Semantic Mapping Vocabulary
type: Ontology
version IRI: semapv.owl
description: The Semantic Mapping Vocabulary provides and defines terms used for creating and maintaining semantic mappings, in particular mapping metadata.
license: https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/

broad match
type: AnnotationProperty
source: https://www.w3.org/TR/skos-reference/
definition: A match where the object is a broader concept than the subject.
sub property of: non-isomorphic match

close match
type: AnnotationProperty
source: https://www.w3.org/TR/skos-reference/
definition: A match where the subject and object are sufficiently similar that they can be used interchangeably in some information retrieval applications.
sub property of: mapping relation

exact match
type: AnnotationProperty
source: https://www.w3.org/TR/skos-reference/
definition: A match where the subject and object are sufficiently similar, with a high degree of confidence, that they can be used interchangeably across a wide range of information retrieval applications.
sub property of: close match
sub property of: isomorphic match

mapping relation
type: AnnotationProperty
source: https://www.w3.org/TR/skos-reference/
definition: A mapping (alignment) link between two concepts.

narrow match
type: AnnotationProperty
source: https://www.w3.org/TR/skos-reference/
definition: A match where the object is a narrower concept that the subject.
sub property of: non-isomorphic match

related match
type: AnnotationProperty
source: https://www.w3.org/TR/skos-reference/
definition: A match where the subject and the object are inherently related, but where none is in any way more general than the other.
sub property of: non-isomorphic match

cross-species broad match
type: AnnotationProperty
source: https://github.com/mapping-commons/semantic-mapping-vocabulary/issues/3
definition: A match where the subject is considered analogous to the subject in a different taxonomic grouping, but the object refers to a broader concept.
example: FBbt:00007091 (D. melanogaster “subperineurial glial sheath”) and UBERON:0000202 (taxon-neutral “glial blood brain barrier”) are a cross-species broad match.
sub property of: broad match

cross-species close match
type: AnnotationProperty
source: https://github.com/mapping-commons/semantic-mapping-vocabulary/issues/3
definition: A match where the subject and the object belong in different taxonomic groupings, but refer to concepts similar enough that they can be used interchangeably.
sub property of: close match
sub property of: non-isomorphic match

cross-species exact match
type: AnnotationProperty
source: https://github.com/mapping-commons/semantic-mapping-vocabulary/issues/3
definition: A match where the subject is considered analogous to the object in a different taxonomic grouping.
example: FBbt:00005074 (D. melanogaster “muscle cell”) and CL:0000187 (taxon-neutral “muscle cell”) are a cross-species exact match.
sub property of: related match
sub property of: isomorphic match

cross-species narrow match
type: AnnotationProperty
source: https://github.com/mapping-commons/semantic-mapping-vocabulary/issues/3
definition: A match where the subject is considered analogous to the subject in a different taxonomic grouping, but the object refers to a narrower concept.
sub property of: narrow match

isomorphic match
type: AnnotationProperty
source: https://github.com/mapping-commons/semantic-mapping-vocabulary/issues/3
definition: A match where the subject is isomorphic to the object, i.e. considered of identical or similar form, shape, or structure.
sub property of: mapping relation

non-isomorphic match
type: AnnotationProperty
source: https://github.com/mapping-commons/semantic-mapping-vocabulary/issues/3
definition: A match where the subject cannot be considered isomorphic to the object, i.e. considered of identical or similar form, shape, or structure. The object corresponds to exactly one subject in the subject_source.
sub property of: mapping relation

background knowledge-based matching process
type: Class
subclass of: matching process
source: j.websem.2018.04.001
definition: A matching process that exploits background knowledge from external resources, commonly referred to as background knowledge resources. This approach is also known as indirect matching, BK-based matching or context-based matching.
example: A match between a subject A and an object B was established because they appear equivalent under consideration of externally provided background knowledge.

