example of usage
A phrase describing how a term should be used and/or a citation to a work which uses it. May also include other kinds of examples that facilitate immediate understanding, such as widely know prototypes or instances of a class, or cases where a relation is said to hold.
PERSON:Daniel Schober
has curation status
PERSON:Alan Ruttenberg
PERSON:Bill Bug
PERSON:Melanie Courtot
definition
The official OBI definition, explaining the meaning of a class or property. Shall be Aristotelian, formalized and normalized. Can be augmented with colloquial definitions.
The official definition, explaining the meaning of a class or property. Shall be Aristotelian, formalized and normalized. Can be augmented with colloquial definitions.
2012-04-05: Barry Smith The official OBI definition, explaining the meaning of a class or property: 'Shall be Aristotelian, formalized and normalized. Can be augmented with colloquial definitions' is terrible. Can you fix to something like: A statement of necessary and sufficient conditions explaining the meaning of an expression referring to a class or property. Alan Ruttenberg Your proposed definition is a reasonable candidate, except that it is very common that necessary and sufficient conditions are not given. Mostly they are necessary, occasionally they are necessary and sufficient or just sufficient. Often they use terms that are not themselves defined and so they effectively can't be evaluated by those criteria. On the specifics of the proposed definition: We don't have definitions of 'meaning' or 'expression' or 'property'. For 'reference' in the intended sense I think we use the term 'denotation'. For 'expression', I think we you mean symbol, or identifier. For 'meaning' it differs for class and property. For class we want documentation that let's the intended reader determine whether an entity is instance of the class, or not. For property we want documentation that let's the intended reader determine, given a pair of potential relata, whether the assertion that the relation holds is true. The 'intended reader' part suggests that we also specify who, we expect, would be able to understand the definition, and also generalizes over human and computer reader to include textual and logical definition. Personally, I am more comfortable weakening definition to documentation, with instructions as to what is desirable. We also have the outstanding issue of how to aim different definitions to different audiences. A clinical audience reading chebi wants a different sort of definition documentation/definition from a chemistry trained audience, and similarly there is a need for a definition that is adequate for an ontologist to work with.
alternative term
An alternative name for a class or property which means the same thing as the preferred name (semantically equivalent)
definition source
Formal citation, e.g. identifier in external database to indicate / attribute source(s) for the definition. Free text indicate / attribute source(s) for the definition. EXAMPLE: Author Name, URI, MeSH Term C04, PUBMED ID, Wiki uri on 31.01.2007
Discussion on obo-discuss mailing-list, see http://bit.ly/hgm99w
imported from
For external terms/classes, the ontology from which the term was imported
ISA alternative term
An alternative term used by the ISA tools project (http://isa-tools.org).
Requested by Alejandra Gonzalez-Beltran https://sourceforge.net/tracker/?func=detail&aid=3603413&group_id=177891&atid=886178
ISA tools project (http://isa-tools.org)
PERSON:Randi Vita, Jason Greenbaum, Bjoern Peters
An assertion that holds between an OWL Object Property and a temporal interpretation that elucidates how OWL Class Axioms that use this property are to be interpreted in a temporal context.
logical macro assertion on an annotation property
relation p is the direct form of relation q iff p is a subPropertyOf q, p does not have the Transitive characteristic, q does have the Transitive characteristic, and for all x, y: x q y -> exists z1, z2, ..., zn such that x p z1 ... z2n y
The general property hierarchy is: "directly P" SubPropertyOf "P" Transitive(P) Where we have an annotation assertion "directly P" "is direct form of" "P"
If we have the annotation P is-direct-form-of Q, and we have inverses P' and Q', then it follows that P' is-direct-form-of Q'
If R <- P o Q is a defining property chain axiom, then (1) R -> P o Q holds and (2) Q is either reflexive or locally reflexive. A corollary of this is that P SubPropertyOf R.
is a defining property chain axiom where second argument is reflexive
part-of is homeomorphic for independent continuants.
R is homemorphic for C iff (1) there exists some x,y such that x R y, and x and y instantiate C and (2) for all x, if x is an instance of C, and there exists some y some such that x R y, then it follows that y is an instance of C.
R homeomorphic-for C expands to: C SubClassOf R only C. Additionally, for any class D that is disjoint with C, we can also expand to C DisjointWith R some D, D DisjointWith R some C.
Examples of a Contributor include a person, an organisation, or a service. Typically, the name of a Contributor should be used to indicate the entity.
An entity responsible for making contributions to the content of the resource.
Contributor
Recommended best practice is to use RFC 3066 [RFC3066], which, in conjunction with ISO 639 [ISO639], defines two- and three-letter primary language tags with optional subtags. Examples include "en" or "eng" for English, "akk" for Akkadian, and "en-GB" for English used in the United Kingdom.
A language of the intellectual content of the resource.
Language
is part of
my brain is part of my body (continuant parthood, two material entities)
my stomach cavity is part of my stomach (continuant parthood, immaterial entity is part of material entity)
this day is part of this year (occurrent parthood)
a core relation that holds between a part and its whole
Everything is part of itself. Any part of any part of a thing is itself part of that thing. Two distinct things cannot be part of each other.
Occurrents are not subject to change and so parthood between occurrents holds for all the times that the part exists. Many continuants are subject to change, so parthood between continuants will only hold at certain times, but this is difficult to specify in OWL. See http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ro/docs/temporal-semantics/
Occurrents are not subject to change and so parthood between occurrents holds for all the times that the part exists. Many continuants are subject to change, so parthood between continuants will only hold at certain times, but this is difficult to specify in OWL. See https://code.google.com/p/obo-relations/wiki/ROAndTime
Parthood requires the part and the whole to have compatible classes: only an occurrent can be part of an occurrent; only a process can be part of a process; only a continuant can be part of a continuant; only an independent continuant can be part of an independent continuant; only an immaterial entity can be part of an immaterial entity; only a specifically dependent continuant can be part of a specifically dependent continuant; only a generically dependent continuant can be part of a generically dependent continuant. (This list is not exhaustive.) A continuant cannot be part of an occurrent: use 'participates in'. An occurrent cannot be part of a continuant: use 'has participant'. A material entity cannot be part of an immaterial entity: use 'has location'. A specifically dependent continuant cannot be part of an independent continuant: use 'inheres in'. An independent continuant cannot be part of a specifically dependent continuant: use 'bearer of'.
part_of
part of
has part
my body has part my brain (continuant parthood, two material entities)
my stomach has part my stomach cavity (continuant parthood, material entity has part immaterial entity)
this year has part this day (occurrent parthood)
a core relation that holds between a whole and its part
Everything has itself as a part. Any part of any part of a thing is itself part of that thing. Two distinct things cannot have each other as a part.
Parthood requires the part and the whole to have compatible classes: only an occurrent have an occurrent as part; only a process can have a process as part; only a continuant can have a continuant as part; only an independent continuant can have an independent continuant as part; only a specifically dependent continuant can have a specifically dependent continuant as part; only a generically dependent continuant can have a generically dependent continuant as part. (This list is not exhaustive.) A continuant cannot have an occurrent as part: use 'participates in'. An occurrent cannot have a continuant as part: use 'has participant'. An immaterial entity cannot have a material entity as part: use 'location of'. An independent continuant cannot have a specifically dependent continuant as part: use 'bearer of'. A specifically dependent continuant cannot have an independent continuant as part: use 'inheres in'.
has_part
realized in
this disease is realized in this disease course
this fragility is realized in this shattering
this investigator role is realized in this investigation
is realized by
realized_in
[copied from inverse property 'realizes'] to say that b realizes c at t is to assert that there is some material entity d & b is a process which has participant d at t & c is a disposition or role of which d is bearer_of at t& the type instantiated by b is correlated with the type instantiated by c. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [059-003])
Paraphrase of elucidation: a relation between a realizable entity and a process, where there is some material entity that is bearer of the realizable entity and participates in the process, and the realizable entity comes to be realized in the course of the process
realizes
this disease course realizes this disease
this investigation realizes this investigator role
this shattering realizes this fragility
to say that b realizes c at t is to assert that there is some material entity d & b is a process which has participant d at t & c is a disposition or role of which d is bearer_of at t& the type instantiated by b is correlated with the type instantiated by c. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [059-003])
Paraphrase of elucidation: a relation between a process and a realizable entity, where there is some material entity that is bearer of the realizable entity and participates in the process, and the realizable entity comes to be realized in the course of the process
preceded by
x is preceded by y if and only if the time point at which y ends is before or equivalent to the time point at which x starts. Formally: x preceded by y iff ω(y) <= α(x), where α is a function that maps a process to a start point, and ω is a function that maps a process to an end point.
An example is: translation preceded_by transcription; aging preceded_by development (not however death preceded_by aging). Where derives_from links classes of continuants, preceded_by links classes of processes. Clearly, however, these two relations are not independent of each other. Thus if cells of type C1 derive_from cells of type C, then any cell division involving an instance of C1 in a given lineage is preceded_by cellular processes involving an instance of C. The assertion P preceded_by P1 tells us something about Ps in general: that is, it tells us something about what happened earlier, given what we know about what happened later. Thus it does not provide information pointing in the opposite direction, concerning instances of P1 in general; that is, that each is such as to be succeeded by some instance of P. Note that an assertion to the effect that P preceded_by P1 is rather weak; it tells us little about the relations between the underlying instances in virtue of which the preceded_by relation obtains. Typically we will be interested in stronger relations, for example in the relation immediately_preceded_by, or in relations which combine preceded_by with a condition to the effect that the corresponding instances of P and P1 share participants, or that their participants are connected by relations of derivation, or (as a first step along the road to a treatment of causality) that the one process in some way affects (for example, initiates or regulates) the other.
is preceded by
preceded_by
precedes
x precedes y if and only if the time point at which x ends is before or equivalent to the time point at which y starts. Formally: x precedes y iff ω(x) <= α(y), where α is a function that maps a process to a start point, and ω is a function that maps a process to an end point.
This document is about information artifacts and their representations
A (currently) primitive relation that relates an information artifact to an entity.
7/6/2009 Alan Ruttenberg. Following discussion with Jonathan Rees, and introduction of "mentions" relation. Weaken the is_about relationship to be primitive. We will try to build it back up by elaborating the various subproperties that are more precisely defined. Some currently missing phenomena that should be considered "about" are predications - "The only person who knows the answer is sitting beside me" , Allegory, Satire, and other literary forms that can be topical without explicitly mentioning the topic.
person:Alan Ruttenberg
Smith, Ceusters, Ruttenberg, 2000 years of philosophy
is about
has_specified_input
see is_input_of example_of_usage
The inverse property of is_specified_input_of
8/17/09: specified inputs of one process are not necessarily specified inputs of a larger process that it is part of. This is in contrast to how 'has participant' works.
PERSON: Alan Ruttenberg
some Autologous EBV(Epstein-Barr virus)-transformed B-LCL (B lymphocyte cell line) is_input_for instance of Chromum Release Assay described at https://wiki.cbil.upenn.edu/obiwiki/index.php/Chromium_Release_assay
A relation between a planned process and a continuant participating in that process that is not created during the process. The presence of the continuant during the process is explicitly specified in the plan specification which the process realizes the concretization of.
Alan Ruttenberg
is_specified_input_of
has_specified_output
The inverse property of is_specified_output_of
is_specified_output_of
A relation between a planned process and a continuant participating in that process. The presence of the continuant at the end of the process is explicitly specified in the objective specification which the process realizes the concretization of.
A cell sorting process achieves the objective specification 'material separation objective'
This relation obtains between a planned process and a objective specification when the criteria specified in the objective specification are met at the end of the planned process.
modified according to email thread from 1/23/09 in accordince with DT and PPPB branch
This relation obtains between an objective specification and a planned process when the criteria specified in the objective specification are met at the end of the planned process.
A relation between an information content entity and a value specification that specifies its value.
inheres in
this fragility inheres in this vase
this fragility is a characteristic of this vase
this red color inheres in this apple
this red color is a characteristic of this apple
a relation between a specifically dependent continuant (the characteristic) and any other entity (the bearer), in which the characteristic depends on the bearer for its existence.
a relation between a specifically dependent continuant (the dependent) and an independent continuant (the bearer), in which the dependent specifically depends on the bearer for its existence
A dependent inheres in its bearer at all times for which the dependent exists.
inheres_in
Note that this relation was previously called "inheres in", but was changed to be called "characteristic of" because BFO2 uses "inheres in" in a more restricted fashion. This relation differs from BFO2:inheres_in in two respects: (1) it does not impose a range constraint, and thus it allows qualities of processes, as well as of information entities, whereas BFO2 restricts inheres_in to only apply to independent continuants (2) it is declared functional, i.e. something can only be a characteristic of one thing.
characteristic of
bearer of
this apple is bearer of this red color
this vase is bearer of this fragility
Inverse of characteristic_of
a relation between an independent continuant (the bearer) and a specifically dependent continuant (the dependent), in which the dependent specifically depends on the bearer for its existence
A bearer can have many dependents, and its dependents can exist for different periods of time, but none of its dependents can exist when the bearer does not exist.
bearer_of
is bearer of
has characteristic
participates in
this blood clot participates in this blood coagulation
this input material (or this output material) participates in this process
this investigator participates in this investigation
a relation between a continuant and a process, in which the continuant is somehow involved in the process
participates_in
has participant
this blood coagulation has participant this blood clot
this investigation has participant this investigator
this process has participant this input material (or this output material)
a relation between a process and a continuant, in which the continuant is somehow involved in the process
Has_participant is a primitive instance-level relation between a process, a continuant, and a time at which the continuant participates in some way in the process. The relation obtains, for example, when this particular process of oxygen exchange across this particular alveolar membrane has_participant this particular sample of hemoglobin at this particular time.
has_participant
A journal article is an information artifact that inheres in some number of printed journals. For each copy of the printed journal there is some quality that carries the journal article, such as a pattern of ink. The journal article (a generically dependent continuant) is concretized as the quality (a specifically dependent continuant), and both depend on that copy of the printed journal (an independent continuant).
An investigator reads a protocol and forms a plan to carry out an assay. The plan is a realizable entity (a specifically dependent continuant) that concretizes the protocol (a generically dependent continuant), and both depend on the investigator (an independent continuant). The plan is then realized by the assay (a process).
A relationship between a generically dependent continuant and a specifically dependent continuant, in which the generically dependent continuant depends on some independent continuant in virtue of the fact that the specifically dependent continuant also depends on that same independent continuant. A generically dependent continuant may be concretized as multiple specifically dependent continuants.
is concretized as
A journal article is an information artifact that inheres in some number of printed journals. For each copy of the printed journal there is some quality that carries the journal article, such as a pattern of ink. The quality (a specifically dependent continuant) concretizes the journal article (a generically dependent continuant), and both depend on that copy of the printed journal (an independent continuant).
A relationship between a specifically dependent continuant and a generically dependent continuant, in which the generically dependent continuant depends on some independent continuant in virtue of the fact that the specifically dependent continuant also depends on that same independent continuant. Multiple specifically dependent continuants can concretize the same generically dependent continuant.
concretizes
this catalysis function is a function of this enzyme
a relation between a function and an independent continuant (the bearer), in which the function specifically depends on the bearer for its existence
A function inheres in its bearer at all times for which the function exists, however the function need not be realized at all the times that the function exists.
function_of
is function of
This relation is modeled after the BFO relation of the same name which was in BFO2, but is used in a more restricted sense - specifically, we model this relation as functional (inherited from characteristic-of). Note that this relation is now removed from BFO2020.
function of
this red color is a quality of this apple
a relation between a quality and an independent continuant (the bearer), in which the quality specifically depends on the bearer for its existence
A quality inheres in its bearer at all times for which the quality exists.
is quality of
quality_of
quality of
this investigator role is a role of this person
a relation between a role and an independent continuant (the bearer), in which the role specifically depends on the bearer for its existence
A role inheres in its bearer at all times for which the role exists, however the role need not be realized at all the times that the role exists.
is role of
role_of
role of
this enzyme has function this catalysis function (more colloquially: this enzyme has this catalysis function)
a relation between an independent continuant (the bearer) and a function, in which the function specifically depends on the bearer for its existence
A bearer can have many functions, and its functions can exist for different periods of time, but none of its functions can exist when the bearer does not exist. A function need not be realized at all the times that the function exists.
has_function
has function
this apple has quality this red color
a relation between an independent continuant (the bearer) and a quality, in which the quality specifically depends on the bearer for its existence
A bearer can have many qualities, and its qualities can exist for different periods of time, but none of its qualities can exist when the bearer does not exist.
has_quality
has quality
this person has role this investigator role (more colloquially: this person has this role of investigator)
a relation between an independent continuant (the bearer) and a role, in which the role specifically depends on the bearer for its existence
A bearer can have many roles, and its roles can exist for different periods of time, but none of its roles can exist when the bearer does not exist. A role need not be realized at all the times that the role exists.
has_role
has role
a relation between an independent continuant (the bearer) and a disposition, in which the disposition specifically depends on the bearer for its existence
has disposition
disposition of
A 'has regulatory component activity' B if A and B are GO molecular functions (GO_0003674), A has_component B and A is regulated by B.
A relationship that holds between a GO molecular function and a component of that molecular function that negatively regulates the activity of the whole. More formally, A 'has regulatory component activity' B iff :A and B are GO molecular functions (GO_0003674), A has_component B and A is negatively regulated by B.
By convention GO molecular functions are classified by their effector function. Internal regulatory functions are treated as components. For example, NMDA glutmate receptor activity is a cation channel activity with positive regulatory component 'glutamate binding' and negative regulatory components including 'zinc binding' and 'magnesium binding'.
has negative regulatory component activity
A relationship that holds between a GO molecular function and a component of that molecular function that positively regulates the activity of the whole. More formally, A 'has regulatory component activity' B iff :A and B are GO molecular functions (GO_0003674), A has_component B and A is positively regulated by B.
By convention GO molecular functions are classified by their effector function and internal regulatory functions are treated as components. So, for example calmodulin has a protein binding activity that has positive regulatory component activity calcium binding activity. Receptor tyrosine kinase activity is a tyrosine kinase activity that has positive regulatory component 'ligand binding'.
has positive regulatory component activity
A 'has component activity' B if A is A and B are molecular functions (GO_0003674) and A has_component B.
w 'has process component' p if p and w are processes, w 'has part' p and w is such that it can be directly disassembled into into n parts p, p2, p3, ..., pn, where these parts are of similar type.
Process(P2) is directly regulated by process(P1) iff: P1 regulates P2 via direct physical interaction between an agent executing P1 (or some part of P1) and an agent executing P2 (or some part of P2). For example, if protein A has protein binding activity(P1) that targets protein B and this binding regulates the kinase activity (P2) of protein B then P1 directly regulates P2.
Process(P2) is directly negatively regulated by process(P1) iff: P1 negatively regulates P2 via direct physical interaction between an agent executing P1 (or some part of P1) and an agent executing P2 (or some part of P2). For example, if protein A has protein binding activity(P1) that targets protein B and this binding negatively regulates the kinase activity (P2) of protein B then P2 directly negatively regulated by P1.
Process(P2) is directly postively regulated by process(P1) iff: P1 positively regulates P2 via direct physical interaction between an agent executing P1 (or some part of P1) and an agent executing P2 (or some part of P2). For example, if protein A has protein binding activity(P1) that targets protein B and this binding positively regulates the kinase activity (P2) of protein B then P2 is directly postively regulated by P1.
A 'has effector activity' B if A and B are GO molecular functions (GO_0003674), A 'has component activity' B and B is the effector (output function) of B. Each compound function has only one effector activity.
This relation is designed for constructing compound molecular functions, typically in combination with one or more regulatory component activity relations.
X ends_after Y iff: end(Y) before_or_simultaneous_with end(X)
ends after
X immediately_preceded_by Y iff: end(X) simultaneous_with start(Y)
immediately preceded by
X immediately_precedes_Y iff: end(X) simultaneous_with start(Y)
immediately precedes
x overlaps y if and only if there exists some z such that x has part z and z part of y
http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000051 some (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000050 some ?Y)
overlaps
w 'has component' p if w 'has part' p and w is such that it can be directly disassembled into into n parts p, p2, p3, ..., pn, where these parts are of similar type.
The definition of 'has component' is still under discussion. The challenge is in providing a definition that does not imply transitivity.
For use in recording has_part with a cardinality constraint, because OWL does not permit cardinality constraints to be used in combination with transitive object properties. In situations where you would want to say something like 'has part exactly 5 digit, you would instead use has_component exactly 5 digit.
has component
p regulates q iff p is causally upstream of q, the execution of p is not constant and varies according to specific conditions, and p influences the rate or magnitude of execution of q due to an effect either on some enabler of q or some enabler of a part of q.
Regulation precludes parthood; the regulatory process may not be within the regulated process.
regulates
p negatively regulates q iff p regulates q, and p decreases the rate or magnitude of execution of q.
negatively regulates (process to process)
negatively regulates
p positively regulates q iff p regulates q, and p increases the rate or magnitude of execution of q.
positively regulates (process to process)
positively regulates
mechanosensory neuron capable of detection of mechanical stimulus involved in sensory perception (GO:0050974)
osteoclast SubClassOf 'capable of' some 'bone resorption'
A relation between a material entity (such as a cell) and a process, in which the material entity has the ability to carry out the process.
For compatibility with BFO, this relation has a shortcut definition in which the expression "capable of some P" expands to "bearer_of (some realized_by only P)".
capable of
c stands in this relationship to p if and only if there exists some p' such that c is capable_of p', and p' is part_of p.
capable of part of
Do not use this relation directly. It is ended as a grouping for relations between occurrents involving the relative timing of their starts and ends.
A relation that holds between two occurrents. This is a grouping relation that collects together all the Allen relations.
temporally related to
p has input c iff: p is a process, c is a material entity, c is a participant in p, c is present at the start of p, and the state of c is modified during p.
has input
A faulty traffic light (material entity) whose malfunctioning (a process) is causally upstream of a traffic collision (a process): the traffic light acts upstream of the collision.
c acts upstream of p if and only if c enables some f that is involved in p' and p' occurs chronologically before p, is not part of p, and affects the execution of p. c is a material entity and f, p, p' are processes.
A gene product that has some activity, where that activity may be a part of a pathway or upstream of the pathway.
c acts upstream of or within p if c is enables f, and f is causally upstream of or within p. c is a material entity and p is an process.
p is causally upstream of, positive effect q iff p is casually upstream of q, and the execution of p is required for the execution of q.
holds between x and y if and only if x is causally upstream of y and the progression of x increases the frequency, rate or extent of y
p is causally upstream of, negative effect q iff p is casually upstream of q, and the execution of p decreases the execution of q.
a particular instances of akt-2 enables some instance of protein kinase activity
c enables p iff c is capable of p and c acts to execute p.
This relation differs from the parent relation 'capable of' in that the parent is weaker and only expresses a capability that may not be actually realized, whereas this relation is always realized.
enables
c involved_in p if and only if c enables some process p', and p' is part of p
involved in
enabled by
regulated by
negatively regulated by
positively regulated by
An organism that is a member of a population of organisms
is member of is a mereological relation between a item and a collection.
member of
has member is a mereological relation between a collection and an item.
has member
input of
causally downstream of
immediately causally downstream of
p indirectly positively regulates q iff p is indirectly causally upstream of q and p positively regulates q.
indirectly positively regulates
p indirectly negatively regulates q iff p is indirectly causally upstream of q and p negatively regulates q.
indirectly negatively regulates
p is causally upstream of q iff p is causally related to q, the end of p precedes the end of q, and p is not an occurrent part of q.
causally upstream of
p is immediately causally upstream of q iff p is causally upstream of q, and the end of p is coincident with the beginning of q.
immediately causally upstream of
p is 'causally upstream or within' q iff p is causally related to q, and the end of p precedes, or is coincident with, the end of q.
We would like to make this disjoint with 'preceded by', but this is prohibited in OWL2
inverse of causally upstream of or within
c involved in regulation of p if c is involved in some p' and p' regulates some p
c involved in regulation of p if c is involved in some p' and p' positively regulates some p
c involved in regulation of p if c is involved in some p' and p' negatively regulates some p
c involved in or regulates p if and only if either (i) c is involved in p or (ii) c is involved in regulation of p
OWL does not allow defining object properties via a Union
involved in or involved in regulation of
A relationship that holds between two entities in which the processes executed by the two entities are causally connected.
This relation and all sub-relations can be applied to either (1) pairs of entities that are interacting at any moment of time (2) populations or species of entity whose members have the disposition to interact (3) classes whose members have the disposition to interact.
Note that this relationship type, and sub-relationship types may be redundant with process terms from other ontologies. For example, the symbiotic relationship hierarchy parallels GO. The relations are provided as a convenient shortcut. Consider using the more expressive processual form to capture your data. In the future, these relations will be linked to their cognate processes through rules.
An interaction relationship in which the two partners are molecular entities that directly physically interact with each other for example via a stable binding interaction or a brief interaction during which one modifies the other.
An interaction relation between x and y in which x catalyzes a reaction in which a phosphate group is added to y.
The entity A, immediately upstream of the entity B, has an activity that regulates an activity performed by B. For example, A and B may be gene products and binding of B by A regulates the kinase activity of B. A and B can be physically interacting but not necessarily. Immediately upstream means there are no intermediate entity between A and B.
The entity A, immediately upstream of the entity B, has an activity that negatively regulates an activity performed by B. For example, A and B may be gene products and binding of B by A negatively regulates the kinase activity of B.
directly negatively regulates activity of
The entity A, immediately upstream of the entity B, has an activity that positively regulates an activity performed by B. For example, A and B may be gene products and binding of B by A positively regulates the kinase activity of B.
directly positively regulates activity of
A relationship between a material entity and a process where the material entity has some causal role that influences the process
p is causally related to q if and only if p or any part of p and q or any part of q are linked by a chain of events where each event pair is one where the execution of p influences the execution of q. p may be upstream, downstream, part of, or a container of q.
Do not use this relation directly. It is intended as a grouping for a diverse set of relations, all involving cause and effect.
The intent is that the process branch of the causal property hierarchy is primary (causal relations hold between occurrents/processes), and that the material branch is defined in terms of the process branch
The entity or characteristic A is causally upstream of the entity or characteristic B, A having an effect on B. An entity corresponds to any biological type of entity as long as a mass is measurable. A characteristic corresponds to a particular specificity of an entity (e.g., phenotype, shape, size).
p directly regulates q iff p is immediately causally upstream of q and p regulates q.
gland SubClassOf 'has part structure that is capable of' some 'secretion by cell'
s 'has part structure that is capable of' p if and only if there exists some part x such that s 'has part' x and x 'capable of' p
A relationship that holds between a material entity and a process in which causality is involved, with either the material entity or some part of the material entity exerting some influence over the process, or the process influencing some aspect of the material entity.
causal relation between material entity and a process
Holds between c and p if and only if c is capable of some activity a, and a regulates p.
