BASIC programs can be written in line number format, label format, or a mixture of the two. The specifications are described below. The available variable types are 32-bit signed integer (-2147483648 to +2147483647), 32-bit floating-point, and string. The end of the string is appended with 0x00. Twenty-six integer type variables (A-Z) are available. To treat a variable as a floating-point type, write it as A#, and to treat it as a string, write it as A$. However, A (integer type), A# (floating-point type), and A$ (string type) cannot be used simultaneously. Variables with long names can be used if specified with a statement such as USEVAR. The first letter of the name can be an alphabetic character (A-Z) or an underscore (_), and the second letter can be a number (0-9). Integer type constants are written in decimal notation; if you use hexadecimal notation, you must either add a "$" to the beginning, such as "$1200", or write it as "0x1200". Floating-point constants should be written as "2e-3" (for 0.002) or "10.5". String type constants should be written by enclosing them with '"'. When '"' must be included in the string, it can be written as "CHR$($22)". Hereinafter, x, y, z, etc. refer to integer values; x$, y$, z$ refer to character strings; x#, y#, z# refer to floating-point real values; xxx, yyy, zzz, www, etc. refer to arbitrary statement. [ ] indicates that the statement is optional. | (vertical line) indicates that either left or right notation can be used. Multiple commands can be processed on a single line by separating them with ":". ALIGN4 In the compile object, the lower two bits of the address of the code of the next instruction are set to zero. BGCOLOR r,g,b Specifies background color. BREAK Breaks out of FOR-NEXT, DO-LOOP, and WHILE-WEND loops. CDATA x[,y[,z[...]]] Specify data sequence as 8-bit integer value. CLEAR Discard all string-type variables and integer-type arrays, and set integer values to 0. Also, stop using PCG and reset the display character. CLS Clear screen. COLOR x Specifies text color. CONTINUE Skip subsequent code in FOR-NEXT, DO-LOOP, and WHILE-WEND loops. CURSOR x,y Specifies cursor position. DATA xxx[,yyy[,zzz[...]]]] Specify a data string as an integer value or a string. DELAYMS x Stop execution for x milliseconds. DELAYUS x Stop execution for x microseconds. DIM xxx [, yyy [, zzz [, ... ]]] Assigns an array of integer or floating-point type. xxx,yyy,zzz should be written, for example, "A(10)". In this case, 11 integer type variables from A(0) to A(10) are allocated. In the case of a floating-point array, it should be written as "A#(10)". Multi-dimensional arrays can also be declared. DO WHILE x|x# LOOP If x or x# is non-zero, the statements from DO to LOOP are executed repeatedly. DO UNTIL x|x# LOOP If x or x# is 0, repeats the statements from the DO statement to the LOOP statement. DO LOOP WHILE x|x# Executes the statements from the DO statement through the LOOP statement and repeats if x or x# is non-zero. DO LOOP UNTIL x|x# Executes statements from the DO statement through the LOOP statement and repeats if x or x# is 0. DRAWCOUNT x Specifies the DRAWCOUNT value, see DRAWCOUNT() function for DRAWCOUNT value. END Stops the BASIC program. EXEC x[,y[,z[...]]] Execute machine language. The x, y, z are 16-bit integer values. FOR x=yyy TO zzz [ STEP www ]. NEXT Assign the result of the calculation indicated by yyy to x, and repeat the statements up to the next NEXT statement until the value of x is zzz. Each time it is repeated, the value of x is incremented by www (or by 1 if omitted). Note that nothing is written after "NEXT". GOSUB xxx [, yyy [, zzz [, ... ]]] Memorize the current execution position and move to line xxx (or label). yyy, zzz, etc. are arguments that are passed on to the subroutine (see the ARGS() function). GOTO xxx Go to line xxx (or label). IF x|x# THEN yyy [ ELSE zzz ]. If x is non-zero, execute yyy; if x is zero, execute zzz. yyy and zzz can be written with multiple statements separated by ":". IF x|x# THEN xxx [ELSEIF y|y# THEN yyy] [ELSE zzz] ENDIF Execute xxx when x or x# is non-zero, yyy otherwise and y or y# is non-zero (if described), zzz otherwise. ELSEIF statements can be multiple. Note that on each line, do not put anything after the THEN statement. LABEL xxx Register a jump destination for GOTO/GOSUB. xxx is a string of alphanumeric characters. [LET] x=yyy Assign the result of the calculation indicated by y to x (an integer variable). "LET" may be omitted. [LET] x#=yyy Assign the result of the calculation indicated by y to x (a floating-point variable). "LET" may be omitted. [LET] x$=yyy The string (or concatenation result; the concatenation operator is "+") indicated by yyy is assigned to x$. "LET" may be omitted. MUSIC x$[,y]. Plays background music. For details, see below. The y is invalid for Type P and Type PU. PLAYWAVE x$[,y]. Plays a WAVE file for music (specified by x$ as the file name). The WAVE format is mono, bit length is 8, and sampling frequency is between 15700 Hz and 16000 Hz. If y is specified, playback starts at the specified point (if you want playback from the first second, specify 15700 or 16000). If x$ is a zero-length string, which stops the currently playing music. PALETTE n,r,g,b Palette specification. PCG x,y,z Changes the display character for characters whose ASCII code is x. y, z are character data. See below for details. POKE x,y Writes the value (1-byte value) indicated by y to the physical address indicated by x. POKE16 x,y Writes the value indicated by