blank normalisation
type: Class
subclass of: normalization
source: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-38721-0
definition: A normalization technique replacing all blank characters, such as space, tabulation, carriage return (or sequences of these) into a single blank character.
example: The string 'ontology matching' (two spaces between 'ontology' and 'matching) becomes 'ontology matching' (one space).

cardinality filtering
type: Class
subclass of: matching process post-processing

case normalization
type: Class
subclass of: normalization
source: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-38721-0
definition: A normalization technique converting each alphabetic character in a string to their lower case counterpart.
example: The string 'Ontology' is normalised to 'ontology' (lower case).

composite matching process
type: Class
subclass of: matching process
definition: A matching process based on multiple, possibly intertwined, matching approaches.
example: An ontology matching tool determines that a subject should be mapped to an object by employing a range of techniques, including lexical, semantic and structural.

diacritics suppression
type: Class
subclass of: normalization
source: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-38721-0
definition: A normalization technique replacing diactritic signs (e.g. accents, hats) with their most frequent replacements.
example: The string 'Protégé' is normalised to 'Protege'.

digit suppression
type: Class
subclass of: normalization
source: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-38721-0
definition: A normalization technique removing all numbers in a string.
example: The string 'ontology1' becomes 'ontology'.

edit distance
type: Class
subclass of: string-based similarity measure
source: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-38721-0

hamming distance
type: Class
subclass of: string-based similarity measure
source: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-38721-0

instance-based matching process
type: Class
subclass of: matching process
source: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-38721-0
definition: A matching process based on individual representations (or instances).
example: A match between a subject A and an object B was established because they share the same instances.

language-based similarity measure
type: Class
subclass of: similarity measure
source: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-38721-0

lemmatization
type: Class
subclass of: normalization
source: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-38721-0
definition: The process of reducing the different forms of a word to one single form.

levenshtein distance
type: Class
subclass of: edit distance
source: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-38721-0

lexical matching process
type: Class
subclass of: matching process
definition: A matching process based on a lexical comparison between one or more syntactic features of the subject with one or more syntactic features of the object.
example: The label of a subject entity matches to an exact synonym of an object entity.

lexical similarity threshold-based matching process
type: Class
subclass of: matching process
definition: A lexical matching process based on a minimum threshold of a score from a comparison based on a lexical similarity algorithm.
example: A match between a subject and an object was established because they had a Levenshtein score higher than 0.8.

link stripping
type: Class
subclass of: normalization
source: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-38721-0
definition: A normalization technique replacing specific links between words, such as apostrophes, dashes, underscore, etc into dashes or blanks.
example: The string 'alzheimer's' becomes 'alzheimers'.

logical consistency filtering
type: Class
subclass of: matching process post-processing

logical reasoning matching process
type: Class
subclass of: matching process
definition: A matching process based on the inferences made by a logical reasoner.
example: Two classes across ontologies are determined equivalent by an OWL reasoner such as ELK.

manual mapping curation
type: Class
subclass of: matching process
definition: An matching process that is performed by a human agent and is based on human judgement and domain knowledge.
example: A human curator determines that a subject should be mapped to an object by virtue of their domain expertise.

mapping
type: Class
definition: A triple <s,p,o> comprising a subject entity s, an object entity o and a mapping predicate p.
example: The subject entity NCI:C9305 is mapped to the object entity ICD10:C80.9 using the skos:relatedMatch mapping predicate.

mapping activity
type: Class
definition: A process that relates to the creation, confirmation, rejection or curation of a mapping.
example: Matching is a mapping activity that results in the creating of a mapping; mapping review is an activity that results in the confirmation of a mapping.

mapping chaining-based matching process
type: Class
subclass of: matching process
definition: A matching process based on the traversing of multiple mappings.
example: A match between a subject A and an object B was established because A was mapped to C, C was mapped to D and D was mapped to B.

