Heat Treatment Ontology (HTO)
type: Ontology
version IRI: https://w3id.org/pmd/hto/2.0
imports: co
creator: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9014-2920
creator: Jannis Grundmann
creator: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4461-6539
version info: 2.0
definition: The PMD application ontology (PMDao) of generic heat treatments (Heat Treatment Ontology - HTO).
editorial note: The heat treatment ontology (HTO) is developed in the context of the joint project of platform material digital (PMD). The HTO is connected to the PMD core ontology (PMDco).

Accellerated Cooling
type: Class
subclass of: Status
comment: Achieved via convection only.
definition: Status of the cooling method active e.g., at the end of the nitriding process

Acquisition Date
type: Class
subclass of: Time
definition: The point in time a Process Node was commissioned (e.g., the purchase date, first day of use), represented in IEEE 1003 'Seconds since Epoch'.

Annealing
type: Class
subclass of: HeattreatmentScope
definition: Heatteratment process with the scope to change the properties or microstructure of a sample or part. Typically no hardening is performed with this process.

Atmosphere
type: Class
subclass of: Medium
definition: A surrounding influence or environment

Atmosphere Pressure
type: Class
subclass of: Pressure
comment: Effective atmosphere preasure in chamber to keep process save (must be 2-3 mbar above ambient prssure)
comment: Parameter usually slightly higher than ambient pressure for open process to environment to prevent/reduce diffusion of oxygen into the furnace, e.g. by leckage, to avoid explosive or dangerous atmopheres, could be bar, mbar or Pa
definition: Parameter describing the intended atmosphere pressure inside a chamber.

Batch Temperature
type: Class
subclass of: Temperature
comment: Temperaturmessung mit Thermoelement in einem Bauteil an Position 1 @de
comment: Temperaturmessung mit Thermoelement in einem Bauteil an Position 2 @de
comment: Es gibt z.B. Anlassöfen die keinen Temperaturfühler haben
comment: mid. Gibt i.d. der regel einen. skos: Temepraturfühler der im Ofen plaziert, je nach Anwendungsinteresse.
definition: Temperaturverhalten gemessen mit einem Thermoelement in einem thermisch ähnlichen Körper innerhalb der Charge. @de

Below Ambient Pressure
type: Class
subclass of: Status
definition: status of atmosphere: reduced pressure below ambient pressure

Carbon Potential
type: Class
subclass of: ValueObject
comment: Nitrocarburieren mit Kohlenstoffträger, aus Messwerten abgeleitet KC @de
comment: See standard DIN 1310
definition: Carbon content of a specimen of pure iron in equilibrium with a carbourizing medium under specific conditions.

Carburizing
type: Class
subclass of: HeattreatmentScope
comment: Potentiell ableitbar mit bestimmten Fluss-Schwellenwerten @de
definition: Heattreatment process with the scope to transfer carbon from the atmosphere to the component surface.
definition: Prozessschritt, während dessen Kohlenstoff aus der Atmosphäre an der Bauteiloberfläche übertragen wird @de
preferred label: Aufkohlen @de

Chamber
type: Class
subclass of: Component
definition: Systemboundary of a distinct Heattreatment Process. Typically includes media (e.g., Helium or Vaccum).

Chamber Pressure
type: Class
subclass of: Pressure
comment: measured atmophere pressure in retort, measured using the vacuum sensor
definition: designated pressure in retort during evacuation phase pre to nitriding process or during low pressure nitriding process

ChamberScope
type: Class
subclass of: QualifyingNodeAnnotation
comment: Sollte mit Unit-Volume (m^3) verbunden sein @de
definition: Functional furnace chamber.
definition: Funktionale Ofenkammer. @de
definition: Position of the batch in a multi-chamber furnace A specialization of hasProcessNodeComponent representing distinguishable heat treatment chambers of a furnaces. can be: heating chamber / cooling chamber
preferred label: Wärmebehandlungsofenkammer @de

Collection Interface Hint
type: Class
subclass of: FurnaceCharacteristic
definition: A label in support of identifying a network interface and/or address used by a process node to provide primary data stored in ontologies