y (16-bit value) to the physical address indicated by x. Note that if x is an odd value, the exception occurs. POKE32 x,y Writes the value indicated by y (32-bit value) to the physical address indicated by x. Note that if x is not a multiple of 4, the exception occurs. PRINT [ x or x$ or x# [ , or; [ y or y$ or y# [ ... ]]]] Prints a whole number or string on the display. If ";" is used, the next display follows. If "," is used, the display is separated by 10 characters (7 characters for Type PU). If neither is used, the next display is on a different line. REM xxx Nothing is executed. Used to insert comment text. RESTORE xxx Specifies the starting position for reading DATA, where xxx is a line number or label. RETURN Moves to the next statement after the last GOSUB statement. A return value may be specified. In this case, the return value can be obtained with the GOSUB() function. SCROLL x,y Moves the screen horizontally or vertically (or diagonally). The direction and size of the movement are specified by x and y as the degree of horizontal movement and vertical movement, respectively. SOUND xxx[,y]. Plays a sound effect. For details, see below. xxx is a line number or label. The y is invalid for TypeP and Type PU. USEPCG [x]. Use or deactivate PCG. x=0 to deactivate, x=1 to use, x=2 to reset the character. x omitted is the same as x=1. USEVAR xxx [, yyy [, zzz [, ... ]]] Allows long name(s) in alphanumeric and underscore (_). Long variable names such as xxx, yyy, etc. can be used after this statement. VAR xxx [, yyy [, zzz [, ... ]]] Specifies local variables to be used in the subroutine. xxx, yyy, etc. can be specified by A-Z alphabetical characters or variable names. WAIT x Stops program execution for the time indicated by x. If x is 60, the program stops for about 1 second. WHILE x|x# WEND If x or x# is non-zero, the statements from WHILE to WEND are executed repeatedly. WIDTH x[,y] Specifies the width of the character display in characters. For Type P, the x range is 1-40 (1-60 when using ILI9488 LCD). For Type PU, x is either 42 or 80. If y=1, the display is vertical; if y=2, the display is horizontal (Type P only). Hereinafter, x, y, z refer to integer values, x#, y#, z# refer to real values, and x$, y$, z$ refer to strings. [ ] indicates that the function is optional. ABS(x) Returns the absolute value of x. ARGS(x) In a subroutine, retrieves the x-th argument passed to GOSUB or a method as an integer value. However; ARGS(0) returns the number of arguments. ARGS(-1) returns a pointer to the array that contains the previous argument. ARGS(-2) returns a pointer to an object if used in a class. ASC(x$) Returns the ASCII code of the first character of a string. CREAD() Reads data (8-bit integer value) one by one after the DATA statement. See also READ() function. DATAADDRESS(xxx) Returns the physical address of the label indicated by xxx. DRAWCOUNT() Obtains the DRAWCOUNT value, which is a 16-bit integer value that increases by 1 every 1/60th of a second. FUNCADDRESS(xxx) Returns the code address of the label indicated by xxx. GOSUB(xxx [, yyy [, zzz [, ... ]]]) Same as the GOSUB instruction, but with a return value (see RETURN). xxx is a label or line number. yyy, zzz, etc. are arguments that are passed on to the subroutine (see ARGS() function). INKEY([x]) If x is not specified, returns the key code of the currently pressed key. If x is specified with a key code, returns whether the key is pressed or not. INT(x#) Converts the real value x# to an integer and returns it. KEYS([x]) Obtains the button input. x values are as follows. if x is not specified, x=63 is equivalent. KEYUP: 1 KEYDOWN: 2 KEYLEFT: 4 KEYRIGHT: 8 KEYSTART: 16 KEYFIRE: 32 LEN(x$) Returns the length of the string. MUSIC() Returns the number of BGM plays remaining. NOT(x) Returns 1 if x=0, 0 otherwise. PEEK(x) Reads 1 byte from the physical address indicated by x and returns it. PEEK16(x) Reads 2 bytes from the physical address indicated by x and returns it as a 16-bit value; note that if x is an odd number, the exception occurs. PEEK32(x) Reads 4 bytes from the physical address indicated by x and returns a 32-bit value; note that if x is not a multiple of 4, the exception occurs. PLAYWAVE([x]) If x is not specified or 0 is specified, returns the number of samplings remaining in the currently playing WAVE file; if 1 is specified, returns the sampling number currently playing; if 2 is specified, returns the total number of samplings in the WAVE file. READ() Reads data (32-bit integer value) one by one after the DATA statement. See also the CREAD() function. READKEY() Reads a character from the keyboard buffer and returns it. Returns 0 if the buffer is empty. The return value is a 24-bit integer. bits 0-7 : ASCII code bits 8-15 : Virtual key code bits 16-23 : Shift key press status. From highest to lowest <0>. RND() Return a pseudo-random number from 0 to 32767. SGN(x) Returns the sign (-1, 0, or 1) of x. STRNCMP(x$,y$,z) Compares z characters in two strings and returns the result. 