Holds between c and p if and only if c is capable of some activity a, and a negatively regulates p.
renin -> arteriolar smooth muscle contraction
Holds between c and p if and only if c is capable of some activity a, and a positively regulates p.
p directly positively regulates q iff p is immediately causally upstream of q, and p positively regulates q.
directly positively regulates (process to process)
p directly negatively regulates q iff p is immediately causally upstream of q, and p negatively regulates q.
directly negatively regulates (process to process)
acts upstream of or within, positive effect
acts upstream of or within, negative effect
c 'acts upstream of, positive effect' p if c is enables f, and f is causally upstream of p, and the direction of f is positive
c 'acts upstream of, negative effect' p if c is enables f, and f is causally upstream of p, and the direction of f is negative
causally upstream of or within, negative effect
causally upstream of or within, positive effect
The entity A has an activity that regulates an activity of the entity B. For example, A and B are gene products where the catalytic activity of A regulates the kinase activity of B.
p is indirectly causally upstream of q iff p is causally upstream of q and there exists some process r such that p is causally upstream of r and r is causally upstream of q.
indirectly causally upstream of
p indirectly regulates q iff p is indirectly causally upstream of q and p regulates q.
indirectly regulates
A relationship that holds between a process and a characteristic in which process (P) regulates characteristic (C) iff: P results in the existence of C OR affects the intensity or magnitude of C.
A relationship that holds between a process and a characteristic in which process (P) positively regulates characteristic (C) iff: P results in an increase in the intensity or magnitude of C.
A relationship that holds between a process and a characteristic in which process (P) negatively regulates characteristic (C) iff: P results in a decrease in the intensity or magnitude of C.
A planned process that has specified output a software product and that involves the creation of source code.
Mathias Brochhausen
William R. Hogan
A planned process resulting in a software product involving the creation of source code.
software development
creating a data set
A planned process that has a data set as its specified output.
data set creation
dataset creation
dataset creating
Julius Caesar
Verdi’s Requiem
the Second World War
your body mass index
BFO 2 Reference: In all areas of empirical inquiry we encounter general terms of two sorts. First are general terms which refer to universals or types:animaltuberculosissurgical procedurediseaseSecond, are general terms used to refer to groups of entities which instantiate a given universal but do not correspond to the extension of any subuniversal of that universal because there is nothing intrinsic to the entities in question by virtue of which they – and only they – are counted as belonging to the given group. Examples are: animal purchased by the Emperortuberculosis diagnosed on a Wednesdaysurgical procedure performed on a patient from Stockholmperson identified as candidate for clinical trial #2056-555person who is signatory of Form 656-PPVpainting by Leonardo da VinciSuch terms, which represent what are called ‘specializations’ in [81
Entity doesn't have a closure axiom because the subclasses don't necessarily exhaust all possibilites. For example Werner Ceusters 'portions of reality' include 4 sorts, entities (as BFO construes them), universals, configurations, and relations. It is an open question as to whether entities as construed in BFO will at some point also include these other portions of reality. See, for example, 'How to track absolutely everything' at http://www.referent-tracking.com/_RTU/papers/CeustersICbookRevised.pdf
An entity is anything that exists or has existed or will exist. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [001-001])
entity
continuant
An entity that exists in full at any time in which it exists at all, persists through time while maintaining its identity and has no temporal parts.
BFO 2 Reference: Continuant entities are entities which can be sliced to yield parts only along the spatial dimension, yielding for example the parts of your table which we call its legs, its top, its nails. ‘My desk stretches from the window to the door. It has spatial parts, and can be sliced (in space) in two. With respect to time, however, a thing is a continuant.’ [60, p. 240
Continuant doesn't have a closure axiom because the subclasses don't necessarily exhaust all possibilites. For example, in an expansion involving bringing in some of Ceuster's other portions of reality, questions are raised as to whether universals are continuants
A continuant is an entity that persists, endures, or continues to exist through time while maintaining its identity. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [008-002])
if b is a continuant and if, for some t, c has_continuant_part b at t, then c is a continuant. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [126-001])
if b is a continuant and if, for some t, cis continuant_part of b at t, then c is a continuant. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [009-002])
if b is a material entity, then there is some temporal interval (referred to below as a one-dimensional temporal region) during which b exists. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [011-002])
(forall (x y) (if (and (Continuant x) (exists (t) (continuantPartOfAt y x t))) (Continuant y))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [009-002]
(forall (x y) (if (and (Continuant x) (exists (t) (hasContinuantPartOfAt y x t))) (Continuant y))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [126-001]
(forall (x) (if (Continuant x) (Entity x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [008-002]
(forall (x) (if (Material Entity x) (exists (t) (and (TemporalRegion t) (existsAt x t))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [011-002]
An entity that has temporal parts and that happens, unfolds or develops through time.
BFO 2 Reference: every occurrent that is not a temporal or spatiotemporal region is s-dependent on some independent continuant that is not a spatial region
BFO 2 Reference: s-dependence obtains between every process and its participants in the sense that, as a matter of necessity, this process could not have existed unless these or those participants existed also. A process may have a succession of participants at different phases of its unfolding. Thus there may be different players on the field at different times during the course of a football game; but the process which is the entire game s-depends_on all of these players nonetheless. Some temporal parts of this process will s-depend_on on only some of the players.
Occurrent doesn't have a closure axiom because the subclasses don't necessarily exhaust all possibilites. An example would be the sum of a process and the process boundary of another process.
Simons uses different terminology for relations of occurrents to regions: Denote the spatio-temporal location of a given occurrent e by 'spn[e]' and call this region its span. We may say an occurrent is at its span, in any larger region, and covers any smaller region. Now suppose we have fixed a frame of reference so that we can speak not merely of spatio-temporal but also of spatial regions (places) and temporal regions (times). The spread of an occurrent, (relative to a frame of reference) is the space it exactly occupies, and its spell is likewise the time it exactly occupies. We write 'spr[e]' and `spl[e]' respectively for the spread and spell of e, omitting mention of the frame.
An occurrent is an entity that unfolds itself in time or it is the instantaneous boundary of such an entity (for example a beginning or an ending) or it is a temporal or spatiotemporal region which such an entity occupies_temporal_region or occupies_spatiotemporal_region. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [077-002])
Every occurrent occupies_spatiotemporal_region some spatiotemporal region. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [108-001])
b is an occurrent entity iff b is an entity that has temporal parts. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [079-001])
(forall (x) (if (Occurrent x) (exists (r) (and (SpatioTemporalRegion r) (occupiesSpatioTemporalRegion x r))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [108-001]
(forall (x) (iff (Occurrent x) (and (Entity x) (exists (y) (temporalPartOf y x))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [079-001]
occurrent
a chair
a heart
a leg
a molecule
a spatial region
an atom
an orchestra.
an organism
the bottom right portion of a human torso
the interior of your mouth
A continuant that is a bearer of quality and realizable entity entities, in which other entities inhere and which itself cannot inhere in anything.
b is an independent continuant = Def. b is a continuant which is such that there is no c and no t such that b s-depends_on c at t. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [017-002])
For any independent continuant b and any time t there is some spatial region r such that b is located_in r at t. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [134-001])
For every independent continuant b and time t during the region of time spanned by its life, there are entities which s-depends_on b during t. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [018-002])
(forall (x t) (if (IndependentContinuant x) (exists (r) (and (SpatialRegion r) (locatedInAt x r t))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [134-001]
(forall (x t) (if (and (IndependentContinuant x) (existsAt x t)) (exists (y) (and (Entity y) (specificallyDependsOnAt y x t))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [018-002]
(iff (IndependentContinuant a) (and (Continuant a) (not (exists (b t) (specificallyDependsOnAt a b t))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [017-002]
independent continuant
a process of cell-division, \ a beating of the heart
a process of meiosis
a process of sleeping
the course of a disease
the flight of a bird
the life of an organism
your process of aging.
An occurrent that has temporal proper parts and for some time t, p s-depends_on some material entity at t.
p is a process = Def. p is an occurrent that has temporal proper parts and for some time t, p s-depends_on some material entity at t. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [083-003])
BFO 2 Reference: The realm of occurrents is less pervasively marked by the presence of natural units than is the case in the realm of independent continuants. Thus there is here no counterpart of ‘object’. In BFO 1.0 ‘process’ served as such a counterpart. In BFO 2.0 ‘process’ is, rather, the occurrent counterpart of ‘material entity’. Those natural – as contrasted with engineered, which here means: deliberately executed – units which do exist in the realm of occurrents are typically either parasitic on the existence of natural units on the continuant side, or they are fiat in nature. Thus we can count lives; we can count football games; we can count chemical reactions performed in experiments or in chemical manufacturing. We cannot count the processes taking place, for instance, in an episode of insect mating behavior.Even where natural units are identifiable, for example cycles in a cyclical process such as the beating of a heart or an organism’s sleep/wake cycle, the processes in question form a sequence with no discontinuities (temporal gaps) of the sort that we find for instance where billiard balls or zebrafish or planets are separated by clear spatial gaps. Lives of organisms are process units, but they too unfold in a continuous series from other, prior processes such as fertilization, and they unfold in turn in continuous series of post-life processes such as post-mortem decay. Clear examples of boundaries of processes are almost always of the fiat sort (midnight, a time of death as declared in an operating theater or on a death certificate, the initiation of a state of war)
(iff (Process a) (and (Occurrent a) (exists (b) (properTemporalPartOf b a)) (exists (c t) (and (MaterialEntity c) (specificallyDependsOnAt a c t))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [083-003]
process
an atom of element X has the disposition to decay to an atom of element Y
certain people have a predisposition to colon cancer
children are innately disposed to categorize objects in certain ways.
the cell wall is disposed to filter chemicals in endocytosis and exocytosis
BFO 2 Reference: Dispositions exist along a strength continuum. Weaker forms of disposition are realized in only a fraction of triggering cases. These forms occur in a significant number of cases of a similar type.
b is a disposition means: b is a realizable entity & b’s bearer is some material entity & b is such that if it ceases to exist, then its bearer is physically changed, & b’s realization occurs when and because this bearer is in some special physical circumstances, & this realization occurs in virtue of the bearer’s physical make-up. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [062-002])
If b is a realizable entity then for all t at which b exists, b s-depends_on some material entity at t. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [063-002])
(forall (x t) (if (and (RealizableEntity x) (existsAt x t)) (exists (y) (and (MaterialEntity y) (specificallyDepends x y t))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [063-002]
(forall (x) (if (Disposition x) (and (RealizableEntity x) (exists (y) (and (MaterialEntity y) (bearerOfAt x y t)))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [062-002]
disposition
the disposition of this piece of metal to conduct electricity.
the disposition of your blood to coagulate
the function of your reproductive organs
the role of being a doctor
the role of this boundary to delineate where Utah and Colorado meet
A specifically dependent continuant that inheres in continuant entities and are not exhibited in full at every time in which it inheres in an entity or group of entities. The exhibition or actualization of a realizable entity is a particular manifestation, functioning or process that occurs under certain circumstances.
To say that b is a realizable entity is to say that b is a specifically dependent continuant that inheres in some independent continuant which is not a spatial region and is of a type instances of which are realized in processes of a correlated type. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [058-002])
All realizable dependent continuants have independent continuants that are not spatial regions as their bearers. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [060-002])
(forall (x t) (if (RealizableEntity x) (exists (y) (and (IndependentContinuant y) (not (SpatialRegion y)) (bearerOfAt y x t))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [060-002]
(forall (x) (if (RealizableEntity x) (and (SpecificallyDependentContinuant x) (exists (y) (and (IndependentContinuant y) (not (SpatialRegion y)) (inheresIn x y)))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [058-002]
realizable entity
quality
the ambient temperature of this portion of air
the color of a tomato
the length of the circumference of your waist
the mass of this piece of gold.
the shape of your nose
the shape of your nostril
a quality is a specifically dependent continuant that, in contrast to roles and dispositions, does not require any further process in order to be realized. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [055-001])
If an entity is a quality at any time that it exists, then it is a quality at every time that it exists. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [105-001])
(forall (x) (if (Quality x) (SpecificallyDependentContinuant x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [055-001]
(forall (x) (if (exists (t) (and (existsAt x t) (Quality x))) (forall (t_1) (if (existsAt x t_1) (Quality x))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [105-001]
specifically dependent continuant
Reciprocal specifically dependent continuants: the function of this key to open this lock and the mutually dependent disposition of this lock: to be opened by this key
of one-sided specifically dependent continuants: the mass of this tomato
of relational dependent continuants (multiple bearers): John’s love for Mary, the ownership relation between John and this statue, the relation of authority between John and his subordinates.
the disposition of this fish to decay
the function of this heart: to pump blood
the mutual dependence of proton donors and acceptors in chemical reactions [79
the mutual dependence of the role predator and the role prey as played by two organisms in a given interaction
the pink color of a medium rare piece of grilled filet mignon at its center
the shape of this hole.
the smell of this portion of mozzarella
A continuant that inheres in or is borne by other entities. Every instance of A requires some specific instance of B which must always be the same.
b is a relational specifically dependent continuant = Def. b is a specifically dependent continuant and there are n > 1 independent continuants c1, … cn which are not spatial regions are such that for all 1 i < j n, ci and cj share no common parts, are such that for each 1 i n, b s-depends_on ci at every time t during the course of b’s existence (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [131-004])
b is a specifically dependent continuant = Def. b is a continuant & there is some independent continuant c which is not a spatial region and which is such that b s-depends_on c at every time t during the course of b’s existence. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [050-003])
Specifically dependent continuant doesn't have a closure axiom because the subclasses don't necessarily exhaust all possibilites. We're not sure what else will develop here, but for example there are questions such as what are promises, obligation, etc.
(iff (RelationalSpecificallyDependentContinuant a) (and (SpecificallyDependentContinuant a) (forall (t) (exists (b c) (and (not (SpatialRegion b)) (not (SpatialRegion c)) (not (= b c)) (not (exists (d) (and (continuantPartOfAt d b t) (continuantPartOfAt d c t)))) (specificallyDependsOnAt a b t) (specificallyDependsOnAt a c t)))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [131-004]
(iff (SpecificallyDependentContinuant a) (and (Continuant a) (forall (t) (if (existsAt a t) (exists (b) (and (IndependentContinuant b) (not (SpatialRegion b)) (specificallyDependsOnAt a b t))))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [050-003]
John’s role of husband to Mary is dependent on Mary’s role of wife to John, and both are dependent on the object aggregate comprising John and Mary as member parts joined together through the relational quality of being married.
the priest role
the role of a boundary to demarcate two neighboring administrative territories
the role of a building in serving as a military target
the role of a stone in marking a property boundary
the role of subject in a clinical trial
the student role
A realizable entity the manifestation of which brings about some result or end that is not essential to a continuant in virtue of the kind of thing that it is but that can be served or participated in by that kind of continuant in some kinds of natural, social or institutional contexts.
BFO 2 Reference: One major family of examples of non-rigid universals involves roles, and ontologies developed for corresponding administrative purposes may consist entirely of representatives of entities of this sort. Thus ‘professor’, defined as follows,b instance_of professor at t =Def. there is some c, c instance_of professor role & c inheres_in b at t.denotes a non-rigid universal and so also do ‘nurse’, ‘student’, ‘colonel’, ‘taxpayer’, and so forth. (These terms are all, in the jargon of philosophy, phase sortals.) By using role terms in definitions, we can create a BFO conformant treatment of such entities drawing on the fact that, while an instance of professor may be simultaneously an instance of trade union member, no instance of the type professor role is also (at any time) an instance of the type trade union member role (any more than any instance of the type color is at any time an instance of the type length).If an ontology of employment positions should be defined in terms of roles following the above pattern, this enables the ontology to do justice to the fact that individuals instantiate the corresponding universals – professor, sergeant, nurse – only during certain phases in their lives.
b is a role means: b is a realizable entity & b exists because there is some single bearer that is in some special physical, social, or institutional set of circumstances in which this bearer does not have to be& b is not such that, if it ceases to exist, then the physical make-up of the bearer is thereby changed. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [061-001])
(forall (x) (if (Role x) (RealizableEntity x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [061-001]
role
The entries in your database are patterns instantiated as quality instances in your hard drive. The database itself is an aggregate of such patterns. When you create the database you create a particular instance of the generically dependent continuant type database. Each entry in the database is an instance of the generically dependent continuant type IAO: information content entity.
the pdf file on your laptop, the pdf file that is a copy thereof on my laptop
the sequence of this protein molecule; the sequence that is a copy thereof in that protein molecule.
A continuant that is dependent on one or other independent continuant bearers. For every instance of A requires some instance of (an independent continuant type) B but which instance of B serves can change from time to time.
b is a generically dependent continuant = Def. b is a continuant that g-depends_on one or more other entities. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [074-001])
(iff (GenericallyDependentContinuant a) (and (Continuant a) (exists (b t) (genericallyDependsOnAt a b t)))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [074-001]
generically dependent continuant
the function of a hammer to drive in nails
the function of a heart pacemaker to regulate the beating of a heart through electricity
the function of amylase in saliva to break down starch into sugar
BFO 2 Reference: In the past, we have distinguished two varieties of function, artifactual function and biological function. These are not asserted subtypes of BFO:function however, since the same function – for example: to pump, to transport – can exist both in artifacts and in biological entities. The asserted subtypes of function that would be needed in order to yield a separate monoheirarchy are not artifactual function, biological function, etc., but rather transporting function, pumping function, etc.
A function is a disposition that exists in virtue of the bearer’s physical make-up and this physical make-up is something the bearer possesses because it came into being, either through evolution (in the case of natural biological entities) or through intentional design (in the case of artifacts), in order to realize processes of a certain sort. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [064-001])
(forall (x) (if (Function x) (Disposition x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [064-001]
function
material entity
a flame
a forest fire
a human being
a hurricane
a photon
a puff of smoke
a sea wave
a tornado
an aggregate of human beings.
an energy wave
an epidemic
the undetached arm of a human being
An independent continuant that is spatially extended whose identity is independent of that of other entities and can be maintained through time.
BFO 2 Reference: Material entities (continuants) can preserve their identity even while gaining and losing material parts. Continuants are contrasted with occurrents, which unfold themselves in successive temporal parts or phases [60
BFO 2 Reference: Object, Fiat Object Part and Object Aggregate are not intended to be exhaustive of Material Entity. Users are invited to propose new subcategories of Material Entity.
BFO 2 Reference: ‘Matter’ is intended to encompass both mass and energy (we will address the ontological treatment of portions of energy in a later version of BFO). A portion of matter is anything that includes elementary particles among its proper or improper parts: quarks and leptons, including electrons, as the smallest particles thus far discovered; baryons (including protons and neutrons) at a higher level of granularity; atoms and molecules at still higher levels, forming the cells, organs, organisms and other material entities studied by biologists, the portions of rock studied by geologists, the fossils studied by paleontologists, and so on.Material entities are three-dimensional entities (entities extended in three spatial dimensions), as contrasted with the processes in which they participate, which are four-dimensional entities (entities extended also along the dimension of time).According to the FMA, material entities may have immaterial entities as parts – including the entities identified below as sites; for example the interior (or ‘lumen’) of your small intestine is a part of your body. BFO 2.0 embodies a decision to follow the FMA here.
A material entity is an independent continuant that has some portion of matter as proper or improper continuant part. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [019-002])
Every entity which has a material entity as continuant part is a material entity. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [020-002])
every entity of which a material entity is continuant part is also a material entity. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [021-002])
(forall (x) (if (MaterialEntity x) (IndependentContinuant x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [019-002]
(forall (x) (if (and (Entity x) (exists (y t) (and (MaterialEntity y) (continuantPartOfAt x y t)))) (MaterialEntity x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [021-002]
(forall (x) (if (and (Entity x) (exists (y t) (and (MaterialEntity y) (continuantPartOfAt y x t)))) (MaterialEntity x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [020-002]
BFO 2 Reference: Immaterial entities are divided into two subgroups:boundaries and sites, which bound, or are demarcated in relation, to material entities, and which can thus change location, shape and size and as their material hosts move or change shape or size (for example: your nasal passage; the hold of a ship; the boundary of Wales (which moves with the rotation of the Earth) [38, 7, 10
immaterial entity
Any form of carbon black which has a particle size of less than 100 nm in each dimension.
A pseudohalide anion that is the conjugate base of hydrogen cyanide.
A monoatomic or polyatomic species having one or more elementary charges of the electron.
Any constitutionally or isotopically distinct atom, molecule, ion, ion pair, radical, radical ion, complex, conformer etc., identifiable as a separately distinguishable entity.
A chemical entity is a physical entity of interest in chemistry including molecular entities, parts thereof, and chemical substances.
A defined linked collection of atoms or a single atom within a molecular entity.
A cyclic compound having as ring members atoms of carbon and at least of one other element.
A molecular entity having a net electric charge.
Any polyatomic entity that is an electrically neutral entity consisting of more than one atom.
Any organic ion with a net negative charge.
A polymer consisting of cis-linked prenyl units.
Any substituent group or skeleton containing carbon.
A molecular entity all atoms of which have the same atomic number.
An organosulfur compound is a compound containing at least one carbon-sulfur bond.
An anion consisting of more than one atom.
A heteroorganic entity is an organic molecular entity in which carbon atoms or organic groups are bonded directly to one or more heteroatoms.
A p-block molecular entity containing any pnictogen.
Any p-block molecular entity containing a chalcogen.
A bivalent group formed by removing two hydrogen atoms from a hydrocarbon, the free valencies of which are not engaged in a double bond.
A molecular entity containing one or more atoms from any of groups 1, 2, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, and 18 of the periodic table.
Any molecule that consists of a series of atoms joined together to form a ring.
A cyclically conjugated molecular entity with a stability (due to delocalization) significantly greater than that of a hypothetical localized structure (e.g. Kekule structure) is said to possess aromatic character.
A main group molecular entity that contains one or more atoms of a p-block element.
Any organic molecule that consists of atoms connected in the form of a ring.
A heterocyclic compound formally derived from an arene by replacement of one or more methine (-C=) and/or vinylene (-CH=CH-) groups by trivalent or divalent heteroatoms, respectively, in such a way as to maintain the continuous pi-electron system characteristic of aromatic systems and a number of out-of-plane pi-electrons corresponding to the Hueckel rule (4n+2).
Any heteroorganic entity containing at least one carbon-nitrogen bond.
Compounds of structure RSSR in which R and R' are organic groups.
Any molecular entity consisting of more than one atom.
An ion consisting of more than one atom.
An organochalcogen compound is a compound containing at least one carbon-chalcogen bond.
Any organonitrogen compound containing a cyclic component with nitrogen and at least one other element as ring member atoms.
An azole in which the five-membered heterocyclic aromatic skeleton contains a N atom and one S atom.
A nanosized spherical or capsule-shaped structure.
Any molecular entity that contains carbon.
Any organic substituent group, regardless of functional type, having two free valences at carbon atom(s).
A cyclic compound having as ring members atoms of at least two different elements.
A chemical substance is a portion of matter of constant composition, composed of molecular entities of the same type or of different types.
A mixture is a chemical substance composed of multiple molecules, at least two of which are of a different kind.
A polymer is a mixture, which is composed of macromolecules of different kinds and which may be differentiated by composition, length, degree of branching etc..
Any monocyclic heteroarene consisting of a five-membered ring containing nitrogen. Azoles can also contain one or more other non-carbon atoms, such as nitrogen, sulfur or oxygen.
Any molecule that consists of at least one carbon atom as part of the electrically neutral entity.
An elemental carbon in the form of virtually pure colloidal particles that are produced by incomplete combustion or thermal decomposition of gaseous or liquid hydrocarbons under controlled conditions. A black, finely divided pellet or powder, its properties of specific surface area, particle size and structure, conductivity and colour can be varied by varying the exact conditions for its production. It is used in tyres, rubber and plastic products, printing inks and coatings.
An organic anion in which the charge resides on a sulfur atom.
Any organic sulfur anion resulting from the removal of a proton from any N-substituted dithiocarbamic acid.
root node
A molecular process that can be carried out by the action of a single macromolecular machine, usually via direct physical interactions with other molecular entities. Function in this sense denotes an action, or activity, that a gene product (or a complex) performs. These actions are described from two distinct but related perspectives: (1) biochemical activity, and (2) role as a component in a larger system/process.
Note that, in addition to forming the root of the molecular function ontology, this term is recommended for use for the annotation of gene products whose molecular function is unknown. When this term is used for annotation, it indicates that no information was available about the molecular function of the gene product annotated as of the date the annotation was made; the evidence code 'no data' (ND), is used to indicate this. Despite its name, this is not a type of 'function' in the sense typically defined by upper ontologies such as Basic Formal Ontology (BFO). It is instead a BFO:process carried out by a single gene product or complex.
A biological process represents a specific objective that the organism is genetically programmed to achieve. Biological processes are often described by their outcome or ending state, e.g., the biological process of cell division results in the creation of two daughter cells (a divided cell) from a single parent cell. A biological process is accomplished by a particular set of molecular functions carried out by specific gene products (or macromolecular complexes), often in a highly regulated manner and in a particular temporal sequence.
Note that, in addition to forming the root of the biological process ontology, this term is recommended for use for the annotation of gene products whose biological process is unknown. When this term is used for annotation, it indicates that no information was available about the biological process of the gene product annotated as of the date the annotation was made; the evidence code 'no data' (ND), is used to indicate this.
Catalysis of the transfer of a phosphate group, usually from ATP, to a substrate molecule.
Note that this term encompasses all activities that transfer a single phosphate group; although ATP is by far the most common phosphate donor, reactions using other phosphate donors are included in this term.
measurement unit label
Examples of measurement unit labels are liters, inches, weight per volume.
A measurement unit label is as a label that is part of a scalar measurement datum and denotes a unit of measure.
2009-03-16: provenance: a term measurement unit was proposed for OBI (OBI_0000176) , edited by Chris Stoeckert and Cristian Cocos, and subsequently moved to IAO where the objective for which the original term was defined was satisfied with the definition of this, different, term.
2009-03-16: review of this term done during during the OBI workshop winter 2009 and the current definition was considered acceptable for use in OBI. If there is a need to modify this definition please notify OBI.
PERSON: Melanie Courtot
objective specification
In the protocol of a ChIP assay the objective specification says to identify protein and DNA interaction.
A directive information entity that describes an intended process endpoint. When part of a plan specification the concretization is realized in a planned process in which the bearer tries to effect the world so that the process endpoint is achieved.
2009-03-16: original definition when imported from OBI read: "objective is an non realizable information entity which can serve as that proper part of a plan towards which the realization of the plan is directed."
2014-03-31: In the example of usage ("In the protocol of a ChIP assay the objective specification says to identify protein and DNA interaction") there is a protocol which is the ChIP assay protocol. In addition to being concretized on paper, the protocol can be concretized as a realizable entity, such as a plan that inheres in a person. The objective specification is the part that says that some protein and DNA interactions are identified. This is a specification of a process endpoint: the boundary in the process before which they are not identified and after which they are. During the realization of the plan, the goal is to get to the point of having the interactions, and participants in the realization of the plan try to do that.
Answers the question, why did you do this experiment?
PERSON: Barry Smith
PERSON: Bjoern Peters
PERSON: Jennifer Fostel
goal specification
OBI Plan and Planned Process/Roles Branch
Pour the contents of flask 1 into flask 2
A directive information entity that describes an action the bearer will take.
OBI Plan and Planned Process branch
action specification
datum label
A label is a symbol that is part of some other datum and is used to either partially define the denotation of that datum or to provide a means for identifying the datum as a member of the set of data with the same label
GROUP: IAO
9/22/11 BP: changed the rdfs:label for this class from 'label' to 'datum label' to convey that this class is not intended to cover all kinds of labels (stickers, radiolabels, etc.), and not even all kind of textual labels, but rather the kind of labels occuring in a datum.
software
Software is a plan specification composed of a series of instructions that can be interpreted by or directly executed by a processing unit.
see sourceforge tracker discussion at http://sourceforge.net/tracker/index.php?func=detail&aid=1958818&group_id=177891&atid=886178
PERSON: Chris Stoeckert
GROUP: OBI
information carrier
In the case of a printed paperback novel the physicality of the ink and of the paper form part of the information bearer. The qualities of appearing black and having a certain pattern for the ink and appearing white for the paper form part of the information carrier in this case.
