M. Schilling, B. Bayerlein, P. v. Hartrott, J. Waitelonis, H. Birkholz, P. D. Portella, B. Skrotzki, Advanced Engineering Materials 2024, 2400138. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1649-6832 2026-04-16 Dies ist die PMD-Ontologie für Zugversuche (Tensile Test Ontology – TTO), die auf der Grundlage der Prüfnorm "ISO 6892-1: Metallische Werkstoffe – Zugversuche – Teil 1: Prüfverfahren bei Raumtemperatur" entwickelt wurde. Die TTO wurde im Rahmen des PMD-Projekts entwickelt. Die TTO bietet Konzeptualisierungen, die für die Beschreibung von Zugversuchen und entsprechenden Daten gemäß der jeweiligen Prüfnorm gültig sind. Durch die Verwendung der TTO zur Speicherung von Zugversuchsdaten sind alle Daten gut strukturiert und basieren auf einem gemeinsamen Vokabular, das von einer Expertengruppe vereinbart wurde (Erzeugung von FAIRen-Daten), was zu einer verbesserten Dateninteroperabilität führen wird. Durch den Import der PMD Core Ontology (PMDco) wird die Interoperabilität von Zugprüfungsdaten verbessert und die Abfrage in Kombination mit anderen Aspekten und Daten aus dem breiten Feld der Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik (MSE) erleichtert. This is thePMD ontology of the tensile test (Tensile Test Ontology - TTO) as developed on the basis of the test standard ISO 6892-1: Metallic materials - Tensile Testing - Part 1: Method of test at room temperature. The TTO was developed in the frame of the PMD project. The TTO provides conceptualizations valid for the description of tensile tests and corresponding data in accordance with the respective test standard. By using TTO for storing tensile test data, all data will be well structured and based on a common vocabulary agreed on by an expert group (generation of FAIR data) which will lead to enhanced data interoperability. Due to the import of the PMD core ontology (PMDco), the interoperability of tensile test data is enhanced and querying in combination with other aspects and data within the broad field of material science and engineering (MSE) is facilitated. Tensile Test Ontology (TTO) https://github.com/materialdigital/tensile-test-ontology 3.0.0 A phrase describing how a term should be used and/or a citation to a work which uses it. May also include other kinds of examples that facilitate immediate understanding, such as widely know prototypes or instances of a class, or cases where a relation is said to hold. GROUP:OBI:<http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/obi> example of usage example of usage The official OBI definition, explaining the meaning of a class or property. Shall be Aristotelian, formalized and normalized. Can be augmented with colloquial definitions. The official definition, explaining the meaning of a class or property. Shall be Aristotelian, formalized and normalized. Can be augmented with colloquial definitions. 2012-04-05: Barry Smith The official OBI definition, explaining the meaning of a class or property: 'Shall be Aristotelian, formalized and normalized. Can be augmented with colloquial definitions' is terrible. Can you fix to something like: A statement of necessary and sufficient conditions explaining the meaning of an expression referring to a class or property. Alan Ruttenberg Your proposed definition is a reasonable candidate, except that it is very common that necessary and sufficient conditions are not given. Mostly they are necessary, occasionally they are necessary and sufficient or just sufficient. Often they use terms that are not themselves defined and so they effectively can't be evaluated by those criteria. On the specifics of the proposed definition: We don't have definitions of 'meaning' or 'expression' or 'property'. For 'reference' in the intended sense I think we use the term 'denotation'. For 'expression', I think we you mean symbol, or identifier. For 'meaning' it differs for class and property. For class we want documentation that let's the intended reader determine whether an entity is instance of the class, or not. For property we want documentation that let's the intended reader determine, given a pair of potential relata, whether the assertion that the relation holds is true. The 'intended reader' part suggests that we also specify who, we expect, would be able to understand the definition, and also generalizes over human and computer reader to include textual and logical definition. Personally, I am more comfortable weakening definition to documentation, with instructions as to what is desirable. We also have the outstanding issue of how to aim different definitions to different audiences. A clinical audience reading chebi wants a different sort of definition documentation/definition from a chemistry trained audience, and similarly there is a need for a definition that is adequate for an ontologist to work with. 2012-04-05: Barry Smith The official OBI definition, explaining the meaning of a class or property: 'Shall be Aristotelian, formalized and normalized. Can be augmented with colloquial definitions' is terrible. Can you fix to something like: A statement of necessary and sufficient conditions explaining the meaning of an expression referring to a class or property. Alan Ruttenberg Your proposed definition is a reasonable candidate, except that it is very common that necessary and sufficient conditions are not given. Mostly they are necessary, occasionally they are necessary and sufficient or just sufficient. Often they use terms that are not themselves defined and so they effectively can't be evaluated by those criteria. On the specifics of the proposed definition: We don't have definitions of 'meaning' or 'expression' or 'property'. For 'reference' in the intended sense I think we use the term 'denotation'. For 'expression', I think we you mean symbol, or identifier. For 'meaning' it differs for class and property. For class we want documentation that let's the intended reader determine whether an entity is instance of the class, or not. For property we want documentation that let's the intended reader determine, given a pair of potential relata, whether the assertion that the relation holds is true. The 'intended reader' part suggests that we also specify who, we expect, would be able to understand the definition, and also generalizes over human and computer reader to include textual and logical definition. Personally, I am more comfortable weakening definition to documentation, with instructions as to what is desirable. We also have the outstanding issue of how to aim different definitions to different audiences. A clinical audience reading chebi wants a different sort of definition documentation/definition from a chemistry trained audience, and similarly there is a need for a definition that is adequate for an ontologist to work with. GROUP:OBI:<http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/obi> definition definition textual definition An administrative note intended for its editor. It may not be included in the publication version of the ontology, so it should contain nothing necessary for end users to understand the ontology. GROUP:OBI:<http://purl.obofoundry.org/obo/obi> editor note Formal citation, e.g. identifier in external database to indicate / attribute source(s) for the definition. Free text indicate / attribute source(s) for the definition. EXAMPLE: Author Name, URI, MeSH Term C04, PUBMED ID, Wiki uri on 31.01.2007 formal citation, e.g. identifier in external database to indicate / attribute source(s) for the definition. Free text indicate / attribute source(s) for the definition. EXAMPLE: Author Name, URI, MeSH Term C04, PUBMED ID, Wiki uri on 31.01.2007 Discussion on obo-discuss mailing-list, see http://bit.ly/hgm99w Discussion on obo-discuss mailing-list, see http://bit.ly/hgm99w GROUP:OBI:<http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/obi> definition source An administrative note of use for a curator but of no use for a user curator note the URI for an OBI Terms ticket at sourceforge, such as https://sourceforge.net/p/obi/obi-terms/772/ An IRI or similar locator for a request or discussion of an ontology term. Person: Jie Zheng, Chris Stoeckert, Alan Ruttenberg The 'tracker item' can associate a tracker with a specific ontology term. term tracker item Use on obsolete terms, relating the term to another term that can be used as a substitute Person:Alan Ruttenberg Add as annotation triples in the granting ontology term replaced by A reference to a resource from which the present resource is derived. Source Source description dcterms:license license disease characteristic (MONDO:0021125) has cross-reference (http://www.geneontology.org/formats/oboInOwl#hasDbXref) "NCIT:C41009"^^xsd:string An annotation property that links an ontology entity or a statement to a prefixed identifier or URI. 2024-03-18 has cross-reference An alternative label for a class or property which has the exact same meaning than the preferred name/primary label. https://github.com/information-artifact-ontology/ontology-metadata/issues/20 has exact synonym label label alternative label An alternative lexical label for a resource. Acronyms, abbreviations, spelling variants, and irregular plural/singular forms may be included among the alternative labels for a concept. Mis-spelled terms are normally included as hidden labels (see skos:hiddenLabel). definition A statement or formal explanation of the meaning of a concept. Indicates whether the ontology element is part of the minimal profile of the ontology. Useful for modularization, simplified views, or lightweight implementations. isInMinimalProfile https://github.com/materialdigital/core-ontology/issues/121 An editor note referring to a pattern which shows the usage of this class or property. pattern example A term tracker annotation is an editor note used to track the history of an entity. For each change, it records the related GitHub issue and pull request. hijacked from http://openenergy-platform.org/ontology/oeo/OEO_00020426 term tracker annotation abbreviation A textual annotation used to specify a commonly accepted abbreviation, acronym, or shortened form of a class label. This property is intended to support concise referencing of ontology classes, especially when standard abbreviations are widely used in practice. "DNA" for "Deoxyribonucleic Acid" my brain is part of my body (continuant parthood, two material entities) my stomach cavity is part of my stomach (continuant parthood, immaterial entity is part of material entity) this day is part of this year (occurrent parthood) a core relation that holds between a part and its whole Everything is part of itself. Any part of any part of a thing is itself part of that thing. Two distinct things cannot be part of each other. Occurrents are not subject to change and so parthood between occurrents holds for all the times that the part exists. Many continuants are subject to change, so parthood between continuants will only hold at certain times, but this is difficult to specify in OWL. See http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ro/docs/temporal-semantics/ Parthood requires the part and the whole to have compatible classes: only an occurrent can be part of an occurrent; only a process can be part of a process; only a continuant can be part of a continuant; only an independent continuant can be part of an independent continuant; only an immaterial entity can be part of an immaterial entity; only a specifically dependent continuant can be part of a specifically dependent continuant; only a generically dependent continuant can be part of a generically dependent continuant. (This list is not exhaustive.) A continuant cannot be part of an occurrent: use 'participates in'. An occurrent cannot be part of a continuant: use 'has participant'. A material entity cannot be part of an immaterial entity: use 'has location'. A specifically dependent continuant cannot be part of an independent continuant: use 'inheres in'. An independent continuant cannot be part of a specifically dependent continuant: use 'bearer of'. part of my body has part my brain (continuant parthood, two material entities) my stomach has part my stomach cavity (continuant parthood, material entity has part immaterial entity) this year has part this day (occurrent parthood) a core relation that holds between a whole and its part Everything has itself as a part. Any part of any part of a thing is itself part of that thing. Two distinct things cannot have each other as a part. Occurrents are not subject to change and so parthood between occurrents holds for all the times that the part exists. Many continuants are subject to change, so parthood between continuants will only hold at certain times, but this is difficult to specify in OWL. See http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ro/docs/temporal-semantics/ Parthood requires the part and the whole to have compatible classes: only an occurrent have an occurrent as part; only a process can have a process as part; only a continuant can have a continuant as part; only an independent continuant can have an independent continuant as part; only a specifically dependent continuant can have a specifically dependent continuant as part; only a generically dependent continuant can have a generically dependent continuant as part. (This list is not exhaustive.) A continuant cannot have an occurrent as part: use 'participates in'. An occurrent cannot have a continuant as part: use 'has participant'. An immaterial entity cannot have a material entity as part: use 'location of'. An independent continuant cannot have a specifically dependent continuant as part: use 'bearer of'. A specifically dependent continuant cannot have an independent continuant as part: use 'inheres in'. has part has realization realized in realized in b has realization c =Def c realizes b As for realizes Paraphrase of elucidation: a relation between a process and a realizable entity, where there is some material entity that is bearer of the realizable entity and participates in the process, and the realizable entity comes to be realized in the course of the process realizes (Elucidation) realizes is a relation between a process b and realizable entity c such that c inheres in some d & for all t, if b has participant d then c exists & the type instantiated by b is correlated with the type instantiated by c A balding process realizes a disposition to go bald; a studying process realizes a student role; a process of pumping blood realizes the pumping function of a heart x is preceded by y if and only if the time point at which y ends is before or equivalent to the time point at which x starts. Formally: x preceded by y iff ω(y) <= α(x), where α is a function that maps a process to a start point, and ω is a function that maps a process to an end point. preceded by b preceded by c =Def b precedes c The temporal region occupied by the second half of the match is preceded by the temporal region occupied by the first half of the match x precedes y if and only if the time point at which x ends is before or equivalent to the time point at which y starts. Formally: x precedes y iff ω(x) <= α(y), where α is a function that maps a process to a start point, and ω is a function that maps a process to an end point. precedes (Elucidation) precedes is a relation between occurrents o, o' such that if t is the temporal extent of o & t' is the temporal extent of o' then either the last instant of o is before the first instant of o' or the last instant of o is the first instant of o' & neither o nor o' are temporal instants The temporal region occupied by Mary's birth precedes the temporal region occupied by Mary's death. occurs in b occurs in c =Def b is a process or a process boundary & c is a material entity or site & there exists a spatiotemporal region r & b occupies spatiotemporal region r & for all time t, if b exists at t then c exists at t & there exist spatial regions s and s' where b spatially projects onto s at t & c occupies spatial region s' at t & s is a continuant part of s' at t A process of digestion occurs in the interior of an organism; a process of loading artillery rounds into a tank cannon occurs in the interior of the tank exists at (Elucidation) exists at is a relation between a particular and some temporal region at which the particular exists First World War exists at 1914-1916; Mexico exists at January 1, 2000 has occurrent part b has occurrent part c =Def c occurrent part of b Mary's life has occurrent part Mary's 5th birthday has proper occurrent part b has proper occurrent part c =Def b has occurrent part c & b and c are not identical As for has occurrent part. has temporal part b has temporal part c =Def c temporal part of b Your life has temporal part the first year of your life occurrent part of (Elucidation) occurrent part of is a relation between occurrents b and c when b is part of c Mary's 5th birthday is an occurrent part of Mary's life; the first set of the tennis match is an occurrent part of the tennis match "occurrent part of" is not a BFO2020 temporalized relation. It just restricts the domain and range to "occurrent". That's why is should be OK to make it sub property of RO "part of" proper temporal part of b proper temporal part of c =Def b temporal part of c & not (b = c) As for temporal part of. proper occurrent part of b proper occurrent part of c =Def b occurrent part of c & b and c are not identical As for occurrent part of. temporal part of b temporal part of c =Def b occurrent part of c & (b and c are temporal regions) or (b and c are spatiotemporal regions & b temporally projects onto an occurrent part of the temporal region that c temporally projects onto) or (b and c are processes or process boundaries & b occupies a temporal region that is an occurrent part of the temporal region that c occupies) Your heart beating from 4pm to 5pm today is a temporal part of the process of your heart beating; the 4th year of your life is a temporal part of your life, as is the process boundary which separates the 3rd and 4th years of your life; the first quarter of a game of football is a temporal part of the whole game temporally projects onto (Elucidation) temporally projects onto is a relation between a spatiotemporal region s and some temporal region which is the temporal extent of s The world line of a particle temporally projects onto the temporal region extending from the beginning to the end of the existence of the particle has proper temporal part b has proper temporal part c =Def c proper temporal part of b As for has temporal part. environs b environs c =Def c occurs in b Mouth environs process of mastication; city environs traffic history of (Elucidation) history of is a relation between history b and material entity c such that b is the unique history of c This life is the history of this organism has history b has history c =Def c history of b This organism has history this life occupies temporal region p occupies temporal region t =Def p is a process or process boundary & the spatiotemporal region occupied by p temporally projects onto t The Second World War occupies the temporal region September 1, 1939 - September 2, 1945 occupies spatiotemporal region (Elucidation) occupies spatiotemporal region is a relation between a process or process boundary p and the spatiotemporal region s which is its spatiotemporal extent A particle emitted by a nuclear reactor occupies the spatiotemporal region which is its trajectory first instant of t first instant of t' =Def t is a temporal instant & t' is a temporal region t' & t precedes all temporal parts of t' other than t An hour starting at midnight yesterday has first instant midnight yesterday has first instant t has first instant t' =Def t' first instant of t The first hour of a year has first instant midnight on December 31 last instant of t last instant of t' =Def t is a temporal instant & t' is a temporal region & all temporal parts of t' other than t precede t Last midnight is the last instant of yesterday has last instant t has last instant t' =Def t' last instant of t The last hour of a year has last instant midnight December 31 intended to realize has measurement unit label This document is about information artifacts and their representations A (currently) primitive relation that relates an information artifact to an entity. 7/6/2009 Alan Ruttenberg. Following discussion with Jonathan Rees, and introduction of "mentions" relation. Weaken the is_about relationship to be primitive. We will try to build it back up by elaborating the various subproperties that are more precisely defined. Some currently missing phenomena that should be considered "about" are predications - "The only person who knows the answer is sitting beside me" , Allegory, Satire, and other literary forms that can be topical without explicitly mentioning the topic. Smith, Ceusters, Ruttenberg, 2000 years of philosophy is about A person's name denotes the person. A variable name in a computer program denotes some piece of memory. Lexically equivalent strings can denote different things, for instance "Alan" can denote different people. In each case of use, there is a case of the denotation relation obtaining, between "Alan" and the person that is being named. A primitive, instance-level, relation obtaining between an information content entity and some portion of reality. Denotation is what happens when someone creates an information content entity E in order to specifically refer to something. The only relation between E and the thing is that E can be used to 'pick out' the thing. This relation connects those two together. Freedictionary.com sense 3: To signify directly; refer to specifically 2009-11-10 Alan Ruttenberg. Old definition said the following to emphasize the generic nature of this relation. We no longer have 'specifically denotes', which would have been primitive, so make this relation primitive. g denotes r =def r is a portion of reality there is some c that is a concretization of g every c that is a concretization of g specifically denotes r Conversations with Barry Smith, Werner Ceusters, Bjoern Peters, Michel Dumontier, Melanie Courtot, James Malone, Bill Hogan denotes m is a quality measurement of q at t. When q is a quality, there is a measurement process p that has specified output m, a measurement datum, that is about q 8/6/2009 Alan Ruttenberg: The strategy is to be rather specific with this relationship. There are other kinds of measurements that are not of qualities, such as those that measure time. We will add these as separate properties for the moment and see about generalizing later From the second IAO workshop [Alan Ruttenberg 8/6/2009: not completely current, though bringing in comparison is probably important] This one is the one we are struggling with at the moment. The issue is what a measurement measures. On the one hand saying that it measures the quality would include it "measuring" the bearer = referring to the bearer in the measurement. However this makes comparisons of two different things not possible. On the other hand not having it inhere in the bearer, on the face of it, breaks the audit trail. Werner suggests a solution based on "Magnitudes" a proposal for which we are awaiting details. -- From the second IAO workshop, various comments, [commented on by Alan Ruttenberg 8/6/2009] unit of measure is a quality, e.g. the length of a ruler. [We decided to hedge on what units of measure are, instead talking about measurement unit labels, which are the information content entities that are about whatever measurement units are. For IAO we need that information entity in any case. See the term measurement unit label] [Some struggling with the various subflavors of is_about. We subsequently removed the relation represents, and describes until and only when we have a better theory] a represents b means either a denotes b or a describes describe: a describes b means a is about b and a allows an inference of at least one quality of b We have had a long discussion about denotes versus describes. From the second IAO workshop: An attempt at tieing the quality to the measurement datum more carefully. a is a magnitude means a is a determinate quality particular inhering in some bearer b existing at a time t that can be represented/denoted by an information content entity e that has parts denoting a unit of measure, a number, and b. The unit of measure is an instance of the determinable quality. From the second meeting on IAO: An attempt at defining assay using Barry's "reliability" wording assay: process and has_input some material entity and has_output some information content entity and which is such that instances of this process type reliably generate outputs that describes the input. This one is the one we are struggling with at the moment. The issue is what a measurement measures. On the one hand saying that it measures the quality would include it "measuring" the bearer = referring to the bearer in the measurement. However this makes comparisons of two different things not possible. On the other hand not having it inhere in the bearer, on the face of it, breaks the audit trail. Werner suggests a solution based on "Magnitudes" a proposal for which we are awaiting details. is quality measurement of inverse of the relation 'denotes' denoted by inverse of the relation of is quality measurement of 2009/10/19 Alan Ruttenberg. Named 'junk' relation useful in restrictions, but not a real instance relationship is quality measured as A relation between a data item and a quality of a material entity where the material entity is the specified output of a material transformation which achieves an objective specification that indicates the intended value of the specified quality. is quality specification of inverse of the relation of is quality specification of 2009/10/19 Alan Ruttenberg. Named 'junk' relation useful in restrictions, but not a real instance relationship quality is specified as see is_input_of example_of_usage The inverse property of is specified input of 8/17/09: specified inputs of one process are not necessarily specified inputs of a larger process that it is part of. This is in contrast to how 'has participant' works. has specified input some Autologous EBV(Epstein-Barr virus)-transformed B-LCL (B lymphocyte cell line) is_input_for instance of Chromum Release Assay described at https://wiki.cbil.upenn.edu/obiwiki/index.php/Chromium_Release_assay A relation between a completely executed planned process and a continuant participating in that process that is not created during the process. The presence of the continuant during the process is explicitly specified in the plan specification which the process realizes the concretization of. is specified input of The inverse property of is specified output of has specified output http://www.affymetrix.com/products/arrays/specific/hgu133.affx is_manufactered_by http://www.affymetrix.com/ (if we decide to use these URIs for the actual entities) c is_manufactured_by o means that there was a process p in which c was built in which a person, or set of people or machines did the work(bore the "Manufacturer Role", and those people/and or machines were members or of directed by the organization to do this. is_manufactured_by A relation between a completely executed planned process and a continuant participating in that process. The presence of the continuant at the end of the process is explicitly specified in the objective specification which the process realizes the concretization of. is specified output of A cell sorting process achieves the objective specification 'material separation objective' This relation obtains between a planned process and a objective specification when the criteria specified in the objective specification are met at the end of the planned process. PPPB branch derived modified according to email thread from 1/23/09 in accordince with DT and PPPB branch achieves_planned_objective https://github.com/search?q=repo%3Amaterialdigital%2Fcore-ontology+path%3A%2F%5Epatterns%5C%2F%2F+OBI_0000417&type=code A relation between a value specification and an entity which the specification is about. specifies value of A relation between an information content entity and a value specification that specifies its value. OBI has value specification this fragility is a characteristic of this vase this red color is a characteristic of this apple a relation between a specifically dependent continuant (the characteristic) and any other entity (the bearer), in which the characteristic depends on the bearer for its existence. Note that this relation was previously called "inheres in", but was changed to be called "characteristic of" because BFO2 uses "inheres in" in a more restricted fashion. This relation differs from BFO2:inheres_in in two respects: (1) it does not impose a range constraint, and thus it allows qualities of processes, as well as of information entities, whereas BFO2 restricts inheres_in to only apply to independent continuants (2) it is declared functional, i.e. something can only be a characteristic of one thing. characteristic of this apple is bearer of this red color this vase is bearer of this fragility Inverse of characteristic_of A bearer can have many dependents, and its dependents can exist for different periods of time, but none of its dependents can exist when the bearer does not exist. has characteristic this blood clot participates in this blood coagulation this input material (or this output material) participates in this process this investigator participates in this investigation a relation between a continuant and a process, in which the continuant is somehow involved in the process participates in this blood coagulation has participant this blood clot this investigation has participant this investigator this process has participant this input material (or this output material) a relation between a process and a continuant, in which the continuant is somehow involved in the process Has_participant is a primitive instance-level relation between a process, a continuant, and a time at which the continuant participates in some way in the process. The relation obtains, for example, when this particular process of oxygen exchange across this particular alveolar membrane has_participant this particular sample of hemoglobin at this particular time. has participant A journal article is an information artifact that inheres in some number of printed journals. For each copy of the printed journal there is some quality that carries the journal article, such as a pattern of ink. The journal article (a generically dependent continuant) is concretized as the quality (a specifically dependent continuant), and both depend on that copy of the printed journal (an independent continuant). An investigator reads a protocol and forms a plan to carry out an assay. The plan is a realizable entity (a specifically dependent continuant) that concretizes the protocol (a generically dependent continuant), and both depend on the investigator (an independent continuant). The plan is then realized by the assay (a process). A relationship between a generically dependent continuant and a specifically dependent continuant or process, in which the generically dependent continuant depends on some independent continuant or process in virtue of the fact that the specifically dependent continuant or process also depends on that same independent continuant. A generically dependent continuant may be concretized as multiple specifically dependent continuants or processes. A relationship between a generically dependent continuant and a specifically dependent continuant, in which the generically dependent continuant depends on some independent continuant in virtue of the fact that the specifically dependent continuant also depends on that same independent continuant. A generically dependent continuant may be concretized as multiple specifically dependent continuants. is concretized as A journal article is an information artifact that inheres in some number of printed journals. For each copy of the printed journal there is some quality that carries the journal article, such as a pattern of ink. The quality (a specifically dependent continuant) concretizes the journal article (a generically dependent continuant), and both depend on that copy of the printed journal (an independent continuant). An investigator reads a protocol and forms a plan to carry out an assay. The plan is a realizable entity (a specifically dependent continuant) that concretizes the protocol (a generically dependent continuant), and both depend on the investigator (an independent continuant). The plan is then realized by the assay (a process). A relationship between a specifically dependent continuant and a generically dependent continuant, in which the generically dependent continuant depends on some independent continuant in virtue of the fact that the specifically dependent continuant also depends on that same independent continuant. Multiple specifically dependent continuants can concretize the same generically dependent continuant. A relationship between a specifically dependent continuant or process and a generically dependent continuant, in which the generically dependent continuant depends on some independent continuant in virtue of the fact that the specifically dependent continuant or process also depends on that same independent continuant. Multiple specifically dependent continuants or processes can concretize the same generically dependent continuant. concretizes this catalysis function is a function of this enzyme a relation between a function and an independent continuant (the bearer), in which the function specifically depends on the bearer for its existence A function inheres in its bearer at all times for which the function exists, however the function need not be realized at all the times that the function exists. This relation is modeled after the BFO relation of the same name which was in BFO2, but is used in a more restricted sense - specifically, we model this relation as functional (inherited from characteristic-of). Note that this relation is now removed from BFO2020. function of this red color is a quality of this apple a relation between a quality and an independent continuant (the bearer), in which the quality specifically depends on the bearer for its existence A quality inheres in its bearer at all times for which the quality exists. This relation is modeled after the BFO relation of the same name which was in BFO2, but is used in a more restricted sense - specifically, we model this relation as functional (inherited from characteristic-of). Note that this relation is now removed from BFO2020. quality of this investigator role is a role of this person a relation between a role and an independent continuant (the bearer), in which the role specifically depends on the bearer for its existence A role inheres in its bearer at all times for which the role exists, however the role need not be realized at all the times that the role exists. This relation is modeled after the BFO relation of the same name which was in BFO2, but is used in a more restricted sense - specifically, we model this relation as functional (inherited from characteristic-of). Note that this relation is now removed from BFO2020. role of this enzyme has function this catalysis function (more colloquially: this enzyme has this catalysis function) a relation between an independent continuant (the bearer) and a function, in which the function specifically depends on the bearer for its existence A bearer can have many functions, and its functions can exist for different periods of time, but none of its functions can exist when the bearer does not exist. A function need not be realized at all the times that the function exists. has function this apple has quality this red color a relation between an independent continuant (the bearer) and a quality, in which the quality specifically depends on the bearer for its existence A bearer can have many qualities, and its qualities can exist for different periods of time, but none of its qualities can exist when the bearer does not exist. has quality this person has role this investigator role (more colloquially: this person has this role of investigator) a relation between an independent continuant (the bearer) and a role, in which the role specifically depends on the bearer for its existence A bearer can have many roles, and its roles can exist for different periods of time, but none of its roles can exist when the bearer does not exist. A role need not be realized at all the times that the role exists. has role a relation between an independent continuant (the bearer) and a disposition, in which the disposition specifically depends on the bearer for its existence has disposition inverse of has disposition This relation is modeled after the BFO relation of the same name which was in BFO2, but is used in a more restricted sense - specifically, we model this relation as functional (inherited from characteristic-of). Note that this relation is now removed from BFO2020. disposition of this cell derives from this parent cell (cell division) this nucleus derives from this parent nucleus (nuclear division) a relation between two distinct material entities, the new entity and the old entity, in which the new entity begins to exist when the old entity ceases to exist, and the new entity inherits the significant portion of the matter of the old entity This is a very general relation. More specific relations are preferred when applicable, such as 'directly develops from'. derives from this parent cell derives into this cell (cell division) this parent nucleus derives into this nucleus (nuclear division) a relation between two distinct material entities, the old entity and the new entity, in which the new entity begins to exist when the old entity ceases to exist, and the new entity inherits the significant portion of the matter of the old entity This is a very general relation. More specific relations are preferred when applicable, such as 'directly develops into'. To avoid making statements about a future that may not come to pass, it is often better to use the backward-looking 'derives from' rather than the forward-looking 'derives into'. derives into my head is the location of my brain this cage is the location of this rat a relation between two independent continuants, the location and the target, in which the target is entirely within the location Most location relations will only hold at certain times, but this is difficult to specify in OWL. See http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ro/docs/temporal-semantics/ location of my brain is located in my head this rat is located in this cage a relation between two independent continuants, the target and the location, in which the target is entirely within the location Location as a relation between instances: The primitive instance-level relation c located_in r at t reflects the fact that each continuant is at any given time associated with exactly one spatial region, namely its exact location. Following we can use this relation to define a further instance-level location relation - not between a continuant and the region which it exactly occupies, but rather between one continuant and another. c is located in c1, in this sense, whenever the spatial region occupied by c is part_of the spatial region occupied by c1. Note that this relation comprehends both the relation of exact location between one continuant and another which obtains when r and r1 are identical (for example, when a portion of fluid exactly fills a cavity), as well as those sorts of inexact location relations which obtain, for example, between brain and head or between ovum and uterus Most location relations will only hold at certain times, but this is difficult to specify in OWL. See http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ro/docs/temporal-semantics/ located in x simultaneous with y iff ω(x) = ω(y) and ω(α ) = ω(α), where α is a function that maps a process to a start point, and ω is a function that maps a process to an end point and '=' indicates the same instance in time. t1 simultaneous_with t2 iff:= t1 before_or_simultaneous_with t2 and not (t1 before t2) simultaneous with inverse of starts with Allen starts Every insulin receptor signaling pathway starts with the binding of a ligand to the insulin receptor x starts with y if and only if x has part y and the time point at which x starts is equivalent to the time point at which y starts. Formally: α(y) = α(x) ∧ ω(y) < ω(x), where α is a function that maps a process to a start point, and ω is a function that maps a process to an end point. starts with inverse of ends with ends x ends with y if and only if x has part y and the time point at which x ends is equivalent to the time point at which y ends. Formally: α(y) > α(x) ∧ ω(y) = ω(x), where α is a function that maps a process to a start point, and ω is a function that maps a process to an end point. ends with p has input c iff: p is a process, c is a material entity, c is a participant in p, c is present at the start of p, and the state of c is modified during p. has input p has output c iff c is a participant in p, c is present at the end of p, and c is not present in the same state at the beginning of p. has output An organism that is a member of a population of organisms is member of is a mereological relation between a item and a collection. SIO member of has member is a mereological relation between a collection and an item. SIO has member inverse of has input input of inverse of has output output of A mass measurement assay measures an material's mass characteristic. A radioactivity detection assay measures the amount of radiation (alpha, beta or gamma ray emmissions) coming from a material. A relation between an assay and a characteristic, in which the assay generates a data item which is a measure of a characteristic. assay measures characteristic Inverse of 'assay measures characteristic' characteristic measured by assay relationship between a planned process and the plan specification that it carries out; it is defined as equivalent to the composed relationship (realizes o concretizes) AGB executes inverse of the relation 'is about' is subject of is described by is subject of Inverse of 'is about'. has process attribute has process attribute from OEO https://openenergyplatform.org/ontology/oeo/OEO_00000500 A relation between a process and a process attribute that depends on it. Tensile testing process has process attribute tensile rate has state relates an anchor continuant to a temporally qualified continuant that represents a specific temporal phase of its existence. https://github.com/materialdigital/core-ontology/issues/185 is state of relates a temporally qualified continuant to the unique anchor continuant that it is a temporal phase of specified by value A relation between an entity and a value specification which is about this entity. complies with entspricht complies with is a relation between an independent continuant and an information content entity (e.g., specification or objective) that it conforms to. in response to inverse of responds with responds with The realizable entity must be "stimulated" by some Stimulus in order to respond with the Response. The bearer of the realizable entity must participate in Stimulation as well as in Response. interacts with A relation between participants of a process indicating that some of the participants SDCs are affected during the process due to the interaction of the participants. causally influences An entity (that is bearer of some stimulation role) causally influences another entity (that is bearer of the stimulation target role) in a process iff the target objects qualites (and/or realizable entities?) are altered in a manner that is significant in the given context/domain of discourse.. Despite has characteristic from RO does not have any domain constraints, it is still not possible to directly connect an instance of a process with an instance of a SDC. First, SDC is dependent on a IC. As RO does not have "bearer of" object property, the "has characteristic" implies that the domain should be an IC. Second, characteristic of is a functional property. Thus, two triples SDC_1 characteristc of IC_1 and SDC_2 characteristc of Process_1 (where IC_1 participates in Process_1), cannot exist simultaneously. An example of such case can be "Temperature of during the annealing process was 1000°C". Temperature is an SDC of some participant of the annealing, however it is not clear whether it is an SDC of an oven or of a sample in the oven. If we assert triple Annealing--> has characteristic --> Temperature 1000°C, then the correct triple connecting temperature SDC with either oven or specimen cannot exist. refers to a relation between a process attribute and an SDC of some participant in a process a relation to between a process attribute an a SDC of some participant in a process. process attribute of A relation between a process attribute and a process, which "bears" the attribute. Tensile rate is a process attribute of tensile test changes quality indicates that a process changes a quality has relational quality a relation between an independent continuant (the bearer) and a relational quality, in which the quality specifically depends on the bearer for its existence material has relational quality mass proportion m, and portion of iron has the same relational quality mass proportion m The 'relational quality of' is more strict that 'quality of' from RO, since domain is 'relational quality'. The motivtion to introduce an object property for relational qualities is the following: RO's 'quality of' is functional i.e., a->b, a->c => b=c. The functionality is relevant for most of the SDC -> IC triples, expect for relational qualities, which per definiton can be simultaneously inherited in >=2 ICs. Thus, 'relational quality of' has the same intention to connect SDC to IC, however, without cardinality constraints. relational quality of a relation between a relational quality and an independent continuant (the bearer), in which the quality specifically depends on the bearer for its existence mass proportion m is relational qualitiy of material, and the same mass proportion m is relational qualitiy of portion of iron A relation between a value specification and a number that quantifies it. A range of 'real' might be better than 'float'. For now we follow 'has measurement value' until we can consider technical issues with SPARQL queries and reasoning. OBI has specified numeric value A relation between a value specification and a literal. This is not an RDF/OWL object property. It is intended to link a value found in e.g. a database column of 'M' (the literal) to an instance of a value specification class, which can then be linked to indicate that this is about the biological gender of a human subject. OBI has specified value en fecha-tiempo XSD in XSD Date-Time Posición de un instante, expresado utilizando xsd:dateTime. Position of an instant, expressed using xsd:dateTime A relation between an information content entity and its specific url. has url has value data property that relates an information content entity to a literal has parameter position specifies the position of a parameter in a programming function has default literal value specifies a default value Julius Caesar Verdi’s Requiem the Second World War your body mass index BFO 2 Reference: In all areas of empirical inquiry we encounter general terms of two sorts. First are general terms which refer to universals or types:animaltuberculosissurgical procedurediseaseSecond, are general terms used to refer to groups of entities which instantiate a given universal but do not correspond to the extension of any subuniversal of that universal because there is nothing intrinsic to the entities in question by virtue of which they – and only they – are counted as belonging to the given group. Examples are: animal purchased by the Emperortuberculosis diagnosed on a Wednesdaysurgical procedure performed on a patient from Stockholmperson identified as candidate for clinical trial #2056-555person who is signatory of Form 656-PPVpainting by Leonardo da VinciSuch terms, which represent what are called ‘specializations’ in [81 entity (Elucidation) An entity is anything that exists or has existed or will exist Julius Caesar; the Second World War; your body mass index; Verdi's Requiem An entity that exists in full at any time in which it exists at all, persists through time while maintaining its identity and has no temporal parts. BFO 2 Reference: Continuant entities are entities which can be sliced to yield parts only along the spatial dimension, yielding for example the parts of your table which we call its legs, its top, its nails. ‘My desk stretches from the window to the door. It has spatial parts, and can be sliced (in space) in two. With respect to time, however, a thing is a continuant.’ [60, p. 240 continuant (Elucidation) A continuant is an entity that persists, endures, or continues to exist through time while maintaining its identity A human being; a tennis ball; a cave; a region of space; someone's temperature An entity that has temporal parts and that happens, unfolds or develops through time. occurrent (Elucidation) An occurrent is an entity that unfolds itself in time or it is the start or end of such an entity or it is a temporal or spatiotemporal region As for process, history, process boundary, spatiotemporal region, zero-dimensional temporal region, one-dimensional temporal region, temporal interval, temporal instant. a chair a heart a leg a molecule a spatial region an atom an orchestra. an organism the bottom right portion of a human torso the interior of your mouth b is an independent continuant = Def. b is a continuant which is such that there is no c and no t such that b s-depends_on c at t. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [017-002]) independent continuant b is an independent continuant =Def b is a continuant & there is no c such that b specifically depends on c or b generically depends on c An atom; a molecule; an organism; a heart; a chair; the bottom right portion of a human torso; a leg; the interior of your mouth; a spatial region; an orchestra spatial region (Elucidation) A spatial region is a continuant entity that is a continuant part of the spatial projection of a portion of spacetime at a given time As for zero-dimensional spatial region, one-dimensional spatial region, two-dimensional spatial region, three-dimensional spatial region temporal region (Elucidation) A temporal region is an occurrent over which processes can unfold As for zero-dimensional temporal region and one-dimensional temporal region two-dimensional spatial region (Elucidation) A two-dimensional spatial region is a spatial region that is a whole consisting of a surface together with zero or more surfaces which may have spatial regions of lower dimension as parts The surface of a sphere-shaped part of space; an infinitely thin plane in space spatiotemporal region (Elucidation) A spatiotemporal region is an occurrent that is an occurrent part of spacetime The spatiotemporal region occupied by the development of a cancer tumour; the spatiotemporal region occupied by an orbiting satellite p is a process = Def. p is an occurrent that has temporal proper parts and for some time t, p s-depends_on some material entity at t. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [083-003]) process event (Elucidation) p is a process means p is an occurrent that has some temporal proper part and for some time t, p has some material entity as participant An act of selling; the life of an organism; a process of sleeping; a process of cell-division; a beating of the heart; a process of meiosis; the taxiing of an aircraft; the programming of a computer an atom of element X has the disposition to decay to an atom of element Y certain people have a predisposition to colon cancer children are innately disposed to categorize objects in certain ways. the cell wall is disposed to filter chemicals in endocytosis and exocytosis BFO 2 Reference: Dispositions exist along a strength continuum. Weaker forms of disposition are realized in only a fraction of triggering cases. These forms occur in a significant number of cases of a similar type. disposition internally-grounded realizable entity (Elucidation) A disposition b is a realizable entity such that if b ceases to exist then its bearer is physically changed & b's realization occurs when and because this bearer is in some special physical circumstances & this realization occurs in virtue of the bearer's physical make-up An atom of element X has the disposition to decay to an atom of element Y; the cell wall is disposed to transport cellular material through endocytosis and exocytosis; certain people have a predisposition to colon cancer; children are innately disposed to categorize objects in certain ways the disposition of this piece of metal to conduct electricity. the disposition of your blood to coagulate the function of your reproductive organs the role of being a doctor the role of this boundary to delineate where Utah and Colorado meet A specifically dependent continuant that inheres in continuant entities and are not exhibited in full at every time in which it inheres in an entity or group of entities. The exhibition or actualization of a realizable entity is a particular manifestation, functioning or process that occurs under certain circumstances. realizable entity (Elucidation) A realizable entity is a specifically dependent continuant that inheres in some independent continuant which is not a spatial region & which is of a type some instances of which are realized in processes of a correlated type The role of being a doctor; the role of this boundary to delineate where Utah and Colorado meet; the function of your reproductive organs; the disposition of your blood to coagulate; the disposition of this piece of metal to conduct electricity zero-dimensional spatial region (Elucidation) A zero-dimensional spatial region is one or a collection of more than one spatially disjoint points in space The spatial region occupied at some time instant by the North Pole the ambient temperature of this portion of air the color of a tomato the length of the circumference of your waist the mass of this piece of gold. the shape of your nose the shape of your nostril quality (Elucidation) A quality is a specifically dependent continuant that, in contrast to roles and dispositions, does not require any further process in order to be realized The colour of a tomato; the ambient temperature of this portion of air; the length of the circumference of your waist; the shape of your nose; the shape of your nostril; the mass of this piece of gold Reciprocal specifically dependent continuants: the function of this key to open this lock and the mutually dependent disposition of this lock: to be opened by this key of one-sided specifically dependent continuants: the mass of this tomato of relational dependent continuants (multiple bearers): John’s love for Mary, the ownership relation between John and this statue, the relation of authority between John and his subordinates. the disposition of this fish to decay the function of this heart: to pump blood the mutual dependence of proton donors and acceptors in chemical reactions [79 the mutual dependence of the role predator and the role prey as played by two organisms in a given interaction the pink color of a medium rare piece of grilled filet mignon at its center the role of being a doctor the shape of this hole. the smell of this portion of mozzarella b is a specifically dependent continuant = Def. b is a continuant & there is some independent continuant c which is not a spatial region and which is such that b s-depends_on c at every time t during the course of b’s existence. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [050-003]) specifically dependent continuant b is a specifically dependent continuant =Def b is a continuant & there is some independent continuant c which is not a spatial region & which is such that b specifically depends on c (with multiple bearers) John's love for Mary; the ownership relation between John and this statue; the relation of authority between John and his subordinates (with one bearer) The mass of this tomato; the pink colour of a medium rare piece of grilled filet mignon at its centre; the smell of this portion of mozzarella; the disposition of this fish to decay; the role of being a doctor; the function of this heart to pump blood; the shape of this hole John’s role of husband to Mary is dependent on Mary’s role of wife to John, and both are dependent on the object aggregate comprising John and Mary as member parts joined together through the relational quality of being married. the priest role the role of a boundary to demarcate two neighboring administrative territories the role of a building in serving as a military target the role of a stone in marking a property boundary the role of subject in a clinical trial the student role A realizable entity the manifestation of which brings about some result or end that is not essential to a continuant in virtue of the kind of thing that it is but that can be served or participated in by that kind of continuant in some kinds of natural, social or institutional contexts. BFO 2 Reference: One major family of examples of non-rigid universals involves roles, and ontologies developed for corresponding administrative purposes may consist entirely of representatives of entities of this sort. Thus ‘professor’, defined as follows,b instance_of professor at t =Def. there is some c, c instance_of professor role & c inheres_in b at t.denotes a non-rigid universal and so also do ‘nurse’, ‘student’, ‘colonel’, ‘taxpayer’, and so forth. (These terms are all, in the jargon of philosophy, phase sortals.) By using role terms in definitions, we can create a BFO conformant treatment of such entities drawing on the fact that, while an instance of professor may be simultaneously an instance of trade union member, no instance of the type professor role is also (at any time) an instance of the type trade union member role (any more than any instance of the type color is at any time an instance of the type length).If an ontology of employment positions should be defined in terms of roles following the above pattern, this enables the ontology to do justice to the fact that individuals instantiate the corresponding universals – professor, sergeant, nurse – only during certain phases in their lives. role externally-grounded realizable entity (Elucidation) A role b is a realizable entity such that b exists because there is some single bearer that is in some special physical, social, or institutional set of circumstances in which this bearer does not have to be & b is not such that, if it ceases to exist, then the physical make-up of the bearer is thereby changed The priest role; the student role; the role of subject in a clinical trial; the role of a stone in marking a property boundary; the role of a boundary to demarcate two neighbouring administrative territories; the role of a building in serving as a military target fiat object part (Elucidation) A fiat object part b is a material entity & such that if b exists then it is continuant part of some object c & demarcated from the remainder of c by one or more fiat surfaces The upper and lower lobes of the left lung; the dorsal and ventral surfaces of the body; the Western hemisphere of the Earth; the FMA:regional parts of an intact human body one-dimensional spatial region (Elucidation) A one-dimensional spatial region is a whole consisting of a line together with zero or more lines which may have points as parts An edge of a cube-shaped portion of space; a line connecting two points; two parallel lines extended in space object aggregate (Elucidation) An object aggregate is a material entity consisting exactly of a plurality (≥1) of objects as member parts which together form a unit The aggregate of the musicians in a symphony orchestra and their instruments; the aggregate of bearings in a constant velocity axle joint; the nitrogen atoms in the atmosphere; a collection of cells in a blood biobank three-dimensional spatial region (Elucidation) A three-dimensional spatial region is a whole consisting of a spatial volume together with zero or more spatial volumes which may have spatial regions of lower dimension as parts A cube-shaped region of space; a sphere-shaped region of space; the region of space occupied by all and only the planets in the solar system at some point in time site (Elucidation) A site is a three-dimensional immaterial entity whose boundaries either (partially or wholly) coincide with the boundaries of one or more material entities or have locations determined in relation to some material entity A hole in a portion of cheese; a rabbit hole; the Grand Canyon; the Piazza San Marco; the kangaroo-joey-containing hole of a kangaroo pouch; your left nostril (a fiat part - the opening - of your left nasal cavity); the lumen of your gut; the hold of a ship; the interior of the trunk of your car; hole in an engineered floor joist object (Elucidation) An object is a material entity which manifests causal unity & is of a type instances of which are maximal relative to the sort of causal unity manifested An organism; a fish tank; a planet; a laptop; a valve; a block of marble; an ice cube The entries in your database are patterns instantiated as quality instances in your hard drive. The database itself is an aggregate of such patterns. When you create the database you create a particular instance of the generically dependent continuant type database. Each entry in the database is an instance of the generically dependent continuant type IAO: information content entity. the pdf file on your laptop, the pdf file that is a copy thereof on my laptop the sequence of this protein molecule; the sequence that is a copy thereof in that protein molecule. b is a generically dependent continuant = Def. b is a continuant that g-depends_on one or more other entities. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [074-001]) generically dependent continuant g-dependent continuant (Elucidation) A generically dependent continuant is an entity that exists in virtue of the fact that there is at least one of what may be multiple copies which is the content or the pattern that multiple copies would share The pdf file on your laptop; the pdf file that is a copy thereof on my laptop; the sequence of this protein molecule; the sequence that is a copy thereof in that protein molecule; the content that is shared by a string of dots and dashes written on a page and the transmitted Morse code signal; the content of a sentence; an engineering blueprint the function of a hammer to drive in nails the function of a heart pacemaker to regulate the beating of a heart through electricity the function of amylase in saliva to break down starch into sugar BFO 2 Reference: In the past, we have distinguished two varieties of function, artifactual function and biological function. These are not asserted subtypes of BFO:function however, since the same function – for example: to pump, to transport – can exist both in artifacts and in biological entities. The asserted subtypes of function that would be needed in order to yield a separate monoheirarchy are not artifactual function, biological function, etc., but rather transporting function, pumping function, etc. function (Elucidation) A function is a disposition that exists in virtue of its bearer's physical make-up & this physical make-up is something the bearer possesses because it came into being either through evolution (in the case of natural biological entities) or through intentional design (in the case of artefacts) in order to realize processes of a certain sort The function of a hammer to drive in nails; the function of a heart pacemaker to regulate the beating of a heart through electricity process boundary p is a process boundary =Def p is a temporal part of a process & p has no proper temporal parts The boundary between the 2nd and 3rd year of your life one-dimensional temporal region (Elucidation) A one-dimensional temporal region is a temporal region that is a whole that has a temporal interval and zero or more temporal intervals and temporal instants as parts The temporal region during which a process occurs An independent continuant that is spatially extended whose identity is independent of that of other entities and can be maintained through time. Elucidation: An independent continuant that is spatially extended whose identity is independent of that of other entities and can be maintained through time. material entity (Elucidation) A material entity is an independent continuant has some portion of matter as continuant part A human being; the undetached arm of a human being; an aggregate of human beings continuant fiat boundary (Elucidation) A continuant fiat boundary b is an immaterial entity that is of zero, one or two dimensions & such that there is no time t when b has a spatial region as continuant part & whose location is determined in relation to some material entity As for fiat point, fiat line, fiat surface immaterial entity b is an immaterial entity =Def b is an independent continuant which is such that there is no time t when it has a material entity as continuant part As for fiat point, fiat line, fiat surface, site fiat line (Elucidation) A fiat line is a one-dimensional continuant fiat boundary that is continuous The Equator; all geopolitical boundaries; all lines of latitude and longitude; the median sulcus of your tongue; the line separating the outer surface of the mucosa of the lower lip from the outer surface of the skin of the chin relational quality b is a relational quality =Def b is a quality & there exists c and d such that c and d are not identical & b specifically depends on c & b specifically depends on d A marriage bond; an instance of love; an obligation between one person and another fiat surface (Elucidation) A fiat surface is a two-dimensional continuant fiat boundary that is self-connected The surface of the Earth; the plane separating the smoking from the non-smoking zone in a restaurant fiat point (Elucidation) A fiat point is a zero-dimensional continuant fiat boundary that consists of a single point The geographic North Pole; the quadripoint where the boundaries of Colorado, Utah, New Mexico and Arizona meet; the point of origin of some spatial coordinate system zero-dimensional temporal region (Elucidation) A zero-dimensional temporal region is a temporal region that is a whole consisting of one or more separated temporal instants as parts A temporal region that is occupied by a process boundary; the moment at which a finger is detached in an industrial accident history (Elucidation) A history is a process that is the sum of the totality of processes taking place in the spatiotemporal region occupied by the material part of a material entity The life of an organism from the beginning to the end of its existence temporal interval (Elucidation) A temporal interval is a one-dimensional temporal region that is continuous, thus without gaps or breaks The year 2018. temporal instant (Elucidation) A temporal instant is a zero-dimensional temporal region that has no proper temporal part The millennium An atom of an element that exhibits properties that are between those of metals and nonmetals, or that has a mixture of them. The term generally includes boron, silicon, germanium, arsenic, antimony, and tellurium, while carbon, aluminium, selenium, polonium, and astatine are less commonly included. metalloid atom fluoride An iron group element atom that has atomic number 26. iron atom manganese atom A carbon group element atom with a symbol Fl and atomic number 114. flerovium atom A boron group element atom with a symbol Nh and atomic number 113. nihonium atom A pnictogen atom with a symbol Mc and atomic number 115. moscovium atom A chalcogen atom with a symbol Lv and atomic number 116. livermorium atom A halogen atom with a symbol Ts and atomic number 117. tennessine atom A p-block element atom with a symbol Og and atomic number 118. oganesson atom bromine atom cadmium atom calcium atom chlorine atom Any constitutionally or isotopically distinct atom, molecule, ion, ion pair, radical, radical ion, complex, conformer etc., identifiable as a separately distinguishable entity. molecular entity fluorine atom A chemical entity is a physical entity of interest in chemistry including molecular entities, parts thereof, and chemical substances. chemical entity A defined linked collection of atoms or a single atom within a molecular entity. group Chemical element with atomic number 53. iodine atom lead atom magnesium atom mercury atom nitrogen atom nonmetal atom oxygen atom potassium atom sodium atom sulfur atom tin atom uranium atom zinc atom boron atom arsenic atom selenium atom silicon atom carbon atom A cobalt group element atom that has atomic number 27. cobalt atom vanadium atom tungsten A chromium group element atom that has atomic number 24. chromium atom Chemical element (nickel group element atom) with atomic number 28. nickel atom phosphorus atom molybdenum atom copper atom aluminium atom gold atom ethylene group lithium atom A boron oxide with formula B<small>₂</small>O<small>₃</small>. diboron trioxide aluminium oxide helium atom astatine atom A metallic element first identified and named from the brilliant indigo (Latin <em>indicum</em>) blue line in its flame spectrum. indium atom A metallic element first identified and named from the brilliant green line in its flame spectrum (from Greek θαλλοσ, a green shoot). thallium atom germanium atom tellurium atom Alkaline earth metal atom with atomic number 4. beryllium atom silver atom antimony atom caesium atom A silicon oxide made up of linear triatomic molecules in which a silicon atom is covalently bonded to two oxygens. silicon dioxide ruthenium atom osmium atom A member of the class of calcium oxides of calcium and oxygen in a 1:1 ratio. calcium oxide sodium hydroxide barium atom europium atom A chemical entity constituting the smallest component of an element having the chemical properties of the element. atom bismuth atom Any p-block element belonging to the group 16 family of the periodic table. chalcogen neon atom A radioactive metallic element discovered in 1898 by Marie Sklodowska Curie and named after her home country, Poland (Latin <em>Polonia</em>). polonium atom radon atom lanthanoid atom rubidium atom francium atom strontium atom radium atom scandium atom yttrium atom lanthanum atom actinium atom titanium atom zirconium atom hafnium atom niobium atom rutherfordium atom tantalum atom dubnium atom seaborgium atom technetium atom bohrium atom hassium atom A cobalt group element atom of atomic number 45. rhodium atom meitnerium atom Chemical element (nickel group element atom) with atomic number 46. palladium platinum darmstadtium A copper group element atom with atomic number 111. The the ninth member of the 6d series of transition metals, it is an extremely radioactive, synthetic element. Average mass is around 281. roentgenium atom cerium neodymium atom promethium atom samarium atom gadolinium atom terbium atom dysprosium atom erbium thulium atom ytterbium lutetium atom thorium protactinium atom neptunium atom plutonium atom americium atom curium atom berkelium atom californium atom einsteinium atom fermium mendelevium atom nobelium lawrencium atom A zinc group element atom with a symbol Cn and atomic number 112. All its isotopes are intensely radioactive. Prior to its discovery, it had the placeholder name ununbium (in accordance with IUPAC recommendations). Following its discovery (in Darmstadt, 1996) and subsequent confirmation, the name copernicium was adopted in 2010. copernicium atom An atom of an element that exhibits typical metallic properties, being typically shiny, with high electrical and thermal conductivity. metal atom A macromolecule is a molecule of high relative molecular mass, the structure of which essentially comprises the multiple repetition of units derived, actually or conceptually, from molecules of low relative molecular mass. macromolecule tetraphosphorus decaoxide argon atom A metallic element predicted as eka-aluminium by Mendeleev in 1870 and discovered by Paul-Emile Lecoq de Boisbaudran in 1875. Named in honour of France (Latin <em>Gallia</em>) and perhaps also from the Latin <em>gallus</em> cock, a translation of Lecoq. gallium atom hydrogen atom holmium atom iridium atom krypton atom praseodymium atom rhenium atom xenon atom A homopolymer macromolecule composed of units connected by carbamate (-O-CO-NH-) linkages. polyurethane macromolecule A chemical substance is a portion of matter of constant composition, composed of molecular entities of the same type or of different types. Frequently used for fluidic portions of matter and/or in the context of chemical reactions. Boundary to material not always sharp. chemical substance A pure substance is a chemical substance composed of multiple molecules, which are all of the same kind. pure substance Pure water, a portion of iron atoms. In contrast, salt water 'has part' a portion of pure water and a portion of pure NaCl. Steel 'has part' a 'portion of pure iron', a 'portion of pure carbon' and possibly portions of other alloying- and impurity-elements. true Any compound used as a monomer for a polymerisation process. The term is generally used in relation to industrial polymerisation processes. polymerisation monomer An inorganic lead salt composed from lead(2+) and oxide. lead oxide completely executed planned process A process that is initiated by an agent who intends to carry out a plan to achieve an objective through one or more actions as described in a plan specification. planned process failed planned process A biological process is the execution of a genetically-encoded biological module or program. It consists of all the steps required to achieve the specific biological objective of the module. A biological process is accomplished by a particular set of molecular functions carried out by specific gene products (or macromolecular complexes), often in a highly regulated manner and in a particular temporal sequence. biological process biological_process Examples of measurement unit labels are liters, inches, weight per volume. A measurement unit label is as a label that is part of a scalar measurement datum and denotes a unit of measure. 2009-03-16: provenance: a term measurement unit was proposed for OBI (OBI_0000176) , edited by Chris Stoeckert and Cristian Cocos, and subsequently moved to IAO where the objective for which the original term was defined was satisfied with the definition of this, different, term. 2009-03-16: review of this term done during during the OBI workshop winter 2009 and the current definition was considered acceptable for use in OBI. If there is a need to modify this definition please notify OBI. measurement unit label In the protocol of a ChIP assay the objective specification says to identify protein and DNA interaction. A directive information entity that describes an intended process endpoint. When part of a plan specification the concretization is realized in a planned process in which the bearer tries to effect the world so that the process endpoint is achieved. 2009-03-16: original definition when imported from OBI read: "objective is an non realizable information entity which can serve as that proper part of a plan towards which the realization of the plan is directed." 2014-03-31: In the example of usage ("In the protocol of a ChIP assay the objective specification says to identify protein and DNA interaction") there is a protocol which is the ChIP assay protocol. In addition to being concretized on paper, the protocol can be concretized as a realizable entity, such as a plan that inheres in a person. The objective specification is the part that says that some protein and DNA interactions are identified. This is a specification of a process endpoint: the boundary in the process before which they are not identified and after which they are. During the realization of the plan, the goal is to get to the point of having the interactions, and participants in the realization of the plan try to do that. Answers the question, why did you do this experiment? OBI Plan and Planned Process/Roles Branch OBI_0000217 objective specification Pour the contents of flask 1 into flask 2 A directive information entity that describes an action the bearer will take. OBI Plan and Planned Process branch action specification A label is a symbol that is part of some other datum and is used to either partially define the denotation of that datum or to provide a means for identifying the datum as a member of the set of data with the same label http://www.golovchenko.org/cgi-bin/wnsearch?q=label#4n 9/22/11 BP: changed the rdfs:label for this class from 'label' to 'datum label' to convey that this class is not intended to cover all kinds of labels (stickers, radiolabels, etc.), and not even all kind of textual labels, but rather the kind of labels occuring in a datum. datum label Software is a plan specification composed of a series of instructions that can be interpreted by or directly executed by a processing unit. see sourceforge tracker discussion at http://sourceforge.net/tracker/index.php?func=detail&aid=1958818&group_id=177891&atid=886178 GROUP: OBI software Data items include counts of things, analyte concentrations, and statistical summaries. An information content entity that is intended to be a truthful statement about something (modulo, e.g., measurement precision or other systematic errors) and is constructed/acquired by a method which reliably tends to produce (approximately) truthful statements. 2/2/2009 Alan and Bjoern discussing FACS run output data. This is a data item because it is about the cell population. Each element records an event and is typically further composed a set of measurment data items that record the fluorescent intensity stimulated by one of the lasers. 2009-03-16: data item deliberatly ambiguous: we merged data set and datum to be one entity, not knowing how to define singular versus plural. So data item is more general than datum. 2009-03-16: removed datum as alternative term as datum specifically refers to singular form, and is thus not an exact synonym. 2014-03-31: See discussion at http://odontomachus.wordpress.com/2014/03/30/aboutness-objects-propositions/ JAR: datum -- well, this will be very tricky to define, but maybe some information-like stuff that might be put into a computer and that is meant, by someone, to denote and/or to be interpreted by some process... I would include lists, tables, sentences... I think I might defer to Barry, or to Brian Cantwell Smith JAR: A data item is an approximately justified approximately true approximate belief data item a serial number such as "12324X" a stop sign a written proper name such as "OBI" An information content entity that is a mark(s) or character(s) used as a conventional representation of another entity. 20091104, MC: this needs work and will most probably change 2014-03-31: We would like to have a deeper analysis of 'mark' and 'sign' in the future (see https://github.com/information-artifact-ontology/IAO/issues/154). based on Oxford English Dictionary symbol Examples of information content entites include journal articles, data, graphical layouts, and graphs. Examples of information content entites include journal articles, data, graphical layouts, and graphs. A generically dependent continuant that is about some thing. An information content entity is an entity that is generically dependent on some artifact and stands in relation of aboutness to some entity. 2014-03-10: The use of "thing" is intended to be general enough to include universals and configurations (see https://groups.google.com/d/msg/information-ontology/GBxvYZCk1oc/-L6B5fSBBTQJ). Pier: 'data, information or knowledge'. OR 'representation' information_content_entity 'is_encoded_in' some digital_entity in obi before split (040907). information_content_entity 'is_encoded_in' some physical_document in obi before split (040907). Previous. An information content entity is a non-realizable information entity that 'is encoded in' some digital or physical entity. IAO OBI_0000142 information content entity information content entity An information content entity whose concretizations indicate to their bearer how to realize them in a process. 2009-03-16: provenance: a term realizable information entity was proposed for OBI (OBI_0000337) , edited by the PlanAndPlannedProcess branch. Original definition was "is the specification of a process that can be concretized and realized by an actor" with alternative term "instruction".It has been subsequently moved to IAO where the objective for which the original term was defined was satisfied with the definitionof this, different, term. 2013-05-30 Alan Ruttenberg: What differentiates a directive information entity from an information concretization is that it can have concretizations that are either qualities or realizable entities. The concretizations that are realizable entities are created when an individual chooses to take up the direction, i.e. has the intention to (try to) realize it. 8/6/2009 Alan Ruttenberg: Changed label from "information entity about a realizable" after discussions at ICBO Werner pushed back on calling it realizable information entity as it isn't realizable. However this name isn't right either. An example would be a recipe. The realizable entity would be a plan, but the information entity isn't about the plan, it, once concretized, *is* the plan. -Alan directive information entity The curation status of the term. The allowed values come from an enumerated list of predefined terms. See the specification of these instances for more detailed definitions of each enumerated value. Better to represent curation as a process with parts and then relate labels to that process (in IAO meeting) GROUP:OBI:<http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/obi> OBI_0000266 curation status specification you might consinder EDAM formats as sublasses here http://edamontology.org/format_1915 A data format specification is the information content borne by the document published defining the specification. Example: The ISO document specifying what encompasses an XML document; The instructions in a XSD file 2009-03-16: provenance: term imported from OBI_0000187, which had original definition "A data format specification is a plan which organizes information. Example: The ISO document specifying what encompasses an XML document; The instructions in a XSD file" OBI branch derived OBI_0000187 data format specification Intensity values in a CEL file or from multiple CEL files comprise a data set (as opposed to the CEL files themselves). A data item that is an aggregate of other data items of the same type that have something in common. Averages and distributions can be determined for data sets. 2009/10/23 Alan Ruttenberg. The intention is that this term represent collections of like data. So this isn't for, e.g. the whole contents of a cel file, which includes parameters, metadata etc. This is more like java arrays of a certain rather specific type 2014-05-05: Data sets are aggregates and thus must include two or more data items. We have chosen not to add logical axioms to make this restriction. OBI_0000042 group:OBI data set Data about an ontology part is a data item about a part of an ontology, for example a term data about an ontology part PMID: 18323827.Nat Med. 2008 Mar;14(3):226.New plan proposed to help resolve conflicting medical advice. A directive information entity with action specifications and objective specifications as parts, and that may be concretized as a realizable entity that, if realized, is realized in a process in which the bearer tries to achieve the objectives by taking the actions specified. 2009-03-16: provenance: a term a plan was proposed for OBI (OBI_0000344) , edited by the PlanAndPlannedProcess branch. Original definition was " a plan is a specification of a process that is realized by an actor to achieve the objective specified as part of the plan". It has been subsequently moved to IAO where the objective for which the original term was defined was satisfied with the definitionof this, different, term. 2014-03-31: A plan specification can have other parts, such as conditional specifications. 2022-01-16 Updated definition to that proposed by Clint Dowloand, IAO Issue 231. Alternative previous definition: a plan is a set of instructions that specify how an objective should be achieved OBI Plan and Planned Process branch OBI_0000344 2/3/2009 Comment from OBI review. Action specification not well enough specified. Conditional specification not well enough specified. Question whether all plan specifications have objective specifications. Request that IAO either clarify these or change definitions not to use them plan specification Examples of measurement data are the recoding of the weight of a mouse as {40,mass,"grams"}, the recording of an observation of the behavior of the mouse {,process,"agitated"}, the recording of the expression level of a gene as measured through the process of microarray experiment {3.4,luminosity,}. A measurement datum is an information content entity that is a recording of the output of a measurement such as produced by a device. 2/2/2009 is_specified_output of some assay? OBI_0000305 group:OBI measurement datum A version number is an information content entity which is a sequence of characters borne by part of each of a class of manufactured products or its packaging and indicates its order within a set of other products having the same name. Note: we feel that at the moment we are happy with a general version number, and that we will subclass as needed in the future. For example, see 7. genome sequence version version number The reason for which a term has been deprecated. The allowed values come from an enumerated list of predefined terms. See the specification of these instances for more detailed definitions of each enumerated value. The creation of this class has been inspired in part by Werner Ceusters' paper, Applying evolutionary terminology auditing to the Gene Ontology. obsolescence reason specification Words, sentences, paragraphs, and the written (non-figure) parts of publications are all textual entities A textual entity is a part of a manifestation (FRBR sense), a generically dependent continuant whose concretizations are patterns of glyphs intended to be interpreted as words, formulas, etc. AR, (IAO call 2009-09-01): a document as a whole is not typically a textual entity, because it has pictures in it - rather there are parts of it that are textual entities. Examples: The title, paragraph 2 sentence 7, etc. MC, 2009-09-14 (following IAO call 2009-09-01): textual entities live at the FRBR (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functional_Requirements_for_Bibliographic_Records) manifestation level. Everything is significant: line break, pdf and html versions of same document are different textual entities. textual entity A journal article, patent application, laboratory notebook, or a book A collection of information content entities intended to be understood together as a whole document journal article, newspaper story, book, etc. A document that is the output of a publishing process. Revisit the term in Octorber 2020. Improve the defintion. publication The Basic Formal Ontology ontology makes a distinction between Universals and defined classes, where the formal are "natural kinds" and the latter arbitrary collections of entities. A denotator type indicates how a term should be interpreted from an ontological perspective. Barry Smith, Werner Ceusters denotator type A planned process of making information, such as literature, music, and software etc., available to the public for sale or for free. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Publishing publishing process A software method (also called subroutine, subprogram, procedure, method, function, or routine) is software designed to execute a specific task. https://github.com/information-artifact-ontology/IAO/issues/80 software method An information content entity that is the outcome of a dubbing process and is used to refer to one instance of entity shared by a group of people to refer to that individual entity. https://github.com/information-artifact-ontology/IAO/issues/237 Sep 29, 2016: The current definition has been amended from the previous version: "A proper name is an information content entity that is the outcome of a dubbing process and is used to refer to one instance of entity shared by a group of people to refer to that individual entity." to more accuratly reflect the necessary and sufficient condition on the class. (MB) identifier true A planned process that provides a reference to an individual entity shared by a group of subscribers to refer to that individual entity. https://github.com/information-artifact-ontology/IAO/issues/237 identifier creating process Homo sapiens homo sapiens Injecting mice with a vaccine in order to test its efficacy A process that realizes a plan which is the concretization of a plan specification. 