0 if they are the same string. TVRAM([x]) Returns the xth content of video RAM as a byte value; if x is omitted, the physical address of the start of video RAM is returned. VAL(x$) Returns the value of x$ as a decimal or hexadecimal string as an integer value. ACOS#(x#) Returns the inverse cosine of x# as a real value. ARGS#(x) Retrieves the x-th argument passed to GOSUB or method in a subroutine as a real value. ASIN#(x#) Returns the inverse sine of x# as a real value. ATAN#(x#) Returns the inverse tangent of x# as a real value. ATAN2#(y#,x#) Returns the inverse tangent of y#/x# as a real number. CEIL#(x#) Returns the smallest integer greater than or equal to x# as a real number. COS#(x#) Returns the cosine of x# as a real number. COSH#(x#) Returns the hyperbolic cosine of x# as a real number. EXP#(x#) Returns the real exponential value of x# with base e. FABS#(x#) Returns the absolute value of x# as a real number. FLOAT#(x) Converts an integer value x to a floating-point real value and returns it. FLOOR#(x#) Returns the largest integer less than or equal to x# as a real number. FMOD#(x#,y#) Returns the remainder of x# divided by y# as a real number. GOSUB#(xxx [, yyy [, zzz [, ... ]]]) Same as the GOSUB instruction, but returns a return value (see RETURN). xxx is a label or line number. yyy, zzz, etc. are arguments that are passed on to the subroutine (see ARGS() function). LOG#(x#) Returns the natural logarithm of x# as a real number. LOG10#(x#) Returns the ordinary logarithm of x# as a real number. MODF#(x#) Returns the fractional part of x# as a real number. NOT#(x#) Returns 1 if x# is 0, 0 otherwise. PI# Returns 3.141593. POW#(x#,y#) Returns the y# power of x# as a real number. RND#() Returns a random number greater than or equal to 0 and less than 1. SIN#(x#) Returns the sine of x# as a real number. SINH#(x#) Returns the hyperbolic sine of x# as a real number. SQRT#(x#) Returns the square root of x# as a real number. TAN#(x#) Returns the tangent of x# as a real number. TANH#(x#) Returns the hyperbolic tangent of x# as a real number. VAL#(x$) Returns the value of x$ as a decimal string with real value. A$(x [,y]) etc. If the value of x is 0, the entire string is returned. If the value of x is positive, the string to the right of the position indicated by x is returned. If the value of x is negative, the x characters to the right of the string are returned. If y is specified, returns the string for y characters. ARGS$(x) In a subroutine, retrieve the x-th argument passed to GOSUB or a method as a string. CHR$(x) Returns the character whose ASCII code is x. DEC$(x) Returns the value of x as a decimal string. FLOAT$(x#) Returns the real value x# as a decimal string. GOSUB$(xxx [, yyy [, zzz [, ... ]]]) Same as the GOSUB instruction, but returns a string (see RETURN) where xxx is a label or line number. yyy, zzz, etc. are arguments that are passed on to the subroutine (see ARGS() function). HEX$(x [,y]) Returns the value of x as a hexadecimal string; if y is specified, the string is y bytes long. INPUT$() Enters the string input state and returns the string when input is completed (when Enter is pressed). SPRINTF$(x$,y#) Returns the contents of real number y# as a string according to the format indicated by x$. READ$() Reads the string data one by one after the DATA statement. &x Address to store variable x (pointer) -x Invert the sign x + y Integer addition x - y Integer subtraction x * y Integer multiplication x / y Integer Division x % y Integer remainder x >> y Shift x value y bits to the right x << y Shift x value y bits left x = y 1 if two integer values are equal, 0 otherwise x ! = y 0 when two integer values are equal, 1 otherwise x < y 1 if x is less than y, 0 otherwise x <= y 1 if x is less than or equal to y, 0 otherwise x > y 1 if x is greater than y, 0 otherwise x >= y 1 if x is greater than or equal to y, 0 otherwise x AND y Bitwise AND of the values of x and y (note that this is not a logical conjunction) x OR y Bitwise OR of the values of x and y x XOR y Bitwise XOR of the values of x and y Note that the order of precedence for integer operators is from highest to lowest as follows + - (unary operator) & * / % + - (addition/subtraction) << >> < <= > >= ! = ! = ! XOR AND OR x$ + y$ String concatenation -x# Invert sign x# + y# Real number addition x# - y# Real subtraction x# * y# Real number multiplication x# / y# Real division x# = y# 1 if two real numbers are equal, 0 otherwise x# ! = y# 0 if two real numbers are equal, 1 otherwise x# < y# 1 if x is less than y, 0 otherwise x# <= y# 1 if x is less than or equal to y, 0 otherwise x# > y# 1 if x is greater than y, 0 otherwise x# >= y# 1 if x is greater than or equal to y, 0 otherwise x# AND y# Logical conjunction of x and y values (note that this is not a bitwise AND) x# OR y# Logical OR of the values of x and y (note that this is not a bitwise OR) The order of precedence of the real number operators is from highest to lowest as follows + - (unary operator) * / + - (addition/subtraction) < <= > >= ! = ! = ! AND OR IDLE Enters idle mode ("wfi" assembly). CPU stops until interrupts such as video signal creation or timers are applied. OPTION x[,y[,z ... ]]] Specify various options. For more information on options, see the section "Options" below. SYSTEM x , y Set various system values. (See below.) SYSTEM(x) Returns various system values as integer values. (See .) SYSTEM$(x) Returns various system values as strings. (See .) BOXFILL [x1,y1],x2,y2[,c] Draws a rectangle with color c whose diagonal is at coordinates (x1,y1), (x2,y2). CIRCLE [x,y],r[,c] Draw a circle of radius r and color c with center at coordinates (x,y). CIRCLEFILL [x,y],r[,c] Draw a circle centered at the coordinate (x,y), with radius r and color c. GCLS Clear screen. GCOLOR c In each instruction, specify the color if c is omitted. GPALETTE n,r,g,b Palette specification. GPRINT [x,y],c,bc,s$ Display string s$ at coordinates (x,y) with color c, bc: background color (no background color specified for negative numbers). LINE [x1,y1],x2,y2[,c]. Draw a line segment from coordinates (x1,y1) to (x2,y2) with color c. POINT x,y Set the current graphic position. PSET [x,y][,c] Draw a point at coordinate (x,y) with color c. PUTBMP [x,y],m,n,bbb Draws a character (specified by bbb) of size m*n dots horizontally and vertically at coordinates (x,y). Simply arrange the color numbers in an array bmp of size m*n. Note that the part with color 0 is treated as a transparent color, and that bbb is a label name or a pointer to the array. USEGRAPHIC [x]. For Type P This instruction clears the screen. Both graphics and characters are always available. If x=2, the palette is also initialized. For Type PU Use or disuse the graphic display. x=0 to disuse, x=1 to use, x=2 to clear the screen and palette, x=3 to reserve the graphic area without changing the display. If you want to use double buffering (drawing and displaying with two graphic RAM areas), specify y as follows: y=0: Draw in area 1, display from area 1. y=1: Draw in area 2, display from area 1. y=2: Draw in area 1, display from area 2. y=3: Draw in area 2, display from area 2. Note: When specifying x=3, previously drawn graphics are not cleared. Additionally, if areas 1 or 2 are not already allocated, they will be automatically allocated. GCOLOR(x,y) Returns the palette number of the palette currently being displayed at graphic coordinates (x,y). Up to two files can be open at the same time. FCLOSE [x]. Closes a file. If there is an argument (x), the file specified by the file handle is closed. FEOF() Returns whether the current file position of the file opened with FOPEN has reached the end of the file. 1 indicates that the end has been reached, 0 indicates that the end has not been reached. FFIND$([x$[,y$])) Returns the filename of the file indicated by the string x$ (e.g., "*.BAS") in the directory. Returns the first filename if x$ is specified and the second or later filenames if x$ is not specified. If no file is found, an empty string is returned. If y$ is specified, the specified directory is searched, otherwise, the current directory is searched. FGET x,y Reads y bytes into the buffer (specified as an array in x). If called as a function, returns the number of bytes successfully read. FGETC() Reads 1 byte from the file opened with FOPEN and returns it as an integer value. Returns -1 if the end of the file has been reached or the read fails. FILE x Specify the active file handle (1 or 2) in x. FINFO(x) Returns information on files found by FFIND$(). When x=0: returns the size of the file in bytes. When x=1: Returns the date and time the file was created as a 16-bit integer. bit 15:9 The year starting in 1980 is 0..127 and bit 8:5 The month is 1..12, and bit 4:0 The day of the month is entered as a value of 1..31, respectively. When x=2: The creation time of the file is returned as a 16-bit integer. bit 15:11 hours with a value of 0..23, bit 10:5 minutes with a value of 0..59, bit 4:0 seconds/2 with a value of 0..29. respectively. When x=3: The attribute flag is returned. bit 0: Read-only bit 1: Hidden file bit 2: System file bit 4: Directory bit 5: Archive FINFO$(x) Returns information about the file found by FFIND$(). When x=0: Returns the date and time of creation of the file as an ISO-8601 string. When x=1: Returns the date of file creation as a string. When x=2: Returns the time of file creation as a string. When x=3: Attribute flag information is returned as a string. "r" for read-only, "w" otherwise "h" for hidden files, "-" otherwise "s" for system files, "-" otherwise "d" for directory, "-" otherwise "a" for archive, "-" otherwise When x=4: Returns the file name. FINPUT$([x]) Reads a string of the length indicated by x from the file opened with FOPEN; if x is omitted, the string is read to the end of the line (including line feed codes). FLEN() Returns the length of the file opened with FOPEN in bytes. FOPEN x$,y$[,z]. Opens the file whose name is indicated by x$ in the mode indicated by y$. The number of files that can be opened simultaneously is limited to two. If called as a function, a file handle is returned. "r": Opens a file in read mode. "r+": Same as "r" but also writable. "w": Opens a file in write mode. If a file with the same name exists, the previous file is deleted. If there is a file with the same name, the previous file is erased. "w+": Same as "w", but also readable. "a": Opens a file in write mode. If there is a file with the same name, the file is not deleted. file with the same name, the file is not erased, but written from the end of the file. "a+": Same as "a", but the file can also be read. z is a file handle (1 or 2) to be assigned. If omitted, 1 is specified. FPRINT [ x or x$ or x# [ , or; [ y or y$ or y# [ ... ]]]] Same as the PRINT instruction, but information is written to a file instead of to the screen. FPUT x,y Writes y bytes of the buffer (specified as an array in x). If called as a function, returns the number of bytes successfully written. FPUTC x Writes one byte of data indicated by x to the file. If called as a function, returns the number of bytes successfully written (1 or 0). FREMOVE x$ Deletes the file or empty directory whose name is indicated by x$ from the SD card. If called as a function, returns whether the deletion succeeded (0) or failed (-1). FRENAME x$,y$ Renames the file or directory indicated by x$ to y$. If called as a function, returns success (0) or failure (-1). FSEEK x Moves to the file location indicated by x. FSEEK() Returns the current file position of the file opened