A quality of an information bearer that imparts the information content
12/15/09: There is a concern that some ways that carry information may be processes rather than qualities, such as in a 'delayed wave carrier'.
2014-03-10: We are not certain that all information carriers are qualities. There was a discussion of dropping it.
data item
Data items include counts of things, analyte concentrations, and statistical summaries.
An information content entity that is intended to be a truthful statement about something (modulo, e.g., measurement precision or other systematic errors) and is constructed/acquired by a method which reliably tends to produce (approximately) truthful statements.
2/2/2009 Alan and Bjoern discussing FACS run output data. This is a data item because it is about the cell population. Each element records an event and is typically further composed a set of measurment data items that record the fluorescent intensity stimulated by one of the lasers.
2009-03-16: data item deliberatly ambiguous: we merged data set and datum to be one entity, not knowing how to define singular versus plural. So data item is more general than datum.
2009-03-16: removed datum as alternative term as datum specifically refers to singular form, and is thus not an exact synonym.
2014-03-31: See discussion at http://odontomachus.wordpress.com/2014/03/30/aboutness-objects-propositions/
JAR: datum -- well, this will be very tricky to define, but maybe some information-like stuff that might be put into a computer and that is meant, by someone, to denote and/or to be interpreted by some process... I would include lists, tables, sentences... I think I might defer to Barry, or to Brian Cantwell Smith JAR: A data item is an approximately justified approximately true approximate belief
PERSON: Jonathan Rees
data
information content entity
Examples of information content entites include journal articles, data, graphical layouts, and graphs.
A generically dependent continuant that is about some thing.
2014-03-10: The use of "thing" is intended to be general enough to include universals and configurations (see https://groups.google.com/d/msg/information-ontology/GBxvYZCk1oc/-L6B5fSBBTQJ).
information_content_entity 'is_encoded_in' some digital_entity in obi before split (040907). information_content_entity 'is_encoded_in' some physical_document in obi before split (040907). Previous. An information content entity is a non-realizable information entity that 'is encoded in' some digital or physical entity.
An information content entity whose concretizations indicate to their bearer how to realize them in a process.
2009-03-16: provenance: a term realizable information entity was proposed for OBI (OBI_0000337) , edited by the PlanAndPlannedProcess branch. Original definition was "is the specification of a process that can be concretized and realized by an actor" with alternative term "instruction".It has been subsequently moved to IAO where the objective for which the original term was defined was satisfied with the definitionof this, different, term.
2013-05-30 Alan Ruttenberg: What differentiates a directive information entity from an information concretization is that it can have concretizations that are either qualities or realizable entities. The concretizations that are realizable entities are created when an individual chooses to take up the direction, i.e. has the intention to (try to) realize it.
8/6/2009 Alan Ruttenberg: Changed label from "information entity about a realizable" after discussions at ICBO
Werner pushed back on calling it realizable information entity as it isn't realizable. However this name isn't right either. An example would be a recipe. The realizable entity would be a plan, but the information entity isn't about the plan, it, once concretized, *is* the plan. -Alan
directive information entity
dot plot
Dot plot of SSC-H and FSC-H.
A dot plot is a report graph which is a graphical representation of data where each data point is represented by a single dot placed on coordinates corresponding to data point values in particular dimensions.
person:Allyson Lister
person:Chris Stoeckert
graph
A diagram that presents one or more tuples of information by mapping those tuples in to a two dimensional space in a non arbitrary way.
PERSON: Lawrence Hunter
algorithm
PMID: 18378114.Genomics. 2008 Mar 28. LINKGEN: A new algorithm to process data in genetic linkage studies.
A plan specification which describes the inputs and output of mathematical functions as well as workflow of execution for achieving an predefined objective. Algorithms are realized usually by means of implementation as computer programs for execution by automata.
Philippe Rocca-Serra
PlanAndPlannedProcess Branch
adapted from discussion on OBI list (Matthew Pocock, Christian Cocos, Alan Ruttenberg)
curation status specification
The curation status of the term. The allowed values come from an enumerated list of predefined terms. See the specification of these instances for more detailed definitions of each enumerated value.
Better to represent curation as a process with parts and then relate labels to that process (in IAO meeting)
source code module
The written source code that implements part of an algorithm. Test - if you know that it was written in a specific language, then it can be source code module. We mean here, roughly, the wording of a document such as a perl script.
A source code module is a directive information entity that specifies, using a programming language, some algorithm.
data format specification
A data format specification is the information content borne by the document published defining the specification. Example: The ISO document specifying what encompasses an XML document; The instructions in a XSD file
2009-03-16: provenance: term imported from OBI_0000187, which had original definition "A data format specification is a plan which organizes information. Example: The ISO document specifying what encompasses an XML document; The instructions in a XSD file"
OBI branch derived
data set
Intensity values in a CEL file or from multiple CEL files comprise a data set (as opposed to the CEL files themselves).
A data item that is an aggregate of other data items of the same type that have something in common. Averages and distributions can be determined for data sets.
2009/10/23 Alan Ruttenberg. The intention is that this term represent collections of like data. So this isn't for, e.g. the whole contents of a cel file, which includes parameters, metadata etc. This is more like java arrays of a certain rather specific type
2014-05-05: Data sets are aggregates and thus must include two or more data items. We have chosen not to add logical axioms to make this restriction.
image
An image is an affine projection to a two dimensional surface, of measurements of some quality of an entity or entities repeated at regular intervals across a spatial range, where the measurements are represented as color and luminosity on the projected on surface.
data about an ontology part
Data about an ontology part is a data item about a part of an ontology, for example a term
Person:Alan Ruttenberg
plan specification
PMID: 18323827.Nat Med. 2008 Mar;14(3):226.New plan proposed to help resolve conflicting medical advice.
A directive information entity with action specifications and objective specifications as parts that, when concretized, is realized in a process in which the bearer tries to achieve the objectives by taking the actions specified.
2009-03-16: provenance: a term a plan was proposed for OBI (OBI_0000344) , edited by the PlanAndPlannedProcess branch. Original definition was " a plan is a specification of a process that is realized by an actor to achieve the objective specified as part of the plan". It has been subsequently moved to IAO where the objective for which the original term was defined was satisfied with the definitionof this, different, term.
2014-03-31: A plan specification can have other parts, such as conditional specifications.
Alternative previous definition: a plan is a set of instructions that specify how an objective should be achieved
2/3/2009 Comment from OBI review. Action specification not well enough specified. Conditional specification not well enough specified. Question whether all plan specifications have objective specifications. Request that IAO either clarify these or change definitions not to use them
measurement datum
Examples of measurement data are the recoding of the weight of a mouse as {40,mass,"grams"}, the recording of an observation of the behavior of the mouse {,process,"agitated"}, the recording of the expression level of a gene as measured through the process of microarray experiment {3.4,luminosity,}.
A measurement datum is an information content entity that is a recording of the output of a measurement such as produced by a device.
2/2/2009 is_specified_output of some assay?
material information bearer
A page of a paperback novel with writing on it. The paper itself is a material information bearer, the pattern of ink is the information carrier.
a brain
a hard drive
A material entity in which a concretization of an information content entity inheres.
histogram
A histogram is a report graph which is a statistical description of a distribution in terms of occurrence frequencies of different event classes.
PERSON:Chris Stoeckert
PERSON:James Malone
heatmap
A heatmap is a report graph which is a graphical representation of data where the values taken by a variable(s) are shown as colors in a two-dimensional map.
dendrogram
Dendrograms are often used in computational biology to illustrate the clustering of genes.
A dendrogram is a report graph which is a tree diagram frequently used to illustrate the arrangement of the clusters produced by a clustering algorithm.
WEB: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dendrogram
scatter plot
Comparison of gene expression values in two samples can be displayed in a scatter plot
A scatterplot is a graph which uses Cartesian coordinates to display values for two variables for a set of data. The data is displayed as a collection of points, each having the value of one variable determining the position on the horizontal axis and the value of the other variable determining the position on the vertical axis.
scattergraph
WEB: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scatterplot
obsolescence reason specification
The reason for which a term has been deprecated. The allowed values come from an enumerated list of predefined terms. See the specification of these instances for more detailed definitions of each enumerated value.
The creation of this class has been inspired in part by Werner Ceusters' paper, Applying evolutionary terminology auditing to the Gene Ontology.
figure
Any picture, diagram or table
An information content entity consisting of a two dimensional arrangement of information content entities such that the arrangement itself is about something.
diagram
A molecular structure ribbon cartoon showing helices, turns and sheets and their relations to each other in space.
A figure that expresses one or more propositions
document
A journal article, patent application, laboratory notebook, or a book
A collection of information content entities intended to be understood together as a whole
denotator type
The Basic Formal Ontology ontology makes a distinction between Universals and defined classes, where the formal are "natural kinds" and the latter arbitrary collections of entities.
A denotator type indicates how a term should be interpreted from an ontological perspective.
Barry Smith, Werner Ceusters
planned process
Injecting mice with a vaccine in order to test its efficacy
A process that realizes a plan which is the concretization of a plan specification.
'Plan' includes a future direction sense. That can be problematic if plans are changed during their execution. There are however implicit contingencies for protocols that an agent has in his mind that can be considered part of the plan, even if the agent didn't have them in mind before. Therefore, a planned process can diverge from what the agent would have said the plan was before executing it, by adjusting to problems encountered during execution (e.g. choosing another reagent with equivalent properties, if the originally planned one has run out.)
We are only considering successfully completed planned processes. A plan may be modified, and details added during execution. For a given planned process, the associated realized plan specification is the one encompassing all changes made during execution. This means that all processes in which an agent acts towards achieving some objectives is a planned process.
6/11/9: Edited at workshop. Used to include: is initiated by an agent
This class merges the previously separated objective driven process and planned process, as they the separation proved hard to maintain. (1/22/09, branch call)
Fact sheet - Regulating the companies The role of the regulator. Ofwat is the economic regulator of the water and sewerage industry in England and Wales. http://www.ofwat.gov.uk/aptrix/ofwat/publish.nsf/Content/roleofregulator_factsheet170805
a regulatory role involved with making and/or enforcing relevant legislation and governmental orders
Person:Jennifer Fostel
OBI
regulator role
regulatory role
Regulatory agency, Ethics committee, Approval letter; example: Browse these EPA Regulatory Role subtopics http://www.epa.gov/ebtpages/enviregulatoryrole.html Feb 29, 2008
a role which inheres in material entities and is realized in the processes of making, enforcing or being defined by legislation or orders issued by a governmental body.
GROUP: Role branch
OBI, CDISC
govt agents responsible for creating regulations; proxies for enforcing regulations. CDISC definition: regulatory authorities. Bodies having the power to regulate. NOTE: In the ICH GCP guideline the term includes the authorities that review submitted clinical data and those that conduct inspections. These bodies are sometimes referred to as competent
Jackson Labs is an organization which provide mice as experimental material
a role realized through the process of supplying materials such as animal subjects, reagents or other materials used in an investigation.
Supplier role is a special kind of service, e.g. biobank
PERSON:Jennifer Fostel
material supplier role
A data set that is produced as the output of a class prediction data transformation and consists of a data set with assigned class labels.
classified data set
processed material
Examples include gel matrices, filter paper, parafilm and buffer solutions, mass spectrometer, tissue samples
Is a material entity that is created or changed during material processing.
evaluant role
When a specimen of blood is assayed for glucose concentration, the blood has the evaluant role. When measuring the mass of a mouse, the evaluant is the mouse. When measuring the time of DNA replication, the evaluant is the DNA. When measuring the intensity of light on a surface, the evaluant is the light source.
a role that inheres in a material entity that is realized in an assay in which data is generated about the bearer of the evaluant role
Role call - 17nov-08: JF and MC think an evaluant role is always specified input of a process. Even in the case where we have an assay taking blood as evaluant and outputting blood, the blood is not the specified output at the end of the assay (the concentration of glucose in the blood is)
examples of features that could be described in an evaluant: quality.... e.g. "contains 10 pg/ml IL2", or "no glucose detected")
Feb 10, 2009. changes after discussion at OBI Consortium Workshop Feb 2-6, 2009. accepted as core term.
assay
Assay the wavelength of light emitted by excited Neon atoms. Count of geese flying over a house.
A planned process with the objective to produce information about the material entity that is the evaluant, by physically examining it or its proxies.
12/3/12: BP: the reference to the 'physical examination' is included to point out that a prediction is not an assay, as that does not require physical examiniation.
measuring
scientific observation
A cell lysis, production of a cloning vector, creating a buffer.
A planned process which results in physical changes in a specified input material
material transformation
material processing
liver section; a portion of a culture of cells; a nemotode or other animal once no longer a subject (generally killed); portion of blood from a patient.
a role borne by a material entity that is gained during a specimen collection process and that can be realized by use of the specimen in an investigation
22Jun09. The definition includes whole organisms, and can include a human. The link between specimen role and study subject role has been removed. A specimen taken as part of a case study is not considered to be a population representative, while a specimen taken as representing a population, e.g. person taken from a cohort, blood specimen taken from an animal) would be considered a population representative and would also bear material sample role.
Note: definition is in specimen creation objective which is defined as an objective to obtain and store a material entity for potential use as an input during an investigation.
blood taken from animal: animal continues in study, whereas blood has role specimen. something taken from study subject, leaves the study and becomes the specimen.
parasite example - when parasite in people we study people, people are subjects and parasites are specimen - when parasite extracted, they become subject in the following study specimen can later be subject.
specimen role
organization
PMID: 16353909.AAPS J. 2005 Sep 22;7(2):E274-80. Review. The joint food and agriculture organization of the United Nations/World Health Organization Expert Committee on Food Additives and its role in the evaluation of the safety of veterinary drug residues in foods.
An entity that can bear roles, has members, and has a set of organization rules. Members of organizations are either organizations themselves or individual people. Members can bear specific organization member roles that are determined in the organization rules. The organization rules also determine how decisions are made on behalf of the organization by the organization members.
BP: The definition summarizes long email discussions on the OBI developer, roles, biomaterial and denrie branches. It leaves open if an organization is a material entity or a dependent continuant, as no consensus was reached on that. The current placement as material is therefore temporary, in order to move forward with development. Here is the entire email summary, on which the definition is based: 1) there are organization_member_roles (president, treasurer, branch editor), with individual persons as bearers 2) there are organization_roles (employer, owner, vendor, patent holder) 3) an organization has a charter / rules / bylaws, which specify what roles there are, how they should be realized, and how to modify the charter/rules/bylaws themselves. It is debatable what the organization itself is (some kind of dependent continuant or an aggregate of people). This also determines who/what the bearer of organization_roles' are. My personal favorite is still to define organization as a kind of 'legal entity', but thinking it through leads to all kinds of questions that are clearly outside the scope of OBI. Interestingly enough, it does not seem to matter much where we place organization itself, as long as we can subclass it (University, Corporation, Government Agency, Hospital), instantiate it (Affymetrix, NCBI, NIH, ISO, W3C, University of Oklahoma), and have it play roles. This leads to my proposal: We define organization through the statements 1 - 3 above, but without an 'is a' statement for now. We can leave it in its current place in the is_a hierarchy (material entity) or move it up to 'continuant'. We leave further clarifications to BFO, and close this issue for now.
protocol
PCR protocol, has objective specification, amplify DNA fragment of interest, and has action specification describes the amounts of experimental reagents used (e..g. buffers, dNTPS, enzyme), and the temperature and cycle time settings for running the PCR.
A plan specification which has sufficient level of detail and quantitative information to communicate it between investigation agents, so that different investigation agents will reliably be able to independently reproduce the process.
OBI branch derived + wikipedia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protocol_%28natural_sciences%29)
heat function
A heat function is a function that increases the internal kinetic energy of a material
mechanical function
A mechanical function is a function that is realised via mechanical work (through an certain amount of energy transferred by some force).
cool function
A cool function is a function to decrease the internal kinetic energy of a material below the initial kinetic energy of that type of material.
environment control function
An environmental control function is a function that regulates a contained environment within specified parameter ranges. For example the control of light exposure, humidity and temperature.
the objective to determine the weight of a mouse.
an objective specification to determine a specified type of information about an evaluated entity (the material entity bearing evaluant role)
assay objective
regulatory agency
A regulatory agency is a organization that has responsibility over or for the legislation (acts and regulations) for a given sector of the government.
measure function
A glucometer measures blood glucose concentration, the glucometer has a measure function.
Measure function is a function that is borne by a processed material and realized in a process in which information about some entity is expressed relative to some reference.
The objective to create a mouse infected with LCM virus. The objective to create a defined solution of PBS.
an objective specifiction that creates an specific output object from input materials.
artifact creation objective
material transformation objective
Manufacturing is a process with the intent to produce a processed material which will have a function for future use. A person or organization (having manufacturer role) is a participant in this process
Manufacturing implies reproducibility and responsibility AR
This includes a single scientist making a processed material for personal use.
manufacturing
is the objective to manufacture a material of a certain function (device)
manufacturing objective
With respect to The Accuri C6 Flow Cytometer System, the organization Accuri bears the role manufacturer role. With respect to a transformed line of tissue culture cells derived by a specific lab, the lab whose personnel isolated the cll line bears the role manufacturer role. With respect to a specific antibody produced by an individual scientist, the scientist who purifies, characterizes and distributes the anitbody bears the role manufacturer role.
Manufacturer role is a role which inheres in a person or organization and which is realized by a manufacturing process.
A clustered data set is the output of a K means clustering data transformation
A data set that is produced as the output of a class discovery data transformation and consists of a data set with assigned discovered class labels.
data set with assigned discovered class labels
clustered data set
drawing blood from a patient for analysis, collecting a piece of a plant for depositing in a herbarium, buying meat from a butcher in order to measure its protein content in an investigation
A planned process with the objective of collecting a specimen.
Philly2013: A specimen collection can have as part a material entity acquisition, such as ordering from a bank. The distinction is that specimen collection necessarily involves the creation of a specimen role. However ordering cell lines cells from ATCC for use in an investigation is NOT a specimen collection, because the cell lines already have a specimen role.
Philly2013: The specimen_role for the specimen is created during the specimen collection process.
label changed to 'specimen collection process' on 10/27/2014, details see tracker: http://sourceforge.net/p/obi/obi-terms/716/
5/31/2012: This process is not necessarily an acquisition, as specimens may be collected from materials already in posession
class prediction data transformation
A class prediction data transformation (sometimes called supervised classification) is a data transformation that has objective class prediction.
supervised classification data transformation
PERSON: James Malone
The objective to collect bits of excrement in the rainforest. The objective to obtain a blood sample from a patient.
A objective specification to obtain a material entity for potential use as an input during an investigation.
A support vector machine is a data transformation with a class prediction objective based on the construction of a separating hyperplane that maximizes the margin between two data sets of vectors in n-dimensional space.
A decision tree induction objective is a data transformation objective in which a tree-like graph of edges and nodes is created and from which the selection of each branch requires that some type of logical decision is made.
decision tree building data transformation
A decision tree building data transformation is a data transformation that has objective decision tree induction.
a software that provides access to more than 100 tools for gene expression analysis, proteomics, SNP analysis and common data processing tasks.
WEB: http://www.broadinstitute.org/cancer/software/genepattern/
Peak matching is a data transformation performed on a dataset of a graph of ordered data points (e.g. a spectrum) with the objective of pattern matching local maxima above a noise threshold
k-nearest neighbors
A k-nearest neighbors is a data transformation which achieves a class discovery or partitioning objective, in which an input data object with vector y is assigned to a class label based upon the k closest training data set points to y; where k is the largest value that class label is assigned.
James Malone
CART
A CART (classification and regression trees) is a data transformation method for producing a classification or regression model with a tree-based structure.
BOOK: David J. Hand, Heikki Mannila and Padhraic Smyth (2001) Principles of Data Mining.
Using the expression levels of 20 proteins to predict whether a cancer patient will respond to a drug. A practical goal would be to determine which subset of the 20 features should be used to produce the best predictive model. - wikipedia
A data transformation which assesses how the results of a statistical analysis will generalize to an independent data set.
A ruler, a microarray scanner, a Geiger counter.
A device in which a measure function inheres.
A person or organization that has a manufacturer role
a function to remove viable organisms from an input material
Jackson Lab provides experimental animals, EBI provides training on databases, a core facility provides access to a DNA sequencer.
is a role which inheres in a person or organization and is realized in in a planned process which provides access to training, materials or execution of protocols for an organization or person
A tissue sample that has been sliced and stained for a histology study. A blood specimen that has been centrifuged to obtain the white blood cells.
A specimen that has been intentionally physically modified.
A tissue sample that has been sliced and stained for a histology study.
The labels 'positive' vs. 'negative', or 'left handed', 'right handed', 'ambidexterous', or 'strongly binding', 'weakly binding' , 'not binding', or '+++', '++', '+', '-' etc. form scales of categorical labels.
A label that is part of a categorical datum and that indicates the value of the data item on the categorical scale.
A voltmeter is a measurement device which is intended to perform some measure function.
An autoclave is a device that sterlizes instruments or contaminated waste by applying high temperature and pressure.
A material entity that is designed to perform a function in a scientific investigation, but is not a reagent.
2012-12-17 JAO: In common lab usage, there is a distinction made between devices and reagents that is difficult to model. Therefore we have chosen to specifically exclude reagents from the definition of "device", and are enumerating the types of roles that a reagent can perform. 2013-6-5 MHB: The following clarifications are outcomes of the May 2013 Philly Workshop. Reagents are distinguished from devices that also participate in scientific techniques by the fact that reagents are chemical or biological in nature and necessarily participate in some chemical interaction or reaction during the realization of their experimental role. By contrast, devices do not participate in such chemical reactions/interactions. Note that there are cases where devices use reagent components during their operation, where the reagent-device distinction is less clear. For example: (1) An HPLC machine is considered a device, but has a column that holds a stationary phase resin as an operational component. This resin qualifies as a device if it participates purely in size exclusion, but bears a reagent role that is realized in the running of a column if it interacts electrostatically or chemically with the evaluant. The container the resin is in (“the column”) considered alone is a device. So the entire column as well as the entire HPLC machine are devices that have a reagent as an operating part. (2) A pH meter is a device, but its electrode component bears a reagent role in virtue of its interacting directly with the evaluant in execution of an assay. (3) A gel running box is a device that has a metallic lead as a component that participates in a chemical reaction with the running buffer when a charge is passed through it. This metallic lead is considered to have a reagent role as a component of this device realized in the running of a gel. In the examples above, a reagent is an operational component of a device, but the device itself does not realize a reagent role (as bearing a reagent role is not transitive across the part_of relation). In this way, the asserted disjointness between a reagent and device holds, as both roles are never realized in the same bearer during execution of an assay.
A document with a set of printed or written questions with a choice of answers, devised for the purposes of a survey or statistical study.
JT: It plays a role in collecting data that could be fleshed out more; but I'm thinking it is, in itself, an edited document. JZ: based on textual definition of edited document, it can be defined as N&S. I prefer to leave questionnaire as a document now. We can add more restrictions in the future and use that to determine it is an edited document or not.
Need to clarify if this is a document or a directive information entity (or what their connection is))
PERSON: Jessica Turner
Merriam-Webster
A growth chamber is an environmental control device.
An environmental control device is a device which has the function to control some aspect of the environment such as temperature, or humidity.
A device that is used to sterilize equipment and supplies by subjecting them to high pressure steam at 121 C or more, typically for 15 to 20 minutes depending on the size of the load and the contents.
J. Black, Microbiology, Prentice Hall (1993) pg. 334; http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autoclave
A value specification that is specifies one category out of a fixed number of nominal categories
The value of 'positive' in a classification scheme of "positive or negative"; the value of '20g' on the quantitative scale of mass.
An information content entity that specifies a value within a classification scheme or on a quantitative scale.
This term is currently a descendant of 'information content entity', which requires that it 'is about' something. A value specification of '20g' for a measurement data item of the mass of a particular mouse 'is about' the mass of that mouse. However there are cases where a value specification is not clearly about any particular. In the future we may change 'value specification' to remove the 'is about' requirement.
collection of specimens
Blood cells collected from multiple donors over the course of a study.
A material entity that has two or more specimens as its parts.
Details see tracker: https://sourceforge.net/p/obi/obi-terms/778/
Person: Chris Stoeckert, Jie Zheng
histologic grade according to AJCC 7th edition
A categorical value specification that is a histologic grade assigned to a tumor slide specimen according to the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) 7th Edition grading system.
histologic grade according to the Fuhrman Nuclear Grading System
A categorical value specification that is a histologic grade assigned to a tumor slide specimen according to the Fuhrman Nuclear Grading System.
Histologic Grade (Fuhrman Nuclear Grading System)
A categorical value specification that is a histologic grade assigned to a ovarian tumor.
histologic grade for ovarian tumor according to a two-tier grading system
A histologic grade for ovarian tumor that is from a two-tier histological classification of tumors.
histologic grade for ovarian tumor according to the World Health Organization
A histologic grade for ovarian tumor that is from a histological classification by the World Health Organization (WHO).
pathologic primary tumor stage for colon and rectum according to AJCC 7th edition
A categorical value specification that is a pathologic finding about one or more characteristics of colorectal cancer following the rules of the TNM American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) version 7 classification system as they pertain to staging of the primary tumor. TNM pathologic primary tumor findings are based on clinical findings supplemented by histopathologic examination of one or more tissue specimens acquired during surgery.
pT: Pathologic spread colorectal primary tumor (AJCC 7th Edition)
pathologic primary tumor stage for lung according to AJCC 7th edition
A categorical value specification that is a pathologic finding about one or more characteristics of lung cancer following the rules of the TNM American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) version 7 classification system as they pertain to staging of the primary tumor. TNM pathologic primary tumor findings are based on clinical findings supplemented by histopathologic examination of one or more tissue specimens acquired during surgery.
pT: Pathologic spread lung primary tumor (AJCC 7th Edition)
pathologic primary tumor stage for kidney according to AJCC 7th edition
A categorical value specification that is a pathologic finding about one or more characteristics of renal cancer following the rules of the TNM AJCC v7 classification system as they pertain to staging of the primary tumor. TNM pathologic primary tumor findings are based on clinical findings supplemented by histopathologic examination of one or more tissue specimens acquired during surgery.
pT: Pathologic spread kidney primary tumor (AJCC 7th Edition)
pathologic primary tumor stage for ovary according to AJCC 7th edition
A categorical value specification that is a pathologic finding about one or more characteristics of ovarian cancer following the rules of the TNM AJCC v7 classification system as they pertain to staging of the primary tumor. TNM pathologic primary tumor findings are based on clinical findings supplemented by histopathologic examination of one or more tissue specimens acquired during surgery.
pT: Pathologic spread ovarian primary tumor (AJCC 7th Edition)
pathologic lymph node stage for colon and rectum according to AJCC 7th edition
A categorical value specification that is a pathologic finding about one or more characteristics of colorectal cancer following the rules of the TNM AJCC v7 classification system as they pertain to staging of regional lymph nodes.
pN: Pathologic spread colon lymph nodes (AJCC 7th Edition)
pathologic lymph node stage for lung according to AJCC 7th edition
A categorical value specification that is a pathologic finding about one or more characteristics of lung cancer following the rules of the TNM AJCC v7 classification system as they pertain to staging of regional lymph nodes.
pathologic lymph node stage for kidney according to AJCC 7th edition
A categorical value specification that is a pathologic finding about one or more characteristics of renal cancer following the rules of the TNM AJCC v7 classification system as they pertain to staging of regional lymph nodes.
pN: Pathologic spread kidney lymph nodes (AJCC 7th Edition)
pathologic lymph node stage for ovary according to AJCC 7th edition
A categorical value specification that is a pathologic finding about one or more characteristics of ovarian cancer following the rules of the TNM AJCC v7 classification system as they pertain to staging of regional lymph nodes.
pN: Pathologic spread ovarian lymph nodes (AJCC 7th Edition)
pathologic distant metastases stage for colon according to AJCC 7th edition
A categorical value specification that is a pathologic finding about one or more characteristics of colon cancer following the rules of the TNM AJCC v7 classification system as they pertain to distant metastases. TNM pathologic distant metastasis findings are based on clinical findings supplemented by histopathologic examination of one or more tissue specimens acquired during surgery.