'Plan' includes a future direction sense. That can be problematic if plans are changed during their execution. There are however implicit contingencies for protocols that an agent has in his mind that can be considered part of the plan, even if the agent didn't have them in mind before. Therefore, a planned process can diverge from what the agent would have said the plan was before executing it, by adjusting to problems encountered during execution (e.g. choosing another reagent with equivalent properties, if the originally planned one has run out.) PMDco : migration: https://github.com/materialdigital/core-ontology/issues/269 We are only considering successfully completed planned processes. A plan may be modified, and details added during execution. For a given planned process, the associated realized plan specification is the one encompassing all changes made during execution. This means that all processes in which an agent acts towards achieving some objectives is a planned process. branch derived 6/11/9: Edited at workshop. Used to include: is initiated by an agent This class merges the previously separated objective driven process and planned process, as they the separation proved hard to maintain. (1/22/09, branch call) obsolete planned process true When a specimen of blood is assayed for glucose concentration, the blood has the evaluant role. When measuring the mass of a mouse, the evaluant is the mouse. When measuring the time of DNA replication, the evaluant is the DNA. When measuring the intensity of light on a surface, the evaluant is the light source. a role that inheres in a material entity that is realized in an assay in which data is generated about the bearer of the evaluant role Role call - 17nov-08: JF and MC think an evaluant role is always specified input of a process. Even in the case where we have an assay taking blood as evaluant and outputting blood, the blood is not the specified output at the end of the assay (the concentration of glucose in the blood is) examples of features that could be described in an evaluant: quality.... e.g. "contains 10 pg/ml IL2", or "no glucose detected") OBI Feb 10, 2009. changes after discussion at OBI Consortium Workshop Feb 2-6, 2009. accepted as core term. evaluant role Assay the wavelength of light emitted by excited Neon atoms. Count of geese flying over a house. A planned process that has the objective to produce information about a material entity (the evaluant) by examining it. 12/3/12: BP: the reference to the 'physical examination' is included to point out that a prediction is not an assay, as that does not require physical examiniation. Discussion on OBI call 2023-05-01 resulted in an agreement to revise the textual definition of 'assay'. https://github.com/obi-ontology/obi/issues/1683. OBI branch derived assay The person perform microarray experiments and submit microarray results (including raw data, processed data) with experiment description to ArrayExpress. A role borne by an entity and that is realized in a process that is part of an investigation in which an objective is achieved. These processes include, among others: planning, overseeing, funding, reviewing. Implementing a study means carrying out or performing the study and providing reagents or other materials used in the study and other tasks without which the study would not happen. Philly2013: Historically, this role would have been borne only by humans or organizations. However, we now also want to enable representing investigations run by robot scientists such as ADAM (King et al, Science, 2009) OBI Feb 10, 2009. changes after discussion at OBI Consortium Workshop Feb 2-6, 2009. accepted as core term. Philly2013: Historically, this role would have been borne only by humans or organizations. However, we now also want to enable investigations run by robot scientists such as ADAM (King et al, Science, 2009) investigation agent role PMID: 16353909.AAPS J. 2005 Sep 22;7(2):E274-80. Review. The joint food and agriculture organization of the United Nations/World Health Organization Expert Committee on Food Additives and its role in the evaluation of the safety of veterinary drug residues in foods. An entity that can bear roles, has members, and has a set of organization rules. Members of organizations are either organizations themselves or individual people. Members can bear specific organization member roles that are determined in the organization rules. The organization rules also determine how decisions are made on behalf of the organization by the organization members. BP: The definition summarizes long email discussions on the OBI developer, roles, biomaterial and denrie branches. It leaves open if an organization is a material entity or a dependent continuant, as no consensus was reached on that. The current placement as material is therefore temporary, in order to move forward with development. Here is the entire email summary, on which the definition is based: 1) there are organization_member_roles (president, treasurer, branch editor), with individual persons as bearers 2) there are organization_roles (employer, owner, vendor, patent holder) 3) an organization has a charter / rules / bylaws, which specify what roles there are, how they should be realized, and how to modify the charter/rules/bylaws themselves. It is debatable what the organization itself is (some kind of dependent continuant or an aggregate of people). This also determines who/what the bearer of organization_roles' are. My personal favorite is still to define organization as a kind of 'legal entity', but thinking it through leads to all kinds of questions that are clearly outside the scope of OBI. Interestingly enough, it does not seem to matter much where we place organization itself, as long as we can subclass it (University, Corporation, Government Agency, Hospital), instantiate it (Affymetrix, NCBI, NIH, ISO, W3C, University of Oklahoma), and have it play roles. This leads to my proposal: We define organization through the statements 1 - 3 above, but without an 'is a' statement for now. We can leave it in its current place in the is_a hierarchy (material entity) or move it up to 'continuant'. We leave further clarifications to BFO, and close this issue for now. GROUP: OBI organization The plan of researcher X to perform an experiment according to a protocol. A plan is a realizable entity that is the inheres in a bearer who is committed to realizing it as a completely executed planned process. This class is included to make clear how the plan specification, the plan, and the planned process relate. OBI will however only subclass and work under the 'plan specification', and 'planned process' class, as we want to avoid to get deep into discussions of 'intend' etc. branch derived plan A mechanical function is a function that is realised via mechanical work (through an certain amount of energy transferred by some force). http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanical_work mechanical function With respect to The Accuri C6 Flow Cytometer System, the organization Accuri bears the role manufacturer role. With respect to a transformed line of tissue culture cells derived by a specific lab, the lab whose personnel isolated the cll line bears the role manufacturer role. With respect to a specific antibody produced by an individual scientist, the scientist who purifies, characterizes and distributes the anitbody bears the role manufacturer role. Manufacturer role is a role which inheres in a person or organization and which is realized by a manufacturing process. OBI manufacturer role A person or organization that has a manufacturer role. manufacturer A value specification that is specifies one category out of a fixed number of nominal categories categorical value specification 1 A value specification that consists of two parts: a numeral and a unit label scalar value specification The value of 'positive' in a classification scheme of "positive or negative"; the value of '20g' on the quantitative scale of mass. An information content entity that specifies a value within a classification scheme or on a quantitative scale. This term is currently a descendant of 'information content entity', which requires that it 'is about' something. A value specification of '20g' for a measurement data item of the mass of a particular mouse 'is about' the mass of that mouse. However there are cases where a value specification is not clearly about any particular. In the future we may change 'value specification' to remove the 'is about' requirement. value specification A planned process that is used to assess whether an assay will provide reliable results based on the conditions or qualities of the inputs, devices, and other participants of the assay. OBI determination if assay will provide reliable results PMID: 18557814 . Chemical and genetic validation of dihydrofolate reductase-thymidylate synthase as a drug target in African trypanosomes. Mol Microbiol. 2008 Jun 16. a planned process with objective to check that the accuracy or the quality of a claim or prediction satisfies some criteria and which is assessed by comparing with independent results adapted from wordnet (wkipedia) validation A unit of measurement is a standardized quantity of a physical quality. unit A unit of measurement is a standardized quantity of a physical quality. Wikipedia:Wikipedia A unit which is a standard measure of the dimension in which events occur in sequence. time derived unit time unit A unit which is a standard measure of the dimension in which events occur in sequence. Wikipedia:Wikipedia mole fraction based unit mass percentage based unit mass volume percentage based unit An object that represents a single human individual. person Harald Sack, Tabea Tietz, Sasha Bruns, Etienne Posthumus A file data item is a data item that represents a file stored on a hard drive. It might also include essential attributes like its name, location, download URL, size, type, and timestamps for creation, modification, and access. It might also capture permissions and ownership details to control how the file can be accessed or modified. file data item An information content entity that specifies the subject area, domain or academic discipline of an entity. An academic discipline, a research field or domain of an entity, e.g. a domain of a data portal or a field of study of a person. academic discipline Architecture, Art History, Musicology, Media Studies, Performing Arts An independent continuant that acts autonomously and is entrusted with the authority to represent, negotiate, or act on behalf of another agent. agent Torsten Schrade, Linnaea Söhn, Academy of Sciences and Literature Mainz An process that represents an organized happening that unfolds in time. event conferences, celebrations, workshops, meetings, or any other specific incident or happening that has been planned somehow. A role inherent in an organization that is realized when the organization serves as a funder to endevaours, e.g. projects. funding organization role A directive information entity that defines the requirements, characteristics, or standards for the design, implementation, or operation of a system, product, or process.Specification is a set of requirements, guidelines, standards contributed by an organization or a person. specification Guidelines, technical specifications, design specifications A process that involves generating, developing, and refining original ideas or concepts through exploration, experimentation, and problem-solving, aiming to produce innovative or expressive outcomes in artistic, scientific, or other creative fields. creative process Role of an independent continuant that is realized through an agent's actions, enabling the agent to perform specific functions or achieve particular outcomes within a system or context. agent role An academic title is an identifier that denotes an individual’s academic rank, qualification, or honorary designation within educational and research institutions. academic title Professor, Associate Professor, Dr., PhD, Dr. Ing. An event implementation specification is a type of Directive Information Entity that provides formal guidelines, constraints, and details on how an event should be executed. It specifies the mode of implementation, including logistical, technical, and procedural aspects required to carry out an event successfully. event implementation specification Specifications for organizing conferences, training workshops, and academic seminars in different formats such as virtual, in-person, or hybrid settings. A funding specification is a directive information entity that provides structured guidelines, policies, and requirements for securing, managing, and allocating financial resources for various activities, projects, or organizations. funding specification An information access specification is a directive information entity that defines the policies, conditions, and mechanisms governing the accessibility of digital or physical information resources for users or organizations. information access specification A status specification is a directive information entity that defines the current state, progress, or condition of an entity, process, or project based on predefined criteria and operational guidelines. status specification Instances of Portions Of Matter whose shape is relevant for their dispostion to participate in a manufacturing process may be (subclasses of) objects that bear a 'blank role' in the context of the manufacturing process. Material is defined in terms of the three main perspectives that material specifications rely on: the structure of the material ("intensive quality"), the performance of the material ("behavoiral material property") and the processing the material must have undergone ("output of some process"). When defining specific materials/material taxonomies, these three aspects shall be taken into account in the aristotelian ("per genus et differentiam") as differentiation. The sum of portions of matter of the same type form a portion of matter of that type. Material material Portion of Material A material is a portion of matter that may participate in some manufacturing process and whose shape is not relevant for its participation in the manufacturing process. true It is also representing a distinct physical or conceptual part of a material or substance. The open energy ontology OEO defines portion of matter as a subclass of object aggregate, which implies countability. Our portion is not (precisely) countable and thus bearer of intensive properties. Lome explanation for portion of matter: "What is a molecule cluster at the cellular level? Contrary to the molecular level, at the cellular level of granularity the boundary of each molecule is outside of the level of granular focus. What forms a discontinuous cluster of countable individual molecules and thus bona fide objects at the molecular level, is a continuous and non-countable molecular substance at coarser levels of granularity. At these coarser levels, the individual molecules cannot be differentiated and demarcated anymore and the cluster as a whole possesses only fiat inner boundaries." portion of matter A material entity that is not demarcated by any physical discontinuities. At some finer level of granularity it is an object aggregate, at some coarser level of granularity it is a fiat object part,but at this level of granularity it is neither. true We recognize that some of the materials in the subclasses also occur naturally. However, these are not within the scope of our consideration for technical use. engineered material An engineered material is a material that is output of a manufacturing process. true A property is a material trait in terms of the kind and magnitude of response to a specific imposed stimulus. Generally, definitions of properties are made independent of material shape and size. (Callister, W.D., Rethwisch, D.G., Materials Science and Engineering, Wiley, 2014) Technical materials are complex aggregates. Many properties that are determined for those aggregates are intrinsically associated with the methodologies employed in the measurement process. This is in contrast to typical 'physical' properties, which like e.g. mass that can be determined to high accuracy independently of the measurement process. As a consequence, material properties in the ontology are differeciated according to their measurement method, e.g. Brinell hardness and Vickers hardness are different types of indentation hardness rather than different measures/quantification (GDC) of the materials property 'indentation hardness'. The 'unit idenifieres' of such properties (e.g. "HV1", "HV10", "HBW") are strictly speaking not units but rather references to the measurement methodology used to determine a numeric value that quantifies the property. Extensive properties that depend on the object being tested rather than on the portion of matter are (extensive) object- or system-properties. material property a disposition of a portion of matter that is realized in a compatible process and whose realization is grounded in the portions intensive qualities true Due to the duality of object and portion of matter this axiom can not be an equivalent class axiom. also see "The Ontology of Fields" - Report of a specialist meeting held under the auspices of the varenius project: Donna Peuquet, Barry Smith, and Berit Brogaard; Bar Harbor, Maine 1998 vector field specification Vector field specification is a value specification that represents an assignment of a vector to each point in a discretized spatial region. an attribute of a process Process attribute for a process has a similar application to specifically dependened continuant (SDC) for an independent continuant (IC). Furthermore, process attribute describes how SDCs of some participants, i.e., ICs, change in a process. Specific rates, e.g., tensile rate, cooling rate, etc. should be added as subclasses of this class. process attribute process attribute from OEO https://openenergyplatform.org/ontology/oeo/OEO_00030019 Renamed to avoid confusion with has characteristic object property process characteristic a process attribute is a dependent occurrent that existentially depends on a process. Tensile rate in a tensile testing process. Cooling rate in a quenching process true workflow function A plan specification representing a callable software method that prescribes a specific computational action, including execution instructions and a defined set of input and output specifications. https://github.com/materialdigital/core-ontology/issues/246 workflow node A computing process that executes a workflow function within a workflow run, consuming input data and producing output data according to the function’s specifications. https://github.com/materialdigital/core-ontology/issues/246 workflow definition A plan specification that prescribes the ordered application of one or more workflow functions, including their interconnections via input and output specifications, in order to achieve a specified computational objective. https://github.com/materialdigital/core-ontology/issues/246 parameter specification A directive information entity that specifies a parameter required or produced by a workflow function, including its intended role, position, and constraints. https://github.com/materialdigital/core-ontology/issues/246 input specification A parameter specification that prescribes a data item required as input for the execution of a workflow function. https://github.com/materialdigital/core-ontology/issues/246 output specification A parameter specification that prescribes a data item intended to be produced as output by the execution of a workflow function. https://github.com/materialdigital/core-ontology/issues/246 workflow run A computing process that realizes a workflow definition by executing its prescribed workflow nodes in a concrete temporal order, consuming and producing specific data items. https://github.com/materialdigital/core-ontology/issues/246 simulation entity role Simulation entity role is a role that inheres in an independent continuant (IC) and is realized in a simulation process. This role enables the IC to participate in the simulation as a proxy, model, or representative of a real or hypothetical entity within the simulated context Schmelzprozess melting process Ein Schmelzvorgang ist ein thermisch induzierter Prozess, bei dem ein festes Material einen Phasenübergang in einen flüssigen Zustand erfährt. Er beinhaltet die Absorption von Wärme und findet bei oder oberhalb des Schmelzpunkts des Materials statt. a thermally induced change of aggregate state during which a solid material undergoes a phase transition into a liquid state. It involves the absorption of heat and occurs at or above the material's melting point. The process of melting aluminum ingots in preparation for extrusion. Heizfunktion heating function A temperature change function that, when realized, enables a system or device to increase the thermal energy of a material, typically to reach temperatures required for processing, transformation, or reaction. Eine Heizfunktion ist eine (realisierbare) Funktion, die ein System oder Gerät in die Lage versetzt, die Wärmeenergie eines Materials zu erhöhen, um die für die Verarbeitung, Umwandlung oder Reaktion erforderlichen Temperaturen zu erreichen. The function of a resistance heater in a vacuum furnace. Kühlfunktion cooling function A temperature change function that enables a system or device to lower the temperature of a material, often to control solidification or maintain a stable state below a desired thermal threshold. Eine Kühlfunktion ist eine (realisierbare) Funktion, die es einem System oder Gerät ermöglicht, die Temperatur eines Materials zu senken, häufig um die Erstarrung zu steuern oder einen stabilen Zustand unterhalb eines gewünschten thermischen Schwellenwerts aufrechtzuerhalten. The function of a water-cooled mold to solidify molten metal in casting. An electric arc furnace used in steelmaking. Schmelzofen melting furnace A melting furnace is a device that bears a melting function, typically designed to raise the temperature of a solid material to initiate and sustain its transformation into a melt. Ein Schmelzofen ist ein Gerät, das eine Schmelzfunktion hat und in der Regel dazu dient, die Temperatur eines festen Materials zu erhöhen, um seine Umwandlung in eine Schmelze einzuleiten und aufrechtzuerhalten. Schmelzfunktion melting function A heating function that, when realized, enables a device or system to initiate or sustain the phase transition of a solid material into a liquid by raising its temperature above the melting point. Eine Schmelzfunktion ist eine Heizfunktion, die es einem Gerät oder System ermöglicht, den Phasenübergang eines festen Materials in eine Flüssigkeit einzuleiten oder aufrechtzuerhalten, indem seine Temperatur über den Schmelzpunkt angehoben wird. The function of an induction coil in a furnace to heat metal until it melts. input assignment Input assignment is a process boundary which is part of a computing process and which connects a material entity or i.c.e as input to the computing process https://github.com/materialdigital/core-ontology/issues/184 https://github.com/pyiron/semantikon/pull/278 output assignment Output assignment is a process boundary which is part of a computing process and which connects a material entity or i.c.e as output to the computing process https://github.com/materialdigital/core-ontology/issues/184 https://github.com/pyiron/semantikon/pull/278 For any temporally qualified continuant x@t, there exists a continuant y such that x@t has_state y, meaning that y is the anchor continuant of which x@t is a temporal phase existing at temporal regions t. The relation has_state is functional and signifies that all such temporally qualified continuants are uniquely associated with their basic anchor continuant. temporally qualified continuant A temporally qualified continuant is a continuant that, by reference to a determinate temporal region, is such as to possess its properties only for so long as that period obtains, being otherwise in its essentiality unchanged. https://github.com/materialdigital/core-ontology/issues/185 mold mould A device consisting of a hollowed-out cavity that shapes fluid or plastic material into a specific form through the process of solidification or cooling. function name A textual entity that denotes a workflow function import path A textual entity that denotes a workflow function via import resolution rules hardening toughening A manufacturing process that increases the strength and hardness of a material. ion-exchange hardening Hardening process used in glass manufacturing where ions in the glass are replaced by larger ions from a solution which create compressive stress and increased hardness. nonlinear optical property optical non-linearity Optical property that is dependent on the intensity of the input light. geological process https://terminology.tib.eu/ts/ontologies/gemet/terms?iri=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eionet.europa.eu%2Fgemet%2Fconcept%2F3648&obsoletes=false&lang=en A natural process that operates within the Earth system to transform, transport, or deform Earth materials, thereby changing Earth structures and landforms superconducting The disposition of a material to conduct electricity without electrical resistance or infinite electrical conductance respectively. dielectric disposition The disposition of an electric insulator to be polarized when subjected to an electric field. conventional ceramics manufacturing A manufacturing process that relies on traditional and manual methods to produce ceramics. forming green bodies by hand using a bonfire, pit or kiln for firing/sintering clay material that is naturally occurring, fine-grained earthy and composed primarily of hydrous aluminum silicates and other minerals, formed by the geological processes structural composite composite of material that is multi-layered and normally low-density, engineered for applications requiring structural integrity through high tensile, compressive, and torsional strengths and stiffnesses laminated composite A structural composite composed of two-dimensional sheets or panels (plies or laminae) bonded to one another, where each ply possesses a preferred high-strength direction sandwich panel composite A structural composite designed as a lightweight beam or panel consisting of two stiff and strong outer face sheets separated by a lightweight core layer with a low modulus of elasticity metal matrix composite composite consisting of a metal or alloy matrix and one or more reinforcement materials MMC polymer matrix composite composite consisting of a polymer matrix and one or more reinforcement materials PMC laminate ply role a single two-dimensional sheet that provides a specific high-strength orientation within a multi-layered stack doc string A docstring is a textual entity that describes an associated section of some source code https://github.com/materialdigital/core-ontology/issues/270 sandwich sheet sandwich sheet role a stiff, strong material that carries bending loads through tensile and compressive stresses when integrated into a panel assembly sandwich core sandwich core role a lightweight, low-density material that maintains the separation of face sheets and withstands transverse shear stresses mineral A mineral is a naturally occurring material characterized by a defined chemical composition and a specific crystal structure, formed through natural geological or biological processes. 1D 1D is a data item representing a one-dimensional structure or model representing a single linear dimension, often used in material science simulations or analysis. true 2D A two-dimensional data item is a representation or analysis, commonly applied in studying planar material properties or surface phenomena. true TODO: axiom needs refinement ASTM grainsize The ASTM grain size is a quality that is measured through a process that follows the ASTM standard. true Ab Initio MD Simulation ab initio molecular dynamics simulation A simulation process that uses quantum mechanical calculations to predict the behavior of molecular systems without empirical parameters. Ein Simulationsprozess, der quantenmechanische Berechnungen verwendet, um das Verhalten molekularer Systeme ohne empirische Parameter vorherzusagen. Simulating the electronic structure and dynamics of a new alloy to predict its mechanical properties. acoustic absorption coefficient The acoustic absorption coefficient is an acoustic property representing a measure of how much sound energy is absorbed by a material per unit area. true acoustic property An acoustic property is a material property representing characteristics of a material that determine its interaction with sound waves, such as absorption, reflection, and transmission. true Akustische Eigenschaften Analyseverfahren acoustical property analyzing process An assay, that measures the acoustic properties of materials by analyzing how sound waves interact with the material. This process involves generating sound waves and observing their reflection, transmission, absorption, or scattering to determine properties such as acoustic impedance, absorption coefficient, and sound speed. Eine Analyse, die die akustischen Eigenschaften von Materialien misst, indem es analysiert, wie Schallwellen mit dem Material interagieren. Dieser Prozess umfasst die Erzeugung von Schallwellen und die Beobachtung ihrer Reflexion, Übertragung, Absorption oder Streuung, um Eigenschaften wie akustische Impedanz, Absorptionskoeffizient und Schallgeschwindigkeit zu bestimmen. For example, acoustic emission testing (AET) is used to monitor the release of energy from a material under stress, which can indicate the onset of failure or the presence of defects. Additive Fertigungsgerät additive manufacturing device A device used for manufacturing objects layer by layer through additive processes such as 3D printing. Ein Gerät zur Herstellung von Objekten Schicht für Schicht durch additive Verfahren wie 3D-Druck. Adhäsionsprüfverfahren adhesion testing process A mechanical property analyzing process that measures the strength of adhesion between two bonded surfaces, assessing the quality of adhesive joints. Ein Mechanische Eigenschaften Analyseverfahren, das die Stärke der Haftung zwischen zwei verklebten Oberflächen misst und die Qualität der Klebeverbindungen bewertet. Adhesion testing of epoxy bonds in composite materials to ensure structural integrity in aircraft components. A screwdriver used to adjust a grub screw. Einstellungsgeräterolle adjustment device role A device role that is used to adjust another device (SubjectOfAdjustmentRole). The role is realized in an adjustment process. Rolle eines Gerätes, das zum Einstellen eines anderen Gerätes (SubjectOfAdjustmentRole) verwendet wird. Die Rolle wird in einem Einstellungsprozess realisiert. 1 aggregate state an intensive quality representing the physical state of a material, such as solid, liquid, or gasous true Alterungsprozess aging process Das Aging oder Auslagern ist ein Anlassvorgang, der den Martensit (Härtungsgefüge) wieder duktil und verformbar macht. Dabei wird ein Agingvorgang genutzt, nämlich die Bildung von Ausscheidungen in Form von FeXCY - Carbiden The process of hardening an alloy by a method that causes a constituent to precipitate from solid solution. The Process of austenitizing and quenching a steel alloy to achieve a martensitic microstructure for hardness increase. acoustic wave a mechanical wave of pressure disturbances that propagates through a medium by local compression and rarefaction impact impact is a short-duration, high-force interaction porcess between two bodies in contact flow of electric charge is the process of movement of charged particles heat flow is a process in which transfer of thermal energy between or within material entities occurs generation of magnetic field is a process that occurs as a reaction to change of elctric field or movement of charges and produces a magnetic field mechanical process is a process in which forces, moments, or imposed displacements to objects or object aggregates occur and/or the equivalent (stresses, strains) to materials or portions of matter Assemblierungsprozess assembling process An assembling process is a manufacturing process that mounts or demounts components. Atomkraftmikroskop atomic force microscope A microscope that maps the surface topography of materials at the nanoscale by scanning it with a mechanical probe. Ein Mikroskop, das die Oberflächentopographie von Materialien im Nanobereich durch Abtasten mit einer mechanischen Sonde kartiert. AFM atomic structure The atomic structure is an object aggregate that describes the arrangement and composition of atoms in a material, influencing its physical and chemical properties. true Atomistische Monte Carlo Simulation atomistic monte carlo simulation A monte carlo simulation process that focuses on the atomic scale, where the properties and behaviors of materials are modeled by considering individual atoms and their interactions. Ein Monte Carlo Simulationsprozess, der sich auf die atomare Skala konzentriert, bei dem die Eigenschaften und das Verhalten von Materialien durch die Betrachtung einzelner Atome und ihrer Wechselwirkungen modelliert werden. Simulating the behavior of electrons in a new alloy to predict its electrical conductivity. Bandsäge bandsaw A band saw is a type of saw that uses a continuous, endless saw blade in the form of a band. This blade is usually a narrow, flexible steel blade with teeth along one edge. The band saw is mounted in a closed loop and is guided by two wheels, at least one of which is driven. The operation of the band saw enables precise and efficient cuts to be made in a variety of materials, including wood, metal and plastic. Eine Bandsäge ist eine Art von Säge, die ein kontinuierliches, endloses Sägeblatt in Form eines Bands verwendet. Dieses Sägeblatt ist in der Regel eine schmale, flexible Stahlklinge mit Zähnen entlang einer Kante. Die Bandsäge ist in eine geschlossene Schleife montiert und wird über zwei Räder geführt, von denen mindestens eines angetrieben wird. Die Funktionsweise der Bandsäge ermöglicht präzise und effiziente Schnitte in unterschiedlichen Materialien, einschließlich Holz, Metall und Kunststoff. Biegeversuchmaschine bending testing machine A device used to test the bending strength and flexibility of materials by applying a load and measuring deformation. Ein Gerät zur Prüfung der Biegefestigkeit und Flexibilität von Materialien durch Anwendung einer Last und Messung der Verformung. Biegeprüfverfahren bending testing process A mechanical property analyzing process that measures the resistance of a material to bending forces, determining its flexural strength and stiffness. Ein Mechanische Eigenschaften Analyseverfahren, das den Widerstand eines Materials gegen Biegekräfte misst und seine Biegefestigkeit und Steifigkeit bestimmt. Testing the flexural strength of a plastic beam to ensure it can withstand the required load in an engineering application. Analyseverfahren der Biokompatibilität biocompatibility analyzing process A biological property analyzing process that evaluates the compatibility of a material with living tissues to ensure it does not provoke an adverse biological response. An example of a biocompatibility analyzing process is an in vitro cell culture test, where cells are cultured in the presence of the implant material to observe any cytotoxic effects, such as changes in cell morphology, proliferation rate, or cell viability. Ein Biologisches Eigenschaften Analyseverfahren, das die Verträglichkeit eines Materials mit lebenden Geweben bewertet, um sicherzustellen, dass es keine nachteilige biologische Reaktion hervorruft. Biologische Eigenschaften Analyseverfahren biological property analyzing process An assay that examines the interaction of materials with biological systems, including biocompatibility, biodegradability, toxicity, and the effects of materials on living organisms and cells. Eine Analyse, die die Wechselwirkung von Materialien mit biologischen Systemen untersucht, einschließlich Biokompatibilität, Abbaubarkeit, Toxizität und der Auswirkungen von Materialien auf lebende Organismen und Zellen. “Blank.” Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary, Merriam-Webster, https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/blank. Accessed 25 Nov. 2022. Rohling-Rolle blank role Role of an object, which is realized in a preparation process Some portion of material, which to be made into something by a further operation. boiling point The boiling point is a state of matter boundary realized by transition form the liquid state to the gaseous state (or vice versa). true Brinell 2.5 62.5 ISO 6506 A brinell hardness measured with 2.5mm diameter ball and a load of 62.5 kgf. true brinell hardness An indentation hardness scalar representing a measure of material hardness obtained by indenting the material with a steel or tungsten carbide ball under a specific load. true bulk The bulk is a fiat object part that describes the volume or mass of material considered as a whole, often in contrast to surface or interface phenomena. true bulk modulus The bulk modulus is an elastic modulus representing a measure of a material's resistance to uniform compression. true Brennen burning Firing Ein Stoffeigenschaftsänderungsprozess, der das Brennen beinhaltet, bezieht sich in der Regel auf die Anwendung großer Hitze, die oft zu einer Verbrennung oder thermischen Zersetzung führt, um die physikalischen oder chemischen Eigenschaften eines Materials zu verändern, was zu Veränderungen wie Härtung, Änderung der chemischen Zusammensetzung oder Verringerung der Masse führt, a 'changing properties of material' process that involves burning typically refers to the application of high heat, often resulting in combustion or thermal degradation, to alter the physical or chemical properties of a material, leading to changes like hardening, alteration in chemical composition, or reduction in mass, Firing in Pottery CNC-Maschine cnc machine A CNC machine is a forming machine that uses computer numerical control to precisely control machining tools for cutting, drilling, milling, and other tasks. Eine CNC-Maschine ist eine Formmaschine, die zur präzisen Steuerung von Bearbeitungswerkzeugen für Schneid-, Bohr-, Fräs- und andere Aufgaben computergestützte numerische Steuerung verwendet. CNC-Schweißmaschine cnc welding machine A cnc machine that performs welding operations. Eine CNC-Schweißmaschine ist eine CNC-Maschine, die Schweißoperationen ausführt. Kalibrierungsgeräterolle calibration device role A device role that is used for calibration of itself or another device, which has the "Subject Of Calibration Role". The role is realized in a calibration process. Rolle eines Geräts, das zum Kalibrieren sich selbst oder eines anderen Gerätes, das die "Subject Of Calibration Role" inne hat, verwendet wird. Die Rolle wird in einem Kalibrierungsprozess realisiert. true https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/caliper Messschieber caliper A measuring device having two usually adjustable arms, legs, or jaws used especially to measure the dimensions of objects, such as diameters or thicknesses Messgerät mit zwei in der Regel verstellbaren Armen, Schenkeln oder Klemmbacken, das vor allem zur Messung der Abmessungen von Gegenständen, wie z. B. des Durchmessers oder der Dicke, verwendet wird Classified by morphology. ceramic Ceramics are engineered materials described as non-metallic, inorganic materials characterized by high hardness, brittleness, and heat resistance, commonly used in engineering applications. true change of aggregate state a phase transformation (change of phase) involving the collective state of particles in portion of matter true change of temperature change of temperature is a process in which a particpant changes its temperature true Official definition can be found in: DIN 8580:2003-9 Fertigungsverfahren, Page 5, 3.1.6 Stoffeigenschaften ändern - Definition Offizielle Definition findet man in: DIN 8580:2003-9 Fertigungsverfahren, Seite 5, 3.1.6 Stoffeigenschaften ändern - Definition Stoffeigenschaft Ändern changing properties of material Changing Of Material Properties Property Alteration A manufacturing process that modifies the characteristics of the material from which a workpiece is made, including by processes at the submicroscopic or atomic scale, such as atomic diffusion, dislocation formation and movement in the atomic lattice or chemical reactions, whereby the resulting shape changes are not characteristic of these processes. Ein Herstellungsprozess, der die Merkmale des Materials, aus dem ein Werkstück gefertigt ist, modifiziert, was unter anderem durch Vorgänge im submikroskopischen oder atomaren Bereich erfolgt, wie etwa durch Atomdiffusion, die Versetzungsentstehung und -bewegung im Atomgitter oder durch chemische Reaktionen, wobei die dabei auftretenden Formveränderungen nicht charakteristisch für diese Verfahren sind. Heat Treatment See the editor note of composition to understand the difference between composition and chemical composition. See the pattern example of composition to underatand the difference between composition and proportion. chemical composition The chemical composition is an intensive quality of a portion of matter which describes the types and proportions of pure chemical elements in the portion of matter, and it is a subject of some chemical composition data item. true Material has quality chemical composition. Chemical composition is a subject of chemical composition data item. Chemical composition data item has members fraction value specifications (which have a numeral and a unit). Material has part portion of carbon. Material has relational quality mass proportion. Portion of carbon has relational quality mass proportion. Mass propotion is specified by value fraction value specification. Same approach for all chemical elements. Analyseverfahren für die chemische Zusammensetzung chemical composition analyzing process A structural property analyzing process that determines the chemical composition of a material by identifying and quantifying its constituent elements and compounds. Ein Struktur Eigenschaften Analyseverfahren, das die chemische Zusammensetzung eines Materials bestimmt, indem es dessen Bestandteile und Verbindungen identifiziert und quantifiziert. chemical potential an intensive quality of a thermodynamic system describing the energy change associated with the addition of a small quantity of a substance to a system at constant temperature and pressure. true Chemische Eigenschaften Analyseverfahren chemical property analyzing process An assay that determines the chemical composition, reactivity, and chemical stability of materials, including the identification and quantification of chemical elements and compounds. Eine Analyse, die die chemische Zusammensetzung, Reaktivität und chemische Stabilität von Materialien bestimmt, einschließlich der Identifizierung und Quantifizierung chemischer Elemente und Verbindungen. Chromatographiefunktion chromatography function A function performed to separate compounds in a mixture based on their distribution between a stationary phase and a mobile phase. Eine Funktion, die durchgeführt wird, um Verbindungen in einer Mischung basierend auf ihrer Verteilung zwischen einer stationären Phase und einer mobilen Phase zu trennen. true Chromatographieverfahren chromatography process A structural property analyzing process that enables the separation and analysis of compounds in a mixture by their distribution between a mobile and a stationary phase. Ein Struktur Eigenschaften Analyseverfahren, das die Trennung und Analyse von Verbindungen in einem Gemisch durch ihre Verteilung zwischen einer mobilen und einer stationären Phase ermöglicht. Chromatographiesystem chromatography system A device used for separating mixtures into individual components using a chromatographic column and a mobile phase. Ein Gerät zur Trennung von Gemischen in einzelne Komponenten unter Verwendung einer chromatographischen Säule und einer mobilen Phase. Kreissäge circular saw Die Kreissäge ist eine elektrische oder motorisierte Säge, die durch ein rundes, kreisförmiges Sägeblatt angetrieben wird. Das Sägeblatt einer Kreissäge ist mit Zähnen entlang seines Randes ausgestattet, die dazu dienen, das Material zu schneiden, wenn es in die Säge eingespeist wird. Kreissägen sind vielseitige Werkzeuge und können für verschiedene Materialien wie Holz, Metall, Kunststoff und sogar Gestein verwendet werden, abhängig vom spezifischen Sägeblatt, das installiert ist. The circular saw is an electric or motorized saw that is powered by a round, circular saw blade. The blade of a circular saw is equipped with teeth along its edge that are used to cut the material as it is fed into the saw. Circular saws are versatile tools and can be used for different materials such as wood, metal, plastic and even rock, depending on the specific saw blade that is installed. Tischkreissäge circular table saw A stationary circular saw that is built into a table top. It is often used in workshops for precise wood cuts. Eine stationäre Kreissäge, die in eine Tischplatte eingebaut ist. Sie wird oft in Werkstätten für präzise Holzschnitte verwendet. Official definition can be found in: DIN 8592 Offizielle Definition findet man in: DIN 8592 Reinigen cleaning A separating process that involves removing unwanted material from a surface through cleaning methods, which may include processes like blasting, washing, or chemical cleaning. Ein Trennprozess, bei dem unerwünschtes Material von einer Oberfläche durch Reinigungsmethoden entfernt wird, die Verfahren wie Strahlen, Waschen oder chemische Reinigung umfassen können. Chemical Cleaning, Mechanical Cleaning Reinigungsgerät cleaning device A device used for removing contaminants from materials or surfaces. Ein Gerät zum Entfernen von Verunreinigungen von Materialien oder Oberflächen. Coarse Grained Simulation coarse grained simulation Ein Multiskalensimulation Prozess, der das System vereinfacht, indem Atome oder Moleküle zu größeren Partikeln zusammengefasst werden, wodurch die Rechenkomplexität verringert wird und die Untersuchung größerer Systeme oder längerer Zeitskalen ermöglicht wird. Multiscale simulation process that simplifies the system by grouping atoms or molecules into larger particles, thereby reducing computational complexity and allowing for the study of larger systems or longer time scales In materials science, coarse-grained simulations are often used to study the mechanical properties of polymers. For instance, in the simulation of polymer chains, each segment of the chain might represent a group of several monomers, rather than modeling every single atom. This approach allows researchers to investigate the behavior of polymeric materials over larger scales and longer time periods, such as the viscoelastic properties of a polymer melt. Official definition can be found in: DIN 8580:2003-9 Fertigungsverfahren, Page 5, 3.1.5 Beschichten - Definition Offizielle Definition findet man in: DIN 8580:2003-9 Fertigungsverfahren, Seite 5, 3.1.5 Beschichten - Definition Beschichten coating A manufacturing process that aims to deposit a permanently adhering layer of a material without a form onto a workpiece, whereby the immediate state of the coating material directly before application is essential. Ein Herstellungsprozess, der darauf abzielt, eine dauerhaft haftende Schicht aus einem Material ohne Form auf ein Werkstück aufzubringen, wobei der unmittelbare Zustand des Beschichtungsmaterials direkt vor dem Auftragen entscheidend ist. Chemical Vapour Deposition, Physical Vapour Deposition Beschichtungsanwendungsfunktion coating application function A coating application function is a coating function that is realized in applying a coating to a surface. Eine Unterfunktion der Beschichtung, die durchgeführt wird, um eine Beschichtung auf eine Oberfläche aufzutragen. true Beschichten Durch Löten coating by soldering A coating process that involves applying a coating using soldering techniques. Ein Beschichtungsprozess, der das Auftragen einer Beschichtung mittels Löten beinhaltet. Applying a protective solder layer on electronic circuit boards. Beschichten Durch Schweissen coating by welding A coating process that involves applying a coating using welding techniques. Ein Beschichtungsprozess, der das Auftragen einer Beschichtung mittels Schweißen beinhaltet. Cladding a metal surface with a corrosion-resistant alloy using weld overlay. Beschichtungsgerät coating device A device used for applying a coating or layer to materials to enhance their properties or appearance. Ein Gerät zum Auftragen einer Beschichtung oder Schicht auf Materialien zur Verbesserung ihrer Eigenschaften oder ihres Aussehens. Beschichten Aus Dem Gasförmigen Oder Dampfförmigen Zustand coating from the gaseous or vapour state Vakuumbeschichten A coating process that involves applying a coating from a gaseous or vapor state. Ein Beschichtungsprozess, der das Auftragen einer Beschichtung aus einem gasförmigen oder dampfförmigen Zustand beinhaltet. Applying a thin film of material using chemical vapor deposition (CVD). Beschichten Aus Dem Körnigen Oder Pulverförmigen Zustand coating from the granular or powdery state A coating process that involves applying a coating from a granular or powdery state. Ein Beschichtungsprozess, der das Auftragen einer Beschichtung aus einem körnigen oder pulverförmigen Zustand beinhaltet. Powder coating of metal parts. Beschichten Aus Dem Ionisierten Zustand coating from the ionized state A coating process that involves applying a coating from an ionized state. Ein Beschichtungsprozess, der das Auftragen einer Beschichtung aus einem ionisierten Zustand beinhaltet. Plasma spraying of ceramic coatings. Beschichten Aus Dem Flüssigen Zustand coating from the liquid state A coating process that involves applying a coating from a liquid state. Ein Beschichtungsprozess, der das Auftragen einer Beschichtung aus einem flüssigen Zustand beinhaltet. Electroplating of metals. Beschichten Aus Dem Plastischen Zustand coating from the plastic state A coating process that involves applying a coating from a plastic state. Ein Beschichtungsprozess, der das Auftragen einer Beschichtung aus einem plastischen Zustand beinhaltet. Applying a plastic film through hot melt coating. Beschichten Aus Dem Breiigen Oder Pastösen Zustand coating from the pulpy or pasty state A coating process that involves applying a coating from a pulpy or pasty state. Ein Beschichtungsprozess, der das Auftragen einer Beschichtung aus einem breiigen oder pastösen Zustand beinhaltet. Painting, a protective layer of plaster on walls. Beschichtungsfunktion coating function A function performed to apply a layer or coating to a surface to enhance its properties or appearance. Eine Funktion, die ausgeführt wird, um eine Schicht oder Beschichtung auf eine Oberfläche aufzutragen, um deren Eigenschaften oder Aussehen zu verbessern. true Farbmessgerät colorimeter A device used to measure the color of a sample, often used in quality control and material analysis. Ein Gerät zur Messung der Farbe einer