with FOPEN. GETDIR$() Returns the current directory as a string. MKDIR x$ Create a new directory with the name indicated by x$. If called as a function, returns success (0) or failure (-1). SETDIR x$ Moves the current directory to x$. If called as a function, returns 0 on success, non-zero on error. There are two types of timers: normal timer and core timer. Normal timer is general-purpose one that can be used to set speeds and change values. Core timer is special one synchronized with the CPU clock and can be read but not set. CORETIMER x Sets the timing of interrupts using the core timer. Note that this does not change the value of the core timer. The frequency of the core timer is 1 MHz. USETIMER x Starts the timer. x specifies the speed of the timer in microseconds (values less than or equal to 175769). TIMER x Sets the current timer value as a 32-bit integer (x). CORETIMER() Returns the current core timer value as a 32-bit integer value. TIMER() Returns the current value of the timer as a 32-bit integer. INTERRUPT xxx,yyy[,z1[,z2 ...]] ]] xxx specifies the type of interrupt, and yyy specifies the subroutine to be used for the interrupt. z1, z2, etc., when specified, become the arguments of the subroutine for the interrupt. Available interrupt types are as follows TIMER Timer interrupt. An interrupt is applied every time the timer value increases by 1. DRAWCOUNT Interrupts every 1/60th of a second. KEYS When the button press state changes. INKEY When keyboard is pressed, use with READKEY() function. MUSIC When music is played, interrupts when the last note is played. WAVE When WAVE file playback ends. CORETIMER When the core timer value matches the value set by the CORETIMER instruction. INTERRUPT STOP xxx Stops interrupts, where xxx is the type of interrupt. The MUSIC instruction specifies the data for BGM as a string. The format of the string conforms to ABC notation. However, not all notation can be used. The default values for keys, speed, etc. are as follows Q: 1/4=90 L: 1/8 K: C The number of notes that can be set at one time when playing background music is up to 31. If you want to play music beyond this limit, check the return value of the MUSIC() function and execute the next MUSIC instruction after the value becomes small enough. Please refer to the attached "music.bas" file for a sample of how to use this function. The SOUND instruction specifies the data in the DATA column by line number or label. If the next SOUND instruction is executed before the previous sound effect finishes, playback of the previous sound effect stops and a new sound effect is immediately played. The DATA column represents the replacement sound as a 32-bit integer value. The lower 16 bits of this integer value specify the frequency; 2048 corresponds to 440 Hz (the sound of A). The larger value corresponds to the lower note. The upper 16 bits are the length of the note; 1 corresponds to 1/60th of a second. Finally, a value of 65535 or less specifies the number of times the sound effect is repeated. The number of these data should not exceed 32. Please refer to the attached "sound.bas" file for a sample of how to use this function. PCG (Programmable Character Generator) allows you to specify a font for each ASCII code and display it as pseudo-graphics. To use this function, first specify the font in the USEPCG to use the PCG statement. To change the font, use the PCG statement as following example: PCG 0x80,0x80402010,0x08040201 In this example, the font is set for characters with ASCII code 0x80, which will display a backslash-like symbol (a diagonal line from upper left to lower right). If you want to stop PCG and go back to original font, execute: USEPCG 0 If you want to use PCG again, execute: USEPCG In this case, the font data set earlier will be restored. If you want to discard the previously set font data and start using PCG again, execute: USEPCG 2 Various system information can be exchanged using the SYSTEM function and SYSTEM statements. SYSTEM$(0) Returns the MachiKania version string, "Phyllosoma", etc. SYSTEM$(1) Returns the MachiKania version string, "1.2", etc. SYSTEM$(2) Return BASIC version string, "KM-1208", etc. SYSTEM$(3) Returns the name of the currently executing HEX file, e.g., "ZOEA.HEX" (in the case of Type P/PU, returns zero length string). SYSTEM(4) Returns the clock frequency of the CPU currently running. SYSTEM(20) Returns character display width. SYSTEM(21) Returns character display height. SYSTEM(22) Returns the graphic display width. SYSTEM(23) Return graphic display width. SYSTEM(24) Return the specified color for the character display. SYSTEM(25) Returns the specified color for the graphic display. SYSTEM(26) Returns the current X position of the character display. SYSTEM(27) Returns the current Y position of the character display. SYSTEM(28) Returns the current X position of the graphic display. SYSTEM(29) Returns the current Y position of the graphic display. SYSTEM(40) Returns whether the PS/2 keyboard is in use. SYSTEM(41) Returns the PS/2 keyboard information, vkey. SYSTEM(42) Return PS/2 keyboard information, lockkey. SYSTEM(43) PS/2 keyboard information, keytype is returned. SYSTEM 50, x Specify the CPU clock frequency in Hz units. SYSTEM 51, x Set the CPU operating voltage as an integer value between 6 and 15. When x=6, the voltage is 0.85 V; when x=15, the voltage is 1.30 V. The default value at startup is 11 (1.10 V). SYSTEM(55) Returns the current baud rate of SPI used for MMC SYSTEM(56) Returns the current baud rate of