Concentration
type: Class
subclass of: Furnace Atmosphere
comment: Ammonia is usually intenionally induced;
comment: Einzelne Werte durch auf das Molekül spezifizierte Messsonden. @de
comment: Might be calculated from model or measurement.
comment: Oxygen concentration in process gas composition, oxygen can be formed during decomposition of e.g. carbon monoxide or dioxide or can be intenionally induced e.g. as air, synthetic air or water or enters the furnace via leckage.
comment: Water concentration in process gas composition, if nominal water is intenionally induced; units could be e.g. mol/m³ or °C; signal could be in mA or mV or in vol.-% or °C (dew point)
comment: Hydrogen can be formed during decomposition of e.g. ammonia, acetylene or can be intenionally induced e.g. in forming gas.
definition: Concentration in process gas composition; units could be e.g. mol/m³; signal could be in mA or mV or in vol.-%

Controlled
type: Class
subclass of: ValueScope
definition: This Scope expresses that a :ValueObject is actively controlled during the process, e.g. a heating process where the temperature change is done in controlled intervals until the desired temperature is reached while an uncontrolled heating process would reach the desired temperature as fast as the furnace allows it to.

Convection
type: Class
subclass of: ValueObject
definition: konvection during heating, heating in atmosphere, not in vacuum

Cooling Flag
type: Class
subclass of: Status
definition: represents whether a sequence (of a process recipe) is for cooling to nominal temperature or not, takes value 0 or 1

Cooling Process
type: Class
subclass of: HeattreatmentStep
definition: A process in which the temperature is lowered from a higher to a lower level.
definition: Ein Prozess, bei dem die Temperatur von einem höherem auf ein niedrigeres Niveau abgesenkt wird. @de
definition: process description during cooling process, e.g. fast cooling, free furnace cooling, controled cooling
preferred label: Abkühlprozess @de

Cooling Temperature
type: Class
subclass of: Temperature
definition: Parameter representing the intended temperature difference in celsius per minute nominalHeatingStepDelta (related to "Temperatur-Rampe")

Dew Point
type: Class
subclass of: ValueObject
definition: dew point of the atmosphere, measured during process or calculated from lambda / oxygen probe signal

Duration Till Target Temperature
type: Class
subclass of: Duration
comment: Erwärmdauer = Heizzeit + Durchwärmdauer @de
comment: Maß für die tatsächliche Dauer eines Erwärmvorgangs. @de
definition: Measurement representing the actual duration of a heating procedure.
preferred label: Erwärmdauer @de

Duration To Reach Target Temperature
type: Class
subclass of: Duration
definition: Parameter representing a derived duration of a heat up segment (in hours, minutes or seconds)

Fast Cooling
type: Class
subclass of: HeattreatmentMethod
comment: Anlagenbedingt. @de
comment: Schnellkühlung kann z.B. durch erhöhten Kühlwasserdurchfluss erfolgen. Auch erhöhte Gaskühlung durch ventilation. @de
definition: Schnellkühlung @de
definition: Stark beschleunigte Abkühlung ohne Abschreckmedium. @de

Fine Vacuum
type: Class
subclass of: Status
definition: status of the atmosphere, evacuation step without nitriding potential

Flow Rate
type: Class
subclass of: MediaMovement
comment: Effective flow rate might be generated by the system with a manual input in Percent.
comment: Use Scope.Medium and pmdoc:relatesTo chemical element from chebi; units could be l/min, l/h, m³/h, ...
definition: Parameter representing the intended induced flow rate of a medium, e.g. Oil, Gases, Fluids in general.
example: ex:flowrateH2 a :FlowRate ; co:relatesTo chebie:Hydrogen ; co:unit qudt:Mol-per-litre .