Probe, häufig verwendet in der Qualitätskontrolle und Materialanalyse. composite An object aggregate that consists of two or more bonded materials with dissimilar physical or chemical properties which are used to complement each other where the parts remain seperate and distinct in the resulting object aggregate. carbon fibre reinforced polymer laminated glass wood hard metal composites for abrasive tools true Official definition can be found in: DIN 8593-1 Offizielle Definition findet man in: DIN 8593-1 Zusammensetzen compounding Putting Together A joining process that involves assembling various components or sub-assemblies to form a complex unit, commonly used in manufacturing processes where multiple parts are put together to create a final product. Ein Füge Prozess, bei dem verschiedene Komponenten oder Unterbaugruppen zu einer komplexen Einheit zusammengefügt werden. Es wird üblicherweise in Fertigungsprozessen verwendet, bei denen mehrere Teile zu einem Endprodukt zusammengefügt werden. Interlocking, Layering Compoundiermaschine compounding machine A device used for mixing or compounding materials to achieve desired properties. Ein Gerät zur Mischung oder Compoundierung von Materialien, um gewünschte Eigenschaften zu erreichen. Druckprüfmaschine compression testing machine A device used to test the compressive strength of materials by applying a compressive force. Ein Gerät zur Prüfung der Druckfestigkeit von Materialien durch Anwendung einer Druckkraft. Druckprüfverfahren compression testing process A mechanical property analyzing processs that determines a material's behavior under compressive forces, measuring its compressive strength and modulus. Ein Mechanische Eigenschaften Analyseverfahren, das das Verhalten eines Materials unter Druckkräften bestimmt und seine Druckfestigkeit und seinen Druckmodul misst. Compression testing of concrete samples to ensure they meet the required strength standards for construction. Computer computing device A device that provides an execution environment for, e.g., simulation processes or prediction models. A computing system can be virtual (e.g., a container or virtual machine) or physical (e.g., a bare-metal servers), uses digital representations of objects as inputs and produces digital measurements, such as simulation results or predictions, as outputs. Ein Gerät, das eine Ausführungsumgebung bspw. für Simulationsprozesse oder Vorhersagemodelle bereitstellt. Ein Rechenknoten kann virtuell (bspw. ein Container oder eine virtuelle Maschine) oder physisch (z. B. ein Bare-Metal-Server) ausgestaltet sein und verwendet in der Regel digitale Repräsentationen von Objekten als Eingaben und erzeugt digitale Messungen, wie z.B. Simulationsergebnisse oder Vorhersagen, als Ausgaben. The subclass trees of "Computing Process" are currently still proposals and serve as a working basis for the discussion round with the simulation/workflow domain experts. Datenverarbeitung Rechenprozess computing process A process that involves the systematic use of computational methods and tools to perform simulations, analyses, or data transformations to achieve specific scientific or engineering goals. Ein Prozess, der die systematische Verwendung von rechnerischen Methoden und Werkzeugen umfasst, um Simulationen, Analysen oder Datenumwandlungen durchzuführen, um spezifische wissenschaftliche oder technische Ziele zu erreichen. Konditionierungsprozess conditioning process A conditioning process is a manufacturing process that sets a material entity to predefined environmental conditions. Diese Aktivität beschreibt den Prozess und die Maßnahmen, die ergriffen werden, um einen materiellen Gegenstand auf vordefinierte Umgebungsbedingungen einzustellen. continuous simulation A simulation method specification where changes in a system are modeled continuously over time. true absorption of corpuscular radiation process of taking up corpuscular radiation by a material entity crack growth The crack growth is an evolution of damage describing the progressive extension of a crack in a material under stress. true Kriechprüfmaschine creep testing machine A device used to test the creep behavior of materials under constant stress at high temperatures. Ein Gerät zur Prüfung des Kriechverhaltens von Materialien unter konstanter Belastung bei hohen Temperaturen. Kriechprüfverfahren creep testing process A mechanical property analyzing process that evaluates a material's deformation over time under constant stress and temperature, determining its creep behavior. Ein Mechanische Eigenschaften Analyseverfahren, das die Verformung eines Materials über die Zeit unter konstanter Belastung und Temperatur bewertet und sein Kriechverhalten bestimmt. Creep testing of turbine blades to ensure they can withstand prolonged high temperatures without deforming. Kryogefrierschrank cryogenic freezer A cryogenic freezer is a temperature change device that preserves materials at extremely low temperatures, often below -150°C. A device used to preserve materials at extremely low temperatures, typically below -150°C. Ein Gerät, das verwendet wird, um Materialien bei extrem niedrigen Temperaturen zu konservieren, typischerweise unter -150°C. Ein Kryogefrierschrank ist ein Temperaturwechselgerät, das Materialien bei extrem niedrigen Temperaturen konserviert, oft unter -150°C. 1 The finite set of periodic geometric arrangements is described e.g. by the 14 possible Bravais Lattices in three-dimensional space. crystal structure an intensive qualtty of a crystal that embodies the periodic geometric arrangement of entities in a crystal lattice. true Trennen Funktion cut function Schneidfunktion A function performed to separate or divide materials using cutting devices. Eine Funktion, die ausgeführt wird, um Materialien mit Schneidgeräten zu trennen oder zu teilen. true Deep Learning deep learning A simulation process that employs artificial neural networks with many layers to model complex patterns in data. Ein Simulationsprozess, der künstliche neuronale Netze mit vielen Schichten verwendet, um komplexe Muster in Daten zu modellieren. Using deep learning to predict the formation of defects in crystalline materials. DL defect density an intensive quality describing the number of defects per unit volume or area in a material, which can affect its mechanical and electronic properties true deformation The deformation is a process describing a change in the shape, size, or structure of a material often under the influence of stress or force. true density The density is a universal intensive quality representing the unit mass of a portion of matter per unit volume. true deterministic simulation A simulation method specification where outcomes are precisely determined through known relationships without random variability. true Gerät device A device is an object that is designed to perform a specific function or task involving measurement, manipulation, processing, or analysis. Ein physisches oder virtuelles Objekt, das verwendet wird, um eine bestimmte Funktion oder Aufgabe auszuführen, häufig im Zusammenhang mit der Messung, Manipulation oder Analyse von Materialien. true Rolle eines Gerätes device role Rolle, die ein Geräte inne haben kann. true dielectric constant The dielectric constant is an electrical property representing a measure of a material's ability to store electrical energy in an electric field. true Differential-Scanning-Kalorimeter differential scanning calorimeter A device used to measure the heat flow associated with phase transitions in a sample as a function of temperature. Ein Gerät zur Messung des Wärmeflusses, der mit Phasenübergängen in einer Probe in Abhängigkeit von der Temperatur verbunden ist. Dynamische Differenzkalorimetrie-Verfahren differential scanning calorimetry process A thermal property analyzing process that measures the heat flow into or out of a material as it is heated, cooled, or held at a constant temperature, determining its thermal transitions such as melting, crystallization, and glass transitions. Ein Thermische Eigenschaften Analyseverfahren, das den Wärmestrom in oder aus einem Material misst, während es erhitzt, gekühlt oder bei konstanter Temperatur gehalten wird, um seine thermischen Übergänge wie Schmelzen, Kristallisation und Glasübergänge zu bestimmen. Differential scanning calorimetry of a polymer to determine its melting temperature and crystallization behavior. DSC Differenzthermoanalyse-Verfahren differential thermal analysis process A thermal property analyzing process that measures the temperature difference between a sample and a reference material as they are subjected to a controlled temperature program, identifying phase transitions and reactions. Ein Thermische Eigenschaften Analyseverfahren, das die Temperaturdifferenz zwischen einer Probe und einem Referenzmaterial misst, während sie einem kontrollierten Temperaturprogramm unterzogen werden, um Phasenübergänge und Reaktionen zu identifizieren. Differential thermal analysis of a ceramic material to identify its phase transition temperatures and reaction kinetics. DTA Differentialthermometer differential thermal analyzer A device used to measure the temperature difference between a sample and a reference material as they are heated or cooled. Ein Gerät zur Messung des Temperaturunterschieds zwischen einer Probe und einem Referenzmaterial beim Erhitzen oder Abkühlen. Dimensionierungsfunktion dimension measuring function A measuring function performed to determine the dimensions of an object or material. Eine Messfunktion um die Abmessungen eines Objekts oder Materials zu bestimmen. true Dimensions Messprozess dimension measuring process A structural property analyzing process that determines the physical dimensions of a material or object, such as length, width, height, diameter, and thickness, with high accuracy and precision. Ein Struktur Eigenschaften Analyseverfahren, das die physikalischen Dimensionen eines Materials oder Objekts, wie Länge, Breite, Höhe, Durchmesser und Dicke, mit hoher Genauigkeit und Präzision bestimmt. Official definition can be found in: DIN 8591 Offizielle Definition findet man in: DIN 8591 Zerlegen disassembling A separating process that involves disassembling a composite or assembled unit into its constituent parts or sections. Ein Trennprozess, bei dem eine zusammengesetzte oder montierte Einheit in ihre Einzelteile oder Abschnitte zerlegt wird. Dismantling, Emptying discrete-event simulation A simulation method specification where events are processed at distinct points in time, commonly used for modeling systems with discrete state changes. true Official definition can be found in: DIN 8588 Offizielle Definition findet man in: DIN 8588 Zerteilen dividing A separating process that involves separating material into distinct parts using techniques like shear cutting, splitting, tearing, or breaking, typically employed in processes where precise control over the cut is less critical. Ein Trennprozess, bei dem das Material durch Techniken wie Scherschneiden, Spalten, Reißen oder Brechen in verschiedene Teile zerlegt wird. Es wird in der Regel bei Prozessen eingesetzt, bei denen eine genaue Kontrolle über den Schnitt weniger wichtig ist. Shearing, Cracking Bohrmaschine drilling machine A forming machine that creates holes in a workpiece by means of a rotating drill bit. Eine Formmaschine, die Löcher in einem Werkstück durch ein sich drehendes Bohrwerkzeug erzeugt. Dynamisch-mechanische Analyse-Verfahren dynamic mechanical analysis process A mechanical property analyzing process that measures the mechanical properties of a material as a function of temperature, time, frequency, and stress, determining its viscoelastic behavior. Ein Mechanische Eigenschaften Analyseverfahren, welcher die mechanischen Eigenschaften eines Materials in Abhängigkeit von Temperatur, Zeit, Frequenz und Spannung misst und dessen viskoelastisches Verhalten bestimmt. Dynamic mechanical analysis of a rubber compound to assess its stiffness and damping properties over a range of temperatures. DMA Dynamischer mechanischer Analysator dynamic mechanical analyzer A device used to measure the mechanical properties of materials as a function of temperature, frequency, and time. Ein Gerät zur Messung der mechanischen Eigenschaften von Materialien als Funktion von Temperatur, Frequenz und Zeit. elastic modulus represents a material's stiffness, defined as the ratio of stress to strain in the elastic deformation region. true electric potential an extensvie quality describing the amount of work needed to move a unit charge from a reference point to a specific location in an electric field. true electrical conductivity The electrical conductivity is an electrical property describing the ability of a material to conduct electric current, influenced by its structure and composition. true electrical property An electrical property is a material property that represents the characteristics of a material that determine its behavior under the influence of an electric field, such as conductivity, resistivity, and permittivity. true Elektrische Eigenschaften Analyseverfahren electrical property analyzing process An assay that determines the electrical properties of materials, including electrical conductivity, resistivity, dielectric strength, and electrical charge storage capabilities. Eine Analyse, die die elektrischen Eigenschaften von Materialien bestimmt, einschließlich elektrischer Leitfähigkeit, Widerstand, dielektrischer Festigkeit und elektrischer Ladungsspeicherkapazitäten. Elektronenstrahlschweißmaschine electron beam welding machine An electron beam welding machine is a welding device that uses a high-velocity electron beam to fuse materials together, typically in a vacuum environment. Eine Elektronenstrahlschweißmaschine ist ein Schweißgerät, das einen hochgeschwindigen Elektronenstrahl verwendet, um Materialien miteinander zu verschmelzen, typischerweise in einer Vakuumumgebung. “Electron microscope.” Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary, Merriam-Webster, https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/electron%20microscope. Accessed 24 Nov. 2022. Elektronenmikroskop electron microscope A microscope that uses a beam of electrons to create high-resolution images of a sample's surface or structure. An electron-optical instrument in which a beam of electrons is used to produce an enlarged image of a minute object. Ein Gerät, das einen Elektronenstrahl verwendet, um hochauflösende Bilder der Oberfläche oder Struktur einer Probe zu erstellen. Elektronenmikroskopie electron microscopy A microscopy process that uses a beam of electrons to create an image of an object, allowing for high-resolution visualization of the material's surface and internal structures. Ein Mikroskopieverfahren, das einen Elektronenstrahl verwendet, um ein Bild eines Objekts zu erzeugen, wodurch eine hochauflösende Visualisierung der Oberfläche und der inneren Strukturen des Materials ermöglicht wird. An example of an electron microscopy process is Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), which provides detailed images of the surface topography and composition of a material. Another example is Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), which can visualize the internal structure of a sample at atomic resolution. Elektronenspektroskopie electron spectroscopy A spectroscopy process, that studies the energy distribution of electrons emitted from a sample when it is irradiated with electromagnetic radiation or bombarded with particles. Ein Spektroskopie Verfahren, das die Energieverteilung von Elektronen untersucht, die aus einer Probe emittiert werden, wenn diese mit elektromagnetischer Strahlung bestrahlt oder mit Teilchen bombardiert wird. Examples are e.g. Auger electron spectroscopy, electron energy loss spectroscopy, secondary electron spectroscopy. emission of corpuscular radiation The emission of corpuscular radiation is an emission of radiation describing the release of particle-based radiation, such as alpha or beta particles, from a material or system. true emission of radiation The emission radiation is a process describing the release of energy in the form of electromagnetic waves or particles from a material. true emission of wave radiation The emission of wave radioation is an emission of radiation describing the release of energy in the form of waves, such as electromagnetic or acoustic waves, by a material or system. true Empirische Potential MD Simulation empirical potential molecular dynamics simulation A simulation process that uses empirical potentials derived from experimental data to model the behavior of molecular systems. Ein Simulationsprozess, der empirische Potentiale verwendet, die aus experimentellen Daten abgeleitet sind, um das Verhalten molekularer Systeme zu modellieren. Simulating the diffusion of atoms in a crystal using Lennard-Jones potentials. Umweltschrank environmental chamber A device used to simulate environmental conditions such as temperature, humidity, and pressure to test materials and devices. Ein Gerät zur Simulation von Umweltbedingungen wie Temperatur, Feuchtigkeit und Druck zur Prüfung von Materialien und Geräten. workflow executor role A role that inheres in an agent and is realized by the agent’s participation in a workflow run, in which the agent carries out, controls, or is responsible for the execution of a workflow according to a workflow definition. evolution of damage An evolution of damage is a process representing the progression of material degradation under mechanical, thermal, or chemical stresses. true “Extensometer.” Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary, Merriam-Webster, https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/extensometer. Accessed 5 Dec. 2022. extensometer A device for measuring minute deformations of test specimens caused by tension, compression, bending, or twisting. Materialermüdungsprüfmaschine fatigue testing machine A device used to test the fatigue resistance of materials by subjecting them to repeated stress cycles. Ein Gerät zur Prüfung der Ermüdungsresistenz von Materialien, indem diese wiederholten Belastungszyklen ausgesetzt werden. Ermüdungsprüfverfahren fatigue testing process S-N testing process fatigue testing series Ein Mechanische Eigenschaften Analyseverfahren, das die Fähigkeit eines Materials bewertet, zyklischen Belastungen standzuhalten, und seine Ermüdungslebensdauer und -grenze bestimmt. Fatigue testing process is a mechanical property analyzing process that assesses a material's ability to withstand cyclic loading, determining its fatigue life and endurance limit. It must have occurent parts single fatigue tests. Fatigue testing of metal components in bridges to predict their lifespan under repetitive loading conditions. ferrous metal metal that has iron as primary constituent Official definition can be found in: DIN 8593-2 Offizielle Definition findet man in: DIN 8593-2 Füllen filling A joining process that involves the use of a filler material to connect parts. Ein Füge Prozess, bei dem ein Füllmaterial verwendet wird, um Teile zu verbinden. Impregnating, Soaking Durchflusszytometer flow cytometer A flow cytometer is a device used to measure the physical and chemical characteristics of a population of cells or particles. Ein Durchflusszytometer ist ein Gerät, das verwendet wird, um die physikalischen und chemischen Eigenschaften einer Zell- oder Partikelpopulation zu messen. Kraftmessfunktion force measuring function A measuring function performed to determine the force applied to or by an object. Eine Messfunktion um die auf ein Objekt ausgeübte oder von ihm ausgeübte Kraft zu bestimmen. true formation of notch or scratch The formation of (a) notch or (a) scratch is a process that describes the creation of small surface imperfections, which can influence a material's mechanical properties. true Official definition can be found in: DIN 8580:2003-9 Fertigungsverfahren, Page 4, 3.1.2 Umformen - Definition Offizielle Definition findet man in: DIN 8580:2003-9 Fertigungsverfahren, Seite 4, 3.1.2 Umformen - Definition Umformen forming Shaping A manufacturing process that changes the shape of a solid body through plastic deformation while retaining both mass and structural integrity. Ein Herstellungsprozess, der durch plastische Umformung die Gestalt eines festen Körpers verändert, wobei sowohl die Masse als auch die strukturelle Integrität erhalten bleiben. Tension Forming, Compression Forming Official definition can be found in: DIN 8586 Offizielle Definition findet man in: DIN 8586 Biegeumformen forming by bending A forming process that involves bending materials, typically used in manipulating sheets, tubes, or profiles into curved shapes or angles, common in metalworking and fabrication industries. Ein Umform Prozess, der das Biegen von Materialien beinhaltet und typischerweise bei der Bearbeitung von Blechen, Rohren oder Profilen zu gekrümmten Formen oder Winkeln eingesetzt wird, wie es in der Metallverarbeitung und in der verarbeitenden Industrie üblich ist. Bending With Linear Die Movement, Bending With Rotary Die Movement Formmaschine forming machine A device used for shaping materials under various conditions, including tensile, compressive, and shearing. Ein Gerät zur Formgebung von Materialien unter verschiedenen Bedingungen, einschließlich Zug-, Druck- und Scherbedingungen. Official definition can be found in: DIN 8584-1 Offizielle Definition findet man in: DIN 8584-1 Zugdruckumformen forming under compressive and tensile conditions A forming process that involves applying both tensile and compressive forces to a material. Ein Umform Prozess, bei dem sowohl Zug- als auch Druckkräfte auf ein Material ausgeübt werden. Stripping, Deep Drawing, Spinning Official definition can be found in: DIN 8583-1 Offizielle Definition findet man in: DIN 8583-1 Druckumformen forming under compressive conditions A forming process that involves deforming materials under compressive forces, commonly used in techniques like rolling and die forming where metal is shaped by applying pressure. Ein Umform Prozess, bei dem Materialien unter Druck verformt werden. Er wird üblicherweise bei Techniken wie Walzen und Gesenkformen eingesetzt, bei denen Metall durch Druck in Form gebracht wird. Rolling, Coining Official definition can be found in: DIN 8587 Offizielle Definition findet man in: DIN 8587 Schubumformen forming under shearing conditions A forming process that involves displacement or twisting materials to achieve deformation, often used in operations where materials are shaped by applying torsional forces. Ein Umform Prozess, bei dem Werkstoffe durch Verschieben oder Verdrehen verformt werden. Es wird häufig bei Verfahren verwendet, bei denen Werkstoffe durch Anwendung von Torsionskräften geformt werden. Twisting, Displacement Official definition can be found in: DIN 8585-1 Offizielle Definition findet man in: DIN 8585-1 Zugumformen forming under tensile conditions A forming process that involves stretching or elongating materials to achieve desired dimensions or shapes. Ein Umform Prozess, bei dem Materialien gestreckt oder gedehnt werden, um die gewünschten Abmessungen oder Formen zu erreichen. Expanding, Stretch Forming Bruchzähigkeitsprüfverfahren fracture toughness testing process A mechanical property analyzing process that assesses a material's ability to resist crack propagation, determining its fracture toughness. Ein Mechanische Eigenschaften Analyseverfahren, das die Fähigkeit eines Materials bewertet, der Rissausbreitung zu widerstehen, und seine Bruchzähigkeit bestimmt. Measuring the fracture toughness of ceramic materials used in aerospace components to ensure reliability under stress. Classified by the role in a system. functional material A functional material F is an engineered material which has the disposition to be used for an object O (O consists of F) and O's function is other/more than mechanical load carrying. true “Furnace.” Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary, Merriam-Webster, https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/furnace. Accessed 13 Jan. 2023. Ofen furnace A device that generates and contains high-intensity thermal energy within an insulated enclosure. Ein Gerät, das hochintensive thermische Energie innerhalb eines isolierten Gehäuses erzeugt und speichert. Gaschromatographie Verfahren gas chromatography process A chromatography process that separates and analyzes compounds that can be vaporized without decomposition, using a gas as the mobile phase and a solid or liquid stationary phase. Ein Chromatographieverfahren, das Verbindungen trennt und analysiert, die ohne Zersetzung verdampft werden können, indem ein Gas als mobile Phase und eine feste oder flüssige stationäre Phase verwendet wird. Gas chromatography is used to analyze the composition of volatile organic compounds in a polymer matrix. Gaschromatographiesystem gas chromatography system A chromatography system used for separating and analyzing compounds in a gas mixture using a chromatographic column. Ein Chromatographiesystem zur Trennung und Analyse von Verbindungen in einem Gasgemisch unter Verwendung einer chromatographischen Säule. Gel-Permeations-Chromatographie Verfahren gel permeation chromatography process A chromatography process that separates molecules based on their size by passing the sample through a porous gel matrix, also known as size exclusion chromatography. Ein Chromatographieverfahren, das Moleküle basierend auf ihrer Größe trennt, indem die Probe durch eine poröse Gelmatrix geleitet wird, auch bekannt als Größenausschlusschromatographie. Gel permeation chromatography is used to determine the molecular weight distribution of a polymer sample. Gelpermeations-Chromatographiesystem gel permeation chromatography system A chromatography system used for separating and analyzing polymers based on their molecular size using gel permeation chromatography. Ein Chromatographiesystem zur Trennung und Analyse von Polymeren basierend auf ihrer Molekülgröße durch Gelpermeationschromatographie. Generatives Deep Learning generative deep learning A deep learning process that involves creating models capable of generating new data instances that resemble the training data. Ein Deep Learning-Prozess, der Modelle erstellt, die in der Lage sind, neue Dateninstanzen zu erzeugen, die den Trainingsdaten ähneln. Using generative adversarial networks to design new molecular structures with desired properties, such as improved conductivity or strength. Classified by morphology. It is often composed of silica-based compounds. glass A glass is an engineered material present as an amorphous solid typically formed by rapid cooling of a melt. true Official definition can be found in: DIN 8593-8 Offizielle Definition findet man in: DIN 8593-8 Kleben glueing Bonding A joining process that involves using adhesives to bond materials together, suitable for a wide range of materials including metals, plastics, and composites, and used in various applications from automotive to aerospace. Ein Füge Prozess, bei dem Klebstoffe verwendet werden, um Materialien miteinander zu verbinden. Es eignet sich für eine Vielzahl von Materialien, darunter Metalle, Kunststoffe und Verbundstoffe, und wird in verschiedenen Anwendungen von der Automobilindustrie bis zur Luft- und Raumfahrt eingesetzt. Bonding With Physically Hardening Adhesives, Bonding With Chemically Hardening Adhesives (Reaction Bonding) crystallite kristallit Korn grain A crystal grain is a crystal that is part of a polycrystal. true Gravimetrischer Analysator gravimetric analyzer A device used to measure the mass of a sample to determine its composition or concentration. Ein Gerät zur Messung der Masse einer Probe zur Bestimmung ihrer Zusammensetzung oder Konzentration. Gravimetrisches Analyseverfahren gravimetrical analyzing process A structural property analyzing process that measures the quantity of a substance by its mass, often involving the precipitation, filtration, drying, and weighing of the substance. Ein Struktur Eigenschaften Analyseverfahren, das die Menge einer Substanz durch ihre Masse misst und dabei häufig die Fällung, Filtration, Trocknung und Wägung der Substanz umfasst. An example of a Gravimetrical Analyzing Process is the determination of sulfate content in a sample by precipitating it as barium sulfate, filtering, drying, and weighing the precipitate. Schleifmaschine grinding machine A grinding machine is a forming machine that uses an abrasive wheel to remove material from the surface of a workpiece, typically for finishing or precision work. Eine Schleifmaschine ist eine Formmaschine, die ein Schleifrad verwendet, um Material von der Oberfläche eines Werkstücks zu entfernen, typischerweise für Feinarbeiten oder Präzisionsarbeiten. https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/grips Halterungsklemmen grips Diese Gerät beschreibt ein Bauelement / Teil, mit dem etwas, normalerweise ein materielles Objekt, fest gegriffen oder eingespannt wird. Typischerweise sind Halterungen, Klemm- bzw. Spannsysteme Teil eines Befestigungssystems (Prozessknoten), das sich auf ein Prüfsystem bezieht. This device is a part by which something, usually a tangible object, is grasped. Typically, grips are part of a mounting system (processing node) referring to a testing system. Bügelsäge hacksaw A hacksaw is a hand saw designed for cutting various materials, particularly metal. It consists of a fine-toothed blade, tensioned in a frame, and a handle. The frame of a hacksaw is typically C-shaped, allowing the blade to be easily replaced when necessary. Hacksaws are commonly used in metalworking and other applications where a controlled and precise cut through metal is required. The fine teeth on the hacksaw blade enable it to cut through metal with efficiency, and the tensioned frame provides stability during the cutting process. Hacksaws are versatile tools and are often used for tasks such as cutting pipes, rods, and metal sheets. They are available in different sizes and tooth configurations to suit various cutting needs. Eine Bügelsäge ist eine Art Handsäge zum Schneiden verschiedener Materialien, insbesondere Metall. Sie besteht aus einem fein gezahnten Blatt, das in einem Rahmen gespannt ist, und einem Griff. Der Rahmen einer Bügelsäge ist in der Regel C-förmig, so dass das Blatt bei Bedarf leicht ausgewechselt werden kann. Bügelsägen werden häufig bei der Metallbearbeitung und anderen Anwendungen eingesetzt, bei denen ein kontrollierter und präziser Schnitt durch Metall erforderlich ist. Die feinen Zähne des Sägeblatts ermöglichen ein effizientes Schneiden durch Metall, und der gespannte Rahmen sorgt für Stabilität während des Schneidens. Bügelsägen sind vielseitige Werkzeuge und werden häufig für Aufgaben wie das Schneiden von Rohren, Stangen und Blechen verwendet. Sie sind in verschiedenen Größen und Zahnkonfigurationen erhältlich, um verschiedenen Schneidanforderungen gerecht zu werden. half-life The half-life is a process attribute describing the time it takes for a material entity or a quality of a material entity to reduce its initial value to a half radioactive decay, material degradation true hand holdable disposition in der Hand haltbar Disposion eines Objektes, das per Hand gehalten, betrieben oder verwendet werden kann. Disposition of an object that can be hold, operated or used manually. Handkreissäge hand circular saw A handheld circular saw is a portable circular saw that is guided by hand. It is well suited for precise cuts in construction and woodwork. Die Handkreissäge is eine tragbare Kreissäge, die von Hand geführt wird. Sie eignet sich gut für präzise Schnitte bei Bau- und Holzarbeiten. Handsäge handsaw Die Handsäge ist eine manuell betriebene Säge, die dazu dient, verschiedene Materialien, insbesondere Holz, zu schneiden. Diese Art von Säge besteht typischerweise aus einem langen, dünnen Blatt mit Zähnen, das an einem Griff befestigt ist. Der Griff ermöglicht es dem Benutzer, die Säge von Hand zu führen und den Schnitt durch Vor- und Zurückbewegen des Blatts zu erzeugen. Handsägen sind in verschiedenen Ausführungen erhältlich, je nach der beabsichtigten Anwendung. Es gibt beispielsweise Handsägen für Holz, Metall oder Kunststoff, und sie können unterschiedliche Zahngeometrien und Blattlängen aufweisen, um optimal auf verschiedene Schneidanforderungen abgestimmt zu sein. The handsaw is a manually operated saw that is used to cut various materials, especially wood. This type of saw typically consists of a long, thin blade with teeth attached to a handle. The handle allows the user to guide the saw by hand and make the cut by moving the blade back and forth. Handsaws are available in different designs, depending on the intended application. For example, there are handsaws for wood, metal or plastic, and they can have different tooth geometries and blade lengths to best suit different cutting requirements. Verfestigen Durch Umformen hardening by forming A changing properties of material process, that involves altering material properties by mechanical deformation. Ein Stoffeigenschaft Ändern Prozess, der die Eigenschaften des Materials durch mechanische Verformung verändert. Sheet Metal Rolling to Achieve Higher Strength. hardness The hardness is a mechanical property used as a measure of a material's resistance to localized plastic deformation, often tested by indentation or scratch methods. true Härteprüfgerät hardness tester A hardness tester is a hardness testing machine that measures the resistance of a material to deformation, typically by indentation. Ein Härteprüfgerät ist eine Härteprüfmaschine, die den Widerstand eines Materials gegen Verformung, typischerweise durch Eindrücken, misst. Härteprüfmaschine hardness testing machine A device used to measure the hardness of materials through various testing methods such as indentation or scratch tests. Ein Gerät zur Messung der Härte von Materialien durch verschiedene Prüfmethoden wie Eindrück- oder Kratzversuche. Härteprüfverfahren hardness testing process A mechanical property analyzing process that measures a material's resistance to deformation, typically using indentation methods to determine hardness. Ein Mechanische Eigenschaften Analyseverfahren, das den Widerstand eines Materials gegen Verformung misst und typischerweise Eindringverfahren verwendet, um die Härte zu bestimmen. Hardness testing of steel using the Rockwell method to classify its grade for industrial applications. heat capacity The heat capacity is a thermal property describing the amount of heat energy required to raise the temperature of a material by a given amount. true Mixing two fluids. Adding salt into water. mixing A material processing with the objective to combine two or more material entities as input into a single material entity as output. Official definition can be found in: DIN EN ISO 4885:2018 Wärmebehandlung Page 21, 3.108 Wärmebehandlung - Definition Offizielle Definition findet man in: DIN EN ISO 4885:2018 Wärmebehandlung Seite 21, 3.108 Wärmebehandlung - Definition Wärmebehandlung heat treatment Wärmebehandeln A changing properties of material process in which a solid (ferrous) product is fully or partially exposed to specific time-temperature sequences through a series of process steps with the aim of modifying its properties and/or its internal structure. Ein Stoffeigenschaft Ändern Prozess, bei dem durch eine Reihe von Verfahrensschritten ein festes (Eisen-)Produkt ganz oder teilweise bestimmten Zeit-Temperatur-Abfolgen ausgesetzt wird, mit dem Ziel, seine Eigenschaften und/oder seine innere Struktur zu modifizieren. Annealing, Ageing, Hardening Wärmebehandlungsgerät heat treatment device A device used for treating materials through heating and cooling processes to alter their properties. Ein Gerät zur Behandlung von Materialien durch Erwärmungs- und Abkühlungsprozesse zur Veränderung ihrer Eigenschaften. Wärmebehandlungsfunktion heat treatment function A function performed to alter the properties of materials through controlled heating and cooling processes. Eine Funktion, die durchgeführt wird, um die Eigenschaften von Materialien durch kontrollierte Wärme- und Abkühlungsprozesse zu verändern. true Hochleistungsflüssigkeitschromatographie Verfahren high-performance liquid chromatography process A chromatography process that separates, identifies, and quantifies components in a liquid sample using high pressure to pass the sample through a column packed with a stationary phase. Ein Chromatographieverfahren, das Komponenten in einer flüssigen Probe trennt, identifiziert und quantifiziert, indem hoher Druck verwendet wird, um die Probe durch eine mit einer stationären Phase gefüllte Säule zu leiten. High-performance liquid chromatography is used to analyze the purity and concentration of pharmaceutical compounds in a formulation. Hochdurchsatzsimulation high throughput simulation A simulation process that performs a large number of simulations automatically to explore a wide range of conditions. Ein Simulationsprozess, der eine große Anzahl von Simulationen automatisch durchführt, um eine breite Palette von Bedingungen zu erkunden. Screening thousands of potential material compounds to identify those with optimal properties for battery applications. Hochleistungsflüssigkeitschromatographiesystem high performance liquid chromatography system A chromatography system used for separating, identifying, and quantifying compounds in liquid samples through high performance liquid chromatography. Ein Chromatographiesystem zur Trennung, Identifizierung und Quantifizierung von Verbindungen in Flüssigkeitsproben durch Hochleistungsflüssigkeitschromatographie. Hochtemperatur-Gaschromatographiesystem high temperature gas chromatography system A gas chromatography system used for separating and analyzing compounds in a gas mixture at high temperatures using a chromatographic column. Ein Gaschromatographiesystem zur Trennung und Analyse von Verbindungen in einem Gasgemisch bei hohen Temperaturen unter Verwendung einer chromatographischen Säule. hybrid simulation A simulation method specification that combines physical and computational models to analyze material behavior. true Schlagprüfverfahren impact testing process A mechanical property analyzing process that determines a material's ability to absorb energy and withstand impact forces, typically using pendulum or drop-weight testers. Ein Mechanische Eigenschaften Analyseverfahren, das die Fähigkeit eines Materials bestimmt, Energie zu absorbieren und Schlagkräfte zu widerstehen, typischerweise unter Verwendung von Pendel- oder Fallgewichtsprüfgeräten. Impact testing of helmet materials to ensure they provide adequate protection against head injuries. indentation hardness The indentation hardness is a hardness representing the resistance of a material to deformation from an indenter, used to assess surface hardness. true e.g., air into glass refraction (optical) Optical property which describes the bending of light as it passes from one medium into another due to a change in the light’s speed. true Induktionsofen induction furnace An induction furnace is a furnace that heats materials using electromagnetic induction, generating heat directly within the material. Ein Induktionsofen ist ein Ofen, der Materialien durch elektromagnetische Induktion erhitzt, wobei die Wärme direkt im Material erzeugt wird. Spritzgießmaschine injection molding machine An injection molding machine is a device used to produce plastic parts by injecting molten plastic into molds under high pressure. Eine Spritzgießmaschine ist ein Gerät, das verwendet wird, um Kunststoffteile durch Einspritzen von geschmolzenem Kunststoff in Formen unter hohem Druck herzustellen. Ionenaustauschchromatographie Verfahren ion exchange chromatography process A chromatography process that separates ions and polar molecules based on their charge by using an ion exchange resin to attract and retain the ions from the sample. Ein Chromatographieverfahren, das Ionen und polare Moleküle basierend auf ihrer Ladung trennt, indem ein Ionenaustauscherharz verwendet wird, um die Ionen aus der Probe anzuziehen und zu halten. Ion exchange chromatography is used to purify and separate proteins in a solution for material characterization. Ionenaustausch-Chromatographiesystem ion exchange chromatography system A chromatography system used for separating ions in a sample using ion exchange resins in a chromatographic column. Ein Chromatographiesystem zur Trennung von Ionen in einer Probe unter Verwendung von Ionenaustauschharzen in einer chromatographischen Säule. Ionenmikroskop ion microscope A microscope that uses ions to create high-resolution images of the surface or structure of a sample. Ein Mikroskop, das Ionen verwendet, um hochauflösende Bilder der Oberfläche oder Struktur einer Probe zu erstellen. Ionenmikroskopie ion microscopy A microscopy process that uses a focused beam of ions to image a specimen, providing high-resolution images and compositional information, often used for surface analysis and depth profiling. Ein Mikroskopieverfahren, das einen fokussierten Ionenstrahl verwendet, um ein Bild einer Probe zu erzeugen, hochauflösende Bilder und Zusammensetzungsinformationen liefert und häufig für Oberflächenanalysen und Tiefenprofilierung verwendet wird. An example of an ion microscopy process is Helium Ion Microscopy (HIM), which offers high-resolution imaging with minimal sample damage, or Field Ion Microscopy, which provides atomic-level resolution imaging by using a strong electric field to ionize atoms at the surface of a sharp tip, or Focused Ion Beam Scanning Electron Microscopy (FIB-SEM), which allows for high-precision material removal and imaging by using a focused beam of ions to mill the sample surface while simultaneously capturing detailed SEM images. Ionen-Spektrometer ion spectrometer A device used for analyzing ions in a sample to determine their composition and concentration. Ein Gerät zur Analyse von Ionen in einer Probe zur Bestimmung ihrer Zusammensetzung und Konzentration. Ionenspektroskopie ion spectroscopy A spectroscopy process, that analyzes the properties and behavior of ions in a sample by measuring their interaction with electromagnetic fields or other ions. Ein Spektroskopie Verfahren, das die Eigenschaften und das Verhalten von Ionen in einer Probe analysiert, indem es ihre Wechselwirkung mit elektromagnetischen Feldern oder anderen Ionen misst. Examples are e.g. ion mobility spectroscopy, ion-beam spectroscopy. Bestrahlen irradiating A changing properties of material process that employs radiation exposure, to alter and enhance a material's physical or chemical attributes. Ein Stoffeigenschaft Ändern Prozess, bei dem die physikalischen oder chemischen Eigenschaften eines Materials durch Bestrahlung verändert und verbessert werden. Polymer Curing absorption of radiation process of taking up radiation by a material entity Irradiationsgerät irradiation device A device used for exposing materials to radiation to induce changes in their properties. Ein Gerät zum Aussetzen von Materialien gegenüber Strahlung zur Induktion von Veränderungen ihrer Eigenschaften. Irradiationsfunktion irradiation function A function performed to expose materials to radiation for altering their properties. Eine Funktion, die durchgeführt wird, um Materialien Strahlung auszusetzen, um deren Eigenschaften zu verändern. true Official definition can be found in: DIN 8580:2003-9 Fertigungsverfahren, Page 5, 3.1.4 Fügen - Definition & DIN 8593-0 Offizielle Definition findet man in: DIN 8580:2003-9 Fertigungsverfahren, Seite 5, 3.1.4 Fügen - Definition & DIN 8593-0 Fügen joining A manufacturing process that enables the continuous bonding or joining of two or more workpieces with a specific, fixed shape or of such workpieces with a shapeless material, whereby the cohesion is created at specific points and reinforced overall. Ein Herstellungsprozess, der das dauerhafte Verbinden oder das Zusammenfügen von zwei oder mehr Werkstücken mit spezifischer, fester Form oder von solchen Werkstücken mit einem formlosen Material ermöglicht, wobei der Zusammenhalt an spezifischen Stellen erzeugt und insgesamt verstärkt wird. Joining By Welding, Assembling Official definition can be found in: DIN 8593-4 Offizielle Definition findet man in: DIN 8593-4 Fügen durch Urformen joining by primary shaping Joining By Master Forming A joining process that involves creating a part or component in its final shape from a liquid or semi-liquid material. Ein Fügeverfahren, bei dem ein Teil oder eine Komponente aus einem flüssigen oder halbflüssigen Material in seine endgültige Form gebracht wird. Pouring, Embedding, Encasing Official definition can be found in: DIN 8593-5 Offizielle Definition findet man in: DIN 8593-5 Fügen Durch Umformen joining by shaping Joining By Forming A joining process that involves deforming one or more components to achieve a mechanical interlock or fit, commonly used for press-fit joints, crimping, or swaging. Ein Füge Prozess, bei dem eine oder mehrere Komponenten verformt werden, um eine mechanische Verriegelung oder Passung zu erreichen, die üblicherweise für Pressverbindungen, Crimpen oder Schmieden verwendet wird. Joining By Riveting, Joining By Forming Wire-Shaped Bodies Official definition can be found in: DIN 8593-7 Offizielle Definition findet man in: DIN 8593-7 Fügen Durch Löten joining by soldering A joining process that involves using a filler material (solder) to join metal parts by melting the solder between them without melting the base materials, a technique widely used in electronics and plumbing. This process creates a strong, conductive bond suitable for various applications. Ein Füge Prozess, bei dem ein Füllmaterial (Lot) verwendet wird, um Metallteile zu verbinden, indem das Lot zwischen ihnen geschmolzen wird, ohne die Grundmaterialien zu schmelzen. Diese Technik wird häufig in der Elektronik und im Sanitärbereich eingesetzt. Durch dieses Verfahren entsteht eine starke, leitfähige Verbindung, die für verschiedene Anwendungen geeignet ist. Joint Soft Soldering, Joint Hard Soldering Official definition can be found in: DIN 8593-6 Offizielle Definition findet man in: DIN 8593-6 Fügen Durch Schweißen joining by welding A joining process that involves fusing two or more metal parts by applying heat, pressure, or both, often with the addition of a filler material. This method creates a permanent and strong bond, essential in manufacturing and construction for durable structures and components. Ein Füge Prozess, bei dem zwei oder mehr Metallteile durch Anwendung von Hitze, Druck oder beidem verschmolzen werden, oft unter Zugabe eines Füllstoffs. Durch dieses Verfahren entsteht eine dauerhafte und starke Verbindung, die in der Fertigung und im Bauwesen für dauerhafte Strukturen und Komponenten unerlässlich ist. Pressure Welding, Fusion Welding Verbindungsgerät joining device A general device used for joining materials through various methods, including welding and soldering. Ein allgemeines Gerät zum Verbinden von Materialien durch verschiedene Methoden, einschließlich Schweißen und Löten. Verbindungsfunktion joining function A function performed to connect or bond materials together through various methods such as welding or soldering. Eine Funktion, die ausgeführt wird, um Materialien durch verschiedene Methoden wie Schweißen oder Löten zu verbinden. true Messer knife A tool with a sharp edge, typically made of metal, used for cutting food, materials, or other substances. Ein Werkzeug mit einer scharfen Schneide, üblicherweise aus Metall, das zum Schneiden von Lebensmitteln, Materialien oder anderen Substanzen verwendet wird. Laserspektroskopie laser spectroscopy A spectroscopy process, that uses laser light to probe the properties of materials. Ein Spektroskopie Verfahren, das Laserlicht verwendet, um die Eigenschaften von Materialien zu untersuchen. Examples are e.g. laser absorption spectroscopy, laser emission spectroscopy, ultra-fast laser spectroscopy. Laserschneider lasercutter A device that utilizes laser beams to create precise cuts in various materials such as wood, plastic, metal, etc. Ein Gerät, das Laserstrahlen verwendet, um präzise Schnitte in verschiedenen Materialien wie Holz, Kunststoff, Metall usw. zu erzeugen. Drehmaschine lathe A lathe is a forming machine that rotates a workpiece on its axis to perform various operations such as cutting, sanding, drilling, or deformation. Eine Drehmaschine ist eine Formmaschine, das ein Werkstück um seine Achse dreht, um verschiedene Operationen wie Schneiden, Schleifen, Bohren oder Verformung durchzuführen. Lichtmikroskopie light microscopy An optical microscopy process that uses visible light and lenses to magnify and visualize specimens, enabling the study of the microstructure and morphology of materials. Ein optisches Mikroskopieverfahren, das sichtbares Licht und Linsen verwendet, um Proben zu vergrößern und zu visualisieren, wodurch die Untersuchung der Mikrostruktur und Morphologie von Materialien ermöglicht wird. An example of a light microscopy process is Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy, which uses laser light to scan specimens and create high-resolution, three-dimensional images. Another example is Fluorescence Microscopy, which uses fluorescent dyes to label specific components of the specimen, allowing for the visualization of structures that are otherwise difficult to see. A third example is Polarized Light Microscopy, which utilizes polarized light to enhance contrast in samples with birefringent properties, such as crystalline materials. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Load_cell Kraftmessdose load cell A device that converts mechanical force into a measurable signal by sensing the physical deformation of a structural element. Maschinelles Lernen machine learning A simulation process that uses algorithms to enable computers to learn from and make predictions based on data. Ein Simulationsprozess, der Algorithmen verwendet, um Computern das Lernen aus Daten und das Treffen von Vorhersagen zu ermöglichen. Predicting the mechanical properties of composite materials based on their composition. ML Official definition can be found in: DIN 8589-0 Offizielle Definition findet man in: DIN 8589-0 Spanen Mit Geometrisch Bestimmten Schneiden machining geometrically defined A separating process that involves removing material with a tool that has a defined shape and sharp edges, such as in sawing and drilling operations. Ein Trennprozess, bei dem Material mit einem Werkzeug mit definierter Form und scharfen Kanten entfernt wird, wie z. B. beim Sägen und Bohren. Drilling, Turning Official definition can be found in: DIN 8589-0 Offizielle Definition findet man in: DIN 8589-0 Spanen Mit Geometrisch Unbestimmten Schneiden machining geometrically undefined A separating process that involves removing material using tools with undefined cutting edges, such as grinding or abrasive machining, where the exact shape of the cutting part isn't clearly defined. Ein Trennprozess, bei dem Material mit Werkzeugen mit undefinierten Schneiden abgetragen wird, wie z. B. beim Schleifen oder bei der abrasiven Bearbeitung, bei der die genaue Form des zu schneidenden Teils nicht klar definiert ist. Grinding, Blasting magnetic property A magnetic property is a material property representing characteristics that describe how a material responds to magnetic fields, such as permeability and coercivity. true https://industrylist.com/glossar/stoffeigenschaften-aendern/magnetisieren/ Magnetisieren magnetizing A changing properties of material process in which ferromagnetic materials are exposed to an external magnetic field, causing the material to take on magnetic properties. Ein Stoffeigenschaft Ändern Prozess, bei dem ferromagnetische Stoffe einem äußeren Magnetfeld ausgesetzt werden wodurch der Stoff magnetische Eigenschaften übernimmt. Static Magnetization, Pulse Magnetization. Magnetisierungsgerät magnetizing device A device used for inducing a magnetic field in materials to alter their magnetic properties. Ein Gerät zur Induktion eines Magnetfelds in Materialien, um deren magnetische Eigenschaften zu verändern. Magnetisierungsfunktion magnetizing function A function performed to induce a magnetic field in materials to modify their magnetic properties. Eine Funktion, die durchgeführt wird, um ein Magnetfeld in Materialien zu induzieren, um deren magnetische Eigenschaften zu verändern. true Magnetische Elektrische Eigenschaften Analyseverfahren magneto electrical property analyzing process An assay that investigates the magnetic and electrical properties of materials, including conductivity, resistivity, permittivity, permeability, and magnetization. Eine Analyse, die die magnetischen und elektrischen Eigenschaften von Materialien untersucht, einschließlich Leitfähigkeit, Widerstand, Permittivität, Permeabilität und Magnetisierung. Fertigungsfunktion manufacturing function A function that inheres in devices or processes that are used to produce or assemble goods or components. Eine Funktion, die in Geräten oder Prozessen besteht, die zur Herstellung oder Montage von Waren oder Komponenten verwendet werden. true Manufacturing processes alternate qualities of materials, i.e., a value specification of some quality of a material entity, which is a specified input to the process, cannot be the same as a value specification of the same quality of another material entity, which is a specified output of the process. Unfortunately it is not possible to write down such axiom based on OWL. Semi-working solution are the temporally qualified continuants + SPARQL constrains. Herstellungsprozess manufacturing process A planned process that is driven by the primary intent to transform objects A manufacturing process is always a transformative process. Ein geplannter Prozess, der von der primären Absicht angetrieben wird, Objekte zu transformieren. Ein Herstellungsprozess ist immer ein Transformationsprozess. true map A map is a 2D information content entity describing a representation of spatial data or relationships, often used in material science for visualizing properties or distributions. true Massenspektrometer mass spectrometer A device used to measure the mass-to-charge ratio of ions to identify and quantify compounds in a sample. Ein Gerät zur Messung des Massen-zu-Ladung-Verhältnisses von Ionen zur Identifizierung und Quantifizierung von Verbindungen in einer Probe. Massenspektroskopie mass spectrometry A spectroscopy process that measures the mass-to-charge ratio of ions to identify and quantify molecules in a sample. Ein Spektroskopie Verfahren, das das Masse-zu-Ladung-Verhältnis von Ionen misst, um Moleküle in einer Probe zu identifizieren und zu quantifizieren. Examples are e.g. time-of-flight mass spectroscopy, particle beam mass spectrometry. matrix role Matrix is the role of a 'PortionOfConnectedMatter' that implies to host the Filler. true Messfunktion measuring function A function performed to determine the magnitude, quantity, or extent of a physical property or condition. Eine Funktion, die durchgeführt wird, um das Ausmaß, die Menge oder den Zustand einer physikalischen Eigenschaft zu bestimmen. true The axiom that mechanical property has realization some application of mechanical load treats only conventional materials and not such effects as magnetostriction etc. mechanical property A mechanical property is a material property which is a characteristic of material M. Mechanical property has realization in a stimulating process (in most cases, application of mechanical load), and the stimulating process is an occurent part of another process, in which an object O that is an instance of M participates. true Mechanische Eigenschaften Analyseverfahren mechanical property analyzing process An assay that evaluates the mechanical characteristics of materials, such as strength, hardness, elasticity, and tensile properties, often through tests that measure response to forces and loads. Eine Analyse, die die mechanischen Eigenschaften von Materialien bewertet, wie z.B. Festigkeit, Härte, Elastizität und Zugfestigkeit, oft durch Tests, die die Reaktion auf Kräfte und Lasten messen. melting point The melting point is a state of matter boundary realized by transition form the solid state to the liquid state (or vice versa). true Classified by morphology. metal A metal is an engineered material representing a class of materials characterized by high electrical and thermal conductivity, ductility, and metallic bonding. true typically observed through crystallographic analysis crystallographic texture an intensive quality describing the arrangement and orientation of grains in a polychrystal true https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/micrometer%20caliper Bügelmessschraube micrometer gauge A measuring device for making precise measurements having a spindle moved by a finely threaded screw. Diese Entität beschreibt ein Werkzeug zur Durchführung präziser Messungen mit einer Spindel, die durch eine Feingewindeschraube bewegt wird. Mikroskop microscope A device used to magnify and view small objects or details that are not visible to the naked eye. Ein Gerät zur Vergrößerung und Betrachtung kleiner Objekte oder Details, die mit bloßem Auge nicht sichtbar sind. Mikroskopie Verfahren microscopy process Ein Struktur Eigenschaften Analyseverfahren, das verschiedene Arten von Mikroskopietechniken verwendet, um die Mikrostruktur und Morphologie von Materialien auf verschiedenen Ebenen zu visualisieren und zu analysieren. Microscopy process that uses various types of microscopy techniques to visualize and analyze the microstructure and morphology of materials at different scales. Electron microscopy, which provides detailed images at high resolution; ion microscopy, which offers high-precision imaging and material milling capabilities; and optical microscopy, which uses visible light to study e.g. the microstructure of materials. Mikroskopie The focus of interest when looking at an object through the microstructure perspective is often its morphology. microstructure A microstructure is a portion of matter that represents the small-scale structure of a material, including grains, phases, and defects, visible under a microscope. true Mikrotom microtome A Microtome is a Measuring Device that cuts extremely thin slices of material, often for examination under a microscope. A device used to cut extremely thin slices of material, often for microscopic examination. Ein Gerät, das verwendet wird, um extrem dünne Scheiben von Material zu schneiden, oft für mikroskopische Untersuchungen. Ein Mikrotom ist ein Messgerät, das extrem dünne Scheiben von Material schneidet, oft zur Untersuchung unter einem Mikroskop. Fräsmaschine milling machine A milling machine is a forming machine that performs machining operations to remove material from a workpiece using rotary cutters. Eine Fräsmaschine ist eine Formmaschine, das Bearbeitungsoperationen durchführt, um Material von einem Werkstück mithilfe von Fräsern zu entfernen. Mohs hardness Scalar scratch hardness scale used to rank materials based on their ability to scratch one another. true Monte Carlo Simulation monte carlo simulation A simulation process that uses random sampling to solve physical and mathematical problems. Ein Simulationsprozess, der zufällige Stichproben verwendet, um physikalische und mathematische Probleme zu lösen. Predicting the diffusion behavior of atoms in a metal at high temperatures. Multimodales Deep Learning multimodal deep learning A deep learning process that integrates and processes data from multiple modalities (e.g., text, images, and audio) to improve performance and gain a more comprehensive understanding. Ein Deep Learning-Prozess, der Daten aus mehreren Modalitäten (z.B. Text, Bilder und Audio) integriert und verarbeitet, um die Leistung zu verbessern und ein umfassenderes Verständnis zu erlangen. Combining microscopy images and spectroscopic data to predict the properties of new materials more accurately. Multiskalensimulation multiscale simulation A simulation process that integrates models at different scales to study a system's behavior. Ein Simulationsprozess, der Modelle auf verschiedenen Skalen integriert, um das Verhalten eines Systems zu untersuchen. Studying the interaction between microstructural and macroscopic properties in metallic alloys. Nanoindentationsverfahren nanoindentation process A mechanical property analyzing processs that measures the hardness and elastic modulus of materials at the nanoscale using a sharp indenter. Ein Mechanische Eigenschaften Analyseverfahren, das die Härte und den elastischen Modulus von Materialien im Nanomaßstab mittels eines scharfen Eindringkörpers misst. Nanoindentation of thin films to evaluate their mechanical properties for use in microelectronic devices. natural organic material Natural organic materials are materials derived from natural biological sources, primarily composed of carbon-based compounds. material derived from natural biological sources or processes true https://github.com/materialdigital/core-ontology/issues/354 chemical reaction The occurrence of (a) chemical reaction is the process in which substances interact to form new chemical compounds or alter their molecular structure. Optisches Mikroskop optical microscope A microscope that uses visible light and lenses to magnify and view small objects or details. Ein Mikroskop, das sichtbares Licht und Linsen verwendet, um kleine Objekte oder Details zu vergrößern und zu betrachten. Optische Mikroskopie optical microscopy A microscopy process that uses visible light and lenses to magnify and image a specimen, widely used for examining the microstructure and morphology of materials. Ein Mikroskopieverfahren, das sichtbares Licht und Linsen verwendet, um eine Probe zu vergrößern und abzubilden, und weit verbreitet zur Untersuchung der Mikrostruktur und Morphologie von Materialien ist. An example is Light Microscopy. Optisches Profilometer optical profilometer An optical profilometer is a surface profilometer that measures surface profiles and roughness by analyzing the interference patterns of light reflected from a specimen's surface. Ein optisches Profilometer ist ein Gerät, das Oberflächenprofile und Rauheit misst, indem es die Interferenzmuster von Licht analysiert, das von der Oberfläche eines Präparats reflektiert wird. optical property An optical property is a material property representing the characteristics that describe how a material interacts with light, including reflection, refraction, and absorption. true Optische Eigenschaften Analyseverfahren optical property analyzing process An assay that assesses the optical characteristics of materials, such as refractive index, absorption, transmission, reflectivity, and luminescence. Eine Analyse, die die optischen Eigenschaften von Materialien bewertet, wie z.B. Brechungsindex, Absorption, Transmission, Reflexion und Lumineszenz. phase boundary (realization) A phase boundary is a realizable entity that is realized by the transition between distinct phases. true Photochemische Verfahren photochemical process A changing properties of material process in which light, typically ultraviolet (UV) light is used to trigger chemical reactions. In the printing industry and some additive manufacturing methods, this light exposure is used to harden photoresists or cure inks and resins. The process relies on the specific wavelengths of light to initiate chemical changes in the material. Ein Stoffeigenschaft Ändern Prozess, bei dem Licht, in der Regel ultraviolettes (UV) Licht, zur Auslösung chemischer Reaktionen verwendet wird. In der Druckindustrie und bei einigen additiven Fertigungsverfahren wird diese Lichteinwirkung zur Härtung von Fotolacken oder zur Aushärtung von Tinten und Harzen verwendet. Das Verfahren beruht auf den spezifischen Wellenlängen des Lichts, um chemische Veränderungen im Material auszulösen. Exposure physical simulation A simulation method specification describing the use of computational or experimental methods to replicate physical behaviors or processes under defined conditions. true pole figure A pole figure is a map depicting a 2D stereographic projection which represents crystallographic orientations of grains in a polycrystalline material in respect to the sample's reference frame. true Poliermaschine polishing machine A polishing machine is a forming machine that smooths the surface of a material by rubbing it with a tool, abrasive, or chemical. Eine Poliermaschine ist eine Formmaschine, die die Oberfläche eines Materials durch Reiben mit einem Werkzeug, Schleifmittel oder Chemikalien glättet. Classified by morphology. polymer A polymer is an engineered material that consists of many repeated subunits (monomers) to form long chains. The atoms within a polymer chain are bonded together by covalent bonds. The intermolecular forces between polymer chains are typically represented by van der waals forces and hydrogen bonds. true pore growth Pore growth is an evolution of damage describing the process by which voids or pores in a material increase in size, often affecting its mechanical and physical properties. true connected material entity aggregate An object aggregate that is a mereological sum of separate material entities, which adhere to one another through chemical bonds or physical junctions that go beyond gravity. the atoms of a molecule, the molecules forming the membrane of a cell, the epidermis in a human body true disconnected material entity aggregate An object aggregate that is a mereological sum of scattered (i.e. spatially separated) material entities, which do not adhere to one another through chemical bonds or physical junctions but, instead, relate to one another merely on grounds of metric proximity. The material entities are separated from one another through space or through other material entities that do not belong to the group. a heap of stones, a colony of honeybees, a group of synapses, the trees of a forest, the canopy of a forest, the fish of a shoal, a group of commuters on the subway, the patients in a hospital true powder A powder is a dry, solid disconnected material entity aggregate composed of many very fine particles. These particles can flow freely when shaken or tilted. true Präzisionsdrehmaschine precision lathe A precision lathe is a lathe that rotates a workpiece about an axis to perform various operations such as cutting, sanding, drilling, or deformation with extreme accuracy. Eine Präzisionsdrehmaschine ist eine Drehmaschine, die ein Werkstück um eine Achse dreht, um verschiedene Operationen wie Schneiden, Schleifen, Bohren oder Verformung mit extremer Genauigkeit durchzuführen. Official definition can be found in: DIN 8593-3 Offizielle Definition findet man in: DIN 8593-3 Anpressen - Einpressen pressing on - in A joining process that involves mechanically pressing one component into or onto another to create a secure fit, thereby establishing a strong mechanical connection. Ein Füge Prozess, bei dem ein Bauteil mechanisch in oder auf ein anderes gepresst wird, um eine sichere Passung und damit eine feste mechanische Verbindung herzustellen. Clamps, Brackets, Wedging The pressure is commonly measured in Pascals. pressure an intensive quality describing the force exerted per unit area in or on a material. true Druckmessfunktion pressure measuring function A measuring function performed to determine the pressure of gases or liquids. Eine Messfunktion, um den Druck von Gasen oder Flüssigkeiten zu bestimmen. true Official definition can be found in: DIN 8580:2003-9 Fertigungsverfahren, Page 4, 3.1.1 Urformen - Definition Offizielle Definition findet man in: DIN 8580:2003-9 Fertigungsverfahren, Seite 4, 3.1.1 Urformen - Definition Urformen primary shaping Primary Forming A manufacturing process that creates a defined workpiece from shapeless material by producing cohesion, whereby the characteristic properties of the material become visible in the end product. Ein Herstellungsprozess, der aus formlosem Stoff durch das Herstellen von Kohäsion ein definiertes Werkstück schafft, wobei die charakteristischen Eigenschaften des Materials im Endprodukt sichtbar werden. Casting, Sintering Urformen Durch Additive Fertigung primary shaping by additive manufacturing A primary shaping process that involves forming materials through additive manufacturing techniques. Ein Urformprozess, der das Formen von Materialien durch additive Fertigungstechniken beinhaltet. 3D printing of polymer objects. Urformen Durch Schweissen primary shaping by welding A primary shaping process that involves forming materials by welding. Ein Urformprozess, der das Formen von Materialien durch Schweißen beinhaltet. Fabrication of steel structures using welding techniques. Urformen Aus Dem Spanförmigen Oder Faserförmigen Zustand primary shaping from the chip or fiber state A primary shaping process that involves forming materials from a chip or fiber state. Ein Urformprozess, der das Formen von Materialien aus einem span- oder faserförmigen Zustand beinhaltet. Compression molding of wood chips into particle boards. Urformen Aus Dem Gasförmigen Oder Dampfförmigen Zustand primary shaping from the gaseous or vapor state A primary shaping process that involves forming materials from a gaseous or vapor state. Ein Urformprozess, der das Formen von Materialien aus einem gasförmigen oder dampfförmigen Zustand beinhaltet. Chemical vapor deposition (CVD) for thin film production. Urformen Aus Dem Körnerförmigen Oder Pulverförmigen Zustand primary shaping from the granular or powdered state A primary shaping process that involves forming materials from a granular or powdered state. Ein Urformprozess, der das Formen von Materialien aus einem körnigen oder pulverförmigen Zustand beinhaltet. Powder metallurgy for creating metal parts. Urformen Aus DemIonisierten Zustand primary shaping from the ionized state A primary shaping process that involves forming materials from an ionized state. Ein Urformprozess, der das Formen von Materialien aus einem ionisierten Zustand beinhaltet. Plasma arc welding. Urformen Aus Dem Flüssigen Zustand primary shaping from the liquid state A primary shaping process that involves forming materials from a liquid state. Ein Urformprozess, der das Formen von Materialien aus einem flüssigen Zustand beinhaltet. Casting of molten metal into molds. Urformen Aus Dem Plastischen Zustand primary shaping from the plastic state A primary shaping process that involves forming materials from a plastic state. Ein Urformprozess, der das Formen von Materialien aus einem plastischen Zustand beinhaltet. Thermoforming of plastic sheets. Urformen Aus Dem Breiigen Oder Pastösen Zustand primary shaping from the pulpy or pasty state A primary shaping process that involves forming materials through the transition from a pulpy or pasty state into a solid form. Ein Urformprozess, der das Formen von Materialien durch den Übergang aus einem breiigen oder pastösen Zustand in eine feste Form beinhaltet. Pottery rebound hardness The rebound hardness is representing a measure of a material's hardness based on the height of rebound of a hammer dropped on the material. true reflectivity The reflectivity is an optical property that describes the proportion of incident light or radiation that a material reflects. true Reinforcement Learning reinforcement learning A deep learning process that involves training models to make sequences of decisions by rewarding desired actions and punishing undesired ones. Ein Deep Learning Prozess, der Modelle darin trainiert, Abfolgen von Entscheidungen zu treffen, indem gewünschte Aktionen belohnt und unerwünschte bestraft werden. Using RL to optimize the process parameters in additive manufacturing (3D printing) to achieve the desired material properties and reduce defects. RL Official definition can be found in: DIN 8590 Offizielle Definition findet man in: DIN 8590 Abtragen removing A separating process that involves removing material through thermal, chemical and electrochemical methods. Ein Trennprozess, bei dem Material durch thermische, chemische und elektrochemische Methoden abgetragen wird. Electrical Discharge Machining, Thermal Ablation Rheologische Eigenschaften Analyseverfahren rheological property analyzing process A mechanical property analyzing process that determines the flow and deformation behavior of materials under applied forces, including viscosity, elasticity, and plasticity, often through rheometry and viscometry techniques. Ein Mechanische Eigenschaften Analyseverfahren, das das Fließ- und Deformationsverhalten von Materialien unter Einwirkung von Kräften bestimmt, einschließlich Viskosität, Elastizität und Plastizität, oft durch Rheometrie- und Viskosimetrie-Techniken. Rheometer rheometer A device used to measure the flow and deformation properties of materials, particularly liquids and semi-solids. Ein Gerät zur Messung der Fließ- und Verformungseigenschaften von Materialien, insbesondere von Flüssigkeiten und Halbfeststoffen. Rheometry rheometry Ein Rheologisches Eigenschaften Analyseverfahren, das das Fließ- und Verformungsverhalten von Materialien misst, einschließlich komplexer Flüssigkeiten und weicher Feststoffe, um umfassende Daten zu viskoelastischen Eigenschaften unter Verwendung von Rheometern zu liefern. Rheological property analyzing process that measures the flow and deformation behavior of materials, including complex fluids and soft solids, to provide comprehensive data on viscoelastic properties using rheometers. ANMERKUNG: Ein Sample ist ein Teil (oder das Ganze) eines Probestücks. Das Probestück wird bei der Herstellung eines industriell verwendeten Produktes gezielt für die Überprüfung des Produkteigenschaften bereitgestellt. CAVE: Diese Anmerkung beschreibt das Objekt, welches die Rolle, die durch diese owl:Class definiert wird, realisiert. ANMERKUNG: Die exakte Wortwahl der EN 10021 wurde verallgemeinert. In certain cases, the sample can be the specimen or the test piece itself. Mitunter kann der Probenabschnitt (Sample) unmittelbar als Prüfling (Specimen) oder Probe dienen. NOTE: A Sample is a part (or the whole) of a Sample product. The Sample product is specifically produced portion of an industrially used and traded product for the purpose of determining the properties/quality of the product. CAVE: This note describes the object, that realizes the role defined by this owl:Class. NOTE: The wording used in EN 10021 was generalized. EN 10021:2006-12 (European standardization committee: CEN/TC 459/SC 12/WG 4) Probe-Rolle sample role Role of an object, which is a quantity of material taken from a (sample) product, that is sufficient for the purpose of obtaining test pieces. Rolle eines Objektes, das eine von einem Probestück/Material entnommene Menge ist, welche (vom Umfang her) geeignet ist Proben (Test Pieces) herzustellen. saw A saw is a device used to cut materials, especially wood. It usually consists of a thin, sharp metal blade fitted with teeth and a handle or frame that allows the user to guide the saw. There are different types of saws designed for different applications, including handsaws, circular saws, hacksaws and band saws. Each type of saw is designed for specific tasks and materials to enable efficient cutting. Eine Säge ist ein Gerät, das zum Zerteilen von Materialien, insbesondere von Holz, verwendet wird. Sie besteht in der Regel aus einem dünnen, scharfen Metallblatt, das mit Zähnen versehen ist, und einem Griff oder Rahmen, der es dem Benutzer ermöglicht, die Säge zu führen. Es gibt verschiedene Arten von Sägen, die für verschiedene Anwendungen konzipiert sind, darunter Handsägen, Kreissägen, Bügelsägen und Bandsägen. Jede Art von Säge ist auf bestimmte Aufgaben und Materialien abgestimmt, um effizientes Schneiden zu ermöglichen. Säge Rasterelektronenmikroskop scanning electron microscope A scanning electron microscope (SEM) is a measuring device that produces high-resolution images of a sample surface by scanning it with a focused beam of electrons. Ein Rasterelektronenmikroskop (REM) ist ein Messgerät, das hochauflösende Bilder einer Probenoberfläche erzeugt, indem es sie mit einem fokussierten Elektronenstrahl abtastet. Schere pair of scissors A tool with two sharp blades that are brought together by pressure on the handles to cut paper, fabric, or other materials. Ein Werkzeug mit zwei scharfen Klingen, die durch Druck auf die Griffe zusammengeführt werden, um Papier, Stoff oder andere Materialien zu schneiden. A measure of a material's resistance to deformation or scratching by a harder material. scratch hardness The scratch hardness is a hardness representing a measure of a material's resistance to deformation or scratching by a harder material. true Kratzprüfmaschine scratch testing machine A device used to test the scratch resistance of materials by applying a scratching force. Ein Gerät zur Prüfung der Kratzfestigkeit von Materialien durch Anwendung einer Kratzkraft. Ritzhärteprüfverfahren scratch testing process A mechanical property analyzing process that evaluates a material's resistance to scratching, measuring hardness and adhesion properties. Ein Mechanische Eigenschaften Analyseverfahren, das den Widerstand eines Materials gegen Kratzer bewertet und seine Härte- und Haftungseigenschaften misst. Scratch testing of a coated surface to determine the adhesion quality of the coating to the substrate. Official definition can be found in: DIN 8580:2003-9 Fertigungsverfahren, Page 4, 3.1.3 Trennen - Definition Trennen separating A manufacturing process in which the bond between objects is broken, resulting in a partial or complete reduction in cohesion. Ein Herstellungsprozess, bei dem die Bindung zwischen Objekten aufgehoben wird, was zu einer teilweisen oder vollständigen Verringerung der Kohäsion führt. Disassembling, Removal Cutting Schubprüfmaschine shear testing machine A device used to measure the shear strength of materials by applying a shearing force and measuring deformation. Ein Gerät zur Messung der Scherfestigkeit von Materialien durch Anwendung einer Schubkraft und Messung der Verformung. Schubprüfverfahren shear testing process A mechanical property analyzing process that measures a material's response to shear forces, determining its shear strength and shear modulus. Ein Mechanische Eigenschaften Analyseverfahren, das die Reaktion eines Materials auf Scherkräfte misst und seine Scherfestigkeit und seinen Schermodul bestimmt. Shear testing of rivets to ensure they can hold structural components together under lateral loads. simulation method specification A plan specification that specifies the method of creating a computational or physical model to replicate the behavior of a material or system under specific conditions. true Simulationsknoten simulation device A computing device that implements foo as well as consumes and creates simulation objects and parameters. Simulationsprozess simulation process A computing process that models the behavior of a system over time using mathematical or computational techniques. Ein Datenverarbeitungsprozess, der das Verhalten eines Systems im Laufe der Zeit mit mathematischen oder rechnerischen Techniken modelliert https://industrylist.com/glossar/stoffeigenschaften-aendern/sintern/ Sintern sintering A changing properties of materials process in which granular and powdery materials, which have already been shaped in the first step, are mixed and combined and compacted by heating. Ein Stoffeigenschaftsänderungsprozess, bei dem körnige und pulverförmige Stoffe, welche im ersten Schritt bereits in Form gebracht wurden, vermischt und durch Erwärmung verbunden und verdichtet werden. Metal Powder Sintering, Ceramic Sintering Formatkreissäge sizing saw A sizing saw is an industrial circular saw designed for large cutting formats in woodworking and furniture production. Eine Formatkreissäge ist eine industrielle Kreissäge, die für große Schnittformate in der Holzverarbeitung und Möbelherstellung ausgelegt ist. Schlitten slide A moving device that is guided by a part along its path, providing the mount for objects. Eine bewegliche Vorrichtung (Gerät), die von einem Teil entlang ihrer Bahn geführt wird und die Halterung für Objekte bildet. Lötgerät soldering device A device used for joining materials together by melting and applying a filler metal. Ein Gerät zum Verbinden von Materialien durch Schmelzen und Auftragen eines Füllmetalls. Lötfunktion soldering function A soldering function is a joining function that is realized in connecting materials using solder. Eine Unterfunktion des Verbindens, die durchgeführt wird, um Materialien durch Löttechniken zu verbinden. true Abplatzprüfmaschine spalling testing machine A device used to test the resistance of materials to spalling or flaking under various conditions. Ein Gerät zur Prüfung der Widerstandsfähigkeit von Materialien gegenüber Abplatzungen oder Abblätterungen unter verschiedenen Bedingungen. Abplatzprüfverfahren spalling testing process A mechanical property analyzing process that evaluates the resistance of a material to surface spalling or flaking under high impact or thermal stresses. Ein Mechanische Eigenschaften Analyseverfahren, das die Widerstandsfähigkeit eines Materials gegen Oberflächenabplatzungen oder Abblättern unter hohen Stoß- oder thermischen Belastungen bewertet. Spalling testing of refractory bricks used in furnaces to ensure their longevity and performance under extreme conditions. specific surface area an intensive quality embodying the total surface area of a material per unit of mass or volume. true Spektrometer spectrometer A spectrometer is a measuring device that measures the properties of light over a specific portion of the electromagnetic spectrum, typically to analyze the composition of a material. Ein Spektrometer ist ein Messgerät, das die Eigenschaften von Licht über einen bestimmten Teil des elektromagnetischen Spektrums misst, typischerweise zur Analyse der Zusammensetzung eines Materials. Spektroskopie Verfahren spectroscopy process A structural property analyzing process that measures the interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter to determine e.g. the composition, structure, and other properties of materials. Ein Struktur Eigenschaften Analyseverfahren, das die Wechselwirkung von elektromagnetischer Strahlung mit Materie misst, um die Zusammensetzung, Struktur und physikalischen Eigenschaften von Materialien zu bestimmen. spectrum A spectrum is a 1-D information content entity that describes the range of wavelengths or frequencies of a physical property, often used in reference to light, sound, or electromagnetic radiation. true speed of sound The speed of sound is an acoustic property representing the rate at which sound waves travel through a material, dependent on its density and elastic properties. true stiffness The stiffness is a material property describing the resistance of a material to deformation under an applied force. true stimulating process The stimulating process is a process describing the application of an external influence, such as force, heat, or radiation, to study material response. true stochastic simulation A simulation method specification that incorporates random variables to model probabilistic systems or processes. true strength The strength is a material property describing the maximum stress a material can withstand before failure. true structural and chemical decay The structural and chemical decay is an evolution of damage describing the deterioration of a material's structure and composition over time due to environmental or operational conditions. true Classified by the role in a system. structural material A structural material S is an engineered material which has the disposition to be used for an object O (O consists of S) and O's function is primarily mechanical load carrying. true Strukturoptimierungssimulation structural optimization simulation A simulation process that aims to find the most stable structure of a molecular system by minimizing its energy. Ein Simulationsprozess, der darauf abzielt, die stabilste Struktur eines molekularen Systems durch Minimierung seiner Energie zu finden. Optimizing the atomic structure of a catalyst to enhance its performance. Struktur Eigenschaften Analyseverfahren structural property analyzing process An assay that examines the external and internal structure and morphology of materials, including the arrangement of atoms, crystals, grains, and phases, often using techniques like microscopy and diffraction. Eine Analyse, die die äußere und innere Struktur und Morphologie von Materialien untersucht, einschließlich der Anordnung von Atomen, Kristallen, Körnern und Phasen, oft unter Verwendung von Techniken wie Mikroskopie und Beugung. Einstellungsgegenstandsrolle subject of adjustment role A device role that is being adjusted. The role is realized in an adjustment process. Rolle eines Gerätes (Einstellungsgegenstand), das eingestellt wird. Die Rolle wird ein einem Einstellungsprozess realisiert. Kalibrierungsgegenstandsrolle subject of calibration role A device role that is being calibrated. The role is realized in a calibration process. Rolle eines Gerätes (Kalibrierungsgegenstand), das kalibriert wird. Die Rolle wird ein einem Kalibrierungsprozess realisiert. true sublimation point The sublimation point is a state of matter boundary realized by transition from the solid state to the gaseous state (or vice versa). true supercritical fluid chromatography process Überkritische Fluidchromatographie Verfahren A chromatography process that utilizes a supercritical fluid as the mobile phase to separate components, offering higher speed and efficiency compared to traditional methods. Ein Chromatographieverfahren, das ein überkritisches Fluid als mobile Phase verwendet, um Komponenten zu trennen, und im Vergleich zu traditionellen Methoden eine höhere Geschwindigkeit und Effizienz bietet. Supercritical fluid chromatography is used to separate and analyze complex mixtures of polymers and plastics. supercritical fluid chromatography system Überkritisches Fluid-Chromatographiesystem A chromatography system for separating and analyzing compounds using supercritical fluids as the mobile phase in chromatography. Ein Chromatographiesystem zur Trennung und Analyse von Verbindungen unter Verwendung überkritischer Flüssigkeiten als mobile Phase in der Chromatographie. supervised machine learning supervised machine learning A machine learning process that learns a function mapping from input data to labeled output data. Ein Maschinelles Lernen Prozess, der eine Funktion erlernt, die Eingabedaten auf beschriftete Ausgabedaten abbildet. Training a model to predict the tensile strength of a material based on its composition and manufacturing process parameters. This involves using a dataset where the tensile strength is already known (labeled data) to train the model. surface layer (fiat object part) A surface layer (fiat object part) is a fiat object part that is part of only object. The surface layer is the three dimensional region defining the outermost layer of an object, where surface-interactions with other material entities occur. What is considered as the surface is thus defined by the interaction process. When considering optical properties of a surface layer (fiat object part) of a polished piece of metal we likely consider a different three dimensional spatial region than when considering the scratch hardness properties of the same polished piece of metal. true Oberflächenprofilometer surface profilometer A device used to measure the surface profile and texture of materials. Ein Gerät zur Messung des Oberflächenprofils und der Textur von Materialien. The concept refers to an absolute temperature, not to be mistaken with temperature difference. To express that an object has a temperature, the property 'intensive bearer of' can be used. It implies a chain of: object consists of some portion of matter and portion of matter bearer of some temperature. temperature The temperature is a fundamental intensive quality representing the average atomic or molcular movement or vibration of a portion of matter. true Temperaturänderungswerkzeug temperature change device A device that is used for the alteration and adjustment of the temperature of a tangible object or the environment, e.g., a furnace and cooling media. Diese Entität beschreibt allgemein jedes Werkzeug, das zur Änderung und Einstellung der Temperatur eines materiellen Objekts oder der Umgebung verwendet wird, z. B. einen Ofen und Kühlmittel. Temperaturänderungsfunktion temperature change function A function in heat treatment performed to induce changes in temperature to alter material properties. Eine Unterfunktion der Wärmebehandlung, die durchgeführt wird, um Temperaturänderungen hervorzurufen, um die Materialeigenschaften zu verändern. true Temperaturmessfunktion temperature measuring function A measuring function performed to determine the temperature of an object or environment. Eine Messefunktion, die durchgeführt wird, um die Temperatur eines Objekts oder einer Umgebung zu bestimmen. true temporal property A temporal property is a material property that represents attributes related to the time-dependent behavior of a material or process. true Zugprüfmaschine tensile testing machine A device used to test the tensile strength and elongation of materials by applying a stretching force. Ein Gerät zur Prüfung der Zugfestigkeit und Dehnung von Materialien durch Anwendung einer Dehnkraft. Zugprüfverfahren tensile testing process A mechanical property analyzing process that determines a material's response to tensile forces, measuring its tensile strength, elongation, and Young's modulus. Ein Mechanische Eigenschaften Analyseverfahren, das die Reaktion eines Materials auf Zugkräfte bestimmt und seine Zugfestigkeit, Dehnung und seinen Elastizitätsmodul misst. Tensile testing of polymer films to ensure they can stretch without breaking in packaging applications ANMERKUNG: Ein Test Piece ist ein Teilstück (potenziell alles) eines Specimens, welches die Bedingungen erfüllt, die durch ein anzuwendendes Prüfverfahren gestellt werden. Ein Specimen erfüllt diese Anforderungen im Allgemeinen erst nach weiterer Bearbeitung. CAVE: Diese Anmerkung beschreibt das Objekt, welches die Rolle, die durch diese owl:Class definiert wird, realisiert. ANMERKUNG: Die exakte Wortwahl der EN 10021 wurde verallgemeinert. In certain cases, the test piece can be the sample or the specimen itself. Mitunter kann der Probenabschnitt (Sample) oder der Prüfling (Specimen) unmittelbar als Probe dienen. NOTE: A Test Piece is a piece that is taken from a specimen (potentially the whole specimen), which fulfills the requirements, that are set by the test procedure in which the test piece is about to be used. A specimen fulfills this requierements generally speaking only after further treatment/processing. CAVE: This note describes the object, that realizes the role defined by this owl:Class. NOTE: The wording used in EN 10021 was generalized. EN 10021:2006-12 (European standardization committee: CEN/TC 459/SC 12/WG 4) Proben-Rolle test piece role Role of object which is a part taken from a specimen or sample; the part has specified dimensions, is machined or un-machined, brought to a required condition for submission to a given test Rolle eines Objekts, welches eine Probe ist, die aus einem Prüfling (Specimen) oder Probenabschnitt (Sample) entnommen wurde; die Probe hat festgelegte Dimensionen, kann maschinell bearbeitet sein, wurde in einen für die Verwendung in einem Prüfverfahren notwendigen Zustand gebracht Testfunktion testing function A function performed to assess or evaluate the properties, performance, or quality of materials or devices. Eine Funktion, die durchgeführt wird, um die Eigenschaften, Leistung oder Qualität von Materialien oder Geräten zu bewerten. true Keine offizielle Definition in DIN No official definition in DIN Textiles Fügen textile joining A joining process that involves connecting textile materials. Ein Füge Prozess, bei dem textile Materialien miteinander verbunden werden. Sewing, Stapling thermal conductivity The thermal conductivity is a thermal property describing the ability of a material to conduct heat. true Wärmeleitfähigkeitsmessverfahren thermal conductivity measurement process A thermal property analyzing process that measures the thermal conductivity of a material, determining its ability to conduct heat. Ein Thermische Eigenschaften Analyseverfahren, das die Wärmeleitfähigkeit eines Materials misst und dessen Fähigkeit bestimmt, Wärme zu leiten. Measuring the thermal conductivity of a composite material used in aerospace applications to ensure efficient heat dissipation. TCMP Wärmeleitfähigkeitsmessfunktion thermal conductivity measuring function A measuring function that inheres in devices used to measure the thermal conductivity of materials. Eine Funktion, die in Geräten besteht, die zur Messung der Wärmeleitfähigkeit von Materialien verwendet werden. true thermal property A thermal property is a material property representing attributes of a material that describe its behavior under temperature changes, such as thermal conductivity and expansion. true Thermische Eigenschaften Analyseverfahren thermal property analyzing process An assay that measures the thermal behavior of materials, including heat capacity, thermal conductivity, thermal expansion, and phase transitions in response to temperature changes. Eine Analyse, die das thermische Verhalten von Materialien misst, einschließlich Wärmekapazität, Wärmeleitfähigkeit, thermischer Ausdehnung und Phasenübergängen in Reaktion auf Temperaturänderungen. “Thermocouple.” Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary, Merriam-Webster, https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/thermocouple. Accessed 13 Jan. 2023. Thermoelement thermocouple A device for measuring temperature in which a pair of wires of dissimilar metals (such as copper and iron) are joined and the free ends of the wires are connected to an instrument (such as a voltmeter) that measures the difference in potential created at the junction of the two metals. Ein Gerät zur Temperaturmessung, bei dem ein Paar Drähte aus unterschiedlichen Metallen (z. B. Kupfer und Eisen) verbunden und die freien Enden der Drähte mit einem Instrument (z. B. einem Voltmeter) verbunden werden, das die an der Verbindungsstelle erzeugte der beiden Metalle Potentialdifferenz misst . Thermocycler thermocycler A thermocycler is a temperature change device that rapidly changes the temperature of a sample in cycles, often used in polymerase chain reactions (PCR). Ein Thermocycler ist ein Temperaturwechselgerät, das die Temperatur einer Probe in Zyklen schnell ändert, oft verwendet in der Polymerase-Kettenreaktion (PCR). Thermogravimetrische Analyse-Verfahren thermogravimetric analysis process A thermal property analyzing process that measures the change in mass of a material as a function of temperature or time in a controlled atmosphere, determining its thermal stability and composition. Ein Thermische Eigenschaften Analyseverfahren, das die Massenänderung eines Materials in Abhängigkeit von Temperatur oder Zeit in einer kontrollierten Atmosphäre misst und dessen thermische Stabilität und Zusammensetzung bestimmt. Thermogravimetric analysis of a metal alloy to determine its oxidation stability at high temperatures. TGA Thermomechanische Analyse-Verfahren thermomechanical analysis process A thermomechanical property analyzing process that measures the dimensional changes of a material as a function of temperature, determining its coefficient of thermal expansion. Ein Thermoanalytisches Verfahren, das die Maßänderungen eines Materials als Funktion der Temperatur misst und seinen thermischen Ausdehnungskoeffizienten bestimmt. Thermomechanical analysis of a polymer to ensure it maintains dimensional stability under varying temperature conditions. TMA Thermomechanisches Behandeln thermomechanical treatment A changing properties of material process that involves the simultaneous application of heat and mechanical stresses. Thermomechanical treatment is utilized to alter and improve the material's microstructure and mechanical properties. Ein Stoffeigenschaft Ändern Prozess, der die gleichzeitige Anwendung von Wärme und mechanischen Spannungen beinhaltet. Die thermomechanische Behandlung wird eingesetzt, um die Mikrostruktur und die mechanischen Eigenschaften des Materials zu verändern und zu verbessern. Hot Isostatic Pressing Dünnschichtchromatographie Verfahren thin-layer chromatography process A chromatography process that separates non-volatile mixtures by applying a sample on a thin layer of an adsorbent material and using a solvent to move the components up the layer based on their affinities. Ein Chromatographieverfahren, das nichtflüchtige Gemische trennt, indem eine Probe auf eine dünne Schicht eines Adsorptionsmaterials aufgetragen und ein Lösungsmittel verwendet wird, um die Komponenten basierend auf ihren Affinitäten entlang der Schicht zu bewegen. Using thin-layer chromatography to analyze the composition of a polymer mixture to identify different components. Dünnschichtchromatographiesystem thin layer chromatography system A chromatography system used for separating compounds in a sample using a thin layer of adsorbent material on a plate. Ein Chromatographiesystem zur Trennung von Verbindungen in einer Probe unter Verwendung einer dünnen Schicht adsorbierenden Materials auf einer Platte. 3D-Drucker 3d printer A 3D Printer is an additive manufacturing device that creates three-dimensional objects by building them layer by layer from a digital model. Ein 3D-Drucker ist ein Gerät für die additive Fertigung, das dreidimensionale Objekte durch schichtweises Aufbauen aus einem digitalen Modell erzeugt. time series A time series is a 1-D information content entity defined by a sequence of data points collected or recorded at successive time intervals, used for analyzing temporal properties or trends. true Torsionsprüfmaschine torsion testing machine A device used to test the resistance of materials to twisting forces by applying a torque and measuring the resulting deformation. Ein Gerät zur Prüfung des Widerstands von Materialien gegenüber Drehkräften durch Anwendung eines Drehmoments und Messung der resultierenden Verformung. Torsionsprüfverfahren torsion testing process A mechanical property analyzing process that assesses a material's behavior when subjected to twisting forces, determining its torsional strength and shear modulus. Ein Mechanische Eigenschaften Analyseverfahren, das das Verhalten eines Materials bei Torsionskräften bewertet und seine Torsionsfestigkeit und Schermodul bestimmt. Evaluating the torsional strength of a metal rod used in a mechanical shaft to prevent failure under rotational loads. triple point a state of matter boundary (point) realized by transition from the solid state to the liquid state or the the gaseous state (or vice versa). true Ultraschallreiniger ultrasonic cleaner A device that uses ultrasound and a cleaning solvent to clean delicate or complex items. An Ultrasonic Cleaner is a Cleaning Device that uses high-frequency sound waves and a cleaning solvent to remove contaminants from delicate or complex items. Ein Gerät, das Ultraschall und ein Reinigungsmittel verwendet, um empfindliche oder komplexe Gegenstände zu reinigen. Ein Ultraschallreiniger ist ein Reinigungsgerät, das Hochfrequenzschallwellen und ein Reinigungsmittel verwendet, um Verunreinigungen von empfindlichen oder komplexen Gegenständen zu entfernen. Ultraviolett-Visible-Spektrophotometer ultraviolet visible spectrophotometer A device used to measure the absorbance of a sample in the ultraviolet and visible regions of the electromagnetic spectrum. Ein Gerät zur Messung der Absorption einer Probe im ultravioletten und sichtbaren Bereich des elektromagnetischen Spektrums. unsupervised machine learning unsupervised machine learning A machine learning process that identifies patterns and relationships in data without using labeled outcomes. Ein Maschinelles Lernen Prozess, der Muster und Zusammenhänge in Daten identifiziert, ohne beschriftete Ergebnisse zu verwenden. Using clustering algorithms to group similar materials based on their properties (e.g., hardness, elasticity, thermal conductivity) without prior knowledge of the categories. For instance, discovering new categories of alloy compositions that exhibit similar thermal properties. Viskosimeter viscometer A device used to measure the viscosity of liquids, providing information about their flow properties. Ein Gerät zur Messung der Viskosität von Flüssigkeiten, das Informationen über ihre Fließeigenschaften liefert. Viskosimetrie viscometry A rheological property analyzing process that measures the viscosity of a fluid, which is its resistance to gradual deformation by shear or tensile stress, using viscometers or rheometers. Ein Rheologisches Eigenschaften Analyseverfahren, das die Viskosität einer Flüssigkeit misst, also deren Widerstand gegen allmähliche Verformung durch Scher- oder Zugspannung, unter Verwendung von Viskosimetern oder Rheometern. Wasseraufbereitungssystem water purification system A water purification system is a device used to remove contaminants from water to produce clean and safe drinking water. Ein Wasseraufbereitungssystem ist ein Gerät, das verwendet wird, um Verunreinigungen aus Wasser zu entfernen, um sauberes und sicheres Trinkwasser herzustellen. Wasserstrahlschneider waterjet cutter A device that utilizes a high-pressure stream of water or a water stream with abrasive particles to cut materials such as metal, stone, plastic, etc. Ein Gerät, das einen Hochdruckwasserstrahl oder einen Wasserstrahl mit abrasiven Partikeln verwendet, um Materialien wie Metall, Stein, Kunststoff usw. zu schneiden. absorption of wave radiation process of taking up elctromagnetic radiation by a material entity Verschleißprüfmaschine wear testing machine A device used to test the wear resistance of materials by subjecting them to abrasive conditions. Ein Gerät zur Prüfung der Verschleißfestigkeit von Materialien durch Aussetzen dieser Bedingungen unter Abrasivbedingungen. Verschleißprüfverfahren wear testing process A mechanical property analyzing process that evaluates the resistance of a material to wear and abrasion, simulating real-life conditions of friction. Ein Mechanische Eigenschaften Analyseverfahrenn, das den Widerstand eines Materials gegen Verschleiß und Abrieb bewertet und reale Reibungsbedingungen simuliert. Wear testing of automotive brake pads to ensure longevity and performance under repetitive braking conditions. Schweißgerät welding device A device used for joining materials by melting them together, typically with the addition of a filler material. Ein Gerät zum Verbinden von Materialien durch Schmelzen, üblicherweise unter Zugabe eines Füllmaterials. Schweißfunktion welding function A welding function is a joining function that is realized in fusing materials by welding. Eine Unterfunktion des Verbindens, die durchgeführt wird, um Materialien durch Schweißtechniken zu verbinden. true Röntgen Analyseverfahren x-ray analyzing process A structural property analyzing process that uses X-rays to investigate the internal structure, composition, and properties of materials by measuring the interaction of X-rays with the sample. Ein Struktur Eigenschaften Analyseverfahren, das Röntgenstrahlen verwendet, um die innere Struktur, Zusammensetzung und Eigenschaften von Materialien zu untersuchen, indem die Wechselwirkung der Röntgenstrahlen mit der Probe gemessen wird. Röntgen-Computertomographie x-ray computed tomography A X-ray analyzing process, that uses X-rays to create detailed cross-sectional images of an object. Ein Röntgenanalyseverfahren, das Röntgenstrahlen verwendet, um detaillierte Querschnittsbilder eines Objekts zu erstellen. For example, X-ray Computed Tomography can be used to analyze the porosity of cement. This process allows researchers to visualize and quantify the distribution, size, and connectivity of pores within the cement. CT Beugungsprozess x-ray diffraction process An X-ray analyzing process, that involves the interaction of X-rays with the crystalline structure of a material. Ein Röntgenanalyseverfahren, das die Wechselwirkung von Röntgenstrahlen mit der kristallinen Struktur eines Materials umfasst. XRD is used to e.g. determine the crystal structure of newly synthesized compounds to determine the crystal lattice arrangement. XRD Röntgen-Mapping x-ray mapping An X-ray analyzing process, that generates a spatial distribution map of the elements within a specimen by scanning the sample with an electron or X-ray beam and detecting the emitted X-rays, providing detailed compositional information across the sample's surface. Ein Röntgenanalyseverfahren, das eine räumliche Verteilungskarte der Elemente innerhalb einer Probe erstellt, indem die Probe mit einem Elektronen- oder Röntgenstrahl abgetastet und die emittierten Röntgenstrahlen detektiert werden, wodurch detaillierte Zusammensetzungsinformationen über die Oberfläche der Probe geliefert werden. An example of an X-ray Mapping process is X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy, X-ray Fluorescence, or X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy. Röntgen-Mikroanalyse x-ray microanalysis An X-ray analyzing process that determines the elemental composition and chemical properties of a specimen by detecting and analyzing the characteristic X-rays emitted from the sample when it is irradiated with a focused electron beam. Ein Röntgenanalyseverfahren, das die elementare Zusammensetzung und chemischen Eigenschaften einer Probe bestimmt, indem die charakteristischen Röntgenstrahlen detektiert und analysiert werden, die von der Probe emittiert werden, wenn sie mit einem fokussierten Elektronenstrahl bestrahlt wird. An example for X-ray Microanalysis process is Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy. Röntgenspektroskopie x-ray spectroscopy A spectroscopy process, that analyzes the interaction of X-rays with matter to determine the material's composition and structure. Ein Spektroskopie Verfahren, das die Wechselwirkung von Röntgenstrahlen mit Materie analysiert, um die Zusammensetzung und Struktur des Materials zu bestimmen. Examples are e.g. X-ray absorption spectroscopy, X-ray emission spectroscopy, and X-ray reflection spectroscopy. Röntgenbeugungsgerät x-ray diffractometer An X-Ray diffractometer is a measuring device that determines the crystal structure of materials by analyzing the diffraction patterns of X-rays passed through a sample. Ein Röntgenbeugungsgerät ist ein Messgerät, das die Kristallstruktur von Materialien durch Analyse der Beugungsmuster von durch eine Probe geleiteten Röntgenstrahlen bestimmt. Röntgenanalysator x-ray analyzer A device used to analyze the composition and properties of materials through X-ray techniques such as diffraction or fluorescence. Ein Gerät zur Analyse der Zusammensetzung und Eigenschaften von Materialien durch Röntgenverfahren wie Beugung oder Fluoreszenz. Röntgen-Computertomographiesystem x-ray computed tomography system A device that uses X-ray computed tomography techniques to produce cross-sectional images of a material. Ein Gerät, das Röntgen-Computertomographietechniken verwendet, um Querschnittsbilder eines Materials zu erstellen. Röntgenkartierungsgerät x-ray mapping device A device used for mapping the spatial distribution of elements or compounds within a material using X-ray fluorescence or diffraction techniques. Ein Gerät, das zur Kartierung der räumlichen Verteilung von Elementen oder Verbindungen innerhalb eines Materials mithilfe von Röntgenfluoreszenz- oder -beugungstechniken verwendet wird. Röntgenmikroanalyssystem x-ray microanalysis system A device used for microanalysis of materials using X-ray techniques to determine elemental composition at a microscopic scale. Ein Gerät zur Mikroanalyse von Materialien unter Verwendung von Röntgentechniken zur Bestimmung der Elementzusammensetzung auf mikroskopischer Ebene. angle A property that represents the measure of rotation or inclination between two intersecting lines or planes, independent of the size of the object. uncertainty A quantitative indication of the doubt about a measurement result, expressing the range within which the true value is expected to lie. calibration process A process of comparing measurement values delivered by an instrument or system with known reference standards to ensure accuracy and traceability. expriment designing process A planned process of planning and structuring experimental methods, conditions, and variables to reliably test hypotheses or obtain data. https://www.britannica.com/science/sample-preparation test piece preparation process A planned processes in which a representative piece of material is extracted from a larger amount and readied for analysis.  date value specification A datum that represents a date or time interval associated with another specification. depth The distance from a reference surface or point to a specific point or feature along a perpendicular or defined direction. diagonal A straight line connecting two non-adjacent corners or vertices of a polygon. cutting device A device designed to cut, slice, divide, or sever objects. hand held device A device that has the disposition to be grasped and operated by a human hand and is designed for manual use. corrosion resistant a disposition to withstand corrosive attack to a certain extend carbon steel ferrous metal that has a limited amout of carbon cast iron ferrous metal that has an amout of min 2.07 wt % carbon stainless steel steel that contains chromium, making it resistant to corrosion (rust). tool steel steel with tailored mechanical properties alloy steel steel that is alloyed with a variety of elements in amounts between 1.0% and 50% by weight, typically to improve its mechanical properties chromium steel steels containing chromium as an intentional alloying element, characterized by mechanical strength and hardness suitable for engineering applications such as bearings, tools, drills, and utensils, but lacking the corrosion resistance required to qualify as stainless steel non-ferrous metal metals or alloys that do not contain iron (allotropes of iron, ferrite, and so on) in appreciable amounts. zinc alloy non-ferrous metal consisting primarily of zinc combined with other elements hardenable a disposition to gain a greatly increased hardness at the surface or entire volume by the process of hardening precious metal metal that is rare, naturally occurring, and have high economic value due to their resistance to corrosion, oxidation, and chemical reaction gold metal precious metal consisting primarily of gold silver metal precious metal consisting primarily of silver platinum metal precious metal consisting primarily of platinum palladium metal precious metal consisting primarily of palladium rhodium metal precious metal consisting primarily of rhodium A Portion Of Matter that consists of only rhodium atoms. portion of rhodium A 'portion of rhodium' is a 'portion of pure chemical element' that 'consists of' only chebi:rhodium atom. A Portion Of Matter that consists of only tellurium atoms. portion of tellurium A 'portion of tellurium' is a 'portion of pure chemical element' that 'consists of' only chebi:tellurium atom. containing magnetic species A material property that inheres in a material entity in virtue of the presence of one or more magnetic species (e.g. ferromagnetic, paramagnetic, or diamagnetic particles or atoms), and that manifests under appropriate conditions as the ability of that material entity to exhibit a magnetic response or influence in a magnetic field. bioactive A disposition that inheres in a material entity and is realized in an organismal context as a specific interaction with one or more biological systems, producing a measurable biological effect (e.g., therapeutic, toxic, or signaling outcome). bioinert a disposition to elicit minimal or no biological response when in contact with tissue or implanted non-toxic and non-immunogenic, with little or no bonding or integration with the body. bioresorbable being absorbed or excreted as it performs its function, often eliminating the need for removal. biocompatibe and degrading and being resorbed by the body over time organic composition A composition characterized by a primary molecular structure of carbon atoms covalently bonded to hydrogen (C-H bonds), typically forming linear, branched, or networked chains. inorganic composition material composition based on chemical elements other than those defining organic compounds, typically characterized by ionic or metallic bonding and the absence of a carbon-hydrogen ($C-H$) framework specific strength SI unit for specific strength is Pa⋅m3/kg, or N⋅m/kg, which is dimensionally equivalent to m2/s2, In fiber or textile applications, tenacity is the usual measure of specific strength Specific strength is a quality that inheres in a material entity and is defined as the ratio of its tensile strength to its density. polymerization The chemical process of reacting monomers, oligomers, or reactive precursors together to form longer macromolecular chains or three-dimensional networks curing The toughening or hardening of a polymer material by cross-linking of polymer chains. biomedical material biomaterial related to the use of a material. it is part of objects which participates some medical processes A non-living material intended to interface with biological systems to evaluate, treat, augment, or replace any tissue, organ, or function of the body. 1 1 elemental semiconductor Primarily includes group 14 elements like Silicon, Carbon, Germanium, Tin but also Selenium (group 16) and Boron (group 13). semiconductor that shows semiconductive behavior as a pure element Silicon, Carbon, Germanium, alpha-Tin 2 compound semiconductor alloy semiconductor semiconductor which is composed of two or more pure elements boron nitride (BN), gallium arsenide (GaAs), aluminium gallium arsenide (AlGaAs), indium gallium nitride (InGaN) organic semiconductor semiconductor which consists of organic (carbon based) molecules or polymer hybrid semiconductor semiconductor which consists of organic semiconductors and non-organic semiconductors medical application role a role realized through the intentional interface with a biological system for the purpose of evaluating, treating, augmenting, or replacing any tissue, organ, or function of the body magnesia ceramic oxide ceramic consisting primarily of magnesium oxide silicide ceramic non-oxide ceramic consisting of a silicon and another element cermet ceramic-metal composite metal matrix composite material consisting of a ceramic phase (typically carbides or nitrides) bonded with a continuous metallic phase phase (thermodynamic) A thermodynamic phase is a material entity that forms a homogeneous portion of matter within a thermodynamic system and is characterized by uniform thermodynamic properties. true filler role Filler is the role of a 'PortionOfDisconnectedMatter' that implies being hosted in a matrix. true precipitate role Precipitate is the role of a portion of matter that implies being hosted in a matrix and the Precipitate derives from the matrix or the Precipitate derives from the thing that the matrix derives from. true crystal A crystal is an object that has a quality "crystal structure". true See editior note of composition to underatand the difference between composition and chemical composition data items. To understand the difference between the composition and the composition data item, one has to understand the difference between SDCs and GDCs in BFO. A triple "material entity has quality compsition", conveys the fact such quality exists without telling us what are fractions of compounds in this material entity. A triple "compostion is subject of composition data item" conveys that there's an information about values of these fractions. Think of comosition data item as a pdf where the composition is documented. These portions of other matters do not have to be portions of specific chemical elements, i.e., atomic composition, but rather portions of other substances, such as nitric acid and water. composition data item composition specification Composition data item is an information content entity that is about composition of a material enity. It has members fraction value specifications which specifiy values of propotions of compounds, which are parts of the material enity. Nitric acid solution has quality composition, and the composition data item is about this composition.The composition data item has members fraction specifications of nitric acid, e.g., 4 vol.%, and distilled water. These fraction specifications specify value of pure substances of nitric acid and distilled water, respectively. Furthermore, these fraction specifications specify values of relational qualities (volume) proportion of nitric acid and (volume) proportion of distilled water. true porosity itensive quality embodiying the fraction of the materials (enclosing) spatial region occupied by pores. true Corrosion is typically of interest when the change of the material affects the objects ability to fulfill its function. corrosion corrosion is a slow chemical or electrochemical degradation process of a material entity due to its interaction with the surrounding environment. metallic grain structures The metallic grain structures is a categorical value specification that specifies value of the metallic grain structure quality. It describes the morphology of polycrystalline metallic materials. Polycrystalline metallic materials will typically form their grain structures as one of those categories or a transition or mixture state of those. true hydrogen bond A hydrogen bond is a bond that binds one molecule’s hydrogen atom with the electronegative atoms of another molecule. The bond that forms between liquid water molecules at one molecules hydrogen ends and the other molecules oxygen end. true obstacle role An obstacle role is a role of an independent continuant C that is realized in a motion process and indictes that C hinders the motion of a participant in the process. A precipitate or grain boundary may hinder the motion of a dislocation. A Portion Of Matter that consists of only Iron atoms. portion of iron A 'portion of iron' is a 'Poriton Of Pure Substance' that 'consists of' only chebi:iron atom. A Portion Of Matter that consists of only indium atoms. portion of indium A 'portion of indium' is a 'portion of pure chemical element' that 'consists of' only chebi:indium atom. A Portion Of Matter that consists of only chromium atoms. portion of chromium A 'portion of chromium' is a 'portion of pure chemical element' that 'consists of' only chebi:chromium atom. A Portion Of Matter that consists of only carbon atoms. portion of carbon A 'portion of carbon' is a 'portion of pure chemical element' that 'consists of' only chebi:carbon atom. A Portion Of Matter that consists of only germanium atoms. portion of germanium A 'portion of germanium' is a 'portion of pure chemical element' that 'consists of' only chebi:germanium atom. A Portion Of Matter that consists of only tungsten atoms. portion of tungsten A 'portion of tungsten' is a 'portion of pure chemical element' that 'consists of' only chebi:tungsten. A Portion Of Matter that consists of only erbium atoms. portion of erbium A 'portion of erbium' is a 'portion of pure chemical element' that 'consists of' only chebi:erbium. A Portion Of Matter that consists of only molybdenum atoms. portion of molybdenum A 'portion of molybdenum' is a 'portion of pure chemical element' that 'consists of' only chebi:molybdenum atom. A Portion Of Matter that consists of only niobium atoms. portion of niobium A 'portion of niobium' is a 'portion of pure chemical element' that 'consists of' only chebi:niobium atom. A Portion Of Matter that consists of only rhenium atoms. portion of rhenium A 'portion of rhenium' is a 'portion of pure chemical element' that 'consists of' only chebi:rhenium atom. A Portion Of Matter that consists of only lithium atoms. portion of lithium A 'portion of lithium' is a 'portion of pure chemical element' that 'consists of' only chebi:lithium atom. A Portion Of Matter that consists of only nitrogen atoms. portion of nitrogen A 'portion of nitrogen' is a 'portion of pure chemical element' that 'consists of' only chebi:nitrogen atom. A Portion Of Matter that consists of only cobalt atoms. portion of cobalt A 'portion of cobalt' is a 'portion of pure chemical element' that 'consists of' only chebi:cobalt atom. A Portion Of Matter that consists of only gold atoms. portion of gold A 'portion of gold' is a 'portion of pure chemical element' that 'consists of' only chebi:gold atom. A Portion Of Matter that consists of only argon atoms. portion of argon A 'portion of argon' is a 'portion of pure chemical element' that 'consists of' only chebi:argon atom. A Portion Of Matter that consists of only cadmium atoms. portion of cadmium A 'portion of cadmium' is a 'portion of pure chemical element' that 'consists of' only chebi:cadmium atom. A Portion Of Matter that consists of only barium atoms. portion of barium A 'portion of barium' is a 'portion of pure chemical element' that 'consists of' only chebi:barium atom. A Portion Of Matter that consists of only tantalum atoms. portion of tantalum A 'portion of tantalum' is a 'portion of pure chemical element' that 'consists of' only chebi:tantalum atom. A Portion Of Matter that consists of only antimony atoms. portion of antimony A 'portion of antimony' is a 'portion of pure chemical element' that 'consists of' only chebi:antimony atom. A Portion Of Matter that consists of only potassium atoms. portion of potassium A 'portion of potassium' is a 'portion of pure chemical element' that 'consists of' only chebi:potassium atom. A Portion Of Matter that consists of only phosphorus atoms. portion of phosphorus A 'portion of phosphorus' is a 'portion of pure chemical element' that 'consists of' only chebi:phosphorus atom. A Portion Of Matter that consists of only boron atoms. portion of boron A 'portion of boron' is a 'portion of pure chemical element' that 'consists of' only chebi:boron atom. A Portion Of Matter that consists of only helium atoms. portion of helium A 'portion of helium' is a 'portion of pure chemical element' that 'consists of' only chebi:helium atom. A Portion Of Matter that consists of only silicon atoms. portion of silicon A 'portion of silicon' is a 'portion of pure chemical element' that 'consists of' only chebi:silicon atom. A Portion Of Matter that consists of only nickel atoms. portion of nickel A 'portion of nickel' is a 'portion of pure chemical element' that 'consists of' only chebi:nickel atom. A Portion Of Matter that consists of only yttrium atoms. portion of yttrium A 'portion of yttrium' is a 'portion of pure chemical element' that 'consists of' only chebi:yttrium atom. A Portion Of Matter that consists of only zirconium atoms. portion of zirconium A 'portion of zirconium' is a 'portion of pure chemical element' that 'consists of' only chebi:zirconium atom. A Portion Of Matter that consists of only copper atoms. portion of copper A 'portion of copper' is a 'portion of pure chemical element' that 'consists of' only chebi:copper atom. A Portion Of Matter that consists of only bohrium atoms. portion of bohrium A 'portion of bohrium' is a 'portion of pure chemical element' that 'consists of' only chebi:bohrium atom. A Portion Of Matter that consists of only fluorine atoms. portion of fluorine A 'portion of fluorine' is a 'portion of pure chemical element' that 'consists of' only chebi:fluorine atom. A Portion Of Matter that consists of only platinum atoms. portion of platinum A 'portion of platinum' is a 'portion of pure chemical element' that 'consists of' only chebi:platinum. A Portion Of Matter that consists of only cerium atoms. portion of cerium A 'portion of cerium' is a 'portion of pure chemical element' that 'consists of' only chebi:cerium. A Portion Of Matter that consists of only sulfur atoms. portion of sulfur A 'portion of sulfur' is a 'portion of pure chemical element' that 'consists of' only chebi:sulfur atom. A Portion Of Matter that consists of only lead atoms. portion of lead A 'portion of lead' is a 'portion of pure chemical element' that 'consists of' only chebi:lead atom. A Portion Of Matter that consists of only krypton atoms. portion of krypton A 'portion of krypton' is a 'portion of pure chemical element' that 'consists of' only chebi:krypton atom. A Portion Of Matter that consists of only bismuth atoms. portion of bismuth A 'portion of bismuth' is a 'portion of pure chemical element' that 'consists of' only chebi:bismuth atom. A Portion Of Matter that consists of only neon atoms. portion of neon A 'portion of neon' is a 'portion of pure chemical element' that 'consists of' only chebi:neon atom. A Portion Of Matter that consists of only thallium atoms. portion of thallium A 'portion of thallium' is a 'portion of pure chemical element' that 'consists of' only chebi:thallium. A Portion Of Matter that consists of only selenium atoms. portion of selenium A 'portion of selenium' is a 'portion of pure chemical element' that 'consists of' only chebi:selenium atom. A Portion Of Matter that consists of only ruthenium atoms. portion of ruthenium A 'portion of ruthenium' is a 'portion of pure chemical element' that 'consists of' only chebi:ruthenium atom. A Portion Of Matter that consists of only magnesium atoms. portion of magnesium A 'portion of magnesium' is a 'portion of pure chemical element' that 'consists of' only chebi:magnesium atom. A Portion Of Matter that consists of only zinc atoms. portion of zinc A 'portion of zinc' is a 'portion of pure chemical element' that 'consists of' only chebi:zinc atom. A Portion Of Matter that consists of only mercury atoms. portion of mercury A 'portion of mercury' is a 'portion of pure chemical element' that 'consists of' only chebi:mercury atom. A Portion Of Matter that consists of only xenon atoms. portion of xenon A 'portion of xenon' is a 'portion of pure chemical element' that 'consists of' only chebi:xenon atom. A Portion Of Matter that consists of only aluminium atoms. portion of aluminium A 'portion of aluminium' is a 'portion of pure chemical element' that 'consists of' only chebi:aluminium atom. A Portion Of Matter that consists of only sodium atoms. portion of sodium A 'portion of sodium' is a 'portion of pure chemical element' that 'consists of' only chebi:sodium atom. A Portion Of Matter that consists of only iodine atoms. portion of iodine A 'portion of iodine' is a 'portion of pure chemical element' that 'consists of' only chebi:iodine atom. A Portion Of Matter that consists of only caesium atoms. portion of caesium A 'portion of caesium' is a 'portion of pure chemical element' that 'consists of' only chebi:caesium atom. A Portion Of Matter that consists of only chlorine atoms. portion of chlorine A 'portion of chlorine' is a 'portion of pure chemical element' that 'consists of' only chebi:chlorine atom. A Portion Of Matter that consists of only silver atoms. portion of silver A 'portion of silver' is a 'portion of pure chemical element' that 'consists of' only chebi:silver atom. A Portion Of Matter that consists of only samarium atoms. portion of samarium A 'portion of samarium' is a 'portion of pure chemical element' that 'consists of' only chebi:samarium atom. A Portion Of Matter that consists of only manganese atoms. portion of manganese A 'portion of manganese' is a 'portion of pure chemical element' that 'consists of' only chebi:manganese atom. A Portion Of Matter that consists of only arsenic atoms. portion of arsenic A 'portion of arsenic' is a 'portion of pure chemical element' that 'consists of' only chebi:arsenic atom. A Portion Of Matter that consists of only beryllium atoms. portion of beryllium A 'portion of beryllium' is a 'portion of pure chemical element' that 'consists of' only chebi:beryllium atom. A Portion Of Matter that consists of only calcium atoms. portion of calcium A 'portion of calcium' is a 'portion of pure chemical element' that 'consists of' only chebi:calcium atom. A Portion Of Matter that consists of only neodymium atoms. portion of neodymium A 'portion of neodymium' is a 'portion of pure chemical element' that 'consists of' only chebi:neodymium atom. A Portion Of Matter that consists of only hydrogen atoms. portion of hydrogen A 'portion of hydrogen' is a 'portion of pure chemical element' that 'consists of' only chebi:hydrogen atom. A Portion Of Matter that consists of only osmium atoms. portion of osmium A 'portion of osmium' is a 'portion of pure chemical element' that 'consists of' only chebi:osmium atom. A Portion Of Matter that consists of only iridium atoms. portion of iridium A 'portion of iridium' is a 'portion of pure chemical element' that 'consists of' only chebi:iridium atom. A Portion Of Matter that consists of only gallium atoms. portion of gallium A 'portion of gallium' is a 'portion of pure chemical element' that 'consists of' only chebi:gallium atom. A Portion Of Matter that consists of only bromine atoms. portion of bromine A 'portion of bromine' is a 'portion of pure chemical element' that 'consists of' only chebi:bromine atom. A Portion Of Matter that consists of only tin atoms. portion of tin A 'portion of tin' is a 'portion of pure chemical element' that 'consists of' only chebi:tin atom. A Portion Of Matter that consists of only hafnium atoms. portion of hafnium A 'portion of hafnium' is a 'portion of pure chemical element' that 'consists of' only chebi:hafnium atom. A Portion Of Matter that consists of only uranium atoms. portion of uranium A 'portion of uranium' is a 'portion of pure chemical element' that 'consists of' only chebi:uranium atom. A Portion Of Matter that consists of only oxygen atoms. portion of oxygen A 'portion of oxygen' is a 'portion of pure chemical element' that 'consists of' only chebi:oxygen atom. A Portion Of Matter that consists of only palladium atoms. portion of palladium A 'portion of palladium' is a 'portion of pure chemical element' that 'consists of' only chebi:palladium. A Portion Of Matter that consists of only vanadium atoms. portion of vanadium A 'portion of vanadium' is a 'portion of pure chemical element' that 'consists of' only chebi:vanadium atom. A Portion Of Matter that consists of only scandium atoms. portion of scandium A 'portion of scandium' is a 'portion of pure chemical element' that 'consists of' only chebi:scandium atom. A Portion Of Matter that consists of only titanium atoms. portion of titanium A 'portion of titanium' is a 'portion of pure chemical element' that 'consists of' only chebi:titanium atom. steel ferrous metal that consists of iron and carbon and possibly other alloying elements (and possibly impurities) nature constant A nature constant is a generically dependent continuant whose value, maginitude or configuration is determined by nature including physics and mathematics. Examples of nature constants are the speed of light, pi, etc. true TODO: possibly extend for 2D (Graphene etc) More elaborate crystal descriptions may be found in http://emmo.info/domain-crystallography/crystallography or https://purls.helmholtz-metadaten.de/disos/cso bravais lattice (3D) The bravais lattice is a categorical value specification that specifies value of the crystal structure quality. It describes the possible geometric arrangement of lattice points in a crystal. The present descriptor is limited to the 14 possible three-dimensional arrangements. true proportion concentration fraction A proportion is a relational quality between two entities (the whole and the part) which quantifies the relation between the whole and its part. true mass proportion Mass proportion is a proportion which quantifies the mass of the part relative to the mass of the whole. true molar proportion Molar Ratio Molar proportion is the proportion which quantifies the entities count of the part in relation to the entities count of the whole. The molar ratio of hydrogen gas H2 molecules to water H2O molecules is 1/1 in the oxyhydrogen reaction. The molar ratio of oxygen molecules O2 to water molecules is 2/1. The molar ratio of carbon dioxide to average atmosphere air is 420 ppm as of 2022 AD. true volume proportion Volume proportion is a proportion which quantifies the volume of the part relative to the volume of the whole. true geogenic mineral material that is formed through geological processes such as Quartz (Silicates) or calcite (Carbonate) or Feldspar (Aluminosilicate) polycrystal Polycrystalline structure A polycrystal is a connected material entity aggregate that consists of multiple crystal grains joined through crystallographic interfaces. true grain size distribution An intensive quality describing the lower length scale object aggregate (grains) that is part of the material. true fluid (object) Fluid (object) is an object that consists of some portion of matter which bears an aggregate state that concretizes a liquid or gaseous aggregate state. medium role Medium role is a role beared by an object which implies that the object serves as an intermediary for the transmission of something else, like energy, force, or information. Air in the air cooling process, N2 atmosphere in a furnace cooling process, oil in a quenching process, crystal lattice in a solid state diffusion aerosol An aerosol is a disconnected material entity aggregate which: 1. consists of some portion of matter whose aggregate state quality concretizes gaseous and 2. consists of some portion of matter whose aggregate state quality concretises solid or liquid (TODO: express that this portion is also a disconnected material entity aggregate) true aggregate state value The aggregate state value is a categorical value specification that specifies value of the aggregate state quality. true old defintion: A foam is a material entity aggregate that is also a composite material c. The parts of c that have the filler role are vacuum-filled or gas filled pores. The parts of c that have the matrix role consist of a material that is bearer of solid or liquid aggregate state. One pore with its surrounding matrix is called 'cell'. Depending on the interconnectedness of the pores the foam is open- or closed-cell. foam A foam is a connected material entity aggregate that consists of a solid or liquid matrix containing gas-filled or vacuum-filled pores forming cellular structures. true thermodynamic system A thermodynamic system is an object aggregate whose objects are bearer of thermodynamic properties. A thermodynamic system environs a thermodynamic process by which the thermodynamic properties of the objects of the thermodynamic system change over time. true reversible process A reversible process is a process whose participants form a thermodynamic system with an entropy S and S remains constant during the process. true driving force of phase in system Driving force of phase in a system is a relational quality that inheres between two material entities, the species and the material (system). The driving force is a factor that promotes a physical process or (eletro-)chemical reaction in a material (system) to occur and proceed towards completion. It can be quantified as the gradient of the activity of the participating species. For α → β: ΔG = G_β − G_α. If ΔG < 0, the transformation is thermodynamically favorable; many report the driving force as F = −ΔG > 0 true intensive quality Point property An intensive quality is a quality that inheres in only portion of matter and thus is independent of the bearers (system-) size. true Due to the duality of object and portion of matter this axiom can not be an equivalent class axiom. size an extensive quality of a material entity that describes its spatial extend. true Mass is relevant in such processes as gravitation, acceleration, etc. mass Mass is fundamental extensive quality. true stimulus role The stimulus role is a role that an object bears in a process when causally influencing another object that bears a stimulation target role in the same process. 