mapping inversion-based matching process
type: Class
subclass of: matching process
source: chaining rules
alternative label: mapping flipping
alternative label: mapping inversion
alternative label: mapping inverting
alternative label: semantic walk-backs
definition: A matching process based on the inverting or flipping of the subject with the object of a mapping in accordance with the semantics of the mapping predicate.
example: A broad match between a subject A and an object B using the skos:narrowMatch mapping relation was established because B was mapped to A using the skos:broadMatch mapping relation.

mapping review
type: Class
subclass of: mapping activity
definition: A process that is concerned with determining if a mapping “candidate” (otherwise determined) is reasonable/correct.
example: A match between a subject A and an object B was established elsewhere, and a human reviewer determined that the mapping is true (or false) based on an independent evaluation.

matching process
type: Class
subclass of: mapping activity
alternative label: matching operation
alternative label: matching task
definition: An process that results in a mapping between a subject and an object entity.
example: The label of a subject entity matches to an exact synonym of an object entity.

matching process post-processing
type: Class
subclass of: mapping activity
definition: A process applied to a set of mappings, usually with the intention of changing it.

matching process pre-processing
type: Class
subclass of: mapping activity
definition: A preliminary processing of inputs prior to performing matching.

normalization
type: Class
subclass of: matching process pre-processing
source: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-38721-0
definition: A family of preprocessing techniques for reducing strings to be compared to a common format.

punctuation elimination
type: Class
subclass of: normalization
source: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-38721-0
definition: A normalization technique removing all punctation characters from a string.
example: The string 'e.g.' becomes 'eg'.

regex removal
type: Class
subclass of: normalization
definition: A preprocessing method transforming a string by matching a regular expression and then removing that match.
example: The regex match “[ -]phenotype” is removed from the label field of the subject entity in the mapping.

regex replacement
type: Class
subclass of: normalization
definition: A preprocessing method transforming a string by matching a regular expression and then replacing that match with a specified substitution string.
example: The regex match “[ -]phenotype” is replaced by “-disease” for the label field of the subject entity in the mapping.

semantic similarity threshold-based matching process
type: Class
subclass of: matching process
definition: A matching process based on a minimum threshold of a score from a comparison based on a semantic similarity algorithm.
example: A match between a subject and an object entity was established because they had a Jaccard score higher than 0.8 based on the set of (common) superclasses.

similarity measure
type: Class
source: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-38721-0
definition: A technique for determining a score that characterises the similarity between two entities.

stable marriage filtering
type: Class
subclass of: matching process post-processing

stemming
type: Class
subclass of: normalization
definition: The process of reducing a word to its word stem.

stop-word removal
type: Class
subclass of: normalization
source: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-38721-0
definition: A preprocessing method transforming a string by removing a list of stop words.
example: The stop-words “of, and, is, a” are removed from the label field of the subject entity in the mapping.

string-based similarity measure
type: Class
subclass of: similarity measure
source: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-38721-0
definition: A similarity measure based on the comparison of strings.

string equality
type: Class
subclass of: string-based similarity measure
source: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-38721-0
definition: A string-based similarity measure which involves determining if two strings associated with mapping entities are equal.

structural matching process
type: Class
subclass of: matching process
source: j.websem.2009.11.002
comment: Structural matching does not involve looking at "values" of properties.
example: A match between a subject and an object was established because of the similarity of their structural features, e.g., the number of direct property of a class.

substring similarity
type: Class
subclass of: string-based similarity measure
source: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-38721-0

substring test
type: Class
subclass of: string-based similarity measure
source: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-38721-0

term extraction
type: Class
subclass of: normalization
source: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-38721-0
alternative label: named entity recognition

threshold filtering
type: Class
subclass of: matching process post-processing

token-based distance
type: Class
subclass of: string-based similarity measure
source: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-38721-0

tokenization
type: Class
subclass of: normalization
source: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-38721-0

unspecified matching process
type: Class
subclass of: matching process
definition: A matching process based on an unspecified comparison.
example: A mapping between a subject and an object was established, but it is no longer clear how or why.

ngram similarity
type: Class
subclass of: string-based similarity measure
source: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-38721-0