M: colon distant metastases (AJCC 7th Edition)
pathologic distant metastases stage for lung according to AJCC 7th edition
A categorical value specification that is a pathologic finding about one or more characteristics of lung cancer following the rules of the TNM AJCC v7 classification system as they pertain to distant metastases. TNM pathologic distant metastasis findings are based on clinical findings supplemented by histopathologic examination of one or more tissue specimens acquired during surgery.
M: lung distant metastases (AJCC 7th Edition)
pathologic distant metastases stage for kidney according to AJCC 7th edition
A categorical value specification that is a pathologic finding about one or more characteristics of renal cancer following the rules of the TNM AJCC v7 classification system as they pertain to distant metastases. TNM pathologic distant metastasis findings are based on clinical findings supplemented by histopathologic examination of one or more tissue specimens acquired during surgery.
M: kidney distant Metastases (AJCC 7th Edition)
pathologic distant metastases stage for ovary according to AJCC 7th edition
A categorical value specification that is a pathologic finding about one or more characteristics of ovarian cancer following the rules of the TNM AJCC v7 classification system as they pertain to distant metastases. TNM pathologic distant metastasis findings are based on clinical findings supplemented by histopathologic examination of one or more tissue specimens acquired during surgery.
M: ovarian distant metastases (AJCC 7th Edition)
clinical tumor stage group according to AJCC 7th edition
A categorical value specification that is an assessment of the stage of a cancer according to the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) v7 staging systems.
Clinical tumor stage group (AJCC 7th Edition)
International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics cervical cancer stage value specification
A categorical value specification that is an assessment of the stage of a gynecologic cancer according to the International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) staging systems.
International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics ovarian cancer stage value specification
A categorical value specification that is a pathologic finding about one or more characteristics of ovarian cancer following the rules of the FIGO classification system.
Pathologic Tumor Stage Grouping for ovarian cancer (FIGO)
A categorical value specification that is an assessment of a participant's performance status (general well-being and activities of daily life).
Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group score value specification
A performance status value specification designed by the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group to assess disease progression and its affect on the daily living abilities of the patient.
A performance status value specification designed for classifying patients 16 years of age or older by their functional impairment.
A person or organization that provides material supplies to other people or organizations.
organism
animal
fungus
plant
virus
A material entity that is an individual living system, such as animal, plant, bacteria or virus, that is capable of replicating or reproducing, growth and maintenance in the right environment. An organism may be unicellular or made up, like humans, of many billions of cells divided into specialized tissues and organs.
10/21/09: This is a placeholder term, that should ideally be imported from the NCBI taxonomy, but the high level hierarchy there does not suit our needs (includes plasmids and 'other organisms')
13-02-2009: OBI doesn't take position as to when an organism starts or ends being an organism - e.g. sperm, foetus. This issue is outside the scope of OBI.
WEB: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organism
specimen
Biobanking of blood taken and stored in a freezer for potential future investigations stores specimen.
A material entity that has the specimen role.
GROUP: OBI Biomaterial Branch
data transformation
The application of a clustering protocol to microarray data or the application of a statistical testing method on a primary data set to determine a p-value.
A planned process that produces output data from input data.
Elisabetta Manduchi
Helen Parkinson
Melanie Courtot
Richard Scheuermann
Ryan Brinkman
Tina Hernandez-Boussard
data analysis
data processing
Branch editors
leave one out cross validation method
The authors conducted leave-one-out cross validation to estimate the strength and accuracy of the differentially expressed filtered genes. http://bioinformatics.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/19/3/368
is a data transformation : leave-one-out cross-validation (LOOCV) involves using a single observation from the original sample as the validation data, and the remaining observations as the training data. This is repeated such that each observation in the sample is used once as the validation data
2009-11-10. Tracker: https://sourceforge.net/tracker/?func=detail&aid=2893049&group_id=177891&atid=886178
k-means clustering
A k-means clustering is a data transformation which achieves a class discovery or partitioning objective, which takes as input a collection of objects (represented as points in multidimensional space) and which partitions them into a specified number k of clusters. The algorithm attempts to find the centers of natural clusters in the data. The most common form of the algorithm starts by partitioning the input points into k initial sets, either at random or using some heuristic data. It then calculates the mean point, or centroid, of each set. It constructs a new partition by associating each point with the closest centroid. Then the centroids are recalculated for the new clusters, and the algorithm repeated by alternate applications of these two steps until convergence, which is obtained when the points no longer switch clusters (or alternatively centroids are no longer changed).
WEB: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K-means
hierarchical clustering
A hierarchical clustering is a data transformation which achieves a class discovery objective, which takes as input data item and builds a hierarchy of clusters. The traditional representation of this hierarchy is a tree (visualized by a dendrogram), with the individual input objects at one end (leaves) and a single cluster containing every object at the other (root).
WEB: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_clustering#Hierarchical_clustering
dimensionality reduction
A dimensionality reduction is data partitioning which transforms each input m-dimensional vector (x_1, x_2, ..., x_m) into an output n-dimensional vector (y_1, y_2, ..., y_n), where n is smaller than m.
PERSON: Elisabetta Manduchi
principal components analysis dimensionality reduction
A principal components analysis dimensionality reduction is a dimensionality reduction achieved by applying principal components analysis and by keeping low-order principal components and excluding higher-order ones.
pca data reduction
Generation of a heatmap from a microarray dataset
An planned process that creates images, diagrams or animations from the input data.
Tina Boussard
visualization
PERSON: Tina Boussard
Possible future hierarchy might include this: information_encoding >data_encoding >>image_encoding
data visualization
data transformation objective
normalize objective
An objective specification to transformation input data into output data
Modified definition in 2013 Philly OBI workshop
partitioning data transformation
A partitioning data transformation is a data transformation that has objective partitioning.
partitioning objective
A k-means clustering which has partitioning objective is a data transformation in which the input data is partitioned into k output sets.
A partitioning objective is a data transformation objective where the aim is to generate a collection of disjoint non-empty subsets whose union equals a non-empty input set.
class discovery data transformation
A class discovery data transformation (sometimes called unsupervised classification) is a data transformation that has objective class discovery.
unsupervised classification data transformation
class discovery objective
A class discovery objective (sometimes called unsupervised classification) is a data transformation objective where the aim is to organize input data (typically vectors of attributes) into classes, where the number of classes and their specifications are not known a priori. Depending on usage, the class assignment can be definite or probabilistic.
discriminant analysis objective
unsupervised classification objective
class prediction objective
A class prediction objective (sometimes called supervised classification) is a data transformation objective where the aim is to create a predictor from training data through a machine learning technique. The training data consist of pairs of objects (typically vectors of attributes) and class labels for these objects. The resulting predictor can be used to attach class labels to any valid novel input object. Depending on usage, the prediction can be definite or probabilistic. A classification is learned from the training data and can then be tested on test data.
supervised classification objective
cross validation objective
A cross validation objective is a data transformation objective in which the aim is to partition a sample of data into subsets such that the analysis is initially performed on a single subset, while the other subset(s) are retained for subsequent use in confirming and validating the initial analysis.
rotation estimation objective
WEB: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross_validation
A data visualization which has input of a clustered data set and produces an output of a report graph which is capable of rendering data of this type.
A dependent entity that inheres in a bearer by virtue of how the bearer is related to other entities
A quality inhering in a substance by virtue of the amount of the bearer's there is mixed with another substance.
A quality of a single physical entity inhering in the bearer by virtue of the bearer's size or shape or structure.
A 1-D extent quality which is equal to the distance between two points.
A physical quality of the thermal energy of a system.
A quality of a physical entity that exists through action of continuants at the physical level of organisation in relation to other entities.
A physical quality that inheres in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's amount of force per unit area it exerts.
A quality which inheres in a continuant.
A physical quality that inheres in an bearer by virtue of how that bearer interacts with electromagnetic radiation.
An EM radiation quality in which the EM radiation is within the fiat range of the spectrum visible deemed to be light.
A physical quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's exhibiting the physical characteristics of an entity characterized by particles arranged such that their shape and volume are relatively stable.
A physical quality inhering in an entity exhibiting the physical characteristics of an amorphous (non-crystalline) form of matter between a gas and a solid that has a definite volume, but no definite shape.
A quality that inheres in an bearer by virtue of how that bearer interacts with radiation.
A quality which inheres in a molecular entity, a single molecule, atom, ion, radical etc.
A quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of its constitution.
A unit which is a standard measure of the distance between two points.
A unit which is a standard measure of the amount of matter/energy of a physical object.
A unit which is a standard measure of the dimension in which events occur in sequence.
In relation to optical measuring methods a rating for the precision of a reconstructed measurement object
is quality measurement (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000221 - m is a quality measurement of q at t. When q is a quality, there is a measurement process p that has specified output m, a measurement datum, that is about q). TIB terminological service.
measurement quality [imr]
definded rigid Object based as result of an extrusion process
extrudate [imr]
geometry [imr]
A coherent set of direct positions in space. The positions are held within a Spatial Reference System (SRS).
geometry [geosparql]
A gathering of individual points with an with an unstructured spatial structure
point cloud [imr]
geometrical method to determine distances between to points
triangulation [imr]
millimeter [imr]
"A length unit which is equal to one thousandth of a meter or 10^[-3] m." [NIST:NIST]
mm MILLIMETER Millimeter millimeter(s) millimeter
Imported from ontocomons, also present in TIB terminological service
millimeter [nist]
uppermost layer of the extrudate
surface of extrudate [imr]
cutout of a single line of the extrudate surface
line in the surface of extrudate [imr]
shape [imr]
The spatial arrangement of something as distinct from its substance.
shape [ncit]
A morphological quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's ratios of distances between its features (points, edges, surfaces and also holes etc).
shape [pato]
use of different algorithms to determine the exact allignment respectively the characteristik shared edges
stitching process [imr]
alligning of single measurements to form a connected/combined measurement
stitching method [imr]
distance between sensor and extrudate [imr]
ideal dimensions and shape of the extrudate defined by the manufacturer
extrudate norm [imr]
a quantity expressing by how much the members of a group differ from the mean value for the group
standard deviation [imr]
The standard deviation is a measure of the amount of variation or dispersion of a set of values. [Wikipedia]
from ontocommons skos:definition
standard deviation [Wikipedia]
A measure of the range of values in a set of numbers. Standard deviation is a statistic used as a measure of the dispersion or variation in a distribution, equal to the square root of the arithmetic mean of the squares of the deviations from the arithmetic mean.
TIB terminological service
standard deviation [ncit]
"The interior (intrinsic) orientation of a camera comprises all instrumental and mathematical elements which completely describe the imaging model within the camera. By taking proper account of the interior orientation, the real camera conforms to the pinhole camera model. It is a requirement of the model that there exists a reproducible image coordinate system so that geometric image values, such as measured image coordinates, can be transformed into the physical-mathematical imaging model." (Luhmann et al. 2020: 162). A standard model of describing the interior orientation was proposed by D.C. Brown (1971)
Luhmann, Robson, Kyle & Boehm (2020): Close-Range Photogrammetry and 3D Imaging, 3rd ed. De Gruyter: Berlin, Boston
interior orientation [jade]
"The camera coordinate system has its origin at the perspective centre of the image. It is further defined by reference features fixed in the camera (fiducial marks, réseau, sensor system). It can therefore be reconstructed from the image and related to an image measuring device" (Luhmann et al. 2020: 278)
camera coordinate system [jade]
"The exterior orientation consists of six parameters which describe the spatial position and orientation of the camera coordinate system with respect to the global object coordinate system" (Luhmann et al. 2020: 277)
exterior orientation [jade]
"The photogrammetric determination of the parameters of interior orientation is usually referred to as calibration. This is based on the idea that once a mechanically stable camera is calibrated, it may be moved from one image taking location to another whilst retaining its calibration." (Luhmann, Robson et al. 2020: 170)
camera calibration [jade]
"Bundle adjustment [...] is a method for the simultaneous numerical fit of an unlimited number of spatially distributed images (bundles of rays). It makes use of photogrammetric observations (measured image points), survey observations and an object coordinate system. Using tie points, single images are merged into a global model in which the object surface can be reconstructed in three dimensions." (Luhmann et al. 2020: 349f.)
bundle triangulation, bundle block adjustment, multi-image triangulation, multi-image orientation
bundle adjustment [jade]
An agent is a system that perceives its environment through sensors and can interact with it through actions.
Agent
agent [ita]
An active power or cause (as principle, substance, physical or biological factor, etc.) that produces a specific effect.
agent [ncti]
Approximation is a technique for approximating a value using historical or available observations from the domain.
Approximationsmethode
approximation [ita]
Function approximation is a technique for estimating an unknown underlying function using historical or available observations from the domain.
Funktionsapproximationsmethode
function approximation [ita]
Reinforcement learning is a set of machine learning methods in which an agent autonomously learns a strategy to maximize a reward. Algorithms follow the trail-and-error principle, thus try several strategies and repeat those with a higher reward. During the training the agent produces an input, while the target output is only known to a teacher. The teacher gives feedback to the agent in form of a reward.
bestärkendes Lernen
reinforcement learning [ita]
Libraries in programming languages are collections of prewritten code that users can use to optimize tasks.
Bibliothek
library [ita]
Clustering or cluster analysis is a unsupervised machine learning technique, which groups the unlabelled dataset. It can be defined as a way of grouping the data points into different clusters, consisting of similar data points.
Clusteranalyse
cluster analysis [ita]
Methods for grouping objects into subsets such that those within each cluster are more closely related to one another than objects assigned to different clusters.
cluster analysis [ncti]
A Database is a System for describing, storing and retrieving large amounts of data.
Data Mining
data mining [ita]
An information set with a regular structure. Although it can be applied to any set of information the term was invented to refer to computerized data, and is used almost exclusively in computing.
data mining [edam]
Datenbank
database [ita]
database [ncti]
Deep learning is a class of machine learning algorithms that uses multiple layers to progressively extract higher-level features from the raw input. There is no universally agreed-upon threshold of depth that divides shallow learning from deep learning, but most researchers agree that deep learning involves CAP depth higher than 2. The CAP (credit assignment path) is the chain of transformations from input to output. CAPs describe potentially causal connections between input and output. For simple neural networks (feedforward neural networks) this treshhold is reached with at least two hidden layers.
Deep Learning
deep learning [ita]
A subset of machine learning that is part of the broader family of machine learning methodologies based on artificial neural networks. A deep neural network has multiple layers between input and output layers to progressively extract higher level features from the raw input. (After DeepAI Machine Learning Glossary and Terms) [ NCI ]
deep learning [ncti]
The input layer of a neural network is composed of artificial input neurons, and brings the initial data into the system for further processing by subsequent layers of artificial neurons. The input layer is the very beginning of the workflow for the artificial neural network.
Eingangsvektor
input layer [ita]
Elastomers are dimensionally stable but elastically deformable plastics. They are producest by vulcanization of rubber.
Elastomere
elastomers [ita]
The output layer in an artificial neural network is the last layer of neurons that produces given outputs for the program.
Ergebnisvektor
output layer [ita]
Extrusion is a process used to create objects of a fixed cross-sectional profile by pushing material through a die of the desired cross-section.
Extrusion
extrusion [ita]
A transformation in which an atom or group Y connected to two other atoms or groups X and Z is lost from a molecule, leading to a product in which X is bonded to Z, e.g. X-Y-Z --> X-Z + Y.
extrusion [rex]
A process used to create objects of a fixed cross-sectional profile by forcing or drawing a material through a die.
extrusion [chmo]
In neural networks, a hidden layer is located between the input and output of the algorithm, in which the function applies weights to the inputs and directs them through an activation function as the output. In short, the hidden layers perform nonlinear transformations of the inputs entered into the network.
Hidden-Layer
hidden layer [ita]
Industrie 4.0 is the intelligent networking of machines and processes in the industrial environment, with the help of information and communication technology and thus digitization of the industrial production.
Industrie 4.0
Industrie 4.0 [ita]
Rubber is an elastic substance made either from the juice of particular tropical trees or artificially. It is raw material for car tires and other technical products.
Kautschuk
rubber [ita]
Artifical intelligence is a branch of computer science dealing with the automation of intelligent behavior. Can be used in technical areas as methods of machine learning.
Artificial Intelligence (AI) [ita]
Künstliche Intelligenz (KI)
Artificial intelligence is the branch of computer science that deals with writing computer programs that can solve problems creatively.
Artificial Intelligence (AI) [ncti]
Machine learning is a sub-area of ​​artificial intelligence that deals with artificial systems that adapt their actions to external conditions so that their output is improved according to defined standards. For this purpose, algorithms build a model based on training data. The algorithms does not learn to memorize, but uses patterns and laws, so the systems can also process unknown data. The learning algorithms are divided into supervised learning, unsupervised learning and reinforcement learning.
machine learning [ita]
maschinelles Lernen
A computing system (inspired by biological neural networks) that learns (progressively improves its ability) to do tasks by considering examples without task-specific programming. (After DeepAI Machine Learning Glossary and Terms)
machine learning [ncti]
A planned process in which statistical techniques are used to give computers the ability to learn about patterns in data, without being explicitly programmed. Learning is defined in this case as progressively improving performance on a specific task.
machine learning [obi]
A topic concerning the application of artificial intelligence methods to algorithms, in order to create methods that can learn from data in order to generate an ouput, rather than relying on explicitly encoded information only.
machine learning [edam]
Microcontrollers are compact integrated circuits designed to govern a specific operation in an embedded system. Typically a microcontroller includes a processor, memory and input/output peripherals on a single chip.
Mikrocontroller
microcontroller [ita]
Mixing is the first of the three areas of an extrusion line, where the input material is homogenized and mixed. This occurs within a screw element through shearing and mixing of the input material.
Mischen
mixing [ita]
The combining of components, particles or layers into a more homogeneous state. The mixing may be achieved manually or mechanically by shifting the material with stirrers or pumps or by revolving or shaking the container. The process μst not permit segregation of particles of different size or properties. Homogeneity may be considered to have been achieved in a practical sense when the sampling error of the processed portion is negligible compared to the total error of the measurement system.
mixing [chmo]
To bring or combine together or with something else; add as an additional element or part.
mixing [ncti]
Pattern recognition is the automated recognition of patterns and regularities in data. Pattern recognition has its origins in statistics and engineering; some modern approches include the use of machine learning, due to the increased availability of big data and a new abundance of processing power.
Mustererkennung
pattern recognition [ita]
A branch of artificial intelligence concerned with the identification of visual or audio patterns by computers.For the computer to recognize the patterns, the patterns must be converted into digital signals and compared with patterns already stored in memory.Some uses of this technology are in character recognition, voice recognition, handwriting recognition, and robotics. (High-Tech Dictionary) [ NCI ]
pattern recognition [ncti]
Artificial neural networks (ANNs) are based on a reduced set of concepts from biological neural systems. It is composed of different Layeres, an input layer, one or more hidden layers and an output layer. Each layer consists of several artificial neurons. The connections of the biological neuron are modeled in artificial neural networks as weights between the artificial neurons. A positive weight reflects an excitatory connection, while negative values mean inhibitory connections. An activation function controls the amplitude of the output. They can be used to model complex relationships between inputs and outputs or to find patterns in data. Thereby ANNs can be trained by machine learning techniques to approximate a function, when the complexity of the data or task makes the design of such function by hand impractical. Other tasks in which ANNs can be trained are classification, including pattern recognition, clustering and Data processing, including clustering.
neural network [ita]
neuronales Netz
A computer algorithm to solve non-linear optimization problems. The algorithm was derived in analogy to the way the densely interconnected, parallel structure of the brain processes information.
neural network [ncti]
Online characterisation is the characterization of the material properties during the process and on the real process line in order to be able to react to fluctuations during production.
Online-Charakterisierung
online characterisation [ita]
In online optimization decisions are made directly in the real process section and without knowledge of future results. Also often the data of the problem instance is not complete.
Online-Optimierung
online optimization [ita]
Optimizers are algorithms or methods used to solve optimization problems by minimize an error function (loss function) or to maximize the efficiency of production. Optimizers are mathematical functions which are dependent on model's learnable parameters i.e Weights & Biases.
Optimierungsmethoden
optimization [ita]
An activity that attempts to find the best solution to a problem.
optimization [ncti]
Production-in-the-Loop describes a method, in which information from the production process is continuously recorded and the process is adapted to the changing framework conditions on the basis of this information.
Production-in-the-Loop [ita]
Production-in-the-loop
Regression analysis consists of a set of machine learning methods that allow us to predict a continuous outcome variable (y) based on the value of one or multiple predictor variables (x). Regression is a supervised learning technique, in which Algorithems build a mathematical Modell or equation that defines y as a funktion of x.
Regressionsanalyse
regression analysis [ita]
A simulation environment is a virtual environment that maps/models the real process. A simulation model thus makes it possible to train control tasks using learning algorithms offline, i.e. not on the real system but on the computer. Neural networks can be used to create such model.
Simulationsumgebung
simulation environment [ita]
The test dataset is a subset of the dataset that is held back from training the model and given to the learning algorithm to test the trained model. Typically it consists of 20% to 30% of the original dataset. It is the sample of data used to provide an unbiased evaluation of a final model fit on the training dataset.
Test-Dataset
test dataset [ita]
The train dataset is a subset of the dataset that is given to the learning algorithm to train a model. Typically it consists of 70% to 80% of the original dataset. It is the sample of data used to fit the model.
Train-Dataset
train dataset [ita]
Supervised learning is the machine learning task of learning a function that maps an input to an output based on example input-output pairs. It infers a function from labeled training data consisting of a set of training examples. In supervised learning, each example is a pair consisting of an input object (typically a vector) and a desired output value (target).
supervised learning [ita]
überwachtes Lernen
A machine learning process using a function that maps an input to an output based on example input-output pairs. It infers a function from labeled training data consisting of a set of training examples.
supervised machine learning
supervised learning [obi]
Unsupervised learning is a type of algorithm that learns patterns from untagged data. The hope is that through mimicry, which is an important mode of learning in people, the machine is forced to build a compact internal representation of its world and then generate imaginative content from it. Unsupervised methods exhibit self-organization that captures patterns as probability densities or a combination of neural feature preferences.
unsupervised learning [ita]
unüberwachtes Lernen
A machine learning process that infers a function describing the structure of "unlabeled" data (i.e. data that has not been classified or categorized).
unsupervised machine learning
unsupervised learning [obi]
The validation dataset is the sample of data used to provide an unbiased evaluation of a model fit on the training dataset while tuning model hyperparameters. The evaluation becomes more biased as skill on the validation dataset is incorporated into the model configuration.
Validation-Dataset
validation dataset [ita]
Validation data is to "validate" that your neural network hasn't rather memorized your training data and has thus actually learned some meaningful aspects of the data so that the model can be later used (generalized) to unseen, held-out "test dataset".
Validierung
validation [ita]
The act of validating; finding or testing the truth of something.
validation [ncti]
a planned process with objective to check that the accuracy or the quality of a claim or prediction satisfies some criteria and which is assessed by comparing with independent results
validation [obi]
Validate some data.
validation [edam]
Rolling is the second of the three areas of the extrusion line. Where the material is homogenised.
Walzen
rolling [ita]
Twin screw extruders have two screws, which have more shear and mixing capability than the single screw in a singel screw extruder. Depending on the direction of rotation of the screws, a distinction is made between counter-rotating and co-rotating twin-screw extruders.
Zweischneckenextruder
twin screw extruder [ita]
Control variable that specifies at which temperature mixing takes place.
Mischungstemperatur
Mixing temperature [ita]
Rücksprache DIK
Stamp pressure [ita]
Stemepeldruck
Control value that specifies at which speed mixing takes place
Drehzahl (Mischer)
rotation speed (Mixer) [ita]
Control value that specifies how long mixing takes place
Mischzeit
Mixing time [ita]
Measured variable that indicates how high the torque is during mixing.
Drehmoment (Mischer)
Torque (mixer) [ita]
Torque is the effectiveness of a force to produce rotation about an axis, measured by the product of the force and the perpendicular distance from the line of action of the force to the axis.
Torque (mixer) [om]
Control variable that indicates how high the speed of the screw is during extrusion.
Schneckendrezahl
Screw speed [ita]
Measured variable that indicates how high the torque of the screw is during extrusion.
Schneckendrehmoment
Screw torque [ita]
Control variable that indicates how high the temperature of the screw is during extrusion.
Temperierung Schnecke
Tempering screw [ita]
Control variable that indicates how high the temperature of the feed roller is during extrusion.
Temperierung Speisewalze
Tempering Feed roller [ita]
Control variable that indicates how high the temperature of the cylinder is during extrusion.
Temperierung Zylinder
Tempering cylinder [ita]
Measured variable that indicates how high the pressure in the cylinder is during extrusion.
Cylinder pressure [ita]
Zylinderdruck
Control variable that indicates how high the temperature of the tool is during extrusion.
Tempering Tool [ita]
Temperiung Werkzeug
Measured variable that indicates how high the pressure in the tool is during extrusion.
Tool pressure [ita]
Werkzeugdruck
Measured variable that indicates what the temperature is at the surface of the material.
Near-surface mass temperature in the tool [ita]
Oberflächennahe Massentemperatur im Werkzeug
Measured variable that indicates how the temperature is distributed radially over the screw channel.
Radial temperature profile of the mixture in the screw channel [ita]
Radiales Temperaturprofil der Mischung im Schneckenkanal
System parameter that indicates how large the outlet surface of the rubber is.
Austrittsfläche
Outlet surface [ita]
The throughput indicates how many kilograms of rubber are extruded in a given unit of time.