'Role' implies here, that the 'bearing' assignment depends on the intent. stimulation target role See 'Stimulus role' The number of phases involved can vary as well as the mechanisms involved can be different. phase transformation A thermodynamic phase transformation is a process in/of a thermodynamic system, that involves the transformation of phases of the system to other phases. true See metastable phase stable phase A stable phase is a phase that does not have a "pmd:disposition of a phase to transform" in the "pmd:phase transformation" it participates. A phase that participates in a phase transformation pt and pt that is not a metastable phase. true lot A lot is an object aggregate whose parts are output of the same production process. Schmelze melt is a fluid (object) with a disposition to realize a blank role in a manufacturing process molten PLA in a 3D printing process portion of pure chemical element A portion of pure chemical element is a pure substance composed of multiple atoms, which are all of the same kind. Fatigue is typically of interest when the change of the material affects the objects ability to fulfill its function. fatigue (reaction to repetitive loading) fatigue is a process that affects an material entities integrity by nucleation and growing cracks. energy an extensive quality of material entities which manifests as a capacity to perform work (such as causing motion or the interaction of molecules) true process chain A process chain is a process that 'has continuant part' subprocesses S1...Sn where S1...Sn precede each other and where some object or object aggregate that are output of Sn are then input to Sn+1. product (chemical reaction) Product is the role of a material entity that is output of a chemical reaction and is created or transformed during the reaction. educt Educt is the role of a material entity that is input of a chemical reaction and is consumed or transformed during the reaction catalyst Catalyst is the role of a participant in a chemical reaction that does not alter its qualities/realizable entities after the chemical reaction. It is defined on the phase diagram at fixed composition and typically proceeds by diffusion‑controlled nucleation and growth (e.g., γ → α + Fe3C producing pearlite in steels). eutectoid phase transformation A eutectoid phase transformation is a phase transformation in which a solid parent phase of eutectoid composition decomposes into two distinct solid daughter phases at constant temperature and pressure. true extensive quality An extensive quality is a quality that inheres in only object or object aggregate or fiat object part or chemical entity and is dependent on the bearers (system-) size. true The stability of a phase can only be evaluated in the context of a (possibly unknown) phase transformation process. metastable phase A metastable phase phase_trans is a phase that has a "pmd:disposition of a phase to transform" disp_trans and disp_trans is realized in a "pmd:phase transformation" proc_trans and proc_trans has participant sys_trans and sys_trans has part phase_trans. true volume Volume is a three dimensional size. true internal energy Internal energy is a universal extensive quality that specifies the bearers potential to do work. true component A component is an object aggregate that bears a function in a technical system. technical system A technical system is an object aggregate: 1. that is output of a manufacturing process, 2. that has some function 3. whose continuant parts are some components. It proceeds by nucleation and growth. precipitation (phase) Precipitation from a supersaturated solid solution is a phase transformation process in which a single supersaturated parent phase decomposes into a solute‑depleted matrix and dispersed, compositionally distinct precipitate phases. true interatomic interaction energy Interatomic interaction energy is added/removed from the atom aggregate if one atom is moved infinitely away from the rest of the aggregate. true It is marked on phase diagrams by a peritectic point and proceeds by an interfacial, diffusion‑controlled reaction that is often kinetically sluggish, leading to incomplete transformation or complex microstructures during solidification. peritectic phase transformation A peritectic phase transformation is a phase transformation in which a liquid parent phase and an existing solid phase react on cooling to form a different solid phase (L + α → β). true Unlike nucleation and growth transformations, it has no nucleation barrier and proceeds by uphill diffusion and wavelength‑selective amplification of composition modulations, producing an interconnected, compositionally modulated microstructure that coarsens over time. spinodal decomposition Spinodal decomposition is a diffusion‑controlled continuous phase transformation in which a single homogeneous solution spontaneously separates into two compositionally distinct phases by amplification of infinitesimal concentration fluctuations. true parent phase role The parent phase role is the role of a phase that dissolves during the phase transformation process. As such, the bearer is a metastable phase. daughter phase role The daughter phase role is the role of a phase that forms during the phase transformation process. In metallography the term phase is sometimes used to denote microconstituents. To avoid confusion, the term phase should only be used for thermodynamic phases. microconstituent (phase mixture) A portion of matter that has one or more thermodynamic phases arranged in a characteristic spatial configuration (morphology) as parts. Pearlite is a microconstituent that has as parts the thermodynamic phases ferrite (α-Fe) and cementite (Fe3C) as parts. The characteristic spatial arrangement is in that case the lamellar orientation of the phases. Martensite is a microconstituent that has as part the thermodynamic ferrite phase with characteristic morphologies and chemistry. Its presence and amount is governed by the processing path and kinetics. true old defintion: Activity (a_X) is a relational property between a chemical species X and a non-ideal solution. a_X is a measure of the effective concentration of a chemical species X in the non-ideal solution, accounting for interactions between particles. It is defined as the product of the concentration and an activity coefficient, where the activity coefficient corrects for non-ideal behavior. activity (thermodynamic) Thermodynamic activity is a relational quality that inheres between a chemical species and a non-ideal solution and represents the effective concentration of the species accounting for particle interactions. activation energy Activation energy (E_a) a process attribute characterizing the minimum amount of energy required to initiate a reaction, allowing educts to overcome an energy barrier to transform into products. true eutectic phase transformation A eutectic phase transformation is a phase transformation in which a liquid parent phase decomposes into two distinct solid daughter phases at constant temperature and pressure. true state of matter boundary A state of matter boundary is a phase boundary that is realized by the transition from one aggregate state to another aggregate state. true The disposition is grounded in the phases activity in the thermodynamic system in question. disposition of a phase to transform The disposition of a phase to transform into another phase in a phase transformation process. true heat (metallurgy) A heat is a fixed amount of metallic alloy that may be input to some manufacturing process. structural boundary Structural phase boundary is a phase boundary that is realized in the transition from one structure to another structure. ɑ-Ɣ transformation in iron at 910 °C magnetic boundary A magnetic boundary is a phase boundary that is realized by the transition from one magnetic ordering to another magnetic ordering. mixture boundary A mixture boundary is a phase boundary that is realized by the transition from one phase to another phase in a system involving also chemical variations. The ingot may be hot rolled after casting... Bramme ingot An ingot is an object that has a thick section and may bear a semi finished product role and that is the specified output of a casting process. At the same time it is a material. Should it have exactly two phases as member parts? phase boundary (spatial) A fiat surface separating one phase from another phase. The phase boundary between liquid and the gaseous phase in a tank. The phase boundary between Fe3C and Fe of a pearlite lamellae. sheet A plate is a thin rectangular object that may bear a semi finished product role. At the same time it is a material. billet A billet is a relatively compact object that may bear a semi finished product role. At the same time it is a material. foil A plate is a very thin rectangular object that may bear a semi finished product role. At the same time it may be a material. Coils may have several sheets that are joined together. coil (coiled sheet) A coil is an object that has part some sheets or foils. At the same time it may be a material. plate A plate is a thick rectangular object that may bear a semi finished product role. At the same time it may be a material. bar A bar is a long object with rectangular section that may bear a semi finished product role. At the same time it may be a material. rod A rod is a long object with oval or round section that may bear a semi finished product role. At the same time it may be a material. This class does not include cables or other compound structures. wire (semi finished product) A wire is a long and somewhat flexible object that may bear a semi finished product role. At the same time it is a material. tube A tube is a long object with a hollow section and moderate wall thickness that may bear a semi finished product role. At the same time it may be a material. pipe A tube is a long object with a hollow section and pronounced wall thickness that may bear a semi finished product role. At the same time it may be a material. profile (semi finished product) A profile is a long object with determined section shape that may bear a semi finished product role. At the same time it may be a material. Recker stretch straightener machine A strech straightener machine is a forming machine that is used in a "forming under tensile conditions" process. Walzwerk rolling mill A rolling mill is a device that has part some rolling stand and whose specified input participates in some forming process. rolling stand A rolling stand is a device that is part of a rolling mill, has some work rolls and participates in a rolling pass. Ein Walzstock ist ein Teil eines Walzwerks, hat als Teil Arbeitswalzen und nimmt Teil an einen Walzstich. aluminium alloy non-ferrous metal consisting primarily of aluminium mixed with other elements copper alloy non-ferrous metal consisting primarily of copper combined with other elements nickel alloy non-ferrous metal consisting primarily of nickel combined with other elements titanium alloy non-ferrous metal consisting primarily of titanium combined with other elements metallographic section (surface) A surface layer (fiat object part) of an object which at the same time is a metal and the object is specified output of a planned process which describes the preparation of the surface. Typical dimensions of the round mountings are a diameter of 20-50 mm and a thickness of 10-20 mm. metallographic section (embedded sample) A metallographic section (embedded sample) is an object that has two parts: a metallic object that has a metallographic section (surface) as part and the mounting which is produced during a hot embedding or cold embedding process. macrosection (metallography) A macrosection (metallography) is a metallographic section (surface) that is produced directly on an object. The object may be cut in order to make accessible a section (fiat surface) of interest. tensile testpiece A tensile testpiece is a longitudinal object that has two parts which were designed for gripping (gripping section) at its ends and a part between the gripping sections that has been designed to observe the materials or the objects reaction to tensile loading. often used to describe mass transport from regions of high concentration to regions of low concentration diffusion process by which material entities spread or move due to random thermal motion crystallization process by which a solid with long-range order forms recrystallization process in which a new, defect-free grain structure forms in a material from an existing deformed grain structure. lattice point A lattice point is a fiat point that represents a position in a crystal lattice at which structural entities are regularly arranged. interstitial site An interstitial site is a site that is located between regular lattice points in a crystal structure. slip plane A slip plane is a fiat surface that corresponds to a crystallographic plane of a 3D crystal along which dislocations can glide Old definition: Force is a reciprocal relation realized between two objects where the other object exerts the same force with opposite sign onto the first. Force may be responsible for changes in velocity and/or deformation of objects. force A force is a realizable entity that consists of a reciprocal interaction between two objects and is realized as equal and opposite influences capable of changing motion or causing deformation. true section Section is a planar fiat surface cutting across the object crack A crack is a site that consists of a physical separation within a material entity occurring at the level of atomic bonds. true notch A notch is a site that consists of a geometric surface feature of an object characterized by a strong local change in shape or cross-section. true pore A pore is a site that consists of a cavity located within the bulk of a material entity. true defect role A defect role is a role of an independent continuant C indicating that C may affect a material entity E's ability to realize a function. C is continuant part of E. A crack in an structural member may affect its ability to carry a load. true unit cell (3D crystal) A unit cell (3D crystal) is a three-dimensional spatial region that represents the smallest repeating region whose spatial translation reproduces a crystal lattice. amount of substance Amount of substance n is a molar proportion when the whole is an object aggregate N, which has avogadro number objects (of same type) as parts (n = N/N_A). slip direction A slip direction is a fiat line that corresponds to the crystallographic direction along which dislocations glide os a slip plane. TODO: Indiviuals for the possible values need to be created, similar to the values of the Bravais lattice value individuals. Is determined by the Bravais lattice. slip system (3D) specifies the value of the crystal slip plane together with the slip direction. 1 elemental crystal a crystal that consists of exactly one atomic species different structures of a crystal could be linked by a relational property 'allotrope of' allotropy of an elemental crystal a disposition of an elemental crystal to change its crystal structure stable structure depends on pressure and temperature polymorphism of crystal disposition of a crystal to change its crystal structure 2 grain boundary A grain boundary is a fiat surface that separates adjacent grains in a polycrystalline material and is characterized by structural discontinuity. the part of a grain that is close to the grain boundary and possibly characterized by disorder is a fiat object part (grain surface layer) diffraction is a process of interference of waves which, scattered by a material’s periodic features, produce characteristic patterns may propagate through a medium or vacuum characterized by frequency, wavelength, and speed wave is a process of a propagating of disturbance that transports energy and momentum order scale value possible values of characteristic length over which structural correlations persist in a material 1 order scale characteristic length over which structural correlations persist in a material self-diffusion in crystaline solid diffusion of entites of a single type in a crystal that consists of entites of this same type inter-diffusion in crystalline solid diffusion of entites of some type in a crystal that consists mostly of entites of a different type vacancy diffusion diffusion process in which crystal forming entities move from lattice points to vacant adjacent lattice points TODO: replace topObjectProperty with occupies spatial region vacancy (crystal) site at lattice point at which the crystal forming entity is missing interstitial diffusion diffusion process in which material entities move from interstitial sites to adjacent interstitial sites flow amount of transported entites per time solute role role of an entity that is present in minor concentration in a solution solvent role role of an entity that is present in major concentration in a solution 1 solution A portion of matter that is homogeneous, made up of at least two entity types, one playing the role of sovlent and the others playing the role of solute solid solution a solution with solid aggregate state interstitital solid solution a solid solution whose solute entities are located in the interstitial sites TODO: replace topObjectProperty with bfo:occupies spatial region substitutional solid solution a solid solution whose solute entities occupy lattice points dislocation a linear site in a cystal that interrupts the cystal ordering screw dislocation a dislocation characterized by shearing the chrystal by one plane edge dislocation a dislocation characterized by adding one extra half plane into the crystal lattice mixed dislocation a dislocation that spans edge dislocation as well as screw dislocation Burgers vector quality of a dislocation in terms of amount and direction in a specific crystal type high angle grain boundary a grain boundary whose adjacent crystalls have a high angle of misalignment small angle grain boundary a grain boundary whose adjacent crystalls have a small angle of misalignment twin boundary grain boundary without distorted lattice angle of misalignment (crystallography) smallest rotation angle needed to rotate one crystal orientation to coincide with the neighboring orientation size values of indiviudal grains are properties of the respective objects grain size an intensive quality epitomizing the average size of the grains of a polycrystal flux a flow of a unit-entity per unit time the moved entity is passive, locomotion would be the active counterpart transport is a process in which an entity being moved within or accross another entity continous transport recurring transport of multiple entities, such that the transported entities are not being discretized anymore the flow of a liquid in a pipe, diffusion of a gas in different gas dispersion in optical glass is a refraction dependent on wavelength dispersion Optical property describing the wavelength dependent phase velocity. diffusion flux flux transported by diffusion ceramic crystal a crystal whose atomic entities have a ionic or a covalent bond alloy crystal a crystal whose atomic entities have a metallic bond biocompatible bioactive without causing harmful or unacceptable biological responses (toxicity, inflammation, immune reaction) and performce of its intended function or integration with the tissue. There's a dfference between composition and chemical compositon for the following reason: chemical compositon is relevant when the mass/volume/mole proportions of chemical elements(!) are identified, whlist composition includes proportions of molecules, other pure chemical substances, or even proptions of objects (in an object aggregate). composition Composition is an intensive quality which defines types and proportions of compounds present in a material entity and is subject of some composition data item. 4 vol.% nitric acid solution, Styrene-Butadiene-Styrene (SBS) Block Copolymer with 50 vol.% of both styrene and butadiene true Composition is a collective property of a portion of matter, i.e., the triple portion of matter has quality composition holds. As "has quality" is an inverse functional property, only one instance of portion of matter can have this specific composition. However, proportions describe the relation between the prortion of matter (the whole) and some compound (the part). Thus, the following triples hold: portion of matter has relational quality proportion; portion of matter has part some substance (or whatever is your part); substance has relational quality proportion. "Has relational quality" is not inverse functional, i.e., it can point to a single object from 2 distinct subjects. chemical composition data item chemical composition specification Chemical composition data item is an information content entity that is about composition of a portion of matter. It has members fraction value specifications which specifiy values of propotions of portions of (pure) chemical elements, which are parts of the portion of matter. Steel has quality chemical composition , and the chemical composition data item is about the chemical composition .The chemical composition data item has members fraction specifications of iron and carbon. These fraction specifications specify value of portion of iron and portion of carbon respectively. Furthermore, these fraction specifications specify values of relational qualities (mass) proportion of iron and (mass) proportion of carbon. true 1 ferrite, austenite, martensite, etc. metallic grain structure intensive quality epitomizing the distinct phases in the microscopic structure of a metallic material. false alloy metal that has part a mixture of chemical elements of which at least one is a metallic element 3D A three-dimensional data item is a representation or analysis, commonly applied in studying material properties in its volume or describing a dependency of one variable on two other variables. Orientation distribution function (ODF), potential energy landscape frequency Frequency is a process attribute which characterizes the rate per second of oscillation or vibration. Frequency of electromagnetic wave, Frequency of sound wave. Transmissionselektronenmikroskop transmission electron microscope An electron microscope that produces high-resolution images of a sample's internal structure by transmitting electrons through the sample. Ein Elektronenmikroskop, das hochauflösende Bilder der inneren Struktur einer Probe erzeugt, indem es Elektronen durch die Probe strahlt. TEM material reacting process has always energy minimization as a driving force. material reacting process Material reacting process is a process which occurs in a portion of matter due to some of its disposition or behavioral material property which has realization in some stimulating process. Both the material reacting process and stimulating process must be occurent parts of a planned process, if the planned process takes place. heating Heating is a change of temperature which corresponds to the increase of temperature in the system or object. cooling Cooling is a change of temperature which corresponds to the decrease of temperature in the system or object. analytical calculation Analytical calculation is a computing process which has value specification or measurement datum as a specified output. It applies a closed-form mathematical expression or formula to a set it specified inputs (value specifications) without requiring stochastic sampling, iterative numerical solving, or data-driven training. single crystal Single crystal is a crystal which is not part of a polycrystal and its boundaries are its external surfaces. 'portion of pure chemical element' and 'has part' only CHEBI:33336 portion of lanthanum A portion of lanthanum is a portion of pure substance that has parts only chebi:lanthanum atom. Innendurchmesser inner diameter Der Innendurchmesser ist die Länge einer geraden Linie von einer Innenfläche eines Objekts oder Raums zur anderen Seite seiner Innenfläche durch den Mittelpunkt eines Objekts oder Raums, wenn es eine Innen- und Außenfläche hat. Inner diameter is a length of a straight line from one inner surface of an object or space to the other side of its inner surface through the center of an object or space when it has the inside and outside surface. Außendurchmesser outer diameter Der Außendurchmesser ist die Länge einer geraden Linie von einer Außenfläche eines Objekts oder Raums zur anderen Seite seiner Außenfläche durch den Mittelpunkt eines Objekts oder Raums, wenn es eine Innen- und Außenfläche hat. Outer diameter is a length of a straight line from one outer surface of an object or space to the other side of its outer surface through the center of an object or space when it has the inside and outside surface. geometric relational quality Geometric relational quality is a relational quality describing the geometric relation between two or more independent continuants. Elongation of a specimen after a tensile step, i.e., the specimen before and after the test. Angle between a rolling direction of a rolled material and the longitudinal side of a specimen. single fatigue testing process Mechanical property analyzing process that is an occurent part of a fatigue testing process (S-N testing process). A single fatigue testing process assesses how many cycles a material can withstand under the given loading. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stamping_press Stanzmachine stamping press Eine Stanzmachine ist ein Werkzeug/Gerät zur Metallbearbeitung, das dazu dient, geschnittenes Metall durch Verformung mit einer Matrize zu formen. Stamping press is a metalworking device which is used to shape a cut metal by deforming it with a die. fraction value specification Fraction value specification is a value specification that contains information about quantitative share of a part relative to a specified whole. 2.05 wt.% of carbon in steel, 4 vol.% of nitric acid in a solution Length is a size that describes the spatial extent of its bearer in one dimension. length dimension Length is a one dimensional size. true bond A bond is a relational quality describing the force interaction between atoms. true covalent bond A covalent bond is a bond that forms when nonmetal atoms share electrons to achieve a stable electron configuration. In a water molecule (H₂O), the hydrogen and oxygen atoms share electrons. true metallic bond A metallic bond is a bond that forms between metal atoms, where electrons are shared in a "sea" of electrons that move freely around the metal ions. This type of bonding gives metals their characteristic properties such as conductivity and malleability. true ionic bond An ionic bond is a bond that occurs when one atom donates an electron to another atom, resulting in oppositely charged ions that attract each other. An example is the interaction between the atoms of sodium chloride (NaCl), where the sodium atom donates an electron to a chlorine atom. true thermoplastic polymer polymer that becomes moldable when heated and solidifies upon cooling polyethylene poylethylen is a thermoplastic polymer produced by polymerization of the monomer ethylene including further crosslinking and modifications using other comonomers; it excludes ultra hight molecular polyethylen low-density polyethylene polyethylene that is characterized by a branched molecular structure and low density PE-LD high-density polyethylene polyethylene that is characterized by a linear molecular structure and high density PE-HD linear low-density polyethylene polyethylene that is distinguished by its linear backbone with short-chain branching PE_LLD polypropylene polyethene this excludes ultra hight molecular polyethylen because very high molecular weight polyethylene is not thermoplastic anymore thermoplastic polymer produced by polymerization of the monomer propylene including further crosslinking and modifications using other comonomers PP isotactic polypropylene polypropylene in which all the methyl groups are aligned on the same side of the polymer chain iPP syndiotactic polypropylene polypropylene in which the methyl groups alternate regularly along the polymer chain sPP atactic polypropylene polypropylene in which the methyl groups are randomly distributed along the polymer chain aPP polyvinyl chloride vinyl or polyvinyl they are usualy hard or soft and flexible with incrased use of plasticisers. thermoplastic polymer produced by polymerization of the monomer vinyl chloride PVC rigid polyvinyl chloride polyvinyl chloride that is characterized by its stiffness and durability uPVC flexible polyvinyl chloride polyvinyl chloride that has been modified with plasticizers to impart flexibility fPVC polystyrene thermoplastic polymer produced by polymerization of the aromatic hydrocarbon styrene PS general purpose polystyrene polystyrene that is valued for its clarity and ease of processing high impact polystyrene polystyrene that is modified with rubber to improve its impact resistance polyethylene terephthalate it is the dominant polyester utilized in global packaging and fiber applications thermoplastic polymer produced by polycondensation of ethylene glycol and terephthalate precursors PET amorphous polyethylene terephthalate polyethylene terephthalate that is characterized by a non-crystalline structure APET crystalline polyethylene terephthalate polyethylene terephthalate that is distinguished by its ordered, crystalline structure CPET thermosetting polymer polymer that, once cured, irreversibly sets into a permanent shape epoxy resin epoxy or polyepoxide they are utilized for high-performance structural adhesives, composite matrices, and protective coatings. thermosetting polymer that is a epoxide-functional oligomer curing via ring-opening into crosslinked networks used as precursors to thermosetting polymers bisphenol a epoxy epoxy resin that is formulated using bisphenol a to enhance its mechanical properties novolac epoxy epoxy resin that is based on novolac resins to provide improved thermal and chemical resistance phenolic resin phenol-formaldehyde they are utilized for flame-resistant adhesives, friction materials, and molded components they form rigid, char-forming crosslinked networks thermosetting polymer synthesized via condensation of phenol and formaldehyde phenol-formaldehyde resin phenolic resin that is synthesized from phenol and formaldehyde melamine formaldehyde melamine-formaldehyde they are widely used in decorative laminates, kitchenware, and coating crosslinkers. they form hard, durable crosslinked networks. thermosetting aminoplast polymer synthesized via condensation urea formaldehyde thermosetting polymer formed from urea and formaldehyde, commonly used in adhesives and molding compounds. elastomer polymer that exhibits elasticity by returning to its original shape after deformation natural rubber they are predominantly cis-1,4-polyisoprene, they are used widely in Heavy-duty truck tires elastomer polymer, and a biopolymer harvested as plant latex; consisting of cis-1,4-polyisoprene chains; typically sulfur-vulcanized to create crosslinks between chains synthetic rubber elastomer that is produced through chemical synthesis to mimic natural rubber’s properties styrene-butadiene rubber used widely for its good abrasion resistance and tunable hardness, for instance in tire treads. synthetic rubber and belongs to a family of synthetic random copolymer elastomers of styrene and butadiene, made by emulsion or solution polymerization and typically vulcanized nitrile butadiene rubber Nitrile Oil resistance, Fuel resistance it can have tunable polarity and oil/fuel resistance synthetic rubber that belongs to a family of synthetic acrylonitrile–butadiene copolymer elastomers it is widely used in oil/fuel resistance applicaitons such as seals, fuel hoses, and protective gloves ethylene propylene diene monomer it offers excellent weather resistance synthetic rubber produced from ethylene, propylene, and a diene monomer biodegradable polymers polymeric material that possesses the disposition to undergo decomposition through the metabolic activity of biological organisms, resulting in conversion into environmentally benign substances—such as carbon dioxide, methane, mineral salts, and biomass—within a timescale that does not cause harmful accumulation in the environment https://github.com/materialdigital/core-ontology/issues/126 polylactic acid biodegradable thermoplastic polymer produced from renewable resources such as corn starch polyhydroxyalkanoates polyhydroxyalkanoates are biodegradable polymers that are biosynthesized by microorganisms from sugars or lipids polybutylene succinate biodegradable thermoplastic polymer polyester that is synthesized via the polycondensation of succinic acid and 1,4-butanediol natural ceramic ceramic that is produced using conventional methods with natural raw materials such as clay and silica silicate ceramic oxide ceramic consisting primarily of silicon oxide clay-based ceramic silicate ceramics that are formed from natural clays earthenware natural ceramic that is clay-based, formed at relatively low temperatures, resulting in a porous, rustic material stoneware natural ceramic that is clay-based, fired at higher temperatures than earthenware to yield a denser, more durable material porcelain a glass binder with ceramic filler produced from ceramics natural ceramic that is clay-bsed, distinguished by its translucency, strength, and refined appearance aluminosilicate ceramic silicate ceramics that consist of aluminum and silicon oxides mullite ceramic aluminosilicate ceramic known for its excellent high-temperature stability kaolinite ceramic aluminosilicate ceramic based on the mineral kaolinite, valued for its fine particle size and plasticity non-clay ceramic natural ceramic that is formed from raw materials other than clay glass-ceramic Glass‑ceramics are inorganic, non‑metallic materials prepared by controlled crystallization of glasses via different processing methods; they contain at least one type of functional crystalline phase and a residual glass, and the crystallized volume fraction may vary from ppm to almost 100%. engenieered material that is inorganic, non‑metallic and prepared by controlled crystallization of glasses via different processing methods; they contain at least one type of functional crystalline phase and a residual glass, and the crystallized volume fraction may vary from ppm to almost 100% “Diameter.” Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary, Merriam-Webster, https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/diameter. Accessed 5 Dec. 2022. Durchmesser diameter Die Länge einer geraden Linie durch den Mittelpunkt eines Objekts oder Raums. The length of a straight line through the center of an object or space. leucite-based glass-ceramic glass-ceramics that are non-clay ceramics containing leucite crystals to enhance thermal and mechanical properties fritted ceramic non-clay ceramic that is manufactured by fusing and subsequently grinding glass materials technical ceramic ceramics that are engineered for high-performance applications oxide ceramic ceramic consisting primarily of metal oxide alumina ceramic oxide ceramic consisting primarily of aluminium oxide Al₂O₃ zirconia ceramic oxide ceramic consisting primarily of zirconium oxide ZrO₂ yttria-stabilized zirconia ceramic zirconia ceramic stabilized with yttria to enhance its thermal and mechanical performance YSZ magnesia-stabilized zirconia ceramic zirconia ceramic stabilized with magnesia to improve its thermal stability MSZ titania ceramic oxide ceramic composed of titanium dioxide, used for its photocatalytic and pigment properties TiO₂ beryllia ceramic oxide ceramic that is an advanced ceramic composed of beryllium oxide, valued for its high thermal conductivity and electrical insulation BeO non-oxide ceramic ceramic consisting primarily of non-oxide elements carbide ceramic non-oxide ceramic consisting of a metal and carbon silicon carbide ceramic carbide ceramic consisting of silicon carbide tungsten carbide ceramic carbide ceramic with tungsten boron carbide ceramic carbide ceramic that is a non-oxide ceramic composed of boron and carbon, known for its remarkable hardness and low density B₄C nitride ceramic non-oxide ceramic consisting of a metal and nitrogen silicon nitride ceramic nitride ceramic consiting of silicon nitride aluminum nitride ceramic nitride ceramic that is a non-oxide ceramic composed of aluminum and nitrogen, prized for its high thermal conductivity AlN boron nitride ceramic nitride ceramic sonsisting of boron nitride boride ceramic non-oxide ceramic consisting of a boron and another element titanium diboride ceramic boride ceramic that is a non-oxide ceramic composed of titanium and boron, valued for its high hardness and melting point TiB₂ zirconium diboride ceramic boride ceramic that is a non-oxide ceramic composed of zirconium and boron, known for its excellent thermal conductivity and stability ZrB₂ ceramic matrix composite composite consisting of a ceramic matrix and one or more reinforcement materials CMC oxide-oxide composite ceramic matrix composite that consists entirely of oxide ceramic phases for both the matrix and reinforcement aluminum oxide composites alumina matrix composite oxide-oxide composite that uses alumina as the primary matrix reinforced by secondary oxide phases zirconia matrix composite oxide-oxide composite that uses zirconia as the primary matrix reinforced by additional oxide phases non-oxide composite ceramic matrix composite that consists of non-oxide ceramic phases (typically carbides, nitrides, or borides) for both the matrix and the reinforcement Silicon Carbide (SiC) Matrix Composite; Carbon-Carbon (C/C) Composite silicon carbide matrix composite non-oxide composite that is built with silicon carbide as the primary matrix reinforced by other ceramic phases carbon-silicon carbide composite non-oxide composite that consists of a carbon matrix reinforced with silicon carbide, enhancing high-temperature performance electroceramic ceramic that is specifically engineered for electrical, magnetic, or superconducting applications dielectric ceramic electroceramic that serves primarily as electrical insulators due to their high dielectric constants barium titanate ceramic oxide ceramic that is dielectric and composed of barium, titanium, and oxygen, noted for its ferroelectric properties BaTiO₃ lead zirconate titanate ceramic oxide ceramic that is dielectric and composed of lead, zirconium, and titanium, renowned for its piezoelectric behavior PZT magnetic ceramic ferrites electroceramic that exhibits magnetic properties, typically based on iron oxides combined with other metal oxides superconducting ceramic electroceramic that exhibits zero electrical resistance below a critical temperature yttrium barium copper oxide ceramic oxide is a superconducting oxide ceramic that is composed of yttrium, barium, copper, and oxygen, notable for its high critical temperature bismuth strontium calcium copper oxide ceramic oxide ceramic that is superconducting and composed of bismuth, strontium, calcium, copper, and oxygen, featuring a layered crystal structure bioceramic ceramic that is engineered to be compatible with biological systems bioinert ceramic ceramic that is designed to remain inert in biological environments to minimize adverse reactions bioactive ceramic ceramic that interacts with biological tissues to promote bonding or regeneration hydroxyapatite ceramic oxide ceramic that is bioactive and composed of calcium phosphate and closely resembles the mineral component of bone bioresorbable ceramic ceramic that is designed to gradually be resorbed and replaced by natural tissue silicate glass glass whose network is based primarily on silica (SiO₂) soda-lime glass soda (Na₂O) acting as a flux and lime (CaO) acting as a stabilizer silicate glass that is composed of about 70% silica (SiO₂) with soda (Na₂O) and lime (CaO) widely used as common window and container glass. borosilicate glass characteristically low thermal expansion and high thermal/chemical resistance compared with soda‑lime glass. silicate glass that uses boron trioxide (B₂O₃) as a major additional glass‑forming constituent pyrex-type glass borosilicate glass that is renowned for its high resistance to thermal shock. aluminosilicate glass typically higher transformation/softening temperatures and improved mechanical/chemical performance compared with many common silicates silicate glass in which SiO₂ and Al₂O₃ are key structural units lead glass increased refractive index and modified working properties relative to ordinary silicate glasses silicate glass in which lead(II) oxide (PbO) is incorporated in significant amounts potash lead glass lead glass that utilizes potash as a flux in addition to lead oxide barium glass Barium glass is a form of lead glass that is modified with barium oxide to alter its optical properties high-temperature resistant glass aluminosilicate glass that is engineered to maintain stability at elevated temperatures non-silicate glass Based on other glass formers or non‑oxide systems (e.g., phosphate (P₂O₅)-based, fluoride-based, or chalcogenide (S/Se/Te)-based compositions). glass whose primary glass‑forming network is not based on SiO₂ phosphate glass (P₂O₅) as the glass former (i.e., replacing SiO₂ as the network basis). non‑silicate glass based primarily on phosphorus pentoxide (P₂O₅) borate glass It is distinct from borosilicate glass because B₂O₃ is the primary network former here rather than an added co‑former in a silica‑based network. non‑silicate glass based primarily on boron oxide (B₂O₃) as the glass‑forming network germanate glass non-silicate glass that is composed primarily of germanium oxide, noted for its infrared transmission optical glass composition and processing chosen to achieve specified optical/mechanical parameters such as refractive index and dispersion. glass manufactured for optical components e.g., lenses, prisms, mirrors fused silica glass obtained by melting silica and cooling fast enough to avoid crystallization. optical glass that is made from pure silica, prized for its high transparency and thermal stability.|Fused silica is a silicate glass that is essentially pure, amorphous SiO₂ silicate glass that is essentially pure, amorphous SiO₂ often called fused quartz or vitreous silica crown glass optical glass that is characterized by its low dispersion and high clarity flint glass optical glass that is distinguished by its high refractive index and dispersion specialty glass glass that is engineered primarily for a targeted functional performance profile chemically strengthened glass glass that is treated via chemical processes to enhance its strength ion-exchanged glass glass that is chemically strengthened and produced by exchanging ions to improve durability aluminosilicate gorilla glass glass that is chemically strengthened toughened (tempered) glass glass that is mechanically treated to increase its strength and safety laminated glass glass that is composed of multiple bonded layers to improve safety and acoustic performance electrochromic glass functional glass that can reversibly change its light transmission properties when an electrical voltage is applied photochromic glass functional glass that alters its optical properties in response to exposure to light thermochromic glass functional glass that changes its optical properties as a function of temperature lithium disilicate glass-ceramic Provides transparent attenuation of X‑rays (and, depending on design, gamma radiation). glass-ceramics that contain lithium disilicate crystals to provide high strength and aesthetic appeal transparent glass-ceramic glass-ceramics that are engineered to maintain optical transparency despite partial crystallization functional glass axiom is related to functional material glass that is designed to perform specific roles beyond conventional optical applications conductive glass glass that has been modified to exhibit electrical conductivity magnetic glass Its composition and/or microstructure contains a significant population of magnetic species - typically transition‑metal or rare‑earth ions and/or magnetic nanophases - so that magnetic susceptibility/permeability/magnetization is a designed functional property of the glass. glass that exhibits intrinsic bulk magnetic behavior|Magnetic glass is functional glass that is modified to exhibit magnetic properties iron-borosilicate glass borosilicate glass that incorporates iron and borosilicate compounds to display magnetic behavior cobalt-borosilicate glass borosilicate glass that is formulated with cobalt to enhance its magnetic properties nonlinear optical glass optical glass that is engineered to display nonlinear optical responses under intense light chalcogenide glass Chalcogens such as sulfur, selenium, or tellurium as key constituents. Is valued particularly for infrared transparency. non‑silicate glass (generally non‑oxide) that contains one or more chalcogens tellurite glass glass that is formulated with tellurium oxide to achieve a high refractive index and nonlinear properties bioactive glass enables bonding with bone tissue. glass that forms a biologically compatible hydroxycarbonate apatite (HCA) layer on its surface in physiological conditions silicate-based bioactive glass bioactive silicate glass that is composed primarily of silicate compounds to facilitate bonding with biological tissue 45S5 bioglass silicate-based bioactive glass with a specific composition known for its ability to bond with bone S53P4 bioglass silicate-based bioactive glass formulated with a distinct composition for enhanced bioactivity phosphate-based bioactive glass phosphate glass that is bioactive and composed predominantly of phosphate compounds borate-based bioactive glass borate glass that is formulated with borate compounds to promote biological interaction amorphous metal glass glass that is characterized by a disordered, non-crystalline atomic structure, resembling a frozen liquid iron-based metallic glass amorphous metal glass that is predominantly composed of iron magnesium-based metallic glass amorphous metal glass that is primarily composed of magnesium, noted for its low density zirconium-based metallic glass amorphous metal glass that is composed mainly of zirconium, valued for its corrosion resistance and strength Dicke thickness A length that describes the measured dimension in one direction of a test piece. Diese Klasse beschreibt das gemessene Maß in einer Richtung eines Prüfkörpers. Breite width Diese Klasse beschreibt eine horizontale Messung eines Objekts, die im rechten Winkel zur Länge des Objekts vorgenommen wird. This class describes a horizontal measurement of an object taken at right angles to the length of the object. “Shape.” Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary, Merriam-Webster, https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/shape. Accessed 13 Jan. 2023. Form shape Das sichtbare Ausstattungsmerkmal (räumliche Form oder Kontur) eines bestimmten Objektes oder einer Art von Objekt. Extemsive quality, the visible makeup characteristic (spatial form or contour) of a particular item or kind of item. DIN EN ISO 6892-1:2019 Geometrische Form geometry shape Dieses Konzept beschreibt die geometrischen Abmessungen und das Erscheinungsbild (Form und Abmaße) einer Probe, eines Prüfkörpers oder eines Prüfstücks, wie sie üblicherweise durch eine entsprechende Norm definiert sind. Dementsprechend ist der angegebene Formwert in Übereinstimmung mit der definierenden Norm anzugeben, z. B. "Zugprüfstück Form 1 gemäß Anhang B der Zugversuchsnorm". This concept describes the geometric dimensions and appearance (shape and dimensions) of a sample, specimen, or test piece as usually defined by a corresponding standard. Accordingly, the shape value given is in accordance with the defining standard, e.g., ‘tensile test piece shape 1 in accordance with annex B of the tensile test standard’. 