SPI used for LCD SYSTEM 57,x Specify the baud rate of SPI used for MMC SYSTEM 58,x Specify the baud rate of SPI used for LCD SYSTEM(100) Returns pointer to variable storage area (g_var_mem). SYSTEM(101) Return a pointer to the random number seed. SYSTEM(102) Returns a pointer to the character display area (TVRAM). SYSTEM(103) Returns a pointer to the font area. SYSTEM(104) Returns a pointer to the PCG font area. SYSTEM(105) Returns a pointer to the graphic display area. SYSTEM 200,x In the case of Type PU, stops (when x is 0) or starts (when x is non-zero) the display. SYSTEM 201,x Turns the LEDs on the board ON/OFF. x= non-zero is ON, 0 is OFF. SYSTEM(250,x) Allocates memory in an x-byte area initialized with zeros and returns an address (equivalent to calloc). SYSTEM(251,x) Allocates memory for an area of x bytes and returns an address (equivalent to malloc). SYSTEM 252,x Release the memory allocated to address x (equivalent to free). ANALOG(x) Returns the analog input value of GP26-29 (12-bit value; 0-4095). The GP26 is specified for x=0, 13, 26; GP27 for x=1, 14, 27; GP28 for x=2, 15, 28; GP29 for x=3, 16, 29. IN(x) Returns the input value (1-bit value; 1 or 0) of the xth bit from the lower part of the specified I/O port. The input is pulled up inside the chip. IN8H() Returns the input value (8-bit value) of the upper 8 bits of I/O port. The input is pulled up inside the chip. IN8L() Returns the input value (8-bit value) of the lower 8 bits of I/O port. The input is pulled up inside the chip. IN16() Returns the input value (16-bit value) of the I/O port. The input is pulled up inside the chip. PWM x[,y[,z]] PWM output; x specifies the duty ratio in the range 0-1000; y specifies the pulse frequency in Hz (1000 if omitted; valid values are 6-95454). By z=1, 2, and 3, output to the specified PWM1, PWM2, and PWM3, respectively (default: PWM1). SERIAL x[,y[,z]] Starts serial communication. x specifies the baud rate (to terminate use of serial communication, specify x=0). y=0 for no parity, y=1 for even parity, y=2 for odd parity, y=3 for no 9-bit parity. If y is omitted, y=0. z specifies the number of characters in the receive buffer; if z is omitted, a buffer large enough to guarantee continuous reception for 1/60th of a second is reserved. SERIALIN([x]) Receive one character in serial communication. If x=1, the number of characters in the receive buffer is returned. In case of 8-bit reception with parity, if a parity error occurs, a value of 0x100 or higher is returned. SERIALOUT x Transmits a single character in serial communication. OUT x,y Outputs the value indicated by y (1-bit value; 1 or 0) to the xth bit from the lower part of the specified I/O port. OUT8H x Outputs the value indicated by x (8-bit value) to the upper 8 bits of I/O port. OUT8L x Outputs the value indicated by x (8-bit value) to the lower 8 bits of I/O port. OUT16 x Outputs the value indicated by x (16-bit value) to the I/O port. I2C [x]. Starts I2C use in master mode. x specifies the number of clocks in kHz (valid values are 12-3409). If omitted, x=100. I2CWRITE x[,y[,z[, ... ]] Performs I2C fixed-length transmission. x is the 7-bit slave address. y, z, etc. are optional transmission codes, specified as byte values. Note that in the case of Type P or Type PU, if y is not specified, no communication takes place at all. I2CREAD(x[,y[,z[, ... ]]) Receive 1 byte after I2C fixed length transmission. x is the 7-bit slave address. y, z, etc. are optional transmission codes, specified as byte values. Returns an 8-bit value on success, -1 on error. Returns -1 in case of error. I2CWRITEDATA x,y,z1[,z2[,z3...]] Performs I2C multi-byte transmission. x is the 7-bit slave address, y is a pointer to the buffer containing the contents to be transmitted, z1 is the number of bytes in the buffer, z2, z3, etc. are optional transmission codes, these byte values are transmitted first, then the contents of buffer y transmitted over z1 bytes. I2CREADDATA x,y,z1[,z2[,z3...]] Performs I2C multi-byte reception. x is the 7-bit slave address, y is a pointer to the buffer to store the contents to be received, z1 is the number of bytes to be received, z2, z3, etc. are optional transmission codes, these byte values are transmitted first, followed by z1 bytes of data to be received and sent to the buffer. data is received and stored in buffer y. I2CERROR() Returns a non-zero value if there was an error in the previous I2C transmission/reception, otherwise returns 0. SPI x[,y[,z1[,z2]]] Starts SPI usage in master mode. x specifies the number of clocks in kHz (valid values are 93-47727). y specifies the number of bits in one word in 8/16/32 (8 if omitted). z1 specifies how to handle SPI clock (0 if omitted). For details, see below. z2 specifies which port is used for the CS line. If z2 is omitted, 3 (GP3). If other ports are used, for example, 4 for GP4 (I/O bit 4) and 27 or 14 for GP27 (I/O bit 14). z1=0: Low when idle and data changes to Low (CKP=0,CKE=1; CPOL=0,CPHA=0) z1=1: Low when idle, data changes to high (CKP=0,CKE=0; CPOL=0,CPHA=1) z1=2: "H" when idle, data changes to "H" (CKP=1,CKE=1; CPOL=1,CPHA=1) z1=3: High when idle, data changes to low (CKP=1,CKE=0; CPOL=1,CPHA=0) SPIWRITE x[,y[,z[, ... ]] Performs SPI fixed-length transmission. x, y, z, etc. are transmission codes. SPIREAD([x[,y[,z[, ... ]]) Receive and return one word after SPI fixed-length transmission (optional). x, y, z, etc. are codes to be sent before reception. SPIWRITEDATA x,y[,z1[,z2[,z3...]]] Performs SPI multi-word transmission. x is a