Durchsatz
Throughput [ita]
A class of units in the system under study (e.g, machines, spare parts)
collection of material entities [hsh]
A circumstance, fact, or influence that contributes to the costs associated with an entity (e.g., wages, number)
factor [hsh]
faktor [hsh]
Anything that contributes causally to a result.
factor [ncti]
faktor [ncti]
A data item that is a member of a minimal set of independent variables that can be used to model the dependent reponses in a set of related experiments.
factor [proco]
faktor [proco]
A multiplicand in a mathematical product expression. [Allotrope]
factor [allotrope]
faktor [allotrope]
Cumulative expression for the value of all costs groups within the system under study
cost [hsh]
kosten [hsh]
The amount paid, charged, or engaged to be paid, for purchasing goods, services and financial instruments.
cost [ncti]
kosten [ncti]
Cumulative expression for the value of overarching entity groups (e.g., human ressource, maintenance) within the system under study
cost group [hsh]
kostengruppe [hsh]
A cost group for all cost values occuring from entity sub-groups in the human ressource cost group and the associated factors
human ressource cost [hsh]
personalkosten [hsh]
A cost group for all cost values occuring from entity sub-groups in the maintenance cost group and the associated factors
maintenance cost [hsh]
wartungskosten [hsh]
A cost group for all cost values occuring from entity sub-groups in the energy cost group and the associated factors
energiekosten [hsh]
energy cost [hsh]
A cost group for all cost values occuring from entity sub-groups in the material cost group and the associated factors
material cost [hsh]
materialkosten [hsh]
A cost group for all cost values occuring from entity sub-groups in the storage cost group and the associated factors
lagerhaltungskosten [hsh]
storage cost [hsh]
A cost group for all cost values occuring from entity sub-groups in the production cost group and the associated factors
production cost [hsh]
produktionskosten [hsh]
A cost group for all cost values occuring from entity sub-groups in the investment cost group and the associated factors
investitionskosten [hsh]
investment cost [hsh]
A cost group for all cost values occuring from entity sub-groups in the waste management cost group and the associated factors
abfallmanagementkosten [hsh]
waste management cost [hsh]
A cost group for the total sales value generated in a time period X by the system under investigation
turnover [hsh]
umsatz [hsh]
An apparatus using mechanical power and having several parts, each with a definite function and together performing a particular task, required for operations in the system under investigation. Constitutes an entity in the maintenance cost, energy cost, production cost, investment cost and turnover cost group.
machine [hsh]
maschine [hsh]
The state of an unit within an individual entity sub-group with regard to its working order (e.g., good, defective, not working).
condition [hsh]
zustand [hsh]
A state of being, such as a state of health.
condition [ncti]
zustand [ncti]
The shapes that the focus nodes need to conform to before a rule is executed on them.
condition [shacl]
zustand [shacl]
Used to specify ranges for qualities that act as conditions on a system/sensor's operation. For example, wind speed of 10-60m/s may be used as the condition on a SystemProperty, for example, to state that a sensor has a particular accuracy in that
condition [ssn]
zustand [ssn]
The basic materials from which a finished product is made in the system under investigation. Constitutes an entity in the material cost and waste management cost group.
raw material [hsh]
rohmaterial [hsh]
Processed raw materials that are not used for final consumption but as input for the production of finished goods in the system under investigation. Constitutes an entity in the material cost and waste management cost group.
halbfabrikat [hsh]
semi-finished product [hsh]
The product that emerges at the end of the production process of the system under study. Constitutes an entity in the material cost, production cost, and waste management cost group.
endprodukt [hsh]
finished product [hsh]
A duplicate part to replace a lost or damaged part of a machine entity unit in the system under investigation. Constitutes an entity sub-group of the wear parts entity.
ersatzteil [hsh]
spare parts [hsh]
Parts pf a machine entity unit that are bound to wear out with repetitive use and will require periodic repair or replacement based on maintenance interval in the system under investigation. Constitutes an entity of the maintenance cost and material cost group.
verschleißteil [hsh]
wear parts [hsh]
Materials used to wrap or protect raw materials, semi-finished products, and finished products.
packaging [hsh]
verpackung [hsh]
A person who operates a machine entity unit in the system under investigation. Constitutes an entity of the human resource and the production cost group.
operator [hsh]
A person that operates some apparatus or machine.
operator [ncti]
A person who supervises and coordinates the work of employees who set up and operate machine entity units in the system under investigation. Constitutes an entity of the human ressource and the production cost group.
supervisor [hsh]
An individual who is responsible for managing or operating a business, organization, team or department.
supervisor [ncti]
Designated administrator over one or more groups/teams working to produce a resource, or over one or more steps of a development process
supervisor [m4i]
A person who supports an operator in the system under investigation. Constitutes an entity of the human ressource and the production cost group.
hilfskraft [hsh]
operational assistant [hsh]
A person who handles a company's incoming and outgoing raw materials, semi-finished prodcuts as well as finished products, and who manages stocks in the system under investigation. Constitutes an entity of the human ressource and the storage cost group.
lagerist [hsh]
warehouse clerk [hsh]
A person who monitors the quality of incoming and outgoing products or materials in the system under investigation. Constitutes an entity of the human ressource and the production cost group.
quality inspector [hsh]
qualitätsprüfer [hsh]
A mode of transport that is employed to transport raw materials, semi-finished goods and finished goods within the system under investigation.
conveyor vehicle [hsh]
fördermittel [hsh]
A maintenance metric that measures the average amount of time a non-repairable asset operates before it fails in the system under investigation. Constitutes a factor of the maintenance cost group.
mean time to failure [hsh]
mittlere zeit bis zum ausfall [hsh]
A maintenance metric that measures the average time required to troubleshoot and repair failed equipment. Constitutes a factor of the maintenance cost group.
mean time to repair [hsh]
mittlere reperaturdauer [hsh]
The schedule for all anticipated maintenance activities regarding machine entites within the system under investigation. Constitutes a factor of the maintenance cost group.
maintenance interval [hsh]
wartungsintevall [hsh]
Type of planning time: Fixed time interval for the scheduled maintenance of a technical system or its parts.
maintenance interval [iirds]
wartungsintevall
The averafe time that is required to conduct scheduled maintenance activities for a machine entity unit. Constitutes a factor of the maintenance cost group.
maintenance duration [hsh]
wartungsdauer [hsh]
The amount of electricity (kw/h) that is consumed by all entities in the system under investigation. Constitutes a factor of the energy cost, storage cost and production cost group.
energy consumption [hsh]
stromverbrauch [hsh]
The expenditure that incurs for acquiring a single unit of an entity sub-group in the system under investigation. Constitutes a factor of the maintenance cost, material cost, and storage cost group.
stückkosten [hsh]
unit cost [hsh]
The facility where the operations of the system under investigation are conducted. Constitutes an entity of the energy cost group.
add location as top-level category
building [hsh]
gebäude [hsh]
Any kind of building (e.g. an institute building)
building [bwmd]
gebäude
A building (site) is a site located in a structure with a roof and walls. [Allotrope]
building [allotrope]
A structure that has a roof and walls and stands more or less permanently in one place.
building [ncit]
A permanent walled and roofed construction.
building [envo]
The amount of raw materials, semi-finisehd products or finished products passing through a machine entity in the time X in the system under investigation.
durchsatz [hsh]
throughput [hsh]
All costs that are derived from costs groups encompassing overhead charges or subsidiary work.
indirect cost [hsh]
indirekte kosten [hsh]
All costs that are derived from costs groups that are directly related to the production of finished goods in the system under study.
direct cost [hsh]
direkte kosten [hsh]
Costs that can be identified with a particular project or program.
direct cost
direkte kosten
A single system element (e.g., extruder 1, tool 1) within an entity sub-group in the system under investigation.
einheit [hsh]
unit [hsh]
A property representing the unit of measure in which a nutrient or food component is typically expressed, ex., gram (g), minigram (mg), microgram (mcg), joule, or kilojoule.
einheit [ncti]
unit [ncti]
The property used in conjunction with a nutrient or food component, typically expressed in gram (g), milligram (mg), microgram (mcg), joule, or kilojoule.
A single undivided thing occurring in the composition of something else.
Class designed to distinguish the different types of units that are available in variables from datasets or parameters
einheit [sd]
unit [sd]
"A unit of measurement is a standardized quantity of a physical quality." [Wikipedia:Wikipedia]
einheit [uo]
unit [uo]
A machine that pushes unvulcanized rubber compounds through an extrusion die under pressure. Constitutes an entity sub-group of the machine entity.
extruder [hsh]
A machine that mixes polymers and additives in the manufacture of plastic and rubber products. Constitutes an entity sub-group of the machine entity.
banbury mixer [hsh]
knetmaschine [hsh]
A machine that assembles assembles all components and semi-finished products to produce a tyre. Constitutes an entity sub-group of the machine entity.
reifenproduktionsmaschine [hsh]
tire building machine [hsh]
A pneumtaic machine that cuts rubber materials. Constitutes an entity sub-group of the machine entity.
cutter [hsh]
schneidemaschine [hsh]
A machine that combines a series of hard pressure rollers used to finish or smooth a sheet of rubber material. Constitutes an entity sub-group of the machine entity.
calandar [hsh]
kalandar [hsh]
An automated system that transports good to, within and from storage areas. Constitutes an entity sub-group of the machine entity.
lagerroboter [hsh]
storage robot [hsh]
An overhead crane with a girder configuration supported by freestanding legs that move on wheels to transport goods. Constitutes an entity sub-group of the machine entity.
gantry crane [hsh]
portalkran [hsh]
A machine that is measures the tire uniformity for complete vehicle wheels and determines the radial and lateral force fluctuations of the rolling wheel. Constitutes an entity sub-group of the machine entity.
gleichförmigkeitsmessautomat [hsh]
uniformity grading machine [hsh]
A powered industrial truck used to lift and move materials over short distances. Constitutes an entity sub-group of the conveyor vehicle entity.
forklift [hsh]
gabelstapler [hsh]
A continuous moving strip or surface that is used for transporting objects between different destinations. Constitutes an entity sub-group of the conveyor vehicle entity.
conveyor [hsh]
fördertechnik [hsh]
A small truck for lifting and transporting loads. Constitutes an entity sub-group of the conveyor vehicle entity.
hubwagen [hsh]
lift truck [hsh]
An object shaped for repair and installation purposes, with the help of which something is processed or manufactured.Constitutes an entity sub-group of the wear parts entity.
tools [hsh]
wekzeuge [hsh]
A set of small wear parts required to maintain and repair a machine entity. Constitutes an entity sub-group of the wear parts entity.
kleinteile [hsh]
small parts [hsh]
Components required to maintain and repair a machine entity. Constitutes an entity sub-group of the wear parts entity.
ganze komponenten [hsh]
whole components [hsh]
Equipment that is employed for producing light in the system under investigation. Constitutes an entity sub-group of the building entity.
beleuchtung [hsh]
lighting [hsh]
Equipment that is employed for cooling and heating in the system under investigation. Constitutes an entity sub-group of the building entity.
air conditioning [hsh]
klimatisierung [hsh]
Equipment that is employed for managerial purposes in the system under investigation.
büroausstattung [hsh]
office equipment [hsh]
An elastic material obtained from the latex sap of trees. Constitutes an entity sub-group of the raw material entity.
narural rubber [hsh]
naturkautschuk [hsh]
The natural extract of tropical rubber plants.
narural rubber [ncti]
naturkautschuk [ncti]
Any of several substances similar to natural rubber in properties and uses, produced synthetically. Constitutes an entity sub-group of the raw material entity.
synthetic rubber [hsh]
synthetikkautschuk [hsh]
Material that is required to manipulate the properties of rubber products. Constitutes an entity sub-group of the raw material entity.
filling material [hsh]
füllstoffe [hsh]
Material that is used to support the structure of rubber based products (e.g., steel cords). Constitutes an entity sub-group of the raw material entity.
reinforcing materials [hsh]
verstärkungsmaterialien [hsh]
A substance added to a synthetic resin to produce or promote plasticity and flexibility and to reduce brittleness. Constitutes an entity sub-group of the raw material entity.
plasticizer [hsh]
weichmacher [hsh]
A substance added to plastics or other materials to make or keep them soft or pliable.
plasticiser
plasticizer [ncti]
weichmacher [ncti]
Any compound that is used as an additive to increase the plasticity or fluidity of a substance, particularly but not exclusively to synthetic polymers.
plasticizer [chebi]
weichmacher [chebi]
Chemicals added to rubber to alter its physical properties. Constitutes an entity sub-group of the raw material entity.
vulcanization chemicals [hsh]
vulkanisationschemikalien [hsh]
Additional substances that are employed to product rubber-based products. Constitutes an entity sub-group of the raw material entity.
other additives [hsh]
sonstige additive [hsh]
A non-destructive light scattering technique that provides detailed information about the chemical structure upon the interaction of light with the chemical bonds within a material based on periodic changes of polarizabilities.
Raman spectroscopy [ifnano]
Any type of vibrational spectroscopy where the Raman scattering of monochromatic light, usually from a laser in the visible, near infrared, or near ultraviolet range by a sample is detected. [CHMO]
Raman spectroscopy [allotrope]
Emission of electromagnetic energy with a shorter frequency (longer wavelength) than that of the incident monochromatic light. Arises from the low probability absorption of quanta with a higher energy than that required for a transition: the difference in energy is emitted as a lower frequency (energy) photon. Allows analysis of vibrational and rotational energy levels using visible incident light. [ NCI ]
Raman spectroscopy [ncit]
A graph that shows the intensity of radiation at different wavelengths or the response of the atomic or molecular system to different wavelengths of the radiation
Spectrum [ifnano]
A spectrum is a data distribution function of a measured quantity in a spectroscopy against some experimental parameter. [Allotrope]
Spectrum [allotrope]
An array of entities, such as light waves or particles, ordered in accordance with the magnitudes of a common physical property, such as wavelength or mass.
Spectrum [ncit]
A graph presents a number of peaks, showing the intensity and wavelength position of the Raman scattered light, in which each peak corresponds to a specific molecular bond vibration.
Raman spectrum [ifnano]
A plot of intensity vs. Raman shift (cm-1) obtained by measuring the Raman scattering of monochromatic light from a sample. [CHMO]
Raman spectrum [allotrope]
Fourier transform infrared involves the probing of matter with infrared radiation. It is based on periodic changes in dipole moments caused by molecular vibrations during the absorption of IR radiation and gives spectroscopic fingerprints.
FTIR spectroscopy [ifnano]
An attenuated total reflection accessory operates by measuring the changes that occur in a totally internally reflected infrared beam when the beam comes into contact with a sample.
ATR-FTIR [ifnano]
It arises when groups differ statistically in their distributions on characteristics relevant to a given situation.
Statistical discrimination [ifnano]
The chemical discipline that uses mathematical and statistical methods, (a) to design or select optimal measurement procedures and experiments, and (b) to provide maximum chemical information by analyzing chemical data.
Chemometrics [ifnano]
Natural and synthetic rubber materials that are modified and shaped into rubber products through the rubber extrusion process.
Raw rubber samples [ifnano]
A statistical measure that expresses the extent to which two variables are linearly related (meaning they change together at a constant rate). It’s a common tool for describing simple relationships without making a statement about cause and effect.
Correlation [ifnano]
The degree to which two or more quantities or events are linearly associated, a statistical relation between two or more variables such that systematic changes in the value of one variable are accompanied by systematic changes in the others.
Correlation [ncit]
The concentration of Zinc in the extrudate is 0.5 g/L.
A quality of a substance in terms of its amount per unit volume in a mixture.
Konzentration
concentration [ifnano]
IFNANO:01_CQ; IFNANO:02_CQ; IFNANO:03_CQ
The quantity kind concentration
concentration [bwmd]
A concentration (datum) is a quantification facet that quantifies a quality inhering in a substance by virtue of the amount of the bearer's there is mixed with another substance. [Allotrope]
concentration [allotrope]
The quantity of a substance per unit volume or weight; a measure of the amount of substance present in a unit amount of mixture, particularly, the amount of solute dissolved in a solvent. The amounts can be expressed as moles, masses, volumes, or parts.
concentration [ncit]
The concentration of a chemical compound.
concentration [edam]
Experimental method output expressing the contribution of one constituent to the composition of a mixture.
concentration [chmo]
the strength of a solution; number of molecules of a substance in a given volume
concentration [ecso]
Product of the process of Extrusion
Extrudat
extrudate [ifnano]
extrusion [ifnano]
Laser induced breakdown spectroscopy is a type of atomic emission spectroscopy which uses a highly energetic laser pulse as the excitation source. The laser is focused to form a plasma, which atomizes and excites samples. The Emission of these excited species is analyzed to identify and quantify the elements contained in the sample.
Laserinduzierte Plasmaspektroskopie
Laser induced breakdown spectroscopy [ifnano]
A type of atomic emission spectrometry where a high energy laser pulse is used to generate a plasma which acts as the excitation source.
Laser induced breakdown spectroscopy [chmo]
A quality of a sample in terms of homogenity, or the distribution of concentration of a specific component in a mixture, in a macroscopic body.
Verteilungsgüte; homogenity
distribution quality [ifnano]
In Spectroscopy, peaks are features of a spectrum. A peak comprise a restricted region of a spectrum, which is absorbed or emitted with high intensity.
peak [ifnano]
A peak describes a part of a data distribution function at a definite range of the experimental parameter (independent variable) of the distribution function. This definition includes a single data point of the distribution function. [Allotrope]
peak [allotrope]
The most extreme possible amount or value; the highest point.
peak [ncit]
The summit of a mount.
peak [envo]
A localized region of relatively large ion signal in a mass spectrum. Although peaks are often associated with particular ions, the terms peak and ion should not be used interchangeably.
peak [ms]
Unprocessed data obtained from spectrometric devices
Rohspektrum
raw spectrum [ifnano]
Result of different mathematical processes conducted on raw Spectra. Processing steps include e.g. normalization and baseline correction
bearbeitetes Spektrum; verarbeitetes Spektrum
processed spectrum [ifnano]
Principal component analysis (PCA) is the process of computing the principal components and using them to perform a change of basis on the data.
Hauptkomponentenanalyse
principal component analysis [ifnano]
A vector space transform used to reduce the dimensionality in a dataset while retaining those characteristics of the dataset that contribute most to its variance.
principal component analysis [ncit]
A statistical procedure that uses an orthogonal transformation to convert a set of observations of possibly correlated variables into a set of values of linearly uncorrelated variables called principal components.
principal component analysis [edam]
Measurement using photometry
Photometric Measurement Process [ifnano]
Metadata are data, which belong to a measurement. They complete the measurment data providing information about the condition under which the measurements have been taken place.
Metadata [ifnano]
Data about data; information that describes another set of data.
Metadata [ncit]
Measurement method using visible light
Photometry [ifnano]
Measurement of the properties of light, especially luminous intensity.
Photometry [ncit]
Determination concentrations using a color chart
Colorimetry [ifnano]
The determination of the spectral absorbance of a solution. This method is often used to determine the concentration of a chemical in a solution. [CHMO]
Colorimetry [allotrope]
An assessment used to quantify and describe the colors within the visible spectrum of light.
Colorimetry [ncit]
Digital representation of an image. Images are represented in natural numbers.
Image data [ifnano]
Digital representation of an image using a natural number defining the red, green and blue proportion for each pixel
RGB image data [ifnano]
Commen form of representing a digital picture: The picture is represented as a XY-Grid of Data-Points containing the color and brightness information.
format
Picture grid [ifnano]
Element of the picture grid
Pixel [ifnano]
The smallest resolvable rectangular area of an image, either on a screen or stored in memory.
Pixel [ncit]
The use of a digital computer to process digital images through an algorithm.
Digital image processing [ifnano]
Using image data and eventually digital image processing in order to generate a corellation between this data and an analytical target.
Image analysis [ifnano]
Image analysis is the discovering of patterns in an image that are correlated to qualities of the material entity the image represents or of abstract patterns. [Allotrope]
allotrope
Image analysis [allotrope]
The analysis of a image (typically a digital image) of some type in order to extract information from it.
Image analysis [edam]
The information represented by one or more variables, which has to be predicted by data analysis in instrumental analytics
Analytical target [ifnano]
In terms of digtal image procession: correction methods to compensate image errors caused by lense distorsion or perspective.
Geometry correction [ifnano]
Linear discriminant analysis (LDA), normal discriminant analysis (NDA), or discriminant function analysis is a generalization of Fisher's linear discriminant, a method used in statistics and other fields, to find a linear combination of features that characterizes or separates two or more classes of objects or events.
Linear discriminant analysis [ifnano]
Machine learning task of learning a function that maps an input to an output based on example input-output pairs.
Supervised learning [ifnano]
Supervised learning [obi]
A type of algorithm that learns patterns from untagged data
Unsupervised learning [ifnano]
Unsupervised learning [obi]
A type of histogram that acts as a graphical representation of the tonal distribution in a digital image. It plots the number of pixels for each tonal value.
Image histogramm / histogramm [ifnano]
A multidimensional histogram of the distribution of color in an image
Color histogramm [ifnano]
8-bit number [ifnano]
16-bit number [ifnano]
unit
count [ifnano]
The number of objects counted. [Allotrope]
count [allotrope]
A datum that has non-negative integer values that is about the number of discrete things. [Allotrope]
Determining the number or amount of something.
count [ncit]
a count is a data item denoted by an integer and represented the number of instances or occurences of an entity
count [ms]
A general, relative unit of measurement
willkürliche Einheiten
arbitrary units [ifnano]
A single undivided thing (unit) based on or subject to individual judgment or preference, and not by necessity, reason, or principle.
arbitrary units [ncit]
The chemical element zinc
Zink
zinc [ifnano]
zinc [bwmd]
An element with atomic symbol Zn, atomic number 30, and atomic weight 65.39.
zinc [ncit]
A zinc group element atom that has formula Zn.
zinc [efo]
A measure of the amount of variation of a set of values.
Standardabweichung
Standard deviation [ifnano]
Standard deviation [allotrope]
Standard deviation [ncit]
The standard deviation of a random variable, statistical population, data set, or probability distribution is a measure of variation which correspond to the average distance from the mean of the data set to any given point of that dataset. It also corresponds to the square root of its variance.
Standard deviation [ms]
The viscosity of rubber using a standard test method and Mooney Viscometer.
Mooney viscosity [ifnano]
Asubstance which is capable of forming covalent bonds with a sequence of additional like or unlike molecules under the conditions of the relevant polymerforming reaction used for the particular process
Monomer [ifnano]
A chemical subunit that can undergo polymerization by bonding to other subunits.
Monomer [ncit]
a substance consisting of molecules characterised by the sequence of one or more types of monomer unit. Such molecules must be distributed over a range of molecular weights.
Polymer [ifnano]
Polymer [chebi]
A substance made up of variable numbers of repeating structural units linked through covalent bonds.
Polymer [ncit]
A substance or material consisting of very large molecules, or macromolecules, composed of many repeating subunits.
Polymer [proco]
The relative proportions of monomers that make up a particular chemical polymer (raw rubber).
Composition [ifnano]
Composition of the material or substance.
Composition [fso]
A single physical entity inhering in an bearer by virtue of the bearer's quantities or relative ratios of subparts. [PATO]
PATO
Composition [pato]
The way in which something is made, especially in terms of its different parts; its constituents.
Composition [ncit]
A material entity, which is part of a larger set of the same material entity
Probe; Materialprobe
for materials, sample is also a term used in statistics, graphics and other fileds
sample [ifnano]
Group of interlocked aggregates that are easily separated by normal rubber processing
Verbund von zusammenhängenden Aggregaten, die bei normaler Kautschukverarbeitung leicht getrennt werden können
Agglomerat [dik]
Agglomerate [dik]
Rigid group of coalesced particles which is the smallest entity that can be dispersed by normal rubber processing
Starre Gruppe von koaleszierten Partikeln, welche die kleinste Einheit ist, die bei normaler Kautschukverarbeitung dispergiert werden kann
Aggregat [dik]
Aggregate [dik]
Kleinste erkennbare sphärische oder beinahe sphärische Einheit, die als solche einzeln existieren kann
Smallest discernible spherical or nearly spherical unit which can exist separately
Teilchen
Die Partikel bilden in der Regel Gruppen, die als Aggregate bezeichnet werden.
Groups of particles are generally coalesced into aggregates.
Particle [dik]
Partikel [dik]
An object with finite mass and size parameters.
Particle [ncit]
Partikel [ncit]
Substanz, aufgebaut aus Molekülen, die gekennzeichnet sind durch eine Vielzahl von einer oder mehreren Arten von Atomen oder Atom-Gruppierungen (konstitutive Einheiten), die wiederholt aneinandergereiht sind, in einer Menge, so dass ein gewünschtes Eigenschaftsbild erlangt wird, das sich durch die Addition oder die Entfernung einer oder mehrerer konstitutioneller Einheiten nicht wesentlich ändert
substance composed of molecules characterized by the multiple repetition of one or more species of atoms or groups of atoms (constitutional units) linked to each other in amounts sufficient to provide a set of properties that do not vary markedly with the addition or removal of one or a few of the constitutional units
Polymer [dik]
Natur- oder synthetischer Kautschuk, gewöhnlich in Ballen- oder Paketform, welcher das Ausgangsmaterial für die Herstellung von Gummiprodukten darstellt
natural or synthetic rubber, usually in bales or packages, forming the starting material for the manufacture of rubber products
unbehandelter Kautschuk
virgin rubber
It is normally free from compounding ingredients but may also, for example, take the form of a masterbatch with oil and/or filler.
Rohkautschuk ist normalerweise frei von Mischungsbestandteilen, kann jedoch zum Beispiel auch als Masterbatch mit Öl und/oder Füllstoff vorliegen.
Raw Rubber [dik]
Rohkautschuk [dik]
Kautschuk, der durch nicht biologische Polymerisation eines oder mehrerer Monomere hergestellt wird
rubber produced by non-biologically polymerizing one or more monomers
Synthesekautschuk [dik]
Synthetic Rubber [dik]
Kautschuk mit einer gesättigten Kohlenstoffkette vom Polymethylen-Typ
Rubber with a saturated carbon chain of the polymethylene type
M-Gruppe Kautschuk [dik]
M-group Rubber [dik]
Terpolymer aus Ethylen, Propylen und einem Dien mit dem restlichen ungesättigten Anteil des polymerisierten Diens in der Seitenkette
Terpolymer of ethylene, propylene and a diene with the remaining unsaturated portion of the polymerized diene in the side chain
Ethylen-Propylen-Dien-‎Kautschuk ‎[dik]
Ethylene Propylene Diene Rubber [dik]
Kautschuktyp, der eine ungesättigte Kohlenstoffhauptkette hat, die zumeist auf Butadien oder substituiertem Butadien basiert
type of rubber having an unsaturated carbon main chain derived mostly from butadiene or a substituted butadiene
Diene Rubber [dik]
Dienkautschuk [dik]
Handelsname für ein spezifischen EPDM-Kautschuk
Trade name for a specific EPDM rubber
Keltan 5470C [dik]
fester Mischungsbestandteil in Teilchenform, welcher aus technischen oder wirtschaftlichen Gründen zu einem relativ großen Anteil zu Kautschuk oder Kautschuklatex zugegeben werden kann
solid compounding ingredient, in particulate form, which may be added in relatively large proportions to a rubber or rubber latex for technical or economic purposes
Filler [dik]
Füllstoff [dik]
Mischungsbestandteil, der im Wesentlichen aus mehr als 95 % elementaren Kohlenstoffs in der Form beinahe sphärischer Partikel mit maximalen Durchmessern kleiner als 1 μm besteht, im Allgemeinen zu Aggregaten koalesziert
compounding ingredient consisting essentially of more than 95 % elemental carbon in the form of nearspherical particles with major diameters less than 1 μm, generally coalesced into aggregates
Carbon black is produced by incomplete burning or thermal decomposition of hydrocarbons.
Ruß wird durch unvollständige Verbrennung oder thermische Zersetzung von Kohlenwasserstoffen produziert.
Carbon Black [dik]
Ruß [dik]
Carbon Black [chebi]
Ruß [chebi]
Der Buchstabe "N" wird verwendet, um eine normale Vulkanisationsgeschwindigkeit anzugeben, die typisch ist für Furnace Blacks, die nicht speziell modifiziert wurden, um die Vulkanisierungsgeschwindigkeit zu ändern
The letter “N” is used to indicate a normal curing rate typical of furnace blacks that have received no special modification to alter their influence on the rate of cure of rubber.
N-Carbon Black [dik]
N-Ruß [dik]
Der Buchstabe "S" wird für Channel Blacks oder für Furnace Blacks verwendet, die so modifiziert wurden, dass sie die Vulkanisationsgeschwindigkeit verringern.