3D Geometrie shape 3d A shape 3D is a geometry shape that exists in three dimensions, having length, width, and height, and can be defined by its spatial properties such as volume and surface area. Eine 3D Geometrie ist eine geometrische Form, die in drei Dimensionen existiert, mit Länge, Breite und Höhe, und die durch ihre räumlichen Eigenschaften wie Volumen und Oberfläche definiert werden kann. Beispiele sind Formen wie Würfel, Kugeln und Pyramiden. Examples include shapes like cubes, spheres, and pyramids. device specification A directive information entity that outlines the technical requirements, features, constraints, and performance criteria of a specific device, guiding its design, manufacturing, operation, or maintenance. true material specification A directive information entity that defines the composition, properties, performance criteria, and acceptable standards for a material, guiding its selection, processing, and application in a specific context. true recipe A plan specification that outlines the ingredients, proportions, and procedural steps required to prepare a specific product, typically in cooking, manufacturing, or chemical processes. The intent of the specification datum is to express the "Sollwert" of some qualitiy or behavioral material property. Then, the specification datum can be further specified by some value specification. specification datum A directive information entity that provides information of a setpoint of some value, i.e., it is an intended value. The setpoint value of a ultimate tensile strength of some steel material true semiconductor A semiconductor is an engineered material representing a class of materials characterized by an electrical conductivity between that of a conductor and an insulator. This is a result of a range of inexistent energy states in ther electron configuration between the valence and conduction band (bandgap). true semiconductivity Semiconductivity is the disposition of a material to conduct electricity only when a certain level of excitation (via temperature, impurities, photonic excitation, electric field) elevates electrons from the valence band into the conduction band. true band gap bandgap energy gap A bandgap is an energy range between the valence band and the conduction band in a solid where no electronic states exist. Silicon has a band gap of 1.107 eV at room temperature. aluminum matrix composite often used to improve stiffness/wear at low weight, metal matrix composite, consisting of an aluminum or aluminum alloy matrix and one or more reinforcement materials titanium matrix composite often chosen for elevated-temperature capability metal matrix composite, consisting of a titanium or titanium alloy matrix and one or more reinforcement materials magnesium matrix composite known for its ultra-low density and improved specific strength. metal matrix composite, consisting of a magnesium or magnesium alloy matrix and one or more reinforcement materials copper matrix composite often used for thermal management with high conductivity and tailored CTE (coefficient of thermal expansion) metal matrix composite, consisting of a copper or copper alloy matrix and one or more reinforcement materials glass fiber reinforced polymer GFRP/GRP polymer matrix composite, consisting of a polymer matrix reinforced with glass fibers carbon fiber reinforced polymer polymer matrix composite, consisting of a polymer matrix reinforced with carbon fibers aramid fiber composite Kevlar polymer matrix composite, consisting of a polymer matrix reinforced with aramid (aromatic polyamide) fibers natural fiber composite polymer matrix composite, consisting of a polymer matrix reinforced with fibers derived from biological sources biological material biomaterial produced through biological synthesis processes like Biological growth, morphogenesis, secretion etc. material produced by a living organism Biological Comosite such as Wood, Bone, Silk, Wool; Biopolymers such as cellulose, colagene; Biogenic minerals such as hydroxyapatite https://github.com/materialdigital/core-ontology/issues/354 biological composite composite consisting of two or more distinct material phases organized in a multi-scale structure that act synergistically to fulfill specific properties or functions such as Wood, Bone, Silk, Wool; https://github.com/materialdigital/core-ontology/issues/354 biopolymer biomacromoleules polymer produced by the metabolic processes of a living organism such as Polysaccharides like cellulose or Chitin; Proteins like colagene or Fibroin https://github.com/materialdigital/core-ontology/issues/354 biogenic mineral mineral that is inorganic crystalline or amorphous solid synthesized by a living organism such as Calcium Carbonates (in shells), Calcium Phosphates (Hydroxyapatite in bone/teeth), or Silica (in diatoms) https://github.com/materialdigital/core-ontology/issues/354 bio-based material produced through industrial syntesis processes like Chemical extraction, fermentation, or polymerization material intentionally processed from materials derived from living (or once-living) organisms Engineered Biopolymers such as Polylactic Acid (PLA); Reconstituted Biopolymers such as Regenerated Cellulose (Rayon/Viscose); Biocomposites such as Wood-Plastic Composites (WPC); Biochemicals (e.g. Bio-based Adhesives) https://github.com/materialdigital/core-ontology/issues/354 engineered biopolymer bio-based material and polymer synthesized through the intentional industrial transformation, synthesis, or reconstitution processes using materials derived from living (or once-living) organisms synthetic Bio-polymer such as Polylactic Acid (PLA): or Regenrated Biopolymrs like Rayon / Viscose reconstituted from pulp cellulose; or microbial Biopolymers like Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) synthesised by bacteria https://github.com/materialdigital/core-ontology/issues/354 bio-based composite biocomposite; bio-composite composite consisting of at least one constituent derived from biological or bio-based sources such as Wood-Plastic Composite (WPC), Hemp-fiber reinforced Polypropylene https://github.com/materialdigital/core-ontology/issues/354 bio-based chemical biochemicals bio-based material used in chemical reactions as a reactant such as bio-based adhesives (e.g. Lignin-based); Bio-epoxy resin. https://github.com/materialdigital/core-ontology/issues/354 thermosetting polyurethane offers high versatility in mechanical properties thermosetting polymer with carbamate crosslinks PUR unsaturated polyester resins they are used for fiber-reinforced composites thermosetting polymer system of unsaturated polyester prepolymers in reactive vinyl monomers; it cures by radical crosslinking into rigid networks silicone rubber it is available in multiple formulations and often filled. wide service temperature range synthetic rubber that belongs to crosslinked polysiloxane elastomer family, with organic side groups widely used for its broad service temperature range in medical devices, gaskets, and culinary tools polychloropren Neoprene it offers good weathering and ozone resistance. weathering resistance; ozone resistance synthetic rubber that belongs to the family of synthetic elastomeric rubbers; synthesised typically through emulsion polymerization of chloroprene it is widely used in gaskets and wetsuits. Official definition can be found in: DIN 8580, group 1.2.1 “Pressformen”. Offizielle Definition findet man in: DIN 8580, Gruppe 1.2.1 „Pressformen“. Pressformen compression molding compression moulding A primary shaping from the plastic state process in which a pre-measured, usually preheated molding compound is placed in an open, heated mold cavity and shaped by closing the mold and applying pressure until the material cures or solidifies to the final part geometry. Ein Urformverfahren, bei dem eine dosierte, meist vorgewärmte Formmasse in eine offene, beheizte Formkavität eingelegt und durch Schließen des Werkzeugs unter Druck zur endgültigen Bauteilgeometrie ausgehärtet bzw. erstarrt wird. orginal: "[biodegradability] [...] is understood as the microbial conversion of all its organic constituents to carbon dioxide (or carbon dioxide and methane in conditions where oxygen is not present), new microbial biomass and mineral salts, within a timescale short enough not to lead to lasting harm or accumulation in the open environment." European Commission: Directorate-General for Research and Innovation, Biodegradability of plastics in the open environment, Publications Office of the European Union, 2021, https://data.europa.eu/doi/10.2777/690248 Biologische Abbaubarkeit biodegradability "[Biologische Abbaubarkeit] [...] beschreibt die mikrobielle Umwandlung all seiner organischen Bestandteile in Kohlendioxid oder – unter sauerstofffreien Bedingungen – in Kohlendioxid und Methan, neue mikrobielle Biomasse und Mineralsalze verstanden, und zwar innerhalb eines Zeitraums, der so kurz ist, dass es nicht zu dauerhaften Schäden oder Anreicherungen in der offenen Umwelt kommt." biodegradability is a disposition of a material which specifies its capability to be fully microbially converted into inorganic end products (CO₂, CH₄, mineral salts, biomass) within an environmentally non-harmful timescale. https://github.com/materialdigital/core-ontology/issues/126 Official definition can be found in: DIN 8580, group 1.2.2 “Spritzgießen”. Offizielle Definition findet man in: DIN 8580, Gruppe 1.2.2 „Spritzgießen“. Spritzgießen injection molding injection moulding; plastic injection molding A primary shaping from the plastic state process in which plastic granules are plasticised in an injection unit and the melt is injected under high pressure into a closed mold cavity, where it cools and solidifies to the final part shape. Urformverfahren, bei dem Kunststoffgranulat in einem Plastifizieraggregat aufgeschmolzen und die Schmelze mit hohem Druck in einen geschlossenen Formhohlraum eingespritzt wird, wo sie verdichtet, abkühlt und zum Formteil erstarrt. Injection molding of polypropylene housings. Official definition can be found in: DIN 8580, group 1.2.3 “Spritzpressen”. Offizielle Definition findet man in: DIN 8580, Gruppe 1.2.3 „Spritzpressen“. Spritzpressen injection-compression molding injection–compression moulding; transfer molding (Spritzpressen) A hybrid primary shaping from the plastic state process that combines injection and compression: a pre-plasticised charge or melt is injected into a closed or partially open mold and then compressed by further mold closure or a plunger so that the material completely fills the cavity and cures or solidifies under heat and pressure. Urformverfahren, bei dem eine vorplastifizierte Formmasse aus einer beheizten Vorkammer bzw. einem Plastifizieraggregat in ein (teil-)geschlossenes Werkzeug eingespritzt und anschließend durch Schließen des Werkzeugs bzw. Nachdrücken verpresst wird, bis der Werkstoff unter Wärme und Druck aushärtet. Injection-compression molding of epoxy-encapsulated electronic components. Official definition can be found in: DIN 8580, group 1.2.4 Offizielle Definition findet man in: DIN 8580, Gruppe 1.2.4 extrusion strangpressen (extrudieren) A primary shaping from the plastic state process in which a plastically deformable material, typically a polymer melt, is continuously forced by pressure through a shaping die to produce an endless strand with constant cross-section, which solidifies by cooling or curing. Ein Urformverfahren, bei dem ein plastifizierter Werkstoff, meist eine Polymerschmelze, kontinuierlich unter Druck durch eine formgebende Düse gepresst wird und dabei einen Strang mit konstantem Querschnitt bildet, der durch Abkühlen oder Aushärten verfestigt wird. Extrusion of PVC window profiles; extrusion of plastic films or pipes from polyethylene melt. Official definition can be found in: DIN 8580, group 1.2.5 Offizielle Definition findet man in: DIN 8580, Gruppe 1.2.5 Ziehformen drawing forming A primary shaping from the plastic state process in which a plastically deformable mass (for example fibre-reinforced resin or glass/plastic strands) is pulled through one or more shaping tools or dies so that the cross-section and surface are formed by tensile forces, while the material solidifies or cures to produce continuous profiles. It is conceptually related to pultrusion / profile drawing. Ein Urformverfahren, bei dem eine plastisch verformbare Masse (z. B. faserverstärkte Harzsysteme oder glasige/kunststoffhaltige Stränge) durch Zugkräfte durch formgebende Düsen oder Werkzeuge gezogen wird, sodass Querschnitt und Oberfläche ausgebildet und der Werkstoff dabei verfestigt bzw. ausgehärtet wird. Das Verfahren ist verwandt mit dem Strangzieh- bzw. Pultrusionsverfahren. Pultrusion of glass-fibre-reinforced polymer profiles; drawing of continuous fibre-reinforced rods through a heated die. Official definition can be found in: DIN 8580, group 1.2.6 Offizielle Definition findet man in: DIN 8580, Gruppe 1.2.6 Kalandrieren calendering A primary shaping from the plastic state process in which a viscous polymer melt or plastic mass is passed through the narrow gaps between several counter-rotating, polished rolls so that it is compressed and rolled out into sheet or film of defined thickness and surface quality, then cooled to solidify. Ein Urformverfahren, bei dem eine zähflüssige Polymerschmelze oder plastische Masse durch enge Spalte zwischen mehreren gegenläufig rotierenden, polierten Walzen geführt wird, wodurch sie verdichtet und zu Platten oder Folien definierter Dicke und Oberflächenqualität ausgewalzt und anschließend verfestigt wird. Calendering of plasticised PVC into rigid or flexible sheets and films; calendering of ABS sheet for thermoforming. Official definition can be found in: DIN 8580, group 1.2.7 Offizielle Definition findet man in: DIN 8580, Gruppe 1.2.7 Blasformen blow molding A primary shaping from the plastic state process in which a tube or preform of molten or plasticised material is enclosed in a mold and expanded by internal gas pressure so that it conforms to the mold cavity, producing hollow bodies which then solidify. Ein Urformverfahren, bei dem ein Schlauch oder ein Vorformling aus geschmolzenem bzw. plastifizierten Werkstoff in ein Werkzeug eingelegt und durch inneren Gasdruck an die Formwand aufgeblasen wird, sodass ein Hohlkörper entsteht, der anschließend verfestigt wird. Extrusion blow molding of HDPE bottles; stretch-blow molding of PET beverage containers; blow molding of fuel tanks for automotive applications. Official definition can be found in: DIN 8580, group 1.2.8 Offizielle Definition findet man in: DIN 8580, Gruppe 1.2.8 Modellieren modelling A primary shaping from the plastic state process in which a manually workable plastic mass (such as clay, wax, plastiline or gypsum paste) is shaped directly by hand and simple tools into a final or intermediate geometry and subsequently hardened, dried or fired to obtain a solid body. Ein Urformverfahren, bei dem eine mit Hand und einfachen Werkzeugen formbare plastische Masse (z. B. Ton, Wachs, Plastilin oder Gipspaste) direkt zur gewünschten Geometrie modelliert und anschließend durch Trocknen, Brennen oder Aushärten zu einem festen Körper verfestigt wird. Hand modelling of clay prior to firing (e.g. pottery, sculptures); modelling of wax or plasticine for casting patterns. Höchstkraft der Kraftmessdose load cell maximum force Die Maximalkraft der Kraftmessdose ist eine Gerätespezifikation, welche die größte Kraft bezeichnet, die eine Kraftmessdose bei einem Zugversuch zuverlässig und ohne bleibende Beschädigung messen kann. Sie definiert die obere Belastungsgrenze des Sensors, oberhalb derer Messfehler, plastische Verformungen oder ein Ausfall des Messsystems auftreten können. Load cell maximum force is a device specification describing the highest force that a load cell can reliably measure during a tensile test without permanent damage. It defines the upper load limit of the sensor, beyond which measurement errors, plastic deformation, or failure of the system may occur. 'characteristic of' some (object and ('is specified output of' some ('tensile testing process' and ('has specified input' some (object and ('has quality' some 'original gauge length')))))) Verlängerung elongation Zunahme der Anfangsmesslänge zu einem beliebigen Zeitpunkt während des Versuchs increase in the original gauge length at any moment during the test DIN EN ISO 6892-1:2019 Dimensional analysis: L Unit (e.g. SI): mm Hinweis: Die Dehnung kann mit verschiedenen Kanälen gemessen werden (z. B. bei Verwendung von einem oder zwei Dehnungsmesserkanälen); in der Regel wird als Dehnungswert der mittlere Durchschnittswert der beteiligten Kanäle angegeben, falls zutreffend. Hinweis: Die optische Längenänderungsmessung kann eine besondere Methode der Datenspeicherung erfordern. Note: The extension might be measured using different channels (e.g. when using one or two extensometer channels); usually, the mean average value of involved channels is given as extension value, if applicable. Note: Optical extensometry may require a specific data storage method. Verlängerung (der Extensometer-Messlänge) extension Increase in the extensometer gauge length at any moment during a test Zunahme der Extensometer-Messlänge zu einem beliebigen Zeitpunkt eines Versuchs DIN EN ISO 6892-1:2019 broken tested test piece role The role of a test piece that, as part of a destructive testing process, has been brought to failure and is therefore in a broken physical state after the test. An unbroken tested test piece role may explicitly also be realized by a destructive testing process that unintendedly actually did not lead to breakage. unbroken tested test piece role The role of a test piece that has undergone a test but remains physically intact after the testing process, typically as a result of a non-destructive or non-failure-inducing test. Ergebnis eines Zugversuches tensile test result Data item that represents any result generated during or after a tensile test, independent of its structure, granularity, or encoding format. Datenobjekt, das ein beliebiges Ergebnis beschreibt, das während oder nach einem Zugversuch erzeugt wird, unabhängig von Struktur, Detaillierungsgrad oder Format der Darstellung. Streckgrenze yield strength Wenn der metallische Werkstoff diese Eigenschaft aufweist: die Spannung zu einem bestimmten Zeitpunkt während des Versuchs bei dem eine plastische Verformung ohne Zunahme der Kraft auftritt when the metallic material exhibits a yield phenomenon, stress corresponding to the point reached during the test at which plastic deformation occurs without any increase in the force DIN EN ISO 6892-1:2019 Kraft bei der unteren Streckgrenze force at lower yield strength A force at lower yield strength is a force that is measured at the lower yield point (lower yield strength condition) during a tensile test. Kraft bei unterer Streckgrenze (F_eL) ist eine Kraft, die am Punkt der unteren Streckgrenze (untere Streckgrenzen‑Bedingung) während eines Zugversuchs gemessen wird. F_eL change of transverse dimension Änderung der transversalen Dimension Dieses Konzept beschreibt eine Variation der Abmessungen eines Prüfkörpers in Bezug auf seine Querachse, die sich auf seine Querschnittsfläche auswirkt und möglicherweise während eines Zugversuchs auftritt. Das Verhältnis der wahren plastischen Breitendehnung und der wahren plastischen Dickendehnung in einem in uniaxialem Zug beanspruchten Prüfkörper (vertikale Anisotropie) kann anhand dieser Information berechnet werden. This concept describes a variation in the dimension of a test piece referring to its transversal axis affecting its cross-sectional area that may potentially occur during a tensile test. The ratio of the true plastic strain in width and the true plastic strain in thickness in a test piece loaded in uniaxial tension (vertical anisotropy) may be calculated using this information. DIN EN ISO 10113:2021-06 Querschnittsfläche cross section area Die Querschnittsfläche ist die Fläche eines Schnittes oder eines rechtwinklig geschnittenen oder gebrochenen Stücks eines Objektes in Bezug auf eine Achse. The cross section area is an area of a cutting or piece of an object cut off or broken at right angles or related to an axis. Dimensional analysis: L Unit (e.g. SI): mm Querhaupttrennung crosshead separation Dieses Konzept beschreibt die Verschiebung der Traverse einer Zugprüfmaschine. This concept describes the displacement of the crossheads of a tensile testing machine. DIN EN ISO 6892-1:2019 Traversengeschwindigkeit crosshead separation rate Traversenweg je Zeiteinheit displacement of the crossheads per time DIN EN ISO 6892-1:2019 v_c End-Probendurchmesser diameter after fracture Die Länge einer geraden Linie durch den Mittelpunkt eines Objekts (Zugprüfstücks), gemessen nach einem Bruch, der während einer Prüfung aufgetreten ist. The length of a straight line through the center of an object (tensile test piece) as measured after a fracture occured during a test. Abgeschätzte Dehngeschwindigkeit Über Die Parallele Länge estimated strain rate over the parallel length Zunahme der Dehnung über die parallele Länge der Probe je Zeiteinheit, basierend auf der Traversengeschwindigkeit und der parallelen Länge der Probe value of the increase of strain over the parallel length of the test piece per time based on the crosshead separation rate and the parallel length of the test piece DIN EN ISO 6892-1:2019 e^._L_c Extensometer-Messlänge extensometer gauge length Anfangsmesslänge des Dehnungsaufnehmers (Extensometer), die zum Messen der Verlängerung benutzt wird Anmerkung: Für die Bestimmung mehrerer Eigenschaften, die (teilweise oder vollständig) von der Verlängerung abhängig sind, z. B. R_p, A_e oder A_g, ist die Verwendung eines Extensometers zwingend erforderlich. initial gauge length of the extensometer used for measurement of extension Note: For the determination of several properties which are based (partly or complete) on extension, e. g. R_p, A_e or A_g, the use of an extensometer is mandatory. DIN EN ISO 6892-1:2019 L_e Messlänge nach dem Bruch final gauge length after fracture Länge zwischen den Marken zur Kennzeichnung der Messlänge auf der Probe, die nach dem Bruch bei Raumtemperatur gemessen wird, nachdem die beiden Probenbruchstücke sorgfältig so zusammengefügt wurden, dass ihre Achsen in einer Geraden liegen length between gauge length marks on the test piece measured after rupture, at room temperature, the two pieces having been carefully fitted back together so that their axes lie in a straight line DIN EN ISO 6892-1:2019 L_u Messlänge gauge length Länge des parallelen Teils der Probe, an dem zu einem beliebigen Zeitpunkt während des Versuchs die Verlängerung gemessen wird length of the parallel portion of the test piece on which elongation is measured at any moment during the test DIN EN ISO 6892-1:2019 L Messlängenmarkierungen gauge length marks Dieses Konzept wird verwendet, um die sichtbaren Markierungen zu beschreiben, die in der Regel während eines Zugversuchs zur Messung der Dehnung an den Prüfkörpern angebracht werden. This concept is used to describe the visible markers usually attached to test pieces during a tensile test for elongation / extension measurements. Kraft bei der oberer Streckgrenze force at upper yield strength Die Kraft bei oberer Streckgrenze (F_eH) ist eine Kraft, die am Punkt der oberen Streckgrenze gemessen wird, d. h. bevor der erste Kraftabfall während eines Zugversuchs auftritt. Force at upper yield strength is a force that is measured at the upper yield point (upper yield strength condition), i.e., prior to the first decrease in force during a tensile test. F_eH lower yield strength untere Streckgrenze kleinste Spannung während des plastischen Fließens, wobei Einschwingerscheinungen nicht berücksichtigt werden lowest value of stress during plastic yielding, ignoring any initial transient effects DIN EN ISO 6892-1:2019 R_eL Höchstkraft maximum force Bei Werkstoffen, die kein diskontinuierliches Fließen zeigen: größte Kraft, der die Probe während des Versuchs standhält Bei Werkstoffen, die ein diskontinuierliches Fließen zeigen: größte Kraft, der die Probe während des Versuchs nach dem Beginn der Verfestigung standhält Anmerkung: Für Werkstoffe, die ein diskontinuierliches Fließen zeigen, aber keine Verfestigung erzielt werden kann, ist die Höchstkraft nicht definiert . For materials displaying no discontinuous yielding: highest force that the test piece withstands during the test For materials displaying discontinuous yielding: highest force that the test piece withstands during the test after the beginning of work-hardening Note: For materials which display discontinuous yielding, but where no work-hardening can be established, the maximum force is not defined. DIN EN ISO 6892-1:2019 Symbol: S_u Kleinster Querschnitt nach dem Bruch minimum cross-sectional area after fracture Dieses Konzept beschreibt die kleinste Querschnittsfläche des Zugprüfkörers, die nach dem Bruch infolge der aufgebrachten Zugkraft erhalten wird. Anmerkung: Sie wird in der Regel senkrecht zur Richtung der aufgebrachten Kraft gemessen und dient zur Berechnung der technischen Spannung während der Prüfung. Anmerkung: Es wird empfohlen, den Anfangsquerschnitt innerhalb der parallelen Länge mit einer Genauigkeit von ±2 % zu messen. Bei runden Prüfkörpern mit kleinem Durchmesser oder Prüfkörpern mit anderen Querschnittsgeometrien ist es jedoch möglicherweise nicht möglich, den Anfangsquerschnitt innerhalb der parallelen Länge mit einer Genauigkeit von ±2 % zu messen. This concept describes the smallest cross-sectional area of the tensile test piece observed after it has fractured under the applied tensile force. Note: It is typically measured perpendicular to the direction of the applied force and is used to calculate engineering stress during the test. Note: It is recommended to measure the original cross-sectional area of the parallel length to an accuracy of ±2 %. However, measuring the original cross-sectional area of the parallel length with an accuracy of ±2 % on small diameter round test pieces, or test pieces with other cross-sectional geometries, may not be possible. DIN EN ISO 6892-1:2019 Kraft bei Dehngrenze bei plastischer Extensometer-Dehnung force at proof strength plastic extension A force at proof strength plastic extension is a force that is measured at the proof‑strength point defined by a specified plastic extensometer extension during a tensile test. Die Kraft bei Dehngrenze (plastische Extensometer‑Dehnung) ist eine Kraft, die am Dehngrenzen‑Punkt gemessen wird, der durch eine vorgegebene plastische Extensometer‑Dehnung während eines Zugversuchs definiert ist. F_p Symbol: S_o Anfangsquerschnitt innerhalb der parallelen Länge original cross-sectional area of the parallel length Dieses Konzept beschreibt die initiale Querschnittsfläche des Zugprüfkörpers entlang seiner parallelen Länge, bevor eine Verformung auftritt. This concept describes the initial area of the tensile test piece before any deformation occurs. DIN EN ISO 6892-1:2019 Anfangs-Probendurchmesser original diameter Die Länge einer geraden Linie durch den Mittelpunkt eines Objekts (Zugprüfkörpers), die vor einer Prüfung gemessen wird. The length of a straight line through the center of an object (tensile test piece) as measured prior to a tensile test. DIN EN ISO 6892-1:2019 Anfangsmesslänge original gauge length Länge zwischen den Marken zur Kennzeichnung der Messlänge auf der Probe, die vor dem Versuch bei Raumtemperatur gemessen wird length between gauge length marks on the test piece measured at room temperature before the test DIN EN ISO 6892-1:2019 L_o Anfangs-Dicke original thickness Diese Entität beschreibt die gemessene Dimension in einer Richtung eines Prüfstücks, wie sie vor der Prüfung gemessen wurde. This entity describes the measured dimension in one direction of a test piece, as measured before the test. Anfangs-Breite original width Diese Entität beschreibt eine horizontale Messung eines Objekts (Prüfkörpers) im rechten Winkel zur Länge des Objekts (Prüfkörpers), wie sie vor einer Prüfung gemessen wird. This entity describes a horizontal measurement of an object (test piece) taken at right angles to the length of the object (test piece), as measured before a test. Parallele Länge parallel length Länge des parallelen reduzierten Querschnitts der Probe Anmerkung: Bei unbearbeiteten Proben tritt an die Stelle der parallelen Länge der Abstand zwischen den Einspannungen. length of the parallel reduced section of the test piece Note: The concept of parallel length is replaced by the concept of distance between grips for unmachined test pieces. DIN EN ISO 6892-1:2019 L_c Dehnung percentage elongation Verlängerung, angegeben in Prozent, bezogen auf die Anfangsmesslänge elongation expressed as a percentage of the original gauge length DIN EN ISO 6892-1:2019 Bruchdehnung percentage elongation after fracture bleibende Verlängerung der Messlänge nach dem Bruch (L_u − L_o), angegeben in Prozent, bezogen auf die Anfangsmesslänge permanent elongation of the gauge length after fracture (L_u − L_o), expressed as a percentage of the original gauge length DIN EN ISO 6892-1:2019 A Extensometer-Dehnung percentage extension (engineering) strain technische Dehnung extension expressed as a percentage of the extensometer gauge length Note: The percentage extension is commonly called engineering strain. in Prozent angegebene Verlängerung der Extensometer-Messlänge Anmerkung: Die Extensometer-Dehnung wird oftmals auch als technische Dehnung bezeichnet. DIN EN ISO 6892-1:2019 Bleibende Dehnung percentage permanent elongation Zunahme der Anfangsmesslänge einer Probe nach Entfernen einer festgelegten Zugspannung, angegeben in Prozent, bezogen auf die Anfangsmesslänge increase in the original gauge length of a test piece after removal of a specified stress, expressed as a percentage of the original gauge length DIN EN ISO 6892-1:2019 Bleibende Extensometer-Dehnung percentage permanent extension Vergrößerung der Extensometer-Messlänge nach Entfernen einer festgelegten, auf die Probe aufgebrachten Zugspannung, angegeben in Prozent, bezogen auf die Extensometer-Messlänge increase in the extensometer gauge length, after removal of a specified stress from the test piece, expressed as a percentage of the extensometer gauge length DIN EN ISO 6892-1:2019 Plastische Extensometer-Dehnung bei Höchstkraft percentage plastic extension at maximum force plastic extension at maximum force, expressed as a percentage of the extensometer gauge length plastische Verlängerung der Extensometer-Messlänge bei Höchstkraft, angegeben in Prozent, bezogen auf die Extensometer-Messlänge DIN EN ISO 6892-1:2019 A_g Brucheinschnürung percentage reduction of area größte während des Versuchs aufgetretene Änderung des Querschnitts (S_o − S_u), angegeben in Prozent, bezogen auf den Anfangsquerschnitt S_o maximum change in cross-sectional area which has occurred during the test (S_o − S_u), expressed as a percentage of the original cross-sectional area, S_o DIN EN ISO 6892-1:2019 Z Gesamte Extensometer-Dehnung beim Bruch percentage total extension at fracture gesamte Verlängerung (elastische plus plastische Verlängerung) der Extensometer-Messlänge beim Bruch, angegeben in Prozent, bezogen auf die Extensometer-Messlänge total extension (elastic extension plus plastic extension) at the moment of fracture, expressed as a percentage of the extensometer gauge length DIN EN ISO 6892-1:2019 A_t Gesamte Extensometer-Dehnung bei Höchstkraft percentage total extension at maximum force gesamte Verlängerung (elastische plus plastische Verlängerung) der Extensometer-Messlänge bei Höchstkraft, angegeben in Prozent, bezogen auf die Extensometer-Messlänge total extension (elastic extension plus plastic extension) at maximum force, expressed as a percentage of the extensometer gauge length DIN EN ISO 6892-1:2019 A_gt Streckgrenzen-Extensometer-Dehnung percentage yield point extension Bei Werkstoffen, die ein diskontinuierliches Fließen zeigen: Verlängerung der Extensometer-Messlänge zwischen dem Beginn örtlichen Fließens und dem Einsetzen gleichmäßiger Verfestigung, angegeben in Prozent, bezogen auf die Extensometer-Messlänge For discontinuous yielding materials: extension between the start of yielding and the start of uniform work-hardening, expressed as a percentage of the extensometer gauge length DIN EN ISO 6892-1:2019 A_e Kraft bei Dehngrenze bei plastischer Extensometer-Dehnung Rp02 force at proof strength plastic extension f02 Die Kraft bei Dehngrenze Rp0,2 (F_p_0,2) ist eine Kraft bei Dehngrenze (plastische Extensometer‑Dehnung), die an dem Punkt gemessen wird, an dem die vorgegebene plastische Extensometer‑Dehnung 0,2 % der Extensometer‑Messlänge während eines Zugversuchs beträgt. Force at proof strength plastic extension f02 is a force at proof strength plastic extension that is measured at the point where the specified plastic extensometer extension is 0.2% of the extensometer gauge length during a tensile test. F_p_0.2 Dehngrenze proof strength Spannung, bei der ein bestimmter Dehnungswert gleich einem bestimmten Prozentsatz der Messlänge des Dehnungsmessers ist stress at which the a specific extension value is equal to a specified percentage of the extensometer gauge length Dehngrenze bei plastischer Extensometer-Dehnung proof strength plastic extension Spannung, bei der die plastische Extensometer-Dehnung einem vorgegebenen Prozentanteil der Extensometer-Messlänge entspricht Anmerkung: Der Index wird durch den Zahlenwert ergänzt, der den vorgegebenen Zahlenwert der plastischen Extensometer-Dehnung in Prozent angibt, z. B. R_p_0,2. stress at which the plastic extension is equal to a specified percentage of the extensometer gauge length Note: A suffix is added to the subscript to indicate the prescribed percentage, e.g. R_p_0.2. Source: ISO 6892-1:2019 DIN EN ISO 6892-1:2019 R_p Dehngrenze bei gesamter Extensometer-Dehnung proof strength total extension Spannung, bei der die gesamte Extensometer-Dehnung (elastische und plastische Extensometer-Dehnung) einem vorgegebenen Prozentanteil der Extensometer-Messlänge entspricht Anmerkung: Der Index wird durch den Zahlenwert ergänzt, der den vorgegebenen Zahlenwert der gesamten Extensometer-Dehnung in Prozent angibt, z. B. R_t_0,5. stress at which total extension (elastic extension plus plastic extension) is equal to a specified percentage of the extensometer gauge length Note: A suffix is added to the subscript to indicate the prescribed percentage, e.g. R_t_0.5. DIN EN ISO 6892-1:2019 R_t Dehngrenze bei plastischer Extensometer-Dehnung Rp01 proof strength plastic extension rp01 Spannung bei einer plastischen Extensometer-Dehnung, die 0,1 Prozent der Extensometer-Messlänge entspricht stress at which the plastic extension is equal to 0.1 percent of the extensometer gauge length DIN EN ISO 6892-1:2019 R_p_0.1 Dehngrenze bei plastischer Extensometer-Dehnung Rp02 proof strength plastic extension rp02 Spannung bei einer plastischen Extensometer-Dehnung, die 0,2 Prozent der Extensometer-Messlänge entspricht stress at which the plastic extension is equal to 0.2 percent of the extensometer gauge length DIN EN ISO 6892-1:2019 R_p_0.2 Kraft bei Dehngrenze bei plastischer Extensometer-Dehnung Rp01 force at proof strength plastic extension f01 Die Kraft bei Dehngrenze Rp0,1 (F_p_0,1) ist eine Kraft bei Dehngrenze (plastische Extensometer‑Dehnung), die an dem Punkt gemessen wird, an dem die vorgegebene plastische Extensometer‑Dehnung 0,2 % der Extensometer‑Messlänge während eines Zugversuchs beträgt. Force at proof strength plastic extension f01 is a force at proof strength plastic extension that is measured at the point where the specified plastic extensometer extension is 0.1% of the extensometer gauge length during a tensile test. F_p_0.1 Dehngeschwindigkeit strain rate Zunahme der mit einem Extensometer in der Extensometer-Messlänge gemessenen Dehnung je Zeiteinheit increase of strain, measured with an extensometer, in extensometer gauge length, per time DIN EN ISO 6892-1:2019 e^._L_e Spannungsgeschwindigkeit stress rate Zunahme der Spannung je Zeiteinheit Anmerkung: Die Spannungsgeschwindigkeit wird nur im elastischen Bereich des Versuchs verwendet. increase of stress per time Note: Stress rate is only used in the elastic part of the test. DIN EN ISO 6892-1:2019 R Zugfestigkeit tensile strength Spannung, die der Höchstkraft entspricht stress corresponding to the maximum force DIN EN ISO 6892-1:2019 R_m Zugversuchsmethode tensile test method A tensile test method is a plan specification that prescribes the execution of a controlled experiment designed to determine the mechanical properties of a material under uniaxial tensile loading. The plan specifies procedural steps, conditions, and measurement criteria to assess properties such as ultimate tensile strength, yield strength, and elongation at break. Eine Zugversuchsmethode ist eine Planspezifikation, die die Durchführung eines kontrollierten Versuchs zur Bestimmung der mechanischen Eigenschaften eines Materials unter einachsiger Zugbelastung vorschreibt. Der Plan legt Verfahrensschritte, Bedingungen und Messkriterien fest, um Eigenschaften wie die Zugfestigkeit, die Streckgrenze und die Bruchdehnung zu bestimmen. End-Dicke thickness after fracture Diese Entität beschreibt die gemessene Dimension in einer Richtung eines Prüfstücks, wie sie vor der Prüfung gemessen wurde. This entity describes the measured dimension in one direction of a test piece, as measured after the test. Umschaltpunkt transition point Diese Entität beschreibt einen einzelnen Punkt, an dem ein Übergang von einer Bedingung oder einem Zustand in einen anderen erfolgt, z. B. der Punkt, an dem verschiedene Phasen von Materie im Gleichgewicht miteinander existieren können (auch Inversionspunkt genannt) oder wenn Prozessparameter geändert werden, die zu einem Übergang des Prozesses während seiner Ausführung führen. This entity describes a single point at which a transition from one condition or state to another occurs, e.g. the point at which different phases of matter are capable of existing together in equilibrium (also called inversion point) or if process parameters are changed that will lead to a transition of the process during its execution. Umschaltpunkt der Prüfgeschwindigkeit transition point testing rate Diese Entität beschreibt den Umschaltpunkt der Prüfgeschwindigkeit während eines Analyse- / Testprozesses, z.B. den Punkt bezogen auf die Dehnung oder Spannung, an welchem die Prüfgeschwindigkeit während eines Zugversuchs geändert wird. Typischerweise ist dieser Punkt mit einer Abnahme des Extensometers (Dehnungsaufnehmers) vom Prüfkörper während eines dehnungsgeregelten Zugversuchs verbunden. This entity describes the the transition point of the testing rate during an analysis / test process, e.g. the point referring to the strain or the stress at which the testing rate is changed during a tensile test. Typically, this transition point is associated with a removal of the extensometer from the test piece during a strain-controlled tensile test. Obere Streckgrenze upper yield strength höchste Spannung, bevor der erste Kraftabfall auftritt maximum value of stress prior to the first decrease in force DIN EN ISO 6892-1:2019 R_eH End-Breite width after fracture Diese Entität beschreibt eine horizontale Messung eines Objekts (Prüfkörpers) im rechten Winkel zur Länge des Objekts (Prüfkörpers), wie sie nach einer Prüfung gemessen wird. This entity describes a horizontal measurement of an object (test piece) taken at right angles to the length of the object (test piece), as measured after a test. area Streckgrenzenverhältnis yield strength ratio Yield strength ratio is a mechanical property which is determined as a ratio between the offset yield Rp0.2 and the ultimate tensile strength Rm. https://www.zwickroell.com/industries/materials-testing/tensile-test/yield-point/ Streckgrenzenverhältnis ist eine mechanische Eigenschaft, die als Verhältnis zwischen der Dehngrenze Rp0.2 und der Zugfestigkeit Rm bestimmt wird. Rp0.2 / Rm example to be eventually removed The term was used in an attempt to structure part of the ontology but in retrospect failed to do a good job failed exploratory term Class has all its metadata, but is either not guaranteed to be in its final location in the asserted IS_A hierarchy or refers to another class that is not complete. metadata complete Term created to ease viewing/sort terms for development purpose, and will not be included in a release organizational term Class has undergone final review, is ready for use, and will be included in the next release. Any class lacking "ready_for_release" should be considered likely to change place in hierarchy, have its definition refined, or be obsoleted in the next release. Those classes deemed "ready_for_release" will also derived from a chain of ancestor classes that are also "ready_for_release." ready for release Class is being worked on; however, the metadata (including definition) are not complete or sufficiently clear to the branch editors. metadata incomplete Nothing done yet beyond assigning a unique class ID and proposing a preferred term. uncurated All definitions, placement in the asserted IS_A hierarchy and required minimal metadata are complete. The class is awaiting a final review by someone other than the term editor. pending final vetting placeholder removed An editor note should explain what were the merged terms and the reason for the merge. terms merged This is to be used when the original term has been replaced by a term imported from an other ontology. An editor note should indicate what is the URI of the new term to use. term imported This is to be used when a term has been split in two or more new terms. An editor note should indicate the reason for the split and indicate the URIs of the new terms created. term split Hard to give a definition for. Intuitively a "natural kind" rather than a collection of any old things, which a class is able to be, formally. At the meta level, universals are defined as positives, are disjoint with their siblings, have single asserted parents. A Formal Theory of Substances, Qualities, and Universals, http://ontology.buffalo.edu/bfo/SQU.pdf universal A defined class is a class that is defined by a set of logically necessary and sufficient conditions but is not a universal "definitions", in some readings, always are given by necessary and sufficient conditions. So one must be careful (and this is difficult sometimes) to distinguish between defined classes and universal. defined class A named class expression is a logical expression that is given a name. The name can be used in place of the expression. named class expressions are used in order to have more concise logical definition but their extensions may not be interesting classes on their own. In languages such as OWL, with no provisions for macros, these show up as actuall classes. Tools may with to not show them as such, and to replace uses of the macros with their expansions named class expression Terms with this status should eventually replaced with a term from another ontology. group:OBI to be replaced with external ontology term A term that is metadata complete, has been reviewed, and problems have been identified that require discussion before release. Such a term requires editor note(s) to identify the outstanding issues. group:OBI requires discussion The term was added to the ontology on the assumption it was in scope, but it turned out later that it was not. This obsolesence reason should be used conservatively. Typical valid examples are: un-necessary grouping classes in disease ontologies, a phenotype term added on the assumption it was a disease. https://github.com/information-artifact-ontology/ontology-metadata/issues/77 out of scope An academic discipline that focuses on the study, design, and application of electrical systems and technologies. Electrical engineering involves the development of devices, circuits, and systems for power generation, communication, electronics, and automation. electrical engineering An academic discipline that focuses on the design, optimization, and operation of industrial processes to transform raw materials into valuable products. Process engineering applies principles of chemistry, physics, and engineering to improve efficiency, sustainability, and safety in industries such as manufacturing, energy, and pharmaceuticals. process engineering Russell, S., & Norvig, P. (2020). Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach. Pearson. Artificial Intelligence (AI) is a sub-discipline of Computer Science that focuses on creating systems capable of performing tasks that require human-like intelligence, such as learning, reasoning, and problem-solving. artificial intelligence Deep learning for image recognition, reinforcement learning in robotics, and natural language processing fall under Artificial Intelligence. Theoretical Computer Science is a sub-discipline of Computer Science that focuses on mathematical models of computation, computational complexity, and algorithmic problem-solving theoretical computer science Studies on Turing machines, complexity classes (P vs NP), and formal languages belong to Theoretical Computer Science. Software Engineering is a sub-discipline of Computer Science that applies engineering principles to the design, development, testing, and maintenance of software systems. software engineering Agile software development, DevOps practices, and software architecture design fall under Software Engineering. Provost, F., & Fawcett, T. (2013). Data Science for Business. O'Reilly Media. Data Science is a sub-discipline of Computer Science that integrates statistical methods, machine learning, and data processing techniques to extract insights and knowledge from structured and unstructured data. data science Predictive analytics, big data visualization, and recommendation systems are part of Data Science. Stallings, W. (2020). Network Security Essentials. Pearson. 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Mechanical engineering applies principles of physics, materials science, and mathematics to develop machines, tools, and devices used in industries such as transportation, energy, and robotics. mechanical engineering An academic discipline that explores the properties, performance, and applications of materials, focusing on the relationship between a material's structure and its characteristics. Materials science and engineering involves the design, development, and testing of materials for use in a wide range of industries, including aerospace, electronics, and manufacturing. materials science An academic discipline that focuses on the study of algorithms, data structures, programming, and computational systems. Computer science explores how to design, develop, and analyze software and hardware solutions to solve complex problems and advance technology. computer science An academic discipline that focuses on the planning, design, and management of construction projects, including buildings, infrastructure, and other structures. Construction engineering integrates principles of civil engineering, project management, and materials science to ensure safety, efficiency, and sustainability in construction processes. construction engineering bravais lattice triclinic primitive true bravais lattice monoclinic primitive true bravais lattice monoclinic base-centered true bravais lattice orthorombic primitive true bravais lattice orthorhombic base-centered true bravais lattice orthorhombic body-centered true bravais lattice orthorhombic face-centered true bravais lattice tetragonal primitive true bravais lattice tetragonal body-centered true bravais lattice hexagonal rhombohedral primitive true bravais lattice hexagonal hexagonal primitive true bravais lattice cubic primitive true bravais lattice cubic body-centered true bravais lattice cubic face-centered true bainite true austenite true ferrite true ledeburite true pearlite true widmanstatten structure true martensite true aggregate state solid A state where the bonds between entities transmit shear forces. true aggregate state liquid A state where the bonds of the entities transmit no shear force. true aggregate state gaseous A state where the entities have no bonding. true aggregate state plasma An aggregate state where the entities are atom nuclei and have no bonds. true aggregate state atom gas A gaseous state where the gas entities are atoms. true aggregate state supercritical fluid A state with strong bindings between entities that do not transmit shear force. true aggregate state mesomorphic A state where some bonds transmit shear stresses and some do not. true aggregate state suprafluid A state with frictionless binding that transmits no shear force between entities. true aggregate state suprasolid A state that exhibits suprafluid and solid properties. true short range order periodic arrangement of structural features up to a few entities medium range order periodic arrangement of structural features of many entities long range order periodic arrangement of structural features of virtually all entities no range order no periodic arrangement of structural features of entites A concentration unit which denotes the number of moles of solute as a proportion of the total number of moles in a solution. (x) chi mole fraction A concentration unit which denotes the number of moles of solute as a proportion of the total number of moles in a solution. Wikipedia:Wikipedia A dimensionless concentration unit which denotes the mass of a substance in a mixture as a percentage of the mass of the entire mixture. w/w weight-weight percentage mass percentage A dimensionless concentration unit which denotes the mass of a substance in a mixture as a percentage of the mass of the entire mixture. Wikipedia:Wikipedia A dimensionless concentration unit which denotes the mass of the substance in a mixture as a percentage of the volume of the entire mixture. (w/v) weight-volume percentage mass volume percentage A dimensionless concentration unit which denotes the mass of the substance in a mixture as a percentage of the volume of the entire mixture. UOC:GVG dc:license Martin Glauer Jörg Waitelonis Fabian Neuhaus Hossein Beygi Nasrabadi Bernd Bayerlein Markus Schilling Lars Vogt Henk Birkholz Simon Stier Thomas Hanke Kostiantyn Hubaiev Philipp von Hartrott