{
 "cells": [
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "# Variables & Data Types — Workbook"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "*If you want to save your work from this notebook, you should be sure to make a copy of it on your own computer.*"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "In this workbook, we're going to explore Python variables and data types. \n",
    "\n",
    "Variables are one of the fundamental building blocks of Python. A variable is like a tiny container where you store values and data, such as filenames, words, numbers, collections of words and numbers, and more."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Additionally, there are four essential Python data \"types,\" which each have different powers and capabilities:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "tags": [
     "remove-cell"
    ]
   },
   "source": [
    "| Data Type       | Explanation          | Example  |\n",
    "| ------------- |:-------------:| -----:|\n",
    "| String     | Text | ```\"lemonade\"``` |\n",
    "| Integer     | Whole Numbers      |   ```40``` |\n",
    "| Float | Decimal Numbers      |   ```40.2``` |\n",
    "| Boolean | True/False     |   ```False``` |"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Code vs Markdown vs Comments"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "print(\"hello Intro CA!\")"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "print(\"hello Intro CA!\")"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "print(\"hello Intro CA!\") # This is a comment and doesn't affect the code"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Variable Assignment"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "How can we assign the value 5 to the variable `new_variable`?"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "new_variable ... 5"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Check Data Type"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "What type of Python data is `new_variable`?"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "type(5)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Display Variables"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "We can display variables in two different ways with Jupyter notebooks. Notice the differences."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "print(new_variable)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "new_variable"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Python Expressions"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "This is a Python expression. What do you guess is the resulting value?"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "new_variable * 2"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "new_variable / 2"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Variable Re-Assignment"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Let's re-assign `new_variable.`"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "new_variable ... \"Chaos is how I learn\""
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "What type of Python data is `new_variable` now?"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "type(new_variable)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "This is a Python expression. What do you guess is the resulting value?"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "new_variable * 2"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "This is a Python expression. What do you guess is the resulting value?"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "new_variable / 2"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## True / False"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Let's create a variable that will report whether it's warm outside."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "warm_outside = temperature > 50"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "temperature = 27"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "warm_outside"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "What type of Python data is `warm_outside`?"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "type(warm_outside)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## F-strings (Formatted String Literal)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "A special kind of string that we're going to use in this class is called an *f-string*. An f-string, short for formatted string literal, allows you to insert a variable directly into a string."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "An f-string must begin with an `f` outside the quotation marks. Then, inside the quotation marks, the inserted variable must be placed within curly brackets `{}`."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "`f\"{variable} in a string\"`"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "subject = \"Making mistakes\""
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "print(\"FILL-IN-THE-BLANK is how I learn\")"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## ✨Group Work Madlibs✨"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "In this exercise, you're going to ask your partner(s) a few biographical questions about themselves and then put their answers into the correct variables.\n",
    "\n",
    "I'll go first!"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "name = 'Prof. Walsh' \n",
    "age = 1000 \n",
    "place = 'Chicago' \n",
    "favorite_food = 'tacos' \n",
    "dog_years_age = age * 7.5 \n",
    "student = False "
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {
    "tags": [
     "hide-output"
    ]
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "print(f'✨This is...{name}!✨')\n",
    "\n",
    "print(f\"\"\"{name} likes {favorite_food} and once lived in {place}.\n",
    "{name} is {age} years old, which is {dog_years_age} in dog years.\n",
    "The statement '{name} is a student' is {student}.\"\"\")"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Now let's do the same thing but with biographical info about your partner! Ask your partner a few questions and then fill in the variables below accordingly."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "name = #Your code here\n",
    "age = #Your code here\n",
    "home_town = #Your code here\n",
    "favorite_food = #Your code here\n",
    "dog_years_age = #Your code here\n",
    "student = # Your code here"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Now print the introduction below:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "print(f'✨This is...{name}!✨')\n",
    "\n",
    "print(f\"\"\"{name} likes {favorite_food} and once lived in {place}.\n",
    "{name} is {age} years old, which is {dog_years_age} in dog years.\n",
    "The statement \"{name} is a student\" is {student}.\"\"\")"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Variables in a Real Script"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Let's explore how variables are used in a real Python script.\n",
    "\n",
    "The code below will calculate the most frequent words in a text file. The text file information is stored in the variable `filepath_of_text`.\n",
    "\n",
    "So to count the most frequent words in a different text file, you need to change the value assigned to `filepath_of_text`."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "# Import Libraries and Modules\n",
    "\n",
    "import re\n",
    "from collections import Counter\n",
    "\n",
    "# Define Functions\n",
    "\n",
    "def split_into_words(any_chunk_of_text):\n",
    "    lowercase_text = any_chunk_of_text.lower()\n",
    "    split_words = re.split(\"\\W+\", lowercase_text)\n",
    "    return split_words\n",
    "\n",
    "# Define Filepaths and Assign Variables\n",
    "\n",
    "filepath_of_text = ... # Pick a text here!!!!!!\n",
    "number_of_desired_words = 40\n",
    "\n",
    "stopwords = ['i', 'me', 'my', 'myself', 'we', 'our', 'ours', 'ourselves', 'you', 'your', 'yours',\n",
    "'yourself', 'yourselves', 'he', 'him', 'his', 'himself', 'she', 'her', 'hers',\n",
    " 'herself', 'it', 'its', 'itself', 'they', 'them', 'their', 'theirs', 'themselves',\n",
    " 'what', 'which', 'who', 'whom', 'this', 'that', 'these', 'those', 'am', 'is', 'are',\n",
    " 'was', 'were', 'be', 'been', 'being', 'have', 'has', 'had', 'having', 'do', 'does',\n",
    " 'did', 'doing', 'a', 'an', 'the', 'and', 'but', 'if', 'or', 'because', 'as', 'until',\n",
    " 'while', 'of', 'at', 'by', 'for', 'with', 'about', 'against', 'between', 'into',\n",
    " 'through', 'during', 'before', 'after', 'above', 'below', 'to', 'from', 'up', 'down',\n",
    " 'in', 'out', 'on', 'off', 'over', 'under', 'again', 'further', 'then', 'once', 'here',\n",
    " 'there', 'when', 'where', 'why', 'how', 'all', 'any', 'both', 'each', 'few', 'more',\n",
    " 'most', 'other', 'some', 'such', 'no', 'nor', 'not', 'only', 'own', 'same', 'so',\n",
    " 'than', 'too', 'very', 's', 't', 'can', 'will', 'just', 'don', 'should', 'now', 've', 'll', 'amp']\n",
    "\n",
    "# Read in File\n",
    "\n",
    "full_text = open(filepath_of_text, encoding=\"utf-8\").read()\n",
    "\n",
    "# Manipulate and Analyze File\n",
    "\n",
    "all_the_words = split_into_words(full_text)\n",
    "meaningful_words = [word for word in all_the_words if word not in stopwords]\n",
    "meaningful_words_tally = Counter(meaningful_words)\n",
    "most_frequent_meaningful_words = meaningful_words_tally.most_common(number_of_desired_words)\n",
    "\n",
    "# Output Results\n",
    "\n",
    "most_frequent_meaningful_words"
   ]
  }
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