The letter “S” is used for channel blacks or for furnace blacks that have been modified to effectively reduce the curing rate of rubber.
S-Carbon Black [dik]
S-Ruß [dik]
An N carbon black with an average nitrogen surface area of 33 to 39 m²/g.
Ein N-Ruß mit einer durchschnittlichen Stickstoff-Oberfläche von 33 bis 39 m²/g.
N600-Carbon Black [dik]
N600-Ruß [dik]
Handelsname für ein spezifischen N600-Ruß
Trade name for a specific N600-carbon black
Corax N660 [dik]
Mischungsbestandteil, welcher in geringen Mengen verwendet wird, um die Viskosität einer unvulkanisierten Kautschukmischung oder die Härte eines Vulkanisats zu verringern
compounding ingredient used in small proportions to reduce the viscosity of an unvulcanized rubber mix or the hardness of a vulcanizate
Softener [dik]
Weichmacher ‎[dik]
Prozessöl aus Kohlenwasserstoffen, das größtenteils oder vollständig aus Alkanen besteht
hydrocarbon process oil, most or all of which is composed of alkanes
Paraffinic Oil [dik]
Paraffinöl [dik]
Handelsname für ein spezifisches Paraffinöl
Trade name for a specific paraffinic oil
‎P460 [dik]
hydrocarbon oil derived from petroleum or other sources and used as an extender or processing aid
Öl auf Basis von Kohlenwasserstoffen, welches aus Erdöl oder anderen Quellen stammt und als Extender oder Verarbeitungshilfsmittel eingesetzt wird
Process Oil [dik]
‎Prozessöl‎ [dik]
Mischungsbestandteil, der die Verarbeitbarkeit einer Kautschukmischung verbessert
compounding ingredient which improves the processability of a rubber compound or mix
Processing Aid [dik]
Verarbeitungshilfsmittel [dik]
Mischungsbestandteil zur Verzögerung einer alterungsbedingten Verschlechterung
compounding ingredient used to retard deterioration by ageing
Alterungsschutzmittel ist eine allgemeine Benennung für bestimmte Additive wie Antioxidantien, Ozonschutzmittel, Wachse und andere Schutzmittel.
Antidegradant is a generic term for certain additives such as antioxidants, antiozonants, waxes and other protective materials.
Alterungsschutzmittel [dik]
Antidegradant [dik]
Handelsname für ein spezifisches Alterungsschutzmittel
Trade name for a specific antidegradant
Antilux 500‎ [dik]
compounding ingredient used in small proportions to increase the effectiveness of an accelerator
in kleinen Mengen eingesetzter Mischungsbestandteil zur Erhöhung der Effektivität eines Beschleunigers
Activator [dik]
Aktivator [dik]
A class of substances that binds to, activates and increases the activity of a target.
Activator [ncit]
Aktivator [ncit]
Zinc Oxide [dik]
Zinkoxid [dik]
Handelsname für ein spezifisches Zinkoxid
Trade name for a specific zinc oxide
Zinkoxid Rotsiegel [dik]
Stearic Acid [dik]
Stearinsäure [dik]
A saturated long-chain fatty acid with an 18-carbon backbone. Stearic acid is found in various animal and plant fats, and is a major component of cocoa butter and shea butter.
Stearic Acid [ncit]
Handelsname für eine spezifische Stearinsäure
Trade name for a specific stearic acid
PALMERA B 1802-CG [dik]
compounding ingredient used in small amounts with a vulcanizing agent to increase the speed of vulcanization and/or enhance the physical properties of the vulcanizate
in kleinen Mengen mit einem Vulkanisationsmittel eingesetzter Mischungsbestandteil zur Beschleunigung der Vulkanisationsgeschwindigkeit und/oder Verbesserung der physikalischen Eigenschaften des Vulkanisates
Accelerator [dik]
Beschleuniger [dik]
in einem Vulkanisationssystem verwendeter Hauptbeschleuniger
principal accelerator used in a vulcanizing system
Primary Accelerator [dik]
Primärbeschleuniger [dik]
Beschleuniger, der in niedrigen Konzentrationen zusammen mit dem Erstbeschleuniger eingesetzt wird, um Vernetzungsgeschwindigkeit und Vulkanisateigenschaften zu optimieren
accelerator used in low concentrations with the primary accelerator to optimize cure rate and vulcanizate properties
Verstärker
booster
Secondary Accelerator [dik]
Zweitbeschleuniger [dik]
Thiazol [dik]
Thiazole [dik]
Dibenzothiazyldisulfid; 2,2′-Dithiobis(benzothiazol); Thiofid
Di(benzothiazol-2-yl)disulfid [dik]
di(benzothiazol-2-yl)disulfide [dik]
An organic disulfide resulting from the formal oxidative coupling of the thiol groups of two molecules of 1,3-benzothiazole-2-thiol. It is used as an accelerator in the rubber industry.
Di(benzothiazol-2-yl)disulfid [chebi]
di(benzothiazol-2-yl)disulfide [chebi]
Handelsname für ein spezifisches Di(benzothiazol-2-yl)disulfid
Trade name for a specific di(benzothiazol-2-yl)disulfide
Vulkacit MBTS [dik]
Thiuram [dik]
Tetrabenzylthiuramdisulfid [dik]
Tetrabenzylthiuramdisulfide [dik]
Handelsname für ein spezifisches Tetrabenzylthiuramdisulfid
Trade name for a specific tetrabenzylthiuramdisulfide
Luvomaxx TbzTD [dik]
Dithiocarbamat [dik]
dithiocarbamate [dik]
A member of the class of dithiocarbamate anions resulting from the deprotonation of both of the dithiocarbamic acid moieties of ethylenebis(dithiocarbamic acid). The major species at pH 7.3.
ethylenebis
Dithiocarbamat [chebi]
dithiocarbamate [chebi]
Zinc Dibenzyldithiocarbamate [dik]
Zink-Dibenzyldithiocarbamat [dik]
Handelsname für ein spezifisches Zink-Dibenzyldithiocarbamat
Trade name for a specific zinc dibenzyldithiocarbamate
Rhenogran ‎ZBDC 80‎ [dik]
Mischungsbestandteil, der die Vernetzung des Kautschuks bewirkt
compounding ingredient that produces crosslinking in rubber
Vernetzer; Vernetzungsmittel
curative; curing agent
Vulcanizing Agent [dik]
Vulkanisationsmittel [dik]
Kombination aus Vulkanisationsmittel und, falls erforderlich, Beschleunigern, Aktivatoren, Verzögerern, etc., die verwendet wird, um die gewünschte Vulkanisationscharakteristik und Vulkanisateigenschaften herzustellen
combination of vulcanizing agent and, as required, accelerators, activators, retarders, etc., used to produce the desired vulcanization characteristics and vulcanizate properties
Vulcanizing System [dik]
Vulkanisationssystem [dik]
Geschwindigkeit, mit der eine Kautschukmischung nach Einsetzen der initialen Vulkanisation weitervernetzt
rate at which a rubber compound vulcanizes after having reached the point of incipient vulcanization
Vulkanisationsgeschwindigkeit
vulcanization rate
Cure Rate [dik]
Vernetzungsgeschwindigkeit [dik]
Mischungsbestandteil, eingesetzt zur Verringerung der Tendenz einer Kautschukmischung, vorzeitig zu vulkanisieren
compounding ingredient used to reduce the tendency of a rubber compound to vulcanize prematurely
Retarder [dik]
Verzögerer [dik]
Schwefel [dik]
Sulfur [dik]
Masse an Mischungsbestandteilen, die zu 100 Masseeinheiten Kautschuk hinzugefügt werden
mass of compounding ingredient added to one hundred mass units of elastomer
Anteile pro hundert Teile Kautschuk; pphr
parts per hundred rubber; pphr
PHR [dik]
Liste der Mischungsbestandteile und ihrer Mengenverhältnisse, die bei der Herstellung einer Mischung verwendet werden
list of compounding ingredients and their proportions, used in the preparation of a compound
Mischungsrezeptur
recipe
Formulation [dik]
Rezeptur [dik]
Substanz, die zu einem Kautschuk oder einem Latex gegeben wird, um eine Mischung herzustellen
substance added to a rubber or rubber latex to form a mix
Compounding Ingredient [dik]
Mischungsbestandteil‎ [dik]
gründliche Mischung von Kautschuken oder anderen polymerbildenden Materialien mit allen Bestandteilen, die für das fertige Produkt notwendig sind
intimate mixture of a rubber or rubbers or other polymer-forming materials with all the ingredients necessary for the finished product
Kautschukmischung
rubber compound
Compound [dik]
Mischung [dik]
Safety Data Sheet [dik]
Sicherheitsdatenblatt [dik]
Product Data Sheet [dik]
Produktdatenblatt [dik]
Maschine mit zwei gegensätzlich drehenden Walzen, häufig erwärmbar oder kühlbar, welche gewöhnlich mit verschiedenen Umfangsgeschwindigkeiten betrieben werden, und mit einstellbarem Walzenspalt zum Mastizieren, Mischen, Verschneiden, Vorwärmen oder zum Auswalzen
machine with two counter-rotating rolls, frequently heated or cooled, usually driven at different speeds, and having an adjustable nip for mastication, mixing, blending, warm-up or sheeting
Zwei-Rollen-Walzwerk
two-roll mill
Mill [dik]
Walzwerk [dik]
Zylinder, der ein rotierendes Hauptelement eines Kalanders oder eines Walzwerks bildet
cylinder forming a major, rotating member of a calender or mill
Walzenzylinder
Roll [dik]
Walze [dik]
Festwalze [dik]
Fixed Roll [dik]
Setting Roll [dik]
Stellwalze [dik]
A physical quality which inheres in a bearer by virtue of its speed rotating around itself.
speed
Drehzahl [dik]
Rotational Frequency [dik]
Drehzahleinheit [dik]
Rotational Frequency Unit [dik]
"A unit which is a standard measure of the number of rotations in a given time." [NIST:NIST]
Drehzahleinheit [ou]
Rotational Frequency Unit [uo]
Frequency Unit [dik]
Frequenzeinheit [dik]
"A unit which is a standard measure of the number of repetitive actions in a particular time." [NIST:NIST]
Frequency Unit [uo]
Frequenzeinheit [uo]
An indication of the type of unit of measure being used to express a number of regular events in a given time per unit of time.
Unit of Frequency
Frequency Unit [ncit]
Frequenzeinheit [ncit]
A rotational frequency unit which is equal to the number of completed turns in a period of time that equals to 1 second.
Turns per Second [dik]
Umdrehungen pro Sekunde [dik]
"A rotational frequency unit which is equal to the number complete turn in a period of time that equals to 1 second." [NIST:NIST]
Turns per Second [uo]
Umdrehungen pro Sekunde [uo]
A rotational frequency unit which is equal to the number of completed turns in a period of time that equals to 1 minute.
Turns per Minute [dik]
Umdrehungen pro Minute [dik]
Festwalzen-Drehzahl [dik]
Fixed Roll Speed [dik]
Setting Roll Speed [dik]
Stellwalzen-Drehzahl [dik]
Temperatur [dik]
Temperature [dik]
A measure of the average kinetic energy of a system of particles. Temperature may be quantified, in the context of thermodynamics, as the potential of one system to transfer thermal energy to another system until both systems reach a state of thermal equilibrium.
Temperatur [ncit]
Temperature [ncit]
Temperatur [pato]
Temperature [pato]
Temperature is the extent to which an object is hot.
Temperatur [om]
Temperature [om]
Temperature is a physical quality of the thermal energy of a system.
Temperatur [efo]
Temperature [efo]
Temperature Unit [dik]
Temperatureinheit [dik]
"A unit which is a standard measure of the average kinetic energy of the particles in a sample of matter." [Wikipedia:Wikipedia]
Temperature Unit [uo]
Temperatureinheit [uo]
An indication of the type of unit of measure being used to express a temperature.
Unit of Temperature
Temperature Unit [ncit]
Temperatureinheit [ncit]
Temperierungsgerät; Temperierungsaggregat; Temperiersteuergerät
Temperature Control Unit [dik]
Temperatursteuergerät [dik]
Festwalzen-Temperatursteuergerät [dik]
Fixed Roll Temperature Control Unit [dik]
Setting Roll Temperature Control Unit [dik]
Stellwalzen-Temperatursteuergerät [dik]
Festwalzen-Temperatur [dik]
Fixed Roll Temperature [dik]
Setting Roll Temperature [dik]
Stellwalzen-Temperatur [dik]
Abstand zwischen den Walzenoberflächen einer Walze oder eines Kalanders, gemessen zwischen den Mittelpunkten
radial clearance between the roll surfaces of a mill or calender on a line of centres
NIP [dik]
Walzenspalt [dik]
Process of converting a rubber or rubber mix, rubber dough or coagulated latex into a form in which the thickness is small in proportion to the length
Prozess der Überführung von Kautschuk oder einer Kautschukmischung, Gummilösung oder koaguliertem Latex in eine Form, bei der die Dicke klein gegenüber der Länge ist
Plattenziehen
Auswalzen [dik]
Sheeting [dik]
Distribution of one or more ingredients into a rubber, a rubber blend or a continuum material, by the application of shearing forces, in order to confer optimum and uniform properties
Verteilen eines oder mehrerer Bestandteile in Kautschuk, Kautschukblends oder einer kontinuierlichen Phase durch Anwendung von Scherkräften, um optimale und homogene Eigenschaften zu erhalten
Dispergierung [dik]
Dispersion [dik]
Prozess der irreversiblen Reduzierung der Molmasse des Kautschuks, entweder im rohen oder im gemischten Zustand, durch das Einbringen mechanischer Arbeit (Scherung) und durch atmosphärischen Sauerstoff, manchmal unter Zuhilfenahme von Abbaumitteln und Wärme
the molecular mass of a rubber, in either the raw or the mixed state, by the action of mechanical work (shear) and atmospheric oxygen, sometimes assisted by peptizers and heat
Mastication [dik]
Mastikation [dik]
The process by which food is torn or crushed by the teeth.
Mastication [ncit]
Mastikation [ncit]
The process of biting and mashing food with the teeth prior to swallowing.
Mastication [hp]
Mastikation [hp]
relative Einfachheit, mit welcher Rohkautschuk oder Kautschukmischungen in einer Maschine zur Kautschukverarbeitung gehandhabt werden kann
relative ease with which raw or compounded rubbers can be handled in rubber-processing machinery
Processability [dik]
Verarbeitbarkeit [dik]
A device for mixing/blending materials or signals.
Ein Gerät zum Mischen/Vermischen von Materialien oder Signalen.
Mischer [dik]
Mixer Device [dik]
A mechanical device designed to blend materials or an electronic device designed to blend signals.
Mischer [ncit]
Mixer Device [ncit]
A mixer device designed for mechanically mixing/blending materials.
Eine Mischvorrichtung, die zum mechanischen Mischen von Materialien bestimmt ist.
Mechanical Mixer [dik]
Mechanischer Mischer [dik]
A mechanical component designed to blend materials.
Mechanical Mixer [ncit]
Mechanischer Mischer [ncit]
Maschine mit Temperaturregelung, welche einen oder mehrere Rotoren in einer geschlossenen Kammer beinhaltet und zum Mastizieren und/oder zur Einarbeitung und Dispersion von Mischungsbestandteilen in den Kautschuk genutzt wird
machine with temperature controls containing one or more rotors operating in a closed cavity used to masticate and/or to incorporate and disperse compounding ingredients into the rubber
Kneter
Innenmischer [dik]
Internal Mixer [dik]
Rotor [dik]
Mischkammer [dik]
Mixing Chamber [dik]
Drop Door [dik]
Klappsattel [dik]
Stamp [dik]
Stempel [dik]
Rotor Speed [dik]
Rotor-Drehzahl [dik]
Rotor Temperature Control Unit [dik]
Rotor-Temperatursteuergerät [dik]
Rotor Temperature [dik]
Rotor-Temperatur [dik]
Mischkammer-Temperatursteuergerät [dik]
Mixing Chamber Temperature Control Unit [dik]
Mischkammer-Temperatur [dik]
Mixing Chamber Temperature [dik]
Drop Door Temperature Control Unit [dik]
Klappsattel-Temperatursteuergerät [dik]
Drop Door Temperature [dik]
Klappsattel-Temperatur [dik]
Stamp Temperature Control Unit [dik]
Stempel-Temperatursteuergerät [dik]
Stamp Temperature [dik]
Stempel-Temperatur [dik]
Drehmoment [dik]
Torque [dik]
Drehmoment [om]
Torque [om]
Drehmoment Einheit [dik]
Torque Unit [dik]
Newtonmeter [dik]
Rotor Torque [dik]
Rotor-Drehmoment [dik]
Mass Temperature [dik]
Massetemperatur [dik]
Length [dik]
Länge [dik]
The linear extent in space from one end of something to the other end, or the extent of something from beginning to end.
Length [ncit]
Länge [ncit]
Length [pato]
Länge [pato]
Length is the amount of space between two geographical points along a curve. It is a base quantity in the International System of Units and other systems of units. Length is speed times time. The metre, a base unit of length in the International System of Units, is defined in terms of speed of light during a certain time interval.
Length [om]
Länge [om]
PEFF keyword for the sequence length.
Length [ms]
Länge [ms]
Length Unit [dik]
Längen Einheit [dik]
"A unit which is a standard measure of the distance between two points." [Wikipedia:Wikipedia]
Length Unit [uo]
Längen Einheit [uo]
An indication of the type of unit of measure being used to express a length or distance.
Unit of Length
Length Unit [ncit]
Längen Einheit [ncit]
millimeter [dik]
A metric unit of length equal to one thousandth of a meter (10E-3 meter) or approximately 0.03937 inch.
millimeter [ncit]
millimeter [uo]
Stamp Distance [dik]
Stempelweg [dik]
Addition Sequence [dik]
Zugabereihenfolge [dik]
Time of Addition [dik]
Zugabezeitpunkt [dik]
Leistung [dik]
Power [dik]
A physical quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's rate of doing work.
Leistung [pato]
Power [pato]
Power is the time rate at which work is done. It is a derived quantity in the International System of Units. Power is energy divided by time.
Leistung [om]
Power [om]
Electrical Power [dik]
Elektrische Leistung [dik]
Mischzeit [dik]
Mixing Time [dik]
A physical quality which inheres in a bearer by virtue of the ratio of the volume of a substance contained in the bearer and the bearer's own volume.
Filling Ratio [dik]
Füllgrad [dik]
Mischstufenanzahl [dik]
Number of Mixing Stages [dik]
Product of one mixing operation
Produkt eines Mischungsvorganges
Batch [dik]
Charge [dik]
A quantity of people or things treated or regarded as a group, especially when subdivided from a larger group.
Batch [ncit]
Charge [ncit]
Maschine, die mit Hilfe einer Schnecke oder einer hydraulischen Presse kontinuierlich ein Material formt, indem dieses durch eine oder mehrere Schablonen gepresst wird
machine which, through the use of a screw or a hydraulic ram, continuously shapes a material by forcing it through a die or dies
Extruder [dik]
Einschneckenextruder [dik]
Single Screw Extruder [dik]
Pin Extruder [dik]
Stiftextruder [dik]
Pin [dik]
Stift [dik]
rotating member with one or more helical grooves, used to propel rubber along the barrel of an extruder
rotierendes Glied mit einer oder mehreren helixförmigen Rillen, das verwendet wird, um einen Kautschuk innerhalb eines Extruderrohrs voranzutreiben
Schnecke [dik]
Screw [dik]
Teil eines Extruders, durch den das Material gedrückt wird und um ein Profil des Extrudats zu formen
that part of an extruder through which material is forced, forming a profile of the extrudate
Werkzeug; Düse
Die [dik]
Schablone [dik]
Produkt eines Extrusionsprozesses
product of an extrusion process
Extrudat [dik]
Extrudate [dik]
Teil eines Extruders, welcher die Schablone mit Halterung enthält
that part of an extruder which houses the die and die holder
Extruder Head [dik]
Extruderkopf [dik]
continuous shaping of a material by passage through a die
kontinuierliches Formen eines Materials, indem dieses durch eine Schablone gepresst wird
Extrudieren [dik]
Extrusion [dik]
Extrudieren [rex]
Extrusion [rex]
Extrudieren [chmo]
Extrusion [chmo]
Unterschied zwischen den Dimensionen des Profilquerschnittes eines Extrudats und den korrespondierenden Dimensionen des Auslaufkanals, welcher üblicherweise als prozentuelle Zunahme der Fläche des Querschnittes ausgedrückt wird
difference between the dimensions of the cross-section of an extrudate and the corresponding dimensions of the die orifice, usually quantified as the percentage increase in the crosssectional area
Die Swell [dik]
Spritzquellung [dik]
Abzugsgeschwindigkeit [dik]
Haul-off Speed [dik]
Conveyor Belt [dik]
Förderband [dik]
Mass Throughput [dik]
Massedurchsatz [dik]
Druckschwankung [dik]
Pressure Variation [dik]
Geometrieschwankung [dik]
Geometry Variation [dik]
Oberfläche [dik]
Surface [dik]
The extended two-dimensional outer boundary of a three-dimensional object.
Oberfläche [ncit]
Surface [ncit]
Oberflächenfehler [dik]
Surface Defect [dik]
Oberflächentemperatur [dik]
Surface Temperature [dik]
Schneckendrehzahl [dik]
Screw Speed [dik]
Druck [dik]
Pressure [dik]
Druck [pato]
Pressure [pato]
Pressure is the force applied to or distributed over a surface. It is a derived quantity in the International System of Units. Pressure is force divided by area.
Druck [om]
Pressure [om]
Die Geometry [dik]
Schablonengeometrie [dik]
Extrudate Cross Section [dik]
Extrudatquerschnitt [dik]
Sensor [dik]
Device, agent (including humans), or software (simulation) involved in, or implementing, a Procedure. Sensors respond to a stimulus, e.g., a change in the environment, or input data composed from the results of prior Observations, and generate a Result. Sensors can be hosted by Platforms.
Sensor [sosa]
A piece of apparatus that is used to measure a physical quantity.
Sensor [chmo]
Temperature Measuring Sword [dik]
Temperaturmessschwert [dik]
Drucksensor [dik]
Pressure Sensor [dik]
Temperature Sensor [dik]
Temperatursensor [dik]
Gearbox [dik]
Getriebe [dik]
Engine [dik]
Motor [dik]
motor
Engine [envo]
Motor [envo]
Feeding Roll [dik]
Speisewalze [dik]
Pin Zone [dik]
Stiftzone [dik]
Einzugszone [dik]
Feeding Zone [dik]
Molding Zone [dik]
Werkzeugzone [dik]
Feeding Roll Temperature Control Unit [dik]
Speisewalzen-Temperatursteuergerät [dik]
Feeding Roll Temperature [dik]
Speisewalzen-Temperatur [dik]
Schnecken-Temperatursteuergerät [dik]
Screw Temperature Control Unit [dik]
Schnecken-Temperatur [dik]
Screw Temperature [dik]
Einzugszonen-Temperatursteuergerät [dik]
Feeding Zone Temperature Control Unit [dik]
Einzugszonen-Temperatur [dik]
Feeding Zone Temperature [dik]
Pin Zone Temperature Control Unit [dik]
Stiftzonen-Temperatursteuergerät [dik]
Pin Zone Temperature [dik]
Stiftzonen-Temperatur [dik]
Molding Zone Temperature Control Unit [dik]
Werkzeugzonen-Temperatursteuergerät [dik]
Molding Zone Temperature [dik]
Werkzeugzonen-Temperatur [dik]
Vulcanization Time [dik]
Vulkanisationszeit [dik]
Anzahl von Vernetzungen in einem Vulkanisat je Volumen- oder Masseneinheit
number of crosslinks per unit volume or unit mass of vulcanizate
Crosslink Density [dik]
Vernetzungsdichte [dik]
Produkt der Vulkanisation einer Kautschukmischung
product of the vulcanization of a rubber compound
vulcanized rubber
vulkanisierter Kautschuk
Vulcanizate [dik]
Vulkanisat [dik]
chemical bond or atom(s) joining two rubber chains or two parts of the same rubber chain as a result of vulcanization
chemische Bindung oder Atom(e), die zwei Kautschukketten oder zwei Teile derselben Kette verbinden als Ergebnis der Vulkanisation
In a vulcanizate, trapped chain entanglements can act as physical crosslinks and contribute to the crosslink density.
In einem Vulkanisat können eingeschlossene Verschlaufungen als physikalische Vernetzungen fungieren und einen Beitrag zur Vernetzungsdichte leisten.
Crosslink [dik]
Vernetzung [dik]
Any covalent linkage between two polymers or between two different regions of the same polymer.
Crosslink [ncit]
Vernetzung [ncit]
〈Aktion〉 Erzeugung von Vernetzungen zwischen oder innerhalb von Kautschukketten unter Ausbildung eines Netzwerks
〈act of〉 insertion of crosslinks between or within rubber chains to give a network structure
Crosslinking [dik]
Vernetzen [dik]
Zustand eines Vulkanisats während des Vulkanisationsverlaufs, gemessen an dessen Struktur oder dessen Eigenschaften
condition of a vulcanizate during the course of vulcanization, measured in terms of its structure or properties
State of Cure [dik]
Vernetzungsgrad [dik]
Verfahren, üblicherweise auf Hitze basierend, bei dem Kautschuk durch eine Veränderung seiner chemischen Struktur (zum Beispiel Vernetzung) in einen Zustand überführt wird, in dem die elastischen Eigenschaften erzeugt, wiederhergestellt oder verbessert oder über einen größeren Tempe-raturbereich erweitert werden
process, usually involving heat, in which rubber, through a change in its chemical structure (for example, crosslinking), is converted to a condition in which the elastic properties are conferred or re-established or improved or extended over a greater range of temperatures
Vernetzung
cure
Vulcanization [dik]
Vulkanisation [dik]
Druckkessel, der zur Vulkanisation von Kautschuk in Dampf oder Gas genutzt wird
pressurized vessel used for vulcanizing rubber in a vapour or gas
Autoclave [dik]
Autoklav [dik]
Autoclave[obi]
Autoklav [obi]
A thick-walled steel vessel used during synthesis methods that require both high pressures and high temperatures.
Autoclave [chmo]
Autoklav [chmo]
Art der Vulkanisation, bei der das Modul des Vulkanisats ein Maximum erreicht und dann über einen längeren Zeiraum bei der entsprechenden Vulkanisationstemperatur nahezu konstant bleibt
type of vulcanization during which the modulus of the vulcanizate proceeds to a maximum and then remains essentially constant for a substantial period at the vulcanization temperature
Vulkanisationsebene
flat cure
Plateau Cure [dik]
Vulkanisationsplateau [dik]
Vulkanisationsbedingungen, die notwendig sind, um einen akzeptablen Kompromiss zwischen verschiedenen gewünschten Vulkanisateigenschaften zu erzielen bzw. den optimalen Wert für eine bestimmte Eigenschaft zu erhalten
condition of vulcanization required to achieve an acceptable compromise among a number of desired vulcanizate properties or the optimum value of a selected property
Optimum Cure [dik]
Vulkanisationsoptimum [dik]
Vulkanisationszustand jenseits des Vulkanisationsoptimums
state of vulcanization beyond the optimum cure
Overcure is generally caused by too long a time and/or too high a temperature of vulcanization and/or post cure, and/or a surplus of vulcanizing agents.
Übervulkanisation wird gewöhnlich hervorgerufen durch zu lange Heizzeit und/oder zu hohe Vulkanisations- und/oder Nachvulkanisationstemperatur und/oder ein Übermaß an Vulkanisationsmitteln.