pointer to a buffer containing the contents to be transmitted. y is the number of words in the buffer. z1, z2, z3, etc. are optional transmission codes, which are transmitted first, followed by the contents of buffer x over y words. SPIREADDATA x,y[,z1[,z2[,z3...]]] Performs SPI multi-word reception. x is a pointer to the buffer to store the contents to be received. y is the number of words to be received. z1, z2, z3, etc. are optional transmission codes, which are transmitted first, followed by the reception of y words of data to be stored in buffer x. SPISWAPDATA x,y[,z1[,z2[,z3...]]] SPI multi-word send/receive. x is a pointer to the buffer that stores the contents to be sent/received. y is the number of words to be sent/received. z1, z2, z3, etc. are optional transmission codes, which are sent first. Then, after sending the contents of buffer x, data is received and stored back into buffer x. This operation is repeated over y words. The following option(s) can be specified using the OPTION statement. OPTION CLASSCODE After this option, you can write a code that describes the class. The file name must be saved as "classname.BAS". Using this feature, code that uses only one class can be contained in a single file. This is useful for class development. For details on how to use classes and objects, please refer to class.txt. The following are related instructions and functions. USECLASS x[,y[,z[, ... ]]] Declares the use of a class. x,y,z, etc., is the class name up to 8 alphanumeric characters. FIELD [PUBLIC] x[,y[,z[, ... ]]] Declares a public field in the class file. PUBLIC" can be omitted. x,y,z, etc. are field names. FIELD PRIVATE x[,y[,z[, ... ]]] Declares a private field in the class file. x,y,z, etc. are field names. STATIC [PUBLIC] x[,y[,z[, ... ]]] Declares a public static variable in the class file. "PUBLIC" may be omitted. STATIC PRIVATE x[,y[,z[, ... ]]] Declares a private static variable in the class file. METHOD x Declares a method in the class file. x is the name of the method. NEW(x[,y[,z[, ... ]]]) Creates a class object and returns a pointer to the object. x is the class name. y, z, etc. are arguments used when there is a constructor. DELETE x[,y[,z[, ... ]]] Destroys the created object. x,y,z, etc. are the names of variables to store the object. CALL x Calls the method of the object specified by x. "CALL" can be omitted. The real-time clock can be used with Type P and Type PU. When using it with Type P/Type PU that supports WiFi, set MACHIKAP.INI to connect to an NTP server at startup, or use the NTP command to connect to an NTP server to set the current time. If you are using Type P/Type PU that does not support WiFi, use the SETTIME command to set the current time. The ISO-8601 string used in the sequence of instructions and functions is formatted as shown in the following example (with a "T" between the date and time). 2023-09-01T13:00:00 (for September 1, 2023, 1:00:00 PM) GETTIME$([x$[,y]]) Returns the (current) time as a string; if x$ is not specified, the current time is used; if x$ is specifiedas an ISO-8601 string, the specified time is used; if y is specified, the time after y seconds is returned (negative seconds can also be specified). SETTIME x$ Sets the current time, where x$ is the current time as an ISO-8601 string. STRFTIME$(x$[,y$]]) Extracts the given information from the (current) time and returns it as a string. x$ is a string specifying which information to extract. if y$ is not specified, the current time is used; if y$ is specified as an ISO-8601 string, the specified time is used. the format of the string specified for x$ is as in the document strftime. html, but for Japanese documentation, see C language strftime(). For example https://www.ibm.com/docs/ja/i/7.1?topic=ssw_ibm_i_71/rtref/strfti.html https://linuxjm.osdn.jp/html/LDP_man-pages/man3/strftime.3.html Since MachiKania ver 1.2, the RETURN statement can be used in the middle of the FOR-NEXT loop, WHILE-WEND loop, and DO-LOOP loop. However, jumping outside the loop with the GOTO statement will cause unexpected results (e.g., equipment reset). It is also possible to use the GOSUB statement to call a subroutine or nest another loop. ON GOTO statement and ON GOSUB statement are not supported. However, it is possible to cause similar behavior by writing, for example, the following GOSUB 10000+A .... 10000 PRINT "A=0" : RETURN 10001 PRINT "A=1" : RETURN 10002 PRINT "A=2" : RETURN If strings are handled consecutively in a line, an error message "String too complexed" may appear and the program may stop. In this case, try using a separate line for each string instruction, or try dividing the string-related operations into several steps, one line for each. Be careful when accessing global variables in interrupt functions. If a variable of the same name is specified as a VAR in one of the subroutines and is also used as a local variable, depending on when the interrupt is triggered, the value of the variable may or may not belong to the global or local variable. Therefore, if you want to handle a global variable in an interrupt function, do not specify a variable of the same name as a VAR. KM-1511 Released in December 2025. 　Added the RND#() function 　Fixed a bug where compilation failed in certain environments when one class used another within class files KM-1510 Released in August 2025. 　