Flow Rate Total
type: Class
subclass of: MediaMovement
comment: Units could be l/min, l/h, m³/h, ...
definition: Measured value for the total flow rate of all process media

Fluid
type: Class
subclass of: Medium
definition: A substance (such as a liquid or gas) tending to flow or conform to the outline of its container

Furnace Atmosphere
type: Class
subclass of: ValueObject
definition: atmosphere type present in retort (vacuum, nitriding, neutral, carburizing)

Furnace Cooling
type: Class
subclass of: HeattreatmentMethod
definition: free cooling with deactivated heating unit and no additonal cooling by e.g. agitade nitrogene -> furnace cool

Hardening
type: Class
subclass of: HeattreatmentScope
definition: Heat treatment process with the aim of achieving an increase in strength and hardness of the material.
definition: Wärmebehandlungprozess mit dem Ziel eine Festigkeitssteigerung zu erreichen. @de
example: Randschichthärten Einsatzhärten Nitrierhärten verwendet Randschichttiefe
preferred label: Härten @de

Heat Treatment Furnace
type: Class
subclass of: Furnace
definition: A furnace intended to change the physical and chemical properties of objects (e.g., test pieces or blanks) achieved through heat treatment techniques such as annealing, case hardening, precipitation, strengthening, tempering, normalizing, or quenching.
preferred label: Ein Ofen, der dazu bestimmt ist, die physikalischen und chemischen Eigenschaften von Objekten (z. B. Prüfstücke oder Rohlinge) durch Wärmebehandlungsverfahren wie Glühen, Einsatzhärten, Nitrieren, Borieren, Ausscheidungsbildung, Verfestigen, Anlassen, Normalisieren oder Abschrecken zu verändern. @de
preferred label: Wärmebehandlungsofen @de

Heating Chamber
type: Class
subclass of: ChamberScope
definition: Distinguishable chamber of a heat treatment furnace with a heater.
preferred label: Heizkammer @de
preferred label: Ofenkammer mit einer Heizung. @de

Heating Process
type: Class
subclass of: HeattreatmentStep
definition: A process in which the temperature is increased from a lower to a higher level.
definition: Ein Prozess, bei dem die Temperatur von einem niedrigem auf ein höheres Niveau gesteigert wird. @de
definition: type of heating process, e.g. fast uncontrolled heating, heating ramp controlled etc.
preferred label: Erwärmprozess @de

Heating Temperature
type: Class
subclass of: Temperature
definition: Parameter representing the intended temperature difference in celsius per minute nominalHeatingStepDelta (related to "Temperatur-Rampe")
definition: Temperaturmessung mit dem Thermoelement im Heizungsraum (raum außerhalb der Retorte. Thermoelemnt zwischen isolierung und retorte)

Heating Time
type: Class
subclass of: Duration
definition: Dauer bis zum Erreichen der Zieltemperatur im Ofen. @de
definition: Duration until the target temperature is reached in the furnace.
preferred label: Erwärmdauer @de

HeattreatmentScope
type: Class
subclass of: HeatTreatmentProcess
definition: This class specifices the scope of the specific heattreatment process.

Heattreatment Temperature
type: Class
subclass of: Temperature
definition: Parameter representing the intended temperature in celsius at the end of a heatup-segment or during a Holding and Soaking Segment.
definition: Parameter representing the measured temperature of the furnace or of an additional temperature sensor. Units could be in °C or K
definition: effective pre-set value for heater

Holding
type: Class
subclass of: HeattreatmentStep
comment: Die HoldingTime ist stets mit einer vorhergehende SoakingTime verbunden. @de
definition: Process step without temperature change in the furnace after the designated temperature was homogeneously reached within the part.
definition: Prozessschritt ohne Temperaturänderung im Ofen. @de
preferred label: Halten @de

Holding Cooling
type: Class
subclass of: Status
definition: Unterbrechung des Kühlprozesses zwecks Temperaturausgleich @de
definition: represents whether a sequence (of a process recipe) is for waiting until nominal temperature is reached during cooling or not, takes value 0 or 1

Holding Heating
type: Class
subclass of: Status
definition: isothermal holding step during heating
definition: represents whether a sequence (of a process recipe) is for waiting until nominal temperature is reached during heating or not, takes value 0 or 1

Hydrogene Sensor Signal
type: Class
subclass of: ValueObject
comment: nominal pre-set value of control system for hydrogen probe
definition: measured hydrogen value of hydrogen probe measured in milli volt

Lambda Probe Signal
type: Class
subclass of: ValueObject
definition: measured lambda probe signal in exhaust gas
definition: measured signal of the lambda-probe in millivolt, representing the atmospheres redox-potential