Overcure [dik]
Übervulkanisation [dik]
Zustand der Vulkanisation unterhalb des Vulkanisationsoptimums
state of vulcanization less than the optimum cure
Undercure is generally caused by too short a time and/or too low a temperature of vulcanization and/or post cure, and/or a deficiency of vulcanizing agents.
Untervulkanisation wird im Allgemeinen durch zu kurze Zeit und/oder zu niedrige Vulkanisationstemperatur und/oder Nachvulkanisation und/oder Mängel der Vulkanisationsmittel hervorgerufen.
Undercure [dik]
Untervulkanisation [dik]
ein oder mehrere Teile, entnommen aus einem Los, um Informationen über dieses Los zu liefern und möglicherweise als Entscheidungsbasis über das Los oder seinen Herstellprozess zu dienen
one or more items taken from a lot and intended to provide information on the lot and possibly to serve as a basis for a decision on the lot or on the process which had produced it
Probe [dik]
Sample [dik]
Feature which is intended to be representative of a FeatureOfInterest on which Observations may be made.
Probe [sosa]
Sample [sosa]
tempdef: A sample is a role that is played by an object of interest in an investigation used to obtain generalizable information about the sample source. defprov: Daniel Schober
Probe [nmrcv]
Sample [nmrcv]
Körper eines Materials von geeigneter Form und Dimension, fertig vorbereitet zur Verwendung in einer Prüfung
piece of material of appropriate shape and size, prepared so that it is ready for use in a test
Probekörper
Die englischen Benennungen „test specimen“ und „specimen“ werden häufig verwendet, um einen „Prüfkörper“ zu bezeichnen.
The terms “test specimen” and “specimen” are also widely used to denote “test piece”.
Prüfkörper [dik]
Test Piece [dik]
raw, compounded, vulcanized or partially vulcanized rubber in the form of end-of-life rubber products or factory scrap
unverarbeiteter, gemischter, vulkanisierter oder teilvulkanisierter Kautschuk in Form von Altgummierzeugnissen oder Fabrikabfall
Gummiabfall [dik]
Scrap Rubber [dik]
raw, compounded, vulcanized or partially vulcanized rubber rejected or generated as waste during product manufacture and found unsuitable for further use unless recycled
roher, gemischter, vulkanisierter oder teilweise vulkanisierter Kautschuk, der bei der Produktion ver-worfen oder als Abfall deklariert und für die weitere Verwendung, außer zum Recyceln, als ungeeignet befunden wird
Factory Scrap [dik]
Produktionsabfall [dik]
Physical Object Quality [dik]
Qualität des physischen Objekts [dik]
Physical Object Quality [pato]
Qualität des physischen Objekts [pato]
Physical Quality [dik]
physikalische Qualität [dik]
Physical Quality [pato]
physikalische Qualität [pato]
Label der Messeinheit [dik]
Measurement Unit Label [dik]
Label der Messeinheit [pato]
Measurement Unit Label [pato]
Bezugspunkt-Label [dik]
Datum Label [dik]
Bezugspunkt-Label [iao]
Datum Label [iao]
Test
testing; test
Assay [dik]
Prüfung [dik]
A qualitative or quantitative analysis performed to determine the amount of a particular constituent in a sample or the biological or pharmacological properties of a drug.
Assay [ncit]
Prüfung [ncit]
Assay [obi]
Prüfung [obi]
An assay with the objective to produce information about the density of the material entity that is the evaluant, by physically examining it or its proxies.
Density Measurement Assay [dik]
Prüfung zur Dichtemessung [dik]
Masse pro Volumeneinheit eines Materials inklusive eventueller Hohlräume
mass per unit volume of a material, including any voids present
Dichte
density; bulk density
Mass Density [dik]
Massendichte [dik]
A measure of the compactness of a substance, expressed as its mass per unit volume.
Mass Density [ncit]
Massendichte [ncit]
A physical quality which inheres in a bearer by virtue of some influence is exerted by the bearer's mass per unit size.
Mass Density [pato]
Massendichte [pato]
Mass Density Unit [dik]
Massendichte Einheit [dik]
"A density unit which is a standard measure of the mass of a substance in a given volume." [UOC:GVG]
Mass Density Unit [uo]
Massendichte Einheit [uo]
An indication of the type of unit of measure being used to express a mass density.
Massendichte Einheit [ncit]
Unit Of Mass Density [ncit]
Gram Per Cubic Centimeter [dik]
Gramm pro Kubikzentimeter [dik]
"A mass unit density which is equal to mass of an object in grams divided by the volume in cubic centimeters." [UOC:GVG]
Gram Per Cubic Centimeter [uo]
Gramm pro Kubikzentimeter [uo]
An assay with the objective to produce information about the viscosity of the material entity that is the evaluant, by physically examining it or its proxies.
Prüfung zur Viskositätsmessung [dik]
Viscosity Measurement Assay [dik]
An assay with the objective to produce information about the Mooney viscosity of the material entity that is the evaluant, by physically examining it or its proxies.
Mooney Viscosity Measurement Assay [dik]
Prüfung zur Mooney-Viskositätsmessung [dik]
Viscosity [dik]
Viskosität [dik]
The resistance of a liquid to sheer forces and flow.
Viscosity [ncit]
Viskosität [ncit]
A physical quality of a fluid inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's disposition to internal resistance to flow.
Viscosity [pato]
Viskosität [pato]
Maß für die Viskosität eines Rohkautschuks oder einer Kautschukmischung, bestimmt mit einem Mooney-Scherscheibenviskosimeter
measure of the viscosity of a raw rubber or rubber compound, determined using a Mooney shearing-disc viscometer
Mooney Viscosity [dik]
Mooney Viskosität [dik]
Viscosity Unit [dik]
Viskositätseinheit [dik]
"A unit which is a standard measure of the internal resistance of fluids to flow." [UOC:GVG]
Viscosity Unit [uo]
Viskositätseinheit [uo]
A viscosity unit which is a standard measure of the Mooney viscosity.
Eine Viskositätseinheit, die ein Standardmaß für die Mooney-Viskosität ist.
Mooney Viscosity Unit [dik]
Mooney Viskositätseinheit [dik]
Mooney Einheit [dik]
Mooney Unit [dik]
Quality of a Substance [dik]
Qualität eines Stoffes [dik]
Quality of a Substance [pato]
Qualität eines Stoffes [pato]
Quality of a Liquid [dik]
Qualität einer Flüssigkeit [dik]
Quality of a Liquid [pato]
Qualität einer Flüssigkeit [pato]
Protocol [dik]
Protokoll [dik]
A rule which guides how an activity should be performed.
Protocol [ncit]
Protokoll [ncit]
Protocol [obi]
Protokoll [obi]
A human-readable collection of information about about how a scientific experiment or analysis was carried out that results in a specific set of data or results used for further analysis or to test a specific hypothesis.
Protocol [edam]
Protokoll [edam]
A protocol which specifies the conditions, procedures, and instruments used for conducting a measurement assay in a sufficient level of detail to communicate it between investigation agents, so that different investigation agents will reliably be able to independently reproduce the measurement assay.
Measurement Protocol [dik]
Messprotokoll [dik]
A protocol which specifies the conditions, procedures, and instruments used for conducting a material processing in a sufficient level of detail to communicate it between investigation agents, so that different investigation agents will reliably be able to independently reproduce the material processing.
Material Processing Protocol [dik]
Materialverarbeitungsprotokoll [dik]
Herstellungsvorschrift [dik]
Manufacturing Specification [dik]
A measurement protocol for reliably reproducing the density measurement assay.
Density Measurement Protocol [dik]
Protokoll zur Dichtemessung [dik]
A measurement protocol for reliably reproducing the viscosity measurement assay.
Protokoll zur Viskositätsmessung [dik]
Viscosity Measurement Protocol [dik]
A viscosity measurement protocol for reliably reproducing the Mooney viscosity measurement assay.
Mooney Viscosity Measurement Protocol [dik]
Protokoll zur Mooney-Viskositätsmessung [dik]
Degree Celsius [dik]
Grad Celsius [dik]
A unit of temperature of the temperature scale designed so that the freezing point of water is 0 degrees and the boiling point is 100 degrees at standard atmospheric pressure. The current official definition of the Celsius sets 0.01 C to be at the triple point of water and a degree to be 1/273.16 of the difference in temperature between the triple point of water and absolute zero. One degree Celsius represents the same temperature difference as one Kelvin. [ NCI ]
Degree Celsius [ncit]
Grad Celsius [ncit]
"A temperature unit which is equal to one kelvin degree. However, they have their zeros at different points. The centigrade scale has its zero at 273.15 K." [NIST:NIST]
Degree Celsius [uo]
Grad Celsius [uo]
The degree Celsius is a unit of temperature defined as 1 kelvin. The degree Celsius is a derived unit in the International System of Units.
Degree Celsius [om]
Grad Celsius [om]
Material Processing [dik]
Materialverarbeitung [dik]
Material Processing [obi]
Materialverarbeitung [obi]
Function [dik]
Funktion [dik]
The normal action performed by a structure or device.
Function [ncit]
Funktion [ncit]
Biological function of a participant or of an interaction.
Function [mi]
Funktion [mi]
Device [dik]
Gerät [dik]
An object contrived for a specific purpose.
Device [ncit]
Gerät [ncit]
Device [obi]
Gerät [obi]
Measurement Device [dik]
Messgerät [dik]
Any device used to determine the dimension of an object.
Measurement Device [ncit]
Messgerät [ncit]
Measurement Device [obi]
Messgerät [obi]
Processed Material [dik]
verarbeitetes Material [dik]
Processed Material [obi]
verarbeitetes Material [obi]
Mischen [dik]
Mixing [dik]
The combining of components, particles or layers into a more homogeneous state. The mixing may be achieved manually or mechanically by shifting the material with stirrers or pumps or by revolving or shaking the container. The process μst not permit segregation of particles of different size or properties. Homogeneity may be considered to have been achieved in a practical sense when the sampling error of the processed portion is negligible compared to the total error of the measurement system. [ https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.M03945 ]
Mischen [chmo]
Mixing [chmo]
(Mix) [ncit]
Mischen [ncit]
Menge in Gramm an adsorbiertem Iod pro Kilogramm Ruß unter definierten Bedingungen
Number of grams of iodine adsorbed per kilogram of carbon black under specified conditions
Jodzahl; Iodzahl
Die Eigenschaft ist eine Angabe zur Oberfläche eines Rußes. ISO 1304 beinhaltet ein Verfahren für die Bestimmung der Iodzahl.
The property is an indication of the surface area of a carbon black. ISO 1304 contains a method for the determination of the iodine adsorption number.
Iodine Adsorption Number [dik]
Jodadsorptionszahl [dik]
Specific Surface [dik]
Spezifische Oberfläche [dik]
Mass Specific Surface [dik]
Massenbezogene spezifische Oberfläche [dik]
Volume Specific Surface [dik]
Volumenbezogene spezifische Oberfläche [dik]
Die Ölabsorptionszahl eines Rußes steht im Zusammenhang mit den Verarbeitungs- und Vulkanisationseigenschaften von Kautschukmischungen die den Ruß enthalten
The oil absorption number of a carbon black is related to the processing and vulcanizate properties of rubber compounds containing the carbon black
Oil Absorption Number [dik]
Ölabsorptionszahl [dik]
Als kinematische Viskosität bezeichnet man den Quotienten aus der dynamischen Viskosität des Mediums und seiner Dichte
Kinematic viscosity is the quotient of the dynamic viscosity of the medium and its density.
Kinematic Viscosity [dik]
Kinematische Viskosität [dik]
The ratio of the dynamic viscosity (μ) over the density of the fluid (ρ), which is noted as (length)^2/time. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viscosity#Kinematic_viscosity
Kinematic Viscosity [uo]
Kinematische Viskosität [uo]
Erstarrungspunkt [dik]
Setting Point [dik]
Molecular Weight [dik]
Molekulargewicht [dik]
Molecular weight in g/mol, determined from molecular formula or sequence.
Molecular Weight [mi]
Molekulargewicht [mi]
Acid Value [dik]
Säurezahl‎ [dik]
Melting Range [dik]
Schmelzbereich‎ [dik]
Oil Content [dik]
Öl-Gehalt‎ [dik]
Verhältnis von Schubspannung zu Scherdehnung, wobei jede durch eine komplexe Zahl dargestellt werden kann
ratio of the shear stress to the shear strain, where each can be represented by a complex number
Complex Shear Modulus [dik]
komplexer Schubmodul [dik]
Verhältnis von Normalspannung zur Belastung, wobei jede durch eine komplexe Zahl dargestellt werden kann
ratio of the normal stress to the normal strain, where each can be represented by a complex number
Complex Young’s Modulus [dik]
komplexer Young’s Modul [dik]
die Komponente einer aufgebrachten Schubspannung, welche in Phase mit der Scherdeformation ist, geteilt durch die Dehnung
that component of an applied shear stress which is in phase with the shear strain, divided by the strain
Schermodul
storage shear modulus
Elastic Shear Modulus [dik]
Elastizitätsmodul [dik]
die Komponente einer angewandten Normalspannung, welche in Phase mit der Normaldehnung ist, geteilt durch die Dehnung
that component of an applied normal stress which is in phase with the normal strain, divided by the strain
Youngscher Speichermodul
storage Young’s modulus
Elastic Young’s Modulus [dik]
Youngscher Elastizitätsmodul [dik]
der Anteil einer aufgebrachten Schubspannung, welche 90° phasenverschoben gegenüber der Scherdeformation ist, geteilt durch die Dehnung
that component of an applied shear stress which is in quadrature (90° out of phase) with the shear strain, divided by the strain
Loss Shear Modulus [dik]
Verlustmodul [dik]
der Anteil einer aufgebrachten Normalspannung, welcher 90° phasenverschoben gegenüber der Normaldehnung ist, geteilt durch die Dehnung
that component of an applied normal stress which is in quadrature (90° out of phase) with the normal strain, divided by the strain
Loss Young’s Modulus [dik]
Young’sches Verlustmodul [dik]
Maß für die Steifigkeit unter definierten Bedingungen bei Verformung
measure of stiffness under specified conditions of deformation
Diese Bezeichnung sollte nicht alleine verwendet werden und sollte einhergehen mit der Art der Verformung, z. B. Druck- oder Schermodul.
The term should not be used in isolation and should be prefaced by the mode of deformation, e.g. compression modulus or shear modulus.
Modul [dik]
Modulus [dik]
Verhältnis des Verlustmoduls zum Speichermodul
ratio of the viscous modulus to the elastic modulus
Es handelt sich dabei um ein Maß für den Verlustfaktor und somit für die Energie, die durch Umwandlung in Wärme verloren geht.
It is a measure of the loss factor and thus of the energy lost by conversion into heat.
Tan Delta [dik]
Tangens delta [dik]
Viscometer [dik]
Viskosimeter [dik]
Mooney-Viskosimeter
Mooney Shearing-Disc Viscometer [dik]
Mooney-Scherscheibenviskosimeter [dik]
Curemeter [dik]
Rheometer [dik]
Rheometertyp, bei welchem die auf die Kautschukmischung einwirkenden Kräfte durch eine in der Testprobe eingebettete schwingende Scheibe erzeugt werden, wobei sich die Probe unter Druck in einem abgedichteten Probenaufnehmer befindet
type of curemeter in which the force applied to the rubber compound is produced by an oscillating disc embedded in a test sample which is contained under pressure in a sealed cavity
Oscillating-Disc Curemeter [dik]
oszillierendes Scheibenrheometer [dik]
Typ eines Rheometers, bei welchem die Kraft, die auf die Kautschukmischung einwirkt, durch die Oszillation einer von zwei Platten erzeugt wird, die die Kammer bilden, in welcher die Testprobe eingeschlossen ist
type of curemeter in which the force applied to the rubber compound is produced by the oscillation of one of the two dies forming the cavity in which the test sample is enclosed
Rotorless Curemeter [dik]
rotorloser Rheometer [dik]
Gerät zur Messung des Fortschritts der Vulkanisation in einer Probe bei der Vulkanisationsstemperatur
device that measures the progress of vulcanization in a test sample at the vulcanizing temperature
Vulcameter [dik]
Vulkameter [dik]
Presse, die zwei oder mehrere übereinanderliegende beheizte Platten besitzt, zwischen denen die Formteile gepresst werden
press having two or more super-imposed heated platens between which moulds are pressed
Etagenpresse; Heizpresse
daylight press
Platen Press [dik]
Plattenpresse [dik]
flache Metallplatte (oder Schale), die Hitze und Druck auf ein oder mehrere Formteile überträgt, die sich in einer Presse befinden
flat metal plate (or chest) which applies heat and pressure to one or more mould(s) in a press
Platen [dik]
Platte [dik]
2-ethylidene-5-norbornene
Ethylidene Norbornene [dik]
Ethylidennorbornen [dik]
An assay with the objective to produce information about the concentration of a specific substance in the material entity that is the evaluant, by physically examining it or its proxies.
Concentration Measurement Assay [dik]
Prüfung zur Konzentrationsmessung [dik]
A concentration measurement assay with the objective to produce information about the concentration of ethylene in the material entity that is the evaluant, by physically examining it or its proxies.
Ethylene Concentration Measurement Assay [dik]
Prüfung zur Ethylen-Konzentrationsmessung [dik]
A concentration measurement assay with the objective to produce information about the concentration of ethylidene norbornene in the material entity that is the evaluant, by physically examining it or its proxies.
Ethylidene Norbornene Concentration Measurement Assay [dik]
Prüfung zur Ethylidennorbornen-Konzentrationsmessung [dik]
An assay with the objective to produce information about the molecular weight distribution of the material entity that is the evaluant, by physically examining it or its proxies.
Molecular Weight Distribution Measurement Assay [dik]
Prüfung zur Molekulargewichtsverteilung [dik]
A measurement protocol for reliably reproducing the concentration measurement assay.
Concentration Measurement Protocol [dik]
Protokoll zur Konzentrationsmessung [dik]
A concentration measurement protocol for reliably reproducing the ethylene concentration measurement assay.
Ethylene Concentration Measurement Protocol [dik]
Protokoll zur Ethylen-Konzentrationsmessung [dik]
A concentration measurement protocol for reliably reproducing the ethylidene norbornene concentration measurement assay.
Ethylidene Norbornene Concentration Measurement Protocol [dik]
Protokoll zur Ethylidennorbornen-Konzentrationsmessung [dik]
A measurement protocol for reliably reproducing the molecular weight distribution measurement assay.
Molecular Weight Distribution Measurement Protocol [dik]
Protokoll zur Molekulargewichtsverteilung [dik]
Ethylene Group [dik]
Hydrocarbylene Group [dik]
Hydrocarbylene Group [chebi]
Organodiyl Group [dik]
Organodiyl Group [chebi]
Organic Divalent Group [dik]
Organic Group [dik]
Organik-Gruppe [dik]
Organic Group [chebi]
Organik-Gruppe [chebi]
Group [dik]
Gruppe [dik]
Any number of entities (members) considered as a unit.
Group [ncit]
Gruppe [ncit]
Group [chebi]
Gruppe [chebi]
Can be used to link to a property group to indicate that a property shape belongs to a group of related property shapes.
Group [shacl]
Gruppe [shacl]
Percent [dik]
Prozent [dik]
"A dimensionless ratio unit which denotes numbers as fractions of 100." [Wikipedia:Wikipedia]
Percent [uo]
Prozent [uo]
The percent is a unit of dimension one defined as 1/100.
Percent [om]
Prozent [om]
Ratio [dik]
Verhältnis [dik]
Quotient of quantities of the same kind for different components within the same system.
Ratio [ncit]
Verhältnis [ncit]
"A dimensionless ratio unit which, given a pair of quantities a and b, for which b is a multiple of a, denotes b by giving the multiplier (coefficient) c for a to result in b." [UOB:LKSR]
Ratio [uo]
Verhältnis [uo]
"A dimensionless unit which denotes an amount or magnitude of one quantity relative to another." [Wikipedia:Wikipedia]
A ratio is a data item which is formed with two numbers r and s is written r/s, where r is the numerator and s is the denominator. The ratio of r to s is equivalent to the quotient r/s.
Ratio [ms]
Verhältnis [ms]
Dimensionless Unit [dik]
dimensionslose Einheit [dik]
"A unit which is a standard measure of physical quantity consisting of only a numerical number without any units." [Wikipedia:Wikipedia]
Dimensionless Unit [ms]
dimensionslose Einheit [ms]
weight percent
Mass Percentage [dik]
Massenanteil [dik]
"A dimensionless concentration unit which denotes the mass of a substance in a mixture as a percentage of the mass of the entire mixture." [Wikipedia:Wikipedia]
Mass Percentage [uo]
Massenanteil [uo]
Volume Percentage [dik]
Volumenprozent [dik]
"A dimensionless concentration unit which denotes the volume of the solute in mL per 100 mL of the resulting solution." [UOC:GVG]
Volume Percentage [uo]
Volumenprozent [uo]
Concentration of [dik]
Konzentration von [dik]
Concrentration [pato]
Konzentration [pato]
Concrentration [edam]
Konzentration [edam]
Concrentration [chmo]
Konzentration [chmo]
Concrentration [ncit]
Konzentration [ncit]
Concrentration [ecso]
Konzentration [ecso]
Molecular Quality [dik]
molekulare Qualität [dik]
Molecular Quality [pato]
molekulare Qualität [pato]
A concentration of ethylene inhering in a substance by virtue of the amount of the bearer's there is mixed with ethylene.
Ethylen-Konzentration [dik]
Ethylene Concentration [dik]
A concentration of ethylidene norbornene inhering in a substance by virtue of the amount of the bearer's there is mixed with ethylidene norbornene.
ENB-concentration
Ethylidene Norbornene Concentration [dik]
Ethylidennorbornen-Konzentration [dik]
Ethylidene Group [dik]
Ethylidengruppe [dik]
Quality of a Solid [dik]
Qualität eines Festkörpers [dik]
Quality of a Solid [pato]
Qualität eines Festkörpers [pato]
Optical Quality [dik]
optische Qualität [dik]
Optical Quality [pato]
example to be eventually removed
failed exploratory term
The term was used in an attempt to structure part of the ontology but in retrospect failed to do a good job
metadata complete
Class has all its metadata, but is either not guaranteed to be in its final location in the asserted IS_A hierarchy or refers to another class that is not complete.
organizational term
Term created to ease viewing/sort terms for development purpose, and will not be included in a release
ready for release
Class has undergone final review, is ready for use, and will be included in the next release. Any class lacking "ready_for_release" should be considered likely to change place in hierarchy, have its definition refined, or be obsoleted in the next release. Those classes deemed "ready_for_release" will also derived from a chain of ancestor classes that are also "ready_for_release."
metadata incomplete
Class is being worked on; however, the metadata (including definition) are not complete or sufficiently clear to the branch editors.
uncurated
Nothing done yet beyond assigning a unique class ID and proposing a preferred term.
pending final vetting
All definitions, placement in the asserted IS_A hierarchy and required minimal metadata are complete. The class is awaiting a final review by someone other than the term editor.
placeholder removed
terms merged
An editor note should explain what were the merged terms and the reason for the merge.
term imported
This is to be used when the original term has been replaced by a term imported from an other ontology. An editor note should indicate what is the URI of the new term to use.
term split
This is to be used when a term has been split in two or more new terms. An editor note should indicate the reason for the split and indicate the URIs of the new terms created.
universal
Hard to give a definition for. Intuitively a "natural kind" rather than a collection of any old things, which a class is able to be, formally. At the meta level, universals are defined as positives, are disjoint with their siblings, have single asserted parents.
A Formal Theory of Substances, Qualities, and Universals, http://ontology.buffalo.edu/bfo/SQU.pdf
defined class
A defined class is a class that is defined by a set of logically necessary and sufficient conditions but is not a universal
"definitions", in some readings, always are given by necessary and sufficient conditions. So one must be careful (and this is difficult sometimes) to distinguish between defined classes and universal.
named class expression
A named class expression is a logical expression that is given a name. The name can be used in place of the expression.
named class expressions are used in order to have more concise logical definition but their extensions may not be interesting classes on their own. In languages such as OWL, with no provisions for macros, these show up as actuall classes. Tools may with to not show them as such, and to replace uses of the macros with their expansions
to be replaced with external ontology term
Terms with this status should eventually replaced with a term from another ontology.
requires discussion
A term that is metadata complete, has been reviewed, and problems have been identified that require discussion before release. Such a term requires editor note(s) to identify the outstanding issues.
Transformation-ML
Transformation-ML file describing parameter transformations used in a GvHD experiment.
Transformation-ML is a format standard of a digital entity that is conformant with the Transformation-ML standard.(http://wiki.ficcs.org/ficcs/Transformation-ML?action=AttachFile&do=get&target=Transformation-ML_v1.0.26.pdf)
person:Jennifer Fostel
ACS
d06.acs, ACS1.0 data file of well D06 of plate 2 of part 1 of a GvHD experiment.
ACS is a format standard of a digital entity that is conformant with the Analytical Cytometry Standard. (http://www.isac-net.org/content/view/607/150/)
XML
RDF/XML file, OWL file, Compensation-ML file, WSDL document, SVG document
XML is a format standard of a digital entity that is conformant with the W3C Extensible Markup Language Recommendation.(http://www.w3.org/XML/)
RDF
A FOAF file, a SKOS file, an OWL file.
RDF is a format standard of a digital entity that is conformant with the W3C Resource Description Framework RDF/XML Syntax specification.(http://www.w3.org/RDF/)
zip
MagicDraw MDZIP archive, Java JAR file.
zip is a format standard of a digital entity that is conformant with the PKWARE .ZIP file format specification (http://www.pkware.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=59&Itemid=103/)
tar
Example.tar file.
tar is a format standard of a digital entity that is conformant with the tape archive file format as standardized by POSIX.1-1998, POSIX.1-2001, or any other tar format compliant with the GNU tar specification. (http://www.gnu.org/software/tar/manual/)
FCS
d01.fcs, FCS3 data file of well D06 of plate 2 of part 1 of a GvHD experiment.
FCS is a format standard of a digital entity that is conformant with the Flow Cytometry Data File Standard.(http://www.fcspress.com/)
Compensation-ML
compfoo.xml, Compensation-ML file describing compensation used in a GvHD experiment
Compensation-ML is a format standard of a digital entity that is conformant with the Compensation-ML standard. (http://wiki.ficcs.org/ficcs/Compensation-ML?action=AttachFile&do=get&target=Compensation-ML_v1.0.24.pdf)
Gating-ML
foogate.xml, Gating-ML file describing gates used in a GvHD experiment.
Gating-ML is a format standard of a digital entity that is conformant with the Gating-ML standard. (http://www.flowcyt.org/gating/)
OWL
OBI ontology file, Basic Formal Ontology file, BIRNLex file, BioPAX file.
OWL is a format standard of a digital entity that is conformant with the W3C Web Ontology Language specification.(http://www.w3.org/2004/OWL/)
An organization which supplies technology, tools and protocols for use in high throughput applications
GenePattern module SVM is a GenePattern software module which is used to run a support vector machine data transformation.
GenePattern module KMeansClustering is a GenePattern software module which is used to perform a k Means clustering data transformation.
GenePattern module CARTXValidation is a GenePattern software module which uses a CART decision tree induction with a leave one out cross validation data transformations.
GenePattern module KNNXValidation is a GenePattern software module which uses a k-nearest neighbours clustering with a leave one out cross validation data transformations.
