{
 "cells": [
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "<center>\n",
    "<big>Python for Critical Thinking</big> <br>\n",
    "NOYCE Summer Workshop 2020 <br>\n",
    "Dr Matt Sunderland <br>\n",
    "2020-June-3\n",
    "</center>\n",
    "\n",
    "# Jupyter Notebooks"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "**(A1)** Pressing **SHIFT+RETURN** runs a cell.  \n",
    "**(A2)** When you run a cell, Jupyter automatically displays the **last** output.  \n",
    "**(A3) Exercise.** Run the following cell."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "# SHIFT+RETURN runs a cell. TRY IT\n",
    "\n",
    "1 + 2 + 3\n",
    "100*5\n",
    "50-3"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "**(A4)** Pressing **ESCAPE,r,y** clears the output of a cell.  \n",
    "**(A5)** If you want to display two things, you can **use a comma**, or use the `print` function, which we will cover in (A37) below.  \n",
    "**(A6) Exercise.** Run the following cell. Then clear the output."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "# SHIFT+RETURN runs a cell. TRY IT\n",
    "# ESCAPE,r,y clears the output. TRY IT\n",
    "\n",
    "25*3, 100-1"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "**(A7)** The toolbar's \"+\" button adds a cell.  \n",
    "**(A8)** The toolbar's scissors button deletes a cell.  \n",
    "**(A9) Exercise.** Add some cells below. Then delete some of them."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": []
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "**(A10)** You can change the mode of a cell from \"code\" to \"**markdown**\" by clicking the last option on the toolbar.  \n",
    "**(A11)** Run the markdown cell (press **SHIFT+RETURN**) when you're finished editing it.    \n",
    "**(A12)** To resume editing, **double click** the cell.  \n",
    "**(A13) Exercise.** Change the following cell to markdown mode, type something, run it"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": []
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "**(A14)** Markdown cells will typset math written in LaTeX if you put it between dollar signs:\n",
    "\n",
    "$x = \\frac{-b \\pm \\sqrt{b^2 - 4ac}}{2a}$"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "# Python arithmetic `+`, `-`, `*`, `/`, `**`, `//`, `%`\n",
    "\n",
    "**(A15) Exercise.** What does each of the 7 operations below do?  \n",
    "**(A16) Exercise.** Do spaces matter, or is it just style?"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "3 + 10*5"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "5**2"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "27/10"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "27//10"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "27 % 10"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "**(A17) Exercise.** Use `%` to show that 74 is an even number."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "# Write your answer here and type SHIFT+ENTER\n",
    "\n"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "# Python `#` and `=`"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "**(A18)** Python will ignore the rest of a line after it sees `#`."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "# This is a comment\n",
    "1 + 1 # This is also a comment"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "**(A19)** Assign a value to a variable using the `=` symbol.    \n",
    "**(A20)** Variable names must start with a letter.  \n",
    "**(A21)** Jupyter does not automatically display anything when you assign a value.  \n",
    "You have to **call the variable again** to get it to display its value."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "a = 10"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "b = 20\n",
    "b"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "**(A22)** You can assign more than one variable at a time using `,`"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "x, y = 100, 500\n",
    "x"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "# Python strings and lists"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "**(A23)** We have already learned two python types, `int` (integers) and `float` (decimals).  \n",
    "**(A24)** The `type` function returns the type of an object."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "type(-10)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "type(12.5)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "**(A25)** Write code to determine the types of `10.0`, `10/4`, `'10'`."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "# Type your answer below and press SHIFT+ENTER\n",
    "\n"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "**(A26)** We can use `int` and `float` to as _functions_ to **change the type** of an object. We call this \"typecasting.\""
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "int(12.5)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "**(A27)** Another python type is string `str` .  \n",
    "Strings are enclosed in single quotes or double quotes."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "'abc'"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "\"efg\""