Enabled the ability to retrieve and modify SPI communication speed for LCD and MMC via the SYSTEM function/statement 　Fixed a bug where executing the OUT statement caused brief, unexpected output fluctuations 　Extended support for WAVE files in the PLAYWAVE statement to include sampling frequencies between 15700–16000 Hz 　Resolved an issue in SPI MISO where the specified port could not be used KM-1509 Released in April 2025. 　Enabled stopping program execution not only with the "Break" key but also with the "Ctrl + Alt + Del" key. 　Made it possible to retrieve the keyboard state using SYSTEM(40), SYSTEM(41), SYSTEM(42), and SYSTEM(43). 　Added functionality to change CPU clock speed and voltage using SYSTEM 50 and SYSTEM 51. 　Enhanced the USEGRAPHIC statement to optionally allow a second argument to be specified. KM-1508 Released in February 2025. 　None of change in BASIC functions. KM-1507 Released in December 2024. 　Changed so that separate class files can be handled for Pico/Pico2 or Type P/PU. 　Fix SYSTEM(4) to return correct CPU execution speed. 　Added SYSTEM(6) to obtain the size of BASIC's object RAM area. 　When using the ILI9488 LCD, the width that could not be specified before can now be specified with the WIDTH statement. 　When a WAIT statement is being executed, execution can be stopped by pressing the PAUSE/BREAK key on the keyboard. KM-1506 Released in October 2024. 　Changed to use aon_timer for RTC to share code with Pico 2. KM-1505 Released in February 2024. 　Enabled to use spi1 with SPI instruction when LCD is not used. 　Fixed a bug in PUTBMP instruction when displaying a long width image. 　The file modification date and time can be displayed in the file list view. 　The display order of file names and modified dates in the file list display is now supported. 　Fixed a display bug on ILI9488 LCD when it is displayed in portrait mode. 　The FRENAME and MKDIR instructions and the FRENAME() and MKDIR() functions have been added. 　Auxiliary code (auxcode) can be added. KM-1504 Released in October 2023. 　The BASIC program for embed now supports file reading. 　The number of files that can be embedded for embedding has been increased to 16. 　Fixed a bug that caused wrong values when displaying floating points and handling strings. KM-1503 Released in September 2023. 　Added support for WiFi connection using Raspberry Pi Pico W. Following statements/functions are added: DNS$(), IFCONFIG$(), NTP, TCPACCEPT(), TCPCLIENT, TCPCLOSE, TCPRECEIVE, TCPSEND, TCPSERVER, TCPSTATUS, TLSCLIENT, WIFIERR(), WIFIERR$() 　Fixed a bug in GCOLOR() function. 　Fixed a key input bug with some USB keyboards. 　FGETC() function returns -1 when EOF. 　Supported XIAO RP2040, RP2040-Zero, and Tiny-2040 for embedding. 　SPI ports can now be specified in the INI file. 　Fixed a bug when the third argument of SERIAL statement is omitted. 　Exceptions are now trapped and displayed on the screen. 　Fixed a bug that CORETIMER starts to fail about 2000 seconds after power-on. 　Support ILI9488. 　Support RTC(Real Time Clock). Follosing statement/functions are added: GETTIME$(), SETTIME. STRFTIME$() 　Supports date/time setting when saving files. 　Supports RTC setting by NTP server. 　Supports turning on/off the LEDs attached to the board by calling SYSTEM 201. 　Fixed a memory allocation bug. 　Fixed a garbage collection bug when using file-related commands such as FREMOVE/SETDIR. 　Improved stability of the WAVE player. 　Fixed a static method call bug in a class. 　Three functions, FFINGD$(), FINFO(), and FINFO$(), are added. Enabled to create file list. 　Fixed a compile-time bug when the REM statement contains double quotation. KM-1502 Released in January 2023. 　Three functions, INKEY(), READKEY(), and INPUT$(), and INKEY interrupt function, have been added to support USB keyboards and editors. 　Fixed a bug that occurred in some environments when compiling class files. 　Added ALIGN4 statement, DATAADDRESS() function, and FUNCADDRESS() function 　Fixed a slight timing discrepancy in timer interrupt. 　Added memory allocation related functions to SYSTEM(). 　Added a function related to memory allocation to SYSTEM(). 　Supported OPTION CLASSCODE. 　Card can be inserted and removed during BASIC program execution. KM-1501 Released in October 2022. 　The NOT#() function was added. 　Fixed a bug that prevented compiling when using another class in a class. 　Fixed a bug in static function calls of the class. 　Allow assignment of strings and arrays to object fields 　Fixed a bug that WAVE files stop playing after a certain period of time 　Allows use of WAIT, DELAYMS, and DELAYUS statements during interrupts 　Fixed a bug that caused MUSIC statements to stop with an error in some environments KM-1500 Released in August 2022. KM-1303 Released in May 2019. 　KM-1303 Released in May 2019. -Added timer functions (USETIMER, TIMER, CORETIMER statements and TIMER(), CORETIMER() functions). 　Interrupt function (INTERRUPT statement) is added. 　An option function (OPTION statement) is added. 　Idle function (IDLE statement) is added. 　The READKEY() function is added. 　The EXEC() function was added. 　Under score can be used in addition to alphanumeric characters in variable names. 　Fixed a display bug when using commas in PRINT. KM-1302, released in March 2019. 　∙ Support for object-oriented programming. 　∙Allowed to get the number of arguments in args(0). 　・Added POKE16, POKE32, PEEK16(), PEEK32() 　Added & operator. 　∙ Added GETDIR$() function and SETDIR statement ∙ KM-1301 released December 2018. 　-I2C functionality is included. 　∙ SPI functionality is included. 　∙ Fixed a bug that prevented variables with long names from being used as the 5th argument of PUTBMP -KM-1300 Published August 2018.