Leakage Check
type: Class
subclass of: Duration
definition: leakage test duration, where the change of pressure after evacuation is rated according to leakages present
definition: stands for the dwell time during which the pressure increase is evaluated to check tighness of furnace after evacuation initially at process begin

Leakage Flag
type: Class
subclass of: Status
comment: boolean result of leakage test
definition: represents whether a sequence of a process recipe is a safety leakage check of furnace or not, takes value 0 or 1

Leakage Interval
type: Class
subclass of: Time
comment: Stands for the measurement interval for recording sensor signals (pressure, temperature) and instrument settings (rotational speed, flow rate of MFC), unit as time stamp hh:mm:ss
definition: effective leakage measuring duration

Manufacturer
type: Class
subclass of: ProvidedIdentifier
definition: Process Node's manufacturer name, e.g.: "Ipsen" or "UPC"

Media Temperature
type: Class
subclass of: EnvironmentalTemperature
definition: Am Anfang der Abschreckung vorliegenden Temperatur des Abschreckmediums. @de
definition: The temperature of the quenching medium at the start of quenching.
example: oil a Medium , ValueObject , Temperature , Setpoint , Metadata ; relatesTo CHEBI:XXXX ; value 60.0 ; unit qudt:DegreeCelsius .
preferred label: Abschreckmediumtemperatur @de

Medium
type: Class
subclass of: ValueScope
definition: A surrounding or enveloping substance

MultiChamber
type: Class
subclass of: FurnaceCharacteristic
comment: This indicates that the furnace is constructed with at least 2 chambers with different functionalites and purposes.

NH3-cracker Temperature
type: Class
subclass of: Temperature
definition: Effective temperature of the ammonia pre-cracker device

Nitriding
type: Class
subclass of: HeattreatmentScope
definition: heat treatment process with the scope to increase the nitrogen content in the surface near area of a sample or part

Nitriding Depth
type: Class
subclass of: ValueObject
definition: designated nitriding depth or measured nitriding depth

Nitriding Flag
type: Class
subclass of: Status
definition: status of the atmosphere, nitriding step with nitriding potential present in the atmosphere

Nitriding Potential
type: Class
subclass of: ValueObject
comment: The nitriding potential is a key indicator how intensive the nitriding process is, the higher the value the stronger the nitriding conditions, unit is bar^-3/2
definition: calculated nitriding potential, generated out of H2 / NH3 atmosphere content measurement
definition: nitriding potential of atmosphere calculated from H2 probe signal and ammonia flow rate

Oil Quenching Duration
type: Class
subclass of: Duration
definition: Dwell time of the components in the quenching medium.
definition: Parameter indicating the duration of the conducted quenching action
definition: Verweildauer der Bauteile im Abschreckmedium. @de
preferred label: Abschreckdauer @de

Oil Temperature
type: Class
subclass of: Temperature
definition: Parameter representing the intended oil temperature in a quench chamber. Is used in preperation to heat up oil before quenching (oil volume approx. 300l).

Over Pressure
type: Class
subclass of: Pressure
definition: Parameter also for liquid or gaseous media for quenching condition of inductive heat treatments, e.g. water pressure or nitrogen pressure in mbar or bar
definition: Parameter describing a significant higher pressure than ambient pressure, e.g. during a high pressure gas quenching process step, could be mbar or bar

Overheat
type: Class
subclass of: Temperature
definition: Maximal zulässige Abweichung einer Ist-Temperatur, die die Aufheiz-Soll-Temperatur überschreitet. Die Überhitzung kann absichtlich höher als die vorgesehene Aufheiz-Soll-Temperatur eingestellt werden, um die Temperatur eines Objekts implizit zu steuern (in der Annahme, dass ein Objekt kühler ist als die gemessene Ofentemperatur). @de
definition: Maximum allowed deviation of a actual temperature that exceeds the heatup-target temperature. Overheat may be set higher than the intended heatup-target temperature deliberatly in order to implictly control an object's temperature (based on the assumption that an object is cooler than the measured furnace temperature).
definition: Parameter for maximum allowed deviation of a acutual temperature that exceeds heatup-target temperature. Overheat may be set higher than the intended heatup-target temperature deliberatly in order to implictly control an object's temperature (based on the assumption that an object is cooler than the measured furnace temperature).
preferred label: Übertemperatur @de