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "**(A28)** Yet another python type is `list` .  \n",
    "Lists are enclosed in square brackets.  \n",
    "Lists can contain objects of different types."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "['a','b',1,2,3]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "**(A29)** We can `sum` lists containing only integers and floats"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "x = [2,3,5]\n",
    "sum(x)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "**(A30)** We can call **an entry** of an `list` or a character of a `str` using square brackets. We sometimes call this indexing or subscripting.\n",
    "**(A31) Warning.** Python indexes start at **ZERO**"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "x = 'word'\n",
    "x[0]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "x = [2,3,5,7]\n",
    "x[1]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "**(A32)** We can also index from the back using negative numbers."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "x = 'word'\n",
    "x[-1]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "# Slicing strings and lists using `:`"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "**(A32)** We can \"slice\" a `str` or `list` using `[a:b]`, which will return the elements from #a up to but ***not*** including #b.  \n",
    "**(A33)** You can also leave out the `a` or `b` or both in the `[a:b]`"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "x = [2,3,5,7,11,13,17]\n",
    "x[1:3]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "x[1:]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "x[:]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "**(A34)** Lastly, you can include a \"stride\" `c` as in `[a:b:c]` .  \n",
    "To keep your code readable, we usually only use a stride by itself."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "x = 'abcdefg'\n",
    "x[::2]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "**(A35) Exercise.** Given a list or string `x`, how can we reverse the order using a \"stride\"?"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "x = 'star'\n",
    "\n",
    "# Type your answer below and press SHIFT+ENTER\n",
    "\n"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "# Python `print`, `input`, `'''`, `f'`"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "**(A37)** To **\"print out\"** outputs whenever/wherever you want, use `print`"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "x = 'These are prime numbers:'\n",
    "y = [2,3,5]\n",
    "print(x)\n",
    "print()\n",
    "print(x,y)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "**(A38)** Inside a string, `\\n` means **linebreak**"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "print('Here is a line\\nbreak')"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "**(A39)** Put a triple of quotes `'''` around your string if you want to include **multiple lines in your string**"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "x = '''This\n",
    "is\n",
    "    a\n",
    "  multiline\n",
    "string'''\n",
    "\n",
    "print(x)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "**(A40)** Putting an `f` immediately before the `'` when making a string creates a so-called **f-string**.\n",
    "Inside an f-string, you can put code inside curley braces."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "print(f'The sqrt of 2 is {2**0.5}.')"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "**(A41)** Use `input` to **ask the user to input** some text. We can then use that input in our code.\n",
    "\n",
    "_Note: that use inputs have type `str`; you have to add a line of code to typecast the input to say, `float`, if you want to do arithmetic on the input. See (A26)._"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "x = input('What is your name? ')\n",
    "\n",
    "print(f'''\n",
    "\n",
    "Pleased to meet you, {x}!\n",
    "\n",
    "''')"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "**(A42) Exercise.** Ask the user for a number, then print out a full sentence saying what the cube of that number is.\n",
    "\n",
    "_Hint: You will need to typecast the user input to `int` (or `float`). See (A26)._"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "# Type your answer below and press SHIFT+ENTER\n",
    "\n"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "# Python `for` and `range`\n",
    "**(A43) Exercise.** Run the following examples and make sure you understand the output."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "for i in [2,3,5,7]:\n",
    "    print(i**2)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "for i in range(7,10):\n",
    "    print(i)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "for i in range(5):\n",
    "    print(i**3)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "sum(range(4))"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "# Python `if` statements"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "**(A44)** The so-called **boolean operators** include `==`, `!=`, `>`, `>=`, `<`, `<=`, `in`, `not in`"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "10 == 20"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "10 != 20"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "5 in [2,3,5,7]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "**(A45) Exercise.** What does each boolean operator `==`, `!=`, `<=`, `in` measure? "
