value, the `hobbies` property on the `person` object. We push the hobby `dancing` to the `person.hobbies` array. Last, we invoke the `addHobby` function, and pass `"bdaking"` as the value for `hobby`, and the `person.hobbies` array as the value for `hobbies`. We push the hobby `baking` to the `person.hobbies` array. After pushing `dancing` and `baking`, the value of `person.hobbies` is `["coding", "dancing", "baking"]`
#### Jawaban: B Kita membuat variabel `pet` yang merupakan turunan dari class `Flamingo`. Saat kita membuat turunan, `constructor` pada `Flamingo` dipanggil. Pertama, `"I'm pink. ๐ธ"` ditampilkan, setelah itu kita memanggil `super()`. `super()` memanggil konstruktor class induk, `Bird`. Constructor pada `Bird` dipanggil, dan menampilkan `"I'm a bird. ๐ฆข"`.
#### Jawaban: D Deklarasi `const` pada dasarnya berarti tidak dapat _mengubah_ nilai dari variable tersebut, karena bersifat _read-only (tidak dapat diubah)_. Bagaimanapun, nilainya tidak mutlak. Seperti array pada variable `emojis` dimana nilainya bisa diubah, contohnya untuk menambah nilai array baru, menghilangkan, atau mengubah properti `length` dari array menjadi 0.
#### Jawaban: C Objek tidak dapat diulang secara default. Sebuah iterable adalah sebuah iterable jika protokol iterator ada. Kita dapat menambahkan ini secara manual dengan menambahkan simbol iterator `[Symbol.iterator]`, dimana harus mengembalikan objek generator, sebagai contoh dengan membuat fungsi generator `*[Symbol.iterator]() {}`. Fungsi generator ini harus menghasilkan `Object.values` dari objek `person` jika kita mau mengembalikan array `["Lydia Hallie", 21]`: `yield* Object.values(this)`.
#### Jawaban: C Pernyataan `if` didalam perulangan `forEach` akan mengecek apakah nilai dari `num` benar atau salah. Sejak nilai pertama dari array `nums` adalah `0`, yang merupakan nilai salah, pernyataan `if` tidak akan dieksekusi. maka `count` yang mendapat increment hanya untuk 3 nomor yang lain di array `nums`, `1`, `2` dan `3`. sejak `count` mendapat increment `1` 3 kali, maka nilai dari `count` adalah `3`.
#### Jawaban: A Kami mengatur variabel `calc` sama dengan instance baru dari class `Calc`. Kemudian, kami membuat instance baru dari `Calc`, dan memanggil metode `increase` pada contoh ini. Karena properti count berada dalam konstruktor dari class `Calc`, properti count tidak dibagikan pada prototipe `Calc`. Ini berarti bahwa nilai hitungan belum diperbarui untuk contoh yang ditunjukkan kalk, hitung masih `0`.
#### Jawaban: B Fungsi `updateUser` memperbarui nilai properti `email` dan `password` pada pengguna, jika nilainya diteruskan ke fungsi, setelah itu fungsi mengembalikan objek `user`. Nilai yang dikembalikan dari fungsi `updateUser` adalah objek `user`, yang berarti bahwa nilai updatedUser adalah referensi ke objek `user` yang sama dengan yang ditunjuk oleh `user`. `updatedUser === user` sama dengan `true`.
#### Jawaban: C Pertama, kita memanggil metode `slice` pada array fruit. Metode slice tidak mengubah array asli, tetapi mengembalikan nilai yang dipotongnya dari array: banana emoji. Kemudian, kita memanggil metode `splice` pada array fruit. Metode splice memang mengubah array asli, yang berarti array fruit sekarang terdiri dari `['๐', '๐']`. Akhirnya, kita memanggil metode `unshift` pada array `fruit`, yang memodifikasi array asli dengan menambahkan nilai yang diberikan, โ๐โ dalam hal ini, sebagai elemen pertama dalam array. Susunan fruit sekarang terdiri dari `['๐', '๐', '๐']`.
#### Jawaban: B Kunci objek diubah menjadi string. Karena nilai `dog` adalah sebuah objek, `animals[dog]`sebenarnya berarti kita membuat properti baru bernama `"object Object"`yang sama dengan objek baru. `animals["object Object"]` sekarang sama dengan `{ emoji: "๐ถ", name: "Mara"}`. `cat` juga merupakan objek, yang berarti bahwa `animals[cat]` sebenarnya berarti bahwa kami menimpa nilai `animals[``"``object Object``"``]` dengan properti cat yang baru. Mencatat `animals[dog]`, atau sebenarnya `animals["object Object"]` karena mengonversi objek `dog` menjadi string menghasilkan `"object Object"`, mengembalikan `{emoji: "๐", nama: "Sara"}`.
#### Jawaban: A Fungsi `updateEmail` adalah fungsi panah, dan tidak terikat ke objek `user`. Artinya, kata kunci `this` tidak merujuk ke objek `user`, tetapi merujuk pada cakupan global dalam kasus ini. Nilai `email` dalam objek `user` tidak diperbarui. Saat memasukkan nilai `user.email`, nilai asli `my@email.com` akan dikembalikan.
#### Jawaban: D Metode `Promise.all` menjalankan promise yang diberikan secara paralel. Jika satu promise gagal, metode `Promise.all` dengan nilai promise yang ditolak. Dalam kasus ini, `promise3` ditolak dengan nilai `"Third"`. Kami menangkap nilai yang ditolak dalam metode `catch` yang dirantai pada pemanggilan `runPromises` untuk menangkap setiap kesalahan dalam fungsi `runPromises`. Hanya `"Third"` yang dicatat, karena `promise3` ditolak dengan nilai ini.
#### Jawaban: C Metode `fromEntries` mengubah array 2d menjadi objek. Elemen pertama di setiap subarray akan menjadi kuncinya, dan elemen kedua di setiap subarray akan menjadi nilainya. Dalam hal ini, kami memetakan di atas array `keys`, yang mengembalikan array yang elemen pertamanya adalah item pada array kunci pada indeks saat ini, dan elemen kedua adalah item dari array nilai pada indeks saat ini. Ini membuat array subarray yang berisi kunci dan nilai yang benar, yang menghasilkan `{name:" Lydia ", age: 22}`
#### Jawaban: C Nilai default dari `address` adalah objek kosong `{}`. Saat kita menyetel variabel `member` sama dengan objek yang dikembalikan oleh fungsi `createMember`, kita tidak meneruskan nilai untuk address, yang berarti bahwa nilai address adalah objek kosong default `{}`.Objek kosong adalah nilai sebenarnya, yang berarti kondisi `address ? address: null` mengembalikan `true`. Nilai address adalah objek kosong `{}`.
#### Jawaban: B Kondisi dalam pernyataan `if` memeriksa apakah nilai dari `!typeof randomValue` sama dengan `"string"`. Operator `!` Mengonversi nilai menjadi nilai boolean. Jika nilainya benar, nilai yang dikembalikan akan menjadi `false`, jika nilainya salah, nilai yang dikembalikan akan menjadi `true`. Dalam kasus ini, nilai yang dikembalikan dari `typeof randomValue` adalah nilai sebenarnya `"string"`, artinya nilai `!typeof randomValue` adalah nilai boolean `false`. `!typeof randomValue === "string"` selalu mengembalikan false, karena kita sebenarnya memeriksa `false === "string "`. Karena kondisi mengembalikan `false`, blok kode dari pernyataan `else` dijalankan, dan `Yay it's a string!` Akan dicatat.