Oxygen Probe Signal
type: Class
subclass of: ValueObject
definition: measured oxygen probe signal in retort atmosphere

Partial Pressure
type: Class
subclass of: Pressure
definition: Paramenter describing the intended pressure inside a chamber targeted in a factor relative to one bar (using a vakuum cooling or an atmosphere flow). The complement to vacuum-heating as it allows for active vacuum pump during atmosphere flow. Should be set to zero, if vacuum-heating is true.
definition: Describing the intended pressure inside a chamber targeted in a factor relative to one bar (using a vakuum cooling or an atmosphere flow).
definition: Parameter describing the amount of a specific gas species in a mixture, could be mbar
definition: The complement to vacuum-heating as it allows for active vacuum pump during atmosphere flow. Should be set to zero, if vacuum-heating is true.
definition: nominal pressure of a specific atmosphere component thermochemical steps
definition: nominal pressure of thermochemical heat treatment pressure during thermochemical steps

Quenching
type: Class
subclass of: HeattreatmentMethod
definition: Process with significantly increased cooling rate, aimed at preventing diffusion based transformations.
definition: Prozess mit stark erhöhter Abkühlgeschwindigkeit, mit dem Ziel der Verhinderung diffusionsgesteuerter Umwandlungen. @de
definition: Abkühlungsvorgang, der unter Verwendung eines Mediums erfolgt, das in direktem Kontakt mit dem steht, mit dem Ziel die Wärme des Bauteils aufzunehmen.
preferred label: Abschreckprozess @de
preferred label: Quenching Process

Quenching Chamber
type: Class
subclass of: ChamberScope
definition: Chamber of a heat treatment furnace that is designed to quench objects.
definition: Kammer eines Wärmebehandlungsofens, die zum Abschrecken von Gegenständen bestimmt ist. @de
preferred label: Abschreckkammer @de

Quenching Leadtime
type: Class
subclass of: Duration
subclass of: Time
definition: Dauer zwischen Verlassen der Heizkammer und Beginn der effektiven Abschreckung. Gilt für Zweikammeröfen. @de
definition: Duration between leaving the heating chamber and the start of effective quenching. Applies to two-chamber furnaces.
definition: Parameter indicatin the duration right before the quenching process
preferred label: Abschreckvorlaufzeit @de

Recording Interval
type: Class
subclass of: Time
comment: stands for the measurement interval for recording sensor signals (pressure, temperature) and instrument settings (rotational speed, flow rate of MFC), unit as time stamp hh:mm:ss
definition: effective data aquisition and saving interval for documentation

Rotation
type: Class
subclass of: ValueObject
definition: Parameter describing the intended rotational speed of a device as e.g. an fan or turbine, unit revolution per minute.
definition: rotation speed of the atmosphere agitation device

Sequence Descriptor
type: Class
subclass of: ProvidedIdentifier
definition: Label of a given process step within a process recipe.

Sequence Duration
type: Class
subclass of: Duration
definition: Duration of a sequence for which certain furnace settings and process parameters can be defined.
definition: Duration of the current heat treatment recipe sequence.

Sequence Number
type: Class
subclass of: SequenceNumber
definition: An identifier indicating a process-number in a Workflow represented via consecutive integers
definition: number of process step of heat treatment recipe
definition: ongoing number for labeling the process steps within a process recipe

SingleChamber
type: Class
subclass of: FurnaceCharacteristic
comment: This indicates that the furnace is constructed with one chamber which can have different functionalites and purposes.