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "**(A46) Example.** An `if`, `elif`, ..., `elif`, `else` statement"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "x = 11\n",
    "\n",
    "if x < 0:\n",
    "    print(f'{x} is negative')\n",
    "elif x%2 == 0:\n",
    "    print(f'{x} is positive and even')\n",
    "else:\n",
    "    print(f'{x} is positive and odd')"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "**(A47) Exercise.** Ask the user for a number and print out whether the number is positive, negative, or zero."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "# Type your answer below and press SHIFT+ENTER\n",
    "\n"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "# Making python functions\n",
    "**(A48) Example.**"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "def f(x):\n",
    "    return x**2\n",
    "\n",
    "f(7)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "# Classwork assignment: Taxicab numbers\n",
    "\n",
    "**(A49) Assignment.** Write a function that will find all the taxicab numbers up to n.\n",
    "\n",
    "* See (A48) for making functions using `def`\n",
    "* See (A43) for `for` and `range`\n",
    "* See (A46) for `if` statements\n",
    "* See (A44) for boolean tests such as `==` and `in`"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "# Type your answer below and press SHIFT+ENTER\n",
    "\n"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "# Demonstration: Partition Function\n",
    "\n",
    "**(A50) Exercise.** Explain what happens when we execute `p(8)`. \n",
    "\n",
    "_Notice that the function **calls itself** in the line `for b in p(n-a):`.  We call such functions \"recursive.\"_"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "def p(n):\n",
    "    ans = [[n]]\n",
    "    for a in range(1,n):\n",
    "        for partition in p(n - a):\n",
    "            if partition[-1] >= a:\n",
    "                ans = ans + [partition + [a]]\n",
    "    return ans\n",
    "\n",
    "\n",
    "p(8)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "**Double click** here to see the answer.\n",
    "\n",
    "<!---\n",
    "\n",
    "A partition of 8 is a LIST of positive numbers that add up to 8.\n",
    "We want to create a list of partitions of 8 (a list of lists).\n",
    "\n",
    "- Create the list ANS = [[8]], which will collect up partitions of 8.\n",
    "- For now, ANS only has one parition in it, [8].\n",
    "- Set A = 1.\n",
    "  - Call p(8-A) = p(7) to get a list of partitions of 7\n",
    "    - Set PARTITION = the first partition in that list of partitions of 7\n",
    "    - If PARTITION's last entry is at least as big as A (=1),\n",
    "      - then add on A (=1) to the end of PARTITION.\n",
    "      - We now have a partition of 8.\n",
    "      - Add this partition of 8 into our list of partitions, ANS.\n",
    "- Set A = 2.\n",
    "  - Call p(8-A) = p(6) to get a list of partitions of 6\n",
    "    - Set PARTITION = the first partition in that list of partitions of 6\n",
    "    - If PARTITION's last entry is at least as big as A (=2),\n",
    "      - then add on A (=2) to the end of PARTITION.\n",
    "      - We now have a partition of 8.\n",
    "      - Add this partition of 8 into our list of partitions, ANS.\n",
    "- Do the same thing for A = 3.\n",
    "- Do the same thing for A = 4.\n",
    "\n",
    "Notice that the code also tries A = 5, 6, 7,\n",
    "but we don't find any partitions of 8-A whose last entry is at least as big as A.\n",
    "How could we optimize this function, ie, replace range(1,n) with range(1, WHAT?)\n",
    "\n",
    "--->"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "# Optional: Python list comprehension\n",
    "\n",
    "**(A51) Optional: Example.**"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "[a**2 for a in range(10)]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "**(A52) Optional: Exercise.** Why does the following code output `14`? What is the following code doing?"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "sum([a**2 for a in range(4)])"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "# Downloading **Anaconda** (free, open-source)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "**(A53) Homework.** Download Anaconda to your own computer from www.anaconda.com/products/individual.\n",
    "After installing, open the program **Anaconda Navigator**, find JupyterLab, and click \"Launch\" to open a new Jupyter notebook."
   ]
  }
 ],
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  "author": "Dr Matt Sunderland",
  "date": "2020-June-3",
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   "author": "Dr Matt Sunderland",
   "date": "2020-June-3",
   "title": "NOYCE Workshop 2020: Python for Critical Thinking"
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  "title": "NOYCE Workshop 2020: Python for Critical Thinking"
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