GenePattern module KNN is a GenePattern software module which perform a k-nearest neighbors data transformation.
GenePattern module HierarchicalClustering
GenePattern module HierarchicalClustering is a GenePattern software module which is used to perform a hierarchical clustering data transformation.
GenePattern module PCA is a GenePattern software module which is used to perform a principal components analysis dimensionality reduction data transformation.
GenePattern HeatMapViewer data visualization
The GenePattern process of generating Heat Maps from clustered data.
GenePattern HierarchicalClusteringViewer data visualization
The GenePattern process of generating hierarchical clustering visualization from clustered data.
A GenePattern software module which is used to generate a heatmap view of data.
GenePattern module HierarchicalClusteringViewer
A GenePattern software module which is used to generate a view of data that has been hierarchically clustered.
The Edinburgh Handedness Inventory is a set of questions used to assess the dominance of a person's right or left hand in everyday activities.
PMID:5146491#Oldfield, R.C. (1971). The assessment and analysis of handedness: The Edinburgh inventory. Neuropsychologia, 9, 97-113
Advanced Instruments Inc. (AI Companies)
An organization that focuses on manufacturing target enrichment probe pools for DNA sequencing.
An organization that supplies tools for studying the synthesis and regulation of DNA, RNA and protein. It developed a powerful technology platform called single molecule real-time (SMRT) technology which enables real-time analysis of biomolecules with single molecule resolution.
An organization that supplies life science tools for translational research and molecular diagnostics based on a novel digital molecular barcoding technology. The NanoString platform can provide simple, multiplexed digital profiling of single molecules.
An organization that is an American multinational, biotechnology product development company, created in 2006 by the merger of Thermo Electron and Fisher Scientific.
A histologic grade according to AJCC 7th edition indicating that the tumor cells and the organization of the tumor tissue appear close to normal.
A histologic grade according to AJCC 7th edition indicating that the tumor cells are moderately differentiated and reflect an intermediate grade.
A histologic grade according to AJCC 7th edition indicating that the tumor cells are poorly differentiated and do not look like normal cells and tissue.
A histologic grade according to AJCC 7th edition indicating that the tumor cells are undifferentiated and do not look like normal cells and tissue.
A histologic grade according to the Fuhrman Nuclear Grading System indicating that nuclei are round, uniform, approximately 10um and that nucleoli are inconspicuous or absent.
A histologic grade according to the Fuhrman Nuclear Grading System indicating that nuclei are slightly irregular, approximately 15um and nucleoli are evident.
A histologic grade according to the Fuhrman Nuclear Grading System indicating that nuclei are very irregular, approximately 20um and nucleoli large and prominent.
A histologic grade according to the Fuhrman Nuclear Grading System indicating that nuclei arei bizarre and multilobulated, 20um or greater and nucleoli are prominent and chromatin clumped.
A histologic grade for ovarian tumor according to a two-tier grading system indicating that the tumor is low grade.
A histologic grade for ovarian tumor according to a two-tier grading system indicating that the tumor is high grade.
A histologic grade for ovarian tumor according to the World Health Organization indicating that the tumor is well differentiated.
A histologic grade for ovarian tumor according to the World Health Organization indicating that the tumor is moderately differentiated.
A histologic grade for ovarian tumor according to the World Health Organization indicating that the tumor is poorly differentiated.
A histologic grade for ovarian tumor according to the World Health Organization indicating that the tumor is undifferentiated.
A pathologic primary tumor stage for colon and rectum according to AJCC 7th edition indicating that there is no evidence of primary tumor.
A pathologic primary tumor stage for colon and rectum according to AJCC 7th edition indicating carcinoma in situ (intraepithelial or invasion of lamina propria).
A pathologic primary tumor stage for colon and rectum according to AJCC 7th edition indicating that the tumor invades submucosa.
A pathologic primary tumor stage for colon and rectum according to AJCC 7th edition indicating that the tumor invades muscularis propria.
A pathologic primary tumor stage for colon and rectum according to AJCC 7th edition indicating that the tumor invades subserosa or into non-peritionealized pericolic or perirectal tissues.
A pathologic primary tumor stage for colon and rectum according to AJCC 7th edition indicating that the tumor perforates visceral peritoneum.
A pathologic primary tumor stage for colon and rectum according to AJCC 7th edition indicating that the tumor directly invades other organs or structures.
A pathologic primary tumor stage for lung according to AJCC 7th edition indicating that there is no evidence of primary tumor.
A pathologic primary tumor stage for lung according to AJCC 7th edition indicating carcinoma in situ.
A pathologic primary tumor stage for lung according to AJCC 7th edition indicating that the tumor is 3 cm or less in greatest dimension, surrounded by lung or visceral pleura without bronchoscopic evidence of invasion more proximal than the lobar bronchus (i.e., not in the main bronchus).
A pathologic primary tumor stage for lung according to AJCC 7th edition indicating that the tumor is 2 cm or less in greatest dimension.
A pathologic primary tumor stage for lung according to AJCC 7th edition indicating that the tumor is more than 2 cm but not more than 3 cm in greatest dimension.
A pathologic primary tumor stage for lung according to AJCC 7th edition indicating that the tumor is more than 3 cm but not more than 7 cm or the tumor has any of the following features: involves main bronchus, 2 cm or more distal to the carina, invades visceral pleura, associated with atelectasis or obstructive pneumonitis that extends to the hilar region but does not involve the entire lung.
A pathologic primary tumor stage for lung according to AJCC 7th edition indicating that the tumor is more than 3 cm but not more than 5 cm in greatest dimension.
A pathologic primary tumor stage for lung according to AJCC 7th edition indicating that the tumor is more than 5 cm but not more than 7 cm in greatest dimension.
A pathologic primary tumor stage for lung according to AJCC 7th edition indicating that the tumor is more than 7 cm or one that directly invades any of: parietal pleura, chest wall (including superior sulcus tumors), diaphragm, phrenic nerve, mediastinal pleura, parietal pericardiu or the tumor is in the main bronchus less than 2 cm distal to the carina but without involvement of the carina or there is associated atelectasis or obstructive pneumonitis of the entire lung or there is separate tumor nodule(s) in the same lobe as the primary.
A pathologic primary tumor stage for lung according to AJCC 7th edition indicating that the tumor of any size that invades any of the following: mediastinum, heart, great vessels, trachea, recurrent laryngeal nerve, esophagus, vertebral body, carina or there is separate tumor nodule(s) in a different ipsilateral lobe to that of the primary.
A pathologic primary tumor stage for kidney according to AJCC 7th edition indicating that there is no evidence of primary tumor.
A pathologic primary tumor stage for kidney according to AJCC 7th edition indicating that the tumor is 7 cm or less in greatest dimension and limited to the kidney.
A pathologic primary tumor stage for kidney according to AJCC 7th edition indicating that the tumor is 4 cm or less.
A pathologic primary tumor stage for kidney according to AJCC 7th edition indicating that the tumor is more than 4 cm but not more than 7 cm.
A pathologic primary tumor stage for kidney according to AJCC 7th edition indicating that the tumor is more than 7 cm in greatest dimension and limited to the kidney.
A pathologic primary tumor stage for kidney according to AJCC 7th edition indicating that the tumor is more than 7 cm but not more than 10 cm.
A pathologic primary tumor stage for kidney according to AJCC 7th edition indicating that the tumor is more than 10 cm and limited to the kidney.
A pathologic primary tumor stage for kidney according to AJCC 7th edition indicating that the tumor extends into major veins or perinephric tissues but not into the ipsilateral adrenal gland and not beyond the Gerota fascia.
A pathologic primary tumor stage for kidney according to AJCC 7th edition indicating that the tumor grossly extends into the renal vein or its segmental (muscle containing) branches, or the tumor invades perirenal and/or renal sinus fat (peripelvic) fat but not beyond Gerota fascia.
A pathologic primary tumor stage for kidney according to AJCC 7th edition indicating that the tumor grossly extends into vena cava below diaphragm.
A pathologic primary tumor stage for kidney according to AJCC 7th edition indicating that the tumor grossly extends into vena cava above the diaphragm or Invades the wall of the vena cava.
A pathologic primary tumor stage for kidney according to AJCC 7th edition indicating that the tumor invades beyond Gerota fascia (including contiguous extension into the ipsilateral adrenal gland).
A pathologic primary tumor stage for ovary according to AJCC 7th edition indicating that there is no evidence of primary tumor.
A pathologic primary tumor stage for ovary according to AJCC 7th edition indicating that the tumor is limited to the ovaries (one or both).
A pathologic primary tumor stage for ovary according to AJCC 7th edition indicating that the tumor is limited to one ovary; capsule intact, no tumor on ovarian surface and no malignant cells in ascites or peritoneal washings.
A pathologic primary tumor stage for ovary according to AJCC 7th edition indicating that the tumor is limited to both ovaries; capsule intact, no tumor on ovarian surface and no malignant cells in ascites or peritoneal washings.
A pathologic primary tumor stage for ovary according to AJCC 7th edition indicating that the tumor is limited to one or both ovaries with capsule ruptured, tumor on ovarian surface, or malignant cells in ascites or peritoneal washings.
A pathologic primary tumor stage for ovary according to AJCC 7th edition indicating that the tumor involves one or both ovaries with pelvic extension.
A pathologic primary tumor stage for ovary according to AJCC 7th edition indicating that the tumor has extension and/or implants on uterus and/or tube(s) and no malignant cells in ascites or peritoneal washings.
A pathologic primary tumor stage for ovary according to AJCC 7th edition indicating that the tumor has extension to other pelvic tissues and no malignant cells in ascites or peritoneal washings.
A pathologic primary tumor stage for ovary according to AJCC 7th edition indicating that the tumor has pelvic extension with malignant cells in ascites or peritoneal washings.
A pathologic primary tumor stage for ovary according to AJCC 7th edition indicating that the tumor involves one or both ovaries with microscopically confirmed peritoneal metastasis outside the pelvis and/or regional lymph node metastasis.
A pathologic primary tumor stage for ovary according to AJCC 7th edition indicating that the tumor has microscopic peritoneal metastasis beyond pelvis.
A pathologic primary tumor stage for ovary according to AJCC 7th edition indicating that the tumor has macroscopic peritoneal, metastatasis beyond pelvis, 2 cm or less in greatest dimension.
A pathologic primary tumor stage for ovary according to AJCC 7th edition indicating that the tumor has peritoneal metastasis beyond pelvis, more than 2 cm in greatest dimension and/or regional lymph node metastasis.
A pathologic lymph node stage for colon and rectum according to AJCC 7th edition indicating no regional lymph node metastsis.
A pathologic lymph node stage for colon and rectum according to AJCC 7th edition indicating metastasis in 1-3 regional lymph nodes.
A pathologic lymph node stage for colon and rectum according to AJCC 7th edition indicating metastasis in 1 regional lymph node.
A pathologic lymph node stage for colon and rectum according to AJCC 7th edition indicating metastasis in 2-3 regional lymph nodes.
A pathologic lymph node stage for colon and rectum according to AJCC 7th edition indicating tumor deposit(s), i.e., satellites in the subserosa, or in non-peritonealized pericolic or perirectal soft tissue without regional lymph node metastasis.
A pathologic lymph node stage for colon and rectum according to AJCC 7th edition indicating metastasis in 4 or more regional lymph nodes.
A pathologic lymph node stage for colon and rectum according to AJCC 7th edition indicating metastasis in 4 to 6 regional lymph nodes.
A pathologic lymph node stage for colon and rectum according to AJCC 7th edition indicating metastasis in 7 or more regional lymph nodes.
A pathologic lymph node stage for lung according to AJCC 7th edition indicating no regional lymph node metastasis.
A pathologic lymph node stage for lung according to AJCC 7th edition indicating metastasis in ipsilateral peribronchial and/or ipsilateral hilar lymph nodes and intrapulmonary nodes, including involvement by direct extension.
A pathologic lymph node stage for lung according to AJCC 7th edition indicating metastasis in ipsilateral mediastinal and/or subcarinal lymph node(s).
A pathologic lymph node stage for lung according to AJCC 7th edition indicating metastasis in contralateral mediastinal, contralateral hilar, ipsilateral or contralateral scalene, or supraclavicular lymph node(s).
A pathologic lymph node stage for kidney according to AJCC 7th edition indicating that there is no regional lymph node metastasis.
A pathologic lymph node stage for kidney according to AJCC 7th edition indicating that there is regional lymph node metastasis.
A pathologic lymph node stage for ovary according to AJCC 7th edition indicating that there is no regional lymph node metastasis.
A pathologic lymph node stage for ovary according to AJCC 7th edition indicating that there is regional lymph node metastasis.
A pathologic distant metastases stage for colon according to AJCC 7th edition indicating that there are no symptoms or signs of distant metastasis.
A pathologic distant metastases stage for colon according to AJCC 7th edition indicating that there is clinical evidence of distant metastases by history, physical examination, imaging studies, or invasive procedures, but without microscopic evidence of the presumed distant metastases.
A pathologic distant metastases stage for colon according to AJCC 7th edition indicating that metastasis is confined to one organ based on clinical assessment.
A pathologic distant metastases stage for colon according to AJCC 7th edition indicating that metastasis is in more than one organ or the peritoneum based on clinical assessment.
A pathologic distant metastases stage for colon according to AJCC 7th edition indicating that there is microscopic evidence confirming distant metastatic disease.
A pathologic distant metastases stage for colon according to AJCC 7th edition indicating that metastasis is confined to one organ and histologically confirmed.
A pathologic distant metastases stage for colon according to AJCC 7th edition indicating that metastasis is in more than one organ or the peritoneum and histologically confirmed.
A pathologic distant metastases stage for lung according to AJCC 7th edition indicating that there is no distant metastasis.
A pathologic distant metastases stage for lung according to AJCC 7th edition indicating that there are distant metastases based on clinical assessment.
A pathologic distant metastases stage for lung according to AJCC 7th edition indicating that metastasis is based on clinical assessment and a separate tumor nodule(s) in a contralateral lobe; tumor with pleural nodules OR malignant pleural or pericardial effusion.
A pathologic distant metastases stage for lung according to AJCC 7th edition indicating that there is a distant metastases based on clinical assessment.
A pathologic distant metastases stage for lung according to AJCC 7th edition indicating that there is a distant metastases that is histologically confirmed.
A pathologic distant metastases stage for lung according to AJCC 7th edition indicating that metastasis is histologically confirmed and a separate tumor nodule(s) in a contralateral lobe; tumor with pleural nodules OR malignant pleural or pericardial effusion.
A pathologic distant metastases stage for lung according to AJCC 7th edition indicating that there is a distant metastases that is histologically confirmed and associated with distant lymph nodes or carcinomatosis.
A pathologic distant metastases stage for kidney according to AJCC 7th edition indicating that there is no distant metastasis.
A pathologic distant metastases stage for kidney according to AJCC 7th edition indicating that there are distant metastases based on clinical assessment.
A pathologic distant metastases stage for kidney according to AJCC 7th edition indicating that there is a distant metastases that is histologically confirmed.
A pathologic distant metastases stage for ovary according to AJCC 7th edition indicating that there is no distant metastasis.
A pathologic distant metastases stage for ovary according to AJCC 7th edition indicating that there is distant metastasis except peritoneal metastasis based on clinical assessment.
A pathologic distant metastases stage for ovary according to AJCC 7th edition indicating that there is distant metastasis except peritoneal metastasis that is histologically confirmed.
A clinical tumor stage group according to AJCC 7th edition indicating a small carcinoma, either asymptomatic or giving rise to metastases without symptoms due to the primary carcinoma.
A clinical tumor stage group according to AJCC 7th edition indicating a carcinoma in situ (or melanoma in situ for melanoma of the skin or germ cell neoplasia in situ for testicular germ cell tumors) and generally is considered to have no metastatic potential.
A clinical tumor stage group according to AJCC 7th edition indicating cancers that are smaller or less deeply invasive without regional disease or nodes.
A clinical tumor stage group according to AJCC 7th edition indicating cancers with increasing tumor or nodal extent but less than in Stage III and with differing characteristics from IIB and IIC.
A clinical tumor stage group according to AJCC 7th edition indicating cancers with increasing tumor or nodal extent but less than in Stage III and with differing characteristics from IIA and IIC.
A clinical tumor stage group according to AJCC 7th edition indicating cancers with increasing tumor or nodal extent but less than in Stage III and with differing characteristics from IIA and IIB.
A clinical tumor stage group according to AJCC 7th edition indicating cancers with increasing tumor or nodal extent greater than in Stage II and with differing characteristics from IIIB and IIIC.
A clinical tumor stage group according to AJCC 7th edition indicating cancers with increasing tumor or nodal extent greater than in Stage II and with differing characteristics from IIIA and IIIC.
A clinical tumor stage group according to AJCC 7th edition indicating cancers with increasing tumor or nodal extent greater than in Stage II and with differing characteristics from IIIA and IIIB.
A clinical tumor stage group according to AJCC 7th edition indicating cancers in patients who present with distant metastases at diagnosis and with differing characteristics from IVB.
A clinical tumor stage group according to AJCC 7th edition indicating cancers in patients who present with distant metastases at diagnosis and with differing characteristics from IVA.
An International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics cervical cancer stage value specification indicating invasive carcinoma which can be diagnosed only by microscopy, with deepest invasion <5 mm and the largest extension <7 mm.
An International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics cervical cancer stage value specification indicating measured stromal invasion of <3.0 mm in depth and extension of <7.0 mm.
An International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics cervical cancer stage value specification indicating measured stromal invasion of >3.0 mm and not >5.0 mm with an extension of not >7.0 mm.
An International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics cervical cancer stage value specification indicating clinically visible lesions limited to the cervix uteri or pre-clinical cancers greater than stage IA
An International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics cervical cancer stage value specification indicating clinically visible lesion limited to the cervix uteri or pre-clinical cancers greater than stage IA <4.0 cm in greatest dimension.
An International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics cervical cancer stage value specification indicating clinically visible lesion limited to the cervix uteri or pre-clinical cancers greater than stage IA >4.0 cm in greatest dimension.
An International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics cervical cancer stage value specification indicating cervical carcinoma invades beyond the uterus, but not to the pelvic wall or to the lower third of the vagina without parametrial invasion.
An International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics cervical cancer stage value specification indicating cervical carcinoma invades beyond the uterus, but not to the pelvic wall or to the lower third of the vagina without parametrial invasion and clinically visible lesion <4.0 cm in greatest dimension.
An International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics cervical cancer stage value specification indicating cervical carcinoma invades beyond the uterus, but not to the pelvic wall or to the lower third of the vagina without parametrial invasion and clinically visible lesion >4.0 cm in greatest dimension.
An International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics cervical cancer stage value specification indicating cervical carcinoma invades beyond the uterus, but not to the pelvic wall or to the lower third of the vagina with obvious parametrial invasion.
An International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics cervical cancer stage value specification indicating tumour involves lower third of the vagina, with no extension to the pelvic wall.
An International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics cervical cancer stage value specification indicating extension to the pelvic wall and/or hydronephrosis or non-functioning kidney.
An International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics cervical cancer stage value specification indicating spread of the growth to adjacent organs.
An International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics cervical cancer stage value specification indicating spread to distant organs.
A International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics ovarian cancer stage value specification associated with TNM stage values of T1, N0, and M0.
A International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics ovarian cancer stage value specification associated with TNM stage values of T1a, N0, and M0.
A International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics ovarian cancer stage value specification associated with TNM stage values of T1b, N0, and M0.
A International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics ovarian cancer stage value specification associated with TNM stage values of T1c, N0, and M0.
A International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics ovarian cancer stage value specification associated with TNM stage values of T2, N0, and M0.
A International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics ovarian cancer stage value specification associated with TNM stage values of T2a, N0, and M0.
A International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics ovarian cancer stage value specification associated with TNM stage values of T2b, N0, and M0.
A International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics ovarian cancer stage value specification associated with TNM stage values of T2c, N0, and M0.
A International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics ovarian cancer stage value specification associated with TNM stage values of (T3, N0, and M0) or (T3,3a,3b, NX, and M0).
A International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics ovarian cancer stage value specification associated with TNM stage values of T3a, N0, and M0 .
A International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics ovarian cancer stage value specification associated with TNM stage values of T3b, N0, and M0 .
A International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics ovarian cancer stage value specification associated with TNM stage values of (T3c, N0,X and M0) or (any T, N1 and M0).
A International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics ovarian cancer stage value specification associated with TNM stage values of any T, any N, and M1.
A International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics ovarian cancer stage value specification associated with TNM stage values of (T0, N0, and M0) or (T1,1a-1c,2,2a-2c, NX, and M0) or (TX, N0,X, M0).
3: symptomatic in bed more than 50% of the day but not bed ridden
An Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group score value specification indicating a patient is symptomatic and in bed for more than 50% of the day but is not bed ridden.
2: symptomatic but in bed less than 50% of the day
An Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group score value specification indicating a patient is symptomatic but is in bed for less than 50% of the day.
An Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group score value specification indicating a patient is symptomatic and is bed ridden.
An Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group score value specification indicating a patient is asymptomatic.
An Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group score value specification indicating a patient is symptomatic but is fully ambulatory.
A Karnofsky score vaue specification indicating that a patient is asymptomatic.
A Karnofsky score vaue specification indicating that a patient is symptomatic but fully ambulatory.
60-70: symptomatic but in bed less than 50% of the day
A Karnofsky score vaue specification indicating that a patient is symptomatic but in bed less than 50% of the day.
40-50: symptomatic, in bed more than 50% of the day, but not bed ridden
A Karnofsky score vaue specification indicating that a patient is symptomatic, in bed more than 50% of the day, but not bed ridden.
An organization that is developing and selling nanopore sequencing products and is based in the UK.
An organization that manufactures mosquito traps and other mosquito control products.
A manufacturer of rapid point-of-care assay devices.
A manufacturer of in vitro diagnostic assay kits in India.
A manufacturer that specializes in in vitro diagnostic devices designed to test for infectious diseases.
A length unit which is equal to the length of the path traveled by light in vacuum during a time interval of 1/299 792 458 of a second.
A mass unit which is equal to the mass of the International Prototype Kilogram kept by the BIPM at Svres, France.
A time unit which is equal to the duration of 9 192 631 770 periods of the radiation corresponding to the transition between the two hyperfine levels of the ground state of the caesium 133 atom.
A length unit which is equal to one hundredth of a meter or 10^[-2] m.
A length unit which is equal to one thousandth of a meter or 10^[-3] m.
A length unit which is equal to one millionth of a meter or 10^[-6] m.
A length unit which is equal to one thousandth of one millionth of a meter or 10^[-9] m.
A length unit which is equal to 10 [-10] m.
A mass unit which is equal to one thousandth of a kilogram or 10^[-3] kg.
A mass unit which is equal to one thousandth of a gram or 10^[-3] g.
A mass unit which is equal to one millionth of a gram or 10^[-6] g.
A mass unit which is equal to one thousandth of one millionth of a gram or 10^[-9] g.
A mass unit which is equal to 10^[-12] g.
A temperature unit which is equal to one kelvin degree. However, they have their zeros at different points. The centigrade scale has its zero at 273.15 K.
A time unit which is equal to 60 seconds.
A time unit which is equal to 3600 seconds or 60 minutes.
A time unit which is approximately equal to the length of time of one of cycle of the moon's phases which in science is taken to be equal to 30 days.
A time unit which is equal to 12 months which is science is taken to be equal to 365.25 days.
A substance unit equal to a millionth of a mol or 10^[-6] mol.
A substance unit equal to one thousandth of one millionth of a mole or 10^[-9] mol.
A unit of concentration which expresses a concentration of 1 mole of solute per liter of solution (mol/L).
A unit of molarity which is equal to one thousandth of a molar or 10^[-3] M.
A unit of molarity which is equal to one millionth of a molar or 10^[-6] M.
A unit of molarity which is equal to one thousandth of one millionth of a molar or 10^[-9] M.
A unit of molarity which is equal to 10^[-12] M.
A volume unit which is equal to one millionth of a cubic meter or 10^[-9] m^[3], or to 1 ml.
A volume unit which is equal to one thousandth of a liter or 10^[-3] L, or to 1 cubic centimeter.
A volume unit which is equal to one thousandth of a cubic meter or 10^[-3] m^[3], or to 1 decimeter.
A volume unit which is equal to one thousand of a cubic meter or 10^[-3] m^[3], or to 1 L.
A volume unit which is equal to one millionth of a liter or 10^[-6] L.
A volume unit which is equal to one thousandth of one millionth of a liter or 10^[-9] L.
A volume unit which is equal to 10^[-12] L.
A frequency unit which is equal to 1 complete cycle of a recurring phenomenon in 1 second.
A dimensionless concentration unit which denotes the mass of a substance in a mixture as a percentage of the mass of the entire mixture.
A dimensionless concentration unit which denotes the mass of the substance in a mixture as a percentage of the volume of the entire mixture.
A dimensionless concentration unit which denotes the volume of the solute in mL per 100 mL of the resulting solution.
A mass unit density which is equal to mass of an object in grams divided by the volume in liters.
A mass unit density which is equal to mass of an object in milligrams divided by the volume in milliliters.
A temperature unit which is equal to 5/9ths of a kelvin. Negative 40 degrees Fahrenheit is equal to negative 40 degrees Celsius.
A dimensionless concentration notation which denotes the acidity of a solution in terms of activity of hydrogen ions (H+).
A volume per unit volume unit which is equal to one millionth of a liter of solute in one liter of solution.
A mass density unit which is equal to mass of an object in grams divided by the volume in deciliters.
A concentration unit which a measure of viable bacterial numbers in a given volume.
A volumetric flow rate unit which is equal to one microliter volume through a given surface in one minute.
A rate unit which is equal to one over one nanomolar second.
A rate unit which is equal to one over one molar second.
A rate unit which is equal to one over one nanomolar.
A rate unit which is equal to one over one molar.
A mass unit density which is equal to mass of an object in micrograms divided by the volume in liters.
MF(X)-directly_regulates->MF(Y)-enabled_by->GP(Z) => MF(Y)-has_input->GP(Y) e.g. if 'protein kinase activity'(X) directly_regulates 'protein binding activity (Y)and this is enabled by GP(Z) then X has_input Z
GP(X)-enables->MF(Y)-has_part->MF(Z) => GP(X) enables MF(Z), e.g. if GP X enables ATPase coupled transporter activity' and 'ATPase coupled transporter activity' has_part 'ATPase activity' then GP(X) enables 'ATPase activity'
GP(X)-enables->MF(Y)-part_of->BP(Z) => GP(X) involved_in BP(Z) e.g. if X enables 'protein kinase activity' and Y 'part of' 'signal tranduction' then X involved in 'signal transduction'
If a molecular function (X) has a regulatory subfunction, then any gene product which is an input to that subfunction has an activity that directly_regulates X. Note: this is intended for cases where the regaultory subfunction is protein binding, so it could be tightened with an additional clause to specify this.
inferring direct reg edge from input to regulatory subfunction
inferring direct neg reg edge from input to regulatory subfunction
inferring direct positive reg edge from input to regulatory subfunction
effector input is compound function input
Input of effector is input of its parent MF
if effector directly regulates X, its parent MF directly regulates X
if effector directly positively regulates X, its parent MF directly positively regulates X
if effector directly negatively regulates X, its parent MF directly negatively regulates X
'causally downstream of' and 'overlaps' should be disjoint properties (a SWRL rule is required because these are non-simple properties).
'causally upstream of' and 'overlaps' should be disjoint properties (a SWRL rule is required because these are non-simple properties).