Slow Cooling
type: Class
subclass of: HeattreatmentMethod
definition: Langsame Abkühlung unter gleichgewichtsnahen Bedingungen, um ein gleichgewichtsnahes Gefüge zu erzeugen. @de
definition: Slow cooling with equilibrium near conditions, to foster an equilibrium near micro structure.
preferred label: Langsame Gleichgewichtsnahabkühlung @de

Soaking Duration
type: Class
subclass of: Duration
definition: Dauer bis zum Erreichen der homogenen Temperatur im Bauteil. @de
definition: Duration at isothermal temperatur step.
definition: Duration to achieve a homogenous temperature distribution in the part
preferred label: Durchwärmzeit @de

Soaking Process
type: Class
subclass of: HeattreatmentStep
definition: Process description during soaking steps, e.g. nitriding with controlled nitriding potential etc.
definition: Process step during which temperature homogenization is achieved in the component.
definition: Prozesschritt, während dessen die Temperaturhomogenisierung im Bauteil erreicht wird. @de

Soaking Temperature
type: Class
subclass of: Temperature
definition: Parameter representing the intended temperature in celsius to hold nominalHeattreatmentTemperature
definition: designated heat treatment temperature at isothermal thermo chemical treatment step

Standard
type: Class
subclass of: ValueObject
definition: standard method for cooling of furnace to RT

System Time For Diagram Generation
type: Class
subclass of: Time
definition: Extrahierte Systemzeit für das Diagram geniert @de
definition: time stamp for measuring data aquisition time and diagram generation / data syncing

Target Temperature
type: Class
subclass of: Temperature
definition: Darstellung der beabsichtigten Zieltemperatur in Celsius am Ende eines Aufheizvorgangs. @de
definition: Representing the intended target temperature in celsius at the end of a heating process.
definition: targeted temepratur for heat treatment
preferred label: Zieltemperatur @de

Temperature Change Rate
type: Class
subclass of: Temperature
definition: Defined temperature change rate in temperature change per time unit.
definition: Definierte Temperaturänderungsrate in Temperaturänderung pro Zeiteinheit. @de
preferred label: Temperaturänderungsrate @de

Temperature Change Process
type: Class
subclass of: HeatTreatmentProcess
definition: A conditioning process which is run to increase or decrease the temperature of an object or a space. Usually, this involves heating or cooling devices such as furnaces or cooling media.
preferred label: Temperaturänderungsprozess @de

Temperature Difference
type: Class
subclass of: Temperature
definition: Parameter representing the allowed difference between nominal and measured value (hysteresis for controlling the temperature), unit °C
definition: Temperature difference of heating system temeprature and measured temeprature in the batch

Temperature Safety
type: Class
subclass of: Temperature
definition: Parameter defining a nominal temperature value for valid furnace operation, higher value leads to safety measurements, unit °C
definition: maximum savety temeprature for temperature control system controler

Tempering Process
type: Class
subclass of: HeattreatmentScope
definition: A heat treatment process to transform the hardening structure into the direction or equilibrium structure.
definition: Ein Wärmebehandlungsprozess, um das Härtungsgefüge in die Richtung oder in ein Gleichgewichtsgefüge umzuwandeln. @de
definition: Tempering
definition: heat treatement process with the scope to reduce the hardness of a prior hardened sample or part
preferred label: Anlassen @de

Type Description
type: Class
subclass of: NodeInfo
definition: Description for Process Node's utility, e.g. "Rear Vacuum Furnace Oil Quenching".
preferred label: Typbeschreibung @de

Vacuum Heating
type: Class
subclass of: Status
definition: Parameter that sets the activity of the vacuum pump. If true, no atmosphere flow is possible (even if set). Effectively, the same mechanics as vacuum-cooling (this is for humans)

Vacuum Heating Pressure
type: Class
subclass of: Pressure
definition: Pressure of the vaccum heating pump.

Vacuum Pressure
type: Class
subclass of: Pressure
comment: in retort measured value of vakuum sensor
comment: pre-set gas pressure at vacuum sequence
definition: Paramenter describing the measured pressure inside a chamber; units could be mbar, bar
definition: Parameter describing the intended vacuum pressure inside a chamber.

With Gas Purging
type: Class
subclass of: Status
comment: Indicates a constant supply of athmospheric gas during a heat treatment process. Without this flag there will be no additional gas supllied except the set pressure drops.
definition: Furnace atmosphere control and oxygen deminishing steps with nitrogen gas flow

Without Intermediate Evacuation
type: Class
subclass of: Status
comment: During nitriding there can be an exchange of the atmosphere gas without removing the gas beforehand. This is a relevant information because it indicates a process step in between two processes.
definition: Neglect any intermediate evacuation process